Wikipedia simplewiki https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk MOS MOS talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 52 11024070 10997109 2026-10-08T18:42:53Z ~2026-54201-92 1887118 Fixed Flag The Taliban One Is Technicly The New one But t Is Considderd A Terroist Symbol And All Sociel PLatforms And Geography Sources Still Use The Old IOne In Protest (Please Do Not Revert) 11024070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | common_name = Afghanistan | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|ps|د افْغَانِسْتَانُ اسْلَامِيٌّ امَارَتْ|italic=no}}<br />{{small|{{transliteration|ps|Də Afġānistān Islāmī Imārat}}}}|{{native name|prs|اِمَارَّتِ اسْلَامَى افْغَانِسْتَانْ|italic=no}}<br />{{small|{{transliteration|prs|Imārat-i Islāmī-yi Afğānistān}}}}}} | image_flag = Afghanistan flag.jpg | flag_caption = Flag | image_coat = Afghanistan COA Transparent.svg | alt_coat = Coat of Arms of the Afghanistan | symbol_type = [[Emblem of Afghanistan|Emblem]] | national_motto = {{lang|ar|لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|Lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh, Muhammadun rasūlu llāh}}<br/> "There is no god but [[God in Islam|God]]; [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] is the messenger of God." (''[[Shahadah]]'') | national_anthem = {{lang|ps|دا د باتورانو کور}}<br />"{{transliteration|ps|Dā Də Bātorāno Kor}}"<br />"[[This Is the Home of the Brave]]"<ref>{{cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Ishaan |date=19 June 2013 |title=The Taliban's Qatar Office: Are Prospects for Peace Already Doomed? |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/ |access-date=19 August 2021 |issn=0040-781X |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819021327/https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Afghanistan (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Afghanistan - Location Map (2013) - AFG - UNOCHA.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Afghanistan}} | capital = [[Kabul]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|31|N|69|11|E|region:AF_source:geonames|display=inline,title}}<ref>[{{geonameslink|gnid=1149361|name=islamic-republic-of-afghanistan}} Islamic Republic of Afghanistan] in [{{geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (CC BY)]</ref> | largest_city = Kabul | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Pashto]]|[[Dari]]|[[Arabic]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 42% [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] | 26% [[Tajik people|Tajik]] | {{figure space}}12% [[Hazara people|Hazara]] | {{figure space}}8% [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] | {{figure space}}3% [[Aimaq people|Aimaq]] | {{figure space}}3% [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] | {{figure space}}2% [[Baloch people|Baloch]] | {{figure space}}4% [[Ethnic groups in Afghanistan|other]] }} | ethnic_groups_ref = {{efn|The last census in Afghanistan was conducted in 1979, and was itself incomplete. Due to the [[Afghan conflict|ongoing conflict]] in the country, no official census has been conducted since.<ref name="Population Matters">{{Cite web |url=https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230 |title=Population Matters |date=3 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816021136/https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<ref name="reliefweb.int">{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation |via=ReliefWeb |publisher= NATO CFC |title=Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation |date=14 August 2011 |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918053054/https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation |url-status=live }}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2010 unofficial estimates | religion = {{Tree list}} Unofficial estimates * 99.9% [[Islam in Afghanistan|Islam]] ** 89.1% [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ([[State religion|official]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Afghanistan Country focus |url=https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2022_01_EASO_COI_Report_Afghanistan_Country_focus.pdf |publisher=[[European Union Agency for Asylum]] |access-date=22 February 2025 |date=January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kawa |first1=Amin |title=Taliban's Opposition to Islamic Sects; Nadeem: "All Afghans Are Followers of the Hanafi Denomination" |url=https://8am.media/eng/talibans-opposition-to-islamic-sects-nadeem-all-afghans-are-followers-of-the-hanafi-denomination/ |access-date=22 February 2025 |work=Hasht e Subh Daily |date=18 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddique |first1=Abubakar |last2=Khosrow |first2=Mansour |title=Afghanistan's Shi'ite Minority Suffers 'Systematic Discrimination' Under Taliban Rule |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-shiite-persecution-discrimination/32507042.html |access-date=22 February 2025 |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=17 July 2023}}</ref> ** 10.8% [[Shia Islam in Afghanistan|Shia]] * 0.1% [[Religion in Afghanistan|other]] {{Tree list/end}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=1c |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=[[The Association of Religion Data Archives]] |language=en-gb}}</ref> | demonym = [[Afghans|Afghan]]{{Efn|Other demonyms that have been used are Afghani,<ref>Dictionary.com. [[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]], Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghani Reference.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185738/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghani |date=3 March 2016 }} (Retrieved 13 November 2007).</ref> Afghanese and Afghanistani (see [[Afghans]] for further details)<ref>Dictionary.com. [[WordNet]] 3.0. [[Princeton University]]. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghanistani Reference.com] (Retrieved 13 November 2007). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328102257/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghanistani |date=28 March 2014}}</ref>|name="Demonym"|group="Note"}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of Afghanistan|url=https://www.afghanembassy.us/about-afghanistan/constitution/|year=2004|access-date=16 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920112856/http://www.afghanembassy.us/about-afghanistan/constitution/|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Afghan {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |publisher=the Cambridge English Dictionary |isbn=9781107660151 |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghan |access-date=27 March 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303180827/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghan |url-status=live }}</ref> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] totalitarian<ref> *{{cite journal |last1=Sakhi |first1=Nilofar |title=The Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan and Security Paradox |journal=[[Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs]] |date=December 2022 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=383–401 |doi=10.1177/23477970221130882 |s2cid=253945821 |quote=Afghanistan is now controlled by a militant group that operates out of a totalitarian ideology. |issn = 2347-7970}} *{{cite web |last1=Madadi |first1=Sayed |title=Dysfunctional centralization and growing fragility under Taliban rule |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/dysfunctional-centralization-and-growing-fragility-under-taliban-rule |website=[[Middle East Institute]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=6 September 2022 |quote=In other words, the centralized political and governance institutions of the former republic were unaccountable enough that they now comfortably accommodate the totalitarian objectives of the Taliban without giving the people any chance to resist peacefully. |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128205909/https://www.mei.edu/publications/dysfunctional-centralization-and-growing-fragility-under-taliban-rule |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |last1=Sadr |first1=Omar |title=Afghanistan's Public Intellectuals Fail to Denounce the Taliban |url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/omar-sadr-afghanistan-taliban-rule-totalitarianism-human-rights-news-2441/ |website=Fair Observer |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=23 March 2022 |quote=The Taliban government currently installed in Afghanistan is not simply another dictatorship. By all standards, it is a totalitarian regime. |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323115118/https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/omar-sadr-afghanistan-taliban-rule-totalitarianism-human-rights-news-2441/ |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |title=Dismantlement of the Taliban regime is the only way forward for Afghanistan |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/dismantlement-of-the-taliban-regime-is-the-only-way-forward-for-afghanistan/ |website=[[Atlantic Council]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=8 September 2022 |quote=As with any other ideological movement, the Taliban's Islamic government is transformative and totalitarian in nature. |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128205911/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/dismantlement-of-the-taliban-regime-is-the-only-way-forward-for-afghanistan/ |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |last=Akbari |first=Farkhondeh |title=The Risks Facing Hazaras in Taliban-ruled Afghanistan |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/risks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan |website=[[George Washington University]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=7 March 2022 |quote=In the Taliban's totalitarian Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, there is no meaningful political inclusivity or representation for Hazaras at any level. |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114164914/https://extremism.gwu.edu/risks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[theocratic]] Islamic [[emirate]]<!--Non-monarchical emirate--><ref> *{{cite news |last=Bezhan |first=Frud |title=Key Figures In The Taliban's New Theocratic Government |url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-government-figures/31448372.html |access-date=6 February 2022 |work=[[Radio Farda]] |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=7 September 2021 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206103928/https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-government-figures/31448372.html |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last=George |first=Susannah |title=Inside the Taliban campaign to forge a religious emirate |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/afghanistan-taliban-islamic-law-rights/ |access-date=19 February 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=18 February 2023 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218082415/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/afghanistan-taliban-islamic-law-rights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Supreme Leader of Afghanistan|Supreme Leader / Emir]] | leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Hibatullah Akhundzada]]}} | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Hasan Akhund]] ([[Acting prime minister|acting]]) | leader_title3 = [[Chief Justice of Afghanistan|Chief Justice]] | leader_name3 = [[Abdul Hakim Haqqani]] | legislature = None{{efn|Afghanistan is a pure [[autocracy]], with all law ultimately originating from the supreme leader. Consensus rule was initially used among the Taliban, but was phased out as the supreme leader monopolized control in the months following the 2021 return to power.<ref>{{cite web |author1=T. S. Tirumurti |title=Letter dated 25 May 2022 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3975071/files/S_2022_419-EN.pdf?ln=en |publisher=[[United Nations Security Council]] |access-date=2 May 2023 |date=26 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kraemer |first1=Thomas |title=Afghanistan dispatch: Taliban leaders issue new orders on law-making process, enforcement of court orders from previous government |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2022/11/afghanistan-dispatch-taliban-leaders-issue-new-orders-on-law-making-process-enforcement-of-court-orders-from-previous-government/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=[[JURIST]] |date=27 November 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117233605/https://www.jurist.org/news/2022/11/afghanistan-dispatch-taliban-leaders-issue-new-orders-on-law-making-process-enforcement-of-court-orders-from-previous-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dawi |first1=Akmal |title=Unseen Taliban Leader Wields Godlike Powers in Afghanistan |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/unseen-taliban-leader-wields-godlike-powers-in-afghanistan-/7026112.html |access-date=1 May 2023 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413041049/https://www.voanews.com/a/unseen-taliban-leader-wields-godlike-powers-in-afghanistan-/7026112.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There is an advisory [[Leadership Council of Afghanistan|Leadership Council]], however its role is in question as the supreme leader has not convened it for many months ({{as of|lc=y|2023|03|post=),}} and increasingly rules by decree.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Oxford Analytica |author1-link=Oxford Analytica |title=Senior Afghan Taliban figures move to curb leader |journal=Expert Briefings |series=Emerald Expert Briefings |date=10 March 2023 |volume=oxan-db |issue=oxan-db |doi=10.1108/OXAN-DB276639 |quote=[Akhundzada] has not convened the Taliban's Leadership Council (a 'politburo' of top leaders and commanders) for several months. Instead, he relies on the narrower Kandahar Council of Clerics for legal advice.}}</ref>}} | sovereignty_type = [[History of Afghanistan|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Hotak dynasty|Hotak Emirate]] | established_date1 = 21 April 1709 | established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Durrani Empire]]}} | established_date2 = June 1747 | established_event3 = [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Barakzai Emirate]] | established_date3 = 1823 | established_event4 = [[Dost Mohammad Khan|Dost Mohammad unites Afghanistan]] | established_date4 = [[Herat campaign of 1862–1863|27 May 1863]] | established_event5 = [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Independence]] | established_date5 = [[Afghan Independence Day|19 August 1919]] | established_event6 = [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Kingdom]] | established_date6 = 9 June 1926 | established_event7 = [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)|Republic]] | established_date7 = [[1973 Afghan coup d'état|17 July 1973]] | established_event8 = [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Democratic Republic]] | established_date8 = [[Saur Revolution|27–28 April 1978]] | established_event9 = [[Islamic State of Afghanistan|Islamic State]] | established_date9 = 28 April 1992 | established_event10 = [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate]] | established_date10 = 27 September 1996 | established_event11 = {{nowrap|[[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Islamic Republic]]}} | established_date11 = 26 January 2004 | established_event12 = [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Restoration of Islamic Emirate]] | established_date12 = 15 August 2021 | area_km2 = 652,867<ref>Central Statistics Office Afghanistan</ref> | area_rank = 40th | area_sq_mi = 252,072 | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 36–50 million{{efn| The last census was conducted in 1979. Sources disagree about the current population: * The Afghani [[National Statistics and Information Authority]] gives an estimate of 35,695,527 for 2024.<ref name="NSIA pop">{{cite web |url = https://nsia.gov.af/library |title = Library |website = nsia.gov.af |access-date = 23 January 2025 |archive-date = 23 March 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220323031521/https://nsia.gov.af/library |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PWzeE5zCoqwHfht-16xVkHejlgW9Wbeb/view |title = Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2024-25 |website = [[National Statistics and Information Authority]] |access-date = 23 January 2025}}</ref> * The [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] gives an estimate of 36,432,000 for 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan |title = Afghanistan |website = www.britannica.com |access-date = 25 January 2025}}</ref> * The BBC gives a figure of 38.3 million for 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12011352 |title = Afghanistan country profile |date = 15 August 2023 |website = bbc.com |access-date = 23 January 2025}}</ref> * The CIA gives an estimate of 40,121,552 for 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |title = Afghanistan |website = cia.gov |access-date = 6 January 2025 |archive-date = 4 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184342/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> * The UN gives an estimate of 42,045,000 for 2024.<ref name="UN pop">{{cite web |url = https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Files/WPP2024_Summary-of-Results.pdf |title = World Population Prospects 2024 Summary of Results |at = p61 |website = un.org |access-date = 6 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Files/WPP2024_Data_Sources.pdf |title = World Population Prospects 2024 Data Sources |at = p11 |website = un.org |access-date = 6 January 2025}}</ref> * The US Census Bureau provides an estimate of 49,552,566 for 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/popclock/world/af |title = Afghanistan |website = nsia.gov.af |access-date = 23 January 2025}}</ref> All figures are mid-year.|name=pop_note}} | population_estimate_year = July 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 36th | population_density_km2 = {{#expr: 42045000/652867 round 0}} | population_density_sq_mi = {{#expr: 42045000/252072 round 0}} | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $91.668&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AF">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=512,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Afghanistan) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 October 2024 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,174<ref name="IMFWEO.AF"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 179th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $17.329&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AF"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $411<ref name="IMFWEO.AF"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 190th | HDI = 0.496<!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=2025|access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 181st | currency = [[Afghan afghani|Afghani]] ({{lang|prs|افغانى}}) | currency_code = AFN | time_zone = [[Afghanistan Time]] | utc_offset = +4:30<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/time-zones-interesting.html|title=Half Hour and 45-Minute Time Zones|website=timeanddate.com|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215203607/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/time-zones-interesting.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />[[Lunar Hijri calendar]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2022 |title=Taliban Changes Solar Year to Hijri Lunar Calendar |url=https://8am.af/eng/taliban-changes-solar-year-to-hijri-lunar-calendar/ |access-date=4 September 2022 |work=Hasht-e Subh Daily |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904224713/https://8am.af/eng/taliban-changes-solar-year-to-hijri-lunar-calendar/ |archive-date=4 September 2022}}</ref> | drives_on = right | cctld = [[.af]] | religion_year = 2020 | today = }} '''Afghanistan''', officially the '''Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan''' is a [[country]] in [[Asia]]. It borders [[Pakistan]] in the south and east (border with [[India]] is disputed), [[Iran]] in the west, [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Tajikistan]] in the north, and [[China]] in the far northeast.<ref name="cia">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html |title=Afghanistan |work=CIA - The World Factbook |accessdate=30 August 2011 |archive-date=9 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709035637/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Kabul]] is the [[capital city]]. Afghanistan is currently governed by the [[Taliban]], after the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|collapse]] of the internationally recognized [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] on 15 August 2021. The country is around {{convert|abbr=off|251,826|mi2}} in size. There are 40.976 million people in Afghanistan. There are about 3 million Afghan [[refugees]] (people who had to leave the country) in [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]]. In 2011 [[Kabul]], had about 3,691,400 people living in it.<ref name="cso.gov.af">{{Cite web |url=http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/2-2.pdf |title=Settled Population by Province |access-date=2012-06-30 |archive-date=2016-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429231515/http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/2-2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] [[Decision|decided]] in October 2021 to [[Appointment|appoint]] an independent expert, known as a United Nations special rapporteur on Afghanistan, to find out about [[violation]]s carried out by the Taliban and others who are now part of a big conflict.<ref>https://www.news18.com/news/world/un-rights-body-agrees-to-establish-investigator-on-afghanistan-4297415.html. Retrieved 7 October 2021</ref> ==Economy== The economy does not have growth (as April 2024), of that kind that is called [[GDP growth]], according to Worldbank.org.<ref>https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/afghanistan/overview. Retrieved 2024-07-29</ref> In regard to the [[mining]] industry: In 2024, Chinese engineers [[breaking ground|broke ground]] for a [[mine]]; "The deposit is [[estimation|estimated]] to [... have] 11.5 million tons of [[copper]] [[ore]]".<ref>https://www.rferl.org/a/china-afghanistan-mes-aynak-copper-mining/33050447.html. Retrieved 2024-07-26</ref> == Geography == [[File:Black Hawk flying over a valley in Bamyan.jpg|left|thumb|Snow-capped Koh-i-Baba mountains in [[Bamyan Province]] of Afghanistan.]] Afghanistan has many [[mountains]]. The mountains are called the [[Hindu Kush]] and [[Himalayas]]. The tallest mountain in Afghanistan is [[Noshaq|Mount Nowshak]]. There are [[plains]] (which have soil that is good for growing plants) and [[foothills]]. Parts of the country are also dry, especially the [[Registan Desert]]. Afghanistan has snow and [[glaciers]] in the mountains. [[Amu Darya]] is the big water stream, or river. The country has a lot of a valuable [[stone]] called [[lapis lazuli]], which was used to decorate the [[tomb]] of the [[Egypt]]ian pharaoh [[Tutankhamun]].<ref name="ngk">{{cite web |url=http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/places/find/afghanistan/ |title=Afghanistan Facts and Pictures |work=National Geographic Kids |accessdate=30 August 2011 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811050151/http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/places/find/afghanistan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Climate === Afghanistan has a [[continental climate]] with hot summers and cold winters. Having no water sometimes causes problems for [[farmers]]. Sandstorms happen a lot in the [[desert]].<ref>"Afghanistan." Britannica Student Library. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.</ref> == Plants and animals == [[File:Uncia uncia 2.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Endangered [[snow leopard]]s live in the cold [[Hindu Kush]]<!--, but they have thick [[fur]] to stay warm. Hunters sell the soft leopard skins in the markets in the capital [[Kabul]].-->]] [[South]]ern Afghanistan does not have many plants because it is dry. There are more plants where there is more water. Mountains have [[forests]] of [[pine]] and [[fir]], [[cedar]], [[oak]], [[walnut]], [[alder]], and [[ash tree]]s. Afghanistan's wild animals live in the mountains. There are [[wolves]], [[foxes]], [[jackals]], [[bears]], and wild [[wild goat|goat]]s, [[gazelle]]s, wild dogs, [[camel]]s, and [[wild cat]]s such as the [[snow leopard]] in the country. The birds are [[falcon]]s, [[eagles]] and [[vulture]]s. The [[Rhesus Macaque]] and the red flying [[squirrel]] are also in Afghanistan. Many years of [[war]], [[hunting]], and years of no water have killed animals in Afghanistan. There used to be [[tigers]] in Afghanistan, but now there aren't any. Bears and wolves are almost gone.<ref name=ngk/> == People and culture == [[File:Ethno-linguistic map of Afghanistan 1997.jpg|thumb|left|Ethno-linguistic map of Afghanistan 1997]] Many people have moved through or invaded the land of Afghanistan. Today's people of Afghanistan are known as ''Afghans''. The largest [[ethnic group|group]] of people are the [[Pashtuns]]. They make up about half the population.<ref>See: * {{cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact90/world12.txt|title=The World Factbok – Afghanistan|quote=''_#_Ethnic divisions: Pashtun 50%...''|work=The World Factbook/Central Intelligence Agency|publisher=[[University of Missouri]]|date=15 October 1991|accessdate=20 March 2011|archive-date=27 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427053700/http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact90/world12.txt|url-status=dead}} * {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2001/war_on_terror/key_maps/ethnic_pashtun.stm|title=Ethnic groups|work=BBC News|accessdate=7 June 2013|quote=Pashtun: Estimated to be in excess of 45% of the population, the Pashtuns have been the most dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan.}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af&regionCode=sas&#af|title=Afghan Population: 30,419,928 [Pashtun 42%]|year=2012|work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA)|accessdate=30 June 2012|archive-date=7 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607234625/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af&regionCode=sas&#af|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book |title=The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America |last1=Janda |first1=Kenneth |author2=Jeffrey M. Berry and Jerry Goldman |volume= |edition=9 |year=2008 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-618-81017-8 |page=46 of 647 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WlzlY9dv74C&pg=PA46 |accessdate=22 August 2010 }} * {{cite web|title=Afghanistan's complex ethnic patchwork|url=http://old.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=237210|work=The Asian Wall Street Journal|date=10 March 2011|accessdate=20 April 2012|archive-date=20 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120225356/http://old.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=237210|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/South-Asia/Pathans.html|title=Pathans|publisher=Faqs.org|year=2003|accessdate=20 September 2010}} * {{cite web |url= http://www.afghanistans.com/Information/defaulf.htm |title= About Afghanistan - Ethnic Divisions |accessdate= 24 September 2010 |archive-date= 17 September 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100917064432/http://afghanistans.com/Information/defaulf.htm |url-status= dead }} * {{cite book |title=Aiding Afghanistan: the background and prospects for reconstruction in a fragmented society |last1=Christensen |first1=Asger |year=1995 |publisher=NIAS Press |isbn=978-87-87062-44-2 |page=46 of 170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LKS93lbSM0C&pg=PA46 |accessdate=24 September 2010 }} * {{cite book|title=Congressional Record|year=1949|publisher=Government Printing Office|page=10088|isbn=9780160118449|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qImZpu07_UEC&pg=PA10088|accessdate=24 September 2010}} * {{cite book |title=Asian Security to the Year 2000 |last1=Taylor |first1=William J. Jr. |author2=Abraham Kim |year=2000 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-1368-4 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peTWtThUljQC&pg=PA58 |accessdate=24 September 2010 }} * {{cite book|title=Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world|last1=Brown|first1=Keith|author2=Sarah Ogilvie|year=2009|publisher=Elsevie|quote=''Pashto, which is mainly spoken south of the mountain range of the Hindu Kush, is reportedly the mother tongue of 60% of the Afghan population.''|location=|isbn=978-0-08-087774-7|page=845|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA845|accessdate=24 September 2010}} * {{cite book |title=11 September 2001: feminist perspectives |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Susan |author2=Bronwyn Winter |year=2002 |publisher=Spinifex Press |quote=''Over 60 percent of the population in Afghanistan is Pashtun, known locally as Pathan, who by and large support the Taliban.'' |location= |isbn=978-1-876756-27-7 |page=225 of 500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DwbfD_irV_AC&pg=PA225 |accessdate=24 September 2010 }} * {{cite web |url= http://www.hewad.com/ethnic.htm |title= The ethnic composition of afghanistan in different sources |accessdate= 22 April 2012 |archive-date= 5 February 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120205235855/http://www.hewad.com/ethnic.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> [[Tajik people|Tajiks]] (often also known as “Farsiwan”, meaning Persian speaking) are the second-largest [[ethnic group]], making up about one-fifth of the population.<ref name="Brit-Tajik">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/581024/Tajik |title=Tajik |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |quote=There were about 5,000,000 in Afghanistan, where they constituted about one-fifth of the population. |accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> Before the 20th century, Tajiks were called Sarts<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian//pf?file=03501051&ct=92 |title=Events Of The Year 910 (1525) |page=5 |editor1=John Leyden| editor2= William Erskine |work=Memoirs of Babur |publisher=Packard Humanities Institute |year=1921 |accessdate=30 June 2012 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114042010/http://persian.packhum.org/persian//pf?file=03501051&ct=92 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and some come from [[Iranic peoples|Iranian]] peoples.<ref>"Tajik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.</ref> Most Pashtuns are also related to the Iranian peoples. Some Pashtuns and Tajiks marry each other but at the same time they are rivals. The third-largest group are the [[Hazara people|Hazaras]]. They are native to the [[Hazaristan]] area in central Afghanistan. The country's other groups include the [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]], [[Aimaq people|Aimaq]], [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]], [[Nuristani people|Nuristani]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], and [[Pashayi people|Pashayi]].<ref name=ngk/> [[Dari]]-Persian and [[Pashto]] are the two official languages of Afghanistan. Many people speak both languages.<ref name="AO">{{cite web|title=Article Sixteen of the Constitution of Afghanistan|url=http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html#preamble|quote=From among the languages of Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmani, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani, Pamiri (alsana), Arab and other languages spoken in the country, '''Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state.'''|year=2004|accessdate=13 June 2012|archive-date=28 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028065437/http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html#preamble|url-status=dead}}</ref> Both are [[Indo-European language]]s from the [[Iranian languages]] sub-family. They are usually written with the [[Arabic alphabet]]. [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] are widely spoken in the north and [[Nuristani language|Nuristani]] and [[Pashai language|Pashai]] are spoken in the east.<ref name=AO/> Around 99% of Afghans follow the religion of [[Islam]]. Afghanistan is a largely [[rural]] country. This means there are only a few major cities. About one fifth of the population live in cities. [[Kabul]], the capital, is the largest city. It is south of the [[Hindu Kush]] range and alongside the [[Kabul River]]. Other cities are [[Kandahar]], [[Herat]], [[Mazar-e Sharif]], and [[Jalalabad]]. The rural population is made up of [[farmer]]s and [[nomad]]s. The farmers live mainly in small villages along the rivers. The nomads live in tents while moving from place to place with their animals and belongings. Some people live in the high central mountains. Some live in the deserts in the south and southwest. Millions of people left Afghanistan to get away from the wars that happened in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Most of them went to [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]]. == History == Afghanistan is in the [[Trail|path]] of important trade routes that connect southern and eastern [[Asia]] to [[Europe]] and the [[Middle East]]. Because of this, many empire builders have tried to rule over the area. Signs that these [[Emperor|emperors]] were near Afghanistan still exist in many parts of the country.<ref>[Encyclopedia Britannica, Afghanistan History. Retrieved 26 January 2009 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan/129450/History#ref=ref261360]</ref> Afghanistan is near what used to be the [[Silk Road]]. The peoples of Afghanistan helped develop major [[world religions]], traded and exchanged many [[product (business)|products]], and sometimes controlled politics and culture in Asia.<ref>Hiebert, F., Cambon, P., 2008, AFGHANISTAN Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul, page 56, Washington, National Geographic, {{ISBN|978-1-4262-0295-7}}</ref> === Prehistory === [[File:Raffael 071.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Zoroaster]], the founder of [[Zoroastrianism]], lived in [[Bactria]], an ancient land in the north of today's Afghanistan.]] [[Archaeology|Archaeologists]] digging a cave in [[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]] discovered that people lived in the country as early as 100,000 years ago. They found the skull of a [[Neanderthal]], or early human, as well as tools from about 30,000 years ago. In other parts of Afghanistan, archaeologists uncovered [[pottery]] and tools that are 4,000 to 11,000 years old—evidence that Afghans were among the first people in the world to grow crops and raise animals.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|title=BBCNazer.com {{!}} زندگى و آموزش {{!}} حرف های مردم: سرود ملی|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nazer/lifeandlearning_dari/story/2007/08/070830_ws-aep-pt-national-anthem.shtml|access-date=2021-08-18|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> [[File:Kaunakes Bactria Louvre AO31917.jpg|left|thumb|150px|A Stone Female Figurine, known as ''Bactrian Princess'', from [[Bactria]], north of Afghanistan, about 4,000 years ago]] Farmers and herders settled in the plains surrounding the [[Hindu Kush]] as early as 7000&nbsp;B.C. These people may have grown rich off the [[lapis lazuli]] they found along riverbeds, which they traded to early city sites to the west, across the [[Iranian plateau]] and [[Mesopotamia]]. As farms and villages grew these ancient people started [[irrigation]] (digging ditches for water so it flows to crops) that allowed them to grow crops on the northern Afghanistan desert plains. This [[civilization]] (advanced state of organization) is today called BMAC ([[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex]]), or the "Oxus civilization".<ref>Hiebert, F., Cambon, P., 2008, AFGHANISTAN Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul, page 58, Washington, National Geographic, {{ISBN|978-1-4262-0295-7}}</ref> The [[Oxus civilization]] expanded as far east as the western edge of the [[Indus Valley]] during the period between 2200 and 1800&nbsp;B.C.<ref>Hiebert, F., Cambon, P., 2008, AFGHANISTAN Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul, page 73, Washington, National Geographic, {{ISBN|978-1-4262-0295-7}}</ref> These people, who were the ancestors of the Indo-Aryans, used the term "[[Aryan]]" to identify their ethnicity, culture, and religion. Scholars know this when they read the ancient texts of these people; the [[Avesta (religious scripture)|Avesta]] of Iranic peoples and the [[Vedas]] of Indo-Aryans.<ref>[R. Ghirshman, L’Iran et la migration des Indo-aryens et des Iraniens, Leiden, 1977.]</ref><ref>[Encyclopedia Iranica, IRANIAN IDENTITY ii. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD. Retrieved 14 October 2010 http://www.iranica.com/articles/iranian-identity-ii-pre-islamic-period {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208214205/http://www.iranica.com/articles/iranian-identity-ii-pre-islamic-period |date=2010-12-08 }}]</ref> [[Zoroaster]], the founder of the [[Zoroastrian]] religion, the world's earliest [[monotheistic]] religion, (meaning a religion believing in one god) lived in the area (somewhere north of today's Afghanistan), around 1000&nbsp;B.C.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zoroaster-ii-general-survey|title=ZOROASTER ii. GENERAL SURVEY – Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> === Ancient history === [[File:Ancient Khorasan highlighted.jpg|thumb|Names of territories during the [[Caliphate]] in 750 CE. [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] was part of Persia (in [[yellow]]ish).]] Before the middle of the sixth century [[BCE]], Afghanistan was held by the [[Medes]]. Then the [[Achaemenids]] took over control of the land and made it part of the [[Persian empire]]. [[Alexander the Great]] defeated and conquered the Persian Empire in 330 BCE. He founded some cities in the area. The people used [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] culture and language. After Alexander, [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucids]], [[Maurya Empire|Mauryas]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbFHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|last=Ludden|first=David|date=2013-11-01|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-108-6|pages=47|language=en}}</ref> [[Greco-Bactrians]], [[Scythians]], [[Kushans]], [[Parthians]], [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbMlAAAAMAAJ|title=The Gupta Polity|last=Dikshitar|first=V. R. Ramachandra|date=1952|publisher=University of Madras|pages=81–82|language=en}}</ref> and [[Sassanians]] ruled the area.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/851961/ancient-Iran |title=ancient Iran |encyclopedia=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |accessdate=30 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexander the Great in Afghanistan|url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=493bae8ab2c54a96af9b8bbc1e844771|access-date=2023-02-10|website=www.arcgis.com}}</ref> Kushans spread [[Buddhism]] from [[India]] in the 1st century BCE, and Buddhism remained an important religion in the area until the [[Islamic conquest]] in the 7th century CE.<ref>[Encyclopedia Iranica, BUDDHISM i. In Pre-Islamic Times. Retrieved 12 September 2010 http://iranica.com/articles/buddhism-i {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201181222/http://iranica.com/articles/buddhism-i |date=1 December 2010 }}]</ref> The [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]] were giant statues, a reminder of Buddhism in Afghanistan. They were destroyed by the [[Taliban]] in 2001. There were international protests. The Taliban believe that the ancient statues were [[Islam|un-Islamic]] and that they had a right to destroy them. === Medieval history === [[Arabs]] introduced [[Islam]] in the 7th century and slowly began spreading the new religion. In the 9th and 10th centuries, many local Islamic [[Dynasty|dynasties]] rose to power inside Afghanistan. One of the earliest was the [[Tahirids]], whose kingdom included [[Balkh]] and [[Herat]]; they established independence from the [[Abbasids]] in 820. The Tahirids were succeeded in about 867 by the [[Saffarids]] of [[Zaranj]] in western Afghanistan. Local princes in the north soon became [[wikt:feudatory|feudatories]] of the powerful [[Samanids]], who ruled from [[Bukhara]]. From 872 to 999, north of the Hindu Kush in Afghanistan enjoyed a golden age under Samanid rule.<ref>"Afghanistan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.</ref> In the 10th century, the local [[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavids]] turned [[Ghazni]] into their capital and firmly established Islam throughout all areas of Afghanistan, except the [[Kafiristan]] region in the northeast. [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], a great Ghaznavid [[sultan]], conquered the [[Multan]] and [[Punjab region]], and carried raids into the heart of [[India]]. [[Mohammed bin Abdul Jabbar Utbi]], a historian from the 10th century, wrote that thousands of "Afghans" were in the Ghaznavid army.<ref name="Houtsma">{{Cite book|title=E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936|last1=Houtsma|first1=Martijn Theodoor|volume=2|year=1987|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-08265-6|page=151|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEl6N2tQeawC&pg=PA151 |accessdate=24 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="Habibi">{{cite web |url=http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Afghan_and_Afghanistan.htm |title=Afghan and Afghanistan |work=Abdul Hai Habibi|publisher=alamahabibi.com|year=1969|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> The Ghaznavid dynasty was replaced by the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghorid]]<nowiki/>s of [[Ghor]] in the late 12th century, who reconquered Ghaznavid territory in the name of Islam and ruled it until 1206. The Ghorid army also included ethnic Afghans.<ref name="Houtsma"/> [[File:Portrait miniature of Ahmad Shah Durrani.jpg|left|thumb|150px|[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], [[founder]] of the modern state of Afghanistan in 1747.]] Afghanistan was recognized as ''Khorasan'', meaning "land of the rising sun," which was a prosperous and independent geographic region reaching as far as the [[Indus River]].<ref name="EI">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJQ3AAAAIAAJ |title="Khurasan", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, page 55. |year=1967 |quote=''In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the term “Khurassan” frequently had a much wider denotation, covering also parts of what are now Soviet Central Asia and Afghanistan; early Islamic usage often regarded everywhere east of western Persia, sc. Djibal or what was subsequently termed 'Irak 'Adjami, as being included in a vast and ill-defined region of Khurasan, which might even extend to the Indus Valley and Sind.''|publisher=Brill |accessdate=22 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316850/Khorasan |title=Khorasan |quote=''historical region and realm comprising a vast territory now lying in northeastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, and northern Afghanistan. The historical region extended, along the north, from the Amu Darya (Oxus River) westward to the Caspian Sea and, along the south, from the fringes of the central Iranian deserts eastward to the mountains of central Afghanistan. Arab geographers even spoke of its extending to the boundaries of [[Hindustan|India]].''|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=21 October 2010}}</ref> All the major cities of modern Afghanistan were centers of science and culture in the past. The New Persian [[literature]] arose and flourished in the area. The early Persian poets such as [[Rudaki]] were from what is now Afghanistan. Moreover, [[Ferdowsi]], the author of [[Shahnameh]], the national [[Epic poetry|epic]] of [[Iran]], and [[Rumi]], the famous [[Sufi]] poet, were also from here. It has produced scientists such as [[Avicenna]], [[Al-Farabi]], [[Al-Biruni]], [[Omar Khayyám]], [[Al-Khwarizmi]], and many others who are widely known for their important contributions in areas such as [[mathematics]], [[astronomy]], [[medicine]], [[physics]], [[geography]], and [[geology]]. It remained the cultural capital of Persia until the devastating [[Mongol]] invasion in the 13th century.<ref>Lorentz, J. Historical Dictionary of Iran. 1995 {{ISBN|978-0-8108-2994-7}} AFGHANISTAN</ref><ref>From the Alleyways of Samarkand to the Mediterranean Coast (The Evolution of the World of Child and Adolescent Literature,Afghanistan, [[Poopak Niktalab]] , printed 2019 , Faradid Publishing</ref> [[Timur]], the Turkic conqueror, took over in the end of the 14th century and began to rebuild cities in this region. Timur's successors, the [[Timurids]] (1405–1507), were great patrons of learning and the arts who enriched their capital city of [[Herat]] with fine buildings. Under their rule Afghanistan enjoyed peace and prosperity. Between south of the Hindu Kush and the Indus River (today's [[Pakistan]]) was the native land of the Afghan tribes. They called this land "Afghanistan" (meaning "land of the Afghans"). The Afghans ruled the rich northern Indian subcontinent with their capital at [[Delhi]]. From the 16th to the early 18th century, Afghanistan was disputed between the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] of [[Isfahan]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] of [[Agra]] who had replaced the [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]] and [[Sur Empire|Suri]] Afghan rulers in India. The Safavids and Mughals occasionally oppressed the native Afghans but at the same time the Afghans used each empire to punish the other. In 1709, the [[Hotaki dynasty|Hotaki]] Afghans rose to power and completely defeated the Persian Empire. Then they marched towards the Mughals of India and defeated them with the help of the [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid]] forces under [[Nader Shah Afshar]]. In 1747, after Nader Shah of Persia was killed, a great leader named [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] united all the different Muslim tribes and established the Afghan Empire ([[Durrani Empire]]). He is considered the founding father of the modern state of Afghanistan<ref name="ReferenceA"/> while [[Mirwais Hotak]] is the grandfather of the nation. ===Since the 1800s=== During the 1800s, Afghanistan became a [[buffer zone]] between two powerful empires, the [[British Indian Empire]] and the [[Russian Empire]]. As British India advanced into Afghanistan, Russia felt threatened and expanded southward across Central Asia. To stop the Russian advance, Britain tried to make Afghanistan part of its empire but the Afghans fought wars with British-led Indians from 1839 to 1842 and from 1878 to 1880. After the third war in 1919, Afghanistan under [[Amanullah Khan|King Amanullah]] gained respect and recognition as a completely independent state. The Kingdom of Afghanistan was a [[constitutional monarchy]] established in 1926. It was the successor state to the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]]. On 27 September 1934, during the reign of [[Zahir Shah]], the Kingdom of Afghanistan joined the [[League of Nations]]. During [[World War II]], Afghanistan remained neutral. It pursued a [[Diplomacy|diplomatic policy]] of [[non-alignment]]. The creation of [[Pakistan]] in 1947 as Afghanistan's eastern neighbor created problems. In 1973, political crises led to the overthrow of the king. The country's new leader ended the monarchy and made Afghanistan a [[republic]]. In 1978, a [[Communist]] political party supported by the [[Soviet Union]] seized control of Afghanistan's government. This move sparked rebellions throughout the country. The government asked the Soviet Union for military assistance. The Soviets took advantage of the situation and [[Soviet war in Afghanistan|invaded Afghanistan in December 1979]]. Most people in Afghanistan opposed the sudden Soviet presence in their country. For nearly a decade, anti-Communist Islamic forces known as ''[[Mujahideen]]'' were trained in [[Pakistan]] to fight the Soviets and the Afghan government. The [[United States]] and other anti-Soviet countries supported the Mujahideen. In the long war, over one million Afghan civilians were killed. The Soviet Army also lost more than 15,000 soldiers in that war. Millions of Afghans left their country to stay safe in neighboring [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]]. In 1989 the Soviet Army withdrew the last of its troops. After the Soviets left in 1989, the [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)|Afghan Civil War]] started; different Afghan warlords began fighting for control of the country. The warlords received support from other countries, including neighboring [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]]. A very conservative [[Islamic]] group known as the [[Taliban]] emerged in an attempt to end the civil war. By the late 1990s the Taliban had gained control over 95% of Afghanistan. A group known as the [[Northern Alliance]], based in northern Afghanistan near the border with [[Tajikistan]], continued to fight against the Taliban. The Taliban ruled Afghanistan according to their strict version of [[Islamic law]]. People whom the Taliban believed [[Crime in Afghanistan|violated these laws]] were given cruel punishments. In addition, the Taliban completely restricted the rights of women. Because of such policies, most countries refused to recognize the Taliban government. Only [[Pakistan]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]] accepted them as the official government. The Taliban also angered other countries by allowing suspected [[terrorist]]s to live freely in Afghanistan. Among them were [[Osama bin Laden]] and members of the [[al-Qaeda]] terrorist network. In September 2001, the United States blamed bin Laden for the [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon outside Washington, D.C.]] The Taliban refused to hand him over to the United States. In response, the United States and its allies launched a bombing campaign against al-Qaeda in October 2001. Within months the Taliban abandoned Kabul, and a new government led by [[Hamid Karzai]] came to power, but fighting between the Taliban and US-led armies continued. Taliban fighters have gone into Afghanistan from neighboring [[Pakistan]]. Afghans accused Pakistan's military of being behind the Taliban militants but [[Pakistan]] rejected this and stated that a stable Afghanistan is in Pakistan's own interest. [[File:2011 Afghan Independence Day-2.jpg|thumb|upright|Former [[President of Afghanistan|Afghan President]] [[Hamid Karzai]] at the 2011 Afghan Independence Day in [[Kabul]].]] [[File:Afghan soldiers.jpg|right|thumb|The [[NATO]]-trained [[Afghan National Army]] (ANA) [[collapse]]d in 2021]] In December 2004, Hamid Karzai became the first [[democracy|democratically]] elected president of Afghanistan.<ref name=cia/> [[NATO]] began rebuilding Afghanistan, including its military and government institutions. Many schools and colleges were built. Freedom for women improved. Women can study, work, drive, and run for office. Many Afghan women work as politicians, some are ministers while at least one is a mayor. Others have opened businesses, or joined the military or police. Afghanistan's economy has also improved dramatically, and NATO agreed in 2012 to help the country for at least another 10 years after 2014. Afghanistan improved diplomatic ties with many countries in the world and continues. In August 2021, the [[Cabinet of Afghanistan]] lost its power. Most of the country fell to the [[Taliban]] on [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|15 August 2021]] with President [[Ashraf Ghani]] [[escape|escaping]] the country. <!--As of 18 August 2021,-->The former government's last [[holdout]], [was] in the [[Panjshir Valley]].<ref>https://www.news18.com/news/india/amrullah-saleh-is-mounting-an-anti-taliban-front-from-afghanistans-panjshir-his-birth-land-4100060.html. [[CNN-News18]]</ref> ===The Afghan conflict in the 2020s=== The [[Afghan conflict]] as of 2025: In regard to (clashes or) [[skirmish]]es at the border with [[Pakistan]]; They have happened as late as 2025's first quarter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: Five terrorists killed while attempting to infiltrate from Afghanistan |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/pakistan-five-terrorists-killed-while-attempting-to-infiltrate-from-afghanistan20250119211850/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119160027/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/pakistan-five-terrorists-killed-while-attempting-to-infiltrate-from-afghanistan20250119211850/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=|first= |date=2025-01-20 |title=Infiltration bid from Afghan border foiled |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2523212/infiltration-bid-from-afghan-border-foiled |access-date=2025-01-20 |publisher=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts]], is the name of that part of the conflict. Some conflicts in other countries have spread into Afghanistan; [[Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Islamist insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], and [[Insurgency in Balochistan|Islamist insurgency in Balochistan]] are two such conflicts. Another part of the Afghan conflict, is the [[Republican insurgency in Afghanistan|Republican armed rebellion in Afghanistan]]. Attacks by the [[National Resistance Front of Afghanistan|NRF]] have happened as late as 2025's third quarter; Attacks by the [[Afghanistan Freedom Front|AFF]] have happened as late as 2025's third quarter.<ref name="kn">{{cite web | title=Armed Opposition Groups Report Deadly Attacks on Taliban in Northern Afghanistan | date=16 August 2025 | url=https://kabulnow.com/2025/08/armed-opposition-groups-report-deadly-attacks-on-taliban-in-northern-afghanistan/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Afghan Freedom Front Says 225 Taliban Killed in Year | date=16 August 2025 | url=https://www.afintl.com/en/202508163302 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Chris |title=Taliban 2.0 losing its grip on Afghanistan |url=https://asiatimes.com/2024/10/taliban-2-0-losing-its-grip-on-afghanistan/ |access-date=4 November 2024 |agency=The Asia Times |date=October 29, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-29 |title=At least 10 Taliban fighters killed in Kabul ministry attack |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/taliban-kabul-explosion-pakistan-attack-latest-b2671133.html |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> == Government == Since the [[Taliban]] [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|captured Kabul]] on 15 August 2021, the governance of Afghanistan is disputed between the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] and the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]]. According to [[Transparency International]], Afghanistan remains in the top most corrupt countries list.<ref name="TI">{{cite web |url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2016 Results |date=25 January 2017 |publisher=[[Transparency International]] |access-date=30 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125040730/http://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016 |archive-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Provinces == As of 2004, there are thirty-four [[province]]s. Each province is divided into districts. (For cities see [[List of cities in Afghanistan]].) {| class="wikitable" style="width:78%; margin:auto; font-size:90%;" |- |+ style="text-align:center; background:#bfd7ff;"| '''Province map of Afghanistan''' |- |align=center| [[File:Afghanistan provinces numbered gray.PNG|400x400px|Provinces of Afghanistan]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:78%; margin:auto;" |+ style="text-align:center; background:#bfd7ff;"|'''Provinces of Afghanistan'''<ref>References and details on data provided in the table can be found within the individual provincial articles.</ref> |- style="background:#efefef;" !align="left"|Province !align="left"|Map # !align="right"|. !align="left"|Capital !align="right"|Population<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cso.gov.af/en/page/6070 |title=Population Estimation 2011 - 12 - Central Statistics Organization |access-date=2012-06-30 |archive-date=2012-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619071838/http://cso.gov.af/en/page/6070 |url-status=dead }}</ref> !align="right"|Area (km²) !align="right"|Languages !align="right"|Notes !align="right"|U.N. Region |- | [[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 30 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Fayzabad, Badakhshan|Fayzabad]] || align=right| 889,700 || align=right| 44,059 || [[Dari (Persian)]], [[Pamiri languages|Pamiri]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]] || 29 districts || North East Afghanistan |- | [[Badghis Province|Badghis]] || style="text-align:center;"| 4 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Qala i Naw, Afghanistan|Qala i Naw]] || align=right| 464,100 || align=right| 20,591 || Dari, Pashto || 7 districts || West Afghanistan |- | [[Baghlan Province|Baghlan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 19 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Puli Khumri]] || align=right| 848,500 || align=right| 21,118 ||Dari, [[Uzbek language|Uzbeki]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmeni]], Pashto || 16 districts || North East Afghanistan |- | [[Balkh Province|Balkh]] || style="text-align:center;"| 13 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Mazari Sharif]] || align=right| 1,219,200 || align=right| 17,249 || Dari, Pashto || 15 districts || North West Afghanistan |- | [[Bamyan Province|Bamyan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 15 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Bamiyan City|Bamiyan]] || align=right| 418,500 || align=right| 14,175 || Dari || 7 districts || Central Afghanistan |- | [[Daykundi Province|Daykundi]] || style="text-align:center;"| 10 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Nili, Afghanistan|Nili]] || align=right| 431,300 || align=right| 8,088 || Dari, Pashto || 8 districts<br />Formed from [[Orūzgān Province|Oruzgan]] in 2004 || South West Afghanistan |- | [[Farah Province|Farah]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Farah, Afghanistan|Farah]] || align=right| 474,300 || align=right| 48,471 || Pashto, Dari, [[Balochi language|Balochi]]|| 11 districts || West Afghanistan |- | [[Faryab Province|Faryab]] || style="text-align:center;"| 5 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Maymana]] || align=right| 931,800 || align=right| 20,293 || Uzbek, Dari, Pashto, Turkmen || 14 districts || North West Afghanistan |- | [[Ghazni Province|Ghazni]] || style="text-align:center;"| 16 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Ghazni]] || align=right| 1,149,400 || align=right| 22,915 || Pashto, Dari || 19 districts || South East Afghanistan |- | [[Ghōr Province|Ghor]] || style="text-align:center;"| 6 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Chaghcharan]] || align=right| 646,300 || align=right| 36,479 || Dari, Pashto || 10 districts || West Afghanistan |- | [[Helmand Province|Helmand]] || style="text-align:center;"| 7 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Lashkar Gah]] || align=right| 1,441,769 || align=right| 58,584 || Pashto, Dari || 13 districts || South West Afghanistan |- | [[Herat Province|Herat]] || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Herat]] || align=right| 1,744,700 || align=right| 54,778 || Dari, Pashto, Turkmeni || 15 districts || West Afghanistan |- | [[Jowzjan Province|Jowzjan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 8 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Sheberghan]] || align=right| 503,100 || align=right| 11,798 || Uzbeki, Turkmeni, Pashto, Dari ||9 districts || North West Afghanistan |- | [[Kabul Province|Kabul]] || style="text-align:center;"| 22 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Kabul]] || align=right| 3,691,400 || align=right| 4,462 || Dari, Turkmeni, Pashto, Uzbeki || 18 districts || Central Afghanistan |- | [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]] || style="text-align:center;"| 12 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Kandahar]] || align=right| 1,127,000 || align=right| 54,022 || Pashto, Dari || 16 districts || South East Afghanistan |- | [[Kapisa Province|Kapisa]] || style="text-align:center;"| 29 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Mahmud-i-Raqi]] || align=right| 413,000 || align=right| 1,842 || Dari, Pashto, [[Pashayi language|Pashai]] || 7 districts || Central Afghanistan |- | [[Khost Province|Khost]] || style="text-align:center;"| 26 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Khost]] || align=right| 537,800 || align=right| 4,152 || Pashto || 13 districts || South East Afghanistan |- | [[Kunar Province|Kunar]] || style="text-align:center;"| 34 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Asadabad, Afghanistan|Asadabad]] || align=right| 421,700 || align=right| 4,942 || Pashto || 15 districts || North East Afghanistan |- | [[Kunduz Province|Kunduz]] || style="text-align:center;"| 18 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Kunduz]] || align=right| 935,600 || align=right| 8,040 || Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmeni || 7 districts || North East Afghanistan |- | [[Laghman Province|Laghman]] || style="text-align:center;"| 32 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Mihtarlam]] || align=right| 417,200 || align=right| 3,843 || Pashto, Pashai, Nuristani, Dari || 5 districts || East Afghanistan |- | [[Logar Province|Logar]] || style="text-align:center;"| 23 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Pul-i-Alam]] || align=right| 367,000 || align=right| 3,880 || Pashto, Dari || 7 districts || Central Afghanistan |- | [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]] || style="text-align:center;"| 33 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Jalalabad, Afghanistan|Jalalabad]] || align=right| 1,409,600 || align=right| 7,727 || Pashto, Dari || 23 districts || East Afghanistan |- | [[Nimruz Province|Nimruz]] || style="text-align:center;"| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Zaranj]] || align=right| 153,900 || align=right| 41,005 || Balochi, Pashto, Dari || 5 districts || South West Afghanistan |- | [[Nuristan Province|Nuristan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 31 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Parun, Afghanistan|Parun]] || align=right| 138,600 || align=right| 9,225 || [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]], Pashto || 7 districts || North East Afghanistan |- | [[Orūzgān Province|Oruzgan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 11 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Tarin Kowt]] || align=right| 328,000 || align=right| 22,696 || Pashto, Dari || 6 districts || Central Afghanistan |- | [[Paktia Province|Paktia]] || style="text-align:center;"| 24 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Gardez, Afghanistan|Gardez]] || align=right| 516,300 || align=right| 6,432 || Pashto || 11 districts|| South East Afghanistan |- | [[Paktika Province|Paktika]] || style="text-align:center;"| 25 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Sharan, Afghanistan|Sharan]] || align=right| 407,100 || align=right| 19,482 || Pashto || 15 districts || South East Afghanistan |- | [[Panjshir Province|Panjshir]] || style="text-align:center;"| 28 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Bazarak, Panjshir|Bazarak]] || align=right| 143,700 || align=right| 3,610 || Dari, Pashto || 5 districts<br />Created in 2004 from Parwan Province || North East Afghanistan |- | [[Parwan Province|Parwan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 20 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Charikar]] || align=right| 620,900 || align=right| 5,974 || Dari, Pashto || 9 districts || Central Afghanistan |- | [[Samangan Province|Samangan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 14 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Aybak]] || align=right| 362,500 || align=right| 11,262 || Dari, Uzbeki || 5 districts || North West Afghanistan |- | [[Sar-e Pol Province|Sar-e Pol]] || style="text-align:center;"| 9 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Sar-e Pol, Afghanistan|Sar-e Pol]] || align=right| 522,900 || align=right| 16,360 || Dari, Pashto, Uzbeki || 7 districts || North West Afghanistan |- | [[Takhar Province|Takhar]] || style="text-align:center;"| 27 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Taloqan]] || align=right| 917,700 || align=right| 12,333 || Dari, Uzbeki, Pashto || 12 districts || North East Afghanistan |- | [[Wardak Province|Wardak]] || style="text-align:center;"| 21 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Meydan Shahr]] || align=right| 558,400 || align=right| 9,934 || Pashto, Dari || 9 districts || Central Afghanistan |- | [[Zabul Province|Zabul]] || style="text-align:center;"| 17 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Qalat, Zabul Province|Qalat]] || align=right| 284,600 || align=right| 17,343 || Pashto || 9 districts || South East Afghanistan |} ==Relationship with other countries== * [[Australia]]: Four [[official]]s in Afghanistan's Taliban government, got [[travel ban]]s and (other) [[sanctions]] in 2025; [[Penny Wong|Australia's foreign minister]] said that those officals [did or] were part of "the [[oppression]] of women and girls"; Furthermore, those officials were said to be [working against or] "undermining good [[governance]] or the [[rule of law]]", according to media's quote of the foreign minister.<ref>https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/3151233/australia-hits-afghan-taliban-officials-with-sanctions-travel-bans. Retrieved 2025-12-06</ref> *[[Afghanistan–India relations|India–Afghanistan relations]]. An "[[India]]n [ [[diplomat]] or] [[envoy]] to Qatar" had [at least one] [[meeting]] "with Taliban leader [[Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanekzai|Stanekzai]] in [[Doha]] in late August" 2021, media said.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-09|title=Afghanistan Situation Can Worsen Due to Humanitarian Crisis, Lack of Governance, India Must Be Ready: Shringla|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/afghanistan-situation-worsen-humanitarian-crisis-lack-of-governance-india-ready-shringla-4305527.html|access-date=2023-02-10|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><!--In Russia, a meeting about Afghanistan was held on October 20; "The [[participant]]s [... were] India, USA, Afghanistan, China, Pakistan, Iran and Central Asian" countries.--><ref>https://www.news18.com/news/world/moscow-talks-on-wednesday-india-to-come-face-to-face-with-taliban-for-the-second-time-4340747.html. Retrieved 20 October 2021</ref> * Russia's [[ambassador]] ([[Dmitrij Zjirnov]]) had a meeting with representatives from Taliban on 18 August 2021; Russia's [[embassy]] was still in [[operation]] (or open).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/urix/ashraf-ghani-flyktet-_-hvor-mye-penger-fikk-han-med-seg_-1.15614004|title=Ashraf Ghani flyktet – hvor mye penger fikk han med seg?|first=Morten|last=Jentoft|date=18 August 2021|publisher=NRK}}</ref> * A [[United States]] "team led by" [then] "Deputy Special Representative [[Tom West]] and [a] top [[USAID]] humanitarian official" had meetings, in Qatar in October 2021, with Afghanistani officials.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-09|title=Taliban Warn US Not to 'Destabilise' Regime in Face-to-face Talks|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/taliban-warn-us-not-to-destabilise-regime-in-face-to-face-talks-4305626.html|access-date=2023-02-10|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> [[Women's rights]] was a [[subject]] during the talks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-11|title=UN Chief Antonio Guterres Slams 'Broken' Taliban Promises Made to Women and Girls|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/un-chief-antonio-guterres-slams-broken-taliban-promises-made-to-women-and-girls-4312271.html|access-date=2023-02-10|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> * In [[Norway]], the Taliban government were permitted (2025) to re-open an embassy in [[Oslo|the capital]]; The embassy is staffed by [[Najibullah Sherkhan|a ''first secretary'']]; [[Norway]] will not accept a new ambassador, because of the current<ref>https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/QM0yJQ/taliban-gjenaapner-afghanistans-ambassade-i-oslo. Retrieved 2025-03-24</ref> situation of [[human rights]] in Afghanistan. Earlier (January 2022), [[Norway]]'s ambassador visited Afghanistan - and had meetings with Taliban - during a two-day visit. [[Representative]]s of the Taliban leadership [came] to [[Norway]] and [met] diplomats from different countries, during 23.-25. January.<ref>"Taliban kommer til Norge for å forhandle". Vg.no</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">"Taliban besøker Norge". [[Nrk]].no</ref> Norway stopped (as of 2022's first quarter) supporting with money, the authorities of Afghanistan.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Previously, Norwegian diplomats had at least two meetings with Taliban in [[Doha]], in 2021's fourth quarter;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://direkte.vg.no/nyhetsdognet/news/her-moetes-norge-og-taliban.FL_MnNT_M?utm_source=vgfront&utm_content=hovedlopet_row36_pos1|title = Her møtes Norge og Taliban – VG Nå: Nyhetsdøgnet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Today IEA Foreign Minister H.E. Mawlawi Amir Khan Muttaqi met with Norwegian embassy members.|url=https://twitter.com/QaharBalkhi/status/1453411486257369103|access-date=2023-02-10|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Norske diplomater traff Taliban før helgen – VG Nå: Nyhetsdøgnet|url=https://direkte.vg.no/nyhetsdognet/news/norske-diplomater-traff-taliban-foer-helgen.vqVOdz8WD|access-date=2023-02-10|website=VG Nå|language=no}}</ref> The talks are about [[humanitarian aid]] and [[evacuation]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-21|title=Afghanistans ambassadør: Vesten skylder oss en avtale|url=https://www.vg.no/i/x8edMR|access-date=2023-02-10|website=www.vg.no|language=nb}}</ref> * [[Mevlut Cavusoglu|Turkey's foreign minister]] had a meeting (in Turkey) with "a [[delegation]] led by" [[Amir Khan Mutaqqi|foreign minister of Afghanistan]], in 2021's fourth quarter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-14|title=Taliban Want to Help Afghans Who Fled to Turkey to Return Home, Turkish Minister Says|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/taliban-want-to-help-afghans-who-fled-to-turkey-to-return-home-turkish-minister-says-4323596.html|access-date=2023-02-10|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> *[[Pakistan]]: The [[2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict]] is ongoing (as of 2025's fourth quarter). ==Other information== In early times people passed through it with animals and other goods as it connected [[People's Republic of China|China]] and India with [[Central Asia]] and the [[Middle East]]. More recently, Afghanistan has been damaged by many years of war. There are not enough jobs. ==Related pages== * [[Government of Afghanistan]] * [[List of rivers of Afghanistan]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Other websites== {{commons}} {{wikivoyage}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/afghanistan-virtual-jewish-history-tour|title=Afghanistan Virtual Jewish History Tour|work=Alden Oreck|publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}} * [http://afghanstudiescenter.org/ Afghan Studies Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912004104/http://afghanstudiescenter.org/ |date=2021-09-12 }} {{Asia}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:1709 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Current dictatorships]] [[Category:Afghanistan]] [[Category:Totalitarian states]] seol1bp0aw7szs1wivai0xxf130lvxh 11024124 11024070 2026-10-08T21:18:12Z Fehufanga 863768 Undid revision 11024070 by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54201-92|~2026-54201-92]] ([[User talk:~2026-54201-92|talk]]) It doesn't matter if they're terrorists or not, they have taken power and that is the flag that we should use. 11024124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan | common_name = Afghanistan | native_name = {{unbulleted list|{{native name|ps|د افْغَانِسْتَانُ اسْلَامِيٌّ امَارَتْ|italic=no}}<br />{{small|{{transliteration|ps|Də Afġānistān Islāmī Imārat}}}}|{{native name|prs|اِمَارَّتِ اسْلَامَى افْغَانِسْتَانْ|italic=no}}<br />{{small|{{transliteration|prs|Imārat-i Islāmī-yi Afğānistān}}}}}} | image_flag = Flag of Taliban.svg | flag_caption = Flag | image_coat = Arms of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.svg | alt_coat = Coat of Arms of the Islamic Emirate<ref>{{cite web |url=http://law.acku.edu.af/fa/download/file/fa/12686/77746 |title=Document 77746 |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=3 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603201955/http://law.acku.edu.af/fa/download/file/fa/12686/77746 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | symbol_type = [[Emblem of Afghanistan|Emblem]] | national_motto = {{lang|ar|لا إله إلا الله، محمد رسول الله}}<br/>{{transliteration|ar|Lā ʾilāha ʾillā llāh, Muhammadun rasūlu llāh}}<br/> "There is no god but [[God in Islam|God]]; [[Muhammad in Islam|Muhammad]] is the messenger of God." (''[[Shahadah]]'') | national_anthem = {{lang|ps|دا د باتورانو کور}}<br />"{{transliteration|ps|Dā Də Bātorāno Kor}}"<br />"[[This Is the Home of the Brave]]"<ref>{{cite news |last=Tharoor |first=Ishaan |date=19 June 2013 |title=The Taliban's Qatar Office: Are Prospects for Peace Already Doomed? |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/ |access-date=19 August 2021 |issn=0040-781X |archive-date=19 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819021327/https://world.time.com/2013/06/19/the-talibans-qatar-office-are-prospects-for-peace-already-doomed/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Afghanistan (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Afghanistan - Location Map (2013) - AFG - UNOCHA.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show map of Afghanistan}} | capital = [[Kabul]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|31|N|69|11|E|region:AF_source:geonames|display=inline,title}}<ref>[{{geonameslink|gnid=1149361|name=islamic-republic-of-afghanistan}} Islamic Republic of Afghanistan] in [{{geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (CC BY)]</ref> | largest_city = Kabul | official_languages = {{hlist|[[Pashto]]|[[Dari]]|[[Arabic]]}} | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 42% [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]] | 26% [[Tajik people|Tajik]] | {{figure space}}12% [[Hazara people|Hazara]] | {{figure space}}8% [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]] | {{figure space}}3% [[Aimaq people|Aimaq]] | {{figure space}}3% [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] | {{figure space}}2% [[Baloch people|Baloch]] | {{figure space}}4% [[Ethnic groups in Afghanistan|other]] }} | ethnic_groups_ref = {{efn|The last census in Afghanistan was conducted in 1979, and was itself incomplete. Due to the [[Afghan conflict|ongoing conflict]] in the country, no official census has been conducted since.<ref name="Population Matters">{{Cite web |url=https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230 |title=Population Matters |date=3 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=16 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816021136/https://afghanistan.unfpa.org/en/node/15230 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<ref name="reliefweb.int">{{cite web |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation |via=ReliefWeb |publisher= NATO CFC |title=Afghan Ethnic Groups: A Brief Investigation |date=14 August 2011 |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918053054/https://reliefweb.int/report/afghanistan/afghan-ethnic-groups-brief-investigation |url-status=live }}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2010 unofficial estimates | religion = {{Tree list}} Unofficial estimates * 99.9% [[Islam in Afghanistan|Islam]] ** 89.1% [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] ([[State religion|official]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Afghanistan Country focus |url=https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2022_01_EASO_COI_Report_Afghanistan_Country_focus.pdf |publisher=[[European Union Agency for Asylum]] |access-date=22 February 2025 |date=January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kawa |first1=Amin |title=Taliban's Opposition to Islamic Sects; Nadeem: "All Afghans Are Followers of the Hanafi Denomination" |url=https://8am.media/eng/talibans-opposition-to-islamic-sects-nadeem-all-afghans-are-followers-of-the-hanafi-denomination/ |access-date=22 February 2025 |work=Hasht e Subh Daily |date=18 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Siddique |first1=Abubakar |last2=Khosrow |first2=Mansour |title=Afghanistan's Shi'ite Minority Suffers 'Systematic Discrimination' Under Taliban Rule |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-shiite-persecution-discrimination/32507042.html |access-date=22 February 2025 |work=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=17 July 2023}}</ref> ** 10.8% [[Shia Islam in Afghanistan|Shia]] * 0.1% [[Religion in Afghanistan|other]] {{Tree list/end}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.thearda.com/world-religion/national-profiles?u=1c |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=[[The Association of Religion Data Archives]] |language=en-gb}}</ref> | demonym = [[Afghans|Afghan]]{{Efn|Other demonyms that have been used are Afghani,<ref>Dictionary.com. [[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language]], Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghani Reference.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185738/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghani |date=3 March 2016 }} (Retrieved 13 November 2007).</ref> Afghanese and Afghanistani (see [[Afghans]] for further details)<ref>Dictionary.com. [[WordNet]] 3.0. [[Princeton University]]. [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghanistani Reference.com] (Retrieved 13 November 2007). {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328102257/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/afghanistani |date=28 March 2014}}</ref>|name="Demonym"|group="Note"}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of Afghanistan|url=https://www.afghanembassy.us/about-afghanistan/constitution/|year=2004|access-date=16 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920112856/http://www.afghanembassy.us/about-afghanistan/constitution/|archive-date=20 September 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Afghan {{!}} meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary |publisher=the Cambridge English Dictionary |isbn=9781107660151 |url=https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghan |access-date=27 March 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303180827/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/afghan |url-status=live }}</ref> | government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] totalitarian<ref> *{{cite journal |last1=Sakhi |first1=Nilofar |title=The Taliban Takeover in Afghanistan and Security Paradox |journal=[[Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs]] |date=December 2022 |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=383–401 |doi=10.1177/23477970221130882 |s2cid=253945821 |quote=Afghanistan is now controlled by a militant group that operates out of a totalitarian ideology. |issn = 2347-7970}} *{{cite web |last1=Madadi |first1=Sayed |title=Dysfunctional centralization and growing fragility under Taliban rule |url=https://www.mei.edu/publications/dysfunctional-centralization-and-growing-fragility-under-taliban-rule |website=[[Middle East Institute]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=6 September 2022 |quote=In other words, the centralized political and governance institutions of the former republic were unaccountable enough that they now comfortably accommodate the totalitarian objectives of the Taliban without giving the people any chance to resist peacefully. |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128205909/https://www.mei.edu/publications/dysfunctional-centralization-and-growing-fragility-under-taliban-rule |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |last1=Sadr |first1=Omar |title=Afghanistan's Public Intellectuals Fail to Denounce the Taliban |url=https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/omar-sadr-afghanistan-taliban-rule-totalitarianism-human-rights-news-2441/ |website=Fair Observer |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=23 March 2022 |quote=The Taliban government currently installed in Afghanistan is not simply another dictatorship. By all standards, it is a totalitarian regime. |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323115118/https://www.fairobserver.com/region/central_south_asia/omar-sadr-afghanistan-taliban-rule-totalitarianism-human-rights-news-2441/ |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |title=Dismantlement of the Taliban regime is the only way forward for Afghanistan |url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/dismantlement-of-the-taliban-regime-is-the-only-way-forward-for-afghanistan/ |website=[[Atlantic Council]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=8 September 2022 |quote=As with any other ideological movement, the Taliban's Islamic government is transformative and totalitarian in nature. |archive-date=28 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128205911/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/southasiasource/dismantlement-of-the-taliban-regime-is-the-only-way-forward-for-afghanistan/ |url-status=live }} *{{cite web |last=Akbari |first=Farkhondeh |title=The Risks Facing Hazaras in Taliban-ruled Afghanistan |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/risks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan |website=[[George Washington University]] |access-date=28 November 2022 |date=7 March 2022 |quote=In the Taliban's totalitarian Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, there is no meaningful political inclusivity or representation for Hazaras at any level. |archive-date=14 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114164914/https://extremism.gwu.edu/risks-facing-hazaras-taliban-ruled-afghanistan |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[theocratic]] Islamic [[emirate]]<!--Non-monarchical emirate--><ref> *{{cite news |last=Bezhan |first=Frud |title=Key Figures In The Taliban's New Theocratic Government |url=https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-government-figures/31448372.html |access-date=6 February 2022 |work=[[Radio Farda]] |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |date=7 September 2021 |archive-date=6 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220206103928/https://gandhara.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-taliban-government-figures/31448372.html |url-status=live }} *{{cite news |last=George |first=Susannah |title=Inside the Taliban campaign to forge a religious emirate |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/afghanistan-taliban-islamic-law-rights/ |access-date=19 February 2023 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=18 February 2023 |archive-date=18 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218082415/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/interactive/2023/afghanistan-taliban-islamic-law-rights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[Supreme Leader of Afghanistan|Supreme Leader / Emir]] | leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Hibatullah Akhundzada]]}} | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Afghanistan|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Hasan Akhund]] ([[Acting prime minister|acting]]) | leader_title3 = [[Chief Justice of Afghanistan|Chief Justice]] | leader_name3 = [[Abdul Hakim Haqqani]] | legislature = None{{efn|Afghanistan is a pure [[autocracy]], with all law ultimately originating from the supreme leader. Consensus rule was initially used among the Taliban, but was phased out as the supreme leader monopolized control in the months following the 2021 return to power.<ref>{{cite web |author1=T. S. Tirumurti |title=Letter dated 25 May 2022 from the Chair of the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1988 (2011) addressed to the President of the Security Council |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3975071/files/S_2022_419-EN.pdf?ln=en |publisher=[[United Nations Security Council]] |access-date=2 May 2023 |date=26 May 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kraemer |first1=Thomas |title=Afghanistan dispatch: Taliban leaders issue new orders on law-making process, enforcement of court orders from previous government |url=https://www.jurist.org/news/2022/11/afghanistan-dispatch-taliban-leaders-issue-new-orders-on-law-making-process-enforcement-of-court-orders-from-previous-government/ |access-date=1 May 2023 |work=[[JURIST]] |date=27 November 2022 |archive-date=17 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240117233605/https://www.jurist.org/news/2022/11/afghanistan-dispatch-taliban-leaders-issue-new-orders-on-law-making-process-enforcement-of-court-orders-from-previous-government/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dawi |first1=Akmal |title=Unseen Taliban Leader Wields Godlike Powers in Afghanistan |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/unseen-taliban-leader-wields-godlike-powers-in-afghanistan-/7026112.html |access-date=1 May 2023 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=28 March 2023 |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413041049/https://www.voanews.com/a/unseen-taliban-leader-wields-godlike-powers-in-afghanistan-/7026112.html |url-status=live }}</ref> There is an advisory [[Leadership Council of Afghanistan|Leadership Council]], however its role is in question as the supreme leader has not convened it for many months ({{as of|lc=y|2023|03|post=),}} and increasingly rules by decree.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Oxford Analytica |author1-link=Oxford Analytica |title=Senior Afghan Taliban figures move to curb leader |journal=Expert Briefings |series=Emerald Expert Briefings |date=10 March 2023 |volume=oxan-db |issue=oxan-db |doi=10.1108/OXAN-DB276639 |quote=[Akhundzada] has not convened the Taliban's Leadership Council (a 'politburo' of top leaders and commanders) for several months. Instead, he relies on the narrower Kandahar Council of Clerics for legal advice.}}</ref>}} | sovereignty_type = [[History of Afghanistan|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Hotak dynasty|Hotak Emirate]] | established_date1 = 21 April 1709 | established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Durrani Empire]]}} | established_date2 = June 1747 | established_event3 = [[Emirate of Afghanistan|Barakzai Emirate]] | established_date3 = 1823 | established_event4 = [[Dost Mohammad Khan|Dost Mohammad unites Afghanistan]] | established_date4 = [[Herat campaign of 1862–1863|27 May 1863]] | established_event5 = [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Independence]] | established_date5 = [[Afghan Independence Day|19 August 1919]] | established_event6 = [[Kingdom of Afghanistan|Kingdom]] | established_date6 = 9 June 1926 | established_event7 = [[Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)|Republic]] | established_date7 = [[1973 Afghan coup d'état|17 July 1973]] | established_event8 = [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Democratic Republic]] | established_date8 = [[Saur Revolution|27–28 April 1978]] | established_event9 = [[Islamic State of Afghanistan|Islamic State]] | established_date9 = 28 April 1992 | established_event10 = [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate]] | established_date10 = 27 September 1996 | established_event11 = {{nowrap|[[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan|Islamic Republic]]}} | established_date11 = 26 January 2004 | established_event12 = [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Restoration of Islamic Emirate]] | established_date12 = 15 August 2021 | area_km2 = 652,867<ref>Central Statistics Office Afghanistan</ref> | area_rank = 40th | area_sq_mi = 252,072 | percent_water = negligible | population_estimate = 36–50 million{{efn| The last census was conducted in 1979. Sources disagree about the current population: * The Afghani [[National Statistics and Information Authority]] gives an estimate of 35,695,527 for 2024.<ref name="NSIA pop">{{cite web |url = https://nsia.gov.af/library |title = Library |website = nsia.gov.af |access-date = 23 January 2025 |archive-date = 23 March 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220323031521/https://nsia.gov.af/library |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PWzeE5zCoqwHfht-16xVkHejlgW9Wbeb/view |title = Estimated Population of Afghanistan 2024-25 |website = [[National Statistics and Information Authority]] |access-date = 23 January 2025}}</ref> * The [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] gives an estimate of 36,432,000 for 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan |title = Afghanistan |website = www.britannica.com |access-date = 25 January 2025}}</ref> * The BBC gives a figure of 38.3 million for 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-12011352 |title = Afghanistan country profile |date = 15 August 2023 |website = bbc.com |access-date = 23 January 2025}}</ref> * The CIA gives an estimate of 40,121,552 for 2024.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |title = Afghanistan |website = cia.gov |access-date = 6 January 2025 |archive-date = 4 January 2021 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184342/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> * The UN gives an estimate of 42,045,000 for 2024.<ref name="UN pop">{{cite web |url = https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Files/WPP2024_Summary-of-Results.pdf |title = World Population Prospects 2024 Summary of Results |at = p61 |website = un.org |access-date = 6 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = https://population.un.org/wpp/assets/Files/WPP2024_Data_Sources.pdf |title = World Population Prospects 2024 Data Sources |at = p11 |website = un.org |access-date = 6 January 2025}}</ref> * The US Census Bureau provides an estimate of 49,552,566 for 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.census.gov/popclock/world/af |title = Afghanistan |website = nsia.gov.af |access-date = 23 January 2025}}</ref> All figures are mid-year.|name=pop_note}} | population_estimate_year = July 2024 | population_estimate_rank = 36th | population_density_km2 = {{#expr: 42045000/652867 round 0}} | population_density_sq_mi = {{#expr: 42045000/252072 round 0}} | population_density_rank = | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $91.668&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AF">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=512,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Afghanistan) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 October 2024 |access-date=27 December 2024}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $2,174<ref name="IMFWEO.AF"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 179th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $17.329&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AF"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $411<ref name="IMFWEO.AF"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 190th | HDI = 0.496<!-- number only --> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=2025|access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 181st | currency = [[Afghan afghani|Afghani]] ({{lang|prs|افغانى}}) | currency_code = AFN | time_zone = [[Afghanistan Time]] | utc_offset = +4:30<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/time-zones-interesting.html|title=Half Hour and 45-Minute Time Zones|website=timeanddate.com|access-date=23 December 2022|archive-date=15 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215203607/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/time-zones-interesting.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />[[Lunar Hijri calendar]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 March 2022 |title=Taliban Changes Solar Year to Hijri Lunar Calendar |url=https://8am.af/eng/taliban-changes-solar-year-to-hijri-lunar-calendar/ |access-date=4 September 2022 |work=Hasht-e Subh Daily |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904224713/https://8am.af/eng/taliban-changes-solar-year-to-hijri-lunar-calendar/ |archive-date=4 September 2022}}</ref> | drives_on = right | cctld = [[.af]] | religion_year = 2020 | today = }} '''Afghanistan''', officially the '''Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan''' is a [[country]] in [[Asia]]. It borders [[Pakistan]] in the south and east (border with [[India]] is disputed), [[Iran]] in the west, [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Tajikistan]] in the north, and [[China]] in the far northeast.<ref name="cia">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html |title=Afghanistan |work=CIA - The World Factbook |accessdate=30 August 2011 |archive-date=9 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709035637/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Kabul]] is the [[capital city]]. Afghanistan is currently governed by the [[Taliban]], after the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|collapse]] of the internationally recognized [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] on 15 August 2021. The country is around {{convert|abbr=off|251,826|mi2}} in size. There are 40.976 million people in Afghanistan. There are about 3 million Afghan [[refugees]] (people who had to leave the country) in [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]]. In 2011 [[Kabul]], had about 3,691,400 people living in it.<ref name="cso.gov.af">{{Cite web |url=http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/2-2.pdf |title=Settled Population by Province |access-date=2012-06-30 |archive-date=2016-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429231515/http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/2-2.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] [[Decision|decided]] in October 2021 to [[Appointment|appoint]] an independent expert, known as a United Nations special rapporteur on Afghanistan, to find out about [[violation]]s carried out by the Taliban and others who are now part of a big conflict.<ref>https://www.news18.com/news/world/un-rights-body-agrees-to-establish-investigator-on-afghanistan-4297415.html. Retrieved 7 October 2021</ref> ==Economy== The economy does not have growth (as April 2024), of that kind that is called [[GDP growth]], according to Worldbank.org.<ref>https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/afghanistan/overview. Retrieved 2024-07-29</ref> In regard to the [[mining]] industry: In 2024, Chinese engineers [[breaking ground|broke ground]] for a [[mine]]; "The deposit is [[estimation|estimated]] to [... have] 11.5 million tons of [[copper]] [[ore]]".<ref>https://www.rferl.org/a/china-afghanistan-mes-aynak-copper-mining/33050447.html. Retrieved 2024-07-26</ref> == Geography == [[File:Black Hawk flying over a valley in Bamyan.jpg|left|thumb|Snow-capped Koh-i-Baba mountains in [[Bamyan Province]] of Afghanistan.]] Afghanistan has many [[mountains]]. The mountains are called the [[Hindu Kush]] and [[Himalayas]]. The tallest mountain in Afghanistan is [[Noshaq|Mount Nowshak]]. There are [[plains]] (which have soil that is good for growing plants) and [[foothills]]. Parts of the country are also dry, especially the [[Registan Desert]]. Afghanistan has snow and [[glaciers]] in the mountains. [[Amu Darya]] is the big water stream, or river. The country has a lot of a valuable [[stone]] called [[lapis lazuli]], which was used to decorate the [[tomb]] of the [[Egypt]]ian pharaoh [[Tutankhamun]].<ref name="ngk">{{cite web |url=http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/places/find/afghanistan/ |title=Afghanistan Facts and Pictures |work=National Geographic Kids |accessdate=30 August 2011 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811050151/http://kids.nationalgeographic.com/kids/places/find/afghanistan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Climate === Afghanistan has a [[continental climate]] with hot summers and cold winters. Having no water sometimes causes problems for [[farmers]]. Sandstorms happen a lot in the [[desert]].<ref>"Afghanistan." Britannica Student Library. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.</ref> == Plants and animals == [[File:Uncia uncia 2.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Endangered [[snow leopard]]s live in the cold [[Hindu Kush]]<!--, but they have thick [[fur]] to stay warm. Hunters sell the soft leopard skins in the markets in the capital [[Kabul]].-->]] [[South]]ern Afghanistan does not have many plants because it is dry. There are more plants where there is more water. Mountains have [[forests]] of [[pine]] and [[fir]], [[cedar]], [[oak]], [[walnut]], [[alder]], and [[ash tree]]s. Afghanistan's wild animals live in the mountains. There are [[wolves]], [[foxes]], [[jackals]], [[bears]], and wild [[wild goat|goat]]s, [[gazelle]]s, wild dogs, [[camel]]s, and [[wild cat]]s such as the [[snow leopard]] in the country. The birds are [[falcon]]s, [[eagles]] and [[vulture]]s. The [[Rhesus Macaque]] and the red flying [[squirrel]] are also in Afghanistan. Many years of [[war]], [[hunting]], and years of no water have killed animals in Afghanistan. There used to be [[tigers]] in Afghanistan, but now there aren't any. Bears and wolves are almost gone.<ref name=ngk/> == People and culture == [[File:Ethno-linguistic map of Afghanistan 1997.jpg|thumb|left|Ethno-linguistic map of Afghanistan 1997]] Many people have moved through or invaded the land of Afghanistan. Today's people of Afghanistan are known as ''Afghans''. The largest [[ethnic group|group]] of people are the [[Pashtuns]]. They make up about half the population.<ref>See: * {{cite web|url=http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact90/world12.txt|title=The World Factbok – Afghanistan|quote=''_#_Ethnic divisions: Pashtun 50%...''|work=The World Factbook/Central Intelligence Agency|publisher=[[University of Missouri]]|date=15 October 1991|accessdate=20 March 2011|archive-date=27 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427053700/http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact90/world12.txt|url-status=dead}} * {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/world/2001/war_on_terror/key_maps/ethnic_pashtun.stm|title=Ethnic groups|work=BBC News|accessdate=7 June 2013|quote=Pashtun: Estimated to be in excess of 45% of the population, the Pashtuns have been the most dominant ethnic group in Afghanistan.}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af&regionCode=sas&#af|title=Afghan Population: 30,419,928 [Pashtun 42%]|year=2012|work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA)|accessdate=30 June 2012|archive-date=7 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607234625/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2119.html?countryName=Afghanistan&countryCode=af&regionCode=sas&#af|url-status=dead}} * {{cite book |title=The Challenge of Democracy: Government in America |last1=Janda |first1=Kenneth |author2=Jeffrey M. Berry and Jerry Goldman |volume= |edition=9 |year=2008 |publisher=Cengage Learning |isbn=978-0-618-81017-8 |page=46 of 647 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_WlzlY9dv74C&pg=PA46 |accessdate=22 August 2010 }} * {{cite web|title=Afghanistan's complex ethnic patchwork|url=http://old.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=237210|work=The Asian Wall Street Journal|date=10 March 2011|accessdate=20 April 2012|archive-date=20 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120225356/http://old.tehrantimes.com/index_View.asp?code=237210|url-status=dead}} * {{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/minorities/South-Asia/Pathans.html|title=Pathans|publisher=Faqs.org|year=2003|accessdate=20 September 2010}} * {{cite web |url= http://www.afghanistans.com/Information/defaulf.htm |title= About Afghanistan - Ethnic Divisions |accessdate= 24 September 2010 |archive-date= 17 September 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100917064432/http://afghanistans.com/Information/defaulf.htm |url-status= dead }} * {{cite book |title=Aiding Afghanistan: the background and prospects for reconstruction in a fragmented society |last1=Christensen |first1=Asger |year=1995 |publisher=NIAS Press |isbn=978-87-87062-44-2 |page=46 of 170 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7LKS93lbSM0C&pg=PA46 |accessdate=24 September 2010 }} * {{cite book|title=Congressional Record|year=1949|publisher=Government Printing Office|page=10088|isbn=9780160118449|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qImZpu07_UEC&pg=PA10088|accessdate=24 September 2010}} * {{cite book |title=Asian Security to the Year 2000 |last1=Taylor |first1=William J. Jr. |author2=Abraham Kim |year=2000 |publisher=DIANE Publishing |isbn=978-1-4289-1368-4 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=peTWtThUljQC&pg=PA58 |accessdate=24 September 2010 }} * {{cite book|title=Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world|last1=Brown|first1=Keith|author2=Sarah Ogilvie|year=2009|publisher=Elsevie|quote=''Pashto, which is mainly spoken south of the mountain range of the Hindu Kush, is reportedly the mother tongue of 60% of the Afghan population.''|location=|isbn=978-0-08-087774-7|page=845|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA845|accessdate=24 September 2010}} * {{cite book |title=11 September 2001: feminist perspectives |last1=Hawthorne |first1=Susan |author2=Bronwyn Winter |year=2002 |publisher=Spinifex Press |quote=''Over 60 percent of the population in Afghanistan is Pashtun, known locally as Pathan, who by and large support the Taliban.'' |location= |isbn=978-1-876756-27-7 |page=225 of 500 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DwbfD_irV_AC&pg=PA225 |accessdate=24 September 2010 }} * {{cite web |url= http://www.hewad.com/ethnic.htm |title= The ethnic composition of afghanistan in different sources |accessdate= 22 April 2012 |archive-date= 5 February 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120205235855/http://www.hewad.com/ethnic.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> [[Tajik people|Tajiks]] (often also known as “Farsiwan”, meaning Persian speaking) are the second-largest [[ethnic group]], making up about one-fifth of the population.<ref name="Brit-Tajik">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/581024/Tajik |title=Tajik |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |quote=There were about 5,000,000 in Afghanistan, where they constituted about one-fifth of the population. |accessdate=6 November 2011}}</ref> Before the 20th century, Tajiks were called Sarts<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://persian.packhum.org/persian//pf?file=03501051&ct=92 |title=Events Of The Year 910 (1525) |page=5 |editor1=John Leyden| editor2= William Erskine |work=Memoirs of Babur |publisher=Packard Humanities Institute |year=1921 |accessdate=30 June 2012 |archive-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114042010/http://persian.packhum.org/persian//pf?file=03501051&ct=92 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and some come from [[Iranic peoples|Iranian]] peoples.<ref>"Tajik." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.</ref> Most Pashtuns are also related to the Iranian peoples. Some Pashtuns and Tajiks marry each other but at the same time they are rivals. The third-largest group are the [[Hazara people|Hazaras]]. They are native to the [[Hazaristan]] area in central Afghanistan. The country's other groups include the [[Uzbek people|Uzbek]], [[Aimaq people|Aimaq]], [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]], [[Nuristani people|Nuristani]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]], and [[Pashayi people|Pashayi]].<ref name=ngk/> [[Dari]]-Persian and [[Pashto]] are the two official languages of Afghanistan. Many people speak both languages.<ref name="AO">{{cite web|title=Article Sixteen of the Constitution of Afghanistan|url=http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html#preamble|quote=From among the languages of Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmani, Baluchi, Pashai, Nuristani, Pamiri (alsana), Arab and other languages spoken in the country, '''Pashto and Dari are the official languages of the state.'''|year=2004|accessdate=13 June 2012|archive-date=28 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131028065437/http://www.afghan-web.com/politics/current_constitution.html#preamble|url-status=dead}}</ref> Both are [[Indo-European language]]s from the [[Iranian languages]] sub-family. They are usually written with the [[Arabic alphabet]]. [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]] are widely spoken in the north and [[Nuristani language|Nuristani]] and [[Pashai language|Pashai]] are spoken in the east.<ref name=AO/> Around 99% of Afghans follow the religion of [[Islam]]. Afghanistan is a largely [[rural]] country. This means there are only a few major cities. About one fifth of the population live in cities. [[Kabul]], the capital, is the largest city. It is south of the [[Hindu Kush]] range and alongside the [[Kabul River]]. Other cities are [[Kandahar]], [[Herat]], [[Mazar-e Sharif]], and [[Jalalabad]]. The rural population is made up of [[farmer]]s and [[nomad]]s. The farmers live mainly in small villages along the rivers. The nomads live in tents while moving from place to place with their animals and belongings. Some people live in the high central mountains. Some live in the deserts in the south and southwest. Millions of people left Afghanistan to get away from the wars that happened in the late 20th and early 21st centuries. Most of them went to [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]]. == History == Afghanistan is in the [[Trail|path]] of important trade routes that connect southern and eastern [[Asia]] to [[Europe]] and the [[Middle East]]. Because of this, many empire builders have tried to rule over the area. Signs that these [[Emperor|emperors]] were near Afghanistan still exist in many parts of the country.<ref>[Encyclopedia Britannica, Afghanistan History. Retrieved 26 January 2009 http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan/129450/History#ref=ref261360]</ref> Afghanistan is near what used to be the [[Silk Road]]. The peoples of Afghanistan helped develop major [[world religions]], traded and exchanged many [[product (business)|products]], and sometimes controlled politics and culture in Asia.<ref>Hiebert, F., Cambon, P., 2008, AFGHANISTAN Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul, page 56, Washington, National Geographic, {{ISBN|978-1-4262-0295-7}}</ref> === Prehistory === [[File:Raffael 071.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Zoroaster]], the founder of [[Zoroastrianism]], lived in [[Bactria]], an ancient land in the north of today's Afghanistan.]] [[Archaeology|Archaeologists]] digging a cave in [[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]] discovered that people lived in the country as early as 100,000 years ago. They found the skull of a [[Neanderthal]], or early human, as well as tools from about 30,000 years ago. In other parts of Afghanistan, archaeologists uncovered [[pottery]] and tools that are 4,000 to 11,000 years old—evidence that Afghans were among the first people in the world to grow crops and raise animals.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|title=BBCNazer.com {{!}} زندگى و آموزش {{!}} حرف های مردم: سرود ملی|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nazer/lifeandlearning_dari/story/2007/08/070830_ws-aep-pt-national-anthem.shtml|access-date=2021-08-18|website=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> [[File:Kaunakes Bactria Louvre AO31917.jpg|left|thumb|150px|A Stone Female Figurine, known as ''Bactrian Princess'', from [[Bactria]], north of Afghanistan, about 4,000 years ago]] Farmers and herders settled in the plains surrounding the [[Hindu Kush]] as early as 7000&nbsp;B.C. These people may have grown rich off the [[lapis lazuli]] they found along riverbeds, which they traded to early city sites to the west, across the [[Iranian plateau]] and [[Mesopotamia]]. As farms and villages grew these ancient people started [[irrigation]] (digging ditches for water so it flows to crops) that allowed them to grow crops on the northern Afghanistan desert plains. This [[civilization]] (advanced state of organization) is today called BMAC ([[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex]]), or the "Oxus civilization".<ref>Hiebert, F., Cambon, P., 2008, AFGHANISTAN Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul, page 58, Washington, National Geographic, {{ISBN|978-1-4262-0295-7}}</ref> The [[Oxus civilization]] expanded as far east as the western edge of the [[Indus Valley]] during the period between 2200 and 1800&nbsp;B.C.<ref>Hiebert, F., Cambon, P., 2008, AFGHANISTAN Hidden Treasures from the National Museum, Kabul, page 73, Washington, National Geographic, {{ISBN|978-1-4262-0295-7}}</ref> These people, who were the ancestors of the Indo-Aryans, used the term "[[Aryan]]" to identify their ethnicity, culture, and religion. Scholars know this when they read the ancient texts of these people; the [[Avesta (religious scripture)|Avesta]] of Iranic peoples and the [[Vedas]] of Indo-Aryans.<ref>[R. Ghirshman, L’Iran et la migration des Indo-aryens et des Iraniens, Leiden, 1977.]</ref><ref>[Encyclopedia Iranica, IRANIAN IDENTITY ii. PRE-ISLAMIC PERIOD. Retrieved 14 October 2010 http://www.iranica.com/articles/iranian-identity-ii-pre-islamic-period {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101208214205/http://www.iranica.com/articles/iranian-identity-ii-pre-islamic-period |date=2010-12-08 }}]</ref> [[Zoroaster]], the founder of the [[Zoroastrian]] religion, the world's earliest [[monotheistic]] religion, (meaning a religion believing in one god) lived in the area (somewhere north of today's Afghanistan), around 1000&nbsp;B.C.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/zoroaster-ii-general-survey|title=ZOROASTER ii. GENERAL SURVEY – Encyclopaedia Iranica|website=iranicaonline.org}}</ref> === Ancient history === [[File:Ancient Khorasan highlighted.jpg|thumb|Names of territories during the [[Caliphate]] in 750 CE. [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] was part of Persia (in [[yellow]]ish).]] Before the middle of the sixth century [[BCE]], Afghanistan was held by the [[Medes]]. Then the [[Achaemenids]] took over control of the land and made it part of the [[Persian empire]]. [[Alexander the Great]] defeated and conquered the Persian Empire in 330 BCE. He founded some cities in the area. The people used [[Macedonia (ancient kingdom)|Macedonian]] culture and language. After Alexander, [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucids]], [[Maurya Empire|Mauryas]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbFHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29|title=India and South Asia: A Short History|last=Ludden|first=David|date=2013-11-01|publisher=Oneworld Publications|isbn=978-1-78074-108-6|pages=47|language=en}}</ref> [[Greco-Bactrians]], [[Scythians]], [[Kushans]], [[Parthians]], [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbMlAAAAMAAJ|title=The Gupta Polity|last=Dikshitar|first=V. R. Ramachandra|date=1952|publisher=University of Madras|pages=81–82|language=en}}</ref> and [[Sassanians]] ruled the area.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/851961/ancient-Iran |title=ancient Iran |encyclopedia=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |accessdate=30 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Alexander the Great in Afghanistan|url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/Cascade/index.html?appid=493bae8ab2c54a96af9b8bbc1e844771|access-date=2023-02-10|website=www.arcgis.com}}</ref> Kushans spread [[Buddhism]] from [[India]] in the 1st century BCE, and Buddhism remained an important religion in the area until the [[Islamic conquest]] in the 7th century CE.<ref>[Encyclopedia Iranica, BUDDHISM i. In Pre-Islamic Times. Retrieved 12 September 2010 http://iranica.com/articles/buddhism-i {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201181222/http://iranica.com/articles/buddhism-i |date=1 December 2010 }}]</ref> The [[Buddhas of Bamiyan]] were giant statues, a reminder of Buddhism in Afghanistan. They were destroyed by the [[Taliban]] in 2001. There were international protests. The Taliban believe that the ancient statues were [[Islam|un-Islamic]] and that they had a right to destroy them. === Medieval history === [[Arabs]] introduced [[Islam]] in the 7th century and slowly began spreading the new religion. In the 9th and 10th centuries, many local Islamic [[Dynasty|dynasties]] rose to power inside Afghanistan. One of the earliest was the [[Tahirids]], whose kingdom included [[Balkh]] and [[Herat]]; they established independence from the [[Abbasids]] in 820. The Tahirids were succeeded in about 867 by the [[Saffarids]] of [[Zaranj]] in western Afghanistan. Local princes in the north soon became [[wikt:feudatory|feudatories]] of the powerful [[Samanids]], who ruled from [[Bukhara]]. From 872 to 999, north of the Hindu Kush in Afghanistan enjoyed a golden age under Samanid rule.<ref>"Afghanistan." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.</ref> In the 10th century, the local [[Ghaznavid Empire|Ghaznavids]] turned [[Ghazni]] into their capital and firmly established Islam throughout all areas of Afghanistan, except the [[Kafiristan]] region in the northeast. [[Mahmud of Ghazni]], a great Ghaznavid [[sultan]], conquered the [[Multan]] and [[Punjab region]], and carried raids into the heart of [[India]]. [[Mohammed bin Abdul Jabbar Utbi]], a historian from the 10th century, wrote that thousands of "Afghans" were in the Ghaznavid army.<ref name="Houtsma">{{Cite book|title=E.J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936|last1=Houtsma|first1=Martijn Theodoor|volume=2|year=1987|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-08265-6|page=151|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEl6N2tQeawC&pg=PA151 |accessdate=24 September 2010}}</ref><ref name="Habibi">{{cite web |url=http://www.alamahabibi.com/English%20Articles/Afghan_and_Afghanistan.htm |title=Afghan and Afghanistan |work=Abdul Hai Habibi|publisher=alamahabibi.com|year=1969|accessdate=1 July 2012}}</ref> The Ghaznavid dynasty was replaced by the [[Ghurid dynasty|Ghorid]]<nowiki/>s of [[Ghor]] in the late 12th century, who reconquered Ghaznavid territory in the name of Islam and ruled it until 1206. The Ghorid army also included ethnic Afghans.<ref name="Houtsma"/> [[File:Portrait miniature of Ahmad Shah Durrani.jpg|left|thumb|150px|[[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], [[founder]] of the modern state of Afghanistan in 1747.]] Afghanistan was recognized as ''Khorasan'', meaning "land of the rising sun," which was a prosperous and independent geographic region reaching as far as the [[Indus River]].<ref name="EI">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJQ3AAAAIAAJ |title="Khurasan", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, page 55. |year=1967 |quote=''In pre-Islamic and early Islamic times, the term “Khurassan” frequently had a much wider denotation, covering also parts of what are now Soviet Central Asia and Afghanistan; early Islamic usage often regarded everywhere east of western Persia, sc. Djibal or what was subsequently termed 'Irak 'Adjami, as being included in a vast and ill-defined region of Khurasan, which might even extend to the Indus Valley and Sind.''|publisher=Brill |accessdate=22 October 2010}}</ref><ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316850/Khorasan |title=Khorasan |quote=''historical region and realm comprising a vast territory now lying in northeastern Iran, southern Turkmenistan, and northern Afghanistan. The historical region extended, along the north, from the Amu Darya (Oxus River) westward to the Caspian Sea and, along the south, from the fringes of the central Iranian deserts eastward to the mountains of central Afghanistan. Arab geographers even spoke of its extending to the boundaries of [[Hindustan|India]].''|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=21 October 2010}}</ref> All the major cities of modern Afghanistan were centers of science and culture in the past. The New Persian [[literature]] arose and flourished in the area. The early Persian poets such as [[Rudaki]] were from what is now Afghanistan. Moreover, [[Ferdowsi]], the author of [[Shahnameh]], the national [[Epic poetry|epic]] of [[Iran]], and [[Rumi]], the famous [[Sufi]] poet, were also from here. It has produced scientists such as [[Avicenna]], [[Al-Farabi]], [[Al-Biruni]], [[Omar Khayyám]], [[Al-Khwarizmi]], and many others who are widely known for their important contributions in areas such as [[mathematics]], [[astronomy]], [[medicine]], [[physics]], [[geography]], and [[geology]]. It remained the cultural capital of Persia until the devastating [[Mongol]] invasion in the 13th century.<ref>Lorentz, J. Historical Dictionary of Iran. 1995 {{ISBN|978-0-8108-2994-7}} AFGHANISTAN</ref><ref>From the Alleyways of Samarkand to the Mediterranean Coast (The Evolution of the World of Child and Adolescent Literature,Afghanistan, [[Poopak Niktalab]] , printed 2019 , Faradid Publishing</ref> [[Timur]], the Turkic conqueror, took over in the end of the 14th century and began to rebuild cities in this region. Timur's successors, the [[Timurids]] (1405–1507), were great patrons of learning and the arts who enriched their capital city of [[Herat]] with fine buildings. Under their rule Afghanistan enjoyed peace and prosperity. Between south of the Hindu Kush and the Indus River (today's [[Pakistan]]) was the native land of the Afghan tribes. They called this land "Afghanistan" (meaning "land of the Afghans"). The Afghans ruled the rich northern Indian subcontinent with their capital at [[Delhi]]. From the 16th to the early 18th century, Afghanistan was disputed between the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavids]] of [[Isfahan]] and the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]] of [[Agra]] who had replaced the [[Lodi dynasty|Lodi]] and [[Sur Empire|Suri]] Afghan rulers in India. The Safavids and Mughals occasionally oppressed the native Afghans but at the same time the Afghans used each empire to punish the other. In 1709, the [[Hotaki dynasty|Hotaki]] Afghans rose to power and completely defeated the Persian Empire. Then they marched towards the Mughals of India and defeated them with the help of the [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharid]] forces under [[Nader Shah Afshar]]. In 1747, after Nader Shah of Persia was killed, a great leader named [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] united all the different Muslim tribes and established the Afghan Empire ([[Durrani Empire]]). He is considered the founding father of the modern state of Afghanistan<ref name="ReferenceA"/> while [[Mirwais Hotak]] is the grandfather of the nation. ===Since the 1800s=== During the 1800s, Afghanistan became a [[buffer zone]] between two powerful empires, the [[British Indian Empire]] and the [[Russian Empire]]. As British India advanced into Afghanistan, Russia felt threatened and expanded southward across Central Asia. To stop the Russian advance, Britain tried to make Afghanistan part of its empire but the Afghans fought wars with British-led Indians from 1839 to 1842 and from 1878 to 1880. After the third war in 1919, Afghanistan under [[Amanullah Khan|King Amanullah]] gained respect and recognition as a completely independent state. The Kingdom of Afghanistan was a [[constitutional monarchy]] established in 1926. It was the successor state to the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]]. On 27 September 1934, during the reign of [[Zahir Shah]], the Kingdom of Afghanistan joined the [[League of Nations]]. During [[World War II]], Afghanistan remained neutral. It pursued a [[Diplomacy|diplomatic policy]] of [[non-alignment]]. The creation of [[Pakistan]] in 1947 as Afghanistan's eastern neighbor created problems. In 1973, political crises led to the overthrow of the king. The country's new leader ended the monarchy and made Afghanistan a [[republic]]. In 1978, a [[Communist]] political party supported by the [[Soviet Union]] seized control of Afghanistan's government. This move sparked rebellions throughout the country. The government asked the Soviet Union for military assistance. The Soviets took advantage of the situation and [[Soviet war in Afghanistan|invaded Afghanistan in December 1979]]. Most people in Afghanistan opposed the sudden Soviet presence in their country. For nearly a decade, anti-Communist Islamic forces known as ''[[Mujahideen]]'' were trained in [[Pakistan]] to fight the Soviets and the Afghan government. The [[United States]] and other anti-Soviet countries supported the Mujahideen. In the long war, over one million Afghan civilians were killed. The Soviet Army also lost more than 15,000 soldiers in that war. Millions of Afghans left their country to stay safe in neighboring [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]]. In 1989 the Soviet Army withdrew the last of its troops. After the Soviets left in 1989, the [[Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)|Afghan Civil War]] started; different Afghan warlords began fighting for control of the country. The warlords received support from other countries, including neighboring [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]]. A very conservative [[Islamic]] group known as the [[Taliban]] emerged in an attempt to end the civil war. By the late 1990s the Taliban had gained control over 95% of Afghanistan. A group known as the [[Northern Alliance]], based in northern Afghanistan near the border with [[Tajikistan]], continued to fight against the Taliban. The Taliban ruled Afghanistan according to their strict version of [[Islamic law]]. People whom the Taliban believed [[Crime in Afghanistan|violated these laws]] were given cruel punishments. In addition, the Taliban completely restricted the rights of women. Because of such policies, most countries refused to recognize the Taliban government. Only [[Pakistan]], [[Saudi Arabia]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]] accepted them as the official government. The Taliban also angered other countries by allowing suspected [[terrorist]]s to live freely in Afghanistan. Among them were [[Osama bin Laden]] and members of the [[al-Qaeda]] terrorist network. In September 2001, the United States blamed bin Laden for the [[September 11 attacks|terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon outside Washington, D.C.]] The Taliban refused to hand him over to the United States. In response, the United States and its allies launched a bombing campaign against al-Qaeda in October 2001. Within months the Taliban abandoned Kabul, and a new government led by [[Hamid Karzai]] came to power, but fighting between the Taliban and US-led armies continued. Taliban fighters have gone into Afghanistan from neighboring [[Pakistan]]. Afghans accused Pakistan's military of being behind the Taliban militants but [[Pakistan]] rejected this and stated that a stable Afghanistan is in Pakistan's own interest. [[File:2011 Afghan Independence Day-2.jpg|thumb|upright|Former [[President of Afghanistan|Afghan President]] [[Hamid Karzai]] at the 2011 Afghan Independence Day in [[Kabul]].]] [[File:Afghan soldiers.jpg|right|thumb|The [[NATO]]-trained [[Afghan National Army]] (ANA) [[collapse]]d in 2021]] In December 2004, Hamid Karzai became the first [[democracy|democratically]] elected president of Afghanistan.<ref name=cia/> [[NATO]] began rebuilding Afghanistan, including its military and government institutions. Many schools and colleges were built. Freedom for women improved. Women can study, work, drive, and run for office. Many Afghan women work as politicians, some are ministers while at least one is a mayor. Others have opened businesses, or joined the military or police. Afghanistan's economy has also improved dramatically, and NATO agreed in 2012 to help the country for at least another 10 years after 2014. Afghanistan improved diplomatic ties with many countries in the world and continues. In August 2021, the [[Cabinet of Afghanistan]] lost its power. Most of the country fell to the [[Taliban]] on [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|15 August 2021]] with President [[Ashraf Ghani]] [[escape|escaping]] the country. <!--As of 18 August 2021,-->The former government's last [[holdout]], [was] in the [[Panjshir Valley]].<ref>https://www.news18.com/news/india/amrullah-saleh-is-mounting-an-anti-taliban-front-from-afghanistans-panjshir-his-birth-land-4100060.html. [[CNN-News18]]</ref> ===The Afghan conflict in the 2020s=== The [[Afghan conflict]] as of 2025: In regard to (clashes or) [[skirmish]]es at the border with [[Pakistan]]; They have happened as late as 2025's first quarter.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakistan: Five terrorists killed while attempting to infiltrate from Afghanistan |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/pakistan-five-terrorists-killed-while-attempting-to-infiltrate-from-afghanistan20250119211850/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=ANI News |language=en |archive-date=2025-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119160027/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/pakistan-five-terrorists-killed-while-attempting-to-infiltrate-from-afghanistan20250119211850/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=|first= |date=2025-01-20 |title=Infiltration bid from Afghan border foiled |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2523212/infiltration-bid-from-afghan-border-foiled |access-date=2025-01-20 |publisher=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> [[Afghanistan–Pakistan border conflicts]], is the name of that part of the conflict. Some conflicts in other countries have spread into Afghanistan; [[Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|Islamist insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], and [[Insurgency in Balochistan|Islamist insurgency in Balochistan]] are two such conflicts. Another part of the Afghan conflict, is the [[Republican insurgency in Afghanistan|Republican armed rebellion in Afghanistan]]. Attacks by the [[National Resistance Front of Afghanistan|NRF]] have happened as late as 2025's third quarter; Attacks by the [[Afghanistan Freedom Front|AFF]] have happened as late as 2025's third quarter.<ref name="kn">{{cite web | title=Armed Opposition Groups Report Deadly Attacks on Taliban in Northern Afghanistan | date=16 August 2025 | url=https://kabulnow.com/2025/08/armed-opposition-groups-report-deadly-attacks-on-taliban-in-northern-afghanistan/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Afghan Freedom Front Says 225 Taliban Killed in Year | date=16 August 2025 | url=https://www.afintl.com/en/202508163302 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Chris |title=Taliban 2.0 losing its grip on Afghanistan |url=https://asiatimes.com/2024/10/taliban-2-0-losing-its-grip-on-afghanistan/ |access-date=4 November 2024 |agency=The Asia Times |date=October 29, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-29 |title=At least 10 Taliban fighters killed in Kabul ministry attack |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/asia/south-asia/taliban-kabul-explosion-pakistan-attack-latest-b2671133.html |access-date=2024-12-30 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> == Government == Since the [[Taliban]] [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|captured Kabul]] on 15 August 2021, the governance of Afghanistan is disputed between the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]] and the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]]. According to [[Transparency International]], Afghanistan remains in the top most corrupt countries list.<ref name="TI">{{cite web |url=https://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016 |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2016 Results |date=25 January 2017 |publisher=[[Transparency International]] |access-date=30 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170125040730/http://www.transparency.org/news/feature/corruption_perceptions_index_2016 |archive-date=25 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Provinces == As of 2004, there are thirty-four [[province]]s. Each province is divided into districts. (For cities see [[List of cities in Afghanistan]].) {| class="wikitable" style="width:78%; margin:auto; font-size:90%;" |- |+ style="text-align:center; background:#bfd7ff;"| '''Province map of Afghanistan''' |- |align=center| [[File:Afghanistan provinces numbered gray.PNG|400x400px|Provinces of Afghanistan]] |} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; width:78%; margin:auto;" |+ style="text-align:center; background:#bfd7ff;"|'''Provinces of Afghanistan'''<ref>References and details on data provided in the table can be found within the individual provincial articles.</ref> |- style="background:#efefef;" !align="left"|Province !align="left"|Map # !align="right"|. !align="left"|Capital !align="right"|Population<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cso.gov.af/en/page/6070 |title=Population Estimation 2011 - 12 - Central Statistics Organization |access-date=2012-06-30 |archive-date=2012-06-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619071838/http://cso.gov.af/en/page/6070 |url-status=dead }}</ref> !align="right"|Area (km²) !align="right"|Languages !align="right"|Notes !align="right"|U.N. Region |- | [[Badakhshan Province|Badakhshan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 30 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Fayzabad, Badakhshan|Fayzabad]] || align=right| 889,700 || align=right| 44,059 || [[Dari (Persian)]], [[Pamiri languages|Pamiri]], [[Pashto language|Pashto]] || 29 districts || North East Afghanistan |- | [[Badghis Province|Badghis]] || style="text-align:center;"| 4 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Qala i Naw, Afghanistan|Qala i Naw]] || align=right| 464,100 || align=right| 20,591 || Dari, Pashto || 7 districts || West Afghanistan |- | [[Baghlan Province|Baghlan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 19 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Puli Khumri]] || align=right| 848,500 || align=right| 21,118 ||Dari, [[Uzbek language|Uzbeki]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmeni]], Pashto || 16 districts || North East Afghanistan |- | [[Balkh Province|Balkh]] || style="text-align:center;"| 13 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Mazari Sharif]] || align=right| 1,219,200 || align=right| 17,249 || Dari, Pashto || 15 districts || North West Afghanistan |- | [[Bamyan Province|Bamyan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 15 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Bamiyan City|Bamiyan]] || align=right| 418,500 || align=right| 14,175 || Dari || 7 districts || Central Afghanistan |- | [[Daykundi Province|Daykundi]] || style="text-align:center;"| 10 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Nili, Afghanistan|Nili]] || align=right| 431,300 || align=right| 8,088 || Dari, Pashto || 8 districts<br />Formed from [[Orūzgān Province|Oruzgan]] in 2004 || South West Afghanistan |- | [[Farah Province|Farah]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Farah, Afghanistan|Farah]] || align=right| 474,300 || align=right| 48,471 || Pashto, Dari, [[Balochi language|Balochi]]|| 11 districts || West Afghanistan |- | [[Faryab Province|Faryab]] || style="text-align:center;"| 5 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Maymana]] || align=right| 931,800 || align=right| 20,293 || Uzbek, Dari, Pashto, Turkmen || 14 districts || North West Afghanistan |- | [[Ghazni Province|Ghazni]] || style="text-align:center;"| 16 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Ghazni]] || align=right| 1,149,400 || align=right| 22,915 || Pashto, Dari || 19 districts || South East Afghanistan |- | [[Ghōr Province|Ghor]] || style="text-align:center;"| 6 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Chaghcharan]] || align=right| 646,300 || align=right| 36,479 || Dari, Pashto || 10 districts || West Afghanistan |- | [[Helmand Province|Helmand]] || style="text-align:center;"| 7 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Lashkar Gah]] || align=right| 1,441,769 || align=right| 58,584 || Pashto, Dari || 13 districts || South West Afghanistan |- | [[Herat Province|Herat]] || style="text-align:center;"| 1 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Herat]] || align=right| 1,744,700 || align=right| 54,778 || Dari, Pashto, Turkmeni || 15 districts || West Afghanistan |- | [[Jowzjan Province|Jowzjan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 8 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Sheberghan]] || align=right| 503,100 || align=right| 11,798 || Uzbeki, Turkmeni, Pashto, Dari ||9 districts || North West Afghanistan |- | [[Kabul Province|Kabul]] || style="text-align:center;"| 22 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Kabul]] || align=right| 3,691,400 || align=right| 4,462 || Dari, Turkmeni, Pashto, Uzbeki || 18 districts || Central Afghanistan |- | [[Kandahar Province|Kandahar]] || style="text-align:center;"| 12 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Kandahar]] || align=right| 1,127,000 || align=right| 54,022 || Pashto, Dari || 16 districts || South East Afghanistan |- | [[Kapisa Province|Kapisa]] || style="text-align:center;"| 29 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Mahmud-i-Raqi]] || align=right| 413,000 || align=right| 1,842 || Dari, Pashto, [[Pashayi language|Pashai]] || 7 districts || Central Afghanistan |- | [[Khost Province|Khost]] || style="text-align:center;"| 26 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Khost]] || align=right| 537,800 || align=right| 4,152 || Pashto || 13 districts || South East Afghanistan |- | [[Kunar Province|Kunar]] || style="text-align:center;"| 34 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Asadabad, Afghanistan|Asadabad]] || align=right| 421,700 || align=right| 4,942 || Pashto || 15 districts || North East Afghanistan |- | [[Kunduz Province|Kunduz]] || style="text-align:center;"| 18 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Kunduz]] || align=right| 935,600 || align=right| 8,040 || Pashto, Dari, Uzbeki, Turkmeni || 7 districts || North East Afghanistan |- | [[Laghman Province|Laghman]] || style="text-align:center;"| 32 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Mihtarlam]] || align=right| 417,200 || align=right| 3,843 || Pashto, Pashai, Nuristani, Dari || 5 districts || East Afghanistan |- | [[Logar Province|Logar]] || style="text-align:center;"| 23 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Pul-i-Alam]] || align=right| 367,000 || align=right| 3,880 || Pashto, Dari || 7 districts || Central Afghanistan |- | [[Nangarhar Province|Nangarhar]] || style="text-align:center;"| 33 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Jalalabad, Afghanistan|Jalalabad]] || align=right| 1,409,600 || align=right| 7,727 || Pashto, Dari || 23 districts || East Afghanistan |- | [[Nimruz Province|Nimruz]] || style="text-align:center;"| 3 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Zaranj]] || align=right| 153,900 || align=right| 41,005 || Balochi, Pashto, Dari || 5 districts || South West Afghanistan |- | [[Nuristan Province|Nuristan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 31 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Parun, Afghanistan|Parun]] || align=right| 138,600 || align=right| 9,225 || [[Nuristani languages|Nuristani]], Pashto || 7 districts || North East Afghanistan |- | [[Orūzgān Province|Oruzgan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 11 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Tarin Kowt]] || align=right| 328,000 || align=right| 22,696 || Pashto, Dari || 6 districts || Central Afghanistan |- | [[Paktia Province|Paktia]] || style="text-align:center;"| 24 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Gardez, Afghanistan|Gardez]] || align=right| 516,300 || align=right| 6,432 || Pashto || 11 districts|| South East Afghanistan |- | [[Paktika Province|Paktika]] || style="text-align:center;"| 25 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Sharan, Afghanistan|Sharan]] || align=right| 407,100 || align=right| 19,482 || Pashto || 15 districts || South East Afghanistan |- | [[Panjshir Province|Panjshir]] || style="text-align:center;"| 28 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Bazarak, Panjshir|Bazarak]] || align=right| 143,700 || align=right| 3,610 || Dari, Pashto || 5 districts<br />Created in 2004 from Parwan Province || North East Afghanistan |- | [[Parwan Province|Parwan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 20 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Charikar]] || align=right| 620,900 || align=right| 5,974 || Dari, Pashto || 9 districts || Central Afghanistan |- | [[Samangan Province|Samangan]] || style="text-align:center;"| 14 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Aybak]] || align=right| 362,500 || align=right| 11,262 || Dari, Uzbeki || 5 districts || North West Afghanistan |- | [[Sar-e Pol Province|Sar-e Pol]] || style="text-align:center;"| 9 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Sar-e Pol, Afghanistan|Sar-e Pol]] || align=right| 522,900 || align=right| 16,360 || Dari, Pashto, Uzbeki || 7 districts || North West Afghanistan |- | [[Takhar Province|Takhar]] || style="text-align:center;"| 27 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Taloqan]] || align=right| 917,700 || align=right| 12,333 || Dari, Uzbeki, Pashto || 12 districts || North East Afghanistan |- | [[Wardak Province|Wardak]] || style="text-align:center;"| 21 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Meydan Shahr]] || align=right| 558,400 || align=right| 9,934 || Pashto, Dari || 9 districts || Central Afghanistan |- | [[Zabul Province|Zabul]] || style="text-align:center;"| 17 || style="text-align:center;"| . || [[Qalat, Zabul Province|Qalat]] || align=right| 284,600 || align=right| 17,343 || Pashto || 9 districts || South East Afghanistan |} ==Relationship with other countries== * [[Australia]]: Four [[official]]s in Afghanistan's Taliban government, got [[travel ban]]s and (other) [[sanctions]] in 2025; [[Penny Wong|Australia's foreign minister]] said that those officals [did or] were part of "the [[oppression]] of women and girls"; Furthermore, those officials were said to be [working against or] "undermining good [[governance]] or the [[rule of law]]", according to media's quote of the foreign minister.<ref>https://www.bangkokpost.com/world/3151233/australia-hits-afghan-taliban-officials-with-sanctions-travel-bans. Retrieved 2025-12-06</ref> *[[Afghanistan–India relations|India–Afghanistan relations]]. An "[[India]]n [ [[diplomat]] or] [[envoy]] to Qatar" had [at least one] [[meeting]] "with Taliban leader [[Sher Mohammad Abbas Stanekzai|Stanekzai]] in [[Doha]] in late August" 2021, media said.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-09|title=Afghanistan Situation Can Worsen Due to Humanitarian Crisis, Lack of Governance, India Must Be Ready: Shringla|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/afghanistan-situation-worsen-humanitarian-crisis-lack-of-governance-india-ready-shringla-4305527.html|access-date=2023-02-10|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><!--In Russia, a meeting about Afghanistan was held on October 20; "The [[participant]]s [... were] India, USA, Afghanistan, China, Pakistan, Iran and Central Asian" countries.--><ref>https://www.news18.com/news/world/moscow-talks-on-wednesday-india-to-come-face-to-face-with-taliban-for-the-second-time-4340747.html. Retrieved 20 October 2021</ref> * Russia's [[ambassador]] ([[Dmitrij Zjirnov]]) had a meeting with representatives from Taliban on 18 August 2021; Russia's [[embassy]] was still in [[operation]] (or open).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrk.no/urix/ashraf-ghani-flyktet-_-hvor-mye-penger-fikk-han-med-seg_-1.15614004|title=Ashraf Ghani flyktet – hvor mye penger fikk han med seg?|first=Morten|last=Jentoft|date=18 August 2021|publisher=NRK}}</ref> * A [[United States]] "team led by" [then] "Deputy Special Representative [[Tom West]] and [a] top [[USAID]] humanitarian official" had meetings, in Qatar in October 2021, with Afghanistani officials.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-09|title=Taliban Warn US Not to 'Destabilise' Regime in Face-to-face Talks|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/taliban-warn-us-not-to-destabilise-regime-in-face-to-face-talks-4305626.html|access-date=2023-02-10|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> [[Women's rights]] was a [[subject]] during the talks.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-11|title=UN Chief Antonio Guterres Slams 'Broken' Taliban Promises Made to Women and Girls|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/un-chief-antonio-guterres-slams-broken-taliban-promises-made-to-women-and-girls-4312271.html|access-date=2023-02-10|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> * In [[Norway]], the Taliban government were permitted (2025) to re-open an embassy in [[Oslo|the capital]]; The embassy is staffed by [[Najibullah Sherkhan|a ''first secretary'']]; [[Norway]] will not accept a new ambassador, because of the current<ref>https://www.vg.no/nyheter/i/QM0yJQ/taliban-gjenaapner-afghanistans-ambassade-i-oslo. Retrieved 2025-03-24</ref> situation of [[human rights]] in Afghanistan. Earlier (January 2022), [[Norway]]'s ambassador visited Afghanistan - and had meetings with Taliban - during a two-day visit. [[Representative]]s of the Taliban leadership [came] to [[Norway]] and [met] diplomats from different countries, during 23.-25. January.<ref>"Taliban kommer til Norge for å forhandle". Vg.no</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">"Taliban besøker Norge". [[Nrk]].no</ref> Norway stopped (as of 2022's first quarter) supporting with money, the authorities of Afghanistan.<ref name="ReferenceB"/> Previously, Norwegian diplomats had at least two meetings with Taliban in [[Doha]], in 2021's fourth quarter;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://direkte.vg.no/nyhetsdognet/news/her-moetes-norge-og-taliban.FL_MnNT_M?utm_source=vgfront&utm_content=hovedlopet_row36_pos1|title = Her møtes Norge og Taliban – VG Nå: Nyhetsdøgnet}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Today IEA Foreign Minister H.E. Mawlawi Amir Khan Muttaqi met with Norwegian embassy members.|url=https://twitter.com/QaharBalkhi/status/1453411486257369103|access-date=2023-02-10|website=Twitter|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Norske diplomater traff Taliban før helgen – VG Nå: Nyhetsdøgnet|url=https://direkte.vg.no/nyhetsdognet/news/norske-diplomater-traff-taliban-foer-helgen.vqVOdz8WD|access-date=2023-02-10|website=VG Nå|language=no}}</ref> The talks are about [[humanitarian aid]] and [[evacuation]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-21|title=Afghanistans ambassadør: Vesten skylder oss en avtale|url=https://www.vg.no/i/x8edMR|access-date=2023-02-10|website=www.vg.no|language=nb}}</ref> * [[Mevlut Cavusoglu|Turkey's foreign minister]] had a meeting (in Turkey) with "a [[delegation]] led by" [[Amir Khan Mutaqqi|foreign minister of Afghanistan]], in 2021's fourth quarter.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-14|title=Taliban Want to Help Afghans Who Fled to Turkey to Return Home, Turkish Minister Says|url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/taliban-want-to-help-afghans-who-fled-to-turkey-to-return-home-turkish-minister-says-4323596.html|access-date=2023-02-10|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> *[[Pakistan]]: The [[2025 Afghanistan–Pakistan conflict]] is ongoing (as of 2025's fourth quarter). ==Other information== In early times people passed through it with animals and other goods as it connected [[People's Republic of China|China]] and India with [[Central Asia]] and the [[Middle East]]. More recently, Afghanistan has been damaged by many years of war. There are not enough jobs. ==Related pages== * [[Government of Afghanistan]] * [[List of rivers of Afghanistan]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Other websites== {{commons}} {{wikivoyage}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/afghanistan-virtual-jewish-history-tour|title=Afghanistan Virtual Jewish History Tour|work=Alden Oreck|publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library]]}} * [http://afghanstudiescenter.org/ Afghan Studies Center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210912004104/http://afghanstudiescenter.org/ |date=2021-09-12 }} {{Asia}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Least developed countries]] [[Category:Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] [[Category:1709 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:Landlocked countries]] [[Category:Current dictatorships]] [[Category:Afghanistan]] [[Category:Totalitarian states]] dr0mvskwzfjcxo13shg7fzvzudlcppl 0 310 11024069 11018742 2026-10-08T18:42:41Z By-abbot 1886475 /* Gallery */ 11024069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|the company|the search engine provided by the company|Google Search|the parent company with the stock tickers GOOG and GOOGL|Alphabet Inc.|the number|Googol}} {{Infobox company | name = Google | logo = Google 2026 logo.svg | logo_caption = The logo used for Google since 2026 | image = Googleplex HQ (cropped).jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Google's headquarters, the [[Googleplex]] | former_name = Google Inc. (1998–2017) | type = [[Subsidiary]] ([[Limited liability company|LLC]]) | industry = {{Unbulleted list | [[Advertising]] | [[Cloud computing]] | [[Computer software]] | [[Computer hardware]] | [[Internet]] }} | founded = 1995 (first prototype)<br />1997 (second prototype)<br />{{Start date and age|1998|09|04}} (final launch){{efn|Google was originally incorporated on September 4, 1998, however, since 2002, the company has celebrated its anniversaries on various days in September, most frequently on September 27.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/3250807/google-anniversary/ |title=Google Used to Be the Company That Did 'Nothing But Search' |first=Alex |last=Fitzpatrick |date=September 4, 2014 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=June 1, 2020 |archive-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016175103/https://time.com/3250807/google-anniversary/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2019/09/27/when-is-googles-21st-birthday-doodle/ |title=When is Google's birthday – and why are people confused? |author=Telegraph Reporters |date=September 27, 2019 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-birthday-surprise-spinner-date-problem-start-company-a7968951.html |title=Google birthday: The one big problem with the company's celebratory doodle |first=Andrew |last=Griffin |date=September 27, 2019 |website=[[The Independent]] |access-date=June 1, 2020 |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112103548/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-birthday-surprise-spinner-date-problem-start-company-a7968951.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The shift in dates reportedly happened to celebrate index-size milestones in tandem with the birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/sep/05/google.mediabusiness |title=Happy birthday Google |first=Richard |last=Wray |date=September 5, 2008 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>}} in [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], California, United States | founders = {{Unbulleted list | [[Larry Page]] | [[Sergey Brin]] }} | hq_location = 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway | hq_location_city = [[Mountain View, California]] | hq_location_country = United States | area_served = Worldwide | key_people = {{Unbulleted list | [[Sundar Pichai]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) | [[Ruth Porat]] ([[Chief financial officer|CFO]]) }} | products = [[List of Google products]] | num_employees = 114,296 | num_employees_year = {{As of|2020|9|11|alt=Q3 2019}} | parent = Independent (1997-2016)<br />[[Alphabet Inc.]] (2016–present) | subsid = | website = {{URL|https://www.google.com/|google.com}} | footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116073513/https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 16, 2015 |title=Company – Google |date=January 16, 2015 |access-date=September 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Thomas |last=Claburn |title=Google Founded By Sergey Brin, Larry Page... And Hubert Chang?!? |url=https://www.informationweek.com/applications/google-founded-by-sergey-brin-larry-page-and-hubert-chang!/d/d-id/1072309 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628231125/http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/google/210603678 |website=[[InformationWeek]] |publisher=[[UBM plc]] |date=September 24, 2008 |archivedate=June 28, 2011 |accessdate=January 22, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/about/jobs/locations/ |title=Locations&nbsp;— Google Jobs |accessdate=September 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930200600/http://www.google.com/about/jobs/locations/ |archive-date=September 30, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EmployeesAsOf2018Q4">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/04/alphabet-earnings-q4-2018.html|title=Alphabet drops after revealing declining advertising prices and rising costs|author=Sara Salinas|work=CBS News|date=4 February 2019|access-date=3 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818055908/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/04/alphabet-earnings-q4-2018.html|archive-date=18 August 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''Google''' is an American [[multinational corporation]] from the [[United States]]. It is known for creating and running one of the largest [[search engine]]s on the [[World Wide Web]] (WWW). Every day more than a [[1,000,000,000|billion]] people use it. Google's [[headquarters]] (known as the "[[Googleplex]]") is in [[Mountain View, California]], part of [[Silicon Valley]]. Google's [[motto]] is "Do the right thing". ==Overview== Google's American [[website]] has an [[Alexa]] rank of 1, meaning it is the most widely visited website in the world. It is so widely known that people sometimes use the word "google" as a [[verb]] that means "to search for something on Google". By June 2004, Google had 4.28 billion [[web page]]s on its [[database]], 880 [[million]] pictures and 845 million Usenet messages—six billion things.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2004/feb/18/internationalnews.onlinesupplement|title=Google expands its search engine|last=Press|first=Associated|date=2004-02-18|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2020-07-21}}</ref> Because more than half of people on the web use it, "google" has also been used to mean "to search the web". Most importantly, Google created the [[Google Doodle|Google Gnome Game]] in June of 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Morris|first=Seren|date=2020-05-01|title=Popular Google Doodle Games: Launch Garden Gnomes From a Catapult|url=https://www.newsweek.com/popular-google-doodle-games-garden-gnomes-stay-play-home-1501368#:~:text=Today's%20popular%20Google%20Doodle%20Game,capped%20gartenzwerg,%20or%20garden%20gnome.|access-date=2024-09-04|website=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref> == Google Chrome and Google Search == {{Main article|Google Chrome|Google Search}} Google has a search engine called Google Search, and a browser called Google Chrome (or Chrome for short). Google Search can find [[picture]]s, [[video]]s, [[news]], [[Usenet]] newsgroups, and things to [[Online shopping|buy online]]. Google Search is the default search engine for Chrome. Google also has an [[Open source|open-source]] browser called [[Chromium (web browser)|Chromium]], which Chrome is based on.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chromium Projects|url=https://www.chromium.org/chromium-projects/|access-date=2025-06-23|website=www.chromium.org}}</ref> ==History== [[Larry Page]] and [[Sergey Brin]], two students at [[Stanford University]], USA, started BackRub in early 1996. They made it into a company, Google Inc, on September 7, 1998, at a friend's garage in [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], [[California]]. In February 1999, the company moved to 165 University Ave, [[Palo Alto, California]], and then later moved to Googleplex.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Brin|first1=Sergey|author-link=Sergey Brin|last2=Page|first2=Lawrence|author-link2=Larry Page|year=1998|title=The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine|url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf|journal=Computer Networks and ISDN Systems|volume=30|issue=1–7|pages=107–117|citeseerx=10.1.1.115.5930|doi=10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X|s2cid=7587743 |issn=0169-7552}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barroso |first1=L.A. |last2=Dean |first2=J. |last3=Holzle |first3=U. |date=April 29, 2003 |title=Web search for a planet: the google cluster architecture |journal=IEEE Micro |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=22–28 |doi=10.1109/mm.2003.1196112 |bibcode=2003IMicr..23b..22B |s2cid=15886858 |quote=We believe that the best price/performance tradeoff for our applications comes from fashioning a reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs.}}</ref> In September 2001, Google's rating system (PageRank, for saying which information is more helpful) got a U.S. [[Patent]]. The patent was to Stanford University, with Lawrence (Larry) Page as the [[inventor]] (the person who first had the idea). Google makes a percentage of its money through [[America Online]] and InterActiveCorp. It has a special group known as the Partner Solutions Organization (PSO) which helps make [[contract]]s, helps to make accounts better and gives engineering help. Since June 1, 2016, Google has been owned by a [[holding company]] called [[Alphabet Inc.]]. That company has taken over some of Google's other projects, such as its [[driver]]less [[car]]s. It is a [[public company]] that [[Stock trading|trades]] on the [[NASDAQ]] under the ticker symbols GOOG and GOOGL. ==Advertising== Google makes money by [[advertising]]. People or companies who want people to buy their product, service, or ideas give Google money, and Google shows an advertisement to people Google thinks will click on the advertisement. Google only gets money when people click on the link, so it tries to know as much about people as possible to only show the advertisement to the "right people". It does this with Google Analytics, which sends data back to Google whenever someone visits a website. From this and other data, Google makes a profile about the person and then uses this profile to figure out which advertisements to show. ==Branding== The name "Google" is a play of the word ''[[googol]]''.<ref>Koller, David. "[http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html Origin of the name, "Google."] ''[[Stanford University]].'' January, 2004.</ref><ref name=hiw >{{citation|title=Google revolution|publisher=Imagine Publishing|newspaper=How it Works|pages=40–43|issue=37|date=2012-08-09}}</ref> [[Milton Sirotta]], nephew of U.S. mathematician [[Edward Kasner]], made this word in 1937, for the number 1 followed by one hundred zeroes (10¹⁰⁰). Google uses this word because the company wants to make lots of stuff on the Web easy to find and use. Andy Bechtolsheim thought of the name. The name for Google's main office, the "Googleplex," is a play on a different, even bigger number, the "[[googolplex]]", which is 1 followed by one googol of zeroes 10^10¹⁰⁰. ==Products== * [[Android (operating system)|'''Android''']]''' '''is an [[operating system]] for [[mobile device]]s and was originally made by Google as part of the [[Open Handset Alliance]]. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[https://adsense.google.com/ Google Adsense]'''</span> is a free program that enables website publishers of all sizes to display relevant Google ads and earn money. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://analytics.google.com/ Google Analytics]'''</span> is the enterprise-class web analytics solution that gives one rich insights into his website traffic and marketing effectiveness. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://alerts.google.com/ Google Alerts]'''</span> Google Alerts are email updates of the latest relevant Google results (web, news, etc.) based on one's choice of query or topic. * '''[[Google Allo]]''' was software for discussing with other people live. * '''[[Google Gemini]]''' is a [[chatbot]] and virtual assistant application built and installed into some Android devices running [[Android Pie|Android 9]] and up. * '''[[Google Assistant]]''' is a virtual assistant application built into Android devices. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://www.blogger.com/ Blogger]'''</span> is a free tool that allows users to publish [[blog]]s on a Google website. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[https://books.google.com Google Books]'''</span> lets people search for books. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://calendar.google.com Google Calendar]'''</span> is an online [[calendar]]. * '''[[Google Chrome]]''' is a web browser that Google made. *'''[[Google Classroom]]''' is an online system for students. It was popular during [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]]. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://docs.google.com Google Docs]'''</span> is an online document editor. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://drive.google.com Google Drive]'''</span> is an online file storing service. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[[Google Earth]]'''</span> is the [[3D]] version of [[Google Maps]] with a [[digital]] [[globe]]. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[[Google Groups]]'''</span> is a place for users to discuss topics. Google bought [[Deja News]] in 2001 and made it into Google Groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fanlore.org/wiki/Deja_News|title = Deja News - Fanlore}}</ref> * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://images.google.com Google Images]'''</span> is an [[image]] search [[utility]]. * '''[[Google Maps]]''' is a service from Google to provide satellite pictures and road maps for everywhere around the world. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[https://news.google.com Google News]'''</span> is a [[facility]] which shows [[news]] stories from over 4,500 news [[source]]s. [https://news.google.com/archivesearch Google News Archives] * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://pay.google.com Google Pay]'''</span> is a way to pay online. Users can send money using their [[credit card]]s or [[bank account]]s to other users. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[https://photos.google.com/ Google Photos]'''</span> is a software for organizing and editing photos. *'''[[Google Play]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store?hl=en|title=Google Play|language=en|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> is a sector that has games, and other things. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/products?tab=wh Google Products]'''</span> is a pack of Google software. * '''[[Google Search]]''' is a search [[utility]]. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://www.google.com/products Google Shopping]'''</span> lets the user find out about things for sale on the [[Internet]]. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[[Google Translate]]'''</span> is an online [[translation]] service. It can translate websites and text into other languages. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://sites.google.com/ Google Sites]'''</span> is a service for making websites. * '''[[Google Video]]''' is a [[video]] search [[utility]]. * '''[[Google Mail|Gmail]]''' is an [[e-mail]] service that Google started in 2004. It is called '''Google Mail''' in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Germany]]. Users get free space to store e-mail. * '''[[Google Talk|Hangouts]]''' is an [[instant messenger]] where one can talk to friends. It ended up shutting down on November 1, 2021. * [[Sidewalk Labs]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://business.financialpost.com/technology/early-facebook-backer-urges-toronto-to-abandon-smart-city-project-with-googles-sidewalk-labs|title=Order of Canada architect, Silicon Valley investor call for rethink of Sidewalk Labs' Toronto waterfront project|newspaper=Financial Post|date=6 June 2019|last1=Zochodne|first1=Geoff}}</ref> * '''[[Tenor (search engine)|Tenor]]''' is a search utility for GIF files<ref>{{cite web |title=Google acquires Tenor, popular GIF platform that advertisers love |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/google-acquires-tenor-popular-gif-platform-that-advertisers-love-story-Tx9KaUSs2OEz1yGfX76WtO.html |website=HT Tech |accessdate=11 September 2023 |language=en |date=28 March 2018}}</ref> * '''[[Waze]]''' is a [[navigation]] service that gives driving directions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Elias |first1=Jennifer |title=Google cuts jobs at Waze as it continues to merge mapping products |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/27/google-cuts-jobs-at-waze-as-it-continues-to-merge-mapping-products.html |website=CNBC |accessdate=11 September 2023 |language=en |date=27 June 2023}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Google 2026 logo.svg|Google [[Logo]] File:Android robot.svg|Android Logo File:Chromebook-logo.svg|Chromebook Logo </gallery> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Daily Offers |- |Google Selling For [[Android (operating system)|Android]] And [[Chromebook]]. |} ==Related pages== * [[Android (operating system)|Android]] * [[Chromebook]] ==References== {{Reflist}} '''Notes''' <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==Other websites== {{sisterlinks|Google}} * {{URL|https://www.google.com/about/company/facts/management|Corporate homepage}} * [https://www.google.com The search engine] * {{dmoz|Computers/Companies/Google%2C_Inc./}} * {{crunchbase|Google|Google}} {{Google LLC}} [[Category:Google| ]] [[Category:1998 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Companies listed on NASDAQ]] [[Category:Mountain View, California]] [[Category:American search engines]] [[Category:Companies based in California]] 264wdyvaaodryiizrivboe4lqayfqo3 11024113 11024069 2026-10-08T20:59:44Z Davey2010 314522 /* Gallery */ RM gallery as not needed 11024113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|the company|the search engine provided by the company|Google Search|the parent company with the stock tickers GOOG and GOOGL|Alphabet Inc.|the number|Googol}} {{Infobox company | name = Google | logo = Google 2026 logo.svg | logo_caption = The logo used for Google since 2026 | image = Googleplex HQ (cropped).jpg | image_size = 250px | image_caption = Google's headquarters, the [[Googleplex]] | former_name = Google Inc. (1998–2017) | type = [[Subsidiary]] ([[Limited liability company|LLC]]) | industry = {{Unbulleted list | [[Advertising]] | [[Cloud computing]] | [[Computer software]] | [[Computer hardware]] | [[Internet]] }} | founded = 1995 (first prototype)<br />1997 (second prototype)<br />{{Start date and age|1998|09|04}} (final launch){{efn|Google was originally incorporated on September 4, 1998, however, since 2002, the company has celebrated its anniversaries on various days in September, most frequently on September 27.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://time.com/3250807/google-anniversary/ |title=Google Used to Be the Company That Did 'Nothing But Search' |first=Alex |last=Fitzpatrick |date=September 4, 2014 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date=June 1, 2020 |archive-date=October 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016175103/https://time.com/3250807/google-anniversary/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2019/09/27/when-is-googles-21st-birthday-doodle/ |title=When is Google's birthday – and why are people confused? |author=Telegraph Reporters |date=September 27, 2019 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-birthday-surprise-spinner-date-problem-start-company-a7968951.html |title=Google birthday: The one big problem with the company's celebratory doodle |first=Andrew |last=Griffin |date=September 27, 2019 |website=[[The Independent]] |access-date=June 1, 2020 |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112103548/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/google-birthday-surprise-spinner-date-problem-start-company-a7968951.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The shift in dates reportedly happened to celebrate index-size milestones in tandem with the birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2008/sep/05/google.mediabusiness |title=Happy birthday Google |first=Richard |last=Wray |date=September 5, 2008 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref>}} in [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], California, United States | founders = {{Unbulleted list | [[Larry Page]] | [[Sergey Brin]] }} | hq_location = 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway | hq_location_city = [[Mountain View, California]] | hq_location_country = United States | area_served = Worldwide | key_people = {{Unbulleted list | [[Sundar Pichai]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) | [[Ruth Porat]] ([[Chief financial officer|CFO]]) }} | products = [[List of Google products]] | num_employees = 114,296 | num_employees_year = {{As of|2020|9|11|alt=Q3 2019}} | parent = Independent (1997-2016)<br />[[Alphabet Inc.]] (2016–present) | subsid = | website = {{URL|https://www.google.com/|google.com}} | footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150116073513/https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/company/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 16, 2015 |title=Company – Google |date=January 16, 2015 |access-date=September 13, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Thomas |last=Claburn |title=Google Founded By Sergey Brin, Larry Page... And Hubert Chang?!? |url=https://www.informationweek.com/applications/google-founded-by-sergey-brin-larry-page-and-hubert-chang!/d/d-id/1072309 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628231125/http://www.informationweek.com/news/internet/google/210603678 |website=[[InformationWeek]] |publisher=[[UBM plc]] |date=September 24, 2008 |archivedate=June 28, 2011 |accessdate=January 22, 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.google.com/about/jobs/locations/ |title=Locations&nbsp;— Google Jobs |accessdate=September 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930200600/http://www.google.com/about/jobs/locations/ |archive-date=September 30, 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="EmployeesAsOf2018Q4">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/04/alphabet-earnings-q4-2018.html|title=Alphabet drops after revealing declining advertising prices and rising costs|author=Sara Salinas|work=CBS News|date=4 February 2019|access-date=3 December 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250818055908/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/04/alphabet-earnings-q4-2018.html|archive-date=18 August 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''Google''' is an American [[multinational corporation]] from the [[United States]]. It is known for creating and running one of the largest [[search engine]]s on the [[World Wide Web]] (WWW). Every day more than a [[1,000,000,000|billion]] people use it. Google's [[headquarters]] (known as the "[[Googleplex]]") is in [[Mountain View, California]], part of [[Silicon Valley]]. Google's [[motto]] is "Do the right thing". ==Overview== Google's American [[website]] has an [[Alexa]] rank of 1, meaning it is the most widely visited website in the world. It is so widely known that people sometimes use the word "google" as a [[verb]] that means "to search for something on Google". By June 2004, Google had 4.28 billion [[web page]]s on its [[database]], 880 [[million]] pictures and 845 million Usenet messages—six billion things.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2004/feb/18/internationalnews.onlinesupplement|title=Google expands its search engine|last=Press|first=Associated|date=2004-02-18|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2020-07-21}}</ref> Because more than half of people on the web use it, "google" has also been used to mean "to search the web". Most importantly, Google created the [[Google Doodle|Google Gnome Game]] in June of 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Morris|first=Seren|date=2020-05-01|title=Popular Google Doodle Games: Launch Garden Gnomes From a Catapult|url=https://www.newsweek.com/popular-google-doodle-games-garden-gnomes-stay-play-home-1501368#:~:text=Today's%20popular%20Google%20Doodle%20Game,capped%20gartenzwerg,%20or%20garden%20gnome.|access-date=2024-09-04|website=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref> == Google Chrome and Google Search == {{Main article|Google Chrome|Google Search}} Google has a search engine called Google Search, and a browser called Google Chrome (or Chrome for short). Google Search can find [[picture]]s, [[video]]s, [[news]], [[Usenet]] newsgroups, and things to [[Online shopping|buy online]]. Google Search is the default search engine for Chrome. Google also has an [[Open source|open-source]] browser called [[Chromium (web browser)|Chromium]], which Chrome is based on.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Chromium Projects|url=https://www.chromium.org/chromium-projects/|access-date=2025-06-23|website=www.chromium.org}}</ref> ==History== [[Larry Page]] and [[Sergey Brin]], two students at [[Stanford University]], USA, started BackRub in early 1996. They made it into a company, Google Inc, on September 7, 1998, at a friend's garage in [[Menlo Park, California|Menlo Park]], [[California]]. In February 1999, the company moved to 165 University Ave, [[Palo Alto, California]], and then later moved to Googleplex.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=Brin|first1=Sergey|author-link=Sergey Brin|last2=Page|first2=Lawrence|author-link2=Larry Page|year=1998|title=The anatomy of a large-scale hypertextual Web search engine|url=http://infolab.stanford.edu/pub/papers/google.pdf|journal=Computer Networks and ISDN Systems|volume=30|issue=1–7|pages=107–117|citeseerx=10.1.1.115.5930|doi=10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X|s2cid=7587743 |issn=0169-7552}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barroso |first1=L.A. |last2=Dean |first2=J. |last3=Holzle |first3=U. |date=April 29, 2003 |title=Web search for a planet: the google cluster architecture |journal=IEEE Micro |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=22–28 |doi=10.1109/mm.2003.1196112 |bibcode=2003IMicr..23b..22B |s2cid=15886858 |quote=We believe that the best price/performance tradeoff for our applications comes from fashioning a reliable computing infrastructure from clusters of unreliable commodity PCs.}}</ref> In September 2001, Google's rating system (PageRank, for saying which information is more helpful) got a U.S. [[Patent]]. The patent was to Stanford University, with Lawrence (Larry) Page as the [[inventor]] (the person who first had the idea). Google makes a percentage of its money through [[America Online]] and InterActiveCorp. It has a special group known as the Partner Solutions Organization (PSO) which helps make [[contract]]s, helps to make accounts better and gives engineering help. Since June 1, 2016, Google has been owned by a [[holding company]] called [[Alphabet Inc.]]. That company has taken over some of Google's other projects, such as its [[driver]]less [[car]]s. It is a [[public company]] that [[Stock trading|trades]] on the [[NASDAQ]] under the ticker symbols GOOG and GOOGL. ==Advertising== Google makes money by [[advertising]]. People or companies who want people to buy their product, service, or ideas give Google money, and Google shows an advertisement to people Google thinks will click on the advertisement. Google only gets money when people click on the link, so it tries to know as much about people as possible to only show the advertisement to the "right people". It does this with Google Analytics, which sends data back to Google whenever someone visits a website. From this and other data, Google makes a profile about the person and then uses this profile to figure out which advertisements to show. ==Branding== The name "Google" is a play of the word ''[[googol]]''.<ref>Koller, David. "[http://graphics.stanford.edu/~dk/google_name_origin.html Origin of the name, "Google."] ''[[Stanford University]].'' January, 2004.</ref><ref name=hiw >{{citation|title=Google revolution|publisher=Imagine Publishing|newspaper=How it Works|pages=40–43|issue=37|date=2012-08-09}}</ref> [[Milton Sirotta]], nephew of U.S. mathematician [[Edward Kasner]], made this word in 1937, for the number 1 followed by one hundred zeroes (10¹⁰⁰). Google uses this word because the company wants to make lots of stuff on the Web easy to find and use. Andy Bechtolsheim thought of the name. The name for Google's main office, the "Googleplex," is a play on a different, even bigger number, the "[[googolplex]]", which is 1 followed by one googol of zeroes 10^10¹⁰⁰. ==Products== * [[Android (operating system)|'''Android''']]''' '''is an [[operating system]] for [[mobile device]]s and was originally made by Google as part of the [[Open Handset Alliance]]. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[https://adsense.google.com/ Google Adsense]'''</span> is a free program that enables website publishers of all sizes to display relevant Google ads and earn money. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://analytics.google.com/ Google Analytics]'''</span> is the enterprise-class web analytics solution that gives one rich insights into his website traffic and marketing effectiveness. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://alerts.google.com/ Google Alerts]'''</span> Google Alerts are email updates of the latest relevant Google results (web, news, etc.) based on one's choice of query or topic. * '''[[Google Allo]]''' was software for discussing with other people live. * '''[[Google Gemini]]''' is a [[chatbot]] and virtual assistant application built and installed into some Android devices running [[Android Pie|Android 9]] and up. * '''[[Google Assistant]]''' is a virtual assistant application built into Android devices. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://www.blogger.com/ Blogger]'''</span> is a free tool that allows users to publish [[blog]]s on a Google website. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[https://books.google.com Google Books]'''</span> lets people search for books. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://calendar.google.com Google Calendar]'''</span> is an online [[calendar]]. * '''[[Google Chrome]]''' is a web browser that Google made. *'''[[Google Classroom]]''' is an online system for students. It was popular during [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]]. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://docs.google.com Google Docs]'''</span> is an online document editor. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://drive.google.com Google Drive]'''</span> is an online file storing service. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[[Google Earth]]'''</span> is the [[3D]] version of [[Google Maps]] with a [[digital]] [[globe]]. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[[Google Groups]]'''</span> is a place for users to discuss topics. Google bought [[Deja News]] in 2001 and made it into Google Groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fanlore.org/wiki/Deja_News|title = Deja News - Fanlore}}</ref> * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://images.google.com Google Images]'''</span> is an [[image]] search [[utility]]. * '''[[Google Maps]]''' is a service from Google to provide satellite pictures and road maps for everywhere around the world. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[https://news.google.com Google News]'''</span> is a [[facility]] which shows [[news]] stories from over 4,500 news [[source]]s. [https://news.google.com/archivesearch Google News Archives] * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://pay.google.com Google Pay]'''</span> is a way to pay online. Users can send money using their [[credit card]]s or [[bank account]]s to other users. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[https://photos.google.com/ Google Photos]'''</span> is a software for organizing and editing photos. *'''[[Google Play]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://play.google.com/store?hl=en|title=Google Play|language=en|access-date=2018-11-23}}</ref> is a sector that has games, and other things. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[https://www.google.com/intl/en/about/products?tab=wh Google Products]'''</span> is a pack of Google software. * '''[[Google Search]]''' is a search [[utility]]. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://www.google.com/products Google Shopping]'''</span> lets the user find out about things for sale on the [[Internet]]. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[[Google Translate]]'''</span> is an online [[translation]] service. It can translate websites and text into other languages. * <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://sites.google.com/ Google Sites]'''</span> is a service for making websites. * '''[[Google Video]]''' is a [[video]] search [[utility]]. * '''[[Google Mail|Gmail]]''' is an [[e-mail]] service that Google started in 2004. It is called '''Google Mail''' in the [[United Kingdom]] and [[Germany]]. Users get free space to store e-mail. * '''[[Google Talk|Hangouts]]''' is an [[instant messenger]] where one can talk to friends. It ended up shutting down on November 1, 2021. * [[Sidewalk Labs]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://business.financialpost.com/technology/early-facebook-backer-urges-toronto-to-abandon-smart-city-project-with-googles-sidewalk-labs|title=Order of Canada architect, Silicon Valley investor call for rethink of Sidewalk Labs' Toronto waterfront project|newspaper=Financial Post|date=6 June 2019|last1=Zochodne|first1=Geoff}}</ref> * '''[[Tenor (search engine)|Tenor]]''' is a search utility for GIF files<ref>{{cite web |title=Google acquires Tenor, popular GIF platform that advertisers love |url=https://tech.hindustantimes.com/tech/news/google-acquires-tenor-popular-gif-platform-that-advertisers-love-story-Tx9KaUSs2OEz1yGfX76WtO.html |website=HT Tech |accessdate=11 September 2023 |language=en |date=28 March 2018}}</ref> * '''[[Waze]]''' is a [[navigation]] service that gives driving directions.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Elias |first1=Jennifer |title=Google cuts jobs at Waze as it continues to merge mapping products |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2023/06/27/google-cuts-jobs-at-waze-as-it-continues-to-merge-mapping-products.html |website=CNBC |accessdate=11 September 2023 |language=en |date=27 June 2023}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Android (operating system)|Android]] * [[Chromebook]] ==References== {{Reflist}} '''Notes''' <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==Other websites== {{sisterlinks|Google}} * {{URL|https://www.google.com/about/company/facts/management|Corporate homepage}} * [https://www.google.com The search engine] * {{dmoz|Computers/Companies/Google%2C_Inc./}} * {{crunchbase|Google|Google}} {{Google LLC}} [[Category:Google| ]] [[Category:1998 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Companies listed on NASDAQ]] [[Category:Mountain View, California]] [[Category:American search engines]] [[Category:Companies based in California]] nwrkntmwm0dz2px16quf8ubvd7d4r83 0 649 11024452 11007796 2026-10-09T06:27:13Z MourningRainfall 86802 11024452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{More footnotes|date=October 2019}} {{Infobox province or territory of Canada |name=Quebec<!--usual form in English; See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(use_English) --> |settlement_type=[[Provinces and territories of Canada|Province]] |other_name=''Québec'' ([[Quebec French|French]]) |Label_map=yes |image_map=Quebec in Canada 2.svg |motto={{native phrase|fr|[[Je me souviens]]}}<br />"I remember" |image_shield=Coat of arms of Quebec (without crown).svg |image_flag=Flag of Quebec.svg |coordinates={{Coord|52|N|72|W|type:adm1st_scale:30000000_region:CA-QC|notes=<ref>{{Cite cgndb|EFGGK|Quebec}}</ref>|display=inline,title}} |Former=Canada East |AdmittanceDate=July 1, 1867 |AdmittanceOrder=1st, with [[New Brunswick]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Ontario]] |largest_metro=[[Greater Montreal]] |largest_city=[[Montreal]] |CapCoord={{Coord|46|48|50|N|071|12|29|W|type:city_region:CA-QC_source:http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/EHTWR|display=inline|name=Quebec City}} |capital=[[Quebec City]] |PremierParty=[[Coalition Avenir Quebec|CAQ]] |Premier=[[Christine Fréchette]] |government_type = Parliamentary [[constitutional monarchy]] |Viceroy=[[Manon Jeannotte]] |ViceroyType=Lieutenant Governor |Legislature=National Assembly of Quebec |SenateSeats=24 |HouseSeats=78 |PercentWater=11.5 |area_water_km2=176928 |area_land_km2=1365128 |area_total_km2=1542056 |area_rank=2nd |population_rank=2nd |pop_est_ref=<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2026 |title=Population estimates, quarterly |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |access-date=September 24, 2026 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260926001804/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |archive-date=September 26, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> |pop_est_as_of=2026 Q3 |population_est=9067114<!-- Latest StatCan quarterly estimate only. --> |population_as_of=[[2021 Canadian census|2021]] |population_ref=<ref name=StatCan2021>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101 |title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |date=February 9, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2022}}</ref> |population_total=8501833<!--2021 StatCan federal census population only per [[WP:CANPOP]]. Do not update until 2026 census population released. Use "Population_est" below for latest StatCan quarterly estimate.--> |Density_km2=6.5<ref name=StatCan2021/> |population_demonym=in English: Quebecer, Quebecker, Québécois <br />in French: [[Québécois people|Québécois]] ([[masculine gender|m]]),<ref name="Oxford Guide">{{cite book|title=Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage|isbn=0-19-541619-8|page=335|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|last1=Fee|first1=Margery|last2=McAlpine|first2=Janice}}</ref> Québécoise ([[feminine gender|f]])<ref name="Oxford Guide"/> |official_lang=[[Quebec French|French]]<ref name=language>{{cite web|url=http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/english/charter/index.html|title=Status of the French language|publisher=Government of Quebec|accessdate=November 10, 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514153402/http://www.oqlf.gouv.qc.ca/english/charter/index.html|archivedate=May 14, 2011}}</ref> |GDP_per_capita_rank=9th |GDP_per_capita=C$63,651 |GDP_rank=2nd |GDP_year=2022 |GDP_total=C$552.737&nbsp;billion<ref name=GDP2022>{{cite web|url=https://statistique.quebec.ca/en/document/main-economic-indicators-quebec-and-canada/tableau/quarterly-indicators-quebec-and-canada|title=Quarterly indicators, Québec and Canada|publisher=Institut de la Statistique du Québec|date=September 20, 2023 }}</ref> | HDI_year = 2019 | HDI = 0.916<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/CAN/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0&years=2019}}</ref>—<span style="color:#090">Very high</span> | HDI_rank = 9th |utc_offset1=−05:00 |timezone1=[[Eastern Time Zone]] for most of the province<ref>See [[Time in Canada]]</ref> |utc_offset1_DST=−04:00 |PostalAbbreviation=QC<ref>{{cite web|title=Canada Postal Codes|url=https://postalcodes.azinfoportal.com/canada/|website=postalcodes.azinfoportal.com|accessdate=April 6, 2024}}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> }} '''Quebec''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|b|ɛ|k}} or {{IPAc-en|k|w|ᵻ|ˈ|b|ɛ|k}}; {{lang-fr|'''Québec'''}} {{IPA-fr|kebɛk||FR-Québec.ogg}})<ref>According to the [[Government of Canada|Canadian government]], '''Québec''' (with the [[acute accent]]) is the official name in [[Canadian French|French]] and '''Quebec''' (without the accent) is the province's official name in [[Canadian English|English]]; the name is [https://web.archive.org/web/20091210041815/http://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/info/pan_can_e.php one of 81 places of pan-Canadian significance with official forms in both languages]. In this system, the official name of the [[Quebec City|capital is Québec]] in both official languages. The Quebec government renders both names as ''Québec'' in both languages.</ref> is a [[province]] in the eastern part of [[Canada]] located between the [[Hudson Bay]] and the [[Gulf of Saint Lawrence]]. It is the biggest of [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Canada's 10 provinces]] by [[size]]. It also has the second-largest [[population]], after [[Ontario]]. Most of Quebec's inhabitants live along or near the banks of the [[Saint Lawrence River]]. Not many people live in the north of the province. Quebec borders the Canadian [[provinces]] of [[Ontario]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]], and [[New Brunswick]] and the U.S. [[states]] of [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Vermont]], [[New Hampshire]], and [[Maine]]. Unlike the other provinces, most people in Quebec speak [[French language|French]] ([[Canadian French]]), which is the only [[official language]]. There is a strong French-language [[culture]], which includes French-language [[newspaper]]s, [[magazine]]s, [[movie]]s, [[television]] and [[radio]] shows. Their culture and language, however, is quite different from that of [[France]], mainly because of Quebec's isolation from France since the 17th-century and the separate evolutions of the French language in Quebec and in France. The Quebec culture is also influenced by [[English language|English]]-speaking Canada. The [[government]] of Quebec has its offices in the capital, [[Quebec City]], which is one of the oldest cities in [[North America]]. The city with the most people in the province is [[Montreal]], which is also the second-largest city in Canada. Quebec has many [[natural resource]]s that are used to create [[job]]s. Quebec also has many [[company|companies]] that create products for [[Information technology|information]] and [[communication]] technologies, [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace]], [[biotechnology]], and [[Health care|health]] [[Industrialization|industries]]. It has also developed close relations with the [[Northeastern United States]]. == Leaving Canada == Quebec was part of [[New France]] until 1760, which then became under [[British Empire|British control]]. Quebec became a province in the [[Canadian Confederation]] in 1867. Since then, some people in Quebec have wanted to leave Canada. Since Quebec is mainly French-speaking, most of its people feel that it is very different from the rest of Canada and want to keep it that way. Some feel that for this to happen, Quebec must [[Secession|leave Canada]] and become its own [[country]]. However, the people of Quebec are divided as to its place in Canada. Quebec held [[Democracy|democratic]] [[vote]]s in 1980 and 1995 to decide whether to leave Canada. In 1995, the people of Quebec chose to stay in Canada by a 1% margin. == History == [[Native American|Aboriginal]] people and [[Inuit]] groups were the first peoples who lived in what is now Québec. The Aboriginal people lived by [[hunting]], gathering, and [[fishing]]. Some of the Aboriginal people, called [[Iroquoian]]s, planted [[Squash (plant)|squash]] and [[maize]]. The Inuit fished and hunted whales and seals for fur and food. Sometimes, they [[war]]red with one another. [[Viking]]s came in [[longboat]]s from [[Scandinavia]] in 1000 AD. [[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque]] whalers and fishermen traded furs with Aboriginal people throughout the 1500s. The first [[France|French]] explorer to reach Quebec was [[Jacques Cartier]]. He sailed into the St. Lawrence River in 1534 and established a [[colony]] near present-day Quebec City. [[Samuel de Champlain]] came from France and to the [[Saint Lawrence River]]. In 1608, he founded [[Quebec City|Quebec Citty]] as a permanent [[Fur trade|fur trading]] outpost. Champlain signed trading and military agreements with Aboriginal people. Voyageurs, coureurs des bois, and Catholic [[Missionary|missionaries]] used river [[canoe]]s to explore the interior of the [[North America|North American]] continent. After 1627, King [[Louis XIII|Louis XIII of France]] made a rule that only Roman Catholics could go to live in New France. [[Jesuit]] [[cleric]]s tried to [[Religious conversion|convert]] New France's [[Native American|Aboriginal people]] to Catholicism. New France became a royal province of France in 1663, and its [[population]] grew from about 3,000 to 60,000 people between 1666 and 1760. Colonists built farms on the banks of the [[Saint Lawrence River]]. In 1753, France began building a series of forts in the British [[Ohio River]] Country. Britain asked the French to remove the forts, and the French refused. By 1756, France and Britain were at war. In 1758, the British attacked New France by sea and captured the French fort at Louisbourg. In 1759, British General James Wolfe defeated General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm outside Quebec City. France ceded its North American land to Great Britain at the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)]]. In 1764, New France was renamed the [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Province of Quebec]]. In 1774, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]] passed the Quebec Act, which recognized French law, the [[Roman Catholicism in Canada|Catholic religion]], and the [[French language]] in the colony and gave the Quebec people their first charter of [[rights]]. That angered American colonists angry, which was one reason that launched the [[American Revolution]]. A 1775 [[invasion]] by the [[Continental Army|American Continental Army]] was stopped at Quebec City. In 1783, Quebec gave the territory south of the [[Great Lakes]] to the new [[United States|United States of America]]. In 1837, disputes between English-speakers and French-speakers helped causew the Patriots' Rebellion in which over 100 died, and thousands were hurt. In 1867, the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] passed the British North America Act, which united some of the [[British North America|British North American]] provinces. == Quiet Revolution == The [[Conservatism|conservative]] government of Maurice Duplessis dominated Quebec [[politics]] from 1944 to 1959 with the support of the Catholic Church. After he died, the Quiet Revolution was a period of social and political change.The newly-elected Liberals passed laws in which the English Canadians lost their control over the Quebec [[economy]], the Roman Catholic Church became less important, and the Quebec government took over the [[Hydroelectricity|hydro-electric]] companies. In 1963, a [[terrorist]] group that became known as the Front de Libération du Québec (FLQ) began [[bombing]]s, [[Robbery|robberies]], and attacks on government offices. In 1970, the FLQ kidnapped [[James Cross]], the British trade commissioner to Canada. The FLQ also [[Kidnapping|kidnapped]] and [[assassination|assassinated]] Pierre Laporte, the Quebec Minister of Labour and Deputy Premier. Laporte's body was found in the trunk of Paul Rose's car on the South Shore of [[Montreal]] on October 17 1970. [[Prime Minister of Canada|Canadian Prime Minister]] [[Pierre Trudeau]] invoked the War Measures Act, and 497 people were arrested. The Quiet Revolution was so named because it was not marked by many [[protest]]s or much violence. In 1977, the newly-elected [[Parti Québécois]] government of [[René Lévesque]] introduced the Charter of the French Language. Often known as Bill 101, it defined [[French language|French]] as the only official language of Quebec. ==Government== The government is based in the provincial capital, Quebec City. The government is led by a lieutenant-governor (pronounced "lef-") who represents the Crown. As of 2024, she is [[Manon Jeannotte]]. The political leader of the province is the premier. She is [[Christine Fréchette]] of the [[Coalition Avenir de Quebec]] (CAQ), elected in 2026. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{sisterlinks|Quebec}} {{wikiatlas|Quebec}} *[http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs?lang=en Government of Quebec] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927045602/http://www.gouv.qc.ca/portail/quebec/pgs?lang=en |date=2011-09-27 }} * {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/Canada/Quebec}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929084947/http://www.discoverthequebec.ca/ Discover the Quebec in pictures, photos] *[http://www.bonjourquebec.com/ Bonjour Québec], Quebec government official tourist site *[http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/bill101/ Bill 101] *[http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-73-651/politics_economy/quebec_elections/ CBC Digital Archives&nbsp;– Quebec Elections: 1960–1998] *[http://www.agora.qc.ca/ Agora], online encyclopaedia from Quebec {{in lang|fr}} *[http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/province-of-quebec-1763-91/ An article on the province of Quebec from ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171005050625/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/province-of-quebec-1763-91/ |date=2017-10-05 }} *{{Wikivoyage-inline|Quebec}} ;History *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090214133429/http://marianopolis.edu/quebechistory Quebec History], online encyclopaedia made by Marianopolis College *[https://www.mccord-museum.qc.ca/scripts/explore.php?Lang=1&tableid=11&tablename=theme&elementid=2__true The 1837–1838 Rebellion in Lower Canada], Images from the McCord Museum's collections *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070223042047/http://www.haldimand-collection.ca/ Haldimand Collection], documents in relation with Province of Quebec during the American War of Independence (1775–1784) {{Provinces and territories of Canada}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1867 establishments in Canada]] [[Category:Quebec| ]] ihlqmcu5s3syfxoxp4g220ms3arlof8 0 858 11024330 10961347 2026-10-09T03:35:48Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024330 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''universe''' is space and everything in it.<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/Universe |title=Universe |work=Webster's New World College Dictionary, Wiley Publishing. |date=2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Universe?s=t |title=Universe |work=Dictionary.com}}<!-- this source even includes supposed things, not JUST known things--></ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Universe |title=Universe |work=Merriam-Webster Dictionary}}<!-- this source even includes postulated things, not JUST known things--></ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics |url=https://archive.org/details/introductoryastr0000zeil |last1=Zeilik |first1=Michael |last2=Gregory |first2=Stephen A. |date=1998 |edition=4th |publisher=Saunders College Publishing |quote="The totality of all space and time; all that is, has been, and will be." |isbn=0030062284}}</ref> It is made of billions of [[star]]s, [[planets]], and enormous clouds of gas separated by huge voids of space. It is believed that an event called the [[Big Bang]] started the expansion of the universe. [[File:WMAP 2012.png|300px|[[Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe|WMAP]] image of the Cosmic Microwave Backround|alt=WMAP image of cosmic background radiation|thumb]] [[Astronomer]]s use [[telescope]]s to look at distant [[galaxies]]. This is how they see the universe as it was a long time ago. The [[past tense]] is because the light from distant parts of the universe takes a very long time to reach us. From these observations, it seems the [[physical law]]s and [[constant]]s of the universe have not changed. Physicists are currently unsure if anything existed before the [[Big Bang]]. The size of the universe is not known, but there are many theories that are debated today. == History == {{Main|Chronology of the universe}} {{Nature timeline}} People have long had ideas about the universe. They saw the sky at night, with fixed stars and other stars moving among them. Most early ideas had the [[Earth]] at the center of the universe. This is known as [[geocentrism]]. Some [[ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]] thought that the universe had infinite space and existed forever. They also thought it had a set of [[celestial sphere]]s which corresponded to the fixed stars; the [[Sun]] and various [[planet]]s. The spheres circled about a round but unmoving [[Earth]]. Over hundreds of years, better observations led to [[Copernicus]]'s [[Sun]]-centered model, known as [[heliocentrism]]. This was very [[Controversy|controversial]] at the time, and was fought by religious authorities, most famously by the [[Roman Catholic Church|Christian church]] (see [[Giordano Bruno]] and [[Galileo]]). The invention of the [[telescope]] in the [[Netherlands]] in 1608 was a very important milestone for astronomy. By the middle of the 1800s, telescopes were good enough for other galaxies to be seen. The modern optical (uses visible light) telescope is still more advanced. Meanwhile, [[Isaac Newton]] improved the ideas of gravity and [[dynamics]] ([[equation]]s) and showed how the [[Solar System]] worked. In the 1900s, better telescopes showed astronomers more of the universe. The Solar System is in a [[galaxy]] made of billions of stars, which we call the [[Milky Way]]. Other galaxies exist outside it, as far as we can see. This started a new kind of astronomy called [[physical cosmology|cosmology]], in which astronomers study what these galaxies are made of and how they are spread out. By measuring the [[redshift]] of galaxies, cosmologists soon discovered that the Universe is always expanding (see: [[Hubble]]). [[File:HubbleUltraDeepFieldwithScaleComparison.jpg|thumb|right|200px|High-resolution image of the [[Hubble]] ultra deep field. It shows a variety of [[Galaxy|galaxies]], each made of [[wikt:billion|billion]]s of [[star]]s. The equivalent area of sky that the picture occupies is shown in the lower left corner (red box). The smallest, reddest galaxies, about 100, are some of the most distant galaxies to have been photographed. They formed shortly after the Big Bang.]] === Big Bang === The most accepted [[scientific model]] of the universe is known as the [[Big Bang]] theory, which says the universe [[wikt:expanded|expanded]] from a [[Gravitational singularity|single point]] that held all the [[matter]] and [[energy]] of the universe. There are many kinds of scientific evidence that support the Big Bang idea. Astronomers think that the Big Bang happened around 13.73 billion years ago.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=2008-03-09|title=Gauging Age of Universe Becomes More Precise|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/09/science/space/09cosmos.html|accessdate=2008-09-24}}</ref> this would make the universe 13.73 billion years old. Since then, the universe has expanded to be at least 93 billion [[light year]]s, or 8.80 {{E|26}} [[metre|meter]]s, in [[diameter]]. It is still expanding right now, at a faster rate eveey moment. Astronomers are not sure what causes the universe to expand. Because of this, they call the mysterious energy causing the expansion [[dark energy]]. By studying the expansion of the universe, astronomers have also realized most of the matter in the universe may be in a form which cannot be observed by any scientific equipment we have. This matter has been named [[dark matter]]. Note that dark matter and energy have not been observed directly (that is why they are called 'dark'). However, many astronomers think they must exist: many astronomical observations would be hard to explain if they didn't. Some parts of the universe are expanding even faster than the speed of light. This means the light will never be able to reach us here on Earth, so we will never be able to see these parts of the universe. We call the part of the universe we can see the [[observable universe]]. == History of the term "universe" == The word ''universe'' comes from the [[Old French]] word ''universe'', which comes from the [[Latin]] word ''universe''.<ref>''The Compact Edition of the Oxford English Dictionary'', volume II, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971, p.3518.</ref> The Latin word was used by [[Cicero]] and later Latin authors in many of the same senses as the modern [[English language|English]] word is used. A different theory is an early Greek model of the universe. In that model, all matter was in rotating spheres centered on the Earth; according to [[Aristotle]], the [[rotation]] of the outermost sphere was [[wikt:responsible|responsible]] for the motion and change of everything within. It was natural for the Greeks to assume that the Earth was stationary and that the heavens rotated about the [[Earth]], because careful [[astronomy|astronomical]] and physical measurements are needed to prove otherwise. The most common term for "universe" among the ancient Greek philosophers from [[Pythagoras]] onwards was ''το παν'' (The All), defined as all matter (''το ολον'') and all space (''το κενον'').<ref>Liddell and Scott, pp.1345–1346.</ref> === Broadest meaning === The broadest word meaning of the universe is found in ''De division naturae'' by the [[Middle Ages|medieval]] [[philosopher]] Johannes Scotus Erigena, who defined it as simply everything: everything that exists and everything that does not exist. === Definition as reality === {{See also|Reality|Physics}} Usually, the universe is thought to be everything that exists, has existed, and ever will exist.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Oxford companion to cosmology|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000lidd|authors=Andrew Liddle, Jon Loveday|date=9 April 2009|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-956084-4}}</ref> This definition says that the universe is made of two elements: [[Space (physics)|space]] and [[time]], together known as [[space-time]] or the [[vacuum]]; and [[matter]] and different forms of [[energy]] and [[momentum]] [[wikt:occupying|occupying]] [[space-time]]. The two kinds of elements behave according to [[physical law]]s, in which we describe how the elements interact. A similar definition of the term ''universe'' is everything that exists at a single moment of time, such as the present or the beginning of time. In [[Aristotle]]'s book ''The Physics'', Aristotle divided το ''παν'' (everything) into three roughly analogous elements: ''matter'' (the stuff of which the universe is made), ''form'' (the arrangement of that matter in space) and ''change'' (how matter is created, destroyed or altered in its properties, and similarly, how form is altered). [[Physical law]]s were the rules governing the properties of matter, form and their changes. Later philosophers such as [[Lucretius]], [[Averroes]], [[Avicenna]] and [[Baruch Spinoza]] altered or refined these divisions. For example, Averroes and Spinoza have ''active'' principles governing the universe which act on ''passive'' elements. === Space-time definitions === It is possible to form [[space-time]]s, each existing but not able to touch, move, or change ([[wikt:interact|interact]] with each other. The entire collection of these separate space-times is denoted as the [[multiverse]].<ref name="EllisKS03">{{cite journal |last= Ellis G.F.R; Kirchner U. & Stoeger W.R. 2004 |title= Multiverses and physical cosmology |journal= Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |year= 2004 |volume= 347 |issue= 3 |pages= 921–936 |doi= 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07261.x |doi-access= free |arxiv= astro-ph/0305292 |bibcode= 2004MNRAS.347..921E |s2cid= 119028830 |issn=0035-8711 }}</ref> In principle, the other unconnected universes may have different [[dimension]]alities and [[topology|topologies]] of [[space-time]], different forms of [[matter]] and [[energy]], and different [[physical law]]s and [[physical constant]]s, although such possibilities are [[speculation]]s. === Observable reality === According to a still-more-restrictive definition, the Universe is everything within our connected [[space-time]] that could have a chance to interact with us and vice versa. According to the [[general relativity|general idea of relativity]], some regions of [[Outer space|space]] may never interact with ours even in the lifetime of the Universe, due to the finite [[speed of light]] and the ongoing expansion of space. For example, radio messages sent from Earth may never reach some regions of space, even if the Universe would exist forever; space may expand faster than light can traverse it. It is worth emphasizing that those distant regions of space are taken to exist and be part of reality as much as we are; yet we can never interact with them, even in principle. Even with most of the visible universe, we cannot interact with it in practice. A relatively simple task, so it might seem, would be to communicate within our galaxy. Even if we knew how to send a message successfully, it would be well over 200,000 years before a reply could come back from the far end of the Milky Way, whose diameter is 100,000 [[light year]]s. galaxy. The spatial region which we can see is called the ''[[observable universe]]''. == Basic data on the universe == [[File:Elementary particle interactions.svg|thumb|right|250px|The [[elementary particle]]s from which the Universe is made. Six [[lepton]]s and six [[quark]]s are most of the [[matter]]; for example, the [[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s of [[atomic nucleus|atomic nuclei]] are made of quarks, and the [[electron]] is a [[lepton]]. These particles interact via the [[gauge boson]]s shown in the middle row, each corresponding to a particular type of gauge [[symmetry]]. The [[Higgs boson]] is believed to confer [[mass]] on the particles with which it is connected.]] The Universe is huge. The matter which can be seen is spread over a space at least 93 billion [[light year]]s across.<ref>{{cite web |last= Lineweaver |first= Charles |author2= Tamara M. Davis |year= 2005 |url= http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?articleID=0009F0CA-C523-1213-852383414B7F0147&pageNumber=5 |title= Misconceptions about the Big Bang |work= [[Scientific American]] |accessdate= 2007-03-05}}</ref> For comparison, the diameter of a typical [[galaxy]] is only 30,000 light-years, and the typical distance between two neighboring galaxies is only 3 million [[light-years]].<ref>Rindler (1977), p.196.</ref> As an example, our [[Milky Way]] Galaxy is roughly 100,000 light years in diameter,<ref>{{cite web | last1 = Christian | first1 = Eric | last2 = Samar | first2 = Safi-Harb | title = How large is the Milky Way? | url=http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/ask_astro/answers/980317b.html | accessdate = 2007-11-28 }}</ref> and our nearest sister galaxy, the [[Andromeda Galaxy]], is roughly 2.5 million light years away.<ref>{{cite journal | author=I. Ribas | display-authors = etal | title=First Determination of the Distance and Fundamental Properties of an Eclipsing Binary in the Andromeda Galaxy | journal=Astrophysical Journal | year=2005 |volume=635 | issue = 1 | pages=L37–L40 | url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ApJ...635L..37R | doi = 10.1086/499161 | arxiv = astro-ph/0511045 | bibcode = 2005ApJ...635L..37R | s2cid = 119522151 }}<br />{{cite journal | author=McConnachie A.W. | display-authors = etal | title=Distances and metallicities for 17 Local Group galaxies | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | year=2005 |volume=356 |issue=4 | pages=979–997 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.08514.x | doi-access = free | arxiv = astro-ph/0410489 | bibcode = 2005MNRAS.356..979M }}</ref> The observable Universe contains more than 2 trillion (10¹²) galaxies<ref name="NYT-20161017">{{cite news |last=Fountain |first=Henry |title=Two trillion galaxies, at the very least |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/18/science/two-trillion-galaxies-at-the-very-least.html |date=17 October 2016 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=17 October 2016 }}</ref> and, overall, as many as an estimated {{val|1e24}} stars<ref name="ESA-2019">{{cite web |author=Staff |title=How Many Stars Are There In The Universe? |url=https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Herschel/How_many_stars_are_there_in_the_Universe |date=2019 |work=[[European Space Agency]] |accessdate=21 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|chapter=The Structure of the Universe|doi=10.1007/978-1-4614-8730-2_10|title=The Fundamentals of Modern Astrophysics|url=https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofmo0000maro|year=2015|last1=Marov|first1=Mikhail Ya.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofmo0000maro/page/279 279]–294|isbn=978-1-4614-8729-6}}</ref> (more stars than all the [[Sand|grains of sand]] on planet [[Earth]]).<ref name="SU-20020201">{{cite web |last=Mackie |first=Glen |title=To see the Universe in a grain of sand |url=http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html |date=1 February 2002 |work=Centre for Astrophysics and Supercomputing |accessdate=28 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514195451/http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/~gmackie/billions.html |archive-date=14 May 2026 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Typical galaxies range from dwarf galaxies with as few as ten million (10⁷) [[star]]s up to giants with one [[trillion]]<ref name="M101">{{cite web |date= 2006-02-28 |url = http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/hst_spiral_m10.html |title= Hubble's largest galaxy portrait offers a new high-definition view |publisher= NASA |accessdate= 2007-01-03 }}</ref> (10¹²) stars, all orbiting the galaxy's [[center of mass]]. Thus, a rough estimate from these numbers would suggest there are around one sextillion (10²¹) stars in the observable Universe; though a 2003 study by [[Australian National University]] astronomers resulted in a figure of 70 sextillion (7 x 10²²).<ref>{{cite web |date=2003-07-17 |url= http://info.anu.edu.au/ovc/media/Media_Releases/2003/030717StarCount | title= Star count: ANU Astronomer makes best yet | accessdate= 2010-02-19 }}</ref> The matter that can be seen is spread throughout the Universe when averaged over distances longer than 300 million light-years.<ref>{{cite journal |author=N. Mandolesi P. | display-authors = etal |title=Large-scale homogeneity of the Universe measured by the microwave background |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1986-02-27_319_6056/page/751 |journal= Letters to Nature |year=1986 |volume=319 | issue = 6056 |pages=751–753 |doi= 10.1038/319751a0 | bibcode = 1986Natur.319..751M | s2cid = 4349689 }}</ref> However, on smaller length-scales, matter is observed to form 'clumps', many [[atoms]] are condensed into stars, most stars into galaxies, most galaxies into galaxy groups and clusters and, lastly, the largest-scale structures such as the [[Great Wall]] of galaxies. The present overall [[density]] of the Universe is very low, roughly 9.9 × 10⁻³⁰ grams per cubic centimetre. This mass-energy appears to consist of 73% [[dark energy]], 23% cold [[dark matter]] and 4% ordinary matter. The density of atoms is about a single hydrogen atom for every four cubic meters of volume.<ref>{{cite web |last= Hinshaw |first= Gary |date= February 10, 2006 | url = http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_uni/uni_101matter.html |title= What is the Universe made of? |publisher= NASA WMAP |accessdate= 2007-01-04}}</ref> The properties of dark energy and dark matter are not known. Dark matter slows the expansion of the universe. Dark energy makes its expansion faster. The Universe is old, and changing. The best good guess of the Universe's age is 13.798±0.037 billion years old, based on the [[cosmic microwave background radiation]].<ref name="NASA_age">{{cite web|title=Five-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Data Processing, Sky Maps, and Basic Results|url=http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/map/dr3/pub_papers/fiveyear/basic_results/wmap5basic.pdf|publisher=nasa.gov|accessdate=2008-03-06|archive-date=2015-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410113424/http://lambda.gsfc.nasa.gov/product/map/dr3/pub_papers/fiveyear/basic_results/wmap5basic.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="'planck_overview'">{{cite journal|author=Planck Collaboration |year=2013 |title=Planck2013 results. I. Overview of products and scientific results |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=571 |pages=A1 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201321529 |arxiv=1303.5062|s2cid=218716838 }}</ref><ref name="arxiv-20121220">{{cite journal |last=Bennett |first=C.L. | display-authors = etal |year=2013 |title= Nine-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe ( Wmap ) Observations: Final Maps and Results |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=208 |issue=2 |page=20 |doi=10.1088/0067-0049/208/2/20 |arxiv=1212.5225 |bibcode=2013ApJS..208...20B |s2cid=119271232 }}</ref> Independent estimates (based on measurements such as [[radioactive dating]]) agree, although they are less precise, ranging from 11 to 20 billion years.<ref>{{cite web | author =Britt RR | title =Age of Universe revised, again | publisher =space.com | date = 2003-01-03 | url = http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/age_universe_030103.html | accessdate = 2007-01-08}}</ref> to 13–15 billion years.<ref>{{cite web | author = Wright E.L. | title =Age of the Universe | publisher =[[UCLA]] | year = 2005 | url = http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/age.html | accessdate = 2007-01-08 }}<br />{{cite journal | author = Krauss L.M. & Chaboyer B. | title =Age Estimates of globular clusters in the Milky Way: constraints on cosmology | journal =Science | volume = 299 | issue = 5603 | pages = 65–69 | publisher =American Association for the Advancement of Science | date = 2003 | url = http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/abstract/299/5603/65?ijkey=3D7y0Qonz=GO7ig.&keytype=3Dref&siteid=3Dsci | accessdate = 2007-01-08 | doi =10.1126/science.1075631 | pmid =12511641| bibcode =2003Sci...299...65K | s2cid =10814581 }}</ref> The Universe has not been the same at all times in its history. Its getting bigger accounts for how Earth-bound people can see the light from a galaxy 30 billion light-years away, even if that light has traveled for only 13 billion years; the very space between them has expanded. This expansion is consistent with the observation that the light from distant galaxies has been [[redshift]]ed; the [[photon]]s emitted have been stretched to longer [[wavelength]]s and lower [[frequency]] during their journey. The rate of this spatial expansion is accelerating, based on studies of Type Ia [[supernova]]e and other data. The relative amounts of different [[chemical element]]s&nbsp;— especially the lightest atoms such as [[hydrogen]], [[deuterium]] and [[helium]]&nbsp;— seem to be identical in all of the Universe and throughout all of the history of it that we know of.<ref>{{cite web |last= Wright |first= Edward L. |year= 2004 | url= http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/BBNS.html |title= Big Bang Nucleosynthesis |publisher= UCLA |accessdate= 2007-01-05 }}<br />{{cite journal |author=M. Harwit, M. Spaans |title= Chemical composition of the early Universe |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |year=2003 |volume=589 |issue=1 |pages=53–57 |url= http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ApJ...589...53H |doi= 10.1086/374415|arxiv= astro-ph/0302259 |bibcode= 2003ApJ...589...53H |s2cid= 6723861 }}<br />{{cite journal |author=C. Kobulnicky & E.D. Skillman |title= Chemical composition of the early Universe |journal= Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society |year=1997 |volume=29 |page=1329 |bibcode= 1997AAS...191.7603K |url= http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997AAS...191.7603K }}</ref> The Universe seems to have much more [[matter]] than [[antimatter]].<ref>{{cite web |date= October 28, 2003 |url= http://www.pparc.ac.uk/ps/bbs/bbs_antimatter.asp |title= Antimatter |publisher= Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council |accessdate= 2006-08-10 |archive-date= 2004-03-07 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20040307075727/http://www.pparc.ac.uk/Ps/bbs/bbs_antimatter.asp |url-status= dead }}</ref> The Universe appears to have no net [[electric charge]]. [[Gravity]] is the dominant interaction at cosmological distances. The Universe also seems to have no net [[momentum]] or [[angular momentum]]. The absence of net charge and momentum is expected if the Universe is finite.<ref>Landau and Lifshitz (1975). p. 361.</ref> The Universe appears to have a smooth [[space-time continuum]] made of three [[Space (physics)|spatial]] [[dimension]]s and one temporal ([[time]]) dimension. On the average, space is very nearly flat (close to zero [[curvature]]), meaning that [[Euclidean geometry]] is experimentally true with high accuracy throughout most of the Universe.<ref name="Shape">[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/m_mm/mr_content.html WMAP Mission: Results&nbsp;– Age of the Universe]</ref> However, the Universe may have more dimensions, and its spacetime may have a multiply connected global topology.<ref name="_spacetime_topology">{{cite conference | first = Jean-Pierre | last = Luminet | author2 = Boudewijn F. Roukema | title = Topology of the Universe: theory and observations | book-title = Proceedings of Cosmology School held at Cargese, Corsica, August 1998 | year = 1999 | arxiv = astro-ph/9901364 }}<br />{{cite journal | last = Luminet, J-P. | display-authors = etal | title = Dodecahedral space topology as an explanation for weak wide-angle temperature correlations in the cosmic microwave background | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2003-10-09_425_6958/page/592 | journal = Nature | volume = 425 | year=2003 | issue = 6958 | pages = 593–595 | doi =10.1038/nature01944 | pmid = 14534579 | arxiv = astro-ph/0310253 | bibcode = 2003Natur.425..593L | s2cid = 4380713 }}</ref> As far as we can tell, the Universe has the same [[physical law]]s and [[physical constant]]s throughout.<ref>{{cite web |last= Strobel |first= Nick |date= May 23, 2001 |url= http://www.astronomynotes.com/starprop/s7.htm |title = The composition of stars |publisher = Astronomy Notes |accessdate= 2007-01-04 }}<br />{{cite web |url= http://www.faqs.org/faqs/astronomy/faq/part4/section-4.html |title= Have physical constants changed with time? |publisher= Astrophysics (Astronomy Frequently Asked Questions) |accessdate= 2007-01-04 }}</ref> According to the prevailing [[Standard Model]] of physics, all matter is composed of three generations of [[lepton]]s and [[quark]]s, both of which are [[fermion]]s. These [[elementary particle]]s interact via at most three fundamental interactions: the [[electroweak]] interaction which includes [[electromagnetism]] and the [[weak nuclear force]]; the [[strong nuclear force]] described by quantum [[chromodynamics]]; and [[gravity]], which is best described at present by [[general relativity]]. [[Special relativity]] holds in all the universe in local space and time. Otherwise, [[general relativity]] holds. There is no explanation for the particular values that [[physical constant]]s appear to have throughout our universe, such as [[Planck's constant]] ''h'' or the [[gravitational constant]] ''G''. Several [[conservation law]]s have been identified, such as the conservation of [[Electric charge|charge]], conservation of [[momentum]], conservation of [[angular momentum]] and conservation of [[energy]]. == Theoretical models == === General theory of relativity === {{Main|General relativity|}} Accurate predictions of the universe's past and future require an accurate theory of gravitation. The best theory available is [[Albert Einstein]]'s general theory of relativity, which has passed all experimental tests so far. However, since rigorous experiments have not been carried out on ''cosmological'' length scales, general relativity could conceivably be inaccurate. Nevertheless, its predictions appear to be consistent with observations, so there is no reason to adopt another theory. General relativity provides of a set of ten nonlinear [[partial differential equations]] for the spacetime metric ([[Einstein field equations|Einstein's field equations]]) that must be solved from the distribution of [[mass-energy]] and [[momentum]] throughout the universe. Since these are unknown in exact detail, cosmological models have been based on the [[cosmological principle]], which states that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic. In effect, this principle asserts that the gravitational effects of the various galaxies making up the universe are equivalent to those of a fine dust distributed uniformly throughout the universe with the same average density. The assumption of a uniform dust makes it easy to solve Einstein's field equations and predict the past and future of the universe on cosmological time scales. Einstein's field equations include a [[cosmological constant]] (Lamda: ''Λ''),<ref name="einstein_1917">Einstein A. (1917). "Kosmologische Betrachtungen zur allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie". ''Preussische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Sitzungsberichte'' 1917 (part 1): 142–152. </ref><ref>Rindler (1977), pp. 226–229.</ref> that is related to an energy density of empty space.<ref>Landau and Lifshitz (1975), pp. 358–359.</ref> Depending on its sign, the cosmological constant can either slow (negative ''Λ'') or accelerate (positive ''Λ'') the [[expansion of space|expansion of the Universe]]. Although many scientists, including Einstein, had speculated that ''Λ'' was zero,<ref>{{cite journal |last= Einstein |first= A |authorlink= Albert Einstein |year= 1931 |title= Zum kosmologischen Problem der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie |journal= Sitzungsberichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Physikalisch-mathematische Klasse |volume= 1931 |pages= 235–237}}<br />{{cite journal |author1= [[Albert Einstein]] |author2= Willem de Sitter |authorlink2= Willem de Sitter |year= 1932 |title= On the relation between the expansion and the mean density of the Universe |journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume= 18 |pages= 213–214 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.18.3.213 |pmid= 16587663 |issue=3 |pmc= 1076193|bibcode= 1932PNAS...18..213E |doi-access= free }}</ref> recent astronomical observations of type Ia [[supernova]]e have detected a large amount of [[dark energy]] that is accelerating the Universe's expansion.<ref>[http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2004/12/text/ Hubble Telescope news release]</ref> Preliminary studies suggest that this dark energy is related to a positive ''Λ'', although alternative theories cannot be ruled out as yet.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/6156110.stm BBC News story: Evidence that dark energy is the cosmological constant]</ref> === Big Bang model === {{Main|Big Bang|Nucleosynthesis}} The prevailing Big Bang model accounts for many of the experimental observations described above, such as the [[correlation]] of distance and [[redshift]] of galaxies, the universal [[ratio]] of hydrogen:helium atoms, and the ubiquitous, isotropic microwave radiation background. As noted above, the redshift arises from the [[metric expansion of space]]; as the space itself expands, the wavelength of a [[photon]] traveling through space likewise increases, decreasing its energy. The longer a photon has been traveling, the more expansion it has undergone; hence, older photons from more distant galaxies are the most red-shifted. Determining the correlation between distance and redshift is an important problem in experimental [[physical cosmology]]. Other experimental observations can be explained by combining the overall expansion of space with [[nuclear physics]] and [[atomic physics]]. As the Universe expands, the energy density of the [[electromagnetic radiation]] decreases more quickly than does that of [[matter]], since the energy of a photon decreases with its wavelength. Thus, although the energy density of the Universe is now dominated by matter, it was once dominated by radiation; poetically speaking, all was [[light]]. As the Universe expanded, its energy density decreased and it became cooler; as it did so, the [[elementary particle]]s of matter could associate stably into ever larger combinations. Thus, in the early part of the matter-dominated era, stable [[proton]]s and [[neutron]]s formed, which then associated into [[atomic nuclei]]. At this stage, the matter in the Universe was mainly a hot, dense [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]] of negative [[electron]]s, neutral [[neutrino]]s and positive nuclei. [[Nuclear reaction]]s among the nuclei led to the present abundances of the lighter nuclei, particularly [[hydrogen]], [[deuterium]], and [[helium]]. Eventually, the electrons and nuclei combined to form stable atoms, which are transparent to most wavelengths of radiation; at this point, the radiation decoupled from the matter, forming the ubiquitous, isotropic background of microwave radiation observed today. [[File:Primordial nucleosynthesis.svg |thumb |250px |Chief nuclear reactions responsible for the relative amounts of light [[atomic nucleus|atomic nuclei]] observed in the Universe.]] Other observations are not clearly answered by known physics. According to the prevailing theory, a slight imbalance of [[matter]] over [[antimatter]] was present in the universe's creation, or developed very shortly thereafter. Although the matter and antimatter mostly annihilated one another, producing [[photon]]s, a small residue of matter survived, giving the present matter-dominated universe. Several lines of evidence also suggest that a rapid [[cosmic inflation]] of the universe occurred very early in its history (roughly 10⁻³⁵ seconds after its creation). Recent observations also suggest that the [[cosmological constant]] (''Λ'') is not zero, and that the net [[mass-energy]] content of the universe is dominated by a [[dark energy]] and [[dark matter]] that have not been characterized scientifically. They differ in their gravitational effects. Dark matter gravitates as ordinary matter does, and thus slows the expansion of the universe; by contrast, dark energy serves to accelerate the universe's expansion. === Multiverse hypothesis === {{main|Multiverse}} Some people think that there is more than one universe. They think that there is a set of universes called the multiverse. By definition, there is no way for anything in one universe to affect something in another. The multiverse is not yet a scientific idea because there is no way to test it. An idea that cannot be tested or is not based on logic is not [[science]]. It is not known if the multiverse is a scientific idea. == Future == This is a scientific topic called "the ultimate fate of the universe". It is a topic in [[cosmology]]. There are possible scenarios for its evolution. The basic issue is whether its existence is finite or infinite. The future of the universe is a mystery. However, there are a couple of theories based on the possible shapes of the universe:<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/how-will-universe-end|title=A big freeze, rip or crunch: how will the universe end? |last=Woollaston|first=Victoria|date=2016-10-10|magazine=Wired UK|access-date=2019-03-15|issn=1357-0978}}</ref> * If the universe is a closed sphere, it will stop expanding. The universe will do the opposite of that and become a [[Gravitational singularity|singularity]] for another [[Big Bang]]. This is the [[Big Crunch]] or Big Bounce theory. * If the universe is an open sphere, it will speed up the expansion. After 22,000,000,000 (22 billion) years, the universe will [[wikt:Rip|rip]] [[Wikt:Apart|apart]] with the [[wikt:Force|force]]. This is the [[Big Rip]] theory. * If the universe is flat, it will expand forever. All stars will lose their [[energy]]. *After a [[googol]] years, the [[black hole]]s will also be gone. This is the [[heat death of the universe]], or Big Freeze theory. There is a [[scientific consensus|consensus]] among [[cosmology|cosmologists]] that the [[shape of the universe]] is considered "flat" ([[parallel (geometry)|parallel lines]] stay parallel) and will continue to expand forever.<ref name="Will the Universe expand forever">{{cite web|url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_shape.html|title=WMAP- Shape of the Universe|website=map.gsfc.nasa.gov |date=26 September 2025 }}</ref><ref name="map.gsfc.nasa.gov">{{cite web|url=http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_fate.html|title=WMAP- Fate of the Universe|website=map.gsfc.nasa.gov |date=26 September 2025 }}</ref> == Further reading == *Adams, Fred; Gregory Laughlin (2000). ''The Five Ages of the Universe: Inside the Physics of Eternity''. Simon & Schuster Australia. ISBN 978-0-684-86576-8. *Chaisson, Eric (2001). ''Cosmic Evolution: The Rise of Complexity in Nature''. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-00342-2. *Dyson, Freeman (2004). ''Infinite in All Directions'' (the 1985 Gifford Lectures). Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-06-039081-5. *Harrison, Edward (2003). ''Masks of the Universe: Changing Ideas on the Nature of the Cosmos''. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-77351-5. *Mack, Katie (2020). ''The End of Everything: (Astrophysically Speaking)''. Scribner. ISBN 978-1982103545. *Penrose, Roger (2004). ''The Road to Reality''. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-679-45443-4. *Prigogine, Ilya (2003). ''Is Future Given?''. World Scientific Publishing. ISBN 978-981-238-508-6. *Smolin, Lee (2001). ''Three Roads to Quantum Gravity: A New Understanding of Space, Time and the Universe''. Phoenix. ISBN 978-0-7538-1261-7. *Morris, Richard (1982). ''The Fate of the Universe''. Playboy Press, New York. ISBN 978-0-87223-748-6 *Islam, Jamal N. (1983). ''The Ultimate Fate of the Universe''. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN 978-0521-24814-3 == Related pages == {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * [[Anthropic principle]] * [[Big Bang]] * [[Cosmology]] * [[Multiverse]] * [[Panentheism]] * [[Reality]] * [[Antiverse]] {{div col end}} == References == {{Reflist|2}} == Other websites == {{Commons category|Universe}} {{wikiquote}} * {{HSW|hole-in-universe|Is there a hole in the universe?}} * [http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/age_universe_030103.html Age of the Universe] at Space.Com * [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/hawking/html/home.html ''Stephen Hawking's Universe''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506074537/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/hawking/html/home.html |date=2016-05-06 }}&nbsp;– Why is the universe the way it is? * [http://www.astro.ucla.edu/~wright/cosmology_faq.html Cosmology FAQ] * [http://www.shekpvar.net/~dna/Publications/Cosmos/cosmos.html Cosmos&nbsp;– An "illustrated dimensional journey from microcosmos to macrocosmos"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412094332/http://www.shekpvar.net/~dna/Publications/Cosmos/cosmos.html |date=2008-04-12 }} * [http://www.co-intelligence.org/newsletter/comparisons.html Illustration comparing the sizes of the planets, the sun, and other stars] * [http://www.astro.princeton.edu/~mjuric/universe/ Logarithmic Maps of the Universe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124162615/http://www.astro.princeton.edu/~mjuric/universe/ |date=2009-01-24 }} * [http://www.slate.com/id/2087206/nav/navoa/ My So-Called Universe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225211703/http://www.slate.com/id/2087206/nav/navoa/ |date=2010-12-25 }}&nbsp;– Arguments for and against an infinite and parallel universes * [http://www.hep.upenn.edu/~max/multiverse1.html Parallel Universes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427091846/http://www.hep.upenn.edu/~max/multiverse1.html |date=2009-04-27 }} by Max Tegmark * [http://cosmology.lbl.gov/talks/Ho_07.pdf The Dark Side and the Bright Side of the Universe] Princeton University, Shirley Ho * [http://www.atlasoftheuniverse.com/ Richard Powell: ''An Atlas of the Universe'']&nbsp;– Images at various scales, with explanations * [https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1142346 Multiple Big Bangs] * [http://www.exploreuniverse.com/ic/ Universe&nbsp;– Space Information Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331100438/http://www.exploreuniverse.com/ic/ |date=2008-03-31 }} * [http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/index.html Exploring the Universe] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417083030/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/universe/index.html |date=2013-04-17 }} at Nasa.gov <!-- * [http://www.zideo.nl/index.php?option=com_podfeed&zideo=6c4947596d673d3d&playzideo=6c3461566f56593d The Size Of The Universe, understand the size of the universe by starting with humans and going up by powers of ten ] --> === Videos === * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=17jymDn0W6U The Known Universe] created by the [[American Museum of Natural History]] {{Nature nav}} {{Cosmology topics}} [[Category:Universe| ]] [[Category:Reality]] [[Category:Cosmology]] 48occ7lm65pefymzjxtvb91v5lnosah 4 1905 11023971 11023798 2026-10-08T13:49:04Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 Reporting [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54329-97|~2026-54329-97]]. 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[[User:Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]] ([[User talk:Veritas Sapientiae|talk]]) 13:49, 8 October 2026 (UTC) iwze6m4tu4s3q7whckocz7irezhuu9w 11023973 11023971 2026-10-08T13:50:34Z NDG 1452189 Reporting [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54329-97|~2026-54329-97]] ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]] v3.1d) 11023973 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. 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[[User:Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]] ([[User talk:Veritas Sapientiae|talk]]) 13:49, 8 October 2026 (UTC) *{{IPvandal|~2026-54329-97}} &ndash; Long-term abuse <small>[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]</small> --[[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 13:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) qdxs1epcn95ev0xnz1ztjnzc2qnc5cs 11023989 11023973 2026-10-08T14:04:06Z BarrasBot 411705 Removing resolved vandalism entries (2 removed, all done!) 11023989 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. 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[[User:Barbara (WVS)|Barbara]] ([[User talk:Barbara (WVS)|talk]]) 21:45, 8 October 2026 (UTC) g18n1qoorb0qxdokp8v94yvn5dsf4yp 11024202 11024156 2026-10-08T23:11:58Z Ferien 1011873 Clear 11024202 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. Examples: *"{{vandal|Bad user}}" for a vandal with the account (the user name is "Bad user") *"{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}" for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is "127.0.0.1") --> :''Please add new reports at the bottom.''</noinclude> == Current alerts == ===Bot-reported=== <!-- To clear reports made by the bot, go to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot]] and remove the entries on that page. Do not remove this template. --> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot}} === User-reported === 21999o92xedoahtz661i7mbj936nhey 11024250 11024202 2026-10-09T01:48:20Z Nil NZ 1559470 Reporting [[Special:Contributions/MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|MexicanBeyonceLatinafan]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024250 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. Examples: *"{{vandal|Bad user}}" for a vandal with the account (the user name is "Bad user") *"{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}" for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is "127.0.0.1") --> :''Please add new reports at the bottom.''</noinclude> == Current alerts == ===Bot-reported=== <!-- To clear reports made by the bot, go to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot]] and remove the entries on that page. Do not remove this template. --> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot}} === User-reported === *{{vandal|MexicanBeyonceLatinafan}} &ndash; LTA.. [[User:Nil NZ|<span style="color:#000;font-family:Comic Sans MS;border-radius:30px;background-color:#8ACE00;padding:4px 7px 5px 7px">nil</span>]]^{[[User talk:Nil NZ|<span style="color:#000">nz</span>]]} 01:48, 9 October 2026 (UTC) s31qg5z7iufv981pd6boypxsl3hqowt 11024256 11024250 2026-10-09T01:50:36Z Nil NZ 1559470 /* User-reported */ addition: These could probably do with revdels as well. (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]]) 11024256 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. 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[[User:Nil NZ|<span style="color:#000;font-family:Comic Sans MS;border-radius:30px;background-color:#8ACE00;padding:4px 7px 5px 7px">nil</span>]]^{[[User talk:Nil NZ|<span style="color:#000">nz</span>]]} 01:50, 9 October 2026 (UTC) 457yzpflijntgcv62dw78574ehbpka0 11024260 11024256 2026-10-09T01:54:05Z BarrasBot 411705 Removing resolved vandalism entries (1 removed, all done!) 11024260 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. 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[[User:Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]] ([[User talk:Veritas Sapientiae|talk]]) 03:20, 9 October 2026 (UTC) *{{vandal|Sam2630}} &ndash; Block evasion by {{noping|~2026-53852-11}} – see edits to [[AkashNanda]].. [[User:Nil NZ|<span style="color:#000;font-family:Comic Sans MS;border-radius:30px;background-color:#8ACE00;padding:4px 7px 5px 7px">nil</span>]]^{[[User talk:Nil NZ|<span style="color:#000">nz</span>]]} 05:26, 9 October 2026 (UTC) t6816zbi1ok825l57fc76rrjk431btj 11024402 11024399 2026-10-09T05:27:37Z Nil NZ 1559470 Reporting [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54423-57|~2026-54423-57]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024402 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. 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[[User:Nil NZ|<span style="color:#000;font-family:Comic Sans MS;border-radius:30px;background-color:#8ACE00;padding:4px 7px 5px 7px">nil</span>]]^{[[User talk:Nil NZ|<span style="color:#000">nz</span>]]} 05:26, 9 October 2026 (UTC) *{{vandal|~2026-54423-57}} &ndash; Block evasion. [[User:Nil NZ|<span style="color:#000;font-family:Comic Sans MS;border-radius:30px;background-color:#8ACE00;padding:4px 7px 5px 7px">nil</span>]]^{[[User talk:Nil NZ|<span style="color:#000">nz</span>]]} 05:27, 9 October 2026 (UTC) 5u1rfsf6lmd39xti6txvzazc6yeqrxb 11024430 11024402 2026-10-09T05:46:08Z BarrasBot 411705 Removing resolved vandalism entries (1 removed, 2 remaining) 11024430 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. 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[[User:Nil NZ|<span style="color:#000;font-family:Comic Sans MS;border-radius:30px;background-color:#8ACE00;padding:4px 7px 5px 7px">nil</span>]]^{[[User talk:Nil NZ|<span style="color:#000">nz</span>]]} 05:26, 9 October 2026 (UTC) t6816zbi1ok825l57fc76rrjk431btj 11024432 11024430 2026-10-09T05:48:06Z BarrasBot 411705 Removing resolved vandalism entries (1 removed, 1 remaining) 11024432 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. 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[[User:Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]] ([[User talk:Veritas Sapientiae|talk]]) 03:20, 9 October 2026 (UTC) hf2qa8h3fyagth7f1yyqb56wyp5wlly 11024434 11024432 2026-10-09T05:50:05Z BarrasBot 411705 Removing resolved vandalism entries (1 removed, all done!) 11024434 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. Examples: *"{{vandal|Bad user}}" for a vandal with the account (the user name is "Bad user") *"{{ipvandal|127.0.0.1}}" for a vandal that is an IP address (the address is "127.0.0.1") --> :''Please add new reports at the bottom.''</noinclude> == Current alerts == ===Bot-reported=== <!-- To clear reports made by the bot, go to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot]] and remove the entries on that page. 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Do not remove this template. --> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/Bot}} === User-reported === *{{vandal|Zalkhc}} &ndash; Sock of [[User:NurBadmas]] and others. [[User:Spiderone|Spiderone]] ([[User talk:Spiderone|talk]]) 07:12, 9 October 2026 (UTC) a8mer87l88qkqhpcazf9gzy6g06qcyr 11024482 11024481 2026-10-09T07:13:34Z Spiderone 569007 Reporting [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54142-38|~2026-54142-38]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024482 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ <!--forced no table of contents--> <noinclude> {{Wikipedia:Vandalism in progress/header}} <!-- To better help administrators, please use the "{{vandal}}" template if the vandal has an account or the "{{ipvandal}}" template if it is an [[IP|IP address]]. 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[[User:Spiderone|Spiderone]] ([[User talk:Spiderone|talk]]) 07:13, 9 October 2026 (UTC) 3p4ufumxjxcn2hfk0fpfdkayfjjho8v 0 3082 11024074 10871447 2026-10-08T18:52:38Z ~2026-54257-59 1887122 /* */ 11024074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | nickname = The Lilywhites | short name = Spurs | ground = [[Tottenham Hotspur Stadium]] | capacity = 62,850<ref name="capacity">{{cite news|url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/local/|title=Local: Information for local residents and businesses|publisher=Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|access-date=10 January 2021|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801090935/https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-stadium/local/|url-status=live}}</ref> | clubname = Tottenham Hotspur | fullname = Tottenham Hotspur Football Club | founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1882|9|5}}, as Hotspur F.C. | owner = [[ENIC Group|ENIC International Ltd.]] (86.58%) | chairman = Peter Charrington | chrtitle = Non-executive chairman | mgrtitle = Head coach | manager = [[Marcelino García Toral]] | league = [[Premier League]] | season = [[2025–26 Premier League|2025–26]] | position = [[Premier League]], 17th of 20 | pattern_la1 = _tottenham2526h | pattern_b1 = _tottenham2526h | pattern_ra1 = _tottenham2526h | pattern_sh1 = _tottenham2526h | pattern_so1 = _tottenham2526hl | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = FFFFFF | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _tottenham2526a | pattern_b2 = _tottenham2526a | pattern_ra2 = _tottenham2526a | pattern_sh2 = _tottenham2526a | pattern_so2 = _tottenham2526al | leftarm2 = 000000 | body2 = 000000 | rightarm2 = 000000 | shorts2 = 000000 | socks2 = 000000 | pattern_la3 = _tottenham2526t | pattern_b3 = _tottenham2526t | pattern_ra3 = _tottenham2526t | pattern_sh3 = _tottenham2526t | pattern_so3 = _tottenham2526tl | leftarm3 = fff800 | body3 = fff800 | rightarm3 = fff800 | shorts3 = fff800 | socks3 = fff800 | website = {{URL|https://tottenhamhotspur.com}} | current = 2025–26 Tottenham Hotspur F.C. season }} '''Tottenham Hotspur Football Club''' is an [[England|English]] [[Association football|football]] club. The club plays in the [[English Premier League|Premier League]]. Their current [[stadium]] is the [[Tottenham Hotspur Stadium]] in [[North London]]. Famous Tottenham Hotspur players include [[Pat Jennings]], [[Paul Gascoigne]], [[Glenn Hoddle]], [[Dave Mackay]], [[Gary Lineker]], [[Danny Blanchflower]], [[Teddy Sheringham]] and [[Jimmy Greaves]]. They have many rivals in London, but their most famous rivals are [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]]. [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] are widely regarded as Tottenham's second biggest rival. Tottenham were the first winners of the UEFA Cup tournament, and the first team in the 20th century to achieve the league and cup double. In the [[2016–17 Premier League]], they finished in second position and earned a place in the [[European Champions League]]. They reached the Champions League final in the 2018–2019 season, but ultimately lost 0–2 to [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]]. There is also a [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C. Women|Tottenham Hotspur women's football club]]. ==First-team squad== {{updated|2 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/teams/men/players/ |title=Men's First Team: Players |publisher=Tottenham Hotspur F.C. |access-date=19 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2025/september/squad-confirmed-for-league-phase-of-the-202526-uefa-champions-league/| title=Squad confirmed for League Phase of the Champions League| website=Tottenham Hotspur FC| date=3 September 2025| access-date=12 September 2025}}</ref> {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no=1|nat=ITA|pos=GK|name=[[Guglielmo Vicario]]}} {{Fs player|no=3|nat=ROU|pos=DF|name=[[Radu Drăgușin]]}} {{Fs player|no=4|nat=AUT|pos=DF|name=[[Kevin Danso]]}} {{Fs player|no=6|nat=POR|pos=MF|name=[[João Palhinha]]|other=on loan from [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]}} {{Fs player|no=7|nat=NED|pos=MF|name=[[Xavi Simons]]}} {{Fs player|no=8|nat=MLI|pos=MF|name=[[Yves Bissouma]]}} {{Fs player|no=9|nat=BRA|pos=FW|name=[[Richarlison]]}} {{Fs player|no=10|nat=ENG|pos=MF|name=[[James Maddison]]|other=[[Captain (association football)#Vice-captain|vice-captain]]}} {{Fs player|no=11|nat=FRA|pos=FW|name=[[Mathys Tel]]}} {{Fs player|no=13|nat=ITA|pos=DF|name=[[Destiny Udogie]]}} {{Fs player|no=14|nat=ENG|pos=MF|name=[[Archie Gray]]}} {{Fs player|no=15|nat=SWE|pos=MF|name=[[Lucas Bergvall]]}} {{Fs player|no=17|nat=ARG|pos=DF|name=[[Cristian Romero]]|other=[[Captain (association football)|captain]]}}<ref>{{cite web| title=Thomas Frank names Cristian Romero as captain| url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2025/august/thomas-frank-names-cristian-romero-as-captain//| work=Tottenham Hotspur F.C.| date=13 August 2025| access-date=13 August 2025}}</ref> {{Fs player|no=19|nat=ENG|pos=FW|name=[[Dominic Solanke]]}} {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player|no=20|nat=GHA|pos=FW|name=[[Mohammed Kudus]]}} {{Fs player|no=21|nat=SWE|pos=FW|name=[[Dejan Kulusevski]]}} {{Fs player|no=22|nat=ENG|pos=MF|name=[[Conor Gallagher]]}} {{Fs player|no=23|nat=ESP|pos=DF|name=[[Pedro Porro]]}} {{Fs player|no=24|nat=ENG|pos=DF|name=[[Djed Spence]]}} {{Fs player|no=28|nat=FRA|pos=FW|name=[[Wilson Odobert]]}} {{Fs player|no=29|nat=SEN|pos=MF|name=[[Pape Matar Sarr]]}} {{Fs player|no=30|nat=URU|pos=MF|name=[[Rodrigo Bentancur]]}} {{Fs player|no=31|nat=CZE|pos=GK|name=[[Antonín Kinský (footballer, born 2003)|Antonín Kinský]]}} {{Fs player|no=33|nat=WAL|pos=DF|name=[[Ben Davies (footballer, born 1993)|Ben Davies]]}} {{Fs player|no=37|nat=NED|pos=DF|name=[[Micky van de Ven]]}} {{Fs player|no=38|nat=BRA|pos=DF|name=[[Souza (footballer, born 2006)|Souza]]}} {{Fs player|no=39|nat=FRA|pos=FW|name=[[Randal Kolo Muani]]|other=on loan from [[Paris Saint-Germain]]}} {{Fs player|no=40|nat=USA|pos=GK|name=[[Brandon Austin]]}} {{Fs end}} {{scroll box|width=75%| *1908/09: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 2nd *1909/10: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 15th *1910/11: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 15th *1911/12: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 12th *1912/13: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 17th *1913/14: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 17th *1914/15: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 20th *1919/20: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - Champions *1920/21: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 6th *1921/22: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 2nd *1922/23: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 12th *1923/24: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 15th *1924/25: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 12th *1925/26: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 15th *1926/27: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 13th *1927/28: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 21st *1928/29: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 10th *1929/30: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 12th *1930/31: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 3rd *1931/32: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 8th *1932/33: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 2nd *1933/34: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 3rd *1934/35: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 22nd *1935/36: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 5th *1936/37: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 10th *1937/38: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 5th *1938/39: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 8th *1939/40: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - - *1946/47: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 6th *1947/48: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 8th *1948/49: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 5th *1949/50: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - Champions *1950/51: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - Champions *1951/52: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 2nd *1952/53: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 10th *1953/54: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 16th *1954/55: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 16th *1955/56: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 18th *1956/57: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 2nd *1957/58: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 3rd *1958/59: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 18th *1959/60: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 3rd *1960/61: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - Champions *1961/62: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 3rd *1962/63: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 2nd *1963/64: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 4th *1964/65: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 6th *1965/66: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 8th *1966/67: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 3rd *1967/68: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 7th *1968/69: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 6th *1969/70: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 11th *1970/71: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 3rd *1971/72: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 6th *1972/73: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 8th *1973/74: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 11th *1974/75: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 19th *1975/76: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 9th *1976/77: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 22nd *1977/78: [[Football League One|Second Division]] - 3rd *1978/79: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 11th *1979/80: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 14th *1980/81: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 10th *1981/82: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 4th *1982/83: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 4th *1983/84: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 8th *1984/85: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 3rd *1985/86: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 10th *1986/87: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 3rd *1987/88: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 13th *1988/89: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 6th *1989/90: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 3rd *1990/91: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 10th *1991/92: [[Football League Championship|First Division]] - 15th *1992/93: [[English Premier League|Premier League]] - 8th *1993/94: [[English Premier League|Premier League]] - 15th *1994/95: [[English Premier League|Premier League]] - 7th *1995/96: [[English Premier League|Premier League]] - 8th *1996/97: [[English Premier League|Premier League]] - 10th *1997/98: [[English Premier League|Premier League]] - 14th *1998/99: [[English Premier League|Premier League]] - 11th *1999/00: [[English Premier League|Premier League]] - 10th *2024/25: [[UEFA Europa League]] - 1st}} == Name == *1882–1884 '''Hotspur F.C.''' *1884–present '''Tottenham Hotspur F.C.''' == Directors == {| class="wikitable sortable toccolours" ! style="background-color:white; color:solid #001C58; border:2px solid #001C58;" scope="col" |Role ! style="background-color:white; color:solid #001C58; border:2px solid #001C58;" scope="col" |Name<ref>{{cite web|title=Club Directors|url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/investor-relations/club-directors/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426064155/https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/the-club/investor-relations/club-directors/|archive-date=26 April 2021|access-date=10 June 2022|publisher=Tottenham Hotspur Football Club}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Tottenham Hotspur|url=http://www.companiesintheuk.co.uk/ltd/tottenham-hotspur|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212094217/http://www.companiesintheuk.co.uk/ltd/tottenham-hotspur|archive-date=12 December 2013|access-date=7 October 2013|website=companiesintheuk.co.uk.}}</ref> |- |Executive chairman |[[Daniel Levy (businessman)|Daniel Levy]] |- |Operations and finance director |Matthew Collecott |- |Executive director |Donna-Maria Cullen |- |Chief commercial officer |''Vacant'' |- |Chief football officer |[[Scott Munn (football executive)|Scott Munn]]<ref>{{cite news|date=7 April 2023|title=Club appoints Chief Football Officer|work=Tottenham Hotspur|url=https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2023/april/club-appoints-chief-football-officer/|url-status=live|access-date=8 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407130452/https://www.tottenhamhotspur.com/news/2023/april/club-appoints-chief-football-officer/|archive-date=7 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=21 September 2023|title=Scott Munn begins role as Tottenham's chief football officer|publisher=The Athletic|url=https://theathletic.com/4884888/2023/09/21/scott-munn-tottenham-football-officer/|access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref> |- |Director of football administration and governance |Rebecca Caplehorn |- |Non-executive director |Jonathan Turner |} == League position == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;" |align="center"|Season||align="center"|League||align="center"|Position |- |2000/01||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||12th |- |2001/02||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||9th |- |2002/03||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||10th |- |2003/04||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||14th |- |2004/05||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||9th |- |2005/06||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||5th |- |2006/07||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||5th |- |2007/08||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||11th |- |2008/09||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||8th |- |2009/10||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||4th |- |2010/11||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||5th |- |2011/12||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||4th |- |2012/13||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||5th |- |2013/14||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||6th |- |2014/15||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||5th |- |2015/16||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||3rd |- |2016/17||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||2nd |- |2017/18||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||3rd |- |2018/19||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||4th |- |2019/20||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||6th |- |2020/21||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||7th |- |2021/22 ||[[English Premier League|Premier League]]||4th |} == References == {{reflist}} {{Premier League}} {{authority control}} [[Category:1882 establishments in England]] [[Category:Premier League clubs]] [[Category:Tottenham Hotspur F.C.| ]] {{Sport-stub}} e3x91ic7sjgx3ef091mk88gmql0ryir 0 3403 11024451 11007718 2026-10-09T06:26:26Z MourningRainfall 86802 11024451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tone|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox province or territory of Canada | name = British Columbia | settlement_type = Province | other_name = {{native name|fr|Colombie-Britannique}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/43b1b6b3ba3611d892e2080020a0f4c9 |title=Place names - British Columbia / Colombie-Britannique |last=Government of Canada |first=Natural Resources Canada |website=www4.rncan.gc.ca |access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/49333.html |title=BC Geographical Names |website=apps.gov.bc.ca |access-date=April 16, 2020}}</ref> | image_flag = Flag of British Columbia.svg | image_shield = Coat of arms of British Columbia.svg | motto = {{langnf|la|Splendor sine occasu|splendour without diminishment}} | image_map = British Columbia in Canada 2.svg | Label_map = yes | coordinates = {{Coord|54|N|125|W|type:adm1st_scale:30000000_region:CA-BC|notes=<ref>{{Cite cgndb|JDAKT|British Columbia}}</ref>|display=inline,title}} | official_lang = [[English language|English]] (''[[de facto]]'') | Slogan = [[Beautiful British Columbia]] | capital = [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]] | largest_city = [[Vancouver]] | largest_metro = [[Greater Vancouver]] | Premier = [[David Eby]] | PremierParty = [[British Columbia New Democratic Party|NDP]] | government_type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | Viceroy = [[Wendy Lisogar-Cocchia]] | ViceroyType = Lieutenant governor | Legislature = Legislative Assembly of British Columbia | area_rank = 5th | area_total_km2 = 944735 | area_land_km2 = 925186 | area_water_km2 = 19548.9 | PercentWater = 2.1 | population_demonym = British Columbian{{efn|According to the ''Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage'' ({{ISBN|0-19-541619-8}}; p. 335), ''BCer''(''s'') is an informal demonym that is sometimes used for residents of BC}} | population_rank = 3rd | population_total = 5000879<!-- 2021 StatCan federal census population only per [[WP:CANPOP]]. Do not update until 2026 census population released. --> | population_ref =<ref name="census2021">{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=British%20Columbia&DGUIDlist=2021A000259&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |title=Data table, Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population – British Columbia [Province] |date=February 9, 2022 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210050928/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=British%20Columbia&DGUIDlist=2021A000259&GENDERlist=1&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_as_of = [[2021 Canadian census|2021]] | population_est = 5710598 <!-- Latest StatCan quarterly estimate only. --> | pop_est_as_of = 2026 Q3 | pop_est_ref = <!-- don't update the est. pop. figure unless you are also updating the source and its archive --><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2026 |title=Population estimates, quarterly |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |access-date=September 24, 2026 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260926001804/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |archive-date=September 26, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref><!-- don't update the est. pop. figure unless you are also updating the source and its archive --> | DensityRank = 7th | Density_km2 = 4.8<ref name="census2011">{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=101&S=50&O=A |title=Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2011 and 2006 censuses |date=February 8, 2012 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=February 8, 2012 |archive-date=December 26, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132943/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&T=101&S=50&O=A |url-status=dead }}</ref> | GDP_year = 2015 | GDP_total = {{CAD|249.981&nbsp;billion|link=yes}}<ref name="GDP2011">{{cite web | url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ15-eng.htm | title=Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory (2015) | publisher=Statistics Canada | date=November 9, 2016 | access-date=January 26, 2017 | archive-date=September 19, 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919211233/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/econ15-eng.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_rank = 4th | GDP_per_capita = {{CAD|53,267}} | GDP_per_capita_rank = 8th | HDI_year = 2021 | HDI = 0.944<ref>{{cite web|title=Sub-national HDI – Global Data Lab|url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/CAN/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0|access-date=July 18, 2021|website=globaldatalab.org|archive-date=July 18, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210718222007/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/shdi/CAN/?levels=1%2B4&interpolation=1&extrapolation=0&nearest_real=0|url-status=live}}</ref> — <span style="color:#090">Very high</span> | HDI_rank = 2nd | LandBorders = Canada: Alberta, Northwest Territories, Yukon. United States: Alaska, Idaho, Montana, Washington | Former = United Colony of British Columbia | AdmittanceOrder = 7th | AdmittanceDate = July 20, 1871 | HouseSeats = 42 | SenateSeats = 6 | timezone_link = Time in Canada | timezone1_location = Most of province{{efn|The following portions of southeastern British Columbia observe Mountain Standard and Mountain Daylight Time: * The town of [[Golden, British Columbia|Golden]] and Electoral area A within [[Columbia-Shuswap Regional District]], excluding the part within [[Glacier National Park (Canada)|Glacier National Park]]. * The majority of [[East Kootenay Regional District]], excluding a portion of Electoral area C containing [[Ryan Provincial Park]]. All other areas of British Columbia observe Mountain Standard Time.}} | timezone1 = [[Mountain Time Zone|Mountain]] [no DST] | utc_offset1 = −7 | timezone2_location = Southeastern | timezone2 = [[Mountain Time Zone|Mountain]] | utc_offset2 = −7 | timezone2_DST = Mountain DST | utc_offset2_DST = −6 | PostalAbbreviation = BC | PostalCodePrefix = [[List of V postal codes of Canada|V]] | iso_code = CA-BC | website = {{URL|https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/home|www2.gov.bc.ca}} | flower = [[Pacific dogwood]] | tree = [[Thuja plicata|Western red cedar]] | bird = [[Steller's jay]] }} '''British Columbia''' ('''BC''') is a province in [[Canada]]. It was originally two separate [[Colony|colonies]] of [[United Kingdom|Great Britain]], the colony of [[Vancouver Island]], and the colony of British Columbia. British Columbia joined the [[Canadian Confederation]] in 1871. The [[Capital (city)|capital]] of British Columbia is [[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]], but the city with the most people is [[Vancouver]] and the city with the largest area is [[Abbotsford, British Columbia|Abbotsford]]. British Columbia borders the Canadian province of [[Alberta]] to the east, the Canadian territory of [[Yukon]] to the north, the U.S. states of [[Washington (state)|Washington]], [[Idaho]], and [[Montana]] to the south, and [[Alaska]] to the northwest. ==History== ===Early History=== Before European contact, British Columbia was home to large numbers of [[indigenous peoples|indigenous people]]. These people, for the large part, still live in the province. Because BC has a large amount of resources, the native people who dwelled here lived comfortably enough. The large number of resources, in particular, led to the creation of very complex [[Hierarchy|hierarchical]] [[Society|societies]] in British Columbia, long before the government of the Europeans. ===Oregon Dispute=== [[File:Oregoncountry.png|left|250px|thumb|A map of the disputed region. The 54*40' parallel is visible.]] The [[Oregon boundary dispute|Oregon dispute]] was an important factor in determining the physical shape of British Columbia, and as the political impetus for British investment in protecting her lands in British Columbia. During the middle of the 19th century, the Democratic Party of the United States, appealing to the public attraction to the Manifest Destiny (a philosophy preaching American Supremacy and expansionism), declared that the United States had a claim over the entirety of Columbia District/Oregon Territory. This attitude was reflected even further, as 54*-40' or fight, referring to the end of Columbia District, and the start of Russian Territory of Alaska. This alarming attitude, caused many in London to fear that yet another war, in less than a century, was brewing. Ultimately, however, it was resolved, at the 49th parallel. British Columbia lost Fort Vancouver (now [[Vancouver, Washington|Vancouver]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]]), and lots of the gulf islands. To this day, the [[Oregon Treaty]] is criticized by historians, as being too lenient for the Americans.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://rside.f11.us/honeypot/index.php/History_of_BC | title=F11.us | access-date=2013-02-01 | archive-date=2013-05-16 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516095443/http://rside.f11.us/honeypot/index.php/History_of_BC | url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Hudson's Bay Corporation=== While British Columbia was ''technically'' a British colony, it was the private corporation, the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC) that really ran the place. The first Governor of Vancouver Island (then a separate colony), actually resigned over the fact that the [[British monarchs|Queen]], had no say, above the interests of the Colony. After him, the next governor of the Island, was also, coincidentally, the head of the HBC's operations in British Columbia and [[Vancouver Island]]. ===Gold Rush=== The first major gold rush in British Columbia started in 1858, after gold was discovered, on the upper reaches of the [[Fraser River]]. The sudden onslaught of uncouth [[Americans]] led to the declaration that British Columbia shall be a crown colony, instead of the unincorporated region it was, after the Oregon spat. James Douglas was appointed the governor of the newly formed colony, as well as the Colony of Vancouver Island, and for military convenience, the Capital of British Columbia was declared Queensboro, then renamed New Westminster. As massive numbers of Americans came, fears that the Americans would try to bluster themselves another chunk of territory became more and more concrete. Thus, a contingent of [[Royal Engineers]] and Marines were deployed to [[New Westminster]]. To this day, the neighbourhood of Sapperton, is known, for its history as a site of the barracks for the Engineers, nicknamed the Sappers. The infrastructure ordered by James Douglas, to support the vast amount of capital flowing from the gold industry, caused high debt for British Columbia. By 1864, British Columbia was £200,000 in debt, plus an additional £18,000, from various spats with natives, and constant policing required to maintain law and order. Its vast amount of gold was useless, while BC was in debt. British Columbia amalgamated with Vancouver Island, forming one super-colony. Vancouver Island would undertake the debt, and British Columbia's capital would be in Victoria. ===Confederation With Canada=== British Columbia at the middle of the 19th century, had 3 options: Remain a colony of Britain, annex itself to the United States, or join the Dominion of Canada. The option of remaining a colony was undesirable, for Britain had long adopted a "little Briton" policy, under which the key to economic efficiency, and reduction of bloat, was to cut off connections to its various colonies. The option of joining with Canada was also viewed as impractical, and unlikely to occur; the closest Canadian neighbor lay more than a thousand kilometers away, to the east. For most British Colombians, annexation to the United States seemed most logical. Ultimately, however, British Columbia did confederate. The advocacy of the Confederation League, resulted in British Colombian's demanding that BC join Canada. On July 20, 1871, British Columbia joined Canada. In return, BC was absolved of its debt, which became Canada's responsibility, and Canada promised to build a railway to BC within 10 years. ==Industry== British Columbia's industry is primarily, and has always been, resource centered. For large parts of its history, including the entire time it was a colony, BC was dominated by the 4: Forestry, Mining, Logging, and Agriculture, which have shaped British Columbia's culture, and society. ===Forestry in British Columbia=== British Columbia's forestry industry has always been booming. BC had a bonanza of massive [[tree]]s, thanks to its location in the [[Pacific Rainforest]] region. This provided ample opportunity for entrepreneurs to build businesses. Massive [[sawmill]]s sprung up, all over British Columbia, especially in what is now Vancouver and surrounding regions. However, this required massive amounts of human capital - which was surprisingly in short supply. To overcome this, massive numbers of immigrants were invited to Vancouver, and places like so. This changed BC's [[Demographics|demographic]] makeup so much, that to try to stop it, the government passed several acts, to try and limit the number of immigrants. However, the change was already underway - BC subsequently became one of the most diverse places in [[North America]], with people calling it home, from places like [[Asia]], [[Europe]], and even the [[Pacific Islands]]. ===Mining in British Columbia=== British Columbia's large mineral resources also led to a large [[mining]] industry. For the most of the 19th century, and well into the 20th century, mining was highly profitable. For the immigrants, once again, this was another opportunity to exploit. Large numbers of [[Immigration|immigrants]], skilled from their experience mining at home, filled up the labour demands, and quickly, new towns were formed. The city of [[Nanaimo]], for instance, was founded thanks to a large amount of coal found in its harbour. [[Coal]] especially, was the fuel of the industry, as coal was required for everything it the time, from ships, to trains, to the heater in everyone's homes. ===Fishing in British Columbia=== Since BC's location is on the coast, [[fishing]] has been very prevalent in British Columbia. Before agriculture had developed very far in BC, and well before farming fish was even a viable option, fishing was the only reliable way to get food. The native people of BC already had a very active fishing industry, with large hauls of salmon, and other creatures sustaining them. When civilization came, the fishing industry took off, as everybody needed to eat, and there was not enough agricultural goods to go around. In fishing, once again, it was the immigrants that pulled it off. Mostly Japanese workers, and their families, came. Using their rich heritage of industrialized fishing, they were able to out compete every other fisherman, that by the turn of the century, the dockyards, canneries, and fishing fleets were filled to the brim with the Japanese. Only the forced Japanese internment in WW2 put a halt to the monopoly the Japanese had on fishing in British Columbia. Today, fishing is still a powerful force, although fettered by ordinances to prevent overfishing. ===Agriculture in British Columbia=== The [[Farming|agriculture]] industry in BC is, and always has been humble. However, as they say, good things come in small packages, and the agricultural goods of BC, are about as good as they come. Due to the fact that BC has only about 2% arable land, the remainder being too dry, or too cold, or too remote, or a plethora of other reasons, BC has never been able to sustain a primary food agricultural industry. Even today, BC cannot grow enough food to feed its entire population, and imports foods instead, from the eastern provinces, such as [[Alberta]], and [[Saskatchewan]]. However, where BC does grow food, the food is scrumptious, and award-winning. The [[Okanagan valley]], is known for its award-winning fruits, and wine-related products. However, that is not where all the food is produced. In the Fraser valley delta, large amounts of other food crops are grown, such as wheat, and berries. [[File:British Columbia Parliament Buildings - Pano - HDR.jpg|thumb|British Columbia Parliament Buildings]] ===Housing in British Columbia=== {{See also|Housing in Vancouver}} The value of [[real estate]] in British Columbia has increased a lot in recent years. Property assessed values have increased by $1-trillion since 2007. In 2018 the value was $1.861 trillion. In 2007 it was only $808 billion.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/billionaire-bash-calls-on-government-to-tax-the-rich-to-house-the-poor | title=Billionaire Bash calls on government to tax the rich to house the poor | work=vancouversun }}</ref> == Health care == The provincial health insurance plan in British Columbia is called [[Medical Services Plan]] (MSP). In order to join MSP a person: *must be a [[citizen of Canada]] or be lawfully admitted to Canada for [[permanent residence]] *must make his or her home in B.C.; and *Eligible B.C. residents (citizens of Canada or persons who are lawfully admitted to Canada for permanent residence) who are outside B.C. for [[vacation]] purposes only, are allowed a total [[absence]] of up to seven months in a [[calendar year]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/health/health-drug-coverage/msp/bc-residents | title=Medical Services Plan (MSP) for British Columbia (B.C.) Residents - Province of British Columbia }}</ref> ==Politics== {{update|section|date=March 2025}} British Columbia's premier is [[John Horgan]], leader of the provincial [[New Democratic Party (Canada)|New Democratic Party]], a [[Social democracy|social democratic]] party. The NDP governs British Columbia through a deal with the provincial [[Green Party of Canada|Green Party]], led by [[Andrew Weaver]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bcndpcaucus.ca/wp-content/uploads/sites/5/2017/05/BC-Green-BC-NDP-Agreement_vf-May-29th-2017.pdf|title=2017 Confidence and Supply Agreement between the BC Green Caucus and the BC New Democrat Caucus}}</ref> The [[BC Liberal Party]] is the main opponent to the NDP, and is led by [[Andrew Wilkinson]]. Other parties are active in British Columbia, such as the Conservative Party, led by Scott Anderson, although only the NDP, BC Liberal Party, and Green Party currently have seats.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leg.bc.ca/content-committees/pages/current-party-standings.aspx|title=Current Party Standings|website=www.leg.bc.ca|language=en|access-date=2018-10-09|archive-date=2018-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181027184126/https://www.leg.bc.ca/content-committees/Pages/Current-Party-Standings.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Flags == The flag of British Columbia was adopted in 1960. It is based on the provincial arms and the [[Flag of the United Kingdom|union jack]].[[File:Flag of the Colony of British Columbia.svg|thumb|right|150px|{{Center|British [[blue ensign]] used between 1870 & 1906}}]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{wikiatlas|British Columbia}} * {{Official website|http://www.hellobc.com/|Tourism British Columbia official website}} * [https://swap.stanford.edu/20090612041525/http://www.bcarchives.gov.bc.ca/ Provincial Archives including online photo database] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324042144/http://www.vpl.vancouver.bc.ca/find/cat/C393/ Vancouver Public Library; Historical Photographs of BC & the Yukon] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100913074215/http://www.multiculturalcanada.ca/vpl B.C. Multicultural Photographs from the Vancouver Public Library - searchable photo database] * [http://maps.gov.bc.ca/ BC Govt online map archive] {{Provinces and territories of Canada}} {{authority control}} [[Category:British Columbia| ]] [[Category:1871 establishments in North America]] [[Category:1870s establishments in Canada]] lanvj863si4oyukcns8esn3usmc8puj 0 3772 11024412 11017944 2026-10-09T05:34:25Z Bennett Li11 1753383 Copyedit 11024412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Iraq}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Islamic Republic of Iran | common_name = Iran | native_name = <templatestyles src="Nobold/styles.css"/><span class="nobold">{{native name|fa|جمهوری اسلامی ایران|italics=off}}</span><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân</span> | image_flag = Flag of Iran (official).svg | image_coat = Emblem of Iran.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{lang|ar|اَللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ}}<br />Allāhu ʾakbar (''[[Takbir]]'')<br />"[[God in Islam|God]] is the Greatest"<br />(''[[de jure]]'')<br />{{lang|fa|استقلال، آزادی، جمهوری اسلامی}}<br />Esteqlâl, Âzâdi, Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi<br />"Independence, freedom, the Islamic Republic"<br />(''[[de facto]]''){{sfn|Temperman|2010|p=87}} | national_anthem = {{lang|fa|مهر خاوران}}<br />"[[National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran|Mehre khāvarān]]"<br />The sun of the east{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Sorud-e Mellí-e Yomhurí-e Eslamí-e Irán (instrumental).oga]]}} | image_map = {{switcher|[[File:Iran (orthographic projection).svg|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Iran - Location Map (2013) - IRN - UNOCHA.svg|frameless]]|Show map of Iran}} | map_width = 250px | capital = [[Tehran]] | coordinates = {{#invoke:Coordinates|coord|35|41|N|51|25|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Tehran]] | official_languages = [[Persian language|Persian]] | demonym = [[Demographics of Iran|Iranian]] | government_type = Unitary [[presidential republic|presidential]] theocratic [[Islamic republic]] under an authoritarian government | leader_title1 = [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]] | leader_name1 = [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] | leader_title2 = [[President of Iran|President]] | leader_name2 = [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] | leader_title3 = [[Vice President of Iran|Vice President]] | leader_name3 = [[Mohammad Reza Aref]] | leader_title4 = [[List of speakers of the Parliament of Iran|Speaker of the Assembly]] | leader_name4 = [[Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf]] | leader_title5 = [[Chief Justice of Iran|Chief Justice]] | leader_name5 = [[Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i]] | legislature = [[Islamic Consultative Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Iran|Formation]] | established_event1 = [[Median kingdom]] | established_date1 = {{circa|678 BC}} | established_event2 = [[Achaemenid Empire]] | established_date2 = 550 BC | established_event3 = [[Parthian Empire]] | established_date3 = 247 BC | established_event4 = [[Sasanian Empire]] | established_date4 = 224 AD | established_event5 = [[Iranian Intermezzo]] | established_date5 = 821 | established_event6 = [[Safavid Iran]] | established_date6 = 22 December 1501 | established_event7 = [[Afsharid Iran]] | established_date7 = 22 January 1736 | established_event8 = [[Zand dynasty|Zand Iran]] | established_date8 = 1751 | established_event9 = [[Qajar Iran]] | established_date9 = 20 March 1794 | established_event10 = [[Persian Constitutional Revolution|Constitutional Revolution]] | established_date10 = 12 December 1905 | established_event11 = [[Pahlavi Iran]] | established_date11 = 15 December 1925 | established_event12 = [[Iranian Revolution]] | established_date12 = 11 February 1979 | area_km2 = 1,648,195 | area_rank = 17th | area_sq_mi = 636,372<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and Numbers]]--> | percent_water = 1.63 (as of 2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surface water and surface water change |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |access-date=11 October 2020 |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |archive-date=24 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 92,417,681<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldometers.info/world-population/iran-population/|title=Iran Population (2025)|website=Worldometer}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2025 | population_estimate_rank = 17th | population_density_km2 = {{#expr: 85961000/1648195 round 0}} | population_density_sq_mi = {{#expr: 85961000/636372 round 0}}<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and Numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = 132nd<!--Wiki source[?]--> | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.746 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.IR">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=429,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Iran) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website= |date=22 April 2025 |access-date=30 May 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 23rd | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $19,957<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 95th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} $341.013 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 44th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $3,897<ref name="IMFWEO.IR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 128th | Gini = 34.8<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = decrease <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/ |title=Gini Index coefficient |publisher=[[The World Factbook]] |access-date=24 September 2024 |archive-date=17 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717071854/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison |url-status=live }}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.799 | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> | HDI_change = increase | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 75th | currency = [[Iranian Rial]] ({{nq|{{wikt-lang|fa|ریال}}}}) | currency_code = IRR | time_zone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]] | utc_offset = +3:30 | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[+98]] | cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.ir]] |[[.ir|ایران.]]}} | established_event13 = [[Constitution of Iran|Current constitution]] | established_date13 = 3 December 1979 | established_event14 = [[1989 Iranian constitutional referendum|Constitution amendment]] | established_date14 = 28 July 1989 }} '''Iran''',{{efn|English: {{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Iran.ogg|ɪ|ˈ|r|ɑː|n}} {{respell|ih|RAHN}} or {{IPAc-en|ɪ|ˈ|r|æ|n}} {{respell|ih|RAN}} or {{IPAc-en|aɪ|ˈ|r|æ|n}} {{respell|eye|RAN}};<ref name="MW">{{Cite web |title=Definition of IRAN |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iran |access-date=24 September 2022 |website=[[Merriam Webster]] |language=en |archive-date=24 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924135158/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iran |url-status=live}}</ref> {{langx|fa|ایران|Irân}}, {{IPA|fa|ʔiːˈɾɒːn|pron|Iran-Pronunciation.ogg}}}} officially the '''Islamic Republic of Iran'''{{efn|{{langx|fa|جمهوری اسلامی ایران|Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân}}, {{IPA|fa|dʒomhuːˈɾiːje eslɒːˈmiːje ʔiːˈɾɒːn|pron|audio=Fa-ir-JEI (1).ogg}}.}} and also known as '''Persia''',{{efn|English: {{IPAc-en|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Persia.wav|ˈ|p|ɜːr|ʒ|ə}} {{respell|PUR|zhə}}.<ref name="MW" />}} is a country in [[Western Asia]]. Prior to 1935, the country was referred to by majority in the Western world as Persia. Iran is quite significant due to its ancient history and its positioning between the [[Middle East]], [[Central Asia]], and [[South Asia]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Iran {{!}} People, Religion, Leader, Map, Conflict, Allies, Protests, Nuclear Deal, Flag, & War {{!}} Britannica|language=en|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iran|access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref> Iran is ranked as the 17th largest nation in the [[List of countries by area|world]]. It is primarily a [[plateau]] which is high and [[Desert|arid]] land with high [[Mountain|mountains]] such as the [[Zagros Mountains|Zagros]] and [[Alborz Mountains|Alborz]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussein|first=Alia Chughtai,Mohamed A.|title=A simple visual guide to Iran and its people|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/20/a-simple-visual-guide-to-iran-and-its-people|access-date=2026-03-29|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> There are numerous neighbors to the country: * [[North]]: The [[Caspian Sea]], [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Turkmenistan]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Iran {{!}} People, Religion, Leader, Map, Conflict, Allies, Protests, Nuclear Deal, Flag, & War {{!}} Britannica|language=en|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iran|access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref> * [[East]]: [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Iran {{!}} People, Religion, Leader, Map, Conflict, Allies, Protests, Nuclear Deal, Flag, & War {{!}} Britannica|language=en|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iran|access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref> * [[West]]: [[Turkey]] and [[Iraq]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Iran {{!}} People, Religion, Leader, Map, Conflict, Allies, Protests, Nuclear Deal, Flag, & War {{!}} Britannica|language=en|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iran|access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref> * [[South]]: [[Persian Gulf]] and the [[Gulf of Oman]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Iran {{!}} People, Religion, Leader, Map, Conflict, Allies, Protests, Nuclear Deal, Flag, & War {{!}} Britannica|language=en|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iran|access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref> The [[capital city]] is [[Tehran]]. It is the [[capital city]] in the country and also the [[business]] and [[government]] hub.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussein|first=Alia Chughtai,Mohamed A.|title=A simple visual guide to Iran and its people|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/20/a-simple-visual-guide-to-iran-and-its-people|access-date=2026-03-29|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> By 2026, the [[List of countries and dependencies by population|population]] of Iran is estimated to be approximately 93 million. The majority of the population talks [[Persian language|Persian]] (also known as Farsi), yet most of the population also speaks such languages as [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], and [[Luri language|Luri]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iran population 2026 - StatisticsTimes.com|url=https://statisticstimes.com/demographics/country/iran-population.php#:~:text=As%20of%20July%201,%202026,of%20237%20countries%20and%20territories.|access-date=2026-03-29|website=statisticstimes.com}}</ref> The majority of Iranians embrace [[Shia Islam]] which is the official religion, making Iran has a very rich [[Culture of Iran|culture]]. It is well known in terms of its beautiful carpets, poetry and ancient art. It also contains 29 [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage Sites]] which are unique places preserved due to their [[History of Iran|history]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Iran {{!}} People, Religion, Leader, Map, Conflict, Allies, Protests, Nuclear Deal, Flag, & War {{!}} Britannica|language=en|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Iran|access-date=2026-03-29}}</ref> Iran boasts of one of the oldest civilizations in the world. * Antiquity: In an approximate 550 BC, [[Cyrus the Great]] began the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. It is the first [[superpower]] of all times. Other empires became great such as the [[Parthia|Parthians]] and [[Sassanid Empire|Sasanians]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Client Challenge|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/432626240/History-of-Iran-Wikipedia#:~:text=330%20BC),%20founded%20by%20Cyrus,yet%20seen%20and%20the%20first|access-date=2026-03-29|website=www.scribd.com}}</ref> * [[Middle Ages]]: The Islamic religion was introduced in Iran by the Arab forces in the 7th century. Although new rulers emerged, the [[Culture of Iran|Persian culture]] and [[Languages of Iran|language]] remained very powerful. * Modern Times: During the majority of the 1900s Iran was being governed by kings known as [[Shah|Shahs]]. The [[Iranian Revolution|Islamic revolution]] occurred in 1979. The [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi|Shah]] had to go and the nation was turned into an [[Islamic republic|Islamic Republic]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hussein|first=Alia Chughtai,Mohamed A.|title=A simple visual guide to Iran and its people|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/6/20/a-simple-visual-guide-to-iran-and-its-people|access-date=2026-03-29|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> Iran is a [[theocracy]]. It implies that the religious leaders possess the greatest power. The [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]] is the most influential individual. [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] assumed the position of the new [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Supreme Leader]] in March 2026. The [[President of Iran|President]] and the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|Parliament]] also exist in the country, though they are obliged to obey the rules of the religious leaders. Iran relies heavily on [[oil]] and [[natural gas]] in the [[economy]]. Iran possesses some of the largest [[energy]] reserves in the world. Nevertheless, due to the conflicts with other countries and the recent civil wars in 2025 and 2026, the economy has undergone numerous problems, including the high prices ([[inflation]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Loft|first=Philip|date=2026-03-29|title=Iran: What challenges face the country in 2026?|url=https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-10456/|journal=House of Commons Library|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Overview== [[Tehran]] is the [[Capital (city)|capital]] and largest [[city]] of Iran. Iran is the eighteenth largest country in the world. It has more than 84.9 million people. Iran has been a member of the [[United Nations]] since 1945. It is a member of the [[Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries]] (OPEC).<ref name="un.org 2009">{{cite web | title=United Nations Member States | website=un.org | date=2009-04-30 | url=http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412154940/http://www.un.org/en/members/index.shtml | archive-date=2014-04-12 | url-status=dead | access-date=2022-12-18}}</ref> It is an [[Islamic republic]]. Iran is a powerful country in the region. It has a lot of natural gas and oil, which is important for its economy. It's also a significant place because it's where Shia Islam is most important. The country's economy is big, and it's a member of many important groups like the United Nations. Iran has a long history and a rich culture. That's why it has many special places that are recognized by the United Nations. It's also famous for its cultural traditions, like music and dance. In 2019, many people visited Iran, making it one of the fastest-growing tourist destinations in the world. ==History== {{Main|History of Iran}} In the past, Iran was called "Persia" by people outside of the [[country]]. The people that lived there called the country "Iran". The official name was Persia; the name Persia was used when dealing with other countries and in [[government]] papers. In 1935, [[Reza Shāh Pahlavi]] was [[Shah]] of Iran. He officially asked foreigners to call the country "Iran". This was done to show that Iran belongs to all the non-Persian Iranians as well as to Persian Iranians. The name Iran means ''land of the [[Aryan]]s''. It is used in the ancient book of the [[Zoroastrian]]s, the [[Avesta (religious scripture)|Avesta]]. In the 19th and early 20th century, the name ''Aryan'' was used by [[Europe]]ans to mean ''all [[Indo-European people|Indo-European]]s''. The "Aryan Race" was a term that [[Adolph Hitler|Hitler]] used to describe his "Superior" or "perfect" race, but it first meant Iranians.<ref>Norton, 2002</ref> "Aryan" means "noble" in Iranian languages. ===Persian Empire=== {{Main|Persian Empire}} Around 500 BC, the area that is now Iran was the center of the [[Achaemenid Empire]]. The [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] city states fought against the Persian armies led by [[Darius the Great]] and [[Xerxes]]. Then [[Alexander the Great]] took the country by fighting the Achaemenid dynasty of [[Achaemenid Empire|Persia]]. He ruled until he died, then the Greek Seleucids ruled until they were defeated by the Parthian Empire which later fought the [[Roman Empire]].<ref> * {{cite news|date=16 August 2011|title=Iran Country Profile|work=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14541327|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141125011109/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-14541327|archive-date=25 November 2014|accessdate=8 August 2012}} * {{cite web|title="CESWW" – Definition of Central Eurasia|url=http://cesww.fas.harvard.edu/ces_definition.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805052739/http://cesww.fas.harvard.edu/ces_definition.html|archive-date=5 August 2010|publisher=Cesww.fas.harvard.edu|accessdate=1 August 2010}} * {{cite web|date=14 June 2013|title=Iran Guide|url=http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country_iran.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212095435/http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country_iran.html|archive-date=12 December 2009|work=National Geographic|accessdate=21 June 2013}}</ref> After the Parthians, the Sassanian dynasty (224 – 651) took over. Other people took Persia by [[war|conquest]], like the [[Arab]]s (7th century), [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] (10th century) and [[Mongols]] (13th century). However, Iran has always had a different and distinct native Iranian [[culture]] which has continued to survive. After the Muslim Arabs conquered the Iranians, Persian women were enslaved as domestic servants while Persian men were forced to build and farm and engage in hard labour.<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Fisher |editor1-first=William Bayne |editor2-last=Frye |editor2-first=Richard Nelson |editor3-last=Avery |editor3-first=Peter |editor4-last=Gershevitch |editor4-first=Ilya |editor5-last=Boyle |editor5-first=John Andrew |editor6-last=Yarshater |editor6-first=Ehsan |editor7-last=Jackson |editor7-first=Peter |title=The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4 |volume=The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521200938 |page=29 |edition=illustrated, reprint, reissue |chapter=CHAPTER I THE ARAB CONQUEST OF IRAN AND ITS AFTERMATH |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&dq=%22farming+and+building+and+the+women+for+domestic+service%22&pg=PA29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218025313/https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&dq=%22farming+and+building+and+the+women+for+domestic+service%22&pg=PA29 |archive-date=2022-12-18 |access-date=2022-02-22 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> The Arab Abbasid Harun caliph had [[Persians|Persian]] concubines like Marajil al-Badghisiyya whom the later Abbasid caliph Al-Ma'mun descended from in the maternal line. <ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Fisher |editor1-first=William Bayne |editor2-last=Frye |editor2-first=Richard Nelson |editor3-last=Avery |editor3-first=Peter |editor4-last=Gershevitch |editor4-first=Ilya |editor5-last=Boyle |editor5-first=John Andrew |editor6-last=Yarshater |editor6-first=Ehsan |editor7-last=Jackson |editor7-first=Peter |title=The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4 |volume=The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs |date=1975 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0521200938 |page=94 |edition=illustrated, reprint, reissue |chapter=CHAPTER I THE ARAB CONQUEST OF IRAN AND ITS AFTERMATH |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&dq=%22Persian+concubines%2C+and+his+known%22&pg=PA94 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218025251/https://books.google.com/books?id=hvx9jq_2L3EC&dq=%22Persian+concubines%2C+and+his+known%22&pg=PA94 |archive-date=2022-12-18 |access-date=2022-02-22 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Al-Ma'mun vs. Al-Amin Clash and Crumbling Power of Abbasids |url=https://saednews.com/en/post/al-mamun-vs-al-amin-clash-and-crumbling-power-of-abbasids |agency=SAED News |date=February 27, 2021 |access-date=June 17, 2021 |archive-date=June 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617013613/https://saednews.com/en/post/al-mamun-vs-al-amin-clash-and-crumbling-power-of-abbasids |url-status=live }}</ref> ===After World War II=== {{Further|Islamic Revolution}} The [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (CIA) worked in Iran to create 1953 [[riot]]s which led to the removal of [[Mohammad Mosaddegh|Prime Minister]] Mosaddegh. The [[United States]] and the [[United Kingdom]] then made the [[Shah]] [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] the most powerful person in Iran, again. The Shah left Iran in [[Iranian Revolution|1979 in the face of a revolt]]. The Iranian [[government]] was changed to an [[Islamic Republic]] by [[Islamic Revolution]]. Soon afterwards, the Iranian Students Movement (Tahkim Vahdat), with the backing of the new [[government]], took over the [[U.S.]] [[Embassy]] in [[Tehran]]. They held most of the [[diplomat]]s [[hostage]] for 444 days. Relations between the two countries have not been good since. For example, the [[United States]] claims that Iran supports [[terrorist]] [[group]]s against [[Israel]]. Iran does not see Israel as a country. Iran, along with many [[Arab League]] countries, believes that [[Israel]] does not have the [[Rights|right]] to co-exist. However, Iran has collaborated with the [[United Nations]] at times. These deals have been about energy or about fighting terrorism. Iran fought the [[Iran–Iraq War]] in the 1990s-1980s. Many foreign countries supported [[Iraqi]] people’s regime. Now, the [[Western world|West]] and [[United Nations]] is trying to prevent Iran from becoming [[Nuclear engineering|nuclear technology]] country, even though Iran is a member of the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]]. The [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA)’s has reported many times that there is no evidence that Iran is developing [[nuclear weapon]]s. However, it also says that it can not say for sure that Iran is not doing so in [[secret]]. A December 2007 [[CIA]] report on nuclear activity in Iran said that Iran's [[secret]] program to get nuclear [[weapon]]s [[technology]] was stopped in 2003. It said that Iran will probably not be able to build a nuclear [[weapon]] soon. The [[Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action]] is a political strategy to deal with this issue. Iran and Israel are engaging in [[Iran–Israel Cold War|multiple conflicts, both direct and indirect]]. This is because after the 1979 Revolution, the Islamic Republic does not like/recognize the State of Israel and prefer [[Palestine (country)|Palestine]] along with Arab states like stated above. The first major engagement happened in 1985 during the [[South Lebanon conflict]]. In 2025, a 12-day [[Iran–Israel war]] broke out because Israel struck Iran first with an [[Operation Rising Lion|operation codenamed Rising Lion]]. On 22 June the same year, the United States, having expressed its support to Israel, [[Operation Midnight Hammer|struck three Iranian nuclear sites]] and in retaliation, Iran [[2025 Iranian strikes on Al Udeid Air Base|struck American military bases]] in the Middle East. The conflict will be solved by US President Donald Trump's [[2025 Iran–Israel war ceasefire|ceasefire]] which ended it on 25 June.{{efn|Often cited as 24 June. However, both sides continued to strike each other until 25 June when there were no more hostilities officially.}} ====2026 War==== {{main|2026 Iran War}} On 28 February 2026, [[Israel]] and the [[United States]] [[2026 Israeli–United States strikes on Iran|launched a joint of military attack]] on Iran, which [[Assassination of Ali Khamenei|assassinated]] [[Supreme Leader of Iran|Iranian Supreme Leader]] [[Ali Khamenei]]. Along with that, a [[2026 Minab school airstrike|girls' elementary school]] was also hit resulting in 180 deaths. These attacks led to the [[2026 Iran War]]. In retaliation, Iran sent hundreds and thousands of missiles and drones across the Middle East, striking Gulf nations, U.S. bases, Israel and many others. Iran's [[President of Iran|President]] [[Masoud Pezeshkian]] apologized for the attacks, ordered the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps]] (IRGC) not to strike neighbour nations and claimed to not attack anymore but reports showed that Iran still strikes those under IRGC's command. On 8 March, ten days after the attack, Khamenei’s son [[Mojtaba Khamenei]] was elected as the 3rd Supreme Leader. ==Economy== Iran has the [[natural resource]] of [[Petroleum|oil]]. It is a member of OPEC. Oil is one of its main exports. [[Rice]], handicrafts, [[carpet]]s and [[crocus]] are important local products. Iran is the world's largest exporter and producer of [[caviar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russiran.com/en/iranian-products/foods/caviar.html|title=Caviar|publisher=Russia-Iran.com|accessdate=September 21, 2014|archive-date=April 1, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150401114103/http://www.russiran.com/en/iranian-products/foods/caviar.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Iran is also one of the world's biggest exporters of pistachio nuts. Iran has factories that produce industrial products. Iran is also involved in the field of biomedical sciences. [[Rial]] is the [[money]] used in Iran. ==Religions== About 90% of Iranian people are [[Islam in Iran|Muslim]]. The [[state religion]] is [[Shia Islam]]. It has been the state religion since the [[Safavid dynasty]] in the 16th century.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark W. Janis, Carolyn Maree Evans|title=Religion and International Law|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CxMFjU12OUC&pg=PA381|page=381|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=1999|isbn=9789041111746|access-date=2022-02-22|archive-date=2022-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218025316/https://books.google.com/books?id=8CxMFjU12OUC&pg=PA381|url-status=live}}</ref> This is the religion of about 75% of Iranians.<ref name="cia">{{cite web | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html | title = CIA - The World Factbook -- Iran | accessdate = 2008-04-18 | author = U.S. Central Intelligence Agency | date = 2008-04-15 | publisher = U.S. Central Intelligence Agency | archive-date = 2019-05-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190528014409/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> They belong to the [[Twelver]] branch. About 9% of Iranians Muslim belong to the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] branch of Islam. The 9% of Iranians who are not Muslim are [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]], [[Mandaeism|Mandeans]], [[Zoroastrian]]s, [[Christian]]s and [[Judaism|Jews]].<ref name="cia"/> It is thought that there are between 300,000 and 310,000 Persian (Iranian) Jews. ==Regions and provinces== {{Main|Provinces of Iran}} {| | valign="top" width="250" | * [[Ardabil]] * [[Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad]] * [[Hamadan]] * [[Kermanshah|Kerrmanshah]] * [[Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari]] * [[Tehran]] * [[Alborz]] * [[Markazi Province|Markazi]] * [[Zanjan]] * [[Golestan]] * [[Gilan]] * [[Mazandaran]] * [[Razavi Khorasan Province|Razavi Khorasan]] * [[South Khorasan Province|South Khorasan]] * [[North Khorasan Province|North Khorasan]] *[[Fars Province|Fars]] * [[Khuzestan]] | valign="top" width="250" | *[[Isfahan Province|Isfahan]] *[[Yazd Province|Yazd]] * [[Kerman]] * [[Hormozgan]] * [[Bushehr]] * [[Ilam]] * [[Lorestan Province|Lorestan]] * [[West Azarbaijan Province|West Azerbaijan]] * [[East Azarbaijan Province|East Azerbaijan]] * [[Kurdistan]] * [[Sistan and Baluchistan]] |} [[File:Roof hafez tomb.jpg|alt=Roof hafez tomb|thumb|Roof hafez tomb]] ==Related pages== * [[Western Asia]] * [[Ancient Armenia]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|refs= <ref name="Andrew J. Newman 2006">Andrew J. Newman, Safavid Iran: Rebirth of a Persian Empire, I. B. Tauris (30 March 2006)</ref> }} ==Further reading== {{commons category}} * Akbarzadeh, P. (2003) [http://www.payvand.com/news/03/dec/1130.html "Iran or Persia? Farsi or Persian? Which Ones Should be Called ?!"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210125405/http://www.payvand.com/news/03/dec/1130.html |date=2008-12-10 }}. Payvand News of Iran. * Norton, K. (2002) [http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/aryan.htm "ARYAN"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213185740/http://kpearson.faculty.tcnj.edu/Dictionary/aryan.htm |date=2007-12-13 }}. Rhetoric of Race Dictionary Project. College of New Jersey. [[Category:Iran| ]] [[Category:Current dictatorships]] [[Category:1979 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:Members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] 0vufkqm6oxmwn2pnnyca85fwyuzes54 0 4457 11024006 11022373 2026-10-08T14:12:06Z Ferien 1011873 Protected "[[Adolf Hitler]]": Excessive [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 14:12, 15 October 2026 (UTC)) [Move=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 14:12, 15 October 2026 (UTC))) 11022369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|Hitler||Hitler (name)}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Adolf Hitler | image = File:Hitler portrait crop.jpg | caption = Official portrait, 1938 | office = [[Führer]] of Germany | term_start = 2 August 1934 | term_end = 30 April 1945 | predecessor = [[Paul von Hindenburg]] ([[President of Germany (1919–1945)|President]]) | successor = [[Karl Dönitz]] (President) | office2 = [[Chancellor of Germany#Chancellor of Nazi Germany (1933–1945)|Chancellor of Germany]] | deputy2 = [[Franz von Papen]]<br />(1933–1934)<br />[[Hermann Göring]]<br />(1941–1945) | president2 = [[Paul von Hindenburg]]<br />(1933–1934) | predecessor2 = [[Kurt von Schleicher]] | successor2 = [[Joseph Goebbels]] | term_start2 = 30 January 1933 | term_end2 = 30 April 1945 | office3 = [[Führer of the Nazi Party]] | deputy3 = [[Rudolf Hess]] (1933–1941) | term_start3 = 29 July 1921{{sfn|Evans|2003|p=180}} | term_end3 = 30 April 1945 | predecessor3 = [[Anton Drexler]] (Chairman) | successor3 = [[Martin Bormann]] ([[Nazi Party#Top leadership|Party Minister]]) | birth_date = {{Birth date|1889|04|20|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Braunau am Inn]], [[Austria-Hungary]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1945|04|30|1889|04|20|df=y}} | death_place = [[Berlin]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] | death_cause = [[Suicide of Adolf Hitler|Gunshot wound (suicide)]] | citizenship = {{Unbulleted list|Austrian (1889–1925)|Stateless (1925–1932)|German (1932–1945)}} | party = [[Nazi Party]] (1921–1945) | otherparty = [[German Workers' Party]] (1919–20) | spouse = {{marriage|[[Eva Braun]]|1945}} | parents = [[Alois Hitler]]<br />[[Klara Pölzl]] | cabinet = [[Hitler cabinet]] | signature = Hitler’s signature (1944).svg | allegiance = {{flag|German Empire}}<br>{{flag|Weimar Republic}}<br>{{flag|Nazi Germany}} | branch_label = Branch | branch = [[Imperial German Army]] * [[Bavarian Army]] ''[[Reichswehr]]''<br>''[[Wehrmacht]]'' | serviceyears_label = Service&nbsp;years | serviceyears = {{flagicon|German Empire}}{{flagicon|Weimar Republic}} 1914–1920<br>{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} 1939–1945 | rank = ''[[Gefreiter]]'' | unit = 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment | battles_label = Wars | battles = [[World War I]] * [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] ** [[First Battle of Ypres]] ** [[Battle of the Somme]] {{WIA}} ** [[Battle of Arras (1917)|Battle of Arras]] ** [[Battle of Passchendaele]] [[World War II]] | mawards = {{Unbulleted list|[[Iron Cross First Class]]|Iron Cross Second Class|[[Wound Badge]]}} | occupation = General of Nazi Germany | module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Adolf Hitler - Speech.wav|title=Hitler's voice|type=speech|description= Hitler giving a speech at the Krupp Factory in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]<br />Recorded 1935}} | profession = Artist | nickname = Bohemian corporal | awards = Iron Cross, First Class Iron Cross, Second Class Bavarian Military Merit Cross, Third Class with Swords Wound Badge in Black }} '''Adolf Hitler'''<ref>[[German language|German]] [[pronunciation]]: {{IPA|adɔlf hɪtlɐ}}</ref> (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945), was an Austrian-born German politician who was the [[dictator]] of [[Nazi Germany|Germany during the Nazi era]] from 1933 until [[Death of Adolf Hitler|his suicide]] in 1945. [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power|He rose to power]] as the leader of the [[Nazi Party]], becoming the [[chancellor of Germany]] in 1933 and then taking the title of ''[[Führer|Führer und Reichskanzler]]'' in 1934. Germany's [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]] on 1 September 1939 under his leadership marked the outbreak of the [[World War II|Second World War]]. Throughout the ensuing conflict, Hitler was closely involved in the direction of German military operations and was central to the perpetration of [[the Holocaust]], the [[genocide]] of about six million Jews and millions of other victims.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Hitler_Book/9mEaC12p9FAC?hl=en|title=The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Otto Guensche and Heinze Linge, Hi|last=Eberle|first=Henrik|last2=Uhl|first2=Matthias|date=2009-03-25|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-0-7867-3491-7|language=en}}</ref> Hitler was born in [[Braunau am Inn]] in [[Austria-Hungary]] and was raised near [[Linz]]. He lived in Vienna in the first decade of the 1900s before moving to [[Germany]] in 1913. He was decorated during his service in the German Army in [[World War I]], receiving the [[Iron Cross]]. In 1919, he joined the [[German Workers' Party]] (DAP), the precursor of the [[Nazi Party]]. Hitler became the leader of the Nazi Party in 1921. In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental power in a [[Beer Hall Putsch|failed coup]] in [[Munich]] and was imprisoned with a sentence of five years. In jail, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' ("My Struggle"). He led them to become the most powerful [[political party]] in Germany after the 1932 [[election]]s. He began running the government when he became the [[Chancellor of Germany]] in 1934. The Nazis banned all other [[political parties]] and turned Germany into a [[dictatorship]] (meaning that the government was ruled by one person). Hitler's dictatorship is known as [[Nazi Germany]], also known as the "Third Reich" (meaning "Third Empire" or "Third Realm"). Hitler called himself the ''[[Führer]]'' (meaning "leader") after the year 1934. Hitler ordered the takeover of [[Poland]] in 1939, and this started [[World War II]] in [[Europe]]. Hitler made all the important decisions during the war.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/hitler_commander_01.shtml |title=BBC - History - World Wars: Hitler's Leadership Style |work=bbc.co.uk |year=2011 |access-date=27 April 2011}}</ref> At first, Nazi [[Germany]] did well in the war, but by 1945 they were losing. On 29 April 1945, Hitler married his longtime lover, [[Eva Braun]], in the ''[[Führerbunker]]'' in [[Berlin]]. Less than two days later, Hitler and Braun [[Death of Adolf Hitler|killed themselves]] as the [[Soviet Army]] got to [[Berlin]], because they did not want to be captured alive by the [[Soviet Union]]. Because of the Nazi government, at least 50 [[million]] people died.<ref>{{cite book | last = Both | first = Owen | year = 1999 | title = Der Zweite Weltkrieg | publisher = Kaiser | page = 7 | isbn = 978-3-7043-6046-5 | language=de}}</ref> About 28.7 million [[soldiers]] and people died in the fighting. The war also killed 19.3 million [[civilian]]s and [[prisoners of war]]. Nazi forces committed many [[war crime]]s and atrocities during the war.<ref>This applies mainly to the [[SS]]: the [[Schutzstaffel]], which was the Nazi security and military organisation. The regular army, known as the [[Wehrmacht]], was a separate organisation.</ref> They killed their [[enemies]] sometimes with [[Einsatzgruppen|mobile death squads]] or put them in [[concentration camp]]s and [[Extermination camp|death camps]]. Hitler and his men [[Persecution|persecuted]] and killed [[Jew]]s and other [[ethnic Group|ethnic]], [[religion|religious]], and [[politics|political]] [[minority|minorities]]. In what is called [[the Holocaust]], the Nazis killed six million Jews, [[Roma people]], [[Homosexuality|homosexuals]], [[Slavs]], and [[Holocaust victims|many other groups of people]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215466/the_holocaust.htm|title=The Holocaust: an unbelievable tragedy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021018053004/http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215466/the_holocaust.htm|archive-date=18 October 2002|access-date=9 January 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2015}}</ref> == Family background == Hitler's family was born in [[Waldviertel]], in [[Lower Austria]]. At the time, the name ''Hitler'' changed in this region several times between ''Hüttler'', ''Hiedler'', ''Hittler'' and ''Hitler''. The name was commonly in the [[German language|German]]-speaking area of [[Europe]] in the [[19th century]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Jetzinger | first = Franz | title = Hitlers Jugend. | publisher = Europa-Verlag | year = 1956 | pages = 11&nbsp;f | language=de}}</ref> The [[literature]] says that this name is descended from the [[Czech language|Czech]] name ''Hidlar'' or ''Hidlarcek''.<ref>{{cite book | last = Fest | first = Joachim | title = Hitler. Eine Biographie. 2. edition. | publisher = Ullstein | year = 1999 | page = 43 | language=de}}</ref> == Childhood and early adulthood == [[File:Volksbücherei Braunau 03.jpg|thumb|left|Hitler's birthplace]] Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889, as the fourth child of six<ref>{{cite book | last = Bullock | first = Alan | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr0000bull_c8v9 | publisher = Penguin Books | year = 1962 | isbn = 978-0-14-013564-0}}</ref> in [[Braunau am Inn]]. This is a small town near [[Linz]] in the [[province]] of Upper Austria, close to the [[border]] with [[Germany]]. At the time, the town was in [[Austria-Hungary]]. His parents were [[Klara Pölzl]] and [[Alois Hitler]]. Because of his father's [[job]], Hitler moved from Braunau to [[Passau]], later to [[Lambach]] and finally to [[Leonding]]. He attended several [[Volksschule]]'s. Hitler's mother, Klara Pölzl, was his father's third wife and also his [[cousin]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Ian Kershaw | title = Hitler 1889–1936 | publisher = DVA | year = 1998 | page = 37}}</ref> Hitler's father died in 1903. Hitler was born with only one testicle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/19/hitler-really-did-have-only-one-testicle-german-researcher-claims|title=Hitler really did have only one testicle, German researcher claims|author=Guardian staff|publisher=The Guardian Nespaper|accessdate=2023-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/2532674/adolf-hitler-had-1-testicle-and-a-really-small-penis-according-to-historians/|title=Adolf Hitler had 1 testicle and a really small penis, according to historians|last=Frisk|first=Adam|publisher=Global News|accessdate=2023-10-15}}</ref> Hitler failed [[high school]] [[exam]]s in Linz twice. In 1905, he left school. He became interested in the [[Anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] (anti-Jewish), [[Pan-German movement|Pan-German]] teachings of [[Professor]] [[Leopold Poetsch]]. In September 1907, he went to [[Vienna]] and took an entrance examination. On 1 and 2 October, he failed the second examination. Hitler went back to Linz at the end of October. In December 1907, Hitler's mother died and, because of that, he was [[Major depressive disorder|depressed]].<ref name="Toland-bio" /> Hitler's mother was [[Catholicism|Catholic]], but Hitler is not known to have been personally interested in [[Christianity]].<ref>Alan Bullock; Hitler: a Study in Tyranny; HarperPerennial Edition 1991; p218</ref> In 1909, Hitler again went to Vienna to study [[art]]. He tried to become a student at the Academy of Arts, but failed the first entrance examination.<ref name="Toland-bio">{{cite book | last = Toland | first = John | title = Adolf Hitler; Biography 1889-1945 | year = 1977 | isbn = 978-3-8289-0540-5 | language=de | publisher = Lübbe Verlag}}</ref> He made many paintings and sold them at low prices. Hitler said he first became an anti-Semite in Vienna. This city had a large Jewish community.<ref name="bio">{{cite book | last = Hitler | first = Adolf | title = Mein Kampf | year = 2001 | publisher = Mariner Books | isbn = 978-0-395-92503-4}}</ref> In 1913, Hitler was 24 years old. At that time, all young Austrian men had to join the [[army]]. Hitler did not like the Austrian army and the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] because of its many [[ethnic groups]], so he left Austria for Germany. He lived in the German city of [[Munich]].<ref name="Toland-bio" /> == World War I == [[File:Hitler WWI.jpg|thumb|left|Hitler with other German soldiers in World War I]] On 16 August 1914, Hitler joined the [[Bavaria]]n army. He fought for the German Empire in [[World War I]]. Hitler served in [[Belgium]] and [[France]] in the 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment. He spent nearly the whole time on the [[Western Front]]. He was a runner, one of the most dangerous jobs on the Front.<ref>{{cite book | last = Bullock | first = Allan | year = 1962 | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr0000bull_c8v9 | publisher = Penguin Books | isbn = 978-0-14-013564-0}}</ref> That means he ran from one position to another, carrying messages. On 1 November 1914, Hitler became a [[Gefreiter]] (which was like being a [[private first class]] in the [[United States Army]], or a [[lance corporal]] in the [[British Army]]). The government [[award]]ed him the [[Iron Cross]] Second Class on 2 December 1914. On 5 October 1916, Hitler was hurt by a [[Shell (weapons)|bullet shell]]. Between 9 October and 1 December, he was in the [[military]] [[hospital]] ''Belitz''.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hitler | first = Adolf | title = Mein Kampf | year = 2001 | publisher = Mariner Books | pages = 50–51 | isbn = 978-0-395-92503-4}}</ref> In March 1917, he went back to the front. There, he fought in a [[battle]] and was awarded with the [[Military Merit Cross (Austria–Hungary)|Militärverdienstkreuz Third Class with swords]]. In March 1918, Hitler participated in the [[Spring Offensive]]. On 4 August 1918, Hitler was awarded the Iron Cross First Class by the [[Jewish]] Hugo Gutmann. After [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|Germany surrendered]], Hitler was shocked, because the German army still held enemy territory in November 1918.<ref>{{cite book | last = Bullock | first = Allan | year = 1962 | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr0000bull_c8v9 | publisher = Penguin Books | page = [https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr0000bull_c8v9/page/60 60] | isbn = 978-0-14-013564-0}}</ref> == Entry into politics == [[File:Hitler's DAP membership card.png|thumb|Hitler's membership card in the German Workers Party, later called the Nazis]] After World War I, Hitler stayed in the army and returned to Munich. There he attended the [[funeral]] march of the Bavarian [[prime minister]] [[Kurt Eisner]], who had been killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/document/artikel_44676_bilder_value_6_beisetzung-eisners3.jpg|title=Picture with Adolf Hitler during the march|publisher=Bibliothek der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604212219/http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/document/artikel_44676_bilder_value_6_beisetzung-eisners3.jpg|archive-date=4 June 2007|access-date=2009-04-24}}</ref> In 1919, he participated in a training programme for [[propaganda]] speakers from 5 to 12 June and 26 June to 5 July. Later that year, Hitler joined a small [[political party]] called the [[German Workers Party]]. He became member number 555.<ref>{{cite book | last = Toland | first = John | title = Adolf Hitler; Biography 1889-1945 | year = 1977 | page = 131 | isbn = 978-3-8289-0540-5 | language=de| publisher = Lübbe Verlag}}</ref> He soon won the support of the party's members. Two years later, he became the party's leader. He renamed the party the [[Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei|National Socialist German Workers Party]]. It became known as the [[Nazi Party]]. == During the Weimar Republic == [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 119-0289, München, Hitler bei Einweihung "Braunes Haus".jpg|thumb|left|Hitler and Schwarz at the dedication of the renovation of the Palais Barlow on Brienner Straße to the Brown House]] In 1923, Hitler got together several hundred other members of the Nazi Party and tried to take over the [[Weimar Republic]] government (1918–34) in the [[Beer Hall Putsch]].<ref name="remember">{{cite web | url = http://remember.org/guide/Facts.root.hitler.html | title = Biography and facts about Adolf Hitler | access-date = 10 July 2009}}</ref> The [[coup]] failed. The government killed 13 of his men<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/adolf_hitler_1918_to_1924.htm |title= The Beer Hall Putsch |access-date= 10 July 2009 |publisher= Chris Trueman |archive-date= 29 June 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090629210803/http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/adolf_hitler_1918_to_1924.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> (the 13 dead men were later declared [[saints]] in Nazi [[ideology]]). They also put Hitler in the [[Landsberg Prison]]. They said that he would stay in prison for five years, but they let him leave after nine months. ==''Mein Kampf''== {{main|Mein Kampf}} [[File:Erstausgabe von Mein Kampf.jpg|thumb|A picture of the book]] While Hitler was in prison, he wrote a book with the help of his close friend [[Rudolf Hess]] and Maxwell Schmidtlein. At first, Hitler wanted to call the book ''Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice''. In the end, he called the book "''Mein Kampf''" ("My Struggle").<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERmein.htm |title= Spartacus Schoolnet - Mein Kampf |access-date= 10 July 2009 |publisher= John Simkin |archive-date= 6 March 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100306050815/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERmein.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> ''Mein Kampf'' brought together some of Hitler's different ideas and explained where they came from:<ref>Laurence Rees; ''The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler''; Ebury Press 2012; pp. 61–62</ref> * His idea that the "[[Aryan race]]" was superior came from [[Arthur de Gobineau]]'s book, ''The Inequality of the Human Races''. * His plans for an [[Empire]] in the East came from the way Germany had captured farming land in the First World War. * His idea that [[democracy]] (rule by the people) should be replaced by [[dictatorship]] (rule by one person) * His idea that Judaism and [[communism]] were connected came from the Nazi writer [[Alfred Rosenberg]]. * His anger against the Jews. He suggests that they should be killed, though he is not clear about how this should be done.<ref>Kershaw, 2008, pages, 148-50</ref> Hitler may have also been influenced by [[Martin Luther]]'s ''On the Jews and their Lies''. In ''Mein Kampf'', Hitler says Martin Luther was "a great [[warrior]], a true [[statesman]] and a great [[reform]]er."<ref name="bio" /> == Rise to power == [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1972-026-11, Machtübernahme Hitlers.jpg|thumb|Hitler giving a speech during his inauguration as Chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933]] In January 1933, Hitler was [[Election|elected]] into the German government and established a dictatorship in the following months. He ended [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of the press]] and punished his enemies by imprisoning or killing them. He banned every [[political party]] except for the Nazi Party by the summer of 1933 and Germany became a [[one-party state]].<ref name="remember" /> Hitler and his [[propaganda]] minister, [[Joseph Goebbels]], spread extreme [[nationalism]] within Germany. All [[Mass media|media]] came under the control of the Nazi Party and they had to praise Hitler and the Nazis. Also, more people were born because Hitler wanted more people of the "[[master race]]" (those he called "[[Aryan]]s"). After the death of [[Paul von Hindenburg]] in 1934, Hitler declared the office of President vacant and made himself ''[[Führer]]'' (both [[Head of State]] and [[Head of Government]]) and became a full [[dictator]] with no [[checks and balances]]. He made Germany a [[totalitarianism|totalitarian]] [[fascist]] [[dictatorship]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://remember.org/guide/Facts.root.nazi.html |title= Nazi Fascism and the Modern Totalitarian State |access-date= 13 July 2009 |publisher= Gary Grobman}}</ref> Hitler was also responsible for the [[Beer Hall Putsch|Beer Hall Putsch of 1923]]. In the [[Night of the Long Knives|Night of the Long Knives of 1934]] he had [[Ernst Röhm]] the head of the [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] killed by [[Heinrich Himmler]], [[Reinhard Heydrich]] and the [[SS]]. They were also involved in the [[Kristallnacht]] (1938). == World War II == [[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|thumb|right|The [[swastika]] was the emblem and flag of [[Germany]] from 1935 to 1945 used by Hitler.]] Hitler is credited with starting World War II on September 1, 1939 by [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|ordering the German Army to invade Poland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/ww2Timeline/Prelude11.html|title=The start of World War Two|publisher=Steven Schoenherr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020308155312/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/ww2Timeline/Prelude11.html|archive-date=8 March 2002|access-date=2009-07-15}}</ref> His army [[Military occupation|took over]] western Poland, and later most of [[Europe]], including [[France]] and a large part of the [[Soviet Union]]. == The Holocaust == [[File:Selection on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 1944 (Auschwitz Album) 1a.jpg|thumb|left|Deportation of Jews to Auschwitz in 1944]] During the war, Hitler ordered the Nazis to kill many people, including women and children. The Nazis killed around six million Jews in [[the Holocaust]]. [[Holocaust victims|Other people that the Nazis killed]] were [[Roma people|Roma]] (Gypsies), [[homosexual]]s, Slavs such as [[Russia]]ns and [[Poland|Poles]], and his political opponents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/People/victims.htm |title= Teachers guide - about the Holocaust |access-date= 2009-07-15 |publisher= University of South Florida}}</ref> The Nazi’s justified the exploitation and slaughter of Jews via the stab-in-the-back myth - which many Germans believed to be true after their defeat and call for a ceasefire near the end of [[World War I]] - thought to be caused by overwhelming support from the [[United States|United States of America]] and other allied countries such as [[France]], along with a blockade on food and raw materials causing economic crises,<ref>{{Cite web|title=What You Need To Know About The British Naval Blockade Of The First World War|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-british-naval-blockade-of-the-first-world-war|access-date=2026-04-09|website=Imperial War Museums|language=en}}</ref> a lack of military progress despite substantial causalities - and according to the stab-in-the-back myth - the influence of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] during the war.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Social Democratic Party (SPD) {{!}} History, Policies, Platform, Leader, & Structure {{!}} Britannica|language=en|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Social-Democratic-Party-of-Germany|access-date=2026-04-09}}</ref> Following this, the socialists split into extremes such as [[Communism]], leading to competition between the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SDP]] and [[Communist Party of Germany|KPD]], causing multi-party instability during the Weimar Republic and influencing the popularity of the [[Nazi Party|National Socialist German Workers’ Party]] until their eventual victory in [[1933]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bartsch|first=Kolja|title=German Bundestag - The Weimar Republic (1918 - 1933)|url=https://www.bundestag.de/en/parliament/history/parliamentarism/weimar/weimar-200326|access-date=2026-04-09|website=German Bundestag|language=en}}</ref> The Nazi party continued to propagate propaganda which demonized Jews as back-stabbers, eventually leading to the holocaust where millions of Jews were exploited for slave labour, medical research, and as disposable military assets for the war economy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Forced Labor: An Overview|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/forced-labor-an-overview|access-date=2026-04-09|website=Holocaust Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> Hitler referred to his [[Jew|Jewish]] family physician [[Eduard Bloch|Dr. Eduard Bloch]] as an Edeljude (noble Jew) due to the compassionate care Dr. Bloch provided when he was treating Hitler’s mother for terminal [[breast cancer]], compelling Hitler to grant [[Gestapo]] level protection to Dr. Bloch and his family. Dr. Bloch later immigrated to the [[United States|United States of America]] and passed away in 1945 from [[stomach cancer]] - about a month after Hitler committed [[suicide]] - being one of few Jews Hitler exempted, though he still maintained his view of Jews as a collective threat to Germans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weisz|first=George M.|date=2014|title=Hitler's Jewish Physicians|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4128594/|journal=Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal|volume=5|issue=3|pages=e0023|doi=10.5041/RMMJ.10157|issn=2076-9172|pmc=4128594|pmid=25120923}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Priyanka|title=The Blogs: Hitler and his Jewish Doctors|url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/hitler-and-his-jewish-doctors/|access-date=2026-04-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Finally, [[Allies of World War II|some of the other countries in the world]] worked together to defeat Germany. Hitler lost all of the lands that he had taken. Millions of Germans were killed in the war. At the end of World War II, Hitler gave all people in the ''Führerbunker'' permission to leave it. Many people did and moved to the region of [[Berchtesgaden]]. They used [[Fixed-wing aircraft|planes]] and [[truck]] convoys. Hitler, the Göbbels family, [[Martin Bormann]], [[Eva Braun]] and some other [[wikt:staff|staff]] remained in the bunker.<ref name="historyplace">{{cite web | url = http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-death.htm |title= Historyplace - The death of Hitler |access-date= 2009-07-15 |publisher= The History Place}}</ref> Hitler married Eva Braun on 29 April 1945. ==Death== [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-V04744, Berlin, Garten der zerstörte Reichskanzlei.jpg|thumb|The [[Führerbunker]], where Hitler spent the last months of his life]] [[File:Stars & Stripes & Hitler Dead2.jpg|thumb|The cover of the American newspaper ''The Stars and Stripes'', on 2 May 1945]] Forty hours after Hitler and Eva Braun got married in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]], both of them committed [[suicide]]: Eva Braun, by [[poison]]ing with [[cyanide]]; Hitler also gave some to his German Shepherd. Then, Hitler committed suicide by shooting himself in the head with his [[gun]].<ref name="historyplace" /> Before this, Hitler ordered that their [[body|bodies]] be burned after they were dead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.credoreference.com/topic/hitler_adolf_1889_1945|title=Hitler, Adolf (1889 - 1945) - Credo Reference Topic|year=2011|work=credoreference.com|access-date=6 September 2011}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This prevented him from being captured alive by soldiers of the [[Red Army]], who were closing in on him. Despite this, there are [[Conspiracy theory|theories]] that Hitler did not die in 1945, but that he instead escaped to [[Argentina]]. These theories are very unpopular, with most historians dismissing them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did Hitler escape from his bunker and live in Argentina after WW2? The real history that debunks the conspiracy|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/second-world-war/did-hitler-escape-bunker-survive-argentina-south-america-conspiracy-real-history-facts/|access-date=2023-05-08|website=HistoryExtra|language=en|archive-date=2023-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508231451/https://www.historyextra.com/period/second-world-war/did-hitler-escape-bunker-survive-argentina-south-america-conspiracy-real-history-facts/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Hitler in history== [[Ian Kershaw]], a [[historian]] who wrote a [[biography]] (life story) of Hitler, describes him as a modern symbol of [[evil]]. "Never in history has such ruination ... been [linked] with the name of one man."<ref>Kershaw, 2000, pages xvii and 841</ref> However, Kershaw and some other historians believe that it is more important to look at the wider problems in Germany at the time, rather than at Hitler himself, to explain why the war and the Holocaust happened.<ref>Kershaw, 2008, xxxv–xxxvi</ref> == Related pages == * [[Nazism]] * [[Nazi Party]] * [[Fascism]] * [[Racism]] * [[World War II]] * ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' * [[Anti-Romani sentiment]] == References == {{reflist|2}} ==Other websites== * {{Internet Archive|id=Hitler-OSS-CIA|name=A psychological analysis of Adolf Hitler}} * {{OL author|OL108070A}} * {{Internet Archive author|sname=Adolf Hitler}} == More reading == * {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}} * {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}} * {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}} * {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}} * {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}} * {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.azquotes.com/author/6758-Adolf_Hitler|title=Top 25 Adolph Hitler quotes|publisher=AZ Quotes}} {{Kanzler}} {{Hitler's Cabinet}} {{GermanPresidents}} {{Time Persons of the Year 1927–1950}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hitler, Adolf}} [[Category:1889 births]] [[Category:1945 deaths]] [[Category:Adolf Hitler| ]] [[Category:Hitler family]] [[Category:Nazi leaders|*]] [[Category:Former dictators]] [[Category:Austrian painters]] [[Category:Austrian politicians]] [[Category:German war criminals]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:Former Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Holocaust perpetrators]] [[Category:Austrian war criminals]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Europe]] [[Category:Time People of the Year]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Germany]] [[Category:People from Upper Austria]] [[Category:Presidents of Nazi Germany]] [[Category:Nazis who committed suicide]] [[Category:Chancellors of Nazi Germany]] [[Category:20th-century German painters]] [[Category:Ministers-President of Prussia]] [[Category:Suicides by firearm in Germany]] [[Category:Politicians who committed suicide]] [[Category:Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)]] [[Category:German military personnel of World War I]] [[Category:German military personnel of World War II]] [[Category:Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)]] [[Category:People with borderline personality disorder]] [[Category:20th-century rulers]] [[Category:20th-century presidents of Germany]] [[Category:Anti-communists]] fxzf9zr9ea2icsbjuqrce8g1sjbr92q 11024007 11024006 2026-10-08T14:12:30Z Ferien 1011873 pp 11024007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp|small=yes}} {{Redirect|Hitler||Hitler (name)}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Adolf Hitler | image = File:Hitler portrait crop.jpg | caption = Official portrait, 1938 | office = [[Führer]] of Germany | term_start = 2 August 1934 | term_end = 30 April 1945 | predecessor = [[Paul von Hindenburg]] ([[President of Germany (1919–1945)|President]]) | successor = [[Karl Dönitz]] (President) | office2 = [[Chancellor of Germany#Chancellor of Nazi Germany (1933–1945)|Chancellor of Germany]] | deputy2 = [[Franz von Papen]]<br />(1933–1934)<br />[[Hermann Göring]]<br />(1941–1945) | president2 = [[Paul von Hindenburg]]<br />(1933–1934) | predecessor2 = [[Kurt von Schleicher]] | successor2 = [[Joseph Goebbels]] | term_start2 = 30 January 1933 | term_end2 = 30 April 1945 | office3 = [[Führer of the Nazi Party]] | deputy3 = [[Rudolf Hess]] (1933–1941) | term_start3 = 29 July 1921{{sfn|Evans|2003|p=180}} | term_end3 = 30 April 1945 | predecessor3 = [[Anton Drexler]] (Chairman) | successor3 = [[Martin Bormann]] ([[Nazi Party#Top leadership|Party Minister]]) | birth_date = {{Birth date|1889|04|20|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Braunau am Inn]], [[Austria-Hungary]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1945|04|30|1889|04|20|df=y}} | death_place = [[Berlin]], [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] | death_cause = [[Suicide of Adolf Hitler|Gunshot wound (suicide)]] | citizenship = {{Unbulleted list|Austrian (1889–1925)|Stateless (1925–1932)|German (1932–1945)}} | party = [[Nazi Party]] (1921–1945) | otherparty = [[German Workers' Party]] (1919–20) | spouse = {{marriage|[[Eva Braun]]|1945}} | parents = [[Alois Hitler]]<br />[[Klara Pölzl]] | cabinet = [[Hitler cabinet]] | signature = Hitler’s signature (1944).svg | allegiance = {{flag|German Empire}}<br>{{flag|Weimar Republic}}<br>{{flag|Nazi Germany}} | branch_label = Branch | branch = [[Imperial German Army]] * [[Bavarian Army]] ''[[Reichswehr]]''<br>''[[Wehrmacht]]'' | serviceyears_label = Service&nbsp;years | serviceyears = {{flagicon|German Empire}}{{flagicon|Weimar Republic}} 1914–1920<br>{{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} 1939–1945 | rank = ''[[Gefreiter]]'' | unit = 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment | battles_label = Wars | battles = [[World War I]] * [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] ** [[First Battle of Ypres]] ** [[Battle of the Somme]] {{WIA}} ** [[Battle of Arras (1917)|Battle of Arras]] ** [[Battle of Passchendaele]] [[World War II]] | mawards = {{Unbulleted list|[[Iron Cross First Class]]|Iron Cross Second Class|[[Wound Badge]]}} | occupation = General of Nazi Germany | module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Adolf Hitler - Speech.wav|title=Hitler's voice|type=speech|description= Hitler giving a speech at the Krupp Factory in [[Nazi Germany|Germany]]<br />Recorded 1935}} | profession = Artist | nickname = Bohemian corporal | awards = Iron Cross, First Class Iron Cross, Second Class Bavarian Military Merit Cross, Third Class with Swords Wound Badge in Black }} '''Adolf Hitler'''<ref>[[German language|German]] [[pronunciation]]: {{IPA|adɔlf hɪtlɐ}}</ref> (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945), was an Austrian-born German politician who was the [[dictator]] of [[Nazi Germany|Germany during the Nazi era]] from 1933 until [[Death of Adolf Hitler|his suicide]] in 1945. [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power|He rose to power]] as the leader of the [[Nazi Party]], becoming the [[chancellor of Germany]] in 1933 and then taking the title of ''[[Führer|Führer und Reichskanzler]]'' in 1934. Germany's [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invasion of Poland]] on 1 September 1939 under his leadership marked the outbreak of the [[World War II|Second World War]]. Throughout the ensuing conflict, Hitler was closely involved in the direction of German military operations and was central to the perpetration of [[the Holocaust]], the [[genocide]] of about six million Jews and millions of other victims.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Hitler_Book/9mEaC12p9FAC?hl=en|title=The Hitler Book: The Secret Dossier Prepared for Stalin from the Interrogations of Otto Guensche and Heinze Linge, Hi|last=Eberle|first=Henrik|last2=Uhl|first2=Matthias|date=2009-03-25|publisher=PublicAffairs|isbn=978-0-7867-3491-7|language=en}}</ref> Hitler was born in [[Braunau am Inn]] in [[Austria-Hungary]] and was raised near [[Linz]]. He lived in Vienna in the first decade of the 1900s before moving to [[Germany]] in 1913. He was decorated during his service in the German Army in [[World War I]], receiving the [[Iron Cross]]. In 1919, he joined the [[German Workers' Party]] (DAP), the precursor of the [[Nazi Party]]. Hitler became the leader of the Nazi Party in 1921. In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental power in a [[Beer Hall Putsch|failed coup]] in [[Munich]] and was imprisoned with a sentence of five years. In jail, he dictated the first volume of his autobiography and political manifesto ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' ("My Struggle"). He led them to become the most powerful [[political party]] in Germany after the 1932 [[election]]s. He began running the government when he became the [[Chancellor of Germany]] in 1934. The Nazis banned all other [[political parties]] and turned Germany into a [[dictatorship]] (meaning that the government was ruled by one person). Hitler's dictatorship is known as [[Nazi Germany]], also known as the "Third Reich" (meaning "Third Empire" or "Third Realm"). Hitler called himself the ''[[Führer]]'' (meaning "leader") after the year 1934. Hitler ordered the takeover of [[Poland]] in 1939, and this started [[World War II]] in [[Europe]]. Hitler made all the important decisions during the war.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/hitler_commander_01.shtml |title=BBC - History - World Wars: Hitler's Leadership Style |work=bbc.co.uk |year=2011 |access-date=27 April 2011}}</ref> At first, Nazi [[Germany]] did well in the war, but by 1945 they were losing. On 29 April 1945, Hitler married his longtime lover, [[Eva Braun]], in the ''[[Führerbunker]]'' in [[Berlin]]. Less than two days later, Hitler and Braun [[Death of Adolf Hitler|killed themselves]] as the [[Soviet Army]] got to [[Berlin]], because they did not want to be captured alive by the [[Soviet Union]]. Because of the Nazi government, at least 50 [[million]] people died.<ref>{{cite book | last = Both | first = Owen | year = 1999 | title = Der Zweite Weltkrieg | publisher = Kaiser | page = 7 | isbn = 978-3-7043-6046-5 | language=de}}</ref> About 28.7 million [[soldiers]] and people died in the fighting. The war also killed 19.3 million [[civilian]]s and [[prisoners of war]]. Nazi forces committed many [[war crime]]s and atrocities during the war.<ref>This applies mainly to the [[SS]]: the [[Schutzstaffel]], which was the Nazi security and military organisation. The regular army, known as the [[Wehrmacht]], was a separate organisation.</ref> They killed their [[enemies]] sometimes with [[Einsatzgruppen|mobile death squads]] or put them in [[concentration camp]]s and [[Extermination camp|death camps]]. Hitler and his men [[Persecution|persecuted]] and killed [[Jew]]s and other [[ethnic Group|ethnic]], [[religion|religious]], and [[politics|political]] [[minority|minorities]]. In what is called [[the Holocaust]], the Nazis killed six million Jews, [[Roma people]], [[Homosexuality|homosexuals]], [[Slavs]], and [[Holocaust victims|many other groups of people]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215466/the_holocaust.htm|title=The Holocaust: an unbelievable tragedy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021018053004/http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215466/the_holocaust.htm|archive-date=18 October 2002|access-date=9 January 2010}}{{dead link|date=February 2015}}</ref> == Family background == Hitler's family was born in [[Waldviertel]], in [[Lower Austria]]. At the time, the name ''Hitler'' changed in this region several times between ''Hüttler'', ''Hiedler'', ''Hittler'' and ''Hitler''. The name was commonly in the [[German language|German]]-speaking area of [[Europe]] in the [[19th century]].<ref>{{cite book | last = Jetzinger | first = Franz | title = Hitlers Jugend. | publisher = Europa-Verlag | year = 1956 | pages = 11&nbsp;f | language=de}}</ref> The [[literature]] says that this name is descended from the [[Czech language|Czech]] name ''Hidlar'' or ''Hidlarcek''.<ref>{{cite book | last = Fest | first = Joachim | title = Hitler. Eine Biographie. 2. edition. | publisher = Ullstein | year = 1999 | page = 43 | language=de}}</ref> == Childhood and early adulthood == [[File:Volksbücherei Braunau 03.jpg|thumb|left|Hitler's birthplace]] Adolf Hitler was born on 20 April 1889, as the fourth child of six<ref>{{cite book | last = Bullock | first = Alan | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr0000bull_c8v9 | publisher = Penguin Books | year = 1962 | isbn = 978-0-14-013564-0}}</ref> in [[Braunau am Inn]]. This is a small town near [[Linz]] in the [[province]] of Upper Austria, close to the [[border]] with [[Germany]]. At the time, the town was in [[Austria-Hungary]]. His parents were [[Klara Pölzl]] and [[Alois Hitler]]. Because of his father's [[job]], Hitler moved from Braunau to [[Passau]], later to [[Lambach]] and finally to [[Leonding]]. He attended several [[Volksschule]]'s. Hitler's mother, Klara Pölzl, was his father's third wife and also his [[cousin]].<ref>{{cite book | author = Ian Kershaw | title = Hitler 1889–1936 | publisher = DVA | year = 1998 | page = 37}}</ref> Hitler's father died in 1903. Hitler was born with only one testicle.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/19/hitler-really-did-have-only-one-testicle-german-researcher-claims|title=Hitler really did have only one testicle, German researcher claims|author=Guardian staff|publisher=The Guardian Nespaper|accessdate=2023-10-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/2532674/adolf-hitler-had-1-testicle-and-a-really-small-penis-according-to-historians/|title=Adolf Hitler had 1 testicle and a really small penis, according to historians|last=Frisk|first=Adam|publisher=Global News|accessdate=2023-10-15}}</ref> Hitler failed [[high school]] [[exam]]s in Linz twice. In 1905, he left school. He became interested in the [[Anti-Semitism|anti-Semitic]] (anti-Jewish), [[Pan-German movement|Pan-German]] teachings of [[Professor]] [[Leopold Poetsch]]. In September 1907, he went to [[Vienna]] and took an entrance examination. On 1 and 2 October, he failed the second examination. Hitler went back to Linz at the end of October. In December 1907, Hitler's mother died and, because of that, he was [[Major depressive disorder|depressed]].<ref name="Toland-bio" /> Hitler's mother was [[Catholicism|Catholic]], but Hitler is not known to have been personally interested in [[Christianity]].<ref>Alan Bullock; Hitler: a Study in Tyranny; HarperPerennial Edition 1991; p218</ref> In 1909, Hitler again went to Vienna to study [[art]]. He tried to become a student at the Academy of Arts, but failed the first entrance examination.<ref name="Toland-bio">{{cite book | last = Toland | first = John | title = Adolf Hitler; Biography 1889-1945 | year = 1977 | isbn = 978-3-8289-0540-5 | language=de | publisher = Lübbe Verlag}}</ref> He made many paintings and sold them at low prices. Hitler said he first became an anti-Semite in Vienna. This city had a large Jewish community.<ref name="bio">{{cite book | last = Hitler | first = Adolf | title = Mein Kampf | year = 2001 | publisher = Mariner Books | isbn = 978-0-395-92503-4}}</ref> In 1913, Hitler was 24 years old. At that time, all young Austrian men had to join the [[army]]. Hitler did not like the Austrian army and the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] because of its many [[ethnic groups]], so he left Austria for Germany. He lived in the German city of [[Munich]].<ref name="Toland-bio" /> == World War I == [[File:Hitler WWI.jpg|thumb|left|Hitler with other German soldiers in World War I]] On 16 August 1914, Hitler joined the [[Bavaria]]n army. He fought for the German Empire in [[World War I]]. Hitler served in [[Belgium]] and [[France]] in the 16th Bavarian Reserve Regiment. He spent nearly the whole time on the [[Western Front]]. He was a runner, one of the most dangerous jobs on the Front.<ref>{{cite book | last = Bullock | first = Allan | year = 1962 | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr0000bull_c8v9 | publisher = Penguin Books | isbn = 978-0-14-013564-0}}</ref> That means he ran from one position to another, carrying messages. On 1 November 1914, Hitler became a [[Gefreiter]] (which was like being a [[private first class]] in the [[United States Army]], or a [[lance corporal]] in the [[British Army]]). The government [[award]]ed him the [[Iron Cross]] Second Class on 2 December 1914. On 5 October 1916, Hitler was hurt by a [[Shell (weapons)|bullet shell]]. Between 9 October and 1 December, he was in the [[military]] [[hospital]] ''Belitz''.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hitler | first = Adolf | title = Mein Kampf | year = 2001 | publisher = Mariner Books | pages = 50–51 | isbn = 978-0-395-92503-4}}</ref> In March 1917, he went back to the front. There, he fought in a [[battle]] and was awarded with the [[Military Merit Cross (Austria–Hungary)|Militärverdienstkreuz Third Class with swords]]. In March 1918, Hitler participated in the [[Spring Offensive]]. On 4 August 1918, Hitler was awarded the Iron Cross First Class by the [[Jewish]] Hugo Gutmann. After [[Armistice with Germany (Compiègne)|Germany surrendered]], Hitler was shocked, because the German army still held enemy territory in November 1918.<ref>{{cite book | last = Bullock | first = Allan | year = 1962 | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr0000bull_c8v9 | publisher = Penguin Books | page = [https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr0000bull_c8v9/page/60 60] | isbn = 978-0-14-013564-0}}</ref> == Entry into politics == [[File:Hitler's DAP membership card.png|thumb|Hitler's membership card in the German Workers Party, later called the Nazis]] After World War I, Hitler stayed in the army and returned to Munich. There he attended the [[funeral]] march of the Bavarian [[prime minister]] [[Kurt Eisner]], who had been killed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/document/artikel_44676_bilder_value_6_beisetzung-eisners3.jpg|title=Picture with Adolf Hitler during the march|publisher=Bibliothek der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek|language=de|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604212219/http://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/document/artikel_44676_bilder_value_6_beisetzung-eisners3.jpg|archive-date=4 June 2007|access-date=2009-04-24}}</ref> In 1919, he participated in a training programme for [[propaganda]] speakers from 5 to 12 June and 26 June to 5 July. Later that year, Hitler joined a small [[political party]] called the [[German Workers Party]]. He became member number 555.<ref>{{cite book | last = Toland | first = John | title = Adolf Hitler; Biography 1889-1945 | year = 1977 | page = 131 | isbn = 978-3-8289-0540-5 | language=de| publisher = Lübbe Verlag}}</ref> He soon won the support of the party's members. Two years later, he became the party's leader. He renamed the party the [[Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei|National Socialist German Workers Party]]. It became known as the [[Nazi Party]]. == During the Weimar Republic == [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 119-0289, München, Hitler bei Einweihung "Braunes Haus".jpg|thumb|left|Hitler and Schwarz at the dedication of the renovation of the Palais Barlow on Brienner Straße to the Brown House]] In 1923, Hitler got together several hundred other members of the Nazi Party and tried to take over the [[Weimar Republic]] government (1918–34) in the [[Beer Hall Putsch]].<ref name="remember">{{cite web | url = http://remember.org/guide/Facts.root.hitler.html | title = Biography and facts about Adolf Hitler | access-date = 10 July 2009}}</ref> The [[coup]] failed. The government killed 13 of his men<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/adolf_hitler_1918_to_1924.htm |title= The Beer Hall Putsch |access-date= 10 July 2009 |publisher= Chris Trueman |archive-date= 29 June 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090629210803/http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/adolf_hitler_1918_to_1924.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> (the 13 dead men were later declared [[saints]] in Nazi [[ideology]]). They also put Hitler in the [[Landsberg Prison]]. They said that he would stay in prison for five years, but they let him leave after nine months. ==''Mein Kampf''== {{main|Mein Kampf}} [[File:Erstausgabe von Mein Kampf.jpg|thumb|A picture of the book]] While Hitler was in prison, he wrote a book with the help of his close friend [[Rudolf Hess]] and Maxwell Schmidtlein. At first, Hitler wanted to call the book ''Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity and Cowardice''. In the end, he called the book "''Mein Kampf''" ("My Struggle").<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERmein.htm |title= Spartacus Schoolnet - Mein Kampf |access-date= 10 July 2009 |publisher= John Simkin |archive-date= 6 March 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100306050815/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERmein.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> ''Mein Kampf'' brought together some of Hitler's different ideas and explained where they came from:<ref>Laurence Rees; ''The Dark Charisma of Adolf Hitler''; Ebury Press 2012; pp. 61–62</ref> * His idea that the "[[Aryan race]]" was superior came from [[Arthur de Gobineau]]'s book, ''The Inequality of the Human Races''. * His plans for an [[Empire]] in the East came from the way Germany had captured farming land in the First World War. * His idea that [[democracy]] (rule by the people) should be replaced by [[dictatorship]] (rule by one person) * His idea that Judaism and [[communism]] were connected came from the Nazi writer [[Alfred Rosenberg]]. * His anger against the Jews. He suggests that they should be killed, though he is not clear about how this should be done.<ref>Kershaw, 2008, pages, 148-50</ref> Hitler may have also been influenced by [[Martin Luther]]'s ''On the Jews and their Lies''. In ''Mein Kampf'', Hitler says Martin Luther was "a great [[warrior]], a true [[statesman]] and a great [[reform]]er."<ref name="bio" /> == Rise to power == [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 146-1972-026-11, Machtübernahme Hitlers.jpg|thumb|Hitler giving a speech during his inauguration as Chancellor of Germany on January 30, 1933]] In January 1933, Hitler was [[Election|elected]] into the German government and established a dictatorship in the following months. He ended [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of the press]] and punished his enemies by imprisoning or killing them. He banned every [[political party]] except for the Nazi Party by the summer of 1933 and Germany became a [[one-party state]].<ref name="remember" /> Hitler and his [[propaganda]] minister, [[Joseph Goebbels]], spread extreme [[nationalism]] within Germany. All [[Mass media|media]] came under the control of the Nazi Party and they had to praise Hitler and the Nazis. Also, more people were born because Hitler wanted more people of the "[[master race]]" (those he called "[[Aryan]]s"). After the death of [[Paul von Hindenburg]] in 1934, Hitler declared the office of President vacant and made himself ''[[Führer]]'' (both [[Head of State]] and [[Head of Government]]) and became a full [[dictator]] with no [[checks and balances]]. He made Germany a [[totalitarianism|totalitarian]] [[fascist]] [[dictatorship]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://remember.org/guide/Facts.root.nazi.html |title= Nazi Fascism and the Modern Totalitarian State |access-date= 13 July 2009 |publisher= Gary Grobman}}</ref> Hitler was also responsible for the [[Beer Hall Putsch|Beer Hall Putsch of 1923]]. In the [[Night of the Long Knives|Night of the Long Knives of 1934]] he had [[Ernst Röhm]] the head of the [[Sturmabteilung|SA]] killed by [[Heinrich Himmler]], [[Reinhard Heydrich]] and the [[SS]]. They were also involved in the [[Kristallnacht]] (1938). == World War II == [[File:Flag of Germany (1935–1945).svg|thumb|right|The [[swastika]] was the emblem and flag of [[Germany]] from 1935 to 1945 used by Hitler.]] Hitler is credited with starting World War II on September 1, 1939 by [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|ordering the German Army to invade Poland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/ww2Timeline/Prelude11.html|title=The start of World War Two|publisher=Steven Schoenherr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020308155312/http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/ww2Timeline/Prelude11.html|archive-date=8 March 2002|access-date=2009-07-15}}</ref> His army [[Military occupation|took over]] western Poland, and later most of [[Europe]], including [[France]] and a large part of the [[Soviet Union]]. == The Holocaust == [[File:Selection on the ramp at Auschwitz-Birkenau, 1944 (Auschwitz Album) 1a.jpg|thumb|left|Deportation of Jews to Auschwitz in 1944]] During the war, Hitler ordered the Nazis to kill many people, including women and children. The Nazis killed around six million Jews in [[the Holocaust]]. [[Holocaust victims|Other people that the Nazis killed]] were [[Roma people|Roma]] (Gypsies), [[homosexual]]s, Slavs such as [[Russia]]ns and [[Poland|Poles]], and his political opponents.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://fcit.usf.edu/holocaust/People/victims.htm |title= Teachers guide - about the Holocaust |access-date= 2009-07-15 |publisher= University of South Florida}}</ref> The Nazi’s justified the exploitation and slaughter of Jews via the stab-in-the-back myth - which many Germans believed to be true after their defeat and call for a ceasefire near the end of [[World War I]] - thought to be caused by overwhelming support from the [[United States|United States of America]] and other allied countries such as [[France]], along with a blockade on food and raw materials causing economic crises,<ref>{{Cite web|title=What You Need To Know About The British Naval Blockade Of The First World War|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-british-naval-blockade-of-the-first-world-war|access-date=2026-04-09|website=Imperial War Museums|language=en}}</ref> a lack of military progress despite substantial causalities - and according to the stab-in-the-back myth - the influence of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] during the war.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Social Democratic Party (SPD) {{!}} History, Policies, Platform, Leader, & Structure {{!}} Britannica|language=en|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Social-Democratic-Party-of-Germany|access-date=2026-04-09}}</ref> Following this, the socialists split into extremes such as [[Communism]], leading to competition between the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SDP]] and [[Communist Party of Germany|KPD]], causing multi-party instability during the Weimar Republic and influencing the popularity of the [[Nazi Party|National Socialist German Workers’ Party]] until their eventual victory in [[1933]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bartsch|first=Kolja|title=German Bundestag - The Weimar Republic (1918 - 1933)|url=https://www.bundestag.de/en/parliament/history/parliamentarism/weimar/weimar-200326|access-date=2026-04-09|website=German Bundestag|language=en}}</ref> The Nazi party continued to propagate propaganda which demonized Jews as back-stabbers, eventually leading to the holocaust where millions of Jews were exploited for slave labour, medical research, and as disposable military assets for the war economy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Forced Labor: An Overview|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/forced-labor-an-overview|access-date=2026-04-09|website=Holocaust Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref> Hitler referred to his [[Jew|Jewish]] family physician [[Eduard Bloch|Dr. Eduard Bloch]] as an Edeljude (noble Jew) due to the compassionate care Dr. Bloch provided when he was treating Hitler’s mother for terminal [[breast cancer]], compelling Hitler to grant [[Gestapo]] level protection to Dr. Bloch and his family. Dr. Bloch later immigrated to the [[United States|United States of America]] and passed away in 1945 from [[stomach cancer]] - about a month after Hitler committed [[suicide]] - being one of few Jews Hitler exempted, though he still maintained his view of Jews as a collective threat to Germans.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Weisz|first=George M.|date=2014|title=Hitler's Jewish Physicians|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4128594/|journal=Rambam Maimonides Medical Journal|volume=5|issue=3|pages=e0023|doi=10.5041/RMMJ.10157|issn=2076-9172|pmc=4128594|pmid=25120923}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jha|first=Priyanka|title=The Blogs: Hitler and his Jewish Doctors|url=https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/hitler-and-his-jewish-doctors/|access-date=2026-04-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Finally, [[Allies of World War II|some of the other countries in the world]] worked together to defeat Germany. Hitler lost all of the lands that he had taken. Millions of Germans were killed in the war. At the end of World War II, Hitler gave all people in the ''Führerbunker'' permission to leave it. Many people did and moved to the region of [[Berchtesgaden]]. They used [[Fixed-wing aircraft|planes]] and [[truck]] convoys. Hitler, the Göbbels family, [[Martin Bormann]], [[Eva Braun]] and some other [[wikt:staff|staff]] remained in the bunker.<ref name="historyplace">{{cite web | url = http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-death.htm |title= Historyplace - The death of Hitler |access-date= 2009-07-15 |publisher= The History Place}}</ref> Hitler married Eva Braun on 29 April 1945. ==Death== [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-V04744, Berlin, Garten der zerstörte Reichskanzlei.jpg|thumb|The [[Führerbunker]], where Hitler spent the last months of his life]] [[File:Stars & Stripes & Hitler Dead2.jpg|thumb|The cover of the American newspaper ''The Stars and Stripes'', on 2 May 1945]] Forty hours after Hitler and Eva Braun got married in [[Berlin]], [[Germany]], both of them committed [[suicide]]: Eva Braun, by [[poison]]ing with [[cyanide]]; Hitler also gave some to his German Shepherd. Then, Hitler committed suicide by shooting himself in the head with his [[gun]].<ref name="historyplace" /> Before this, Hitler ordered that their [[body|bodies]] be burned after they were dead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.credoreference.com/topic/hitler_adolf_1889_1945|title=Hitler, Adolf (1889 - 1945) - Credo Reference Topic|year=2011|work=credoreference.com|access-date=6 September 2011}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This prevented him from being captured alive by soldiers of the [[Red Army]], who were closing in on him. Despite this, there are [[Conspiracy theory|theories]] that Hitler did not die in 1945, but that he instead escaped to [[Argentina]]. These theories are very unpopular, with most historians dismissing them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Did Hitler escape from his bunker and live in Argentina after WW2? The real history that debunks the conspiracy|url=https://www.historyextra.com/period/second-world-war/did-hitler-escape-bunker-survive-argentina-south-america-conspiracy-real-history-facts/|access-date=2023-05-08|website=HistoryExtra|language=en|archive-date=2023-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508231451/https://www.historyextra.com/period/second-world-war/did-hitler-escape-bunker-survive-argentina-south-america-conspiracy-real-history-facts/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Hitler in history== [[Ian Kershaw]], a [[historian]] who wrote a [[biography]] (life story) of Hitler, describes him as a modern symbol of [[evil]]. "Never in history has such ruination ... been [linked] with the name of one man."<ref>Kershaw, 2000, pages xvii and 841</ref> However, Kershaw and some other historians believe that it is more important to look at the wider problems in Germany at the time, rather than at Hitler himself, to explain why the war and the Holocaust happened.<ref>Kershaw, 2008, xxxv–xxxvi</ref> == Related pages == * [[Nazism]] * [[Nazi Party]] * [[Fascism]] * [[Racism]] * [[World War II]] * ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' * [[Anti-Romani sentiment]] == References == {{reflist|2}} ==Other websites== * {{Internet Archive|id=Hitler-OSS-CIA|name=A psychological analysis of Adolf Hitler}} * {{OL author|OL108070A}} * {{Internet Archive author|sname=Adolf Hitler}} == More reading == * {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstalinpara0000bull_l8j4 | publisher = HarperCollins | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-679-72994-5}} * {{cite book | author = Alan Bullock | title = Hitler: A Study in Tyranny | year = 1991 | url = https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull | isbn = 978-0-06-092020-3}} * {{cite book |author= Michael FitzGerald |title= Adolf Hitler: A Portrait |url= https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerportr0000fitz |publisher= Spellmount |year=2006 |isbn= 978-1-86227-322-1}} * {{cite book |author= Joachim Fest |title= Hitler |publisher= Harvest Books |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0-15-602754-0}} * {{cite book |author= Ian Kershaw |title= Hitler 1889-1936: Hubris |publisher= W W Norton |year= 1999 |isbn= 978-0-393-32035-0}} * {{cite book |author= Lothar Machtan |title= The Hidden Hitler |url= https://archive.org/details/hiddenhitler0000mach |publisher= Basic Books |year= 2001 |isbn=978-0-465-04308-8}} * {{cite web|url=https://www.azquotes.com/author/6758-Adolf_Hitler|title=Top 25 Adolph Hitler quotes|publisher=AZ Quotes}} {{Kanzler}} {{Hitler's Cabinet}} {{GermanPresidents}} {{Time Persons of the Year 1927–1950}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hitler, Adolf}} [[Category:1889 births]] [[Category:1945 deaths]] [[Category:Adolf Hitler| ]] [[Category:Hitler family]] [[Category:Nazi leaders|*]] [[Category:Former dictators]] [[Category:Austrian painters]] [[Category:Austrian politicians]] [[Category:German war criminals]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:Former Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Holocaust perpetrators]] [[Category:Austrian war criminals]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Europe]] [[Category:Time People of the Year]] [[Category:Antisemitism in Germany]] [[Category:People from Upper Austria]] [[Category:Presidents of Nazi Germany]] [[Category:Nazis who committed suicide]] [[Category:Chancellors of Nazi Germany]] [[Category:20th-century German painters]] [[Category:Ministers-President of Prussia]] [[Category:Suicides by firearm in Germany]] [[Category:Politicians who committed suicide]] [[Category:Members of the Reichstag (Nazi Germany)]] [[Category:German military personnel of World War I]] [[Category:German military personnel of World War II]] [[Category:Members of the Reichstag (Weimar Republic)]] [[Category:People with borderline personality disorder]] [[Category:20th-century rulers]] [[Category:20th-century presidents of Germany]] [[Category:Anti-communists]] 3os0gon6z2vukqsazjfs49sn6j0hsvu 0 4465 11024130 10979890 2026-10-08T21:26:36Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 /* */ 11024130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} {{about|the penis in humans|penises in animals in general|Penis}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Human penis | Latin = penis, pudendum virile, membrum virile | Greek = | Image = Penis with Labels.jpg | Caption = A flaccid uncircumcised adult human penis | Width = 220 | Precursor = [[Genital tubercle]], [[urogenital folds]], [[urogenital sinus]] | System = [[Genitourinary system]], [[male reproductive system]] | Artery = [[Dorsal artery of the penis]], [[deep artery of the penis]], [[artery of the urethral bulb|artery of bulb]], [[internal pudendal artery]] | Vein = [[Dorsal veins of the penis|Deep dorsal vein, superficial dorsal vein of the penis]], [[vein of bulb of penis|vein of bulb]], [[internal pudendal veins]] | Nerve = [[Dorsal nerve of the penis]], [[pudendal nerve]] | Lymph = [[Superficial inguinal lymph nodes]] }} The '''human penis''' is a tasty [[male]] body part found on the outside of the body. It is used for [[urination]] and for [[sexual intercourse]]. The main sexual function of the penis is to be inserted into a [[female]]'s [[vagina]] and deliver [[semen]], to cause [[pregnancy]]. The penis also provides [[pleasure]] during other types of sexual activity, including [[foreplay]], [[oral sex]], and [[Masturbation|solo sex]] (which doctors say is normal and healthy). There are many [[slang]] words for penis, like [[dick]] and [[cock]]. A [[euphemism]] for penis is male member. The general area where the penis is located is called the [[crotch]] or groin. Sometimes people who do not want to use the word penis use the word crotch instead. For example, someone might say a [[rapper]] "grabbed his crotch" rather than "grabbed his penis." Females have a [[clitoris]], which is like a penis, although the outside part of the clitoris is much smaller than the penis. Most of the clitoris is inside the body. Part of the shaft of the clitoris is covered by a thin layer of skin called the [[clitoral hood]], which is similar to the [[foreskin]] of the penis. Both the penis and the clitoris are erectile organs, meaning they can become larger and harder (called getting an [[erection]]) when touched, rubbed, or stimulated in other ways. == Structure == [[File:Human Male Penis Foreskin Retraction Series 03.jpg|thumb|301x301px|Foreskin covering Glans Penis to completely pulled back]] The human penis exits the [[abdomen]] above the [[scrotum]] and hangs freely outside the body. The main visible part is called the shaft. The human penis has three parts. *Body of the penis: The main visible part of the penis. The [[urethra]] runs underside of the penis *Root of the penis: Invisible part of the penis. It reaches near the [[anus]] and contains the bulb of the penis and the crus of the penis. The crus of the penis is attached to the [[pubic bone]] *Skin of the penis: The shaft is covered by the skin. The skin is not attached tightly to the inner tissue so it can move freely on the shaft The human penis is made up of three rod-shaped [[biological tissue|tissues]]. It has two [[corpora cavernosa]] (special pieces of [[muscle]]) next to each other and a [[Corpus spongiosum penis|corpus spongiosum]] (spongy muscle) between them. The end of the corpus spongiosum forms the [[glans penis]]. The glans penis is covered by the [[foreskin]] in uncircumcised males. The rounded base of the glans is called the [[Corona of the penis|corona]]. The area on the bottom of the penis, where the foreskin is attached, is known as the [[frenulum|frenulum of prepuce]]. The urethra, the tube where [[urine]] (pee) and semen travel through, runs down the corpus spongiosum (spongy tissue), and opens at the tip of the penis. The opening is called the urinary meatus. [[Sperm]] are made in the [[testes]] (ball-like [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]]) and stored in the [[epididymis]] (layer of tissue) around the testes. During [[ejaculation]], sperm are pushed up the [[vas deferens]]. Fluids are added by the [[seminal vesicle]]s, the [[prostate]] gland and the [[bulbourethral gland]]s to make semen. [[File:Human male reproductive system en.svg|thumb|360px|Human male sex organs|center]] == In sexual reproduction == === Erection === {{main|Erection}} A penis can become erect (hard) if a male is sexually aroused (or sometimes during sleep, even though there is no sexual stimulation). In an erection, the penis fills with [[blood]]. The blood makes the penis become longer, thicker and harder. [[Vein]]s taking blood away from the penis get smaller, so less blood is taken through. [[Artery|Arteries]] bringing blood to the penis get wider, bringing more blood to the penis. Erections sometimes occur in the male [[fetus]] (before birth), and occur naturally from birth onwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Preputial pathology - Foreskin concerns |url=http://www.monashchildrenshospital.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/prepuce-foreskin-concerns.pdf |publisher=Monash Children's Hospital |accessdate=1 August 2023}}</ref> It is normal for the penis to be erect when a male wakes up. This is commonly called [[morning wood]]. It is also normal for male teenagers and men to have an erection several times per night when sleeping. If this does not happen, the person may have a bad [[Medical condition|medical problem]] or [[Depression (mental illness)|depression]] (a [[mental health]] problem.) Not being able to have an erection can also be caused by various common drugs, including [[Antidepressant|antidepressants]] and drugs taken to control [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Erectile Dysfunction (ED): Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10035-erectile-dysfunction |website=Cleveland Clinic |accessdate=27 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> During the day, an erection sometimes happens for no reason, or when undressing. This is most common in young [[Teenager|teenagers]] and is normal. People call this a spontaneous (sudden or surprise) erection. A slang word for an erection is a boner''.'' === Ejaculation === {{main|Ejaculation}} [[File:Male ejaculation cumshot.gif|thumb|Male ejaculation]] Ejaculation is when [[semen]] is pushed from the penis. It usually happens during an [[orgasm]]. Males can ejaculate during [[sexual intercourse]] or by [[masturbation]]. There are usually 40 million or more sperm in the semen ejaculated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Semen Analysis - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center |url=https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&contentid=semen_analysis |website=www.urmc.rochester.edu |accessdate=27 June 2023}}</ref> Semen usually has a slight smell of chlorine and ammonia. It is not poisonous, but it is very bad if it gets in someone's eye. The [[enzymes]] semen contains to penetrate the egg in a female will also attack the eye. Be careful not to ejaculate into your eye or your partner's eye. Semen contains [[Protein|proteins]] and [[fructose]] (a kind of [[sugar]].) Some people say that it tastes sweeter if the man eats a lot of [[fruit]]. Scientists have not proven that, however. [[Tobacco smoking|Smoking]], or drinking [[coffee]], [[tea]], or [[Cola|colas]] that contain [[caffeine]] can create a bitter flavor.<ref>{{cite web |title=We asked these sex questions so you don't have to: Experts sound in on classic sex queries |url=https://www.cbc.ca/life/wellness/we-asked-these-sex-questions-so-you-don-t-have-to-1.5113375 |publisher=CBC/Radio-Canada |accessdate=2 July 2023}}</ref> Semen is slimy when wet. Eventually, it dries in the air and hardens like [[glue]]. In reproductive sexual intercourse between a male and female, the erect penis is inserted into the [[vagina]] and moved in and out. The vagina places pressure on the penis, which can cause the male to have an orgasm and ejaculate into the vagina, causing insemination (meaning that semen enters the [[Female reproductive system|female's reproductive system]]). Orgasm and ejaculation can happen during many types of sex acts including [[Anal sex|anal]] and oral sex, and when [[masturbating]]. A condom should be used during anal sex to avoid getting a [[urinary tract infection]]. Masturbation can include touching and rubbing the penis and other sensitive areas of the body, such as the [[scrotum]], and other places in the [[genital]] area. This can be done naked or through clothes. Sometimes the penis is squeezed between the partner's thighs without being inserted into the body. This is called [[intercrural sex]]. Sometimes the penis is rubbed against the other person's body. The people can be naked or wearing clothes. When two males rub their penises together or against each other's body, it is called [[frottage]]. Ejaculation may also happen without touching during [[sleep]] (called a [[wet dream]]). This is common, especially for pre-teen and teenage boys. It is uncommon in adults. While it can feel almost magical to ejaculate during a dream, boys don't like the mess it creates. Boys usually don't have wet dreams if they masturbate before sleeping every night.{{cn|date=August 2023}} A male must have started [[puberty]] before he can ejaculate. (Sometimes when a boy who has not started puberty masturbates, a small amount of urine comes out.) During orgasm, [[muscle]]s push semen from the penis. Semen moves through the urethra and comes out of the hole at the tip of the penis. == Condom use == {{Main|Condom}} [[File:Penis in condom 3.jpg|thumb|Penis in a condom]] A man can put a [[condom]] on his penis to prevent semen from entering the female's reproductive system. A condom is very thin, so having sex still feels good. It is normally made of [[latex]]. If used correctly, a condom usually [[birth control|stops the woman from getting pregnant]] and having a [[baby]]. The condom also lowers the chance of getting a [[sexually transmitted infection]] from the sexual partner or giving a sexually transmitted infection to the sexual partner. While condoms are most commonly used during vaginal sex, a condom can also be used during oral sex, anal sex, and masturbation. == Vaccination to reduce the spread of sexually transmitted infections == {{See also|Vaccination}} Vaccinating young people (both girls and boys) before the age when they first have sex can reduce their risk of getting one infection called [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] (human papillomavirus). The United States [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) says the [[HPV vaccine]] should be given at age 11 or 12 years but can be started at age 9.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 May 2023|title=HPV Vaccination Recommendations {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|accessdate=2 July 2023}}</ref> HPV increases the risk of [[cancer]], including cancer in the [[Head and neck cancer|throat or neck]] if people have oral sex (licking, [[kissing]] or sucking on the penis, also called [[fellatio]]).<ref>{{cite web|date=7 February 2018|title=Oral sex and throat cancer: Links, facts, and research|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/261453#oral-sex-safety|website=www.medicalnewstoday.com|language=en|accessdate=2 July 2023}}</ref> HPV can be under the foreskin if the penis has a foreskin, and in the semen whether the penis is circumcised or uncircumcised. == Penis size in humans == {{Main|Human penis size}} [[File:Human penis sizes.svg|thumb|Distribution of human penis sizes]] The [[length]] and [[girth|thickness]] of the penis is different for different people. The size of a soft penis (not erect, or also called being flaccid) is much smaller than when it is erect. Some penises grow more when they get hard than other penises. In most cases, whether a penis is big or small, it can still be used for sex. It averages out to be around 3 to 6 inches long when not erect. The average size of an erect human penis is between 13 – 16 [[centimetre|cm]] (5.1– 6 [[inch|in]]).<ref name="Wessells">{{cite web | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8709382&dopt=Abstract | title = Penile length in the flaccid and erect states: guidelines for penile augmentation | accessdate = 5 June 2007 | author = Wessels, H |year = 1996 }}</ref><ref name="Chen">{{cite journal | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11416836&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsum | title = Predicting penile size during erection | author = Chen, J | journal = Magyar Traumatologia, Orthopaedia Es Helyreallito Sebeszet | date = 1 December 2000 | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 146–151 | pmid = 6836 }}</ref><ref name="lifestyles_condoms">{{cite web | url = http://www.free-condom-stuff.com/education/research.htm | title = ANSELL RESEARCH - The Penis Size Survey | accessdate = 13 July 2006 | date = March 2001 | archive-date = 1 July 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060701200434/http://www.free-condom-stuff.com/education/research.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> The average [[circumference]] of a penis is 12.3&nbsp;cm (4.85&nbsp;in) when fully erect. The [[penis]] grows bigger during puberty. At the start of puberty, the average length of the penis is {{convert|6|cm}}. The penis reaches [[adult]] size about 5 years later.<ref>{{cite journal|author=W.A. Schonfeld|title=Primary and Secondary Sexual Characteristics: Study of their Development in Males from Birth through Maturity, with Biometric Study of Penis and Testes|journal=American Journal of Diseases of Children|year=1943|volume=65|pages=535|doi=10.1001/archpedi.1943.02010160019003}}</ref> A study done in 1996 found the [[mean (statistics)|mean]] length of an adult man's penis is {{convert|3.5|in|disp=flip}} when it is not [[erection|erect]].<ref name=Wessells/> The average length of an erect penis is about {{convert|12.9|to|15|cm}}.<ref name=Wessells/><ref>See also {{cite journal|title=Predicting Penile Size during Erection|journal=International Journal of Impotence Research|year=2000|volume=12|issue=6|pages=328–333|doi=10.1038/sj.ijir.3900627|pmid=11416836|s2cid=17447888|last1=Chen|first1=J.|last2=Gefen|first2=A.|last3=Greenstein|first3=A.|last4=Matzkin|first4=H.|last5=Elad|first5=D.}} {{cite web|title=Ansell Research: The penis size survey|url=http://www.free-condom-stuff.com/education/research.htm|publisher=Ansell Healthcare|date=March 2001|accessdate=29 November 2008|archive-date=1 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701200434/http://www.free-condom-stuff.com/education/research.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The human penis is longer than in other [[Primate|primates]] except for the [[chimpanzee]]. The chimpanzee's penis is about the same length. The penis is bigger in circumference on humans than on other primates.<ref>{{cite book | author = Dixson, A. F. | year = 2009 | title = Sexual selection and the origins of human mating systems | publisher = Oxford University Press | pages = 61–65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRTniKE2liYC| isbn = 9780191569739 }}</ref> == Circumcision == {{Main|Circumcision}} [[File:Circumcision comparison.jpg|thumb|Circumcision comparison, before (left) and after (right)]] In common speech, you can say that someone is ''cut'' or ''uncut'', meaning circumcised or not circumcised. For example, one teenage boy might ask another teenage boy, "Are you cut?" While this is slang English, it is not considered profanity. The foreskin is a fold of skin that covers the end of the penis. The foreskin is a bit thicker than an [[eyelid]]. Cutting off the foreskin is called [[circumcision]]. The foreskin is connected to the head of the penis. During circumcision, most or all of the foreskin is removed from the penis. This surgical change to the penis is common in some cultures of the world, including religions Islam and Judaism where it is required. It is also done in the [[United States]]. Circumcision is sometimes done in secular people – for medical reasons, when the foreskin is too narrow or seriously inflamed for example, or because the operation is said to lower the chance of ever getting [[Penile cancer|cancer of the penis]]. The foreskin removed during circumcision is a possible source of penile cancer.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hakenberg OW, Compérat EM, Minhas S, Necchi A, Protzel C, Watkin N |title=EAU guidelines on penile cancer: 2014 update |journal=Eur Urol |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=142–150 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25457021 |doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.017 |type=Practice guideline}}</ref> Circumcision is usually performed on [[infant]] males for medical reasons, or for religious reasons, especially for Jews and Muslims, or cultural reasons in the United States, the [[Philippines]], and [[South Korea]]. "Cultural reasons" means reasons such as beliefs that the penis stays cleaner or looks more beautiful when circumcised. "Cultural reasons" also includes [[tradition]], meaning parents wanting their son's penis to look like the father's penis and like other boys' penises. In the United States, one of the reasons for it being a tradition is that it was once a requirement in the [[navy]] and popular in other parts of the [[military]]. The [[World Health Organization]] estimates that the overall male circumcision rate in the United States is somewhere between 76 and 92 percent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ingraham |first1=Christopher |title=Americans truly are exceptional — at least when it comes to circumcision |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/05/26/americans-truly-are-exceptional-at-least-when-it-comes-to-circumcision/#:~:text=There's%20no%20question%20that%20among,rates%20less%20than%2020%20percent. |newspaper=Washington Post |accessdate=12 July 2023 |date=25 November 2021}}</ref> Circumcision was also very common in [[Canada]], although that is no longer the case, due in part to changes in [[government]] rules about paying for circumcision. Through the first half of the [[20th century|twentieth century]], up to about the late 1960s and even the early 1970s, it was common for men in the United States and Canada to [[swim]] naked (without [[Swimsuit|bathing suits]]) at [[high school]], [[college]], and [[YMCA]] pools. It was also common that men [[Shower|showered]] together in schools and in the military. Since it was common for boys and young men to be naked, many parents wanted their sons to look like other American males. Parents did not want their sons to look different from the majority. In some religions, babies and young boys have their foreskins cut off. This is expected in [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]].<ref>{{cite web|year=2006|title=Circumcision|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/circumcision.html|publisher=American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise}} </ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Beidelman|first=T.|editor=Mircea Eliade|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of religion|title=CIRCUMCISION|url=http://www.male-initiation.net/anthropology/eliade.html|publisher=Macmillan Publishers|volume=3|location=New York|isbn=978-0-02-909480-8|pages=511–514|date=1987|access-date=2008-03-14|archive-date=2023-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530221852/https://male-initiation.net/anthropology/eliade.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is not required according to [[Christianity]]. Among Christians in the United States, it is more common among [[Protestantism|Protestants]] than among [[Catholics]]. In the United States, circumcision is less common among boys and men whose families came from [[Mexico]], who are usually Catholic. In Judaism, infant males are [[Brit milah|required]] to have their foreskin removed as a sign of the [[covenant]] (ancient promise) made with God. When a foreskin is removed from a baby, doctors can use the skin for important medical purposes. Doctors can replace skin on someone with [[Burn|burns]] or with foot sores caused by [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Human Foreskin Is a Hot Commodity in Science |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/why-human-foreskin-is-a-hot-commodity-in-science |website=Discover Magazine |accessdate=26 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Foreskins that have been removed can be used for [[medical research]]. If a male is uncut (uncircumcised) he should wash under the foreskin every day. However, young boys should not pull or push their foreskin back when washing. Not washing the penis can cause a bad smell. People should not use [[soap]] when washing their penis. Getting soap inside the penis (in the urethra) can hurt. It is like getting soap in the eyes. Some males have the foreskin cut off when they are adults because they have problems with their foreskin. Some males have the foreskin cut off because they want to change how their penis looks. Few boys are born without a foreskin or with a very short foreskin, called [[aposthia]], naturally circumcised. === Penile cancer and HIV/AIDS === {{Main|Penile cancer}} Childhood circumcision has a strong protective effect against penile cancer in later life.<ref name="pc">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thomas A, Necchi A, Muneer A, Tobias-Machado M, Tran AT, Van Rompuy AS, Spiess PE, Albersen M |title=Penile cancer |journal=Nat Rev Dis Primers |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11 |date=February 2021 |pmid=33574340 |doi=10.1038/s41572-021-00246-5 |s2cid=231877615 |type=Review |display-authors=5}}</ref> Penile cancer has been nearly eliminated in populations of males circumcised shortly after birth. Circumcision virtually eliminates the risk of invasive penile cancer. Being uncircumcised is a [[risk factor]] for penile cancer.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 June 2018|title=Risk Factors for Penile Cancer|url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/penile-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html|publisher=[[American Cancer Society]]}}</ref> Invasive penile cancer is cancer that spreads in the body. It is uncommon but often causes the man to die. Circumcision also reduces the risk of [[cervical cancer|cancer of the cervix]] in female sexual partners.<ref>{{cite web |title=Male circumcision may protect against HPV infection in males and females |url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230410/Male-circumcision-may-protect-against-HPV-infection-in-males-and-females.aspx |website=News-Medical.net |accessdate=31 July 2023 |language=en |date=10 April 2023}}</ref> [[Cervical cancer]] is very common. It causes over 300,000 deaths of [[Woman|women]] worldwide every year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 January 2018|title=WHO Fact Sheet on HPV and Cervical Cancer|url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papillomavirus-(hpv)-and-cervical-cancer|access-date=4 June 2019|website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Circumcision reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of getting or spreading [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS]]. Circumcision became more common in [[Africa]] after HIV/AIDS began. The use of condoms also reduces the risk of getting or spreading HIV/AIDS, but many people in Africa cannot afford condoms or choose not to use them. ==Skin color== Penile skin is often slightly darker than skin in surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Penises|url=http://teenhealthsource.com/puberty/penises/|website=teenhealthsource.com|date=20 April 2015|publisher=Planned Parenthood Toronto|accessdate=18 March 2017|quote=Some penises are lighter in colour, some are darker – the colour of your penis is usually a bit darker than your overall skin colour.}}</ref> This is due to a higher concentration of [[melanocyte|melanocytes]] in genital skin tissue.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hadidi |first1=Ahmed T. |chapter=Surgical Anatomy of the Penis and Urethra |title=Hypospadias Surgery: An Illustrated Textbook |date=2022 |pages=105–126 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-94248-9_4 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-94248-9_4 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-94247-2 |language=en}} "The darker color of penile skin is due to melanin secreted by a relatively large number of nelanocytes."</ref> The tip (glans) of the penis is usually pink or red color even if the penis shaft skin is dark. If the man is not circumcised, the tip is usually covered by the foreskin. The foreskin is about the same color as the skin on the shaft of the penis. If a man's penis skin changes color and he doesn't know why, he should go to a doctor. He could have an [[infection]], [[diabetes]], or cancer.<!--rem deprecated source (dailymail)--> A [[sunburn]] on the penis can happen quickly. If a man is outside without clothes, he will get a sun tan. That is normal. Too much sun causes sunburn. Doctors say to use [[sunscreen]] (sun cream) before and after [[Nudity#Common activities in the nude|nude swimming]]. A sunburn can happen in a few minutes on a very sunny day. ==Culture== Since the oldest cultures the penis has assumed a strong importance as a symbol of fertility used also in religious ceremonies to celebrate and (people hoped) to improve the reproductive capacity of men and beasts. For example, in Roman paganism, the god [[Priapus]] is characterized by a huge penis. In some places in Japan and South Korea, there are special days and public events to celebrate the penis. When an erect penis is shown in art or in cultural events, it is often called a [[phallus]]. === Piercing === Some men put [[jewelry]] on their penis. This is a type of [[body piercing]] called [[genital piercing]]. One main reason is that it can make sex more pleasurable. Jewelry is sometimes at the tip (through the glans and urethra), sometimes through the foreskin, corona, or frenulum, or sometimes under the shaft of the penis. == Related pages == * [[Sex organ]] * [[Male reproductive system]] ** [[Penis]], [[Phallus]], [[scrotum]], [[testicle]]s * [[Female reproductive system]] ** [[Vagina]], [[clitoris]], [[vulva]], [[ovary]] * [[Urethra]] * [[Fellatio]] (oral sex) * [[Masturbation]] == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commonscat}} {{commons cat|Penis }} * [http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/resources/bib-penis.html Kinsey Institute on the penis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014220534/http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/resources/bib-penis.html |date=2008-10-14 }} {{Reproductive system}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Organs]] [[Category:Men]] [[Category:Penis]] [[Category:Anatomy of the male reproductive system]] [[Category:Male reproductive system]] jzx2uqrrue8aksc1yx80cn5kzyn9kwf 11024176 11024130 2026-10-08T21:52:36Z Fehufanga 863768 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) to last version by AriamMai 10979890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}} {{about|the penis in humans|penises in animals in general|Penis}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Human penis | Latin = penis, pudendum virile, membrum virile | Greek = | Image = Penis with Labels.jpg | Caption = A flaccid uncircumcised adult human penis | Width = 220 | Precursor = [[Genital tubercle]], [[urogenital folds]], [[urogenital sinus]] | System = [[Genitourinary system]], [[male reproductive system]] | Artery = [[Dorsal artery of the penis]], [[deep artery of the penis]], [[artery of the urethral bulb|artery of bulb]], [[internal pudendal artery]] | Vein = [[Dorsal veins of the penis|Deep dorsal vein, superficial dorsal vein of the penis]], [[vein of bulb of penis|vein of bulb]], [[internal pudendal veins]] | Nerve = [[Dorsal nerve of the penis]], [[pudendal nerve]] | Lymph = [[Superficial inguinal lymph nodes]] }} The '''human penis''' is a [[male]] body part found on the outside of the body. It is used for [[urination]] and for [[sexual intercourse]]. The main sexual function of the penis is to be inserted into a [[female]]'s [[vagina]] and deliver [[semen]], to cause [[pregnancy]]. The penis also provides [[pleasure]] during other types of sexual activity, including [[foreplay]], [[oral sex]], and [[Masturbation|solo sex]] (which doctors say is normal and healthy). There are many [[slang]] words for penis, like [[dick]] and [[cock]]. A [[euphemism]] for penis is male member. The general area where the penis is located is called the [[crotch]] or groin. Sometimes people who do not want to use the word penis use the word crotch instead. For example, someone might say a [[rapper]] "grabbed his crotch" rather than "grabbed his penis." Females have a [[clitoris]], which is like a penis, although the outside part of the clitoris is much smaller than the penis. Most of the clitoris is inside the body. Part of the shaft of the clitoris is covered by a thin layer of skin called the [[clitoral hood]], which is similar to the [[foreskin]] of the penis. Both the penis and the clitoris are erectile organs, meaning they can become larger and harder (called getting an [[erection]]) when touched, rubbed, or stimulated in other ways. == Structure == [[File:Human Male Penis Foreskin Retraction Series 03.jpg|thumb|301x301px|Foreskin covering Glans Penis to completely pulled back]] The human penis exits the [[abdomen]] above the [[scrotum]] and hangs freely outside the body. The main visible part is called the shaft. The human penis has three parts. *Body of the penis: The main visible part of the penis. The [[urethra]] runs underside of the penis *Root of the penis: Invisible part of the penis. It reaches near the [[anus]] and contains the bulb of the penis and the crus of the penis. The crus of the penis is attached to the [[pubic bone]] *Skin of the penis: The shaft is covered by the skin. The skin is not attached tightly to the inner tissue so it can move freely on the shaft The human penis is made up of three rod-shaped [[biological tissue|tissues]]. It has two [[corpora cavernosa]] (special pieces of [[muscle]]) next to each other and a [[Corpus spongiosum penis|corpus spongiosum]] (spongy muscle) between them. The end of the corpus spongiosum forms the [[glans penis]]. The glans penis is covered by the [[foreskin]] in uncircumcised males. The rounded base of the glans is called the [[Corona of the penis|corona]]. The area on the bottom of the penis, where the foreskin is attached, is known as the [[frenulum|frenulum of prepuce]]. The urethra, the tube where [[urine]] (pee) and semen travel through, runs down the corpus spongiosum (spongy tissue), and opens at the tip of the penis. The opening is called the urinary meatus. [[Sperm]] are made in the [[testes]] (ball-like [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]]) and stored in the [[epididymis]] (layer of tissue) around the testes. During [[ejaculation]], sperm are pushed up the [[vas deferens]]. Fluids are added by the [[seminal vesicle]]s, the [[prostate]] gland and the [[bulbourethral gland]]s to make semen. [[File:Human male reproductive system en.svg|thumb|360px|Human male sex organs|center]] == In sexual reproduction == === Erection === {{main|Erection}} A penis can become erect (hard) if a male is sexually aroused (or sometimes during sleep, even though there is no sexual stimulation). In an erection, the penis fills with [[blood]]. The blood makes the penis become longer, thicker and harder. [[Vein]]s taking blood away from the penis get smaller, so less blood is taken through. [[Artery|Arteries]] bringing blood to the penis get wider, bringing more blood to the penis. Erections sometimes occur in the male [[fetus]] (before birth), and occur naturally from birth onwards.<ref>{{cite web |title=Preputial pathology - Foreskin concerns |url=http://www.monashchildrenshospital.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/prepuce-foreskin-concerns.pdf |publisher=Monash Children's Hospital |accessdate=1 August 2023}}</ref> It is normal for the penis to be erect when a male wakes up. This is commonly called [[morning wood]]. It is also normal for male teenagers and men to have an erection several times per night when sleeping. If this does not happen, the person may have a bad [[Medical condition|medical problem]] or [[Depression (mental illness)|depression]] (a [[mental health]] problem.) Not being able to have an erection can also be caused by various common drugs, including [[Antidepressant|antidepressants]] and drugs taken to control [[Hypertension|high blood pressure]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Erectile Dysfunction (ED): Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment |url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10035-erectile-dysfunction |website=Cleveland Clinic |accessdate=27 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> During the day, an erection sometimes happens for no reason, or when undressing. This is most common in young [[Teenager|teenagers]] and is normal. People call this a spontaneous (sudden or surprise) erection. A slang word for an erection is a boner''.'' === Ejaculation === {{main|Ejaculation}} [[File:Male ejaculation cumshot.gif|thumb|Male ejaculation]] Ejaculation is when [[semen]] is pushed from the penis. It usually happens during an [[orgasm]]. Males can ejaculate during [[sexual intercourse]] or by [[masturbation]]. There are usually 40 million or more sperm in the semen ejaculated.<ref>{{cite web |title=Semen Analysis - Health Encyclopedia - University of Rochester Medical Center |url=https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&contentid=semen_analysis |website=www.urmc.rochester.edu |accessdate=27 June 2023}}</ref> Semen usually has a slight smell of chlorine and ammonia. It is not poisonous, but it is very bad if it gets in someone's eye. The [[enzymes]] semen contains to penetrate the egg in a female will also attack the eye. Be careful not to ejaculate into your eye or your partner's eye. Semen contains [[Protein|proteins]] and [[fructose]] (a kind of [[sugar]].) Some people say that it tastes sweeter if the man eats a lot of [[fruit]]. Scientists have not proven that, however. [[Tobacco smoking|Smoking]], or drinking [[coffee]], [[tea]], or [[Cola|colas]] that contain [[caffeine]] can create a bitter flavor.<ref>{{cite web |title=We asked these sex questions so you don't have to: Experts sound in on classic sex queries |url=https://www.cbc.ca/life/wellness/we-asked-these-sex-questions-so-you-don-t-have-to-1.5113375 |publisher=CBC/Radio-Canada |accessdate=2 July 2023}}</ref> Semen is slimy when wet. Eventually, it dries in the air and hardens like [[glue]]. In reproductive sexual intercourse between a male and female, the erect penis is inserted into the [[vagina]] and moved in and out. The vagina places pressure on the penis, which can cause the male to have an orgasm and ejaculate into the vagina, causing insemination (meaning that semen enters the [[Female reproductive system|female's reproductive system]]). Orgasm and ejaculation can happen during many types of sex acts including [[Anal sex|anal]] and oral sex, and when [[masturbating]]. A condom should be used during anal sex to avoid getting a [[urinary tract infection]]. Masturbation can include touching and rubbing the penis and other sensitive areas of the body, such as the [[scrotum]], and other places in the [[genital]] area. This can be done naked or through clothes. Sometimes the penis is squeezed between the partner's thighs without being inserted into the body. This is called [[intercrural sex]]. Sometimes the penis is rubbed against the other person's body. The people can be naked or wearing clothes. When two males rub their penises together or against each other's body, it is called [[frottage]]. Ejaculation may also happen without touching during [[sleep]] (called a [[wet dream]]). This is common, especially for pre-teen and teenage boys. It is uncommon in adults. While it can feel almost magical to ejaculate during a dream, boys don't like the mess it creates. Boys usually don't have wet dreams if they masturbate before sleeping every night.{{cn|date=August 2023}} A male must have started [[puberty]] before he can ejaculate. (Sometimes when a boy who has not started puberty masturbates, a small amount of urine comes out.) During orgasm, [[muscle]]s push semen from the penis. Semen moves through the urethra and comes out of the hole at the tip of the penis. == Condom use == {{Main|Condom}} [[File:Penis in condom 3.jpg|thumb|Penis in a condom]] A man can put a [[condom]] on his penis to prevent semen from entering the female's reproductive system. A condom is very thin, so having sex still feels good. It is normally made of [[latex]]. If used correctly, a condom usually [[birth control|stops the woman from getting pregnant]] and having a [[baby]]. The condom also lowers the chance of getting a [[sexually transmitted infection]] from the sexual partner or giving a sexually transmitted infection to the sexual partner. While condoms are most commonly used during vaginal sex, a condom can also be used during oral sex, anal sex, and masturbation. == Vaccination to reduce the spread of sexually transmitted infections == {{See also|Vaccination}} Vaccinating young people (both girls and boys) before the age when they first have sex can reduce their risk of getting one infection called [[Human papillomavirus|HPV]] (human papillomavirus). The United States [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) says the [[HPV vaccine]] should be given at age 11 or 12 years but can be started at age 9.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 May 2023|title=HPV Vaccination Recommendations {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us|accessdate=2 July 2023}}</ref> HPV increases the risk of [[cancer]], including cancer in the [[Head and neck cancer|throat or neck]] if people have oral sex (licking, [[kissing]] or sucking on the penis, also called [[fellatio]]).<ref>{{cite web|date=7 February 2018|title=Oral sex and throat cancer: Links, facts, and research|url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/261453#oral-sex-safety|website=www.medicalnewstoday.com|language=en|accessdate=2 July 2023}}</ref> HPV can be under the foreskin if the penis has a foreskin, and in the semen whether the penis is circumcised or uncircumcised. == Penis size in humans == {{Main|Human penis size}} [[File:Human penis sizes.svg|thumb|Distribution of human penis sizes]] The [[length]] and [[girth|thickness]] of the penis is different for different people. The size of a soft penis (not erect, or also called being flaccid) is much smaller than when it is erect. Some penises grow more when they get hard than other penises. In most cases, whether a penis is big or small, it can still be used for sex. It averages out to be around 3 to 6 inches long when not erect. The average size of an erect human penis is between 13 – 16 [[centimetre|cm]] (5.1– 6 [[inch|in]]).<ref name="Wessells">{{cite web | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8709382&dopt=Abstract | title = Penile length in the flaccid and erect states: guidelines for penile augmentation | accessdate = 5 June 2007 | author = Wessels, H |year = 1996 }}</ref><ref name="Chen">{{cite journal | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11416836&query_hl=2&itool=pubmed_docsum | title = Predicting penile size during erection | author = Chen, J | journal = Magyar Traumatologia, Orthopaedia Es Helyreallito Sebeszet | date = 1 December 2000 | volume = 19 | issue = 2 | pages = 146–151 | pmid = 6836 }}</ref><ref name="lifestyles_condoms">{{cite web | url = http://www.free-condom-stuff.com/education/research.htm | title = ANSELL RESEARCH - The Penis Size Survey | accessdate = 13 July 2006 | date = March 2001 | archive-date = 1 July 2006 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060701200434/http://www.free-condom-stuff.com/education/research.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> The average [[circumference]] of a penis is 12.3&nbsp;cm (4.85&nbsp;in) when fully erect. The [[penis]] grows bigger during puberty. At the start of puberty, the average length of the penis is {{convert|6|cm}}. The penis reaches [[adult]] size about 5 years later.<ref>{{cite journal|author=W.A. Schonfeld|title=Primary and Secondary Sexual Characteristics: Study of their Development in Males from Birth through Maturity, with Biometric Study of Penis and Testes|journal=American Journal of Diseases of Children|year=1943|volume=65|pages=535|doi=10.1001/archpedi.1943.02010160019003}}</ref> A study done in 1996 found the [[mean (statistics)|mean]] length of an adult man's penis is {{convert|3.5|in|disp=flip}} when it is not [[erection|erect]].<ref name=Wessells/> The average length of an erect penis is about {{convert|12.9|to|15|cm}}.<ref name=Wessells/><ref>See also {{cite journal|title=Predicting Penile Size during Erection|journal=International Journal of Impotence Research|year=2000|volume=12|issue=6|pages=328–333|doi=10.1038/sj.ijir.3900627|pmid=11416836|s2cid=17447888|last1=Chen|first1=J.|last2=Gefen|first2=A.|last3=Greenstein|first3=A.|last4=Matzkin|first4=H.|last5=Elad|first5=D.}} {{cite web|title=Ansell Research: The penis size survey|url=http://www.free-condom-stuff.com/education/research.htm|publisher=Ansell Healthcare|date=March 2001|accessdate=29 November 2008|archive-date=1 July 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701200434/http://www.free-condom-stuff.com/education/research.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The human penis is longer than in other [[Primate|primates]] except for the [[chimpanzee]]. The chimpanzee's penis is about the same length. The penis is bigger in circumference on humans than on other primates.<ref>{{cite book | author = Dixson, A. F. | year = 2009 | title = Sexual selection and the origins of human mating systems | publisher = Oxford University Press | pages = 61–65 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VRTniKE2liYC| isbn = 9780191569739 }}</ref> == Circumcision == {{Main|Circumcision}} [[File:Circumcision comparison.jpg|thumb|Circumcision comparison, before (left) and after (right)]] In common speech, you can say that someone is ''cut'' or ''uncut'', meaning circumcised or not circumcised. For example, one teenage boy might ask another teenage boy, "Are you cut?" While this is slang English, it is not considered profanity. The foreskin is a fold of skin that covers the end of the penis. The foreskin is a bit thicker than an [[eyelid]]. Cutting off the foreskin is called [[circumcision]]. The foreskin is connected to the head of the penis. During circumcision, most or all of the foreskin is removed from the penis. This surgical change to the penis is common in some cultures of the world, including religions Islam and Judaism where it is required. It is also done in the [[United States]]. Circumcision is sometimes done in secular people – for medical reasons, when the foreskin is too narrow or seriously inflamed for example, or because the operation is said to lower the chance of ever getting [[Penile cancer|cancer of the penis]]. The foreskin removed during circumcision is a possible source of penile cancer.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Hakenberg OW, Compérat EM, Minhas S, Necchi A, Protzel C, Watkin N |title=EAU guidelines on penile cancer: 2014 update |journal=Eur Urol |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=142–150 |date=January 2015 |pmid=25457021 |doi=10.1016/j.eururo.2014.10.017 |type=Practice guideline}}</ref> Circumcision is usually performed on [[infant]] males for medical reasons, or for religious reasons, especially for Jews and Muslims, or cultural reasons in the United States, the [[Philippines]], and [[South Korea]]. "Cultural reasons" means reasons such as beliefs that the penis stays cleaner or looks more beautiful when circumcised. "Cultural reasons" also includes [[tradition]], meaning parents wanting their son's penis to look like the father's penis and like other boys' penises. In the United States, one of the reasons for it being a tradition is that it was once a requirement in the [[navy]] and popular in other parts of the [[military]]. The [[World Health Organization]] estimates that the overall male circumcision rate in the United States is somewhere between 76 and 92 percent.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ingraham |first1=Christopher |title=Americans truly are exceptional — at least when it comes to circumcision |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2015/05/26/americans-truly-are-exceptional-at-least-when-it-comes-to-circumcision/#:~:text=There's%20no%20question%20that%20among,rates%20less%20than%2020%20percent. |newspaper=Washington Post |accessdate=12 July 2023 |date=25 November 2021}}</ref> Circumcision was also very common in [[Canada]], although that is no longer the case, due in part to changes in [[government]] rules about paying for circumcision. Through the first half of the [[20th century|twentieth century]], up to about the late 1960s and even the early 1970s, it was common for men in the United States and Canada to [[swim]] naked (without [[Swimsuit|bathing suits]]) at [[high school]], [[college]], and [[YMCA]] pools. It was also common that men [[Shower|showered]] together in schools and in the military. Since it was common for boys and young men to be naked, many parents wanted their sons to look like other American males. Parents did not want their sons to look different from the majority. In some religions, babies and young boys have their foreskins cut off. This is expected in [[Islam]] and [[Judaism]].<ref>{{cite web|year=2006|title=Circumcision|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/circumcision.html|publisher=American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise}} </ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Beidelman|first=T.|editor=Mircea Eliade|encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of religion|title=CIRCUMCISION|url=http://www.male-initiation.net/anthropology/eliade.html|publisher=Macmillan Publishers|volume=3|location=New York|isbn=978-0-02-909480-8|pages=511–514|date=1987|access-date=2008-03-14|archive-date=2023-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530221852/https://male-initiation.net/anthropology/eliade.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is not required according to [[Christianity]]. Among Christians in the United States, it is more common among [[Protestantism|Protestants]] than among [[Catholics]]. In the United States, circumcision is less common among boys and men whose families came from [[Mexico]], who are usually Catholic. In Judaism, infant males are [[Brit milah|required]] to have their foreskin removed as a sign of the [[covenant]] (ancient promise) made with God. When a foreskin is removed from a baby, doctors can use the skin for important medical purposes. Doctors can replace skin on someone with [[Burn|burns]] or with foot sores caused by [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Human Foreskin Is a Hot Commodity in Science |url=https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/why-human-foreskin-is-a-hot-commodity-in-science |website=Discover Magazine |accessdate=26 June 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Foreskins that have been removed can be used for [[medical research]]. If a male is uncut (uncircumcised) he should wash under the foreskin every day. However, young boys should not pull or push their foreskin back when washing. Not washing the penis can cause a bad smell. People should not use [[soap]] when washing their penis. Getting soap inside the penis (in the urethra) can hurt. It is like getting soap in the eyes. Some males have the foreskin cut off when they are adults because they have problems with their foreskin. Some males have the foreskin cut off because they want to change how their penis looks. Few boys are born without a foreskin or with a very short foreskin, called [[aposthia]], naturally circumcised. === Penile cancer and HIV/AIDS === {{Main|Penile cancer}} Childhood circumcision has a strong protective effect against penile cancer in later life.<ref name="pc">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thomas A, Necchi A, Muneer A, Tobias-Machado M, Tran AT, Van Rompuy AS, Spiess PE, Albersen M |title=Penile cancer |journal=Nat Rev Dis Primers |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=11 |date=February 2021 |pmid=33574340 |doi=10.1038/s41572-021-00246-5 |s2cid=231877615 |type=Review |display-authors=5}}</ref> Penile cancer has been nearly eliminated in populations of males circumcised shortly after birth. Circumcision virtually eliminates the risk of invasive penile cancer. Being uncircumcised is a [[risk factor]] for penile cancer.<ref>{{cite web|date=25 June 2018|title=Risk Factors for Penile Cancer|url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/penile-cancer/causes-risks-prevention/risk-factors.html|publisher=[[American Cancer Society]]}}</ref> Invasive penile cancer is cancer that spreads in the body. It is uncommon but often causes the man to die. Circumcision also reduces the risk of [[cervical cancer|cancer of the cervix]] in female sexual partners.<ref>{{cite web |title=Male circumcision may protect against HPV infection in males and females |url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230410/Male-circumcision-may-protect-against-HPV-infection-in-males-and-females.aspx |website=News-Medical.net |accessdate=31 July 2023 |language=en |date=10 April 2023}}</ref> [[Cervical cancer]] is very common. It causes over 300,000 deaths of [[Woman|women]] worldwide every year.<ref>{{Cite web|date=24 January 2018|title=WHO Fact Sheet on HPV and Cervical Cancer|url=https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/human-papillomavirus-(hpv)-and-cervical-cancer|access-date=4 June 2019|website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Circumcision reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of getting or spreading [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS]]. Circumcision became more common in [[Africa]] after HIV/AIDS began. The use of condoms also reduces the risk of getting or spreading HIV/AIDS, but many people in Africa cannot afford condoms or choose not to use them. ==Skin color== Penile skin is often slightly darker than skin in surrounding areas.<ref>{{cite web|title=Penises|url=http://teenhealthsource.com/puberty/penises/|website=teenhealthsource.com|date=20 April 2015|publisher=Planned Parenthood Toronto|accessdate=18 March 2017|quote=Some penises are lighter in colour, some are darker – the colour of your penis is usually a bit darker than your overall skin colour.}}</ref> This is due to a higher concentration of [[melanocyte|melanocytes]] in genital skin tissue.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hadidi |first1=Ahmed T. |chapter=Surgical Anatomy of the Penis and Urethra |title=Hypospadias Surgery: An Illustrated Textbook |date=2022 |pages=105–126 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-94248-9_4 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-94248-9_4 |publisher=Springer International Publishing |isbn=978-3-030-94247-2 |language=en}} "The darker color of penile skin is due to melanin secreted by a relatively large number of nelanocytes."</ref> The tip (glans) of the penis is usually pink or red color even if the penis shaft skin is dark. If the man is not circumcised, the tip is usually covered by the foreskin. The foreskin is about the same color as the skin on the shaft of the penis. If a man's penis skin changes color and he doesn't know why, he should go to a doctor. He could have an [[infection]], [[diabetes]], or cancer.<!--rem deprecated source (dailymail)--> A [[sunburn]] on the penis can happen quickly. If a man is outside without clothes, he will get a sun tan. That is normal. Too much sun causes sunburn. Doctors say to use [[sunscreen]] (sun cream) before and after [[Nudity#Common activities in the nude|nude swimming]]. A sunburn can happen in a few minutes on a very sunny day. ==Culture== Since the oldest cultures the penis has assumed a strong importance as a symbol of fertility used also in religious ceremonies to celebrate and (people hoped) to improve the reproductive capacity of men and beasts. For example, in Roman paganism, the god [[Priapus]] is characterized by a huge penis. In some places in Japan and South Korea, there are special days and public events to celebrate the penis. When an erect penis is shown in art or in cultural events, it is often called a [[phallus]]. === Piercing === Some men put [[jewelry]] on their penis. This is a type of [[body piercing]] called [[genital piercing]]. One main reason is that it can make sex more pleasurable. Jewelry is sometimes at the tip (through the glans and urethra), sometimes through the foreskin, corona, or frenulum, or sometimes under the shaft of the penis. == Related pages == * [[Sex organ]] * [[Male reproductive system]] ** [[Penis]], [[Phallus]], [[scrotum]], [[testicle]]s * [[Female reproductive system]] ** [[Vagina]], [[clitoris]], [[vulva]], [[ovary]] * [[Urethra]] * [[Fellatio]] (oral sex) * [[Masturbation]] == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commonscat}} {{commons cat|Penis }} * [http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/resources/bib-penis.html Kinsey Institute on the penis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081014220534/http://www.indiana.edu/~kinsey/resources/bib-penis.html |date=2008-10-14 }} {{Reproductive system}} {{authority control}} [[Category:Organs]] [[Category:Men]] [[Category:Penis]] [[Category:Anatomy of the male reproductive system]] [[Category:Male reproductive system]] rpxasffzje51qoy4dmv5a7lz3k6ltbg 0 4536 11024001 11021740 2026-10-08T14:07:20Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia Bot|IrisChronomia Bot]] ([[User talk:IrisChronomia Bot|talk]]) to last version by IrisChronomia 11021737 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Vietnam War | partof = the [[Indochina wars|Indochina Wars]] and the [[Cold War]] | image = {{multiple image|border=infobox|perrow=2/2/2|total_width=300 | image1= U.S. Army UH-1H Hueys insert ARVN troops at Khâm Đức, Vietnam, 12 July 1970 (79431435).jpg | alt1= | image2=Pavnbattle.jpg | alt2= | image3=Hue Massacre Interment.jpg | alt3= | image4=Flame Thrower. Operation New Castle. - NARA - 532488.tif | alt4= | image5=A-4C Skyhawks of VA-146 fly past USS Kearsarge (CVS-33) in the South China Sea on 12 August 1964 (USN 1107965).jpg | alt5= | image6=Execution of Nguyen Van Lem.jpg | alt6=}}'''Clockwise from top left:''' {{flatlist| * American Huey helicopters insert South Vietnamese ARVN troops, 1970. * North Vietnamese soldiers in action {{circa|1966}}. * [[United States Marine Corps|American marines]] use a [[flamethrower]], 1967. * non-communist South Vietnamese general [[Nguyễn Ngọc Loan]] summarily executes Viet Cong officer [[Execution of Nguyễn Văn Lém|Nguyễn Văn Lém]] during the [[Tet Offensive]]. * Two [[Douglas A-4C Skyhawk]] fly past the anti-submarine aircraft carrier [[USS Kearsarge (CVS-33)]], 1964. * Dead civilians from the [[Massacre at Huế]] are buried. }} | date = 1 November 1955 – 30 April 1975<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=11|day1=1|year1=1955|month2=04|day2=30|year2=1975}}){{Refn|Due to the early presence of U.S. troops in Vietnam, the start date of the Vietnam War is a matter of debate. In 1998, after a high-level review by the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] (DoD) and through the efforts of [[Richard B. Fitzgibbon, Jr.|Richard B. Fitzgibbon's]] family, the start date of the Vietnam War according to the U.S. government was officially changed to 1 November 1955.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Name of Technical Sergeant Richard B. Fitzgibbon to be added to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense (DoD)]] |url=http://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=1902 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020044326/http://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=1902 |archive-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> U.S. government reports currently cite 1 November 1955 as the commencement date of the "Vietnam Conflict", because this date marked when the U.S. [[Military Assistance Advisory Group]] (MAAG) in Indochina (deployed to Southeast Asia under President Truman) was reorganized into country-specific units and MAAG Vietnam was established.<ref name="Lawrence">{{Cite book |last=Lawrence |first=A.T. |title=Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant |publisher=McFarland |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-7864-4517-2}}</ref>{{Rp|20}} Other start dates include when Hanoi authorized Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam to begin a low-level insurgency in December 1956,{{Sfn|Olson|Roberts|2008|p=67}} whereas some view 26 September 1959, when the first battle occurred between the Viet Cong and the South Vietnamese army, as the start date.<ref name="WarBegan">{{Cite book |title=The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1 |publisher=Beacon Press |year=1971 |location=Boston |at=Section 3, pp. 314–346 |chapter=Chapter 5, Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960 |access-date=17 August 2008 |chapter-url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019184424/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/pentagon/pent14.htm |archive-date=19 October 2017 |url-status=dead |via=International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College}}</ref> |group="A"|name="start date"}}<ref name="mtholyoke.edu">{{Cite report |url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/paris.htm |title=The Paris Agreement on Vietnam: Twenty-five Years Later |date=April 1998 |publisher=The Nixon Center |location=Washington, DC |access-date=5 September 2012 |type=Conference Transcript |via=International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College |archive-date=1 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901153020/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/paris.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | place = {{flatlist| * [[South Vietnam]] * [[North Vietnam]] * [[Cambodia]] * [[Laos]] * [[South China Sea]] * [[Gulf of Thailand]] (spillover conflict in [[China]], and [[Thailand]])}} | territory = Reunification of [[North Vietnam]] and [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|South Vietnam]] into the [[Vietnam|Socialist Republic of Vietnam]] in 1976 | result = [[North Vietnam]]ese victory | combatant2 = {{Plainlist| *{{Flag|South Vietnam}} *{{Flag|United States|1960}} *{{Flag|South Korea}} *{{Flag|Australia}} *{{Flag|New Zealand}} *{{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Laos}} (from 1959) *{{Flagcountry|Khmer Republic}} *{{Flag|Thailand|1932}} *{{Flag|Philippines}} *{{Flag|Taiwan}} }} | combatant1 = {{Plainlist| *{{Flag|North Vietnam}} *{{Flagdeco|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Viet Cong]] and [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam|PRG]] *{{Flagdeco|Laos}} [[Pathet Lao]] *{{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} [[Khmer Rouge]] *{{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1973}} [[GRUNK]] *{{Flag|China}} *{{Flag|Soviet Union|1955}} *{{Flag|North Korea|1948}} }} | strength1 = '''≈860,000 (1967)''' {{Plainlist}} * {{Flagdeco|North Vietnam}} '''North Vietnam:'''<br />690,000 (1966, including [[People's Army of Vietnam|PAVN]] and Viet Cong){{Refn|group="A"|According to Hanoi's official history, the Viet Cong was a branch of the People's Army of Vietnam.<ref>{{Harvnb|Military History Institute of Vietnam|2002|p=182}}. "By the end of 1966 the total strength of our armed forces was 690,000 soldiers."</ref>}} * {{Flagdeco|Republic of South Vietnam}} '''Viet Cong''':<br />{{Nowrap|~200,000 (estimated, 1968)}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Doyle |first1=Edward |title=The Vietnam Experience The North |url=https://archive.org/details/north00doyl |last2=Lipsman |first2=Samuel |last3=Maitland |first3=Terence |publisher=Time Life Education |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-939526-21-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/north00doyl/page/44 45]–49}}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|China|1949}} '''China:'''<br />170,000 (1968)<br />320,000 total<ref name="Toledo Blade 320,000 Chinese troops">{{Cite news |date=16 May 1989 |title=China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam |work=Toledo Blade |agency=Reuters |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1350&dat=19890516&id=HkRPAAAAIBAJ&pg=3769,1925460 |access-date=24 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="Roy">{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Denny |url=https://archive.org/details/chinasforeignrel0000royd/page/27 |title=China's Foreign Relations |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-8476-9013-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/chinasforeignrel0000royd/page/27 27]}}</ref><ref name="Womack">{{Cite book |last=Womack |first=Brantly |title=China and Vietnam |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-521-61834-2 |page=[{{GBurl|id=GaZvX2BzeegC|p=176}} 179]|publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} '''Khmer Rouge:'''<br />70,000 (1972)<ref name="Tucker">{{Cite book |last=Tucker |first=Spencer C |title=The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-85109-960-3}}</ref>{{Rp|376}} * {{Flagdeco|Laos}} '''Pathet Lao:'''<br />48,000 (1970)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Area Handbook Series Laos |url=http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/laos/la_glos.html#Lao |access-date=1 November 2019}}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|Soviet Union}} '''Soviet Union:''' ~3,000<ref>{{Cite book |last=O'Ballance |first=Edgar |title=Tracks of the bear: Soviet imprints in the seventies |url=https://archive.org/details/tracksofbearsovi0000obal |publisher=Presidio |year=1982 |isbn=978-0-89141-133-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/tracksofbearsovi0000obal/page/171 171]}}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|North Korea|1948}} '''North Korea:''' 200<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pham Thi Thu Thuy |date=1 August 2013 |title=The colorful history of North Korea-Vietnam relations |work=[[NK News]] |url=https://www.nknews.org/2013/08/the-colorful-history-of-north-korea-vietnam-relations/ |access-date=3 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424055821/http://www.nknews.org/2013/08/the-colorful-history-of-north-korea-vietnam-relations/|archive-date=April 24, 2015}}</ref> {{Endplainlist}} | strength2 = '''≈1,420,000 (1968)''' {{Plainlist}} * {{Flagdeco|South Vietnam}} '''South Vietnam:'''<br />850,000 (1968)<br />1,500,000 (1974–1975)<ref>{{Cite book |last=Le Gro |first=William |url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-29/CMH_Pub_90-29.pdf |title=Vietnam from ceasefire to capitulation |publisher=US Army Center of Military History |year=1985 |isbn=978-1-4102-2542-9 |page=28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202012033/https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-29/CMH_Pub_90-29.pdf|archive-date=February 2, 2023}}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|United States}} '''United States:'''<br />2,709,918 serving in Vietnam total<br />Peak: 543,000 (April 1969)<ref name=Tucker/>{{Rp|xlv}} * {{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1970}} '''Khmer Republic:'''<br />200,000 (1973){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} * {{Flagdeco|Laos|1952}} '''Laos:'''<br />72,000 (Royal Army and [[Hmong people|Hmong]] militia)<ref>{{Cite web |title=The rise of Communism |url=http://www.footprinttravelguides.com/c/4999/the-rise-of-communism |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117114707/http://footprinttravelguides.com/c/4999/the-rise-of-communism/ |archive-date=17 November 2010 |access-date=31 May 2018 |website=www.footprinttravelguides.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hmong rebellion in Laos |url=http://members.ozemail.com.au/~yeulee/Topical/Hmong%20rebellion%20in%20Laos.html |access-date=11 April 2021 |website=Members.ozemail.com.au|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404230156/http://members.ozemail.com.au/~yeulee/Topical/Hmong%20rebellion%20in%20Laos.html|archive-date=April 4, 2023}}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|Third Republic of Korea}} '''South Korea:'''<br />48,000 per year (1965–1973, 320,000 total) * {{Flagdeco|Thailand|1939}} '''Thailand:''' 32,000 per year (1965–1973)<br />(in Vietnam<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vietnam War Allied Troop Levels 1960–73 |url=http://www.americanwarlibrary.com/vietnam/vwatl.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802134052/http://www.americanwarlibrary.com/vietnam/vwatl.htm |archive-date=2 August 2016 |access-date=2 August 2016}}, accessed 7 November 2017</ref> and Laos){{Citation needed|date=November 2022}} * {{Flagdeco|Australia}} '''Australia:''' 50,190 total<br />(Peak: 8,300 combat troops)<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Doyle |first1=Jeff |last2=Grey |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Pierce |first3=Peter |date=2002 |title=Australia's Vietnam War – A Select Chronology of Australian Involvement in the Vietnam War |url=https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/14206/3/14206_Doyle_et_al_2002_Back_Pages.pdf |publisher=[[Texas A&M University Press]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110165929/https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/14206/3/14206_Doyle_et_al_2002_Back_Pages.pdf|archive-date=November 10, 2022}}</ref> * {{Flagdeco|New Zealand}} '''New Zealand:''' Peak: 552 in 1968<ref name=Blackburn>{{cite book|last=Blackburn|first=Robert M.|title=Mercenaries and Lyndon Johnson's "More Flage": The Hiring of Korean, Filipino, and Thai Soldiers in the Vietnam War|url=https://archive.org/details/mercenarieslyndo0000blac|publisher=McFarland|year=1994|isbn=0-89950-931-2}}</ref>{{rp|158}} * {{Flagdeco|Fourth Philippine Republic}} '''Philippines:''' 2,061 * {{Flagdeco|Francoist Spain}} '''Spain:''' 100-130 total<br />(Peak: 30 medical troops and advisors) .<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2012/04/09/inenglish/1333979983_253264.html | title=Spain's secret support for US in Vietnam| newspaper=El País| date=2012-04-09| last1=Marín| first1=Paloma}}</ref> {{Endplainlist}} | commander1 = {{Flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Ho Chi Minh|Hồ Chí Minh]]<br> {{Flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Lê Duẩn]]<br> {{Flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Võ Nguyên Giáp]]<br> {{Flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Phạm Văn Đồng]]<br> {{flagdeco|Republic of South Vietnam}} [[Trần Văn Trà]]<br> {{flagdeco|Laos}} [[Souphanouvong]]<br> {{flagdeco|Laos}} [[Kaysone Pheromone]]<br> {{flagdeco|Laos}} [[Nouhak Phomsavanh]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia}} [[Norodom Sihanouk]] (1970 - 1975) <br> {{flagdeco|Cambodia}} [[Penn Nouth]] (1970 - 1975)<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia}} [[Son Sann]] (1970 - 1975)<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} [[Pol Pot]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} [[Khieu Samphan]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} [[Ieng Sary]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} [[Ieng Thirith]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} [[Hu Nim]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} [[Nuon Chea]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} [[Ta Mok]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} [[Son Sen]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} [[Yun Yat]] | commander2 = {{Plainlist}} * {{Flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Ngô Đình Diệm]]{{Assassinated|Arrest and assassination of Ngo Dinh Diem}} {{Refn|1955–1963| group="A"}} * {{Flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Văn Thiệu]] * {{Flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[Nguyễn Cao Kỳ]] * {{flagdeco|USA}} [[John F. Kennedy]] (1961 - 1963) * {{Flagicon|US}} [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]{{Refn|1963–1969| group="A"}} * {{Flagicon|US}} [[Richard Nixon]] * {{Flagicon|US}} [[Robert McNamara]] * {{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|US}} [[William Westmoreland]]}}{{Refn|1964–1968| group="A"}} * {{Flagicon|US}} [[Creighton Abrams]] {{flagdeco|USA}} [[Henry Kissinger]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia}} [[Norodom Sihanouk]] (1967 - 1970) <br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia}} [[Penn Nouth]] (1967 - 1970) <br> {{flagdeco|Cambodia|1970}} [[Lon Nol]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1970}} [[Lon Non]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1970}} [[Cheng Heng]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1970}} [[In Tam]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1970}} [[Hang Thun Hak]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1970}} [[Long Boret]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1970}} [[Sak Suthaksan]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1970}} [[Sisowath Sirik Matak]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1970}} [[Sosthène Fernandez]]<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia|1970}} [[Son Ngoc Thanh]]<br>{{flagdeco|South Korea}} [[Park Chung-Hee]]<br>{{flagdeco|Australia}} [[Robert Menzies]]<br>{{flagdeco|Australia}} [[Harold Holt]]<br>{{flagdeco|New Zealand}} [[Keith Holyoake]]<br>{{flagdeco|Laos|1952}} [[Souvanna Phouma]]<br>{{flagdeco|Laos|1952}} [[Boun Oum]]<br>{{flagdeco|Laos|1952}} [[Vang Pao]]<br>{{flagdeco|Thailand}} [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]]<br>{{flagdeco|Thailand}} [[Sarit Thanarat]]<br>{{flagdeco|Thailand}} [[Thanom Kittikachorn]]<br>{{flagdeco|Thailand}} [[Khieu Samphan]]<br>{{flagdeco|Philippines}} [[Ferdinand Marcos]]<br>{{flagdeco|Taiwan}} [[Chiang Kai-shek]] | casualties1 = {{Plainlist}} * {{Flagdeco|North Vietnam}}{{Flagdeco|Republic of South Vietnam}} '''North Vietnam & Viet Cong'''<br />30,000–182,000 civilian dead<ref name=Tucker/>{{Rp|176}}<ref name="Hirschman">{{Cite journal |last1=Hirschman |first1=Charles |last2=Preston |first2=Samuel |last3=Vu |first3=Manh Loi |date=December 1995 |title=Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/charles/new%20PUBS/A77.pdf |journal=[[Population and Development Review]] |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=783 |doi=10.2307/2137774 |jstor=2137774|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012055340/http://faculty.washington.edu/charles/new%20PUBS/A77.pdf|archive-date=October 12, 2013| issn = 0098-7921}}</ref><ref name=Lewy/>{{Rp|450–453}}<ref name=bfvietnam>{{Cite web |title=Battlefield:Vietnam – Timeline |url=http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/timeline/index2.html |publisher=[[PBS]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604101618/http://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/timeline/index2.html|archive-date=June 4, 2023}}</ref><br />849,018 military dead (per Vietnam; 1/3 non-combat deaths)<ref name="Moyar, Mark" /><ref name="Chuyen">{{Cite web |title=Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM, QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO |url=http://datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Qu%E1%BA%A3n%20l%C3%BD%20ch%E1%BB%89%20%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o/Chuy%C3%AAn%20%C4%91%E1%BB%81%204.doc |access-date=11 April 2021 |website=Datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404230151/http://datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Qu%E1%BA%A3n%20l%C3%BD%20ch%E1%BB%89%20%C4%91%E1%BA%A1o/Chuy%C3%AAn%20%C4%91%E1%BB%81%204.doc|archive-date=April 4, 2023}}</ref><ref name="VNMOD">{{Cite web |title=Công tác tìm kiếm, quy tập hài cốt liệt sĩ từ nay đến năm 2020 và những năn tiếp theo |trans-title=The work of searching and collecting the remains of martyrs from now to 2020 and the next |url=http://chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/tinbai/309/Tap-huan-cong-tac-chinh-sach |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217065036/http://chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/tinbai/309/Tap-huan-cong-tac-chinh-sach |archive-date=17 December 2018 |access-date=11 June 2018 |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (Vietnam)|Ministry of Defence]], Government of Vietnam |language=vi}}</ref><br />666,000–950,765 dead<br />(US estimated 1964–1974){{Refn|Upper figure initial estimate, later thought to be inflated by at least 30% (lower figure)<ref name=Hirschman/><ref name=Lewy/>{{Rp|450–453}}|name=USclaim|group=A}}<ref name=Hirschman/><ref name=Lewy/>{{Rp|450–451}}<br />232,000+ military missing (per Vietnam)<ref name="Moyar, Mark">Moyar, Mark. "Triumph Regained: The Vietnam War, 1965–1968." Encounter Books, December 2022. Chapter 17 index: "Communists provided further corroboration of the proximity of their casualty figures to American figures in a postwar disclosure of total losses from 1960 to 1975. During that period, they stated, they lost 849,018 killed plus approximately 232,000 missing and 463,000 wounded. Casualties fluctuated considerably from year to year, but a degree of accuracy can be inferred from the fact that 500,000 was 59 percent of the 849,018 total and that 59 percent of the war's days had passed by the time of Fallaci's conversation with Giap. The killed in action figure comes from "Special Subject 4: The Work of Locating and Recovering the Remains of Martyrs From Now Until 2020 And Later Years," downloaded from the Vietnamese government website datafile on 1 December 2017. The above figures on missing and wounded were calculated using Hanoi's declared casualty ratios for the period of 1945 to 1979, during which time the Communists incurred 1.1 million killed, 300,000 missing, and 600,000 wounded. Ho Khang, ed, ''Lich Su Khang Chien Chong My, Cuu Nuoc 1954–1975, Tap VIII: Toan Thang'' (Hanoi: Nha Xuat Ban Chinh Tri Quoc Gia, 2008), 463."</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph Babcock |date=29 April 2019 |title=Lost Souls: The Search for Vietnam's 300,000 or More MIAs |url=https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/lost-souls-search-vietnams-300000-or-more-mias |access-date=28 June 2021 |website=Pulitzer Centre|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110165934/https://pulitzercenter.org/stories/lost-souls-search-vietnams-300000-or-more-mias|archive-date=November 10, 2022}}</ref><br />600,000+ military wounded<ref name="Hastings">{{Cite book |last=Hastings |first=Max |title=Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamepictrage0000hast |publisher=Harper Collins |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-06-240567-8}}</ref>{{Rp|739}} * '''{{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}}''' '''Khmer Rouge:''' Unknown * '''{{Flagicon|Laos}}''' '''Pathet Lao:''' Unknown * '''{{Flagu|China|1949}}:''' ~1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded<ref name=Womack/> * '''{{Flagu|Soviet Union}}:''' 16 dead<ref>{{Cite book |last1=James F. Dunnigan |title=Dirty Little Secrets of the Vietnam War: Military Information You're Not Supposed to Know |url=https://archive.org/details/dirtylittlesecre0000dunn_b7p8 |last2=Albert A. Nofi |publisher=Macmillan |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-312-25282-3 |author-link2=Albert A. Nofi}}</ref> * '''{{Flagu|North Korea|1948}}:''' 14 dead<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2000 |title=North Korea fought in Vietnam War |work=[[BBC News Online]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/696970.stm |access-date=18 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312063506/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/696970.stm|archive-date=March 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/NKIDP_eDossier_2_North_Korean_Pilots_in_Vietnam_War.pdf|title=North Korean Pilots in the Skies over Vietnam|last=Pribbenow|first=Merle|publisher=[[Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars]]|date=November 2011|access-date=3 March 2023|page=1|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605173651/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/NKIDP_eDossier_2_North_Korean_Pilots_in_Vietnam_War.pdf|archive-date=June 5, 2023}}</ref> '''Total military dead/missing:<br />≈1,100,000'''<br />'''Total military wounded:<br />≈604,200'''<br />(excluding [[GRUNK]]/[[Khmer Rouge]] and [[Pathet Lao]]) {{Endplainlist}} | casualties2 = {{Plainlist}} * '''{{Flag|South Vietnam}}:'''<br />195,000–430,000 civilian dead<ref name=Hirschman/><ref name="Lewy">{{Cite book |last=Lewy |first=Guenter |title=America in Vietnam |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-19-987423-1 |author-link=Guenter Lewy}}</ref>{{Rp|450–453}}<ref name="Thayer">{{Cite book |last=Thayer |first=Thomas C. |title=War Without Fronts: The American Experience in Vietnam |url=https://archive.org/details/warwithoutfronts0000thay |publisher=Westview Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-8133-7132-0}}</ref>{{Rp|}}<br />Military dead: 313,000 (total)<ref name="Rummel">{{Citation |last=Rummel |first=R.J |title=Table 6.1A. Vietnam Democide : Estimates, Sources, and Calculations |url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF |work=Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War, University of Hawaii System |year=1997 |format=GIF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313125242/http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB6.1A.GIF|archive-date=March 13, 2023}}</ref>{{Bulletedlist|254,256 combat deaths (between 1960 and 1974)<ref name="Clarke">{{Cite book |last=Clarke |first=Jeffrey J. |title=United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965–1973 |publisher=Center of Military History, United States Army |year=1988 |quote=The Army of the Republic of Vietnam suffered 254,256 recorded combat deaths between 1960 and 1974, with the highest number of recorded deaths being in 1972, with 39,587 combat deaths}}</ref>{{Rp|275}}}}<br />1,170,000 military wounded<ref name=Tucker/>{{Rp|}}<br />≈ 1,000,000 captured<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fall of South Vietnam |url=https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2005/R2208.pdf |access-date=11 April 2021 |website=Rand.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230129192039/https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reports/2005/R2208.pdf|archive-date=January 29, 2023}}</ref> * '''{{Flagu|United States}}:'''<br />58,281 dead<ref name="2new">{{Cite press release |title=2021 NAME ADDITIONS AND STATUS CHANGES ON THE VIETNAM VETERANS MEMORIAL |date=4 May 2021 |url=https://www.vvmf.org/News/2021-Name-Additions-and-Status-Changes-on-the-Vietnam-Veterans-Memorial/ |author=Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429132111/https://www.vvmf.org/News/2021-Name-Additions-and-Status-Changes-on-the-Vietnam-Veterans-Memorial/|archive-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref> (47,434 from combat)<ref>{{Citation |title=National Archives–Vietnam War U.S. Military Fatal Casualties |date=15 August 2016 |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam-war/casualty-statistics#hostile |access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref><ref>[https://www.archives.gov/research/military/vietnam-war/casualty-statistics#hostile "Vietnam War U.S. Military Fatal Casualty Statistics: HOSTILE OR NON-HOSTILE DEATH INDICATOR."] U.S. National Archives. 29 April 2008. Accessed 13 July 2019.</ref><br />303,644 wounded (including 150,341 not requiring hospital care){{Refn|The figures of 58,220 and 303,644 for U.S. deaths and wounded come from the Department of Defense Statistical Information Analysis Division (SIAD), Defense Manpower Data Center, as well as from a Department of Veterans fact sheet dated May 2010; the total is 153,303 WIA excluding 150,341 persons not requiring hospital care<ref>{{Cite report |url=http://www1.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf |title=America's Wars |date=May 2010 |publisher=Department of Veterans Affairs |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124020810/http://www.va.gov/opa/publications/factsheets/fs_americas_wars.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the CRS ([[Congressional Research Service]]) Report for Congress, American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics, dated 26 February 2010,<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf |title=American War and Military Operations: Casualties: Lists and Statistics |last1=Anne Leland |last2=Mari–Jana "M-J" Oboroceanu |date=26 February 2010 |publisher=Congressional Research Service|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514171012/https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf|archive-date=May 14, 2023}}</ref> and the book Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant.<ref name=Lawrence/>{{Rp|65,107,154,217}} Some other sources give different figures (e.g. the 2005/2006 documentary ''Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945–1975'' cited elsewhere in this article gives a figure of 58,159 U.S. deaths,<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.amazon.com/Heart-Darkness-Vietnam-Chronicles-1945-1975/dp/B000GDIBT8 |title=Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945–1975 |type=Documentary |publisher=Koch Vision |time=321 minutes |format=Box set, Color, Dolby, DVD-Video, Full Screen, NTSC, Dolby, Vision Software |isbn=1-4172-2920-9 |people=Aaron Ulrich (editor); Edward FeuerHerd (producer and director) (2005, 2006)}}</ref> and the 2007 book ''Vietnam Sons'' gives a figure of 58,226)<ref name="Kueter">{{Cite book |last=Kueter |first=Dale |title=Vietnam Sons: For Some, the War Never Ended |url=https://archive.org/details/vietnamsonsforso0000kuet |publisher=AuthorHouse |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4259-6931-8}}</ref>|name=USd&w|group=A}} * '''{{Flagu|Laos|1952}}:''' 15,000 army dead<ref>T. Lomperis, From People's War to People's Rule (1996)</ref> * '''{{Flagdeco|Cambodia|1970}}''' '''Khmer Republic:''' Unknown * '''{{Flagdeco|Third Republic of Korea}}''' '''South Korea''': 5,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missing * '''{{Flagu|Australia}}:''' 521 dead; 3,129 wounded<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian casualties in the Vietnam War, 1962–72 |url=http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/vietnam/statistics |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=Australian War Memorial|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214111653/https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/vietnam/statistics|archive-date=February 14, 2023}}</ref> * '''{{Flagu|Thailand|1939}}:''' 351 dead<ref name=Tucker/>{{Rp|}} * '''{{Flagu|New Zealand}}:''' 37 dead<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 1965 |title=Overview of the war in Vietnam |url=http://vietnamwar.govt.nz/resources |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726010609/http://vietnamwar.govt.nz/resources |archive-date=26 July 2013 |access-date=29 June 2013 |publisher=New Zealand and the Vietnam War}}</ref> * '''{{Flagu|Republic of China}}:''' 25 dead<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 October 2013 |title=America Wasn't the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War |url=http://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/10/02/the-international-vietnam-war-the-other-world-powers-that-fought-in-south-east-asia/ |access-date=10 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418045659/http://militaryhistorynow.com/2013/10/02/the-international-vietnam-war-the-other-world-powers-that-fought-in-south-east-asia/|archive-date=April 18, 2023}}</ref><br />17 captured<ref>{{Cite news |date=1964 |title=Vietnam Reds Said to Hold 17 From Taiwan as Spies |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/13/archives/vietnam-reds-said-to-hold-17-from-taiwan-as-spies.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307170856/https://www.nytimes.com/1964/07/13/archives/vietnam-reds-said-to-hold-17-from-taiwan-as-spies.html|archive-date=March 7, 2023}}</ref> * '''{{Flagdeco|Fourth Philippine Republic}}''' '''Philippines:''' 9 dead;<ref>{{Cite book |last=Larsen |first=Stanley |url=https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-5-1/CMH_Pub_90-5-1.pdf |title=Vietnam Studies Allied Participation in Vietnam |publisher=Department of the Army |year=1975 |isbn=978-1-5176-2724-9|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606061125/https://history.army.mil/html/books/090/90-5-1/CMH_Pub_90-5-1.pdf|archive-date=June 6, 2023}}</ref> 64 wounded<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 1970 |title=Asian Allies in Vietnam |url=http://175thengineers.homestead.com/Philcav.pdf |access-date=18 October 2015 |publisher=Embassy of South Vietnam|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521032045/http://175thengineers.homestead.com/Philcav.pdf|archive-date=May 21, 2023}}</ref> {{Endplainlist}} '''Total military dead:<br />333,620 (1960–1974) – 392,364 (total)'''<br />'''Total military wounded:<br />≈1,340,000+'''<ref name=Tucker/>{{Rp|}}<br />(excluding [[Royal Cambodian Armed Forces|FARK and FANK]])<br />'''Total military captured:<br />≈1,000,000+''' | casualties3 = {{Plainlist}} * '''Vietnamese civilian dead''': 405,000–2,000,000<ref name=Lewy/>{{Rp|450–453}}<ref name="Shenon">{{Cite news |last=Shenon |first=Philip |date=23 April 1995 |title=20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html |access-date=24 February 2011 |quote=The Vietnamese government officially claimed a rough estimate of 2 million civilian deaths, but it did not divide these deaths between those of North and South Vietnam.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230527230912/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/23/world/20-years-after-victory-vietnamese-communists-ponder-how-to-celebrate.html|archive-date=May 27, 2023}}</ref><ref name="Obermeyer">{{Cite journal |last1=Obermeyer |first1=Ziad |last2=Murray |first2=Christopher J L |last3=Gakidou |first3=Emmanuela |date=23 April 2008 |title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme |journal=[[British Medical Journal]] |volume=336 |issue=7659 |pages=1482–1486 |doi=10.1136/bmj.a137 |pmc=2440905 |pmid=18566045 |quote=From 1955 to 2002, data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths{{Nbsp}}... 3.8 million in Vietnam}}</ref> * '''Vietnamese total dead''': 966,000<ref name=Hirschman/>–3,010,000<ref name=Obermeyer/> * '''Cambodian Civil War dead''': 275,000–310,000<ref name="Heuveline">{{Cite book |last=Heuveline |first=Patrick |title=Forced Migration and Mortality |url=https://archive.org/details/forcedmigrationm0000unse_t3v0 |publisher=[[National Academies Press]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-309-07334-9 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/forcedmigrationm0000unse_t3v0/page/102 102]–104, 120, 124 |chapter=The Demographic Analysis of Mortality Crises: The Case of Cambodia, 1970–1979 |quote=As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the 'Khmer Rouge' regime.{{Nbsp}}... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the [civil war] in the order of 300,000 or less.}}</ref><ref name="Banister">{{Cite book |last1=Banister |first1=Judith |url=https://archive.org/details/genocidedemocrac00kier |title=Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community |last2=Johnson |first2=E. Paige |publisher=Yale University Southeast Asia Studies |year=1993 |isbn=978-0-938692-49-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/genocidedemocrac00kier/page/97 97] |quote=An estimated 275,000 excess deaths. We have modeled the highest mortality that we can justify for the early 1970s. |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Sliwinski">{{Cite book |last=Sliwinski |first=Marek |title=Le Génocide Khmer Rouge: Une Analyse Démographique |publisher=[[L'Harmattan]] |year=1995 |isbn=978-2-7384-3525-5 |pages=42–43, 48 |trans-title=The Khmer Rouge genocide: A demographic analysis}}</ref> * '''Laotian Civil War dead''': 20,000–62,000<ref name=Obermeyer/> * '''Non-Indochinese military dead''': 65,494 * '''Total dead''': 1,326,494–3,447,494 * For more information see [[Vietnam War casualties]] and [[Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War]] {{Endplainlist}} | notes = {{flagicon image|Flag of FULRO.svg}} [[FULRO]] fought an [[FULRO insurgency|insurgency]] against both [[South Vietnam]] and [[North Vietnam]] with the [[Viet Cong]] and was supported by [[Cambodia]] for much of the war. }} The '''Vietnam War''' (also known as the '''Second Indochina War, Vietnamese-American War''' or the '''American War''' in [[Vietnam]]) is a [[war]] fought between [[North Vietnam]] and [[South Vietnam]], and their [[Alliance|allies]], from 1 November 1955 to 30 April 1975. North Vietnam was supported by the [[Soviet Union]], [[China]], and [[North Korea]], and South Vietnam was set up by the [[United States]] and supported by [[South Korea]], [[Thailand]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and the [[Philippines]]. People from other countries also went to fight but not in their own national armies. The conflict between [[communist]] and [[capitalist]] countries was part of the [[Cold War]]. The [[Viet Cong]], also known as the National Liberation Front or NLF, was a South Vietnamese communist force that was helped by North Vietnam. It fought a [[guerrilla war]] against non-communist South Vietnamese forces. The [[People's Army of Vietnam]] (also known as the North Vietnamese Army) engaged in a more conventional war by at times putting large forces to battle. The Vietnam War was very [[controversy|controversial]], especially in the United States. It was the first war to feature live television coverage and the first major [[war|armed conflict]] that the United States lost. The war became so unpopular in the United States that President [[Richard Nixon]] eventually agreed to send American soldiers home in 1973. == Background and causes == {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | image1 = Victory in Battle of Dien Bien Phu.jpg | width1 = 242 | caption1 = The Viet Minh waves its flag over a captured French bunker at Dien Bien Phu in 1954. The French defeat at the [[Battle of Ðiện Biên Phủ]] led to the Geneva Conference and to the partition of Vietnam. | image2 = North and south vietnam map.jpg | width2 = 140 | caption2 = Map of a partitioned Vietnam, 1964. The communist-controlled North Vietnam is in red. Most of the ground fighting was in South Vietnam. }} [[France]] began to [[colony|colonize]] Vietnam between 1859 and 1862, when it took control of [[Saigon]]. By 1864, it had controlled all of Cochinchina, in the south of Vietnam. France took control of Annam, the large central part of Vietnam, in 1874. After France defeated [[China]] during the Sino-French War (1884–1885), it took over Tonkin, the north of Vietnam. [[French Indochina]] was formed in October 1887 from these three areas of Vietnam (Cochinchina, Annam and Tonkin), as well as [[Cambodia]]. [[Laos]] was added after a war against Thailand, the [[Franco-Siamese War]], in 1893. During [[World War II]], after [[Nazi Germany]] had defeated France in 1940, French Indochina was controlled by the [[Vichy France|Vichy French]] government, a [[puppet state|puppet government]] recognized by Germany. In March 1945, the [[Japanese Empire]] launched the Second French Indochina Campaign. Japan occupied Indochina but surrendered in August 1945. After the defeat of Nazi Germany, the Vichy government was no longer in control of France or its territories. The newly formed Provisional Government of the French Republic attempted to take back control of its former colonies in Indochina by force, if necessary, but France's efforts at regaining its colony in Vietnam were opposed by a communist Vietnamese army, the [[Viet Minh]]. [[File:Ho Chi Minh 1946.jpg|left|120px|thumb|{{center|[[Hồ Chí Minh]]}}]] The Viet Minh had been founded in 1941 by the Vietnamese Communist Party and was led by [[Ho Chi Minh|Hồ Chí Minh]]. That led to the [[First Indochina War]] between France and the Viet Minh. Fighting started with the French [[bombardment]] of [[Haiphong]] Harbor in November 1946 and ended with a triumph of the Viet Minh [[Battle of Ðiện Biên Phủ|at Dien Bien Phu]]. In July 1954, France and the Viet Minh signed the [[Geneva Peace Accord]], which resulted in dividing Vietnam along the 17th parallel into a northern section, under the control of the communists, led by Ho Chi Minh, and a southern section, led by the Catholic anticommunist [[Ngo Dinh Diem]] who is backed by the United States. The partition was to be temporary until elections in 1956. However, Diem started arresting suspected communist sympathizers that year and wanted to keep power for himself. The elections were never held, and in 1957, North Vietnam began [[guerrilla warfare]] against the south. The United States began to send military advisors to help [[training|train]] and support the non-communist [[Army of the Republic of Vietnam|South Vietnamese Army]]. It was fighting against the Viet Cong, also known as the National Liberation Front, a communist party from South Vietnam that was controlled with North Vietnam. The Viet Cong began a campaign of [[assassination]] in 1957. In 1959, North Vietnam dramatically increased its military assistance to the Viet Cong, which then began attacking anticommunist South Vietnamese military units. Because of [[domino theory]], the US feared that if communism took hold in Vietnam, it would then spread to other countries nearby.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/domino-theory |title=Domino Theory |author= |website= |publisher=History/A&E Television Networks, LLC |accessdate=8 March 2016}}</ref> ==Gulf of Tonkin Resolution== [[File:USS Maddox (DD-731) underway at sea, circa the early 1960s (NH 97900).jpg|thumb|left|120px|{{Center|The destroyer USS ''Maddox''}}]] On August 2, 1964, the destroyer USS ''Maddox'' was in the Gulf of Tonkin, on an [[military intelligence|intelligence]] mission along North Vietnam's coast. The US said that three North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked the destroyer. The ''Maddox'' fired back and damaged the three torpedo boats. The US later claimed that two days later, the torpedo boats again attacked the ''Maddox'' and the destroyer USS ''Turner Joy''. In the second attack, the US ships did not actually see the torpedo boats, but it was said that they had been found by using the ship's radar. After the alleged second attack, the US launched air strikes against North Vietnam. The Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin [[joint resolution|Joint Resolution]] (H.J. RES 1145) on 7 August 1964 and so gave the president the power to run large-scale military operations in [[Southeast Asia]] without declaring war. There was little to no proof of the attacks, and it was believed by some that they had been an excuse for expanded US involvement in Indochina. The communists were supplied by a vast network of hidden trails, known as the [[Ho Chi Minh Trail]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/guerrilla/ |title=Guerrilla Tactics: An Overview |author= |website=Battlefield: Vietnam |publisher=PBS |accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref> It was very well hidden although many attempts were made by the US to bomb and destroy it. Supplies and soldiers from North Vietnam were sent through Laos to communists forces in South Vietnam. American planes heavily bombed the Ho Chi Minh Trail, and {{convert|3000000|ST}} of bombs were dropped on Laos.<ref name=hcmtUSHIST>{{cite web |url=http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h1875.html |title=Ho Chi Minh Trail |author= |website=United States History |publisher=U-S-HISTORY.COM |accessdate=17 November 2016}}</ref> That slowed down but did not stop the trail system.<ref name=hcmtUSHIST/> Severe communist losses during the 1968 [[Tet Offensive]] made it possible for the US to withdraw many soldiers. As part of a policy called "Vietnamization," non-communist South Vietnamese troops were trained and equipped to replace the Americans who had left. By 1973, 95% of the American troops had left. All of the parties signed a [[peace treaty]] in [[Paris]] in January 1973, but the fighting continued until 1975, when the non-communist South Vietnamese government surrendered after its capital, Saigon, had fallen. ==Guerrilla warfare== {{multiple image | align = center | direction = horizontal | image1 = Vietcong tunnels-USAR.jpg | width1 = 330 | caption1 = Cross-sectional diagram showing an example of a section of tunnel system used by the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War. The area with the most tunnels was called the Iron Triangle by the Americans. The Viet Minh, which was later called the Viet Cong used the tunnels. Some of the larger tunnel complexes had kitchens, operating rooms, dorm rooms, storage rooms, and school rooms. | image2 = Vietcong1968.jpg | width2 = 140 | caption2 = Viet Cong soldiers wore typical clothing and sandals in a tunnel. They often ate and slept in the tunnels and disappeared into them when the Americans raided a village.}} There were some large-scale battles during the Vietnam War, but most of the fighting was [[guerilla warfare]], which is different from the large-scale battles fought between armies like those during World War II. [[File:173d Airborne Brigade- Vietnam War-Hill 823.jpg|thumb|left|{{center|US Airborne troops under attack during the Battle of Dak To (1967)}}]] In guerilla warfare, small units fight limited battles against an enemy force, set up ambushes, make surprise attacks, and then retreat to the countryside or blend into the local population. That also includes making it difficult for the enemy to operate by engaging in sabotage and harassing the enemy with lethal means such as the [[land mine]] and the [[booby trap]]. The communist troops more often engaged in guerilla warfare against American and non-communist South Vietnamese troops<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.pbs.org/battlefieldvietnam/guerrilla/index.html |title=Battlefield:Vietnam &#124; Guerrilla Tactics |work=pbs.org |year=2011 |accessdate=March 13, 2011}}</ref> than the reverse because the communists knew of their weakness in conventional (large-scale) warfare. Although few of the traps were explosive, all of the explosive traps used grenades. A tripwire was placed, and if a soldier tripped over the wire, a grenade pin was pulled out, the grenade would blow, and the soldier would usually be killed. Another style of trap was nicknamed the Venus flytrap. It had about eight barbs attached to a rectangular frame sitting on a small hole. The barbs faced down so that when the soldier’s leg got caught in it, it would not hurt until he pulled his leg out, when the barbs would rip through his leg. Another North Vietnamese and Viet Cong trap was the Punji trap. Two wooden platforms were placed and covered with leaves to camouflage it. There were spikes on the inside of the wood. When a soldier came along and walked on the wood, it caved in, and the spikes would go through the soldier’s foot. That trap was the most common because it was the cheapest one and was very effective. It was also often [[wikt:contaminated|contaminated]], often with feces, so that the soldier would also become infected. Besides hurting or killing people, the traps caused fear and lowered morale.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://vietnam-warfare.tripod.com/vietnamwarfare/id3.html |title= Booby Traps |work= Mcdonald College |year= 2004 |accessdate= May 30, 2012 |archive-date= May 24, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120524055043/http://vietnam-warfare.tripod.com/vietnamwarfare/id3.html |url-status= dead}}</ref> ==Fall of Saigon== {{Main|Fall of Saigon}} [[File:Vietnamese refugees on US carrier, Operation Frequent Wind.jpg|thumb|150px|{{center|Fleeing from communist forces, Vietmanese refugees on an American aircraft carrier off the coast of Vietnam on April 29, 1975, the day before the fall of Saigon}}]] The [[Fall of Saigon]] was the capture of Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam, by the People's Army of Vietnam and the National Liberation Front on April 30, 1975. That marked the end of the Vietnam War and the beginning of the formal reunification of Vietnam into a [[communist state]]. Before the city fell, the few American civilian and military personnel had left Vietnam, and tens of thousands of non-communist South Vietnamese soldiers and civilians had also fled. The North Vietnamese commanded by General [[Văn Tiến Dũng]] and began their final attack on Saigon, whose defence was commanded by General Nguyen Van Toan on April 29. A heavy artillery bombardment of Tân Sơn Nhứt Airport killed the last two American servicemen who died in Vietnam: Charles McMahon and Darwin Judge. By the afternoon of the next day, North Vietnamese troops had occupied the important points within the city and raised their flag over the South Vietnamese presidential palace. The government of South Vietnam soon formally surrendered. The Americans still in Saigon were evacuated by helicopter or fixed-wing aircraft. The surrender of Saigon was given in person by anticommunist South Vietnamese President General [[Dương Văn Minh|Duong Van Minh]]: "We are here to hand over to you the power in order to avoid bloodshed." He was president for two days as his country crumbled. Saigon was renamed Ho Chi Minh City after the communist leader Ho Chi Minh. == War crimes == {{main|War crimes during the Vietnam War}} [[War crimes]] took place, by both sides. Things that happened, were [[rape]], massacres of civilians, bombings of civilian targets, <!--Viet Cong and PAVN strategy, organization and structure#Viet Cong]]/[[NVA]] use of terror|-->terrorism, torture, and murder of [[prisoners of war]]. In regard to common crimes including theft, [[arson]], and the destruction of property: These things happened sometimes, without [having a military reason, or] being warranted by [[military necessity]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Solis |first=Gary D. |title=The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-139-48711-5 |pages=[{{GBurl|id=6FKf0ocxEPAC|p=301}} 301]–303}}</ref> South Vietnamese, Korean and American: [South Vietnamese soldiers and Korean soldiers] and American soldiers, also [[United States and allied war crimes in the Vietnam War|did war crimes]].<ref>https://snl.no/My_Lai-massakren#:~:text=My%20Lai%2Dmassakren%20var%20en,kilometer%20fra%20provinshovedstaden%20Quang%20Ngai. [[SNL.no]]. Retrieved 2025-07-01</ref> The [[My Lai Massacre]] happened in 1968. ===North Vietnamese and Viet Cong=== Notable VC [war crimes or] [[atrocity|atrocities]] include the massacre of over 3,000 unarmed civilians at [[Huế]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kiernan |first=Ben |title=Viet Nam: A History from Earliest Times to the Present |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-19-062730-0 |page=444 |author-link=Ben Kiernan}}</ref> and killing 252 civilians during the [[Đắk Sơn massacre]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pike |first=Douglas |url=https://archive.org/details/pavnpeoplesarmyo00pike |title=PAVN: People's Army of Vietnam |publisher=Presidio Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-89141-243-4 |url-access=registration}}</ref> 155,000 refugees fleeing the North Vietnamese Spring Offensive were reported to have been killed, or [[abduction|abducted]], on the road to [[Tuy Hòa]] in 1975.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wiesner |first=Louis |title=Victims and Survivors: Displaced Persons and Other War Victims in Viet-Nam, 1954–1975 |url=https://archive.org/details/victimssurvivors0000wies |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-313-26306-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/victimssurvivors0000wies/page/n367 318]–319}}</ref> PAVN/VC troops killed 164,000 civilians in [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/democide democide] between 1954-75 in South Vietnam.<ref name=Rummel/>{{Rp|}} North Vietnam was known for its abusive treatment of American POWs, most notably in [[Hỏa Lò Prison]] (the ''Hanoi Hilton''), where torture was done to (get [[confession]]s or) [[Forced confession|extract confessions]].{{sfn|Karnow|1997|p=655}} == Aftermath == {{See also|Third Indochina War}} The war made potential farmland useless, as it was bombed and affected by [[Agent Orange]]. The economy crashed because inflation was high and so unemployment was common, and there was poor health care. Many people fled Vietnam because of these conditions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Cultures of the World: Vietnam|last1=Seah|first1=Audrey|last2=Nair|first2=Charissa|last3=Piddock|first3=Charles|last4=Nevins|first4=Debbie|publisher=Cavendish Square Publishing|year=2015|isbn=978-1-5026-0080-6|location=243 5th Avenue, Suite 136, New York, NY 10016|pages=31}}</ref> The [[Đổi mới|Đổi Mới]] reforms helped to improve many of the problems that had been caused by the war. Although there are still many situations with serious economic issues, Vietnam now has a fairly successful economy. The income and the [[standard of living]] of the average [[Vietnamese people]] have kept improving since the 1990s. The war also had lasting effects on the US. It led to divisions in American society that are still seen today, and many Americans became more wary of their government. Many veterans came back with PTSD and were not treated well; people who opposed the war saw them as war criminals, and people who supported the war saw them as losers. The war later led to the [[Third Indochina War]], when Vietnam entered [[Cambodia]] under the [[Khmer Rouge]] regime (specifically under [[Pol Pot]]'s leadership) after numerous mass murders in the Vietnamese–Cambodian border. China then invaded Vietnam in an attempt to disrupt them from Cambodia. The war involves Vietnam, Cambodia, [[Laos]], [[Thailand]] ([[border dispute]]) and China. ==Other information== North Korea had 1,000 soldiers in the Vietnam War.<ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/who-are-north-koreas-military-partners-around-world-2024-10-25/. Retrieved 2025-07-01</ref> ==Related pages== *[[First Indochina War]] *[[Weapons of the Vietnam War]] *[[Third Indochina War]] *[[Cambodian Civil War]] *[[Laotian Civil War]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=A}} ==Other websites== {{commons}} * [https://www.vietnam.ttu.edu/virtualarchive/ Virtual Vietnam Archive]&nbsp;– Texas Tech University {{Vietnam War}} {{Chicago Seven}} [[Category:Vietnam War| ]] 2thdoxt39o1uil2xnko706poicvloq0 0 5075 11024003 11021733 2026-10-08T14:07:43Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia Bot|IrisChronomia Bot]] ([[User talk:IrisChronomia Bot|talk]]) to last version by IrisChronomia 11019469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}} {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Socialist Republic of Vietnam | common_name = Vietnam | native_name = {{native name|vi|Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt&nbsp;Nam}} | image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg | symbol_type = Emblem | national_motto = {{native phrase|vi|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|paren=omit}} | englishmotto = "Independence – Freedom – Happiness" | national_anthem = {{lang|vi|[[Tiến Quân Ca]]}}<br />"The Song of the Marching Troops"{{parabr}}{{center|[[File:Quoc ca Viet Nam.ogg]]}} | image_map = {{Switcher|[[File:Vietnam (orthographic projection).svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show globe|[[File:Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg|upright=1.15|frameless]]|Show ASEAN|default=1}} | map_caption = {{map caption |location_color= green |region=the [[Southeast Asia]] |region_color= none}} | image_map2 = {{maplink |frame=yes | frame-width=250 |frame-height=250 |frame-align=center | text= '''Vietnam''' | type=line|id=Q881|stroke-width=2|stroke-colour=#000000|title=Vietnam}} | capital = [[Hanoi]] | coordinates = {{coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}} | largest_settlement = [[Ho Chi Minh City]]<br />{{coord|10|48|N|106|39|E|type:city}} | largest_settlement_type = city {{normal|by urban population}} | admin_center_type = Largest city {{normal|by municipal boundary}} | admin_center = [[Da Nang]]<br />{{coord|16|20|N|107|35|E|type:city}} | languages_type = Official language | languages = [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Vietnam |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=27 April 2023 |date=18 April 2023 |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610173010/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |url-status=live}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{vunblist | 85.32% [[Kinh Vietnamese]] | 14.68% [[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2019 | religion = {{unbulleted list |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |86.32% [[Irreligion|no religion]] / [[Vietnamese folk religion|folk]] |6.1% [[Catholic Church in Vietnam|Catholicism]]|4.79% [[Buddhism in Vietnam|Buddhism]]|1.02% [[Hòa Hảo|Hoahaoism]] |1% [[Protestantism in Vietnam|Protestantism]] |0.58% [[Caodaism]] |0.07% [[Islam]] |0.12% [[Religion in Vietnam|other]]{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}}}}{{efn|The census data was also cited in the United States Department of State's 2022 Report on International Religious Freedom regarding Vietnam. However, the report indicated that this figure did not include the potentially significant number of individuals who engage in Buddhist practices to a certain extent without being formally participated in a Buddhist religious group.<ref>{{cite report |date=2022 |title=2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/ |publisher=Office of International Religious Freedom, United States Department of State|access-date=11 February 2024|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240211024605/https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/ |archive-date=11 February 2024}}</ref> An earlier United States Department of State report from 2019 revealed that 26.4 per cent of the population identified with an organised religion. This breakdown included 14.9 per cent identifying as Buddhist, 7.4 per cent as Roman Catholic, 1.5 per cent as Hòa Hảo Buddhist, 1.2 per cent as Cao Đài, and 1.1 per cent as Protestant. The remainder did not identify with any religious group or observed beliefs such as animism or the reverence of ancestors, tutelary and protective saints, national heroes, or esteemed local figures.<ref>Vietnam Government Committee for Religious Affairs, 2018, cited in {{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|title=2019 Report on International Religious Freedom: Vietnam|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|access-date=12 October 2020|archive-date=26 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926185352/https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/vietnam/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | religion_year = 2019 | demonym = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]<br />Viet (colloquial) | government_type = Unitary [[Marxist–Leninist]] one-party [[Socialist state (communism)|socialist republic]]<!-- The Constitution of Vietnam states that the country is a "socialist republic". This is often regarded as being interchangeable with "communist state" by Western scholars, but legally and officially speaking it is not. --><ref>{{cite web |title=Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam |url=https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC127527/ |website=FAOLEX Database |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization]] |quotation=The Constitution defines Vietnam as [having] a socialist rule of law, State of the people, by the people, and for the people. Vietnam is a unitary state ruled by [a] one-party system with coordination among State bodies in exercising legislative, executive and judicial rights. |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=20 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120053719/https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/en/c/LEX-FAOC127527/ |url-status=live}}</ref> | leader_title1 = [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|General Secretary]]{{efn|The most powerful political position is [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam]], not [[President of Vietnam|President]]. The general secretary controls the [[Politburo of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Politburo]] and the [[Secretariat of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Secretariat]], Vietnam's top decision-making bodies, making the officeholder the ''de facto'' leader of Vietnam.}} | leader_name1 = [[Tô Lâm]] | leader_title2 = [[President of Vietnam|President]] | leader_name2 = Tô Lâm | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Lê Minh Hưng]] | leader_title4 = [[Chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam|National Assembly Chairman]] | leader_name4 = [[Trần Thanh Mẫn]] | legislature = [[National Assembly of Vietnam|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Vietnam|Formation]] | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = [[Văn Lang]] | established_date1 = 7th century BC | established_event2 = [[Âu Lạc]] | established_date2 = 3rd century BC | established_event3 = [[Han conquest of Nanyue|Han's annexation]] | established_date3 = 111 BC | established_event4 = [[Ngô dynasty|Independence from China]] | established_date4 = 939 | established_event5 = [[Lê dynasty|Regaining independence]] | established_date5 = 1428 | established_event6 = [[Nguyễn dynasty|Nguyễn]]'s unification | established_date6 = 1802 | established_event7 = [[Treaty of Huế (1883)|Protectorate Treaty]] | established_date7 = 25 August 1883 | established_event8 = [[Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam|Declaration of Independence]] | established_date8 = 2 September 1945 | established_event9 = [[1954 Geneva Conference|North–South partition]] | established_date9 = 21 July 1954 | established_event10 = [[Fall of Saigon|End of Vietnam War]] | established_date10 = 30 April 1975 | established_event11 = [[National Assembly of Vietnam#Since 1976|Reunification]] | established_date11 = 2 July 1976 | established_event12 = {{lang|vi|[[Đổi Mới]]|italic=no}} | established_date12 = 18 December 1986 | established_event13 = [[Constitution of Vietnam#Current constitution|Current constitution]] | established_date13 = 28 November 2013{{efn|In effect since 1 January 2014{{sfn|''Viet Nam News''|2014}}}} | area_km2 = 331,344.82<ref name="area_2022">{{cite act|index=3048/QĐ-BTNMT|title=Phê duyệt và công bố kết quả thống kê diện tích đất đai năm 2022|language=vi|trans-title=Approval and announcement of land area statistics for 2022|url=https://monre.gov.vn/VanBan/Lists/VanBanChiDao/Attachments/3012/3048-qd-btnmt_Signed.pdf|legislature=[[Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Vietnam)]]|date=18 October 2023|type=Decision}}{{Dead link|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>{{efn|The area of Vietnam mentioned here is based on the land area statistics provided by the Vietnamese government. However, alternative figures exist. According to the CIA World Factbook, Vietnam's total area is 331,210 square kilometres,<ref name="Vietnam">{{cite web |title=Vietnam |date=17 January 2024 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |access-date=23 January 2024 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-date=10 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610173010/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/vietnam/ |url-status=live}}</ref> while the BBC cites a slightly different measurement of 331,699 square kilometres.<ref name="Vietnam country profile">{{cite web |title=Vietnam country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=28 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528080124/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-16567315 |url-status=live}}</ref>}} | area_rank = 66th | area_sq_mi = | percent_water = 6.38 | population_estimate = 100,300,000<ref name="gso-pop">{{cite report |date=29 December 2023 |title=Socio-economic situation in the fourth quarter and 2023 |url=https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2024/02/socio-economic-situation-in-the-fourth-quarter-and-2023/ |publisher= [[General Statistics Office of Vietnam]]|access-date=12 February 2024|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212112046/https://www.gso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2024/02/socio-economic-situation-in-the-fourth-quarter-and-2023/ |archive-date=12 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |author=An Chi |date=31 December 2023 |title=Dân số trung bình của Việt Nam năm 2023 đạt 100,3 triệu người |trans-title=Vietnam's Average Population Reaches 100.3 Million People in 2023 |url=https://nhandan.vn/dan-so-trung-binh-cua-viet-nam-nam-2023-dat-1003-trieu-nguoi-post789936.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212111948/https://nhandan.vn/dan-so-trung-binh-cua-viet-nam-nam-2023-dat-1003-trieu-nguoi-post789936.html |archive-date=12 February 2024 |access-date=12 February 2024 |work=[[Nhân Dân]] |language=vi}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 15th | population_census = 96,208,984{{sfn|General Statistics Office of Vietnam|2019}} | population_census_year = 2019 | population_density_km2 = 298 | population_density_sq_mi = 770 | population_density_rank = 49th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $1.559&nbsp;trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Vietnam) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416222015/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=582,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 26th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $15,470<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 106th | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $465.814&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = 33rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $4,623<ref name="IMFWEO.VN" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 119th | Gini = 36.1 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web|title=Gini index - Viet Nam|publisher=[[World Bank Group]]|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=VN}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.766<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 93rd | currency = [[Vietnamese đồng]] (₫) | currency_code = VND | time_zone = [[UTC+07:00|Vietnam Standard Time]] | utc_offset = +07:00 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Vietnam|+84]] | cctld = [[.vn]] | today = }} The '''Socialist Republic of Vietnam''' (or just '''Vietnam''') ({{lang-vi|Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam}}) is a [[country]] in [[Southeast Asia]]. The neighboring countries are [[Cambodia]], [[China]], and [[Laos]]. The capital is [[Hanoi]]. The most populous city is [[Ho Chi Minh City]]. There are about 102 million people living in Vietnam in 2026.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Infographic social-economic situation in the 4th quarter and 2025|url=https://www.nso.gov.vn/en/data-and-statistics/2026/01/infographic-social-economic-situation-in-the-4th-quarter-and-2025/|access-date=2026-10-04|website=National Statistics Office of Vietnam|language=en-GB}}</ref> Vietnam was united under a communist government. In 1986, the government made economic and political changes that began Vietnam's path to be a part of the world economy.<ref name="BBC2004">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3752682.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Vietnam's new-look economy | date=18 October 2004| accessdate=21 November 2015}}</ref> Since 2000, Vietnam's economic growth has been among "the highest in the world",<ref name="BBC2004"/>{{Update inline|date=October 2026|reason=That's a 2004 piece and 22 years out of date!}} and in 2011 it had the highest global growth generator index among 11 "major" economies.<ref>{{cite web|last=Weisenthal|first= Joe |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/willem-buiter-3g-countries-2011-2?slop=1 |title=3G Countries |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |date=22 February 2011 |accessdate=6 August 2011}}</ref> == Geography == The length of the country, from North to South, is 1,650 kilometers (1,025 miles).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.travelersdigest.com/7024-how-big-is-vietnam-in-comparison-to-the-united-states-germany-japan-uk/|title=How Big is Vietnam in Comparison to the United States, Germany, Japan and UK?|date=26 February 2014|publisher=|access-date=28 September 2017|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921185043/http://www.travelersdigest.com/7024-how-big-is-vietnam-in-comparison-to-the-united-states-germany-japan-uk/|url-status=dead}}</ref> "At its narrowest point, Vietnam is only 30 miles (48 kilometers) wide".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kids.nationalgeographic.com/explore/countries/vietnam/|title=Vietnam|website=Kids|date=25 March 2014 }}</ref> Northern Vietnam offers a "humid" subtropical climate with 4 seasons (winter, spring, summer, and fall) while Southern Vietnam is "hot year-round".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Best Time to Visit Vietnam: Weather isn't Everything! [2021]|date=17 November 2021 |url=https://luxuryunderbudget.com/vietnam-weather-best-time-visit/|access-date=2021-12-02|language=en-US}}</ref> == History == In A.D. 40, the [[Trưng Sisters]] Trưng Trắc and Trưng Nhị led a rebellion to get rid of Tô Định, the Chinese governor occupying Vietnam. They were daughters of a Lạc lord in Giao Chỉ (now Northern Vietnam) and widows of aristocrats. They successfully formed their own kingdom in [[Mê Linh District|Mê Linh]], where Trưng Trắc was proclaimed queen, and a capital was built for her".<ref>Seekins, Donald M., "Trung Sisters, Rebellion of (39–43)", in Sandler, Stanley, ed., Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara California: ABC-Clio, hardcover 2002 (ISBN 1-57607-344-0)), vol. 3, p. 898, col. 1 (author of Seekins of Meio University).</ref> While ruling in Mê Linh, the sisters abolished taxes. They were defeated in A.D. 43 by [[Ma Yuan (Han dynasty)|Ma Yuan]], a Chinese general, and are regarded as female military heroes and national heroines.<ref name="Womack">{{cite journal |author=Sarah Womack |year=1995 |title=The remakings of a legend: women and patriotism in the hagiography of the Tru'ng sisters |journal=Crossroads |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=31–50 |jstor=40860533}}</ref> After Ma Yuan’s defeat of the Trưng sisters, the Chinese maintained domination over Vietnam for more than a thousand years. They established a bureaucracy that emphasized [[Confucianism]], and they focused on educating Vietnam’s ruling class with Chinese literature and ideas.<ref>Sarah Womack (1995). "The remakings of a legend: women and patriotism in the hagiography of the Tru'ng sisters". Crossroads. 9 (2): 31–50. JSTOR 40860533.</ref> The kings of [[Champa (kingdom)|Champa]] (Chiêm Thành in Vietnamese) started [[construction]] of [[Hindu temple]]s at [[Mỹ Sơn]] in the 4th century AD.<ref>{{cite web|title=KINGDOM OF CHAMPA|url=https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/KingdomOfChampa.html|access-date=2017-09-28|archive-date=2012-05-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120503061157/https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/KingdomOfChampa.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Andrew David Hardy, Mauro Cucarzi, Patrizia Zolese ''Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn'' 2009</ref> France desired trading freedom in Vietnam.{{when}} They wanted to bring more missionaries into the country. The Nguyen dynasty disliked French involvement in Vietnam, and executed missionaries and Vietnamese coverts. This spurred the French Emperor, [[Napoléon III|Napoleon III]], to attack Vietnam{{when}} and attempt to force the court to accept the title of "French protectorate." By the 1880s Vietnam was officially a French [[protectorate]].<ref>"Vietnam History, People, Economy, Geography, Government." Vietnam History, People, Economy, Geography, Government. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Apr. 2014. http://vietventures.com/Vietnam/history_vietnam.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140730201524/http://www.vietventures.com/vietnam/history_vietnam.asp |date=2014-07-30 }}</ref> The nation was divided{{why}}{{by whom}} into [[North Vietnam]] and [[South Vietnam]].{{when}} After independence was achieved, the French gave the land of the [[Mekong River|Mekong]] delta that was part of [[Cambodia]] to [[South Vietnam]].{{when}} The United States had influence in the South, and the Việt Minh controlled the North. [[Ho Chi Minh|Hồ Chí Minh]] became [[President of Vietnam|President]] of the Democratic Republic of (North) Việt Nam. It was agreed{{by whom}} that the nation would be reunited by elections in 1956. The Americans and the Southern government stopped the elections from happening because they expected Hồ Chí Minh to win because North Vietnam refused to hold free elections. The president of the United States [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Dwight Eisenhower]] said he thought Hồ would win with around 80% of the vote if elections were held because of the majority of the population being in the north added with Hồ's supporters in the South.<ref name="nixon">{{cite web|url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/vietnam/ddeho.htm|title=Eisenhower's Views on the Popularity of Ho Chi Minh|website=www.mtholyoke.edu|access-date=2019-02-11|archive-date=2019-10-30 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030215148/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/acad/intrel/vietnam/ddeho.htm}}</ref> == Population == There are about 102 million people living in Vietnam in the start of 2026.<ref name=":1" /> The Vietnamese male population is 50,205,096 and the female population is 51,326,584.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Vietnam population (2023) live — Countrymeters|url=https://countrymeters.info/en/Vietnam|access-date=2023-08-29|website=countrymeters.info}}</ref> 25.2% of these people are aged between 0-14, with 13,365,800 being male and 12,161,135 being female. 69.3% of the population are between the ages of 15-64. The male-to-female ratio is 35,024,433 being male and 35,156,146 being female. 5.5% are 65 and over, with 2,149,957 being male and 3,459,991 being female. So within the older 2 categories, there are more women than men.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html|accessdate= 10 May 2011|title= CIA The World Fact Book|archive-date= 17 May 2020|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200517025916/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/vm.html|url-status= dead}}</ref> ==Science and technology== Media said in 2011 that [[investment]] in science and technology was 2% of [[GDP]].<ref name="StemmingTheOutflow">{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/babbage/2011/09/16/stemming-the-outflow-of-talent|title=Stemming the outflow of talent|date=16 September 2011|publisher=|newspaper=The Economist}}</ref> "Vietnam provides no incentives for students to return to Vietnam from their foreign [[Graduate school|graduate programme]]s" was the [[opinion]] (in 2011) of French physicist [[Pierre Darriulat]].<ref name=StemmingTheOutflow/><ref name="BrainDrain">{{cite web|url=http://en.baomoi.com/Info/Plugging-the-brain-drain/8/95062.epi|title=Website Under Maintenance|website=en.baomoi.com|access-date=2017-09-28|archive-date=2012-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120102124407/http://en.baomoi.com/Info/Plugging-the-brain-drain/8/95062.epi|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{InterWiki|code=vi}} {{Sister project links|Vietnam}} {{reflist|2}} {{Asia}} {{ASEAN}} [[Category:Vietnam| ]] [[Category:1975 establishments in Asia]] t80kapod4c4d2vhwfsfveb4cm25uhpb 0 5734 11024108 10948922 2026-10-08T20:41:56Z Percy James92 1670363 11024108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{A-Z}} [[File:Q cursiva.gif|thumb]] '''Q''' is the seventeenth ([[17 (number)|number 17]]) [[letter]] in the [[English language|English]] [[alphabet]]. It is generally followed by a silent letter U. Q makes a ''kw'' sound as in quick or a ''k'' sound as in unique. Below are some ancient ways of writing Q. {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse: collapse;text-align:center;" |- bgcolor="#EEEEEE" ! Egyptian hieroglyph ''Q'' ! Phoenician Q ! Etruscan Q ! Greek Qoppa |----- |<hiero>V24</hiero> |[[File:PhoenicianQ-01.png]] |[[File:EtruscanQ-01.svg]] |[[File:Qoppa_uc_lc.svg|175px]] |} == [[Meaningsa|Meanings]] for Q == * In [[chess]], Q is used to mean the [[Queen (chess)|queen]] piece. * In [[English language|English]], Q can be a [[abbreviation|short letter]] for 'question'. * In a deck of [[playing card]]s, Q is used to mark each of the [[queen (playing card)|queens]]. * In [[science fiction]], [[Q (Star Trek)|Q]] is a character in several ''[[Star Trek]]'' television shows. * Q is also the name of a character in the [[James Bond]] [[film series]], who was played by [[Desmond Llewelyn]] (and [[John Cleese]] after Desmond Llewelyn died). * In [[Internet slang]], "q" is used for the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] word "que", which means "that", "which", or "what". * In physics, q is used to mean charge<ref>{{cite web|title=Electric Charge (Q or q)|url=http://www.physics.sfsu.edu/~lockhart/courses/p230f4L1.pdf|work=www.physics.sfsu.edu|publisher=San Francisco State University|accessdate=5 April 2016|archive-date=23 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123040515/http://www.physics.sfsu.edu/~lockhart/courses/p230f4L1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == {{wikt}} {{commonscat}} {{Reflist}} {{Latin script}} {{stub}} 4g581j6bg95oxfbmp9yxkph898zw8j8 0 7111 11024068 11018604 2026-10-08T18:40:55Z By-abbot 1886475 /* Gallery */ logo 11024068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|Apple Corps, an unrelated company|Apple Corps}} {{coord|37.33182|-122.03118|region:US-CA|display=title}} {{Infobox company | name = Apple Inc | logo = Apple logo black.svg | logo_size = 80px | logo_caption = Black (print) Apple logo (1999–present) | image = Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg | image_size = 260px | image_caption = [[Apple Park]] in [[Cupertino, California]], April 2018 | type = [[Public company|Public]] | traded_as = {{plainlist| * {{NASDAQ|AAPL}} * NASDAQ-100 component * [[Dow Jones Industrial Average|DJIA component]] * S&P 100 component * S&P 500 component }} | ISIN = US0378331005 | genre = | foundation = {{Start date and age|1976|04|01}} | founders = {{plainlist| * [[Steve Jobs]] * [[Steve Wozniak]] * [[Ronald Wayne]] }} | dissolved = | location = [[Apple Park|1 Apple Park Way]], [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[California]], [[USA]] | locations = 273 Retail stores in the US and 518 worldwide in 25 countries (2023) | area_served = Worldwide | key_people = {{Unbulleted list | [[Tim Cook]] ([[Chairman]]) | [[John Ternus]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) | Jeff Williams ([[Chief operating officer|COO]])}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rossignol |first1=Joe |title=John Ternus is Now Apple's CEO |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2026/09/01/john-ternus-is-now-apple-ceo/ |website=MacRumors |date=1 September 2026 |access-date=1 September 2026}}</ref> | industry = {{plainlist| * [[Computer hardware]] * [[Computer software]] * [[Consumer electronics]] * [[Digital distribution]] * [[Semiconductors]] * Fabless silicon design * Corporate venture capital }} | products = {{flatlist| * [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] * [[iPod]] * [[iPhone]] * [[iPad]] * [[Apple Watch]] * [[Apple TV]] * HomePod * [[macOS]] * [[iOS]] * [[watchOS]] * tvOS * [[iLife]] * [[iWork]] * Final Cut Pro * Logic Pro * Garageband * iMovie * [[Numbers]] * [[Pages]] * Keynote }} | services = {{flatlist| * Apple Pay * Apple Store * [[iTunes Store]] * [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] * [[Mac App Store]] * iBooks Store * [[iCloud]] * [[Apple Music]] }} | revenue = {{increase}} {{US $|229.234&nbsp;billion|link=yes}}<ref name="SEC filing">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2624/0000320193-17-000070.pdf|title=Apple Form 10-K Annual Report|date=November 3, 2017}}</ref> (FY 2017) | operating_income = {{increase}} {{US $|61.344&nbsp;billion}}<ref name="SEC filing"/> (FY 2017) | net_income = {{increase}} {{US $|48.351&nbsp;billion}}<ref name="SEC filing"/> (FY 2017) | intl = | assets = {{increase}} {{US $|375.319&nbsp;billion}}<ref name="SEC filing"/> (FY 2017) | equity = {{increase}} {{US $|134.047&nbsp;billion}}<ref name="SEC filing"/> (FY 2017) | owner = | num_employees = 450,000 work directly for Apple and 1,530,000 work in Apple stores (April 2023)<ref name="SEC filing"/> | parent = | subsid = {{flatlist| * [[Shazam (application)|Shazam]] * [[Texture (app)|Texture]] * [[FileMaker Inc.]] * [[Anobit]] * [[Braeburn Capital]] * [[Beats Electronics]] * [[Beddit]] * Apple Energy, LLC * Apple Sales International<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/30/how-apples-irish-subsidiaries-paid-a-0005-percent-tax-rate-in-2014.html |title=How Apple managed to pay such a low tax rate in Ireland |first=Harriet |last=Taylor |date=August 30, 2016 |access-date=January 9, 2017}}</ref> * Apple Worldwide Video<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/25/business/media/apple-hollywood-streaming.html|title=Apple Goes to Hollywood. Will Its Story Have a Happy Ending?|website=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 25, 2018 |last1=Koblin |first1=John }}</ref> * Apple Services<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-01/apple-looks-to-services-to-move-beyond-iphone-price-ceiling|title=Apple Looks to Services to Move Beyond iPhone Price Ceiling|website=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=August 2018 }}</ref> }} }} [[File:Apple store Michigan Ave.jpg|thumb|right|Apple Store on Michigan Avenue in [[Chicago]]]] '''Apple Inc.''' is an American [[multinational company]] which manufactures and builds [[personal computers]],[[laptops]], (the [[Apple Macintosh|Mac]]), mobile devices ([[iPod]], [[iPhone]] and [[iPad]]), [[software]], and streaming television services. ([[macOS]], [[iOS]], iPadOS, watchOS, tvOS and [[visionOS]]). Apple calls its computers ''Macintoshes'' or ''[[IMac|Macs]]'', and it calls its laptops ''[[MacBook]]s''. Their line of mobile music players is called ''iPod'', their [[smartphone]] line is called ''iPhone'' and their [[Tablet computer|tablet]] line is called ''iPad''. Apple Inc. used to be called Apple Computer, Inc., but Apple changed their name after introducing the original iPhone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1054770/tech-events-dupe/applename.html|title=Apple drops 'Computer' from name|date=January 9, 2007|website=Macworld}}</ref> Apple is the largest technology company by revenue, with US$391.04 billion in FY 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fortune Global 500|url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/2024/|access-date=2025-02-09}}</ref> Apple products are available worldwide, but are mainly purchased in [[First World|first-world]] countries, like [[Australia]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]], and [[European Union]] countries. Apple Inc. is a [[public company]] and trades on the [[NASDAQ]] under the [[Stock trading|stock ticker]] AAPL. On March 19, 2015, it became one of the 30 components of the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]]. == History == Apple was started in 1976 by [[Steve Jobs]] and [[Steve Wozniak]].<ref name="AppleConf">{{cite book|url=http://extras.denverpost.com/books/chap0411h.htm|title=Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc.|last=Linzmayer|first=Ronald W.|publisher=No Starch Press|year=1999|url-status=dead|access-date=2009-11-07|archive-date=2012-07-12|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712/http://extras.denverpost.com/books/chap0411h.htm}}</ref> Before they made the company, they sold "[[blue box]]es", which had [[telephone]] buttons on them. People could use them to make telephone calls from payphones without paying any money. It did this by pretending to be a [[telephone operator]]. The company's first [[Product (consumer goods)|product]] is now called the Apple I computer. They were almost ready to sell it, but a problem happened. Steve Wozniak was working for the computer company [[Hewlett-Packard]], and the papers that said he could work there said he had to give everything he invented to the company before he could do what he wanted to do with it. He showed the first Apple I to the boss at Hewlett-Packard, but they did not want his computer. Wozniak was then free to do what he wanted to do with the Apple I. It began selling in 1976. In 1977, they made their second computer, called the Apple II, a [[home computer]] which later became very successful compared to Apple I. [[File:Apple Computer Logo rainbow.svg|150px|thumbnail|The Apple logo used from May 17, 1976, to August 26, 1999]] == iPod == [[File:IPod Nano 4G black crop.jpg|150px|thumb|right|The fourth iPod nano]] Before the iPhone, the most popular product made by Apple was the [[iPod]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} It was first sold in 2001, and Apple sold over 100 million copies in six years.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4625262.stm Apple enjoys ongoing iPod demand], ''[[BBC News]]'', 2006-01-18. Retrieved on 2007-04-27.</ref> iPods are used to play music. Recent iPod Touches have a LED screens, can take and show pictures, record, view and edit videos, record word and voice memos, can connect to the Internet for features such as e-mail, and download apps from the App Store. The last iPod Touch, discontinued in 2022, is made with [[64-bit]] architecture. There are several different types of iPods. === iPod shuffle (4th generation) === {{main|iPod shuffle}} * iPod shuffle 2&nbsp;GB - This model has no screen. Instead, it has a click wheel to control the music, and is very small. It was the cheapest iPod at the time. People can sync playlists and Genius mixes but apart from that, it has only basic music playback functions, and also has feature called VoiceOver. It comes in five different colors: silver, orange, pink, green, and blue. A polished stainless steel version is available. It can store about 1,000 songs.<ref name="ipodnanospecs"/> === iPod nano === {{main|iPod nano}} * iPod nano 8&nbsp;GB - The 8GB could store about 2,000 songs.<ref name="ipodnanospecs">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/music/|title=Music|website=Apple}}</ref> It was unfortunately discontinued. * iPod nano 16&nbsp;GB - Comes in space gray, purple, blue, silver, green, yellow, and pink. It can hold about 4,000 songs.<ref name="ipodnanospecs" /> === iPod classic === {{main|iPod classic}} * iPod classic 160&nbsp;GB - comes in black or silver. This is the chunkiest and most original looking iPod, but the best music holder. It can hold about 40,000 songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/ipod-touch/|title=iPod touch|website=Apple}}</ref> === iPod touch === {{main|iPod touch}} * iPod touch 8&nbsp;GB - Apple announced the [https://www.apple.com/ipod-touch/ fifth generation iPod Touch] in 2012, equipping it with a front and rear facing camera, a better display, a better processor for faster performance, and it has a thin new design. It can also run the latest [[operating system]], [[iOS 9]]. This makes it a lot closer to the [https://www.apple.com/iphone/ iPhone 5]. The 8GB model is discontinued. * iPod touch 16&nbsp;GB - has a multi-touch screen and looks much like the [[iPhone]]. It can be used to view high quality media and to use the Internet, using built-in [[Wi-fi]]. Some say it is like an iPhone without the phone. This model can hold about 4,000 songs, but was discontinued in September 2009, and was now put up again to replace the 8&nbsp;GB in June 2013. * iPod touch 32&nbsp;GB - This model can hold about 7,000 songs. It first went on sale in February 2008.<ref name="ipodtouchspecs">Official Apple iPod touch specifications: https://www.apple.com/ipodtouch/specs.html</ref> * iPod touch 64&nbsp;GB - This model can hold about 14,000 songs.<ref name="ipodtouchspecs" /> It first went on sale in September 2009. === (PRODUCT) RED === The red iPod shuffle, iPod nano, and iPod touch models, and a few more products, are part of the "(PRODUCT) RED" program. This means that some of the profits from these iPods goes to the Global Fund to fight [[AIDS]] in [[Africa]].<ref>[https://www.apple.com/ipod/red/ (PRODUCT) RED at Apple]</ref> == Computers == {{main|Apple Macintosh}} Apple also makes computers. Newer computers by Apple run the [[Mac OS X|macOS]] operating system, which is included with the Mac. === Laptops === * [[MacBook]] (very skinny and light laptop designed for average users, discontinued)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macbook/|title=MacBook|website=Apple}}</ref> * [[MacBook Pro]] (more powerful and fast laptop designed for professional users)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macbook-pro/|title=MacBook Pro|website=Apple}}</ref> * [[MacBook Air]] (Skinny and light laptop, less expensive than [[MacBook]], but does not include a [[Retina display]] option which the Macbook did. After the Macbook was discontinued the Air got the Retina display.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macbook-air/|title=MacBook Air|website=Apple}}</ref> === Desktops === * Mac Mini (a tiny, but fully functional computer that does not come with its own monitor, keyboard, or mouse. Used mainly for home and school)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/mac-mini/|title=Mac mini|website=Apple}}</ref> * [[iMac]] (a computer where everything is built in behind the screen, designed for many uses, such as home, school, and professional (i.e.: [[Photoshop]]) use)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/imac/ |title=Apple - iMac - The ultimate all-in-one desktop computer |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-date=October 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kg1b7yqf?url=http://www.apple.com/imac/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> * Mac Pro (a very powerful, fast computer that does not come with its own monitor, for professional people who need fast computers, i.e. movie editing)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/mac-pro/|title=Mac Pro|website=Apple}}</ref> * Mac Studio (more powerful than the Mac Pro) === Software === Apple also makes software for their computers. Some of the software that Apple makes is: * iLife (a set of programs designed for everyday use) contains ''iMovie'', a program for making movies, ''GarageBand'', a program for making music, ''iPhoto'', a program for organizing photos, ''[[iTunes]]'', a program for organizing (and buying) music, ''iWeb'' (not sold or updated any more), a program for making web pages, and ''iDVD'' (also no longer sold or updated), a program to make [[DVD]]s. These programs are considered very simple to use.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/mac/|title=Mac|website=Apple}}</ref> * [[iWork]] (a set of programs for office work) contains ''Pages,'' a program for making documents and ''Keynote,'' a program for making slideshows, and "Numbers" for making spreadsheets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iwork/|title=iWork|website=Apple}}</ref> These apps are available on Apple Mac computers, iPhones, iPads and iPod Touchs. * Professional program to make movies called ''Final Cut Pro'', a program for music making called ''Soundtrack Pro'', ''Motion'', a program for high-quality moving graphics authorship, and ''DVD Studio Pro'', a program used to make professional [[DVD]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/finalcutstudio/ |title=Apple - Final Cut Pro X - A revolution in creative editing |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-date=January 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5UaAoIasL?url=http://www.apple.com/finalcutstudio/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> * Final Cut Express (a set of programs similar to Final Cut Pro, but simplified and cheaper)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/final-cut-pro/|title=Final Cut Pro X|website=Apple}}</ref> * Aperture (for professional photographers to edit their photos, no longer supported or updated)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macos/photos/|title=macOS - Photos|website=Apple}}</ref> * Logic Studio (a set of programs where professionals can edit and produce audio)<ref name="Logic Pro X">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/logic-pro/|title=Logic Pro X|website=Apple}}</ref> * Logic Express (a set of programs similar to Logic Studio, but simplified and cheaper)<ref name="Logic Pro X"/> Most computer users use [[Microsoft Windows]], the rival to [[Mac OS]] X. About 10% of computer users use Apple's Mac OS. It is not legal to run Apple's Mac OS X on a Windows computer. However, it is allowed to run Windows on modern Macintosh computers. Even though Apple makes their computers to run Mac OS X, they also make software that allows you to install Windows. This software is called Boot Camp. == Mobile devices == Apple is perhaps most famous for its [[mobile device]]s, which are small computers that are easy to carry around. They have [[touchscreen]]s with [[multi-touch]] technology instead of a separate [[Keyboard (computer)|keyboard]] and [[Mouse (computing)|mouse]]. Most of these products run an operating system called [[iOS]]. It is very similar to the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] software made by [[Google]]. iOS can do a lot of different things, and it does so by running "[[Mobile app|apps]]", which are programs similar to those on a [[Personal computer|PC]]. Users can download and buy more apps for their device from Apple's [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]]. === iPhone === {{main|iPhone}} The iPhone is a [[mobile phone]] that can be used to make [[phone call|calls]], send [[text message]]s, play games and music, show photos and videos (like an iPod), browse the [[Internet]], and do much more. It was one of the first [[smartphone]]s in the world when the first version was announced in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.apple.com/iphone/ |title=IPhone |access-date=November 14, 2009 |archive-date=January 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5UaAoIatt?url=http://www.apple.com/iphone/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Apple makes and sells a different model every year, with new models being faster and more powerful and having a newer version of iOS than those that come before them. The newest iPhones released are the [[iPhone 15]] and the [[iPhone 15 Pro]] which run on [[iOS 17]]. Many cellular carriers around the world sell iPhones, including [[Sprint Nextel|Sprint]], [[Verizon Wireless|Verizon]], [[AT&T]], and [[T-Mobile]] in the US. === iPad === {{main|iPad}} The iPad is a [[tablet computer]], similar to the iPhone and [[iPod Touch]] but with a much larger display - while a typical iPhone has a screen about 4 to 5 [[inch]]es in size, iPads have screens from 8 to 12&nbsp;inches big. The first iPad was introduced in 2010 and along with the iPhone, new and better models are made and sold every year. A new iPad will ship with the latest [[IPadOS|iPad OS]] software if it is supported. === Apple Watch === {{main|Apple Watch}} The Apple Watch is an example of "wearable technology", because it is worn around the [[wrist]] in the same way as a traditional [[wristwatch]]. However, it is much more than a wristwatch. It not only tells the [[time]] and [[Calendar|date]] but also tracks the [[fitness]] of the person wearing it and monitors the person's [[health]]. It can also do many of the same things that an iPhone can do, such as use Apple's [[Siri]] personal assistant, but it needs to be "paired" with an iPhone for it to do these things, meaning that it will not work if you do not have an iPhone. The Apple Watch has many different designs: there is the standard version, a "Sport" version designed for [[Sportsperson|athlete]]s, and an "Edition" version which is made as a [[fashion]] product. These all run "watchOS", a modified version of iOS. === Apple TV === {{main|Apple TV}} The Apple TV is a box that plugs into a [[television|TV]]. It can connect [[wireless]]ly to any computer that has the Apple program ''[[iTunes]]'' on it. The Apple TV can play music and show photos or videos from iTunes on the TV. Like other Apple products, Apple TV is regularly updated with new software and features. The most recent version comes with a new [[remote control]] and includes the Siri voice assistant. It uses tvOS, a TV version of iOS. == Environment == Following several campaigns (for example, Green my Apple<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/|title=Greenpeace USA}}</ref>), Apple has made their products better for the environment. Previously, the [[MacBook]] line removed various toxins including [[arsenic]], [[beryllium]], and [[lead]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-18|title=Six of the worst toxins Apple says it has phased out of its products|url=https://qz.com/663763/six-of-the-worst-toxins-apple-says-it-has-phased-out-of-its-products|access-date=2023-11-21|website=Quartz|language=en}}</ref> as well as improvements to the products' battery life and recharge cycles. Apple products used to ship with chargers and EarPods, but recently Apple has removed the chargers and EarPods from the boxes of most of their products to make the packaging smaller. Apple says they did this to make it easier to make and save resources and energy. ===Improvements=== <!-- Please update this section as new changes occur. --> * The MacBook uses a power efficient CPU, [[Apple-designed processors|M1]], and has a power-efficient Retina display, and is slimmer than previous models. * The MacBook, MacBook Pro, and MacBook Air have highly recyclable aluminium and glass enclosures, mercury-free displays and arsenic-free display glass. The printed circuit boards, electrical components, mechanical parts, and internal cables are BFR-free and PVC-free.<ref name="macbookenviron">{{cite web| url = https://www.apple.com/macbook/environment.html | title = MacBook environmental report |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081017113213/https://www.apple.com/macbook/environment.html |archivedate = 2008-10-17 }}</ref> * The MacBook, MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, and the LED Cinema Display contain energy-efficient LED display technology. The MacBook LED-backlit display uses 30% less power compared to conventional CCFL-backlit displays.<ref name="macbookenviron" /> * Sleep-mode energy usage has decreased 93% between the first-generation and current-generation iMac. This is due to improvements in CPU power management and increased hardware efficiency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/uk/imac/environment.html|title=iMac environmental report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309233949/https://www.apple.com/uk/imac/environment.html|archive-date=9 March 2009}}</ref> * Between the fourth-generation iPod nano and the first-generation iPod nano, the packaging is 32% lighter and uses 54% less volume.<ref>https://images.apple.com/environment/reports/docs/iPod_nano_Environmental_Report.pdf</ref> * Apple products are compliant with the European Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment, also known as the RHS directive. Examples of materials restricted by RoHS include lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, and PBB and PBDE flame retardants. Apple met many of the RoHS requirements long before the July 2006 deadline.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/uk/environment/reports/|title=Environment - Reports|website=Apple (United Kingdom)}}</ref> * Starting from the [[iPhone 12]], [[iPhone 12 Pro]] and [[Apple Watch Series 6]], Apple products stopped shipping with charging blocks and EarPods as an incentive for users to reuse previous accessories. == People == === CEOs === * 1977–1981: Michael Scott * 1981–1983: Mike Markkula * 1983–1993: John Sculley * 1993–1996: Michael Spindler * 1996–1997: Gil Amelio * 1997–2011: [[Steve Jobs]] (Interim CEO 1997–2000) * 2004, 2009, 2011–2026: Tim Cook (Acting CEO during Steve Jobs' health issues; replaced Steve Jobs after he resigned) * 2026–present: [[John Ternus]] === Directors === {{As of|2019|October|26|df=US}} the following individuals sit on the [[board of directors|board]] of Apple Inc.<ref name="aaplLeadership">{{Cite web |url= https://www.apple.com/leadership/ |title= Apple Leadership |publisher= Apple Inc. |access-date= March 29, 2019 |df= mdy-all}}</ref><!-- Chairman, CEO, then alphabetically by last name --> * [[Arthur D. Levinson]], chairman and CEO of Genentech * [[Tim Cook]] * James A. Bell, retired President of [[Boeing]] * [[Al Gore]], former [[Vice President of the United States]] * Andrea Jung, chairman and CEO of Avon Products * Ronald Sugar, former chairman and CEO of Northrop Grumman * Susan Wagner, co-founder of [[BlackRock]] === Executives === * [[Tim Cook]], [[Chairman]] * [[John Ternus]], [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] * Jeff Williams, [[Chief operating officer|COO]] === Employees === Since the formation of the Apple Computer Company in 1977, Apple has employed over 95,000 people worldwide. The majority of Apple's employees have been in the [[United States]] but Apple has substantial manufacturing, sales, marketing, and support organizations worldwide, with some engineering operations in [[Paris]] and [[Tokyo]]. Apple employees include employees of companies Apple owns, and less important, but still relevant companies such as FileMaker Inc. and Braeburn Capital. == Controversy == [[Apple Corps]] has sued Apple Inc. many times for trademark infringement. In the first case, Apple Inc. agreed not to go into the music industry. Apple Corps believes this agreement was broken when Apple Inc. launched the [[iTunes Store]], Apple's online music store. The two companies had trouble in the past, over the use of the Apple name. They made a deal that Apple Computer would not act as a music company. When Apple Computer Inc. began to sell their [[iPod]], and set up their [[iTunes]] music store, Apple Corps believed they had broken their agreement, and took them to court. Apple Computer won the case, but the two companies later worked out a new deal. This deal now means that [[the Beatles]] music is now on the iTunes store, whereas it was not there before. Apple Computer Inc. was then renamed as ''Apple Inc.'' because of its mobile technology business. Steve Jobs, then CEO of Apple, Inc., has said in the past that he loves music from The Beatles, which can be considered to be very [[ironic]].<ref>[https://youtube.com/watch?v=9ZdP2xK1uB0 MileIQ - Smart Mileage Tracker 4.1 - YouTube] Steve Jobs iPhone Introduction (2007)</ref> == Gallery == <gallery> File:Apple logo black.svg|Apple [[logo]] File:IOS wordmark (2017).svg|[[iOS]] logo File:IPad Logo (2017).svg|[[iPad]] logo File:Mail (iOS).svg|[[Apple Mail]] icon File:App Store (iOS, 2024).svg|[[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] icon </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[iOS]] * [[iPhone]] * [[iPad]] == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Finance links | symbol = AAPL | sec_cik = 320193 | google = 22144 | yahoo = AAPL }} * {{OpenCorp|Apple}} * {{Osmway|33463538|Apple Inc. headquarters}} {{Apple Nav}} {{Major semiconductor companies}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1976 establishments in California]] [[Category:Apple Inc.]] [[Category:Steve Jobs]] [[Category:1976 establishments]] [[Category:American entertainment companies]] [[Category:American software companies]] [[Category:Companies based in San Francisco]] [[Category:Companies listed on NASDAQ]] [[Category:Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange]] [[Category:Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange]] [[Category:Electronics companies of the United States]] [[Category:Mobile phones]] tpxzde9cl13oati1xx2fdoyf88ajogd 11024114 11024068 2026-10-08T21:00:48Z Davey2010 314522 /* Gallery */ RM gallery as not needed 11024114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|Apple Corps, an unrelated company|Apple Corps}} {{coord|37.33182|-122.03118|region:US-CA|display=title}} {{Infobox company | name = Apple Inc | logo = Apple logo black.svg | logo_size = 80px | logo_caption = Black (print) Apple logo (1999–present) | image = Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg | image_size = 260px | image_caption = [[Apple Park]] in [[Cupertino, California]], April 2018 | type = [[Public company|Public]] | traded_as = {{plainlist| * {{NASDAQ|AAPL}} * NASDAQ-100 component * [[Dow Jones Industrial Average|DJIA component]] * S&P 100 component * S&P 500 component }} | ISIN = US0378331005 | genre = | foundation = {{Start date and age|1976|04|01}} | founders = {{plainlist| * [[Steve Jobs]] * [[Steve Wozniak]] * [[Ronald Wayne]] }} | dissolved = | location = [[Apple Park|1 Apple Park Way]], [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[California]], [[USA]] | locations = 273 Retail stores in the US and 518 worldwide in 25 countries (2023) | area_served = Worldwide | key_people = {{Unbulleted list | [[Tim Cook]] ([[Chairman]]) | [[John Ternus]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) | Jeff Williams ([[Chief operating officer|COO]])}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rossignol |first1=Joe |title=John Ternus is Now Apple's CEO |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2026/09/01/john-ternus-is-now-apple-ceo/ |website=MacRumors |date=1 September 2026 |access-date=1 September 2026}}</ref> | industry = {{plainlist| * [[Computer hardware]] * [[Computer software]] * [[Consumer electronics]] * [[Digital distribution]] * [[Semiconductors]] * Fabless silicon design * Corporate venture capital }} | products = {{flatlist| * [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] * [[iPod]] * [[iPhone]] * [[iPad]] * [[Apple Watch]] * [[Apple TV]] * HomePod * [[macOS]] * [[iOS]] * [[watchOS]] * tvOS * [[iLife]] * [[iWork]] * Final Cut Pro * Logic Pro * Garageband * iMovie * [[Numbers]] * [[Pages]] * Keynote }} | services = {{flatlist| * Apple Pay * Apple Store * [[iTunes Store]] * [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] * [[Mac App Store]] * iBooks Store * [[iCloud]] * [[Apple Music]] }} | revenue = {{increase}} {{US $|229.234&nbsp;billion|link=yes}}<ref name="SEC filing">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2624/0000320193-17-000070.pdf|title=Apple Form 10-K Annual Report|date=November 3, 2017}}</ref> (FY 2017) | operating_income = {{increase}} {{US $|61.344&nbsp;billion}}<ref name="SEC filing"/> (FY 2017) | net_income = {{increase}} {{US $|48.351&nbsp;billion}}<ref name="SEC filing"/> (FY 2017) | intl = | assets = {{increase}} {{US $|375.319&nbsp;billion}}<ref name="SEC filing"/> (FY 2017) | equity = {{increase}} {{US $|134.047&nbsp;billion}}<ref name="SEC filing"/> (FY 2017) | owner = | num_employees = 450,000 work directly for Apple and 1,530,000 work in Apple stores (April 2023)<ref name="SEC filing"/> | parent = | subsid = {{flatlist| * [[Shazam (application)|Shazam]] * [[Texture (app)|Texture]] * [[FileMaker Inc.]] * [[Anobit]] * [[Braeburn Capital]] * [[Beats Electronics]] * [[Beddit]] * Apple Energy, LLC * Apple Sales International<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/30/how-apples-irish-subsidiaries-paid-a-0005-percent-tax-rate-in-2014.html |title=How Apple managed to pay such a low tax rate in Ireland |first=Harriet |last=Taylor |date=August 30, 2016 |access-date=January 9, 2017}}</ref> * Apple Worldwide Video<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/25/business/media/apple-hollywood-streaming.html|title=Apple Goes to Hollywood. Will Its Story Have a Happy Ending?|website=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 25, 2018 |last1=Koblin |first1=John }}</ref> * Apple Services<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-01/apple-looks-to-services-to-move-beyond-iphone-price-ceiling|title=Apple Looks to Services to Move Beyond iPhone Price Ceiling|website=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=August 2018 }}</ref> }} }} [[File:Apple store Michigan Ave.jpg|thumb|right|Apple Store on Michigan Avenue in [[Chicago]]]] '''Apple Inc.''' is an American [[multinational company]] which manufactures and builds [[personal computers]],[[laptops]], (the [[Apple Macintosh|Mac]]), mobile devices ([[iPod]], [[iPhone]] and [[iPad]]), [[software]], and streaming television services. ([[macOS]], [[iOS]], iPadOS, watchOS, tvOS and [[visionOS]]). Apple calls its computers ''Macintoshes'' or ''[[IMac|Macs]]'', and it calls its laptops ''[[MacBook]]s''. Their line of mobile music players is called ''iPod'', their [[smartphone]] line is called ''iPhone'' and their [[Tablet computer|tablet]] line is called ''iPad''. Apple Inc. used to be called Apple Computer, Inc., but Apple changed their name after introducing the original iPhone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1054770/tech-events-dupe/applename.html|title=Apple drops 'Computer' from name|date=January 9, 2007|website=Macworld}}</ref> Apple is the largest technology company by revenue, with US$391.04 billion in FY 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fortune Global 500|url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/2024/|access-date=2025-02-09}}</ref> Apple products are available worldwide, but are mainly purchased in [[First World|first-world]] countries, like [[Australia]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]], and [[European Union]] countries. Apple Inc. is a [[public company]] and trades on the [[NASDAQ]] under the [[Stock trading|stock ticker]] AAPL. On March 19, 2015, it became one of the 30 components of the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]]. == History == Apple was started in 1976 by [[Steve Jobs]] and [[Steve Wozniak]].<ref name="AppleConf">{{cite book|url=http://extras.denverpost.com/books/chap0411h.htm|title=Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc.|last=Linzmayer|first=Ronald W.|publisher=No Starch Press|year=1999|url-status=dead|access-date=2009-11-07|archive-date=2012-07-12|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712/http://extras.denverpost.com/books/chap0411h.htm}}</ref> Before they made the company, they sold "[[blue box]]es", which had [[telephone]] buttons on them. People could use them to make telephone calls from payphones without paying any money. It did this by pretending to be a [[telephone operator]]. The company's first [[Product (consumer goods)|product]] is now called the Apple I computer. They were almost ready to sell it, but a problem happened. Steve Wozniak was working for the computer company [[Hewlett-Packard]], and the papers that said he could work there said he had to give everything he invented to the company before he could do what he wanted to do with it. He showed the first Apple I to the boss at Hewlett-Packard, but they did not want his computer. Wozniak was then free to do what he wanted to do with the Apple I. It began selling in 1976. In 1977, they made their second computer, called the Apple II, a [[home computer]] which later became very successful compared to Apple I. [[File:Apple Computer Logo rainbow.svg|150px|thumbnail|The Apple logo used from May 17, 1976, to August 26, 1999]] == iPod == [[File:IPod Nano 4G black crop.jpg|150px|thumb|right|The fourth iPod nano]] Before the iPhone, the most popular product made by Apple was the [[iPod]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} It was first sold in 2001, and Apple sold over 100 million copies in six years.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4625262.stm Apple enjoys ongoing iPod demand], ''[[BBC News]]'', 2006-01-18. Retrieved on 2007-04-27.</ref> iPods are used to play music. Recent iPod Touches have a LED screens, can take and show pictures, record, view and edit videos, record word and voice memos, can connect to the Internet for features such as e-mail, and download apps from the App Store. The last iPod Touch, discontinued in 2022, is made with [[64-bit]] architecture. There are several different types of iPods. === iPod shuffle (4th generation) === {{main|iPod shuffle}} * iPod shuffle 2&nbsp;GB - This model has no screen. Instead, it has a click wheel to control the music, and is very small. It was the cheapest iPod at the time. People can sync playlists and Genius mixes but apart from that, it has only basic music playback functions, and also has feature called VoiceOver. It comes in five different colors: silver, orange, pink, green, and blue. A polished stainless steel version is available. It can store about 1,000 songs.<ref name="ipodnanospecs"/> === iPod nano === {{main|iPod nano}} * iPod nano 8&nbsp;GB - The 8GB could store about 2,000 songs.<ref name="ipodnanospecs">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/music/|title=Music|website=Apple}}</ref> It was unfortunately discontinued. * iPod nano 16&nbsp;GB - Comes in space gray, purple, blue, silver, green, yellow, and pink. It can hold about 4,000 songs.<ref name="ipodnanospecs" /> === iPod classic === {{main|iPod classic}} * iPod classic 160&nbsp;GB - comes in black or silver. This is the chunkiest and most original looking iPod, but the best music holder. It can hold about 40,000 songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/ipod-touch/|title=iPod touch|website=Apple}}</ref> === iPod touch === {{main|iPod touch}} * iPod touch 8&nbsp;GB - Apple announced the [https://www.apple.com/ipod-touch/ fifth generation iPod Touch] in 2012, equipping it with a front and rear facing camera, a better display, a better processor for faster performance, and it has a thin new design. It can also run the latest [[operating system]], [[iOS 9]]. This makes it a lot closer to the [https://www.apple.com/iphone/ iPhone 5]. The 8GB model is discontinued. * iPod touch 16&nbsp;GB - has a multi-touch screen and looks much like the [[iPhone]]. It can be used to view high quality media and to use the Internet, using built-in [[Wi-fi]]. Some say it is like an iPhone without the phone. This model can hold about 4,000 songs, but was discontinued in September 2009, and was now put up again to replace the 8&nbsp;GB in June 2013. * iPod touch 32&nbsp;GB - This model can hold about 7,000 songs. It first went on sale in February 2008.<ref name="ipodtouchspecs">Official Apple iPod touch specifications: https://www.apple.com/ipodtouch/specs.html</ref> * iPod touch 64&nbsp;GB - This model can hold about 14,000 songs.<ref name="ipodtouchspecs" /> It first went on sale in September 2009. === (PRODUCT) RED === The red iPod shuffle, iPod nano, and iPod touch models, and a few more products, are part of the "(PRODUCT) RED" program. This means that some of the profits from these iPods goes to the Global Fund to fight [[AIDS]] in [[Africa]].<ref>[https://www.apple.com/ipod/red/ (PRODUCT) RED at Apple]</ref> == Computers == {{main|Apple Macintosh}} Apple also makes computers. Newer computers by Apple run the [[Mac OS X|macOS]] operating system, which is included with the Mac. === Laptops === * [[MacBook]] (very skinny and light laptop designed for average users, discontinued)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macbook/|title=MacBook|website=Apple}}</ref> * [[MacBook Pro]] (more powerful and fast laptop designed for professional users)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macbook-pro/|title=MacBook Pro|website=Apple}}</ref> * [[MacBook Air]] (Skinny and light laptop, less expensive than [[MacBook]], but does not include a [[Retina display]] option which the Macbook did. After the Macbook was discontinued the Air got the Retina display.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macbook-air/|title=MacBook Air|website=Apple}}</ref> === Desktops === * Mac Mini (a tiny, but fully functional computer that does not come with its own monitor, keyboard, or mouse. Used mainly for home and school)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/mac-mini/|title=Mac mini|website=Apple}}</ref> * [[iMac]] (a computer where everything is built in behind the screen, designed for many uses, such as home, school, and professional (i.e.: [[Photoshop]]) use)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/imac/ |title=Apple - iMac - The ultimate all-in-one desktop computer |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-date=October 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kg1b7yqf?url=http://www.apple.com/imac/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> * Mac Pro (a very powerful, fast computer that does not come with its own monitor, for professional people who need fast computers, i.e. movie editing)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/mac-pro/|title=Mac Pro|website=Apple}}</ref> * Mac Studio (more powerful than the Mac Pro) === Software === Apple also makes software for their computers. Some of the software that Apple makes is: * iLife (a set of programs designed for everyday use) contains ''iMovie'', a program for making movies, ''GarageBand'', a program for making music, ''iPhoto'', a program for organizing photos, ''[[iTunes]]'', a program for organizing (and buying) music, ''iWeb'' (not sold or updated any more), a program for making web pages, and ''iDVD'' (also no longer sold or updated), a program to make [[DVD]]s. These programs are considered very simple to use.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/mac/|title=Mac|website=Apple}}</ref> * [[iWork]] (a set of programs for office work) contains ''Pages,'' a program for making documents and ''Keynote,'' a program for making slideshows, and "Numbers" for making spreadsheets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iwork/|title=iWork|website=Apple}}</ref> These apps are available on Apple Mac computers, iPhones, iPads and iPod Touchs. * Professional program to make movies called ''Final Cut Pro'', a program for music making called ''Soundtrack Pro'', ''Motion'', a program for high-quality moving graphics authorship, and ''DVD Studio Pro'', a program used to make professional [[DVD]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/finalcutstudio/ |title=Apple - Final Cut Pro X - A revolution in creative editing |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-date=January 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5UaAoIasL?url=http://www.apple.com/finalcutstudio/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> * Final Cut Express (a set of programs similar to Final Cut Pro, but simplified and cheaper)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/final-cut-pro/|title=Final Cut Pro X|website=Apple}}</ref> * Aperture (for professional photographers to edit their photos, no longer supported or updated)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macos/photos/|title=macOS - Photos|website=Apple}}</ref> * Logic Studio (a set of programs where professionals can edit and produce audio)<ref name="Logic Pro X">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/logic-pro/|title=Logic Pro X|website=Apple}}</ref> * Logic Express (a set of programs similar to Logic Studio, but simplified and cheaper)<ref name="Logic Pro X"/> Most computer users use [[Microsoft Windows]], the rival to [[Mac OS]] X. About 10% of computer users use Apple's Mac OS. It is not legal to run Apple's Mac OS X on a Windows computer. However, it is allowed to run Windows on modern Macintosh computers. Even though Apple makes their computers to run Mac OS X, they also make software that allows you to install Windows. This software is called Boot Camp. == Mobile devices == Apple is perhaps most famous for its [[mobile device]]s, which are small computers that are easy to carry around. They have [[touchscreen]]s with [[multi-touch]] technology instead of a separate [[Keyboard (computer)|keyboard]] and [[Mouse (computing)|mouse]]. Most of these products run an operating system called [[iOS]]. It is very similar to the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] software made by [[Google]]. iOS can do a lot of different things, and it does so by running "[[Mobile app|apps]]", which are programs similar to those on a [[Personal computer|PC]]. Users can download and buy more apps for their device from Apple's [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]]. === iPhone === {{main|iPhone}} The iPhone is a [[mobile phone]] that can be used to make [[phone call|calls]], send [[text message]]s, play games and music, show photos and videos (like an iPod), browse the [[Internet]], and do much more. It was one of the first [[smartphone]]s in the world when the first version was announced in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.apple.com/iphone/ |title=IPhone |access-date=November 14, 2009 |archive-date=January 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5UaAoIatt?url=http://www.apple.com/iphone/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Apple makes and sells a different model every year, with new models being faster and more powerful and having a newer version of iOS than those that come before them. The newest iPhones released are the [[iPhone 15]] and the [[iPhone 15 Pro]] which run on [[iOS 17]]. Many cellular carriers around the world sell iPhones, including [[Sprint Nextel|Sprint]], [[Verizon Wireless|Verizon]], [[AT&T]], and [[T-Mobile]] in the US. === iPad === {{main|iPad}} The iPad is a [[tablet computer]], similar to the iPhone and [[iPod Touch]] but with a much larger display - while a typical iPhone has a screen about 4 to 5 [[inch]]es in size, iPads have screens from 8 to 12&nbsp;inches big. The first iPad was introduced in 2010 and along with the iPhone, new and better models are made and sold every year. A new iPad will ship with the latest [[IPadOS|iPad OS]] software if it is supported. === Apple Watch === {{main|Apple Watch}} The Apple Watch is an example of "wearable technology", because it is worn around the [[wrist]] in the same way as a traditional [[wristwatch]]. However, it is much more than a wristwatch. It not only tells the [[time]] and [[Calendar|date]] but also tracks the [[fitness]] of the person wearing it and monitors the person's [[health]]. It can also do many of the same things that an iPhone can do, such as use Apple's [[Siri]] personal assistant, but it needs to be "paired" with an iPhone for it to do these things, meaning that it will not work if you do not have an iPhone. The Apple Watch has many different designs: there is the standard version, a "Sport" version designed for [[Sportsperson|athlete]]s, and an "Edition" version which is made as a [[fashion]] product. These all run "watchOS", a modified version of iOS. === Apple TV === {{main|Apple TV}} The Apple TV is a box that plugs into a [[television|TV]]. It can connect [[wireless]]ly to any computer that has the Apple program ''[[iTunes]]'' on it. The Apple TV can play music and show photos or videos from iTunes on the TV. Like other Apple products, Apple TV is regularly updated with new software and features. The most recent version comes with a new [[remote control]] and includes the Siri voice assistant. It uses tvOS, a TV version of iOS. == Environment == Following several campaigns (for example, Green my Apple<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/|title=Greenpeace USA}}</ref>), Apple has made their products better for the environment. Previously, the [[MacBook]] line removed various toxins including [[arsenic]], [[beryllium]], and [[lead]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-18|title=Six of the worst toxins Apple says it has phased out of its products|url=https://qz.com/663763/six-of-the-worst-toxins-apple-says-it-has-phased-out-of-its-products|access-date=2023-11-21|website=Quartz|language=en}}</ref> as well as improvements to the products' battery life and recharge cycles. Apple products used to ship with chargers and EarPods, but recently Apple has removed the chargers and EarPods from the boxes of most of their products to make the packaging smaller. Apple says they did this to make it easier to make and save resources and energy. ===Improvements=== <!-- Please update this section as new changes occur. --> * The MacBook uses a power efficient CPU, [[Apple-designed processors|M1]], and has a power-efficient Retina display, and is slimmer than previous models. * The MacBook, MacBook Pro, and MacBook Air have highly recyclable aluminium and glass enclosures, mercury-free displays and arsenic-free display glass. The printed circuit boards, electrical components, mechanical parts, and internal cables are BFR-free and PVC-free.<ref name="macbookenviron">{{cite web| url = https://www.apple.com/macbook/environment.html | title = MacBook environmental report |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081017113213/https://www.apple.com/macbook/environment.html |archivedate = 2008-10-17 }}</ref> * The MacBook, MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, and the LED Cinema Display contain energy-efficient LED display technology. The MacBook LED-backlit display uses 30% less power compared to conventional CCFL-backlit displays.<ref name="macbookenviron" /> * Sleep-mode energy usage has decreased 93% between the first-generation and current-generation iMac. This is due to improvements in CPU power management and increased hardware efficiency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/uk/imac/environment.html|title=iMac environmental report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309233949/https://www.apple.com/uk/imac/environment.html|archive-date=9 March 2009}}</ref> * Between the fourth-generation iPod nano and the first-generation iPod nano, the packaging is 32% lighter and uses 54% less volume.<ref>https://images.apple.com/environment/reports/docs/iPod_nano_Environmental_Report.pdf</ref> * Apple products are compliant with the European Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment, also known as the RHS directive. Examples of materials restricted by RoHS include lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, and PBB and PBDE flame retardants. Apple met many of the RoHS requirements long before the July 2006 deadline.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/uk/environment/reports/|title=Environment - Reports|website=Apple (United Kingdom)}}</ref> * Starting from the [[iPhone 12]], [[iPhone 12 Pro]] and [[Apple Watch Series 6]], Apple products stopped shipping with charging blocks and EarPods as an incentive for users to reuse previous accessories. == People == === CEOs === * 1977–1981: Michael Scott * 1981–1983: Mike Markkula * 1983–1993: John Sculley * 1993–1996: Michael Spindler * 1996–1997: Gil Amelio * 1997–2011: [[Steve Jobs]] (Interim CEO 1997–2000) * 2004, 2009, 2011–2026: Tim Cook (Acting CEO during Steve Jobs' health issues; replaced Steve Jobs after he resigned) * 2026–present: [[John Ternus]] === Directors === {{As of|2019|October|26|df=US}} the following individuals sit on the [[board of directors|board]] of Apple Inc.<ref name="aaplLeadership">{{Cite web |url= https://www.apple.com/leadership/ |title= Apple Leadership |publisher= Apple Inc. |access-date= March 29, 2019 |df= mdy-all}}</ref><!-- Chairman, CEO, then alphabetically by last name --> * [[Arthur D. Levinson]], chairman and CEO of Genentech * [[Tim Cook]] * James A. Bell, retired President of [[Boeing]] * [[Al Gore]], former [[Vice President of the United States]] * Andrea Jung, chairman and CEO of Avon Products * Ronald Sugar, former chairman and CEO of Northrop Grumman * Susan Wagner, co-founder of [[BlackRock]] === Executives === * [[Tim Cook]], [[Chairman]] * [[John Ternus]], [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] * Jeff Williams, [[Chief operating officer|COO]] === Employees === Since the formation of the Apple Computer Company in 1977, Apple has employed over 95,000 people worldwide. The majority of Apple's employees have been in the [[United States]] but Apple has substantial manufacturing, sales, marketing, and support organizations worldwide, with some engineering operations in [[Paris]] and [[Tokyo]]. Apple employees include employees of companies Apple owns, and less important, but still relevant companies such as FileMaker Inc. and Braeburn Capital. == Controversy == [[Apple Corps]] has sued Apple Inc. many times for trademark infringement. In the first case, Apple Inc. agreed not to go into the music industry. Apple Corps believes this agreement was broken when Apple Inc. launched the [[iTunes Store]], Apple's online music store. The two companies had trouble in the past, over the use of the Apple name. They made a deal that Apple Computer would not act as a music company. When Apple Computer Inc. began to sell their [[iPod]], and set up their [[iTunes]] music store, Apple Corps believed they had broken their agreement, and took them to court. Apple Computer won the case, but the two companies later worked out a new deal. This deal now means that [[the Beatles]] music is now on the iTunes store, whereas it was not there before. Apple Computer Inc. was then renamed as ''Apple Inc.'' because of its mobile technology business. Steve Jobs, then CEO of Apple, Inc., has said in the past that he loves music from The Beatles, which can be considered to be very [[ironic]].<ref>[https://youtube.com/watch?v=9ZdP2xK1uB0 MileIQ - Smart Mileage Tracker 4.1 - YouTube] Steve Jobs iPhone Introduction (2007)</ref> ==Related pages== * [[iOS]] * [[iPhone]] * [[iPad]] == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Finance links | symbol = AAPL | sec_cik = 320193 | google = 22144 | yahoo = AAPL }} * {{OpenCorp|Apple}} * {{Osmway|33463538|Apple Inc. headquarters}} {{Apple Nav}} {{Major semiconductor companies}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1976 establishments in California]] [[Category:Apple Inc.]] [[Category:Steve Jobs]] [[Category:1976 establishments]] [[Category:American entertainment companies]] [[Category:American software companies]] [[Category:Companies based in San Francisco]] [[Category:Companies listed on NASDAQ]] [[Category:Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange]] [[Category:Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange]] [[Category:Electronics companies of the United States]] [[Category:Mobile phones]] 4bhlxfdtznfuez2ewi0qq3f1o2604a3 11024115 11024114 2026-10-08T21:01:45Z Davey2010 314522 /* References */ RM colwidth crap from refs 11024115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|Apple Corps, an unrelated company|Apple Corps}} {{coord|37.33182|-122.03118|region:US-CA|display=title}} {{Infobox company | name = Apple Inc | logo = Apple logo black.svg | logo_size = 80px | logo_caption = Black (print) Apple logo (1999–present) | image = Aerial view of Apple Park dllu.jpg | image_size = 260px | image_caption = [[Apple Park]] in [[Cupertino, California]], April 2018 | type = [[Public company|Public]] | traded_as = {{plainlist| * {{NASDAQ|AAPL}} * NASDAQ-100 component * [[Dow Jones Industrial Average|DJIA component]] * S&P 100 component * S&P 500 component }} | ISIN = US0378331005 | genre = | foundation = {{Start date and age|1976|04|01}} | founders = {{plainlist| * [[Steve Jobs]] * [[Steve Wozniak]] * [[Ronald Wayne]] }} | dissolved = | location = [[Apple Park|1 Apple Park Way]], [[Cupertino, California|Cupertino]], [[California]], [[USA]] | locations = 273 Retail stores in the US and 518 worldwide in 25 countries (2023) | area_served = Worldwide | key_people = {{Unbulleted list | [[Tim Cook]] ([[Chairman]]) | [[John Ternus]] ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) | Jeff Williams ([[Chief operating officer|COO]])}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rossignol |first1=Joe |title=John Ternus is Now Apple's CEO |url=https://www.macrumors.com/2026/09/01/john-ternus-is-now-apple-ceo/ |website=MacRumors |date=1 September 2026 |access-date=1 September 2026}}</ref> | industry = {{plainlist| * [[Computer hardware]] * [[Computer software]] * [[Consumer electronics]] * [[Digital distribution]] * [[Semiconductors]] * Fabless silicon design * Corporate venture capital }} | products = {{flatlist| * [[Apple Macintosh|Macintosh]] * [[iPod]] * [[iPhone]] * [[iPad]] * [[Apple Watch]] * [[Apple TV]] * HomePod * [[macOS]] * [[iOS]] * [[watchOS]] * tvOS * [[iLife]] * [[iWork]] * Final Cut Pro * Logic Pro * Garageband * iMovie * [[Numbers]] * [[Pages]] * Keynote }} | services = {{flatlist| * Apple Pay * Apple Store * [[iTunes Store]] * [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]] * [[Mac App Store]] * iBooks Store * [[iCloud]] * [[Apple Music]] }} | revenue = {{increase}} {{US $|229.234&nbsp;billion|link=yes}}<ref name="SEC filing">{{cite web|url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/2624/0000320193-17-000070.pdf|title=Apple Form 10-K Annual Report|date=November 3, 2017}}</ref> (FY 2017) | operating_income = {{increase}} {{US $|61.344&nbsp;billion}}<ref name="SEC filing"/> (FY 2017) | net_income = {{increase}} {{US $|48.351&nbsp;billion}}<ref name="SEC filing"/> (FY 2017) | intl = | assets = {{increase}} {{US $|375.319&nbsp;billion}}<ref name="SEC filing"/> (FY 2017) | equity = {{increase}} {{US $|134.047&nbsp;billion}}<ref name="SEC filing"/> (FY 2017) | owner = | num_employees = 450,000 work directly for Apple and 1,530,000 work in Apple stores (April 2023)<ref name="SEC filing"/> | parent = | subsid = {{flatlist| * [[Shazam (application)|Shazam]] * [[Texture (app)|Texture]] * [[FileMaker Inc.]] * [[Anobit]] * [[Braeburn Capital]] * [[Beats Electronics]] * [[Beddit]] * Apple Energy, LLC * Apple Sales International<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/08/30/how-apples-irish-subsidiaries-paid-a-0005-percent-tax-rate-in-2014.html |title=How Apple managed to pay such a low tax rate in Ireland |first=Harriet |last=Taylor |date=August 30, 2016 |access-date=January 9, 2017}}</ref> * Apple Worldwide Video<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/25/business/media/apple-hollywood-streaming.html|title=Apple Goes to Hollywood. Will Its Story Have a Happy Ending?|website=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 25, 2018 |last1=Koblin |first1=John }}</ref> * Apple Services<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-01/apple-looks-to-services-to-move-beyond-iphone-price-ceiling|title=Apple Looks to Services to Move Beyond iPhone Price Ceiling|website=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=August 2018 }}</ref> }} }} [[File:Apple store Michigan Ave.jpg|thumb|right|Apple Store on Michigan Avenue in [[Chicago]]]] '''Apple Inc.''' is an American [[multinational company]] which manufactures and builds [[personal computers]],[[laptops]], (the [[Apple Macintosh|Mac]]), mobile devices ([[iPod]], [[iPhone]] and [[iPad]]), [[software]], and streaming television services. ([[macOS]], [[iOS]], iPadOS, watchOS, tvOS and [[visionOS]]). Apple calls its computers ''Macintoshes'' or ''[[IMac|Macs]]'', and it calls its laptops ''[[MacBook]]s''. Their line of mobile music players is called ''iPod'', their [[smartphone]] line is called ''iPhone'' and their [[Tablet computer|tablet]] line is called ''iPad''. Apple Inc. used to be called Apple Computer, Inc., but Apple changed their name after introducing the original iPhone.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.macworld.com/article/1054770/tech-events-dupe/applename.html|title=Apple drops 'Computer' from name|date=January 9, 2007|website=Macworld}}</ref> Apple is the largest technology company by revenue, with US$391.04 billion in FY 2024.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fortune Global 500|url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/2024/|access-date=2025-02-09}}</ref> Apple products are available worldwide, but are mainly purchased in [[First World|first-world]] countries, like [[Australia]], the [[United Kingdom]], the [[United States]], and [[European Union]] countries. Apple Inc. is a [[public company]] and trades on the [[NASDAQ]] under the [[Stock trading|stock ticker]] AAPL. On March 19, 2015, it became one of the 30 components of the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]]. == History == Apple was started in 1976 by [[Steve Jobs]] and [[Steve Wozniak]].<ref name="AppleConf">{{cite book|url=http://extras.denverpost.com/books/chap0411h.htm|title=Apple Confidential: The Real Story of Apple Computer, Inc.|last=Linzmayer|first=Ronald W.|publisher=No Starch Press|year=1999|url-status=dead|access-date=2009-11-07|archive-date=2012-07-12|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120712/http://extras.denverpost.com/books/chap0411h.htm}}</ref> Before they made the company, they sold "[[blue box]]es", which had [[telephone]] buttons on them. People could use them to make telephone calls from payphones without paying any money. It did this by pretending to be a [[telephone operator]]. The company's first [[Product (consumer goods)|product]] is now called the Apple I computer. They were almost ready to sell it, but a problem happened. Steve Wozniak was working for the computer company [[Hewlett-Packard]], and the papers that said he could work there said he had to give everything he invented to the company before he could do what he wanted to do with it. He showed the first Apple I to the boss at Hewlett-Packard, but they did not want his computer. Wozniak was then free to do what he wanted to do with the Apple I. It began selling in 1976. In 1977, they made their second computer, called the Apple II, a [[home computer]] which later became very successful compared to Apple I. [[File:Apple Computer Logo rainbow.svg|150px|thumbnail|The Apple logo used from May 17, 1976, to August 26, 1999]] == iPod == [[File:IPod Nano 4G black crop.jpg|150px|thumb|right|The fourth iPod nano]] Before the iPhone, the most popular product made by Apple was the [[iPod]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}} It was first sold in 2001, and Apple sold over 100 million copies in six years.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4625262.stm Apple enjoys ongoing iPod demand], ''[[BBC News]]'', 2006-01-18. Retrieved on 2007-04-27.</ref> iPods are used to play music. Recent iPod Touches have a LED screens, can take and show pictures, record, view and edit videos, record word and voice memos, can connect to the Internet for features such as e-mail, and download apps from the App Store. The last iPod Touch, discontinued in 2022, is made with [[64-bit]] architecture. There are several different types of iPods. === iPod shuffle (4th generation) === {{main|iPod shuffle}} * iPod shuffle 2&nbsp;GB - This model has no screen. Instead, it has a click wheel to control the music, and is very small. It was the cheapest iPod at the time. People can sync playlists and Genius mixes but apart from that, it has only basic music playback functions, and also has feature called VoiceOver. It comes in five different colors: silver, orange, pink, green, and blue. A polished stainless steel version is available. It can store about 1,000 songs.<ref name="ipodnanospecs"/> === iPod nano === {{main|iPod nano}} * iPod nano 8&nbsp;GB - The 8GB could store about 2,000 songs.<ref name="ipodnanospecs">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/music/|title=Music|website=Apple}}</ref> It was unfortunately discontinued. * iPod nano 16&nbsp;GB - Comes in space gray, purple, blue, silver, green, yellow, and pink. It can hold about 4,000 songs.<ref name="ipodnanospecs" /> === iPod classic === {{main|iPod classic}} * iPod classic 160&nbsp;GB - comes in black or silver. This is the chunkiest and most original looking iPod, but the best music holder. It can hold about 40,000 songs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/ipod-touch/|title=iPod touch|website=Apple}}</ref> === iPod touch === {{main|iPod touch}} * iPod touch 8&nbsp;GB - Apple announced the [https://www.apple.com/ipod-touch/ fifth generation iPod Touch] in 2012, equipping it with a front and rear facing camera, a better display, a better processor for faster performance, and it has a thin new design. It can also run the latest [[operating system]], [[iOS 9]]. This makes it a lot closer to the [https://www.apple.com/iphone/ iPhone 5]. The 8GB model is discontinued. * iPod touch 16&nbsp;GB - has a multi-touch screen and looks much like the [[iPhone]]. It can be used to view high quality media and to use the Internet, using built-in [[Wi-fi]]. Some say it is like an iPhone without the phone. This model can hold about 4,000 songs, but was discontinued in September 2009, and was now put up again to replace the 8&nbsp;GB in June 2013. * iPod touch 32&nbsp;GB - This model can hold about 7,000 songs. It first went on sale in February 2008.<ref name="ipodtouchspecs">Official Apple iPod touch specifications: https://www.apple.com/ipodtouch/specs.html</ref> * iPod touch 64&nbsp;GB - This model can hold about 14,000 songs.<ref name="ipodtouchspecs" /> It first went on sale in September 2009. === (PRODUCT) RED === The red iPod shuffle, iPod nano, and iPod touch models, and a few more products, are part of the "(PRODUCT) RED" program. This means that some of the profits from these iPods goes to the Global Fund to fight [[AIDS]] in [[Africa]].<ref>[https://www.apple.com/ipod/red/ (PRODUCT) RED at Apple]</ref> == Computers == {{main|Apple Macintosh}} Apple also makes computers. Newer computers by Apple run the [[Mac OS X|macOS]] operating system, which is included with the Mac. === Laptops === * [[MacBook]] (very skinny and light laptop designed for average users, discontinued)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macbook/|title=MacBook|website=Apple}}</ref> * [[MacBook Pro]] (more powerful and fast laptop designed for professional users)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macbook-pro/|title=MacBook Pro|website=Apple}}</ref> * [[MacBook Air]] (Skinny and light laptop, less expensive than [[MacBook]], but does not include a [[Retina display]] option which the Macbook did. After the Macbook was discontinued the Air got the Retina display.)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macbook-air/|title=MacBook Air|website=Apple}}</ref> === Desktops === * Mac Mini (a tiny, but fully functional computer that does not come with its own monitor, keyboard, or mouse. Used mainly for home and school)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/mac-mini/|title=Mac mini|website=Apple}}</ref> * [[iMac]] (a computer where everything is built in behind the screen, designed for many uses, such as home, school, and professional (i.e.: [[Photoshop]]) use)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/imac/ |title=Apple - iMac - The ultimate all-in-one desktop computer |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-date=October 20, 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kg1b7yqf?url=http://www.apple.com/imac/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> * Mac Pro (a very powerful, fast computer that does not come with its own monitor, for professional people who need fast computers, i.e. movie editing)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apple.com/mac-pro/|title=Mac Pro|website=Apple}}</ref> * Mac Studio (more powerful than the Mac Pro) === Software === Apple also makes software for their computers. Some of the software that Apple makes is: * iLife (a set of programs designed for everyday use) contains ''iMovie'', a program for making movies, ''GarageBand'', a program for making music, ''iPhoto'', a program for organizing photos, ''[[iTunes]]'', a program for organizing (and buying) music, ''iWeb'' (not sold or updated any more), a program for making web pages, and ''iDVD'' (also no longer sold or updated), a program to make [[DVD]]s. These programs are considered very simple to use.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/mac/|title=Mac|website=Apple}}</ref> * [[iWork]] (a set of programs for office work) contains ''Pages,'' a program for making documents and ''Keynote,'' a program for making slideshows, and "Numbers" for making spreadsheets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/iwork/|title=iWork|website=Apple}}</ref> These apps are available on Apple Mac computers, iPhones, iPads and iPod Touchs. * Professional program to make movies called ''Final Cut Pro'', a program for music making called ''Soundtrack Pro'', ''Motion'', a program for high-quality moving graphics authorship, and ''DVD Studio Pro'', a program used to make professional [[DVD]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.apple.com/finalcutstudio/ |title=Apple - Final Cut Pro X - A revolution in creative editing |access-date=September 17, 2017 |archive-date=January 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5UaAoIasL?url=http://www.apple.com/finalcutstudio/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> * Final Cut Express (a set of programs similar to Final Cut Pro, but simplified and cheaper)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/final-cut-pro/|title=Final Cut Pro X|website=Apple}}</ref> * Aperture (for professional photographers to edit their photos, no longer supported or updated)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/macos/photos/|title=macOS - Photos|website=Apple}}</ref> * Logic Studio (a set of programs where professionals can edit and produce audio)<ref name="Logic Pro X">{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/logic-pro/|title=Logic Pro X|website=Apple}}</ref> * Logic Express (a set of programs similar to Logic Studio, but simplified and cheaper)<ref name="Logic Pro X"/> Most computer users use [[Microsoft Windows]], the rival to [[Mac OS]] X. About 10% of computer users use Apple's Mac OS. It is not legal to run Apple's Mac OS X on a Windows computer. However, it is allowed to run Windows on modern Macintosh computers. Even though Apple makes their computers to run Mac OS X, they also make software that allows you to install Windows. This software is called Boot Camp. == Mobile devices == Apple is perhaps most famous for its [[mobile device]]s, which are small computers that are easy to carry around. They have [[touchscreen]]s with [[multi-touch]] technology instead of a separate [[Keyboard (computer)|keyboard]] and [[Mouse (computing)|mouse]]. Most of these products run an operating system called [[iOS]]. It is very similar to the [[Android (operating system)|Android]] software made by [[Google]]. iOS can do a lot of different things, and it does so by running "[[Mobile app|apps]]", which are programs similar to those on a [[Personal computer|PC]]. Users can download and buy more apps for their device from Apple's [[App Store (iOS)|App Store]]. === iPhone === {{main|iPhone}} The iPhone is a [[mobile phone]] that can be used to make [[phone call|calls]], send [[text message]]s, play games and music, show photos and videos (like an iPod), browse the [[Internet]], and do much more. It was one of the first [[smartphone]]s in the world when the first version was announced in 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.apple.com/iphone/ |title=IPhone |access-date=November 14, 2009 |archive-date=January 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5UaAoIatt?url=http://www.apple.com/iphone/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Apple makes and sells a different model every year, with new models being faster and more powerful and having a newer version of iOS than those that come before them. The newest iPhones released are the [[iPhone 15]] and the [[iPhone 15 Pro]] which run on [[iOS 17]]. Many cellular carriers around the world sell iPhones, including [[Sprint Nextel|Sprint]], [[Verizon Wireless|Verizon]], [[AT&T]], and [[T-Mobile]] in the US. === iPad === {{main|iPad}} The iPad is a [[tablet computer]], similar to the iPhone and [[iPod Touch]] but with a much larger display - while a typical iPhone has a screen about 4 to 5 [[inch]]es in size, iPads have screens from 8 to 12&nbsp;inches big. The first iPad was introduced in 2010 and along with the iPhone, new and better models are made and sold every year. A new iPad will ship with the latest [[IPadOS|iPad OS]] software if it is supported. === Apple Watch === {{main|Apple Watch}} The Apple Watch is an example of "wearable technology", because it is worn around the [[wrist]] in the same way as a traditional [[wristwatch]]. However, it is much more than a wristwatch. It not only tells the [[time]] and [[Calendar|date]] but also tracks the [[fitness]] of the person wearing it and monitors the person's [[health]]. It can also do many of the same things that an iPhone can do, such as use Apple's [[Siri]] personal assistant, but it needs to be "paired" with an iPhone for it to do these things, meaning that it will not work if you do not have an iPhone. The Apple Watch has many different designs: there is the standard version, a "Sport" version designed for [[Sportsperson|athlete]]s, and an "Edition" version which is made as a [[fashion]] product. These all run "watchOS", a modified version of iOS. === Apple TV === {{main|Apple TV}} The Apple TV is a box that plugs into a [[television|TV]]. It can connect [[wireless]]ly to any computer that has the Apple program ''[[iTunes]]'' on it. The Apple TV can play music and show photos or videos from iTunes on the TV. Like other Apple products, Apple TV is regularly updated with new software and features. The most recent version comes with a new [[remote control]] and includes the Siri voice assistant. It uses tvOS, a TV version of iOS. == Environment == Following several campaigns (for example, Green my Apple<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/|title=Greenpeace USA}}</ref>), Apple has made their products better for the environment. Previously, the [[MacBook]] line removed various toxins including [[arsenic]], [[beryllium]], and [[lead]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-04-18|title=Six of the worst toxins Apple says it has phased out of its products|url=https://qz.com/663763/six-of-the-worst-toxins-apple-says-it-has-phased-out-of-its-products|access-date=2023-11-21|website=Quartz|language=en}}</ref> as well as improvements to the products' battery life and recharge cycles. Apple products used to ship with chargers and EarPods, but recently Apple has removed the chargers and EarPods from the boxes of most of their products to make the packaging smaller. Apple says they did this to make it easier to make and save resources and energy. ===Improvements=== <!-- Please update this section as new changes occur. --> * The MacBook uses a power efficient CPU, [[Apple-designed processors|M1]], and has a power-efficient Retina display, and is slimmer than previous models. * The MacBook, MacBook Pro, and MacBook Air have highly recyclable aluminium and glass enclosures, mercury-free displays and arsenic-free display glass. The printed circuit boards, electrical components, mechanical parts, and internal cables are BFR-free and PVC-free.<ref name="macbookenviron">{{cite web| url = https://www.apple.com/macbook/environment.html | title = MacBook environmental report |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081017113213/https://www.apple.com/macbook/environment.html |archivedate = 2008-10-17 }}</ref> * The MacBook, MacBook Air, MacBook Pro, and the LED Cinema Display contain energy-efficient LED display technology. The MacBook LED-backlit display uses 30% less power compared to conventional CCFL-backlit displays.<ref name="macbookenviron" /> * Sleep-mode energy usage has decreased 93% between the first-generation and current-generation iMac. This is due to improvements in CPU power management and increased hardware efficiency.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/uk/imac/environment.html|title=iMac environmental report|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309233949/https://www.apple.com/uk/imac/environment.html|archive-date=9 March 2009}}</ref> * Between the fourth-generation iPod nano and the first-generation iPod nano, the packaging is 32% lighter and uses 54% less volume.<ref>https://images.apple.com/environment/reports/docs/iPod_nano_Environmental_Report.pdf</ref> * Apple products are compliant with the European Directive on the Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment, also known as the RHS directive. Examples of materials restricted by RoHS include lead, mercury, cadmium, hexavalent chromium, and PBB and PBDE flame retardants. Apple met many of the RoHS requirements long before the July 2006 deadline.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.apple.com/uk/environment/reports/|title=Environment - Reports|website=Apple (United Kingdom)}}</ref> * Starting from the [[iPhone 12]], [[iPhone 12 Pro]] and [[Apple Watch Series 6]], Apple products stopped shipping with charging blocks and EarPods as an incentive for users to reuse previous accessories. == People == === CEOs === * 1977–1981: Michael Scott * 1981–1983: Mike Markkula * 1983–1993: John Sculley * 1993–1996: Michael Spindler * 1996–1997: Gil Amelio * 1997–2011: [[Steve Jobs]] (Interim CEO 1997–2000) * 2004, 2009, 2011–2026: Tim Cook (Acting CEO during Steve Jobs' health issues; replaced Steve Jobs after he resigned) * 2026–present: [[John Ternus]] === Directors === {{As of|2019|October|26|df=US}} the following individuals sit on the [[board of directors|board]] of Apple Inc.<ref name="aaplLeadership">{{Cite web |url= https://www.apple.com/leadership/ |title= Apple Leadership |publisher= Apple Inc. |access-date= March 29, 2019 |df= mdy-all}}</ref><!-- Chairman, CEO, then alphabetically by last name --> * [[Arthur D. Levinson]], chairman and CEO of Genentech * [[Tim Cook]] * James A. Bell, retired President of [[Boeing]] * [[Al Gore]], former [[Vice President of the United States]] * Andrea Jung, chairman and CEO of Avon Products * Ronald Sugar, former chairman and CEO of Northrop Grumman * Susan Wagner, co-founder of [[BlackRock]] === Executives === * [[Tim Cook]], [[Chairman]] * [[John Ternus]], [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] * Jeff Williams, [[Chief operating officer|COO]] === Employees === Since the formation of the Apple Computer Company in 1977, Apple has employed over 95,000 people worldwide. The majority of Apple's employees have been in the [[United States]] but Apple has substantial manufacturing, sales, marketing, and support organizations worldwide, with some engineering operations in [[Paris]] and [[Tokyo]]. Apple employees include employees of companies Apple owns, and less important, but still relevant companies such as FileMaker Inc. and Braeburn Capital. == Controversy == [[Apple Corps]] has sued Apple Inc. many times for trademark infringement. In the first case, Apple Inc. agreed not to go into the music industry. Apple Corps believes this agreement was broken when Apple Inc. launched the [[iTunes Store]], Apple's online music store. The two companies had trouble in the past, over the use of the Apple name. They made a deal that Apple Computer would not act as a music company. When Apple Computer Inc. began to sell their [[iPod]], and set up their [[iTunes]] music store, Apple Corps believed they had broken their agreement, and took them to court. Apple Computer won the case, but the two companies later worked out a new deal. This deal now means that [[the Beatles]] music is now on the iTunes store, whereas it was not there before. Apple Computer Inc. was then renamed as ''Apple Inc.'' because of its mobile technology business. Steve Jobs, then CEO of Apple, Inc., has said in the past that he loves music from The Beatles, which can be considered to be very [[ironic]].<ref>[https://youtube.com/watch?v=9ZdP2xK1uB0 MileIQ - Smart Mileage Tracker 4.1 - YouTube] Steve Jobs iPhone Introduction (2007)</ref> ==Related pages== * [[iOS]] * [[iPhone]] * [[iPad]] == References == {{reflist}} {{Finance links | symbol = AAPL | sec_cik = 320193 | google = 22144 | yahoo = AAPL }} * {{OpenCorp|Apple}} * {{Osmway|33463538|Apple Inc. headquarters}} {{Apple Nav}} {{Major semiconductor companies}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1976 establishments in California]] [[Category:Apple Inc.]] [[Category:Steve Jobs]] [[Category:1976 establishments]] [[Category:American entertainment companies]] [[Category:American software companies]] [[Category:Companies based in San Francisco]] [[Category:Companies listed on NASDAQ]] [[Category:Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange]] [[Category:Companies listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange]] [[Category:Electronics companies of the United States]] [[Category:Mobile phones]] nwhvpg5to7sawn1q4g4aezog6x1lagg 0 7385 11024579 10996634 2026-10-09T10:27:51Z ~2026-54359-51 1887485 11024579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use British English|date=January 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}} {{refimprove|date=February 2011}} {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = J. K. Rowling | image = J. K. Rowling 2010.jpg | caption= Rowling at the [[White House]] in 2010 | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CH|OBE|FRSL|FRCPE|FRSE|size=100%}} | pseudonym = {{unbulleted list|J. K. Rowling|Robert Galbraith}} | birth_name = Joanne Rowling | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1965|7|31}} | birth_place = [[Yate]], Gloucestershire, England | nationality = British | education = [[University of Exeter]] (1986, BA) | occupation = Novelist, philanthropist, film producer, television producer, screenwriter | period = 1997–present | genre = [[Fantasy]], drama, [[young adult fiction]], [[tragicomedy]], [[crime fiction]] | subject = | movement = | notableworks = ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series | spouse = {{unbulleted list| {{marriage|Jorge Arantes|1992|1995|end=divorced}} | {{marriage|Neil Murray|2001}}}} | partner = | children = 3 | relatives = | website = {{URL|jkrowling.com}} | signature = JKRowlingsignature.png }} '''NATTTE NATTE NATTE <!--Her name does NOT contain "Kathleen"; see the section "Name"--> Rowling''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|CH|OBE|FRSL|FRCPE|FRSE|size=85%|sep=,}}, ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|əʊ|l|ɪ|ŋ}} "rolling";<ref name=bio>Rowling, J.K. (16 February 2007). [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1998/autobiography.html "The Not Especially Fascinating Life So Far of J.K. Rowling"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430125041/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1998/autobiography.html |date=30 April 2008}}. Accio Quote (accio-quote.org). Retrieved 28 April 2008.</ref> born 31 July 1965), writing under the pen names '''J.&nbsp;K. Rowling''' and '''Robert Galbraith''', is a [[British]] [[writer]]. She wrote the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' books. She only uses the name '''J. K. Rowling''' for her books: the "K" stands for "Kathleen", which was the first name of her grandmother. == Early and personal life == Rowling was born 31 July 1965 at Chipping Sodbury Cottage Hospital in [[Chipping Sodbury]], Yate, Gloucesterhire England.<ref name="J.K. Rowling Biography">{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=40998 |title= J.K. Rowling Biography |accessdate=28 February 2009 |date=2009 |publisher=Biography.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJgbW9c9mpwC&dq=Cottage+Hospital%2C+Yate&pg=PA11|title=J.K. Rowling: A Biography|last=Kirk|first=Connie Ann|date=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32205-1|language=en}}</ref> She grew up in Tutshill, Gloucestershire, and went to school at Wyedean Comprehensive. She earned a degree in French and Classics at the [[University of Exeter]]. She worked at [[Amnesty International]] in [[London]] in 1990.<ref name="Meet Author J.K. Rowling">{{cite web |url=http://www.scholastic.com/harrypotter/books/author/index.htm |title= Meet Author J.K. Rowling |accessdate=28 February 2009 |date=2009 |publisher=Scholastic}}</ref> The original idea for Harry Potter came to her on a train that was delayed for four hours in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kidsreads.com/HP07/content/rowling.asp |title=J.K. Rowling |accessdate=28 February 2009 |date=2005 |publisher=KidsReads.com |archive-date=19 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219233913/http://kidsreads.com/HP07/content/rowling.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> She moved to [[Portugal]] to teach English in the same year. She married Jorge Arantes<ref name="J.K. Rowling Biography"/> in October 1992. They had her first child, Jessica in 1993. The marriage ended in [[divorce]] and Rowling moved to [[Edinburgh]], Scotland. ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'' (British version) (American version: ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'') was first published in the [[United Kingdom]] in 1997. She married Dr. Neil Murray in 2001. She had a second child, David, in 2003, and a third, Mackenzie, in January 2005.<ref name="Meet Author J.K. Rowling"/> Rowling claims to have been inspired by [[Christianity]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=J K Rowling: 'Christianity inspired Harry Potter'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/fictionreviews/3668658/J-K-Rowling-Christianity-inspired-Harry-Potter.html|access-date=2021-05-12|website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> Rowling has received strong criticism for her outspoken public views on matters around transgender people, which she started to talk about in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |date= 22 February 2023 |title= JK Rowling dismisses backlash over trans comments: 'I don't care about my legacy' |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-64729304 |work= BBC News |access-date= 11 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= Gardner |first= Abby |date= 3 September 2024 |title= A Complete Breakdown of the J.K. Rowling Transgender-Comments Controversy |url= https://www.glamour.com/story/a-complete-breakdown-of-the-jk-rowling-transgender-comments-controversy |website= Glamour |access-date= 11 March 2025}}</ref> == Her books == Rowling has won many awards for the Harry Potter series of books and has earned over $1 billion. The last book of the series, ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows,'' was released on 21 July 2007. Due to the popularity of the books, Rowling has become very wealthy. The books have sold over 500 million copies. Rowling has written many books about the magic in Harry's world, such as '[[Quidditch]] Through the Ages' and 'Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them'. Additionally, she has written other books targeting adults, the first of which is called ''[[The Casual Vacancy]]''. ''[[The Cuckoo's Calling]]'' was published in April 2013, under the [[pen name]] Robert Galbraith, and its sequel, called ''The Silkworm,'' followed in June 2014. In 2016, people made an eighth book inspired by ''Harry Potter.'' This book was called ''Harry Potter and the Cursed Child.'' The book was the script for a play. == Summary == {{main|Harry Potter}} J K Rowling's novels feature a teenage boy named Harry Potter who grows up in a normal world with his aunt, uncle and cousin Dudley. When he is eleven years old, he discovers that he is a [[wizard]] and attends a magical academy called [[Hogwarts|Hogwarts school of witchcraft and wizardry]], where [[Albus Dumbledore]] is headmaster. Harry discovers his past about a dark wizard and with the help from his best friends Ronald Weasley and [[Hermione Granger]], he attempts to destroy the darkest wizard of all time, Voldemort, once and for all. He go's through a series of challenges with his friends, but in the end they defeat the darkest wizard. == Publications == === ''Harry Potter'' series === # ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' (26 June 1997 (UK), 9 January 1998 (US)) # ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' (2 July 1998 (UK), 6 February 1999 (US)) # ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' (8 July 1999 (UK), 9 August 1999 (US)) # ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' (7 July 2000) # ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' (21 June 2003) # ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' (16 July 2005) # ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'' (21 July 2007) === Other books === * ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]'' (supplement to the ''Harry Potter'' series) (2001) * ''[[Quidditch Through the Ages]]'' (supplement to the ''Harry Potter'' series) (2001) * ''[[The Tales of Beedle the Bard]]'' (supplement to the ''Harry Potter'' series) (2007) * ''Harry Potter and the Cursed Child (Script of new Play) (2016)'' * ''[[The Casual Vacancy]]'' (An 'adult' book. Her first novel that wasn't in the ''Harry Potter'' universe) (2012) * ''[[The Cuckoo's Calling]]'' (A crime fiction novel written under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith) (2013) * ''The Silkworm'' (A crime fiction novel written under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith) (2014) === Articles === * "The First It Girl: J.K. Rowling reviews ''Decca: the Letters of [[Jessica Mitford]]'' ed by Peter Y Sussman", ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' 26 July 2006 * Introduction to "Ending Child Poverty" in ''Moving Britain Forward. Selected Speeches 1997–2006'' by [[Gordon Brown]], Bloomsbury (2006) * Foreword to the anthology ''Magic'', edited by Gil McNeil and [[Sarah Brown (spouse)|Sarah Brown]], Bloomsbury (2002) * [http://harvardmagazine.com/go/jkrowling.html The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination], J.K. Rowling, Harvard Magazine, 5 June 2008 * Foreword to "[[Harry, A History]]", written by Melissa Anelli, Pocket (2008) == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://celebritiesdetail.com/jk-rowling-net-worth/ JK Rowling net worth] {{wikiquote}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rowling, J. K.}} [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Exeter]] [[Category:English children's writers]] [[Category:English novelists]] [[Category:Harry Potter]] [[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:Royal Society of Literature]] [[Category:Writers from Gloucestershire]] lu9k4od8sog2qt53w7tgq9l8oq8ou1j 11024582 11024579 2026-10-09T10:32:44Z NDG 1452189 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54359-51|~2026-54359-51]] ([[User talk:~2026-54359-51|talk]]) to last version by Ferien 10996634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use British English|date=January 2019}} {{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}} {{refimprove|date=February 2011}} {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --> | name = J. K. Rowling | image = J. K. Rowling 2010.jpg | caption= Rowling at the [[White House]] in 2010 | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|CH|OBE|FRSL|FRCPE|FRSE|size=100%}} | pseudonym = {{unbulleted list|J. K. Rowling|Robert Galbraith}} | birth_name = Joanne Rowling | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1965|7|31}} | birth_place = [[Yate]], Gloucestershire, England | nationality = British | education = [[University of Exeter]] (1986, BA) | occupation = Novelist, philanthropist, film producer, television producer, screenwriter | period = 1997–present | genre = [[Fantasy]], drama, [[young adult fiction]], [[tragicomedy]], [[crime fiction]] | subject = | movement = | notableworks = ''[[Harry Potter]]'' series | spouse = {{unbulleted list| {{marriage|Jorge Arantes|1992|1995|end=divorced}} | {{marriage|Neil Murray|2001}}}} | partner = | children = 3 | relatives = | website = {{URL|jkrowling.com}} | signature = JKRowlingsignature.png }} '''Joanne <!--Her name does NOT contain "Kathleen"; see the section "Name"--> Rowling''' {{Post-nominals|country=GBR|CH|OBE|FRSL|FRCPE|FRSE|size=85%|sep=,}}, ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|əʊ|l|ɪ|ŋ}} "rolling";<ref name=bio>Rowling, J.K. (16 February 2007). [http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1998/autobiography.html "The Not Especially Fascinating Life So Far of J.K. Rowling"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080430125041/http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/1998/autobiography.html |date=30 April 2008}}. Accio Quote (accio-quote.org). Retrieved 28 April 2008.</ref> born 31 July 1965), writing under the pen names '''J.&nbsp;K. Rowling''' and '''Robert Galbraith''', is a [[British]] [[writer]]. She wrote the ''[[Harry Potter]]'' books. She only uses the name '''J. K. Rowling''' for her books: the "K" stands for "Kathleen", which was the first name of her grandmother. == Early and personal life == Rowling was born 31 July 1965 at Chipping Sodbury Cottage Hospital in [[Chipping Sodbury]], Yate, Gloucesterhire England.<ref name="J.K. Rowling Biography">{{cite web |url=http://www.biography.com/search/article.do?id=40998 |title= J.K. Rowling Biography |accessdate=28 February 2009 |date=2009 |publisher=Biography.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GJgbW9c9mpwC&dq=Cottage+Hospital%2C+Yate&pg=PA11|title=J.K. Rowling: A Biography|last=Kirk|first=Connie Ann|date=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32205-1|language=en}}</ref> She grew up in Tutshill, Gloucestershire, and went to school at Wyedean Comprehensive. She earned a degree in French and Classics at the [[University of Exeter]]. She worked at [[Amnesty International]] in [[London]] in 1990.<ref name="Meet Author J.K. Rowling">{{cite web |url=http://www.scholastic.com/harrypotter/books/author/index.htm |title= Meet Author J.K. Rowling |accessdate=28 February 2009 |date=2009 |publisher=Scholastic}}</ref> The original idea for Harry Potter came to her on a train that was delayed for four hours in 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kidsreads.com/HP07/content/rowling.asp |title=J.K. Rowling |accessdate=28 February 2009 |date=2005 |publisher=KidsReads.com |archive-date=19 February 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219233913/http://kidsreads.com/HP07/content/rowling.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> She moved to [[Portugal]] to teach English in the same year. She married Jorge Arantes<ref name="J.K. Rowling Biography"/> in October 1992. They had her first child, Jessica in 1993. The marriage ended in [[divorce]] and Rowling moved to [[Edinburgh]], Scotland. ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone'' (British version) (American version: ''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'') was first published in the [[United Kingdom]] in 1997. She married Dr. Neil Murray in 2001. She had a second child, David, in 2003, and a third, Mackenzie, in January 2005.<ref name="Meet Author J.K. Rowling"/> Rowling claims to have been inspired by [[Christianity]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=J K Rowling: 'Christianity inspired Harry Potter'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/fictionreviews/3668658/J-K-Rowling-Christianity-inspired-Harry-Potter.html|access-date=2021-05-12|website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> Rowling has received strong criticism for her outspoken public views on matters around transgender people, which she started to talk about in 2020.<ref>{{cite news |date= 22 February 2023 |title= JK Rowling dismisses backlash over trans comments: 'I don't care about my legacy' |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-64729304 |work= BBC News |access-date= 11 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last= Gardner |first= Abby |date= 3 September 2024 |title= A Complete Breakdown of the J.K. Rowling Transgender-Comments Controversy |url= https://www.glamour.com/story/a-complete-breakdown-of-the-jk-rowling-transgender-comments-controversy |website= Glamour |access-date= 11 March 2025}}</ref> == Her books == Rowling has won many awards for the Harry Potter series of books and has earned over $1 billion. The last book of the series, ''Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows,'' was released on 21 July 2007. Due to the popularity of the books, Rowling has become very wealthy. The books have sold over 500 million copies. Rowling has written many books about the magic in Harry's world, such as '[[Quidditch]] Through the Ages' and 'Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them'. Additionally, she has written other books targeting adults, the first of which is called ''[[The Casual Vacancy]]''. ''[[The Cuckoo's Calling]]'' was published in April 2013, under the [[pen name]] Robert Galbraith, and its sequel, called ''The Silkworm,'' followed in June 2014. In 2016, people made an eighth book inspired by ''Harry Potter.'' This book was called ''Harry Potter and the Cursed Child.'' The book was the script for a play. == Summary == {{main|Harry Potter}} J K Rowling's novels feature a teenage boy named Harry Potter who grows up in a normal world with his aunt, uncle and cousin Dudley. When he is eleven years old, he discovers that he is a [[wizard]] and attends a magical academy called [[Hogwarts|Hogwarts school of witchcraft and wizardry]], where [[Albus Dumbledore]] is headmaster. Harry discovers his past about a dark wizard and with the help from his best friends Ronald Weasley and [[Hermione Granger]], he attempts to destroy the darkest wizard of all time, Voldemort, once and for all. He go's through a series of challenges with his friends, but in the end they defeat the darkest wizard. == Publications == === ''Harry Potter'' series === # ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' (26 June 1997 (UK), 9 January 1998 (US)) # ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' (2 July 1998 (UK), 6 February 1999 (US)) # ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' (8 July 1999 (UK), 9 August 1999 (US)) # ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' (7 July 2000) # ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' (21 June 2003) # ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' (16 July 2005) # ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'' (21 July 2007) === Other books === * ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]'' (supplement to the ''Harry Potter'' series) (2001) * ''[[Quidditch Through the Ages]]'' (supplement to the ''Harry Potter'' series) (2001) * ''[[The Tales of Beedle the Bard]]'' (supplement to the ''Harry Potter'' series) (2007) * ''Harry Potter and the Cursed Child (Script of new Play) (2016)'' * ''[[The Casual Vacancy]]'' (An 'adult' book. Her first novel that wasn't in the ''Harry Potter'' universe) (2012) * ''[[The Cuckoo's Calling]]'' (A crime fiction novel written under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith) (2013) * ''The Silkworm'' (A crime fiction novel written under the pseudonym Robert Galbraith) (2014) === Articles === * "The First It Girl: J.K. Rowling reviews ''Decca: the Letters of [[Jessica Mitford]]'' ed by Peter Y Sussman", ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' 26 July 2006 * Introduction to "Ending Child Poverty" in ''Moving Britain Forward. Selected Speeches 1997–2006'' by [[Gordon Brown]], Bloomsbury (2006) * Foreword to the anthology ''Magic'', edited by Gil McNeil and [[Sarah Brown (spouse)|Sarah Brown]], Bloomsbury (2002) * [http://harvardmagazine.com/go/jkrowling.html The Fringe Benefits of Failure, and the Importance of Imagination], J.K. Rowling, Harvard Magazine, 5 June 2008 * Foreword to "[[Harry, A History]]", written by Melissa Anelli, Pocket (2008) == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://celebritiesdetail.com/jk-rowling-net-worth/ JK Rowling net worth] {{wikiquote}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rowling, J. K.}} [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Exeter]] [[Category:English children's writers]] [[Category:English novelists]] [[Category:Harry Potter]] [[Category:Officers of the Order of the British Empire]] [[Category:Royal Society of Literature]] [[Category:Writers from Gloucestershire]] hthi0sy4k9cpk6njf5gyayirq1dhvdy 0 7437 11024613 10762862 2026-10-09T11:31:33Z ~2026-53296-64 1884291 11024613 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="float:right;width:256px;border:2px solid black;margin:0 0 0 10px" |- |'''numbers examples''' :&nbsp;[[one|1]] &nbsp; [[two|2]] &nbsp; [[three|3]] &nbsp; [[four|4]] &nbsp; [[five|5]] &nbsp; [[six|6]] &nbsp; [[seven|7]] &nbsp; [[eight|8]] &nbsp; [[nine|9]] &nbsp; [[ten|10]] &nbsp; :[[Eleven|11]] [[Twelve|12]] [[Thirteen|13]] [[Fourteen|14]] [[Fifteen|15]] [[Sixteen|16]] [[Seventeen|17]] [[Eighteen|18]] [[Nineteen|19]] &nbsp; [[twenty|20]] &nbsp; :[[21 (number)|21]] [[22 (number)|22]] [[23 (number)|23]] [[24 (number)|24]] [[25 (number)|25]] [[26 (number)|26]] [[27 (number)|27]] [[28 (number)|28]] [[29 (number)|29]] &nbsp; [[thirty|30]] &nbsp; :[[31 (number)|31]] [[32 (number)|32]] [[33 (number)|33]] [[34 (number)|34]] [[35 (number)|35]] [[36 (number)|36]] [[37 (number)|37]] [[38 (number)|38]] [[39 (number)|39]] &nbsp; [[forty|40]] &nbsp; :[[41 (number)|41]] [[42 (number)|42]] [[43 (number)|43]] [[44 (number)|44]] [[45 (number)|45]] [[46 (number)|46]] [[47 (number)|47]] [[48 (number)|48]] [[49 (number)|49]] &nbsp; [[fifty|50]] &nbsp; :[[51 (number)|51]] [[52 (number)|52]] [[53 (number)|53]] [[54 (number)|54]] [[56 (number)|55]] [[56 (number)|56]] [[57 (number)|57]] [[58 (number)|58]] [[59 (number)|59]] &nbsp; [[sixty|60]] &nbsp; :[[61 (number)|61]] [[62 (number)|62]] [[63 (number)|63]] [[64 (number)|64]] [[65 (number)|65]] [[66 (number)|66]] [[67 (number)|67]] [[68 (number)|68]] [[69 (number)|69]] &nbsp; [[seventy|70]] &nbsp; :[[71 (number)|71]] [[72 (number)|72]] [[73 (number)|73]] [[74 (number)|74]] [[75 (number)|75]] [[76 (number)|76]] [[77 (number)|77]] [[78 (number)|78]] [[79 (number)|79]] &nbsp; [[eighty|80]] &nbsp; :[[81 (number)|81]] [[82 (number)|82]] [[83 (number)|83]] [[84 (number)|84]] [[85 (number)|85]] [[86 (number)|86]] [[87 (number)|87]] [[88 (number)|88]] [[89 (number)|89]] &nbsp; [[ninety|90]] &nbsp; :[[91 (number)|91]] [[92 (number)|92]] [[93 (number)|93]] [[94 (number)|94]] [[95 (number)|95]] [[96 (number)|96]] [[97 (number)|97]] [[98 (number)|98]] [[99 (number)|99]] &nbsp; [[100 (number)|100]] :[[101 (number)|101]] &nbsp; [[200 (number)|200]] &nbsp; [[300 (number)|300]] &nbsp; [[400 (number)|400]] &nbsp; [[500 (number)|500]] &nbsp; :[[600 (number)|600]] &nbsp; [[700 (number)|700]] &nbsp; [[800 (number)|800]] &nbsp; [[900 (number)|900]] &nbsp; :[[thousand|1000]] &nbsp; [[2000 (number)|2000]] &nbsp; [[3000 (number)|3000]] &nbsp; [[4000 (number)|4000]] &nbsp; [[5000 (number)|5000]] &nbsp; :[[6000 (number)|6000]] &nbsp; [[7000 (number)|7000]] &nbsp; [[8000 (number)|8000]] &nbsp; [[9000 (number)|9000]] &nbsp; :[[10000 (number)|10,000]] &nbsp; [[100000 (number)|100,000]] &nbsp; [[million|1,000,000]] &nbsp; :[[1,000,000,000]] &nbsp; [[trillion|1,000,000,000,000]] &nbsp; Numbers less than or equal to [[0]] (such as [[−1]]) are not natural numbers (rather [[integers]]). |} The '''naturals''' (also called '''counting numbers''' or the '''whole numbers'''), are the [[number]]s used for counting things. Natural numbers are the numbers small children learn about when they first start to count. Natural numbers are always whole numbers ([[integers]]) and exclude zero, so [[one]] is the smallest natural number. The set of natural numbers can be represented by the symbol <math>\mathbb N</math>.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-03-01|title=Compendium of Mathematical Symbols|url=https://mathvault.ca/hub/higher-math/math-symbols/|access-date=2020-08-11|website=Math Vault|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Weisstein|first=Eric W.|title=Natural Number|url=https://mathworld.wolfram.com/NaturalNumber.html|access-date=2020-08-11|website=mathworld.wolfram.com|language=en-US}}</ref> There is no largest natural number. The next natural number can be found by adding 1 to the current natural number, producing numbers that go on "forever". There is no natural number that is [[Infinity|infinite]] in size. Any natural number can be reached by adding 1 enough times to the smallest natural number. ==Non-natural numbers== The following types of numbers are not natural numbers: * Numbers less than 0 ([[negative number]]s), for example, −2 and −1 * [[Fraction (mathematics)|Fractions]], for example, <math>\frac12</math> and <math>\frac{31}{4}</math> * [[Fractional number]]s, for example, 7.675 * [[Irrational number]]s, for example, <math>\sqrt2</math> and <math>\pi</math> ([[Pi (mathematical constant)|pi]]) * [[Imaginary number]]s, for example, <math>\sqrt{-1}</math> (''[[Imaginary unit|i]]'') * [[Complex number]]s, for example, <math>1+2i</math> * [[Infinity|infinities]], for example, <math>\infty</math> and <math>\aleph_0</math> ==Basic operations== * ''[[Operation (mathematics)#Addition|Addition]]'': The sum of two natural numbers is a natural number. <math>l+m=n</math> * ''[[Operation (mathematics)#Subtraction|Subtraction]]'': The difference of two natural numbers is a [[Integer|whole number]] ** if <math>m</math> is greater than <math>n</math>, then <math>m</math> minus <math>n</math> is a natural number * ''[[Operation (mathematics)#Multiplication|Multiplication]]'': The product of two natural numbers is a natural number. <math>l\times m=n</math> * ''[[Operation (mathematics)#Division|Division]]'': The quotient of two natural numbers is a rational number * ''Ordering'': Of two natural numbers, if they are not the same, then one is bigger than the other, and the other is smaller. <math>m=n</math>, <math>m>n</math>, or <math>m<n</math> ** if <math>l>m</math> then <math>l+n>m+n</math> ** if <math>l>m</math> and <math>l>0</math> then <math>lxn>lxm</math>, which is the same as <math>n>m</math>. ** One is the smallest natural number: <math>1=n</math> or <math>1<n</math> ** There is no largest natural number <math>n<n+1</math> * [[Mathematical induction]]: If these two things are true of any property <math>P</math> of natural numbers, then <math>P</math> is true of every natural number ** if <math>P</math> is true of 1 ** and if <math>P</math> of <math>n</math> then <math>P</math> of <math>n+1</math> ** then <math>P</math> is true of all natural numbers ==Special natural numbers== * [[Even number]]s: If <math>n=m\times2</math>, then <math>n</math> is an even number ** The first even natural numbers are 2, 4, 6, 8, and so on. * [[Odd number]]s: If <math>n=m\times2+1</math>, then <math>n</math> is an odd number ** A number is either even or odd but not both. ** The first odd natural numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, and so on. * [[Composite numbers]]: If <math>n=m\times l</math>, and <math>m</math> and <math>l</math> are not 0 or 1, then <math>n</math> is a [[composite number]]. ** The first composite (non-prime) natural numbers are 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 21 and so on. * [[Prime number]]s: If a number is not 1, and not a composite number, then it is a prime number. ** The first prime (non-composite) natural numbers are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17 and so on. Two is the only even prime number. ** There is an infinite number of prime numbers. * [[Square number]]s: If <math>n=m\times m</math>, then <math>n</math> is a square. <math>n</math> is the square of <math>m</math>. ** The first natural squares are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49 and so on. == How to write it == <math>\mathbb N</math> is the way to write the [[set]] of all natural numbers.<ref name=":0" /> While 0 is not a natural number, it is possible to create a set that includes both the set of natural numbers and the number zero. This set is written <math>\mathbb N\cup\{0\}</math>.<ref name=":1" /> {{-}} ==Related pages== * [[Integer]] == References == <references /> {{Number systems}} [[Category:Number theory]] [[Category:Integers]] {{math-stub}} 6krxcw6bp718kmi9gy7rzbnnfwih9p5 0 7880 11024566 11019175 2026-10-09T09:52:13Z ~2026-54493-28 1887480 /* History */ 11024566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|nigga|Niger|Nigeria|Niger State}} '''<u><big>Nigger</big></u>''' is a [[racial slur|slur]] used against [[black people]]. It is often used by [[Racism|racists]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Starkey |first1=Brando Simeo |title=If you truly knew what the N-word meant to our ancestors, you'd NEVER use it |url=https://theundefeated.com/features/if-you-truly-knew-what-the-n-word-meant-to-our-ancestors-youd-never-use-it/ |website=The Undefeated |date=18 May 2017}}</ref> ==Origin== The word originated as a mispronunciation of the feminine form of the word "[[negro]]", which is "negra". In [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], "preto" means the color [[black]] and "negro" means black people, but in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], "negro" means both the color black and black people.<ref name="Pilgrim">{{cite web |url=http://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/caricature/ |title=Nigger and Caricatures |accessdate=2007-06-19 |last=Pilgrim |first=David |date=September 2001 |archive-date=2007-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608223038/http://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/caricature/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==History== The first slave was Maximiclowno ipennigger. Before 1865, many [[black people]] in the [[United States]] were [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]]. In this time, "nigger" often meant a slave. Writers like [[Joseph Conrad]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nigger of the "Narcissus" by Joseph Conrad|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17731/17731-h/17731-h.htm|access-date=2023-01-21|website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> [[Mark Twain]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Twain |first1=Mark |title=Life on the Mississippi |date=2004 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-1-4191-3041-0 |page=11, 13, 127, 139, 219 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBWbSj-r4U4C&pg=PA11 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Charles Dickens]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Esther M. Zimmer Lederberg: Dickens and Racism|url=http://www.estherlederberg.com/EImages/Extracurricular/Dickens%20Universe/Racism%20in%20Dickens.html|access-date=2023-01-21|website=www.estherlederberg.com}}</ref> used this word in their books, even in non-racist ways. In the 21st century, many [[black people]] have "taken back" the word {{Text|nig}}gеr by using It's derivative "[[nigga]]". They use it as a [[slang]] word.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allan|first=Keith|date=2016|title=Contextual determinants on the meaning of the N word|journal=SpringerPlus|volume=5|issue=1|article-number=1141|doi=10.1186/s40064-016-2813-1|doi-access=free |issn=2193-1801|pmc=4954799|pmid=27504239}}</ref> Some groups are trying to make the use of the word "nigga" normal for everyone.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=McWhorter|first=John|date=2016-05-03|title=Stop Policing the N-Word|url=https://time.com/4316322/larry-wilmore-obama-n-word/|access-date=2025-05-21|magazine=TIME|language=en|archive-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520073609/https://time.com/4316322/larry-wilmore-obama-n-word/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Racism]] * [[Discrimination]] * [[Jim Crow laws]] * [[African Americans]] * [[Racial segregation]] * [[History of racial segregation in the United States]] ===Other slurs=== * [[Retard (word)|Retard]] * [[Gook]] * [[Kike]] * [[Chink (slur)|Chink]] * [[Faggot (slang)|Faggot]] ==References== Also used in South Park episode “With Apologies to Jesse Jackson” [[:en:With_Apologies_to_Jesse_Jackson|Season 11 Episode]] 1{{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Slurs]] [[Category:Discrimination]] [[Category:English profanity]] 0q0uokjpol7iviesdl66wy82nhp34z4 11024569 11024566 2026-10-09T10:02:54Z Spiderone 569007 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54493-28|~2026-54493-28]] ([[User talk:~2026-54493-28|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Veritas Sapientiae. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|nigga|Niger|Nigeria|Niger State}} '''<u><big>Nigger</big></u>''' is a [[racial slur|slur]] used against [[black people]]. It is often used by [[Racism|racists]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Starkey |first1=Brando Simeo |title=If you truly knew what the N-word meant to our ancestors, you'd NEVER use it |url=https://theundefeated.com/features/if-you-truly-knew-what-the-n-word-meant-to-our-ancestors-youd-never-use-it/ |website=The Undefeated |date=18 May 2017}}</ref> ==Origin== The word originated as a mispronunciation of the feminine form of the word "[[negro]]", which is "negra". In [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], "preto" means the color [[black]] and "negro" means black people, but in [[Spanish language|Spanish]], "negro" means both the color black and black people.<ref name="Pilgrim">{{cite web |url=http://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/caricature/ |title=Nigger and Caricatures |accessdate=2007-06-19 |last=Pilgrim |first=David |date=September 2001 |archive-date=2007-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608223038/http://www.ferris.edu/news/jimcrow/caricature/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==History== Before 1865, many [[black people]] in the [[United States]] were [[Slavery in the United States|slaves]]. In this time, "nigger" often meant a slave. Writers like [[Joseph Conrad]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Nigger of the "Narcissus" by Joseph Conrad|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/17731/17731-h/17731-h.htm|access-date=2023-01-21|website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> [[Mark Twain]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Twain |first1=Mark |title=Life on the Mississippi |date=2004 |publisher=Kessinger Publishing |isbn=978-1-4191-3041-0 |page=11, 13, 127, 139, 219 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBWbSj-r4U4C&pg=PA11 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Charles Dickens]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Esther M. Zimmer Lederberg: Dickens and Racism|url=http://www.estherlederberg.com/EImages/Extracurricular/Dickens%20Universe/Racism%20in%20Dickens.html|access-date=2023-01-21|website=www.estherlederberg.com}}</ref> used this word in their books, even in non-racist ways. In the 21st century, many [[black people]] have "taken back" the word {{Text|nig}}gеr by using It's derivative "[[nigga]]". They use it as a [[slang]] word.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Allan|first=Keith|date=2016|title=Contextual determinants on the meaning of the N word|journal=SpringerPlus|volume=5|issue=1|article-number=1141|doi=10.1186/s40064-016-2813-1|doi-access=free |issn=2193-1801|pmc=4954799|pmid=27504239}}</ref> Some groups are trying to make the use of the word "nigga" normal for everyone.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=McWhorter|first=John|date=2016-05-03|title=Stop Policing the N-Word|url=https://time.com/4316322/larry-wilmore-obama-n-word/|access-date=2025-05-21|magazine=TIME|language=en|archive-date=2025-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520073609/https://time.com/4316322/larry-wilmore-obama-n-word/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Racism]] * [[Discrimination]] * [[Jim Crow laws]] * [[African Americans]] * [[Racial segregation]] * [[History of racial segregation in the United States]] ===Other slurs=== * [[Retard (word)|Retard]] * [[Gook]] * [[Kike]] * [[Chink (slur)|Chink]] * [[Faggot (slang)|Faggot]] ==References== Also used in South Park episode “With Apologies to Jesse Jackson” [[:en:With_Apologies_to_Jesse_Jackson|Season 11 Episode]] 1{{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Slurs]] [[Category:Discrimination]] [[Category:English profanity]] d9savykzl782f5kgwf9qucyc7cthqpe 0 11266 11024619 10794490 2026-10-09T11:42:25Z ~2026-53990-93 1887497 /* The Essence of the Gospel as the Good News */ 11024619 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:P52 recto.jpg|thumb|174px|The recto of Rylands Library Papyrus P52 from the Gospel of John.]] '''Gospel''' originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was set out. The word gospel came from the Old English word “gōdspel”, which literally means “good news”,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.google.com/#safe=active&q=gospel+etymology|title = gospel etymology|first = |last = |website = |publisher = |accessdate = }}</ref> since it narrates [[Jesus Christ]]'s life and teaching to invite anyone to believe that he was born to [[Salvation (Christianity)|save]] the world from [[sin]] and make [[humans]] truly know [[God]] as a Father. It includes the [[Substitutionary atonement|Death]] and [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]] of Jesus. The Gospel was originally [[Oral tradition|spoken]], not [[Writing|written]]. Eventually gospel came to mean an ancient book about Jesus, especially one of the four books collected by the [[Church]] in the [[Bible]]. These books are the first part of the [[New Testament]] of the Bible, and are put in a group of this order: the [[Gospel of Matthew]], the [[Gospel of Mark]], the [[Gospel of Luke]] and the [[Gospel of John]]. == Authorship == The gospels are seen by scholars as a type of Roman biography with Jewish influence. The gospels are signed as anonymous, common for that time. However, many early church traditions starting with [[Papias of Hierapolis]](AD 60-130) and the gospels themselves indicate they are written by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John respectfully(see John 21 and Luke 1). == The Essence of the Gospel as the Good News == <blockquote>“For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life. (John 3:16)</blockquote><blockquote>Now I would remind you, brothers, of the gospel I preached to you, which you received, in which you stand, and by which you are being saved, if you hold fast to the word I preached to you—unless you believed in vain. For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures, (1 Corinthians 15:1-4)</blockquote> Passages are from the English Standard Version (ESV) of the [[Holy]] [[Bible]]. See also: Isaiah 53, Titus 2-3, Galatians 3 They focus all on the birth, ministry, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Some gospels focus more explicitly on Jesus's divinity than others, but they all say that he is the Jewish Messiah, The Son of Man and The Son of God. == Apocryphal Gospels == There are many apocryphal gospels including the Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of == In other religions == "Injil" ([[Arabic]]: إنجيل) is the Arabic name for the Gospel of Jesus (Isa). The Injil is mentioned many times in the [[Qur'an]]. In [[Islam]], Jesus is believed to be the second-to-last prophet and messenger of God (Allah) and the [[Messiah]]. The word"Injil" comes from the Greek word "Euangelion." Muslims believe that God revealed the Injil to Jesus, while also declaring the truth of the previous revelations: the Tawrat (the [[Torah]]) and the Zabur (the [[Psalms]]), and confirming them. Despite this many Muslims say that the Torah, Psalms and Gospel have been corrupted. ==Related pages== *[[Gospel music]] ==References== <references /> == Other websites == {{commonscat-inline|Gospels}} {{Christianityfooter}} [[Category:Christian theology]] [[Category:Gospels| ]] {{religion-stub}} rriqsr4jpltw3oou7l36j11i0yxw0ee 11024620 11024619 2026-10-09T11:42:35Z ~2026-53990-93 1887497 /* Apocryphal Gospels */ 11024620 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:P52 recto.jpg|thumb|174px|The recto of Rylands Library Papyrus P52 from the Gospel of John.]] '''Gospel''' originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was set out. The word gospel came from the Old English word “gōdspel”, which literally means “good news”,<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.google.com/#safe=active&q=gospel+etymology|title = gospel etymology|first = |last = |website = |publisher = |accessdate = }}</ref> since it narrates [[Jesus Christ]]'s life and teaching to invite anyone to believe that he was born to [[Salvation (Christianity)|save]] the world from [[sin]] and make [[humans]] truly know [[God]] as a Father. It includes the [[Substitutionary atonement|Death]] and [[Resurrection of Jesus|Resurrection]] of Jesus. The Gospel was originally [[Oral tradition|spoken]], not [[Writing|written]]. Eventually gospel came to mean an ancient book about Jesus, especially one of the four books collected by the [[Church]] in the [[Bible]]. These books are the first part of the [[New Testament]] of the Bible, and are put in a group of this order: the [[Gospel of Matthew]], the [[Gospel of Mark]], the [[Gospel of Luke]] and the [[Gospel of John]]. == Authorship == The gospels are seen by scholars as a type of Roman biography with Jewish influence. The gospels are signed as anonymous, common for that time. However, many early church traditions starting with [[Papias of Hierapolis]](AD 60-130) and the gospels themselves indicate they are written by Matthew, Mark, Luke and John respectfully(see John 21 and Luke 1). == The Essence of the Gospel as the Good News == <blockquote>“For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life. (John 3:16)</blockquote><blockquote>Now I would remind you, brothers, of the gospel I preached to you, which you received, in which you stand, and by which you are being saved, if you hold fast to the word I preached to you—unless you believed in vain. For I delivered to you as of first importance what I also received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the Scriptures, that he was buried, that he was raised on the third day in accordance with the Scriptures, (1 Corinthians 15:1-4)</blockquote> Passages are from the English Standard Version (ESV) of the [[Holy]] [[Bible]]. See also: Isaiah 53, Titus 2-3, Galatians 3 They focus all on the birth, ministry, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Some gospels focus more explicitly on Jesus's divinity than others, but they all say that he is the Jewish Messiah, The Son of Man and The Son of God. == Apocryphal Gospels == There are many apocryphal gospels including the Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of == In other religions == "Injil" ([[Arabic]]: إنجيل) is the Arabic name for the Gospel of Jesus (Isa). The Injil is mentioned many times in the [[Qur'an]]. In [[Islam]], Jesus is believed to be the second-to-last prophet and messenger of God (Allah) and the [[Messiah]]. The word"Injil" comes from the Greek word "Euangelion." Muslims believe that God revealed the Injil to Jesus, while also declaring the truth of the previous revelations: the Tawrat (the [[Torah]]) and the Zabur (the [[Psalms]]), and confirming them. Despite this many Muslims say that the Torah, Psalms and Gospel have been corrupted. ==Related pages== *[[Gospel music]] ==References== <references /> == Other websites == {{commonscat-inline|Gospels}} {{Christianityfooter}} [[Category:Christian theology]] [[Category:Gospels| ]] {{religion-stub}} e2l0mxv8pxfr2vnju695dw9lmq0m51w 0 11543 11024134 10975382 2026-10-08T21:31:18Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 /* */ 11024134 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki-analsex.png|thumb|230px|Illustration of anal sex.]] [[File:Wiki-anal missionary.png|thumb|Illustration of gay men having anal sex]] '''Anal sex''' is a [[sexual intercourse|sex act]] performed on the [[anus]]. Anal sex can involve a [[Human penis|penis]] inserted in the anus, [[anilingus|oral stimulation]], of the anus, using [[fingers]] for penetration and using different objects for stimulation.<ref>{{cite web |title=What's anal sex? What are the risks of it? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/blog/whats-anal-sex-what-are-the-risks-of-it |website=Planned Parenthood |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> I’m such a f{{text|ag}}, I want daddy’s dick in my ass. Anal sex can help the spread of [[sexually transmitted disease]]s. Anal sex without protection of a [[condom]] is considered the riskiest form of sexual activity.<ref name="Hales">{{Cite book |author=Hales |first=Dianne |url=https://archive.org/details/invitationtoheal00hale |title=An Invitation to Health Brief 2010-2011 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0495391920 |pages=269–271 |access-date=August 29, 2013 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Werner">{{cite book |author=Hoeger |first1=Werner W. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aw8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |title=Lifetime Fitness and Wellness: A Personalized Program |last2=Hoeger |first2=Sharon A. |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1133008583 |page=455 |access-date=August 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406131243/https://books.google.com/books?id=0aw8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |archive-date=April 6, 2021}}</ref> Health authorities such as the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) recommend [[safe sex]] practices for anal sex.<ref name="Who">World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323122753/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf |date=March 23, 2014 }}, 2007, {{ISBN|978-92-4-156347-5}}</ref> Many people associate anal sex with [[homosexual]] activity. This is only partly true: Not all gay people practice anal sex. There are also many [[heterosexual]] couples who also engage in anal sex.<ref name="journal2011">{{cite journal |last1=Rosenberger |first1=Joshua G. |last2=Reece |first2=Michael |last3=Schick |first3=Vanessa |last4=Herbenick |first4=Debby |last5=Novak |first5=David S. |last6=van der Poi |first6=Barbara |last7=Fortenberry |first7=J. Dennis |author4-link=Debby Herbenick |title=Sexual Behaviors and Situational Characteristics of Most Recent Male-Partnered Sexual Event among Gay and Bisexually Identified Men in the United States |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |date=24 August 2011 |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=3040–3050 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02438.x |pmid=21883941 }}</ref><ref name="Not all">{{cite web|title=Not all gay men have anal sex|publisher=Go Ask Alice!|date=June 13, 2008|access-date=April 19, 2021|url=https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421052659/https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wellings">{{cite book|author=Kaye Wellings|author2=Kirstin Mitchell|author3=Martine Collumbien|title=Sexual Health: A Public Health Perspective|isbn=978-0335244812|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill International]]|year=2012|page=91|access-date=August 29, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91|archive-date=March 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326183233/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}</ref> Many people have strong views about anal sex. This is especially true for [[religion|religious communities]]. Some counties have laws that punish anal sex. This especially true for countries where religion has an important role in society. == Overview == The anus is a part of the body that is tight and cannot lubricate itself. Because of this, a person should be careful not to damage the walls of this organ if inserting something. [[Lubrication]] is often used which can be oil or water-based and is sold commercially.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anal Sex Safety: Everything You Need to Know#Considerations |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/anal-sex-safety#considerations |website=Healthline |date=10 January 2018 |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> For a man, pleasure can come from the stimulation of the [[prostate]] that is found near the anus. For women, it can come from indirect stimulation of the [[Clitoris|clitoral legs]]/[[G-Spot]] or the [[cervix]]. Both men and women can get pleasure from anal sex because the [[anus]] has many [[nerve]] endings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anal Sex Safety: Everything You Need to Know#Orgasm |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/anal-sex-safety#orgasm |website=Healthline |date=10 January 2018 |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Sexual acts]] <!-- interwiki --> mo365iodwrlqcvp5njjceomh2otuof3 11024137 11024134 2026-10-08T21:33:42Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by ChenzwBot. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024137 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki-analsex.png|thumb|230px|Illustration of anal sex.]] [[File:Wiki-anal missionary.png|thumb|Illustration of gay men having anal sex]] '''Anal sex''' is a [[sexual intercourse|sex act]] performed on the [[anus]]. Anal sex can involve a [[Human penis|penis]] inserted in the anus, [[anilingus|oral stimulation]], of the anus, using [[fingers]] for penetration and using different objects for stimulation.<ref>{{cite web |title=What's anal sex? What are the risks of it? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/blog/whats-anal-sex-what-are-the-risks-of-it |website=Planned Parenthood |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> Anal sex can help the spread of [[sexually transmitted disease]]s. Anal sex without protection of a [[condom]] is considered the riskiest form of sexual activity.<ref name="Hales">{{Cite book |author=Hales |first=Dianne |url=https://archive.org/details/invitationtoheal00hale |title=An Invitation to Health Brief 2010-2011 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0495391920 |pages=269–271 |access-date=August 29, 2013 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Werner">{{cite book |author=Hoeger |first1=Werner W. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aw8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |title=Lifetime Fitness and Wellness: A Personalized Program |last2=Hoeger |first2=Sharon A. |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1133008583 |page=455 |access-date=August 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406131243/https://books.google.com/books?id=0aw8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |archive-date=April 6, 2021}}</ref> Health authorities such as the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) recommend [[safe sex]] practices for anal sex.<ref name="Who">World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323122753/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf |date=March 23, 2014 }}, 2007, {{ISBN|978-92-4-156347-5}}</ref> Many people associate anal sex with [[homosexual]] activity. This is only partly true: Not all gay people practice anal sex. There are also many [[heterosexual]] couples who also engage in anal sex.<ref name="journal2011">{{cite journal |last1=Rosenberger |first1=Joshua G. |last2=Reece |first2=Michael |last3=Schick |first3=Vanessa |last4=Herbenick |first4=Debby |last5=Novak |first5=David S. |last6=van der Poi |first6=Barbara |last7=Fortenberry |first7=J. Dennis |author4-link=Debby Herbenick |title=Sexual Behaviors and Situational Characteristics of Most Recent Male-Partnered Sexual Event among Gay and Bisexually Identified Men in the United States |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |date=24 August 2011 |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=3040–3050 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02438.x |pmid=21883941 }}</ref><ref name="Not all">{{cite web|title=Not all gay men have anal sex|publisher=Go Ask Alice!|date=June 13, 2008|access-date=April 19, 2021|url=https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421052659/https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wellings">{{cite book|author=Kaye Wellings|author2=Kirstin Mitchell|author3=Martine Collumbien|title=Sexual Health: A Public Health Perspective|isbn=978-0335244812|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill International]]|year=2012|page=91|access-date=August 29, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91|archive-date=March 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326183233/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}</ref> Many people have strong views about anal sex. This is especially true for [[religion|religious communities]]. Some counties have laws that punish anal sex. This especially true for countries where religion has an important role in society. == Overview == The anus is a part of the body that is tight and cannot lubricate itself. Because of this, a person should be careful not to damage the walls of this organ if inserting something. [[Lubrication]] is often used which can be oil or water-based and is sold commercially.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anal Sex Safety: Everything You Need to Know#Considerations |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/anal-sex-safety#considerations |website=Healthline |date=10 January 2018 |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> For a man, pleasure can come from the stimulation of the [[prostate]] that is found near the anus. For women, it can come from indirect stimulation of the [[Clitoris|clitoral legs]]/[[G-Spot]] or the [[cervix]]. Both men and women can get pleasure from anal sex because the [[anus]] has many [[nerve]] endings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anal Sex Safety: Everything You Need to Know#Orgasm |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/anal-sex-safety#orgasm |website=Healthline |date=10 January 2018 |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Sexual acts]] <!-- interwiki --> o1ktyybxq1y4tusthmfxhevs50czex9 11024154 11024137 2026-10-08T21:45:03Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 /* */ 11024154 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki-analsex.png|thumb|230px|Illustration of anal sex.]] [[File:Wiki-anal missionary.png|thumb|Illustration of gay men having anal sex]] '''Anal sex''' is a [[sexual intercourse|sex act]] performed on the [[anus]]. Anal sex can involve a [[Human penis|penis]] inserted in the anus, [[anilingus|oral stimulation]], of the anus, using [[fingers]] for penetration and using different objects for stimulation.<ref>{{cite web |title=What's anal sex? What are the risks of it? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/blog/whats-anal-sex-what-are-the-risks-of-it |website=Planned Parenthood |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> Anal sex can help the spread of [[sexually transmitted disease]]s. Anal sex without protection of a [[condom]] is considered the riskiest form of sexual activity.<ref name="Hales">{{Cite book |author=Hales |first=Dianne |url=https://archive.org/details/invitationtoheal00hale |title=An Invitation to Health Brief 2010-2011 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0495391920 |pages=269–271 |access-date=August 29, 2013 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Werner">{{cite book |author=Hoeger |first1=Werner W. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aw8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |title=Lifetime Fitness and Wellness: A Personalized Program |last2=Hoeger |first2=Sharon A. |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1133008583 |page=455 |access-date=August 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406131243/https://books.google.com/books?id=0aw8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |archive-date=April 6, 2021}}</ref> Health authorities such as the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) recommend [[safe sex]] practices for anal sex.<ref name="Who">World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323122753/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf |date=March 23, 2014 }}, 2007, {{ISBN|978-92-4-156347-5}}</ref> I want to a man to rail my guts like the queer that I am! Many people associate anal sex with [[homosexual]] activity. This is only partly true: Not all gay people practice anal sex. There are also many [[heterosexual]] couples who also engage in anal sex.<ref name="journal2011">{{cite journal |last1=Rosenberger |first1=Joshua G. |last2=Reece |first2=Michael |last3=Schick |first3=Vanessa |last4=Herbenick |first4=Debby |last5=Novak |first5=David S. |last6=van der Poi |first6=Barbara |last7=Fortenberry |first7=J. Dennis |author4-link=Debby Herbenick |title=Sexual Behaviors and Situational Characteristics of Most Recent Male-Partnered Sexual Event among Gay and Bisexually Identified Men in the United States |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |date=24 August 2011 |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=3040–3050 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02438.x |pmid=21883941 }}</ref><ref name="Not all">{{cite web|title=Not all gay men have anal sex|publisher=Go Ask Alice!|date=June 13, 2008|access-date=April 19, 2021|url=https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421052659/https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wellings">{{cite book|author=Kaye Wellings|author2=Kirstin Mitchell|author3=Martine Collumbien|title=Sexual Health: A Public Health Perspective|isbn=978-0335244812|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill International]]|year=2012|page=91|access-date=August 29, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91|archive-date=March 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326183233/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}</ref> Many people have strong views about anal sex. This is especially true for [[religion|religious communities]]. Some counties have laws that punish anal sex. This especially true for countries where religion has an important role in society. == Overview == The anus is a part of the body that is tight and cannot lubricate itself. Because of this, a person should be careful not to damage the walls of this organ if inserting something. [[Lubrication]] is often used which can be oil or water-based and is sold commercially.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anal Sex Safety: Everything You Need to Know#Considerations |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/anal-sex-safety#considerations |website=Healthline |date=10 January 2018 |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> For a man, pleasure can come from the stimulation of the [[prostate]] that is found near the anus. For women, it can come from indirect stimulation of the [[Clitoris|clitoral legs]]/[[G-Spot]] or the [[cervix]]. Both men and women can get pleasure from anal sex because the [[anus]] has many [[nerve]] endings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anal Sex Safety: Everything You Need to Know#Orgasm |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/anal-sex-safety#orgasm |website=Healthline |date=10 January 2018 |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Sexual acts]] <!-- interwiki --> jyed87vlaub2qsabijxixpprktnghve 11024160 11024154 2026-10-08T21:47:21Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Barbara (WVS). ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024160 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki-analsex.png|thumb|230px|Illustration of anal sex.]] [[File:Wiki-anal missionary.png|thumb|Illustration of gay men having anal sex]] '''Anal sex''' is a [[sexual intercourse|sex act]] performed on the [[anus]]. Anal sex can involve a [[Human penis|penis]] inserted in the anus, [[anilingus|oral stimulation]], of the anus, using [[fingers]] for penetration and using different objects for stimulation.<ref>{{cite web |title=What's anal sex? What are the risks of it? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/blog/whats-anal-sex-what-are-the-risks-of-it |website=Planned Parenthood |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> Anal sex can help the spread of [[sexually transmitted disease]]s. Anal sex without protection of a [[condom]] is considered the riskiest form of sexual activity.<ref name="Hales">{{Cite book |author=Hales |first=Dianne |url=https://archive.org/details/invitationtoheal00hale |title=An Invitation to Health Brief 2010-2011 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0495391920 |pages=269–271 |access-date=August 29, 2013 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Werner">{{cite book |author=Hoeger |first1=Werner W. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aw8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |title=Lifetime Fitness and Wellness: A Personalized Program |last2=Hoeger |first2=Sharon A. |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1133008583 |page=455 |access-date=August 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406131243/https://books.google.com/books?id=0aw8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |archive-date=April 6, 2021}}</ref> Health authorities such as the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) recommend [[safe sex]] practices for anal sex.<ref name="Who">World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323122753/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf |date=March 23, 2014 }}, 2007, {{ISBN|978-92-4-156347-5}}</ref> Many people associate anal sex with [[homosexual]] activity. This is only partly true: Not all gay people practice anal sex. There are also many [[heterosexual]] couples who also engage in anal sex.<ref name="journal2011">{{cite journal |last1=Rosenberger |first1=Joshua G. |last2=Reece |first2=Michael |last3=Schick |first3=Vanessa |last4=Herbenick |first4=Debby |last5=Novak |first5=David S. |last6=van der Poi |first6=Barbara |last7=Fortenberry |first7=J. Dennis |author4-link=Debby Herbenick |title=Sexual Behaviors and Situational Characteristics of Most Recent Male-Partnered Sexual Event among Gay and Bisexually Identified Men in the United States |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |date=24 August 2011 |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=3040–3050 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02438.x |pmid=21883941 }}</ref><ref name="Not all">{{cite web|title=Not all gay men have anal sex|publisher=Go Ask Alice!|date=June 13, 2008|access-date=April 19, 2021|url=https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421052659/https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wellings">{{cite book|author=Kaye Wellings|author2=Kirstin Mitchell|author3=Martine Collumbien|title=Sexual Health: A Public Health Perspective|isbn=978-0335244812|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill International]]|year=2012|page=91|access-date=August 29, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91|archive-date=March 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326183233/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}</ref> Many people have strong views about anal sex. This is especially true for [[religion|religious communities]]. Some counties have laws that punish anal sex. This especially true for countries where religion has an important role in society. == Overview == The anus is a part of the body that is tight and cannot lubricate itself. Because of this, a person should be careful not to damage the walls of this organ if inserting something. [[Lubrication]] is often used which can be oil or water-based and is sold commercially.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anal Sex Safety: Everything You Need to Know#Considerations |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/anal-sex-safety#considerations |website=Healthline |date=10 January 2018 |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> For a man, pleasure can come from the stimulation of the [[prostate]] that is found near the anus. For women, it can come from indirect stimulation of the [[Clitoris|clitoral legs]]/[[G-Spot]] or the [[cervix]]. Both men and women can get pleasure from anal sex because the [[anus]] has many [[nerve]] endings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anal Sex Safety: Everything You Need to Know#Orgasm |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/anal-sex-safety#orgasm |website=Healthline |date=10 January 2018 |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Sexual acts]] <!-- interwiki --> o1ktyybxq1y4tusthmfxhevs50czex9 11024163 11024160 2026-10-08T21:48:35Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 /* */ 11024163 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki-analsex.png|thumb|230px|Illustration of anal sex.]] [[File:Wiki-anal missionary.png|thumb|Illustration of gay men having anal sex]] '''Anal sex''' is a [[sexual intercourse|sex act]] performed on the [[anus]]. Anal sex can involve a [[Human penis|penis]] inserted in the anus, [[anilingus|oral stimulation]], of the anus, using [[fingers]] for penetration and using different objects for stimulation.<ref>{{cite web |title=What's anal sex? What are the risks of it? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/blog/whats-anal-sex-what-are-the-risks-of-it |website=Planned Parenthood |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> Anal sex can help the spread of [[sexually transmitted disease]]s. Anal sex without protection of a [[condom]] is considered the riskiest form of sexual activity.<ref name="Hales">{{Cite book |author=Hales |first=Dianne |url=https://archive.org/details/invitationtoheal00hale |title=An Invitation to Health Brief 2010-2011 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0495391920 |pages=269–271 |access-date=August 29, 2013 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Werner">{{cite book |author=Hoeger |first1=Werner W. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aw8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |title=Lifetime Fitness and Wellness: A Personalized Program |last2=Hoeger |first2=Sharon A. |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1133008583 |page=455 |access-date=August 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406131243/https://books.google.com/books?id=0aw8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |archive-date=April 6, 2021}}</ref> Health authorities such as the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) recommend [[safe sex]] practices for anal sex.<ref name="Who">World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323122753/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf |date=March 23, 2014 }}, 2007, {{ISBN|978-92-4-156347-5}}</ref> Watch my nuts bounce as I ride my daddy’s {{text|co}}ck. Many people associate anal sex with [[homosexual]] activity. This is only partly true: Not all gay people practice anal sex. There are also many [[heterosexual]] couples who also engage in anal sex.<ref name="journal2011">{{cite journal |last1=Rosenberger |first1=Joshua G. |last2=Reece |first2=Michael |last3=Schick |first3=Vanessa |last4=Herbenick |first4=Debby |last5=Novak |first5=David S. |last6=van der Poi |first6=Barbara |last7=Fortenberry |first7=J. Dennis |author4-link=Debby Herbenick |title=Sexual Behaviors and Situational Characteristics of Most Recent Male-Partnered Sexual Event among Gay and Bisexually Identified Men in the United States |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |date=24 August 2011 |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=3040–3050 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02438.x |pmid=21883941 }}</ref><ref name="Not all">{{cite web|title=Not all gay men have anal sex|publisher=Go Ask Alice!|date=June 13, 2008|access-date=April 19, 2021|url=https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421052659/https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wellings">{{cite book|author=Kaye Wellings|author2=Kirstin Mitchell|author3=Martine Collumbien|title=Sexual Health: A Public Health Perspective|isbn=978-0335244812|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill International]]|year=2012|page=91|access-date=August 29, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91|archive-date=March 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326183233/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}</ref> Many people have strong views about anal sex. This is especially true for [[religion|religious communities]]. Some counties have laws that punish anal sex. This especially true for countries where religion has an important role in society. == Overview == The anus is a part of the body that is tight and cannot lubricate itself. Because of this, a person should be careful not to damage the walls of this organ if inserting something. [[Lubrication]] is often used which can be oil or water-based and is sold commercially.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anal Sex Safety: Everything You Need to Know#Considerations |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/anal-sex-safety#considerations |website=Healthline |date=10 January 2018 |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> For a man, pleasure can come from the stimulation of the [[prostate]] that is found near the anus. For women, it can come from indirect stimulation of the [[Clitoris|clitoral legs]]/[[G-Spot]] or the [[cervix]]. Both men and women can get pleasure from anal sex because the [[anus]] has many [[nerve]] endings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anal Sex Safety: Everything You Need to Know#Orgasm |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/anal-sex-safety#orgasm |website=Healthline |date=10 January 2018 |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Sexual acts]] <!-- interwiki --> bfkv6e2ofca5tinn08b5b50py6sr20x 11024165 11024163 2026-10-08T21:50:01Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Barbara (WVS). ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024165 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki-analsex.png|thumb|230px|Illustration of anal sex.]] [[File:Wiki-anal missionary.png|thumb|Illustration of gay men having anal sex]] '''Anal sex''' is a [[sexual intercourse|sex act]] performed on the [[anus]]. Anal sex can involve a [[Human penis|penis]] inserted in the anus, [[anilingus|oral stimulation]], of the anus, using [[fingers]] for penetration and using different objects for stimulation.<ref>{{cite web |title=What's anal sex? What are the risks of it? |url=https://www.plannedparenthood.org/blog/whats-anal-sex-what-are-the-risks-of-it |website=Planned Parenthood |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> Anal sex can help the spread of [[sexually transmitted disease]]s. Anal sex without protection of a [[condom]] is considered the riskiest form of sexual activity.<ref name="Hales">{{Cite book |author=Hales |first=Dianne |url=https://archive.org/details/invitationtoheal00hale |title=An Invitation to Health Brief 2010-2011 |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0495391920 |pages=269–271 |access-date=August 29, 2013 |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref name="Werner">{{cite book |author=Hoeger |first1=Werner W. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0aw8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |title=Lifetime Fitness and Wellness: A Personalized Program |last2=Hoeger |first2=Sharon A. |publisher=[[Cengage Learning]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1133008583 |page=455 |access-date=August 28, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406131243/https://books.google.com/books?id=0aw8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA455 |archive-date=April 6, 2021}}</ref> Health authorities such as the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) recommend [[safe sex]] practices for anal sex.<ref name="Who">World Health Organization, Department of Reproductive Health and Research [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf Global strategy for the prevention and control of sexually transmitted infections: 2006–2015. Breaking the chain of transmission] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140323122753/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2007/9789241563475_eng.pdf |date=March 23, 2014 }}, 2007, {{ISBN|978-92-4-156347-5}}</ref> Many people associate anal sex with [[homosexual]] activity. This is only partly true: Not all gay people practice anal sex. There are also many [[heterosexual]] couples who also engage in anal sex.<ref name="journal2011">{{cite journal |last1=Rosenberger |first1=Joshua G. |last2=Reece |first2=Michael |last3=Schick |first3=Vanessa |last4=Herbenick |first4=Debby |last5=Novak |first5=David S. |last6=van der Poi |first6=Barbara |last7=Fortenberry |first7=J. Dennis |author4-link=Debby Herbenick |title=Sexual Behaviors and Situational Characteristics of Most Recent Male-Partnered Sexual Event among Gay and Bisexually Identified Men in the United States |journal=[[The Journal of Sexual Medicine]] |date=24 August 2011 |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=3040–3050 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2011.02438.x |pmid=21883941 }}</ref><ref name="Not all">{{cite web|title=Not all gay men have anal sex|publisher=Go Ask Alice!|date=June 13, 2008|access-date=April 19, 2021|url=https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex|archive-date=April 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421052659/https://goaskalice.columbia.edu/answered-questions/not-all-gay-men-have-anal-sex/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Wellings">{{cite book|author=Kaye Wellings|author2=Kirstin Mitchell|author3=Martine Collumbien|title=Sexual Health: A Public Health Perspective|isbn=978-0335244812|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education|McGraw-Hill International]]|year=2012|page=91|access-date=August 29, 2013|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91|archive-date=March 26, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326183233/http://books.google.com/books?id=ZKveuj7dLd4C&pg=PA91|url-status=live}}</ref> Many people have strong views about anal sex. This is especially true for [[religion|religious communities]]. Some counties have laws that punish anal sex. This especially true for countries where religion has an important role in society. == Overview == The anus is a part of the body that is tight and cannot lubricate itself. Because of this, a person should be careful not to damage the walls of this organ if inserting something. [[Lubrication]] is often used which can be oil or water-based and is sold commercially.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anal Sex Safety: Everything You Need to Know#Considerations |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/anal-sex-safety#considerations |website=Healthline |date=10 January 2018 |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> For a man, pleasure can come from the stimulation of the [[prostate]] that is found near the anus. For women, it can come from indirect stimulation of the [[Clitoris|clitoral legs]]/[[G-Spot]] or the [[cervix]]. Both men and women can get pleasure from anal sex because the [[anus]] has many [[nerve]] endings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anal Sex Safety: Everything You Need to Know#Orgasm |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/anal-sex-safety#orgasm |website=Healthline |date=10 January 2018 |accessdate=30 May 2023}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Sexual acts]] <!-- interwiki --> o1ktyybxq1y4tusthmfxhevs50czex9 0 12643 11024418 10909184 2026-10-09T05:37:25Z Bennett Li11 1753383 Copyedit 11024418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|role of the wives of the U.S. president|others|List of first ladies of the United States}}{{Infobox official post|post=First Lady|body=the United States <!-- DO NOT CHANGE to colorized image, as adding color to a monochrome image constitutes original research. -->|image=File:Melania Trump’s Official White House Portrait (2025) (crop).jpg|incumbent=[[Melania Trump]]|incumbentsince=January 20, 2025|style=Madam First Lady<br>Mrs. Trump|abbreviation=FLOTUS|residence=[[White House]]|inaugural=[[Martha Washington]]|website={{URL2|https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/melania-trump/|whitehouse.gov}}|formation={{start date and age|1789|04|30}}|insignia=File:Firstladyseal.png|insigniacaption=Seal of the First Lady<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of the First Lady |url=https://x.com/FirstLadyOffice |website=Twitter |access-date=18 June 2025}}</ref>}} '''First Lady of the United States''' ('''FLOTUS''') is the title and role held by the hostess of the [[White House]]. This is usually the wife of the [[President of the United States|U.S. president]], during the president's term in office. [[Melania Trump]] is the current first lady of the United States, in role since January 2025 as the wife of President Donald Trump.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Lady Melania Trump|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/melania-trump/|access-date=2025-02-08|website=The White House|language=en-US}}</ref> == First Lady Designate == The first lady-designate is the wife of the [[president-elect of the United States]]. The president-elect was the candidate who won the presidential election, but is awaiting the inauguration to become president. The first-lady designate is also awaiting the inauguration to become the first lady. The term corresponds to the term "incoming first lady", used for those wives of president-elects for the same period between their election and inauguration. Incumbent first ladies whose husbands have won re-election for a second term are not referred to as first-lady designate, as they are already hold the role and are not waiting to become first lady. == Origins and role == The first lady is not elected by the people of the United States. There are no official jobs that she is officially required to perform and she is not paid for being the First Lady. The First lady is often involved in political campaigns and managements of the [[White House]] and participate in social causes. They also represent the president at official and ceremonial occasions and accompany the president on foreign summits and events. == Office of the First Lady == The [[Office of the First Lady of the United States|Office of the First Lady]] helps the first lady carry out her duties as the official hostess of the White House. She is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House. The first lady has her own staff that includes a chief of staff, press secretary, White House Social Secretary, and Chief Floral Designer. The Office of the First Lady is located in the East Wing of the White House. == Causes and initiatives == Since the 1920s, many first ladies have become public speakers, to promote [[List of initiatives by first ladies of the United States|public initiatives]]. A staff supports her agenda. * [[Eleanor Roosevelt]]; [[Women's rights movement|Women's rights]], [[civil rights]], and humanitarian efforts * [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]]; White House restoration and the Arts * [[Lady Bird Johnson]]; Environmental protection and beautification * [[Pat Nixon]]; [[Philanthropy]] * [[Betty Ford]]; [[Women's rights movement|Women's rights]], [[Substance abuse]] * [[Rosalynn Carter]]; Mental health * [[Nancy Reagan]]; [[Just Say No]], drug awareness * [[Barbara Bush]]; Childhood literacy * [[Hillary Clinton]]; Healthcare in the United States * [[Laura Bush]]; Childhood literacy * [[Michelle Obama]]; [[Let's Move!]]; reducing childhood obesity & [[Let Girls Learn]]; increasing education for girls * [[Melania Trump]]; [[Be Best (initiative)|Be Best]]; cyberbullying awareness * [[Jill Biden]]; [[Joining Forces]]; supporting military families and veterans == Fashion influence == Some first ladies have had an influential fashion style such as [[Martha Washington]], [[Abigail Adams]], [[Dolley Madison]], [[Elizabeth Monroe]], [[Mary Todd Lincoln]], [[Edith Roosevelt]], [[Grace Coolidge]], [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], [[Mamie Eisenhower]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Lady Bird Johnson]], [[Pat Nixon]], [[Betty Ford]], [[Nancy Reagan]], [[Barbara Bush]], [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Laura Bush]], [[Michelle Obama]], [[Melania Trump]], and [[Jill Biden]]. ==List of living former first ladies== There are four living former first ladies. {{Gallery|Former United States Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton at the U.S. Department of State on September 26, 2023 in Washington, D.C. 14 (cropped).jpg|[[Hillary Clinton]] <br> 1993–2001 – wife of Bill Clinton|Laura Bush (cropped).jpg|[[Laura Bush]] <br> 2001–2009 – wife of George W. Bush|Michelle Obama (30162191540) (cropped).jpg|[[Michelle Obama]] <br> 2009–2017 – wife of Barack Obama|Jill Biden 2024 (cropped).jpg|[[Jill Biden]] <br> 2021–2025 – wife of Joe Biden|title=|align=center|footer=|style=|state=|mode=packed|height=160|width=|captionstyle=}} == List of first ladies == {{Main article|List of first ladies of the United States}} {{US First Ladies}} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Politics of the United States]] [[Category:First Ladies of the United States| ]] q5ang90quwigmsupyylkf0574nk4wxn 11024420 11024418 2026-10-09T05:38:31Z Bennett Li11 1753383 Copyedit 11024420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|role of the wives of the U.S. president|others|List of first ladies of the United States}}{{Infobox official post|post=First Lady|body=the United States <!-- DO NOT CHANGE to colorized image, as adding color to a monochrome image constitutes original research. -->|image=File:Melania Trump’s Official White House Portrait (2025) (crop).jpg|incumbent=[[Melania Trump]]|incumbentsince=January 20, 2025|style=Madam First Lady<br>Mrs. Trump|abbreviation=FLOTUS|residence=[[White House]]|inaugural=[[Martha Washington]]|website={{URL2|https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/melania-trump/|whitehouse.gov}}|formation={{start date and age|1789|04|30}}|insignia=File:Firstladyseal.png|insigniacaption=Seal of the First Lady<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of the First Lady |url=https://x.com/FirstLadyOffice |website=Twitter |access-date=18 June 2025}}</ref>}} '''First Lady of the United States''' ('''FLOTUS''') is the title and role held by the hostess of the [[White House]]. This is usually the wife of the [[President of the United States|U.S. president]], during the president's term in office. [[Melania Trump]] is the current first lady of the United States, in role since January 2025 as the wife of President Donald Trump.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Lady Melania Trump|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/melania-trump/|access-date=2025-02-08|website=The White House|language=en-US}}</ref> == First Lady Designate == The First Lady-designate is the wife of the [[President-elect of the United States]]. The President-elect was the candidate who won the presidential election, but is awaiting the inauguration to become president. The First-Lady designate is also awaiting the inauguration to become the First Lady. The term corresponds to the term "incoming First lady", used for those wives of president-elects for the same period between their election and inauguration. Incumbent first ladies whose husbands have won re-election for a second term are not referred to as first-lady designate, as they are already hold the role and are not waiting to become first lady. == Origins and role == The first lady is not elected by the people of the United States. There are no official jobs that she is officially required to perform and she is not paid for being the First Lady. The First lady is often involved in political campaigns and managements of the [[White House]] and participate in social causes. They also represent the president at official and ceremonial occasions and accompany the president on foreign summits and events. == Office of the First Lady == The [[Office of the First Lady of the United States|Office of the First Lady]] helps the first lady carry out her duties as the official hostess of the White House. She is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House. The first lady has her own staff that includes a chief of staff, press secretary, White House Social Secretary, and Chief Floral Designer. The Office of the First Lady is located in the East Wing of the White House. == Causes and initiatives == Since the 1920s, many first ladies have become public speakers, to promote [[List of initiatives by first ladies of the United States|public initiatives]]. A staff supports her agenda. * [[Eleanor Roosevelt]]; [[Women's rights movement|Women's rights]], [[civil rights]], and humanitarian efforts * [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]]; White House restoration and the Arts * [[Lady Bird Johnson]]; Environmental protection and beautification * [[Pat Nixon]]; [[Philanthropy]] * [[Betty Ford]]; [[Women's rights movement|Women's rights]], [[Substance abuse]] * [[Rosalynn Carter]]; Mental health * [[Nancy Reagan]]; [[Just Say No]], drug awareness * [[Barbara Bush]]; Childhood literacy * [[Hillary Clinton]]; Healthcare in the United States * [[Laura Bush]]; Childhood literacy * [[Michelle Obama]]; [[Let's Move!]]; reducing childhood obesity & [[Let Girls Learn]]; increasing education for girls * [[Melania Trump]]; [[Be Best (initiative)|Be Best]]; cyberbullying awareness * [[Jill Biden]]; [[Joining Forces]]; supporting military families and veterans == Fashion influence == Some first ladies have had an influential fashion style such as [[Martha Washington]], [[Abigail Adams]], [[Dolley Madison]], [[Elizabeth Monroe]], [[Mary Todd Lincoln]], [[Edith Roosevelt]], [[Grace Coolidge]], [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], [[Mamie Eisenhower]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Lady Bird Johnson]], [[Pat Nixon]], [[Betty Ford]], [[Nancy Reagan]], [[Barbara Bush]], [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Laura Bush]], [[Michelle Obama]], [[Melania Trump]], and [[Jill Biden]]. ==List of living former first ladies== There are four living former first ladies. {{Gallery|Former United States Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton at the U.S. Department of State on September 26, 2023 in Washington, D.C. 14 (cropped).jpg|[[Hillary Clinton]] <br> 1993–2001 – wife of Bill Clinton|Laura Bush (cropped).jpg|[[Laura Bush]] <br> 2001–2009 – wife of George W. Bush|Michelle Obama (30162191540) (cropped).jpg|[[Michelle Obama]] <br> 2009–2017 – wife of Barack Obama|Jill Biden 2024 (cropped).jpg|[[Jill Biden]] <br> 2021–2025 – wife of Joe Biden|title=|align=center|footer=|style=|state=|mode=packed|height=160|width=|captionstyle=}} == List of first ladies == {{Main article|List of first ladies of the United States}} {{US First Ladies}} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Politics of the United States]] [[Category:First Ladies of the United States| ]] 0iwedocvrblwgoxk7590rset7m41e15 11024421 11024420 2026-10-09T05:39:51Z Bennett Li11 1753383 Copyedit 11024421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|role of the wives of the U.S. president|others|List of first ladies of the United States}}{{Infobox official post|post=First Lady|body=the United States <!-- DO NOT CHANGE to colorized image, as adding color to a monochrome image constitutes original research. -->|image=File:Melania Trump’s Official White House Portrait (2025) (crop).jpg|incumbent=[[Melania Trump]]|incumbentsince=January 20, 2025|style=Madam First Lady<br>Mrs. Trump|abbreviation=FLOTUS|residence=[[White House]]|inaugural=[[Martha Washington]]|website={{URL2|https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/melania-trump/|whitehouse.gov}}|formation={{start date and age|1789|04|30}}|insignia=File:Firstladyseal.png|insigniacaption=Seal of the First Lady<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of the First Lady |url=https://x.com/FirstLadyOffice |website=Twitter |access-date=18 June 2025}}</ref>}} '''First Lady of the United States''' ('''FLOTUS''') is the title and role held by the hostess of the [[White House]]. This is usually the wife of the [[President of the United States|U.S. president]], during the president's term in office. [[Melania Trump]] is the current first lady of the United States, in role since January 2025 as the wife of President Donald Trump.<ref>{{Cite web|title=First Lady Melania Trump|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/melania-trump/|access-date=2025-02-08|website=The White House|language=en-US}}</ref> == First Lady Designate == The First Lady-designate is the wife of the [[President-elect of the United States]]. The President-elect was the candidate who won the presidential election, but is awaiting the inauguration to become president. The First-Lady designate is also awaiting the inauguration to become the First Lady. The term corresponds to the term "incoming First Lady", used for those wives of president-elects for the same period between their election and inauguration. Incumbent first ladies whose husbands have won re-election for a second term are not referred to as First-Lady designate, as they are already hold the role and are not waiting to become First Lady. == Origins and role == The First Lady is not elected by the people of the United States. There are no official jobs that she is officially required to perform and she is not paid for being the First Lady. The First Lady is often involved in political campaigns and managements of the [[White House]] and participate in social causes. They also represent the President at official and ceremonial occasions and accompany the president on foreign summits and events. == Office of the First Lady == The [[Office of the First Lady of the United States|Office of the First Lady]] helps the First Lady carry out her duties as the official hostess of the White House. She is also in charge of all social and ceremonial events of the White House. The First Lady has her own staff that includes a chief of staff, press secretary, White House Social Secretary, and Chief Floral Designer. The Office of the First Lady is located in the East Wing of the White House. == Causes and initiatives == Since the 1920s, many first ladies have become public speakers, to promote [[List of initiatives by first ladies of the United States|public initiatives]]. A staff supports her agenda. * [[Eleanor Roosevelt]]; [[Women's rights movement|Women's rights]], [[civil rights]], and humanitarian efforts * [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]]; White House restoration and the Arts * [[Lady Bird Johnson]]; Environmental protection and beautification * [[Pat Nixon]]; [[Philanthropy]] * [[Betty Ford]]; [[Women's rights movement|Women's rights]], [[Substance abuse]] * [[Rosalynn Carter]]; Mental health * [[Nancy Reagan]]; [[Just Say No]], drug awareness * [[Barbara Bush]]; Childhood literacy * [[Hillary Clinton]]; Healthcare in the United States * [[Laura Bush]]; Childhood literacy * [[Michelle Obama]]; [[Let's Move!]]; reducing childhood obesity & [[Let Girls Learn]]; increasing education for girls * [[Melania Trump]]; [[Be Best (initiative)|Be Best]]; cyberbullying awareness * [[Jill Biden]]; [[Joining Forces]]; supporting military families and veterans == Fashion influence == Some first ladies have had an influential fashion style such as [[Martha Washington]], [[Abigail Adams]], [[Dolley Madison]], [[Elizabeth Monroe]], [[Mary Todd Lincoln]], [[Edith Roosevelt]], [[Grace Coolidge]], [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], [[Mamie Eisenhower]], [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Kennedy]], [[Lady Bird Johnson]], [[Pat Nixon]], [[Betty Ford]], [[Nancy Reagan]], [[Barbara Bush]], [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Laura Bush]], [[Michelle Obama]], [[Melania Trump]], and [[Jill Biden]]. ==List of living former first ladies== There are four living former first ladies. {{Gallery|Former United States Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton at the U.S. Department of State on September 26, 2023 in Washington, D.C. 14 (cropped).jpg|[[Hillary Clinton]] <br> 1993–2001 – wife of Bill Clinton|Laura Bush (cropped).jpg|[[Laura Bush]] <br> 2001–2009 – wife of George W. Bush|Michelle Obama (30162191540) (cropped).jpg|[[Michelle Obama]] <br> 2009–2017 – wife of Barack Obama|Jill Biden 2024 (cropped).jpg|[[Jill Biden]] <br> 2021–2025 – wife of Joe Biden|title=|align=center|footer=|style=|state=|mode=packed|height=160|width=|captionstyle=}} == List of first ladies == {{Main article|List of first ladies of the United States}} {{US First Ladies}} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Politics of the United States]] [[Category:First Ladies of the United States| ]] reu8z75q6mqkoa1ln3wh9azk0hvq2p3 0 13163 11024503 10658011 2026-10-09T08:02:38Z ~2026-54470-05 1887439 fix grammar, added the short notation, refer to KiB 11024503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Megabit|Mebibyte}} The '''megabyte''' (symbol: '''MB''' or '''Mo''', also known as the megaoctet) is a unit used when talking about [[hard disk|hard drives]] or [[computer memory]]. One megabyte is 1 million [[byte]]s or 1 thousand [[kilobyte]]s. On December 1998, the [[International Electrotechnical Commission]] (IEC) first defined the '''mebibyte''' (shortened as '''MiB''') as 2²⁰, or 1,048,576 bytes, which also amounts to 1024 [[Kibibyte|kibibytes]] (shortened as '''KiB'''). Casual computer users still often use the megabyte to mean the mebibyte. [[Microsoft Windows]] also still uses the term megabyte in their file explorer when they mean the mebibyte. One thousand megabytes make one [[gigabyte]]. This definition is part of the International System of Quantities. {{Commonscat}} {{-}} {{tech-stub}} [[Category:Units of information]] ri2xf61bouyrtk6t5pi3zgankaeci0z 0 13372 11024147 10277153 2026-10-08T21:40:04Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 11024147 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish|text=[[prostration|prostrate (body position)]]}} {{no sources}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Prostate | Latin = prostata | Greek = προστάτης | Image = Prostatelead.jpg | Caption = | Precursor = [[Endodermic evagination]]s of the [[urethra]], [[urogenital sinus]] | System = [[Male reproductive system]] | Artery = [[Internal pudendal artery]], [[inferior vesical artery]], and [[middle rectal artery]] | Vein = [[Prostatic venous plexus]], [[pudendal plexus (veins)|pudendal plexus]], [[vesical venous plexus|vesical plexus]], [[internal iliac vein]] | Nerve = [[Inferior hypogastric plexus]] | Lymph = [[Internal iliac lymph nodes]] }} The '''prostate''' is a [[gland]] of the [[male]] [[body]] that adds part of the fluid to [[semen]] and acts as the valve between semen and urine. It surrounds the [[urethra]] just below the [[urinary bladder]] and squeezes the [[urinary tract]] shut. The prostate is a valve that is almost always on. It works by squeezing tight around the urinary tract to close the path for [[urine]] to escape into the penile urethra, which is a good thing. The penile urethra has no valve to stop fluids from leaking out, so the prostate has to control the flow of urine and [[semen]]. A healthy [[human]] prostate is slightly larger than a [[walnut]]. The prostate leaks [[semen]], [[Pre-ejaculate|prejaculate]], [[ejaculate]], and [[seminal fluid]] from ducts into the penile urethra for the [[vagina]]. Semen [[wikt:Consists|consists]] of [[sperm]] and seminal fluid. Prejaculate is not urine, but its own [[wikt:Distinct|distinct]] fluid. In the past it probably was called [[phlegm]] (one of the four [[humors]]). Females do not have prostates. They have a version of the prostate which does the same thing (the homologous version of a prostate) called the [[clitoris]]. The [[Skene's gland]] (women reproductive system) also secretes mucus. Daddy milks my prostate when puts his fingers in my butt. == Conditions == Prostate issues can cause urinary [[wikt:incontinence|incontinence]] and impotence (not being able to ejaculate, or sometimes get an [[erection]], and lower sex drive). It might cause testosterone levels to decrease, which affects the reproductive system. In addition to impotence it may cause apathy.{{Verify source|date=May 2025}} Conditions are sometimes common. Age-related conditions involving the prostate occur with age naturally including smaller prostate size. This includes cancer and it is important for all men{{Verify source|date=May 2025}} to have their prostate checked at a certain age. Conditions caused by having the prostate shrink involve the common urinary problems. Prostate issues can happen with [[surgery]] including the positive outcomes. These problems are caused by completely removing the prostate, which is sometimes medically required. ==Cancer== {{main|Cancer}} Prostate [[cancer]] is one of the most common cancers affecting elderly men in developed (also known as [[first world]]) countries and a major cause of [[death]]. Regular rectal exams are recommended for older men to detect prostate cancer early. [[Prostate cyst]] is very common in men. With age, the risk increases significantly. This means that they are more likely to develop the disease as they get older. A cyst is a kind of [[cavity]] formed from the [[tissue]] of the prostate itself. These cysts may [[wikt:accumulate|accumulate]] to where they become very full.{{better source}} ==G-spot== {{main|Anatomy}} The prostate is often referred to as the male [[G-spot]], which is a spot inside the female vagina that causes intense pleasure when it is stimulated. The prostate can be massaged by using a finger or during anal sex. Some males are able to [[orgasm]] with prostate stimulation alone. == Related pages == * [[G-spot]] * [[Orgasm]] == Other websites == * [http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/?article=19Rv University of California, Santa Barbara's SexInfo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226174922/http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/?article=19Rv |date=2007-02-26 }} This article includes general information on the prostate, related medical conditions, and information on stimulating the prostate for sexual pleasure. {{-}} {{commons cat}} {{commons cat |male reproductive system}} {{commons cat |human reproductive system}} {{reproductive system}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Anatomy of the male reproductive system]] [[Category:Glands]] gomocec73yal9oggljtl3bjfblfu37l 11024151 11024147 2026-10-08T21:41:16Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Davey2010. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish|text=[[prostration|prostrate (body position)]]}} {{no sources}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Prostate | Latin = prostata | Greek = προστάτης | Image = Prostatelead.jpg | Caption = | Precursor = [[Endodermic evagination]]s of the [[urethra]], [[urogenital sinus]] | System = [[Male reproductive system]] | Artery = [[Internal pudendal artery]], [[inferior vesical artery]], and [[middle rectal artery]] | Vein = [[Prostatic venous plexus]], [[pudendal plexus (veins)|pudendal plexus]], [[vesical venous plexus|vesical plexus]], [[internal iliac vein]] | Nerve = [[Inferior hypogastric plexus]] | Lymph = [[Internal iliac lymph nodes]] }} The '''prostate''' is a [[gland]] of the [[male]] [[body]] that adds part of the fluid to [[semen]] and acts as the valve between semen and urine. It surrounds the [[urethra]] just below the [[urinary bladder]] and squeezes the [[urinary tract]] shut. The prostate is a valve that is almost always on. It works by squeezing tight around the urinary tract to close the path for [[urine]] to escape into the penile urethra, which is a good thing. The penile urethra has no valve to stop fluids from leaking out, so the prostate has to control the flow of urine and [[semen]]. A healthy [[human]] prostate is slightly larger than a [[walnut]]. The prostate leaks [[semen]], [[Pre-ejaculate|prejaculate]], [[ejaculate]], and [[seminal fluid]] from ducts into the penile urethra for the [[vagina]]. Semen [[wikt:Consists|consists]] of [[sperm]] and seminal fluid. Prejaculate is not urine, but its own [[wikt:Distinct|distinct]] fluid. In the past it probably was called [[phlegm]] (one of the four [[humors]]). Females do not have prostates. They have a version of the prostate which does the same thing (the homologous version of a prostate) called the [[clitoris]]. The [[Skene's gland]] (women reproductive system) also secretes mucus. == Conditions == Prostate issues can cause urinary [[wikt:incontinence|incontinence]] and impotence (not being able to ejaculate, or sometimes get an [[erection]], and lower sex drive). It might cause testosterone levels to decrease, which affects the reproductive system. In addition to impotence it may cause apathy.{{Verify source|date=May 2025}} Conditions are sometimes common. Age-related conditions involving the prostate occur with age naturally including smaller prostate size. This includes cancer and it is important for all men{{Verify source|date=May 2025}} to have their prostate checked at a certain age. Conditions caused by having the prostate shrink involve the common urinary problems. Prostate issues can happen with [[surgery]] including the positive outcomes. These problems are caused by completely removing the prostate, which is sometimes medically required. ==Cancer== {{main|Cancer}} Prostate [[cancer]] is one of the most common cancers affecting elderly men in developed (also known as [[first world]]) countries and a major cause of [[death]]. Regular rectal exams are recommended for older men to detect prostate cancer early. [[Prostate cyst]] is very common in men. With age, the risk increases significantly. This means that they are more likely to develop the disease as they get older. A cyst is a kind of [[cavity]] formed from the [[tissue]] of the prostate itself. These cysts may [[wikt:accumulate|accumulate]] to where they become very full.{{better source}} ==G-spot== {{main|Anatomy}} The prostate is often referred to as the male [[G-spot]], which is a spot inside the female vagina that causes intense pleasure when it is stimulated. The prostate can be massaged by using a finger or during anal sex. Some males are able to [[orgasm]] with prostate stimulation alone. == Related pages == * [[G-spot]] * [[Orgasm]] == Other websites == * [http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/?article=19Rv University of California, Santa Barbara's SexInfo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226174922/http://www.soc.ucsb.edu/sexinfo/?article=19Rv |date=2007-02-26 }} This article includes general information on the prostate, related medical conditions, and information on stimulating the prostate for sexual pleasure. {{-}} {{commons cat}} {{commons cat |male reproductive system}} {{commons cat |human reproductive system}} {{reproductive system}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Anatomy of the male reproductive system]] [[Category:Glands]] surep919gc0ldv3dxfr7j7lzlq726g1 0 13940 11024123 10897406 2026-10-08T21:18:04Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 /* */ 11024123 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Semen1.jpg|thumb|Some semen on a piece of glass. Semen is a sticky white or yellowish [[fluid]] that contains [[sperm]]. (Yum)]] '''Semen''' ({{respelled|p=on|<small>SEE</small>-men or <small>SEE</small>-mən}}) is the [[fluid]] that comes out from the [[urethra]], at the end of a man's [[penis]] when he has an [[orgasm]] (the height of sexual excitement) and [[ejaculation|ejaculates]]. It is usually a white or yellowish, sticky substance made up of [[sperm]] (male [[cell]]s for [[sexual reproduction]]) floating in a fluid called seminal plasma that has water and different [[chemical]]s in it. Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1.5 and 5 [[litre#SI prefixes applied to the litre|millilitres]] (up to one [[teaspoon]]ful) of semen. Many [[culture]]s around the world once thought or still think that semen has special or even [[magic]]al qualities. Showing semen in forms of [[popular culture]] such as [[art]] and [[movie]]s has for a long time been [[taboo]], that is, not generally accepted by [[society]]. However, since the late 20th century, artists and moviemakers have done so more often. == Words == The [[English language|English]] word ''semen'' comes from the [[Latin]] word ''sēmen'', which means "[[seed]]".<ref name=OED>{{cite web |title=semen |url= http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50219367|work=[[w:Oxford English Dictionary|OED Online]]|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref> In fact, ''seed'' was an old-fashioned name for semen.<ref>{{cite web |title=seed, ''n.'' |url= http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50218302|work=[[w:Oxford English Dictionary|OED Online]] |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=1989 |accessdate= 2008-06-16}}</ref> The Latin word ''sēmen'' itself came from another Latin word, ''serěre'', which means "to plant (a [[plant]] into the ground) or to sow (seeds in the earth)".<ref name=OED/> It was once thought that semen was like a seed that grew into a baby after being "planted" inside a woman's body. Another name for semen is ''ejaculate''. Some [[slang]] words for semen are ''cream'', ''cum'', ''jism'', ''jizz'', ''jazz'' ''load'', ''spooge'', ''spunk'', ''nut'', or ''wad''.{{or|date=August 2017}} == The way it looks and its nature == Semen is the [[fluid]] that comes out from the end of a man's [[penis]] when he has an [[orgasm]] (the height of sexual excitement) and [[ejaculation|ejaculates]]. It is usually white, but may also be slightly grey or yellow.<ref name=NetDoctor>{{cite web |author= John Dean |title= Semen and sperm quality |url= http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/menshealth/facts/semenandsperm.htm |work= NetDoctor.co.uk |date= 4 October 2005 |accessdate= 2008-06-16 |archive-date= 2000-11-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20001110112200/http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/menshealth/facts/semenandsperm.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> If there is [[blood]] in the semen, it can look pink or reddish. This is a condition called hematospermia, and may be because of some blockage, [[inflammation]], [[infection]] or injury to some part of the male [[sex organ]]s, such as the [[urethra]], [[epididymis]], [[prostate]] or [[testicle]]s. A doctor should be seen if the pink or reddish colour does not go away after a few days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Blood in semen|url=http://www.healthcentral.com/prostate/question-answer-27466-63.html|work=ProstateCommons.com|year=2006|accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref> Men ejaculate different amounts of semen. Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1.5 and 5 [[litre#SI prefixes applied to the litre|millilitres]] (up to one [[teaspoon]]ful) of semen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Swimming toward conception: The semen analysis|url=http://www.theafa.org/library/article/swimming_toward_conception_the_semen_analysis|publisher=American Fertility Association|accessdate=2008-06-13|archive-date=2008-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820182908/http://www.theafa.org/library/article/swimming_toward_conception_the_semen_analysis/|url-status=dead}}</ref> More semen usually comes out if a man has not ejaculated for many days, or if he has been stimulated (made sexually excited) for a long time. Older men make less semen. If a man ejaculates an unusually small amount of semen, this is a medical condition called [[hypospermia]]. After a man has ejaculated, semen first becomes slightly thick and sticky, and may feel a bit like [[jelly]] and clump together in globs. Scientists think that semen does this so that if the man has had sex with a woman and has ejaculated inside her [[vagina]], the semen stays in her vagina for longer and does not leak out. Between five and 40&nbsp;minutes after this, semen becomes more [[liquid]] and watery. This probably allows the [[sperm]] in the semen to move through the vagina and into the woman's [[uterus]] and [[Fallopian tube]]s to try and [[fertilization|fertilize]] an [[ovum]] (egg cell). If semen is ejaculated outside the body, after becoming watery it eventually dries up.<ref name=NetDoctor/> === What it is made up of === Semen is made up of sperm (male [[cell]]s for [[sexual reproduction]]) floating in a fluid called seminal plasma. Sperm, also called spermatozoa, are made by a man's [[testicle]]s and mature (grow up) in the [[epididymis]]. The fluids in seminal plasma come from different [[gland]]s in the man's body: the [[seminal vesicle]]s, [[prostate]] and [[bulbourethral gland]]s (also called the Cowper's glands). (Glands are special [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]] in the body that make [[chemical]]s.) The table below shows the substances that make up semen and the glands that produce them:<ref name=NetDoctor/> {| class=wikitable |- !Glands !! Rough amount !! Substances |- |[[Testicle]]s and [[epididymis]] || align=center|5% || * [[Sperm]] – in each ejaculation, there are between 40 million and 600 [[million]] sperm. |- |[[Seminal vesicle]]s || align=center|40–60% || * Amino acids and [[fructose]] (a kind of [[sugar]]), – these provide food for the sperm. * Prostaglandins – these help to stop the woman's [[immunology|immune system]] from rejecting the sperm. * Other substances such as [[citric acid]], [[enzyme]]s, flavins, phosphorylcholine, [[protein]]s and [[vitamin C]]. |- |[[Prostate]] || align=center|13–33% || * [[Zinc]] – this stops the parts of the sperm containing [[DNA]] from breaking up. If a man does not have enough zinc in his food, he will have lower [[fertility]] and be less able to make a woman [[pregnancy|pregnant]] as his body will not be able to make sperm well, and the sperm will be weaker. * Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) – this is an [[enzyme]] (a chemical that speeds up [[chemical reaction]]s) which causes the semen to become watery so sperm can move easily inside a woman's body. * Other substances such as acid phosphatase, [[citric acid]], fibrinolysin, and proteolytic enzymes. |- |[[Bulbourethral gland|Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands]] || align=center|5% || * Mucus – this is a slippery fluid that gives semen its jelly-like texture. It helps sperm to move through the man's urethra and inside the woman's vagina and [[cervix]], and also stops them from spreading out too much from the semen when it is inside the woman's body. * Other substances such as galactose (another kind of sugar), pre-ejaculate and sialic acid. |} Seminal plasma protects and provides food for sperm as they travel inside a woman's body. The inside of a woman's vagina does not suit sperm cells as it is [[acid]]ic. To protect the sperm from the acid, seminal plasma is [[alkali]]ne. A woman's immune system also tries to kill [[organism]]s (living things) that are not part of her body. Seminal plasma has chemicals called prostaglandins in it to stop the woman's body from killing the sperm. Semen that does not have any [[Pathogen|germs]] in it (see [[#Passing on disease|below]]) is not harmful if it is swallowed. That is common when a person has [[oral sex]] with a man and the man ejaculates in that person's mouth. Some partners are happy to swallow semen. Others prefer not to. Semen usually has a slight smell of chlorine and ammonia. Some people say semen tastes sweeter if the man eats a lot of fruit. Scientists have not proved this. Smoking, or drinking coffee, tea or colas that contain caffeine can create a bitter flavor.<ref>{{cite web |title=We asked these sex questions so you don't have to: Experts sound in on classic sex queries |url=https://www.cbc.ca/life/wellness/we-asked-these-sex-questions-so-you-don-t-have-to-1.5113375 |publisher=CBC/Radio-Canada |accessdate=2 July 2023}}</ref> Semen is slimy when wet. Eventually, it dries in the air and hardens like glue. Although semen is not poisonous, it is very bad if it gets in an eye. The [[enzymes]] semen contains to penetrate the egg in a female will also attack the eye. Be careful not to ejaculate into your eye or your partner's eye. If it happens, wash the eye well with warm water. If people get semen on their fingers during sexual foreplay, they should wash their hands with soap or detergent and warm or hot water before touching a female's sex organs. Hand sanitizer also kills sperm<ref>{{cite web |title=Hand Sanitizer Can Kill Sperm But Don't Use It as Spermicide |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/does-hand-sanitizer-kill-sperm |website=Healthline |accessdate=2 July 2023 |language=en |date=6 July 2020}}</ref> but should be rinsed off the hands before touching sensitive skin areas. Sperm in a swimming pool will be killed quickly by the chlorine or other chemicals in the water. === Semen quality === [[File:Sperm-20051108.jpg|thumb|A photograph of human sperm. Sperm are not really red and green in colour; the colours were added to the photograph to make the sperm stand out more clearly.]] ''Semen quality'' refers to how well the sperm in a man's semen can fertilize a woman's ova. The better a man's semen quality is, the better chances he has to make a woman pregnant. A 1992 [[World Health Organization]] book said that an ejaculation of normal human semen has:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBW1LBr-gpUC&dq=Laboratory+Manual+for+the+Examination+of+Human+Semen+and+Semen%E2%80%93Cervical+Mucus+Interaction&pg=PP1|title=WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction|last=Organisation|first=World Health|date=1999-05-13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64599-7|language=en}}</ref> * a [[volume]] of 2 millilitres or more; * a [[pH]] of 7.2 to 8.0, which means that it is [[alkali]]ne; * 40 [[million]] or more sperm (20 million sperm in each millilitre of semen); * 50% or more of the sperm alive; and * 50% or more of the sperm able to move, or 25% or more of the sperm able to move forwards quickly within 60&nbsp;minutes from the time of ejaculation. The number of sperm in an ejaculation of semen depends on many things. There may be more sperm if: * the man is younger, * his body produces more of the [[hormone]] [[testosterone]], which makes a person look and feel like a man, * his testicles are not too warm, * he produces more semen, * he has not ejaculated for some time, and * he has been stimulated for a longer time before ejaculation. If there are an unusually low number of sperm in an ejaculation, this is called oligospermia. If there are no sperm at all, this is called azoospermia. A man with oligospermia or azoospermia is usually [[infertility|infertile]], and cannot or finds it very hard to make a woman pregnant by having sex with her. == Health == === Benefits === [[File:SemenInCondom.jpg|thumb|160px|Semen ejaculated by a man inside a [[condom]]. The end of a condom has a small pouch called a reservoir, which is a space for the semen. Wearing a condom helps to stop the spread of [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infections]].]] If the semen does not have infections, it is okay to swallow semen. A woman cannot get pregnant from swallowing semen in her mouth. It is okay if a man swallows his own semen. Studies seem to say that semen is an [[anti-depressant]]. This means that it causes women not to feel [[major depressive disorder|depressed]] or sad. The studies found that when men had sex with women without using [[condom]]s, and the men's semen was taken into the women's [[vagina]]s, the women had better moods and felt happier. Scientists do not yet know if the same thing happens when semen is swallowed after [[oral sex]], but some of them think it may.<ref>{{cite web |author=Raj Persaud |title= Semen acts as an anti-depressant |url= https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2457-semen-acts-as-an-antidepressant.html |work=New Scientist |date= 26 June 2002 |accessdate=2008-07-07}}</ref> === Risks === ==== Passing on disease ==== If a man has a [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infection]] or STI (an [[infection]] that is passed from one person to another by sex), the germs that cause the disease can appear in his semen. If the person that the man has sex with touches the semen, he or she can become [[infection|infected]] by the germs and pick up the disease. [[HIV]], chlamydia, [[gonorrhea]], [[hepatitis|hepatitis B]], [[herpes simplex|herpes]] and [[syphillis]] are examples of STIs. [[Human papillomavirus]] (HPV), which is very common and has many types, can increase the risk of [[throat cancer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oral sex and throat cancer: Links, facts, and research |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/261453 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |accessdate=2 July 2023 |language=en |date=7 February 2018}}</ref> Vaccinating young people (both girls and boys) before the age when they might try oral sex can reduce their risk of contracting HPV. The United States [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] says the HPV [[vaccine]] should be given at age 11 or 12 years but says that HPV vaccination can be started at age 9.<ref>{{cite web |title=HPV Vaccination Recommendations {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html |website=www.cdc.gov |accessdate=2 July 2023 |language=en-us |date=22 May 2023}}</ref> One of the ways for a man to lower the chance of passing on an STI to his sexual partner is to wear a [[condom]] on his penis when having sex. While it is very common for people to use a condom when having sexual intercourse (vaginal or [[anal sex]],) very few people use a condom when having oral sex. Getting semen in your mouth can be bad if the penis or semen has infections, especially you have a cut or sore in your mouth. If semen gets in the eye, the eye will hurt. Wash the eye with warm water. Wash the eye for a few minutes. Some doctors say to get tested for [[Sexually transmitted infection|infections]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Moore |first1=Lane |title=Don't Panic: Here's What to Do if You Get Semen in Your Eye|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/news/a48402/dont-panic-heres-what-to-do-if-you-get-semen-in-your-eye/|website=cosmopolitan.com|date=28 October 2015 |publisher=Cosmopolitan (magazine)|accessdate=18 March 2017}}</ref> ==== Making the immune system weaker ==== Some scientists think that parts of semen, such as sperm and seminal plasma, can make another person's [[immunology|immune system]] weaker.{{Verify source}} [[Experiment]]s show that when substances in a man's semen enter another person's body, that person's body makes [[antibody|antibodies]]. Antibodies are large Y-shaped [[protein]]s used by the body's immune system to stop foreign objects from harming the body. However, the antibodies made in response to substances in semen attack one of the body's own [[cell]]s, called [[lymphocyte|T lymphocytes]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=S. Mathur |author2=J.M. Goust, H.O. Williamson and H.H. Fudenberg |title= Cross-reactivity of Sperm and T Lymphocyte Antigens|journal=American Journal of Reproductive Immunology |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=113–118 |year=1981|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0897.1981.tb00142.x |pmid=6175235 |s2cid=28306999 }}</ref> This weakens the body's immune system. ==== Allergy ==== In a very small number of cases, people have experienced [[allergy|allergic reactions]] when they touched semen. This is called human seminal plasma hypersensitivity. The [[symptom]]s (signs of the medical problem) can either be near the part of the body which touched the semen, or all over the body. They may include [[itch]]ing of the vagina, redness, swelling or blisters within 30&nbsp;minutes of contact. They may also include [[Pruritus|itching]] and hives (large, red, itchy patches) all over the body, and even [[Problem breathing|difficulty breathing]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=G. Guillet |author2= G. Dagregorio, M.H. Guillet |title=&#91;Vulvar Contact Dermatitis due to Seminal Allergy: 3 Cases&#93;|journal=Ann. Dermatol. Venereol.|year=2005|volume=132|issue=2|pages=123–125|doi= 10.1016/s0151-9638(05)79221-8 |pmid= 15798560 }} (In [[French language|French]].)</ref> The best way to test for human seminal plasma hypersensitivity is for a man to use a condom when having sex. When a condom is used, after ejaculation the man's semen stays inside the condom and does not touch the body of the person he is having sex with. If the man's sexual partner usually has allergic symptoms to semen but does not have any when a condom is used, this may show that his partner's body is extra-sensitive to semen. A person can often get over a mild semen allergy by coming into contact with semen often.<ref>{{cite journal |author=S. Weidinger |author2=J. Ring, F.M. Köhn |title= IgE-mediated Allergy against Human Seminal Plasma |journal= Chem. Immunol. Allergy |series=Chemical Immunology and Allergy, 2005 |year=2005 |volume=88 |pages=128–138|doi=10.1159/000087830 |pmid=16129942 |isbn=3-8055-7951-9 }}</ref> If the allergic reaction is very bad, the person should see a doctor, especially if she is a woman trying to get pregnant. In such cases, it may be necessary for the woman to have a baby through [[artificial insemination]]. This is a medical way of fertilizing a woman's ova using a man's sperm without the man and the woman having [[sexual intercourse]]. == Culture == [[File:Orchis lactea rhizotubers.jpg|thumb|200px|An [[Orchidaceae|orchid]] plant (''Orchis lactea'') with two underground tubers. In [[Ancient Rome]] it was thought that these special [[root]]s looked like [[testicle]]s. The [[Euro|€]]1 [[coin]] in front shows that this plant is quite small.]] [[File:Statue of a Satyr.jpg|thumb|200px|A statue of a satyr in the Athens Archaeological Museum]] Many [[culture]]s around the world once thought or still think that semen has special or even [[magic]]al qualities. Some examples are set out below: <!--Please arrange alphabetically by country.--> * '''Ancient Greece'''. In [[Ancient Greece]], the [[philosophy|philosopher]] [[Aristotle]] thought that if men started to take part in sexual activity when they were too young, this would cause their bodies to stop growing normally. This was because food that would otherwise make the body grow would instead be used to make semen. However, this would not happen if the body was already fully grown.<ref>{{cite book |author= Aristotle |authorlink= Aristotle |author2= Richard Kraut (transl.) |title=Politics: Books VII and VIII |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TxCYKEtShewC&q=semen&pg=PA152 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1997 |pages=152–153 |isbn=0198751133 }}</ref> * '''Ancient Rome'''. The [[Orchidaceae|orchid]] is a type of [[plant]] with [[flower]]s. Some orchids have underground tubers, which are swollen [[root]]s used by plants for storing food. The word ''orchid'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''όρχις'' (''orchis'') meaning "testicle". [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]] thought that the tubers of the orchid looked like [[testicle]]s, and believed the plant grew from the semen of satyrs that had fallen on the ground.<ref name=Walker>{{cite book|author=Barbara G. Walker|title=The Woman's Dictionary of Symbols and Sacred Objects|url=https://archive.org/details/womansdictionary00walk_0|location=San Francisco, Calif.|publisher=HarperSanFrancisco|year=1988|pages=576|isbn=0-06-250923-3}}</ref> A satyr was thought to be a creature with the upper body of a man and the lower body of a [[Domestic goat|goat]], and goat's horns on its head. Satyrs were said to love drinking [[wine]] and having sex. * '''China'''. In [[Ancient China]], it was believed that the precious stone [[jade]] was the dried semen of a [[dragon]] that lived in the sky.<ref name=Walker/> Today, in [[custom|traditional]] Chinese medicine and in ''qìgōng'' (Chinese [[exercise]]s that work with ''qì'' or "[[energy]]" in the body), it is believed that a man's body contains sexual energy called ''jīng'' (written 精 in the [[Chinese language]]), and that he should try to make more of it and save it.<ref>{{cite web|author=Gary J. Clyman|title=Sexual Kung Fu &#91;ch. 8&#93;|url=http://www.chikung.com/chapter8.html|work=The Chi Kung Bible: Mastering Personal Power|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2009-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208092725/http://www.chikung.com/chapter8.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is said that ''jīng'' moves into a man's [[sex organ]]s when he is sexually excited, and when he ejaculates semen the energy leaves his body, which is not good for him. * '''Indonesia'''. In the traditions of [[Bali]] in [[Indonesia]], when a man ejaculates semen into a woman's body, he is considered to be repaying his mother's kindness in giving him [[breast]] milk when he was a baby.<ref>{{cite book|author=Laura J. Bellows|title=Personhood, Procreative Fluids, and Power: Re-thinking Hierarchy in Bali &#91;Working Paper No. 9&#93;|url=http://rspas.anu.edu.au/grc/publications/pdfs/BellowsL_2003.pdf|location=Canberra|publisher=Gender Relations Centre, RSPAS, Australian National University|year=2003|id=(online)|access-date=2008-07-08|archive-date=2006-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222172830/http://rspas.anu.edu.au/grc/publications/pdfs/BellowsL_2003.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''Near Middle East'''. In [[Bible|Biblical]] times, the early [[Jew]]s believed that when a man ejaculated semen this made him [[ritual]]ly unclean until evening. Any object that semen touched also became unclean, and if the man had sex with a woman she became unclean until evening.<ref>[[Bible|The Bible]], [[Leviticus]] 15:16–18.</ref> People who practise certain types of [[Judaism]] still have this belief today. * '''Papua New Guinea'''. Among the Etoro people of [[Papua New Guinea]] it is believed that to become sexually mature men, young boys must perform oral sex on older men and swallow their semen.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Gilbert H. Herdt |title=Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia|location=Berkeley, Calif.|publisher=University of California Press|year=1984|isbn=0-520-08096-3}}</ref> === Popular culture === Displaying semen in forms of [[popular culture]] such as [[art]] and [[movie]]s has for a long time been [[taboo]], that is, not generally accepted by [[society]]. However, since the late 20th century artists and moviemakers have done so more often. ==== Visual arts ==== The American [[photographer]] Andres Serrano sometimes takes [[photography|photographs]] of body fluids and displays them as artworks. One example is ''Blood and Semen II'' (1990), which is a picture of blood and semen mixed together. Some people are shocked by such pictures and think it is wrong of him to make them, while others think that as an artist he is free to create such works.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Andrew Moscrop|title=Andres Serrano, Barbican Art Gallery, London. Until 23 December 2001|url=http://www.studentbmj.com/issues/01/12/reviews/481.php|journal=StudentBMJ|date=December 2001|volume=9|pages=443–486|access-date=8 July 2008|archive-date=9 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109194520/http://www.studentbmj.com/issues/01/12/reviews/481.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another of Serrano's pictures, ''Blood and Semen III'', was featured on the cover of the 1996 music [[album (music)|album]] ''Load'' by the American [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] [[band]] [[Metallica]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A–Z of Metallica terms and names|url=http://www.metallicaworld.co.uk/a-z.htm|work=Metallicaworld|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2008-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707205652/http://www.metallicaworld.co.uk/a-z.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[United Kingdom]]-based artists Gilbert Proesch and George Passmore, better known as Gilbert and George, have also used semen and other body fluids to create artworks.<ref>{{cite news |author=Germaine Greer |title=There is only one way Gilbert and George can complete the work – by dying, in unison |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/visualart/story/0,,2021470,00.html |work=The Guardian |date=26 February 2007 }} {{cite web |title= Gilbert and George |url= http://www.artandculture.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/artist?id=897 |work= ArtandCulture.com |accessdate= 2008-07-08 |archive-date= 2006-03-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060327041556/http://www.artandculture.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/artist?id=897 |url-status= dead }}</ref> ==== Movies ==== Apart from [[pornography|pornographic movies]] showing people having sex, semen is usually not shown in movies as many people think that doing so is obscene (not decent). However, some movies that have shown semen are the American [[comedy]] movies ''There's Something about Mary'' (1998),<ref>{{cite magazine|title=There's Something about Mary|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947951/review/5947952/theres_something_about_mary|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=8 December 2000|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2008-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081130010953/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947951/review/5947952/theres_something_about_mary|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''American Pie'' (1999),<ref>{{cite web|title=American Pie|url=http://www.pluggedinonline.com/movies/movies/a0000453.cfm|work=Plugged In Online|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2008-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514100354/http://www.pluggedinonline.com/movies/movies/a0000453.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Scary Movie'' (2000)<ref>{{cite web|author=Beth Pratt|title=Scary Movie|url=http://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/Scary-Movie.html|work=CommonSenseMedia|accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref> and ''Scary Movie 2'' (2001).<ref>{{cite web|author=Dutin Putman|title=Scary Movie 2 (2001) |url=http://www.themovieboy.com/reviews/s/01_scarymovie2.htm|work=TheMovieBoy.com|date= 4 July 2001 |accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref> In the [[Spain|Spanish]] movie ''Y tu mamá también'' (''And Your Mother Too'', 2001), there is a scene where two [[high school|high-school]] boys who are friends lie on [[diving]] boards over a swimming pool and [[masturbation|masturbate]] (make themselves sexually excited). Semen is later shown floating on the water.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aaron Beltz|title=Beavis y Butthead|url=http://metaphilm.com/philms/ytumamatambien.html|work=Metaphilm|year=2002–2003|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2008-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714022920/http://www.metaphilm.com/philms/ytumamatambien.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Such movies are usually not thought to be suitable for children to watch. == References == {{reflist|2}} {{commons cat}} {{commons cat |Male reproductive system}} {{commons cat |Human reproductive system}} {{-}} {{Reproductive system}} [[Category:Male reproductive system]] [[Category:Biological reproduction]] [[Category:Masturbation]] [[Category:Orgasm]] kbmagzdzcyhwkbgy564kv76k3iiwcxv 11024126 11024123 2026-10-08T21:19:40Z Fehufanga 863768 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) to last version by Maruko-chan 2026 10897406 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Semen1.jpg|thumb|Some semen on a piece of glass. Semen is a sticky white or yellowish [[fluid]] that contains [[sperm]].]] '''Semen''' ({{respelled|p=on|<small>SEE</small>-men or <small>SEE</small>-mən}}) is the [[fluid]] that comes out from the [[urethra]], at the end of a man's [[penis]] when he has an [[orgasm]] (the height of sexual excitement) and [[ejaculation|ejaculates]]. It is usually a white or yellowish, sticky substance made up of [[sperm]] (male [[cell]]s for [[sexual reproduction]]) floating in a fluid called seminal plasma that has water and different [[chemical]]s in it. Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1.5 and 5 [[litre#SI prefixes applied to the litre|millilitres]] (up to one [[teaspoon]]ful) of semen. Many [[culture]]s around the world once thought or still think that semen has special or even [[magic]]al qualities. Showing semen in forms of [[popular culture]] such as [[art]] and [[movie]]s has for a long time been [[taboo]], that is, not generally accepted by [[society]]. However, since the late 20th century, artists and moviemakers have done so more often. == Words == The [[English language|English]] word ''semen'' comes from the [[Latin]] word ''sēmen'', which means "[[seed]]".<ref name=OED>{{cite web |title=semen |url= http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50219367|work=[[w:Oxford English Dictionary|OED Online]]|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref> In fact, ''seed'' was an old-fashioned name for semen.<ref>{{cite web |title=seed, ''n.'' |url= http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50218302|work=[[w:Oxford English Dictionary|OED Online]] |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=1989 |accessdate= 2008-06-16}}</ref> The Latin word ''sēmen'' itself came from another Latin word, ''serěre'', which means "to plant (a [[plant]] into the ground) or to sow (seeds in the earth)".<ref name=OED/> It was once thought that semen was like a seed that grew into a baby after being "planted" inside a woman's body. Another name for semen is ''ejaculate''. Some [[slang]] words for semen are ''cream'', ''cum'', ''jism'', ''jizz'', ''jazz'' ''load'', ''spooge'', ''spunk'', ''nut'', or ''wad''.{{or|date=August 2017}} == The way it looks and its nature == Semen is the [[fluid]] that comes out from the end of a man's [[penis]] when he has an [[orgasm]] (the height of sexual excitement) and [[ejaculation|ejaculates]]. It is usually white, but may also be slightly grey or yellow.<ref name=NetDoctor>{{cite web |author= John Dean |title= Semen and sperm quality |url= http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/menshealth/facts/semenandsperm.htm |work= NetDoctor.co.uk |date= 4 October 2005 |accessdate= 2008-06-16 |archive-date= 2000-11-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20001110112200/http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/menshealth/facts/semenandsperm.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> If there is [[blood]] in the semen, it can look pink or reddish. This is a condition called hematospermia, and may be because of some blockage, [[inflammation]], [[infection]] or injury to some part of the male [[sex organ]]s, such as the [[urethra]], [[epididymis]], [[prostate]] or [[testicle]]s. A doctor should be seen if the pink or reddish colour does not go away after a few days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Blood in semen|url=http://www.healthcentral.com/prostate/question-answer-27466-63.html|work=ProstateCommons.com|year=2006|accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref> Men ejaculate different amounts of semen. Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1.5 and 5 [[litre#SI prefixes applied to the litre|millilitres]] (up to one [[teaspoon]]ful) of semen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Swimming toward conception: The semen analysis|url=http://www.theafa.org/library/article/swimming_toward_conception_the_semen_analysis|publisher=American Fertility Association|accessdate=2008-06-13|archive-date=2008-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820182908/http://www.theafa.org/library/article/swimming_toward_conception_the_semen_analysis/|url-status=dead}}</ref> More semen usually comes out if a man has not ejaculated for many days, or if he has been stimulated (made sexually excited) for a long time. Older men make less semen. If a man ejaculates an unusually small amount of semen, this is a medical condition called [[hypospermia]]. After a man has ejaculated, semen first becomes slightly thick and sticky, and may feel a bit like [[jelly]] and clump together in globs. Scientists think that semen does this so that if the man has had sex with a woman and has ejaculated inside her [[vagina]], the semen stays in her vagina for longer and does not leak out. Between five and 40&nbsp;minutes after this, semen becomes more [[liquid]] and watery. This probably allows the [[sperm]] in the semen to move through the vagina and into the woman's [[uterus]] and [[Fallopian tube]]s to try and [[fertilization|fertilize]] an [[ovum]] (egg cell). If semen is ejaculated outside the body, after becoming watery it eventually dries up.<ref name=NetDoctor/> === What it is made up of === Semen is made up of sperm (male [[cell]]s for [[sexual reproduction]]) floating in a fluid called seminal plasma. Sperm, also called spermatozoa, are made by a man's [[testicle]]s and mature (grow up) in the [[epididymis]]. The fluids in seminal plasma come from different [[gland]]s in the man's body: the [[seminal vesicle]]s, [[prostate]] and [[bulbourethral gland]]s (also called the Cowper's glands). (Glands are special [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]] in the body that make [[chemical]]s.) The table below shows the substances that make up semen and the glands that produce them:<ref name=NetDoctor/> {| class=wikitable |- !Glands !! Rough amount !! Substances |- |[[Testicle]]s and [[epididymis]] || align=center|5% || * [[Sperm]] – in each ejaculation, there are between 40 million and 600 [[million]] sperm. |- |[[Seminal vesicle]]s || align=center|40–60% || * Amino acids and [[fructose]] (a kind of [[sugar]]), – these provide food for the sperm. * Prostaglandins – these help to stop the woman's [[immunology|immune system]] from rejecting the sperm. * Other substances such as [[citric acid]], [[enzyme]]s, flavins, phosphorylcholine, [[protein]]s and [[vitamin C]]. |- |[[Prostate]] || align=center|13–33% || * [[Zinc]] – this stops the parts of the sperm containing [[DNA]] from breaking up. If a man does not have enough zinc in his food, he will have lower [[fertility]] and be less able to make a woman [[pregnancy|pregnant]] as his body will not be able to make sperm well, and the sperm will be weaker. * Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) – this is an [[enzyme]] (a chemical that speeds up [[chemical reaction]]s) which causes the semen to become watery so sperm can move easily inside a woman's body. * Other substances such as acid phosphatase, [[citric acid]], fibrinolysin, and proteolytic enzymes. |- |[[Bulbourethral gland|Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands]] || align=center|5% || * Mucus – this is a slippery fluid that gives semen its jelly-like texture. It helps sperm to move through the man's urethra and inside the woman's vagina and [[cervix]], and also stops them from spreading out too much from the semen when it is inside the woman's body. * Other substances such as galactose (another kind of sugar), pre-ejaculate and sialic acid. |} Seminal plasma protects and provides food for sperm as they travel inside a woman's body. The inside of a woman's vagina does not suit sperm cells as it is [[acid]]ic. To protect the sperm from the acid, seminal plasma is [[alkali]]ne. A woman's immune system also tries to kill [[organism]]s (living things) that are not part of her body. Seminal plasma has chemicals called prostaglandins in it to stop the woman's body from killing the sperm. Semen that does not have any [[Pathogen|germs]] in it (see [[#Passing on disease|below]]) is not harmful if it is swallowed. That is common when a person has [[oral sex]] with a man and the man ejaculates in that person's mouth. Some partners are happy to swallow semen. Others prefer not to. Semen usually has a slight smell of chlorine and ammonia. Some people say semen tastes sweeter if the man eats a lot of fruit. Scientists have not proved this. Smoking, or drinking coffee, tea or colas that contain caffeine can create a bitter flavor.<ref>{{cite web |title=We asked these sex questions so you don't have to: Experts sound in on classic sex queries |url=https://www.cbc.ca/life/wellness/we-asked-these-sex-questions-so-you-don-t-have-to-1.5113375 |publisher=CBC/Radio-Canada |accessdate=2 July 2023}}</ref> Semen is slimy when wet. Eventually, it dries in the air and hardens like glue. Although semen is not poisonous, it is very bad if it gets in an eye. The [[enzymes]] semen contains to penetrate the egg in a female will also attack the eye. Be careful not to ejaculate into your eye or your partner's eye. If it happens, wash the eye well with warm water. If people get semen on their fingers during sexual foreplay, they should wash their hands with soap or detergent and warm or hot water before touching a female's sex organs. Hand sanitizer also kills sperm<ref>{{cite web |title=Hand Sanitizer Can Kill Sperm But Don't Use It as Spermicide |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/does-hand-sanitizer-kill-sperm |website=Healthline |accessdate=2 July 2023 |language=en |date=6 July 2020}}</ref> but should be rinsed off the hands before touching sensitive skin areas. Sperm in a swimming pool will be killed quickly by the chlorine or other chemicals in the water. === Semen quality === [[File:Sperm-20051108.jpg|thumb|A photograph of human sperm. Sperm are not really red and green in colour; the colours were added to the photograph to make the sperm stand out more clearly.]] ''Semen quality'' refers to how well the sperm in a man's semen can fertilize a woman's ova. The better a man's semen quality is, the better chances he has to make a woman pregnant. A 1992 [[World Health Organization]] book said that an ejaculation of normal human semen has:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBW1LBr-gpUC&dq=Laboratory+Manual+for+the+Examination+of+Human+Semen+and+Semen%E2%80%93Cervical+Mucus+Interaction&pg=PP1|title=WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction|last=Organisation|first=World Health|date=1999-05-13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64599-7|language=en}}</ref> * a [[volume]] of 2 millilitres or more; * a [[pH]] of 7.2 to 8.0, which means that it is [[alkali]]ne; * 40 [[million]] or more sperm (20 million sperm in each millilitre of semen); * 50% or more of the sperm alive; and * 50% or more of the sperm able to move, or 25% or more of the sperm able to move forwards quickly within 60&nbsp;minutes from the time of ejaculation. The number of sperm in an ejaculation of semen depends on many things. There may be more sperm if: * the man is younger, * his body produces more of the [[hormone]] [[testosterone]], which makes a person look and feel like a man, * his testicles are not too warm, * he produces more semen, * he has not ejaculated for some time, and * he has been stimulated for a longer time before ejaculation. If there are an unusually low number of sperm in an ejaculation, this is called oligospermia. If there are no sperm at all, this is called azoospermia. A man with oligospermia or azoospermia is usually [[infertility|infertile]], and cannot or finds it very hard to make a woman pregnant by having sex with her. == Health == === Benefits === [[File:SemenInCondom.jpg|thumb|160px|Semen ejaculated by a man inside a [[condom]]. The end of a condom has a small pouch called a reservoir, which is a space for the semen. Wearing a condom helps to stop the spread of [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infections]].]] If the semen does not have infections, it is okay to swallow semen. A woman cannot get pregnant from swallowing semen in her mouth. It is okay if a man swallows his own semen. Studies seem to say that semen is an [[anti-depressant]]. This means that it causes women not to feel [[major depressive disorder|depressed]] or sad. The studies found that when men had sex with women without using [[condom]]s, and the men's semen was taken into the women's [[vagina]]s, the women had better moods and felt happier. Scientists do not yet know if the same thing happens when semen is swallowed after [[oral sex]], but some of them think it may.<ref>{{cite web |author=Raj Persaud |title= Semen acts as an anti-depressant |url= https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2457-semen-acts-as-an-antidepressant.html |work=New Scientist |date= 26 June 2002 |accessdate=2008-07-07}}</ref> === Risks === ==== Passing on disease ==== If a man has a [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infection]] or STI (an [[infection]] that is passed from one person to another by sex), the germs that cause the disease can appear in his semen. If the person that the man has sex with touches the semen, he or she can become [[infection|infected]] by the germs and pick up the disease. [[HIV]], chlamydia, [[gonorrhea]], [[hepatitis|hepatitis B]], [[herpes simplex|herpes]] and [[syphillis]] are examples of STIs. [[Human papillomavirus]] (HPV), which is very common and has many types, can increase the risk of [[throat cancer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oral sex and throat cancer: Links, facts, and research |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/261453 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |accessdate=2 July 2023 |language=en |date=7 February 2018}}</ref> Vaccinating young people (both girls and boys) before the age when they might try oral sex can reduce their risk of contracting HPV. The United States [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] says the HPV [[vaccine]] should be given at age 11 or 12 years but says that HPV vaccination can be started at age 9.<ref>{{cite web |title=HPV Vaccination Recommendations {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html |website=www.cdc.gov |accessdate=2 July 2023 |language=en-us |date=22 May 2023}}</ref> One of the ways for a man to lower the chance of passing on an STI to his sexual partner is to wear a [[condom]] on his penis when having sex. While it is very common for people to use a condom when having sexual intercourse (vaginal or [[anal sex]],) very few people use a condom when having oral sex. Getting semen in your mouth can be bad if the penis or semen has infections, especially you have a cut or sore in your mouth. If semen gets in the eye, the eye will hurt. Wash the eye with warm water. Wash the eye for a few minutes. Some doctors say to get tested for [[Sexually transmitted infection|infections]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Moore |first1=Lane |title=Don't Panic: Here's What to Do if You Get Semen in Your Eye|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/news/a48402/dont-panic-heres-what-to-do-if-you-get-semen-in-your-eye/|website=cosmopolitan.com|date=28 October 2015 |publisher=Cosmopolitan (magazine)|accessdate=18 March 2017}}</ref> ==== Making the immune system weaker ==== Some scientists think that parts of semen, such as sperm and seminal plasma, can make another person's [[immunology|immune system]] weaker.{{Verify source}} [[Experiment]]s show that when substances in a man's semen enter another person's body, that person's body makes [[antibody|antibodies]]. Antibodies are large Y-shaped [[protein]]s used by the body's immune system to stop foreign objects from harming the body. However, the antibodies made in response to substances in semen attack one of the body's own [[cell]]s, called [[lymphocyte|T lymphocytes]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=S. Mathur |author2=J.M. Goust, H.O. Williamson and H.H. Fudenberg |title= Cross-reactivity of Sperm and T Lymphocyte Antigens|journal=American Journal of Reproductive Immunology |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=113–118 |year=1981|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0897.1981.tb00142.x |pmid=6175235 |s2cid=28306999 }}</ref> This weakens the body's immune system. ==== Allergy ==== In a very small number of cases, people have experienced [[allergy|allergic reactions]] when they touched semen. This is called human seminal plasma hypersensitivity. The [[symptom]]s (signs of the medical problem) can either be near the part of the body which touched the semen, or all over the body. They may include [[itch]]ing of the vagina, redness, swelling or blisters within 30&nbsp;minutes of contact. They may also include [[Pruritus|itching]] and hives (large, red, itchy patches) all over the body, and even [[Problem breathing|difficulty breathing]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=G. Guillet |author2= G. Dagregorio, M.H. Guillet |title=&#91;Vulvar Contact Dermatitis due to Seminal Allergy: 3 Cases&#93;|journal=Ann. Dermatol. Venereol.|year=2005|volume=132|issue=2|pages=123–125|doi= 10.1016/s0151-9638(05)79221-8 |pmid= 15798560 }} (In [[French language|French]].)</ref> The best way to test for human seminal plasma hypersensitivity is for a man to use a condom when having sex. When a condom is used, after ejaculation the man's semen stays inside the condom and does not touch the body of the person he is having sex with. If the man's sexual partner usually has allergic symptoms to semen but does not have any when a condom is used, this may show that his partner's body is extra-sensitive to semen. A person can often get over a mild semen allergy by coming into contact with semen often.<ref>{{cite journal |author=S. Weidinger |author2=J. Ring, F.M. Köhn |title= IgE-mediated Allergy against Human Seminal Plasma |journal= Chem. Immunol. Allergy |series=Chemical Immunology and Allergy, 2005 |year=2005 |volume=88 |pages=128–138|doi=10.1159/000087830 |pmid=16129942 |isbn=3-8055-7951-9 }}</ref> If the allergic reaction is very bad, the person should see a doctor, especially if she is a woman trying to get pregnant. In such cases, it may be necessary for the woman to have a baby through [[artificial insemination]]. This is a medical way of fertilizing a woman's ova using a man's sperm without the man and the woman having [[sexual intercourse]]. == Culture == [[File:Orchis lactea rhizotubers.jpg|thumb|200px|An [[Orchidaceae|orchid]] plant (''Orchis lactea'') with two underground tubers. In [[Ancient Rome]] it was thought that these special [[root]]s looked like [[testicle]]s. The [[Euro|€]]1 [[coin]] in front shows that this plant is quite small.]] [[File:Statue of a Satyr.jpg|thumb|200px|A statue of a satyr in the Athens Archaeological Museum]] Many [[culture]]s around the world once thought or still think that semen has special or even [[magic]]al qualities. Some examples are set out below: <!--Please arrange alphabetically by country.--> * '''Ancient Greece'''. In [[Ancient Greece]], the [[philosophy|philosopher]] [[Aristotle]] thought that if men started to take part in sexual activity when they were too young, this would cause their bodies to stop growing normally. This was because food that would otherwise make the body grow would instead be used to make semen. However, this would not happen if the body was already fully grown.<ref>{{cite book |author= Aristotle |authorlink= Aristotle |author2= Richard Kraut (transl.) |title=Politics: Books VII and VIII |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TxCYKEtShewC&q=semen&pg=PA152 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1997 |pages=152–153 |isbn=0198751133 }}</ref> * '''Ancient Rome'''. The [[Orchidaceae|orchid]] is a type of [[plant]] with [[flower]]s. Some orchids have underground tubers, which are swollen [[root]]s used by plants for storing food. The word ''orchid'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''όρχις'' (''orchis'') meaning "testicle". [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]] thought that the tubers of the orchid looked like [[testicle]]s, and believed the plant grew from the semen of satyrs that had fallen on the ground.<ref name=Walker>{{cite book|author=Barbara G. Walker|title=The Woman's Dictionary of Symbols and Sacred Objects|url=https://archive.org/details/womansdictionary00walk_0|location=San Francisco, Calif.|publisher=HarperSanFrancisco|year=1988|pages=576|isbn=0-06-250923-3}}</ref> A satyr was thought to be a creature with the upper body of a man and the lower body of a [[Domestic goat|goat]], and goat's horns on its head. Satyrs were said to love drinking [[wine]] and having sex. * '''China'''. In [[Ancient China]], it was believed that the precious stone [[jade]] was the dried semen of a [[dragon]] that lived in the sky.<ref name=Walker/> Today, in [[custom|traditional]] Chinese medicine and in ''qìgōng'' (Chinese [[exercise]]s that work with ''qì'' or "[[energy]]" in the body), it is believed that a man's body contains sexual energy called ''jīng'' (written 精 in the [[Chinese language]]), and that he should try to make more of it and save it.<ref>{{cite web|author=Gary J. Clyman|title=Sexual Kung Fu &#91;ch. 8&#93;|url=http://www.chikung.com/chapter8.html|work=The Chi Kung Bible: Mastering Personal Power|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2009-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208092725/http://www.chikung.com/chapter8.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is said that ''jīng'' moves into a man's [[sex organ]]s when he is sexually excited, and when he ejaculates semen the energy leaves his body, which is not good for him. * '''Indonesia'''. In the traditions of [[Bali]] in [[Indonesia]], when a man ejaculates semen into a woman's body, he is considered to be repaying his mother's kindness in giving him [[breast]] milk when he was a baby.<ref>{{cite book|author=Laura J. Bellows|title=Personhood, Procreative Fluids, and Power: Re-thinking Hierarchy in Bali &#91;Working Paper No. 9&#93;|url=http://rspas.anu.edu.au/grc/publications/pdfs/BellowsL_2003.pdf|location=Canberra|publisher=Gender Relations Centre, RSPAS, Australian National University|year=2003|id=(online)|access-date=2008-07-08|archive-date=2006-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222172830/http://rspas.anu.edu.au/grc/publications/pdfs/BellowsL_2003.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''Near Middle East'''. In [[Bible|Biblical]] times, the early [[Jew]]s believed that when a man ejaculated semen this made him [[ritual]]ly unclean until evening. Any object that semen touched also became unclean, and if the man had sex with a woman she became unclean until evening.<ref>[[Bible|The Bible]], [[Leviticus]] 15:16–18.</ref> People who practise certain types of [[Judaism]] still have this belief today. * '''Papua New Guinea'''. Among the Etoro people of [[Papua New Guinea]] it is believed that to become sexually mature men, young boys must perform oral sex on older men and swallow their semen.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Gilbert H. Herdt |title=Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia|location=Berkeley, Calif.|publisher=University of California Press|year=1984|isbn=0-520-08096-3}}</ref> === Popular culture === Displaying semen in forms of [[popular culture]] such as [[art]] and [[movie]]s has for a long time been [[taboo]], that is, not generally accepted by [[society]]. However, since the late 20th century artists and moviemakers have done so more often. ==== Visual arts ==== The American [[photographer]] Andres Serrano sometimes takes [[photography|photographs]] of body fluids and displays them as artworks. One example is ''Blood and Semen II'' (1990), which is a picture of blood and semen mixed together. Some people are shocked by such pictures and think it is wrong of him to make them, while others think that as an artist he is free to create such works.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Andrew Moscrop|title=Andres Serrano, Barbican Art Gallery, London. Until 23 December 2001|url=http://www.studentbmj.com/issues/01/12/reviews/481.php|journal=StudentBMJ|date=December 2001|volume=9|pages=443–486|access-date=8 July 2008|archive-date=9 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109194520/http://www.studentbmj.com/issues/01/12/reviews/481.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another of Serrano's pictures, ''Blood and Semen III'', was featured on the cover of the 1996 music [[album (music)|album]] ''Load'' by the American [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] [[band]] [[Metallica]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A–Z of Metallica terms and names|url=http://www.metallicaworld.co.uk/a-z.htm|work=Metallicaworld|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2008-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707205652/http://www.metallicaworld.co.uk/a-z.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[United Kingdom]]-based artists Gilbert Proesch and George Passmore, better known as Gilbert and George, have also used semen and other body fluids to create artworks.<ref>{{cite news |author=Germaine Greer |title=There is only one way Gilbert and George can complete the work – by dying, in unison |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/visualart/story/0,,2021470,00.html |work=The Guardian |date=26 February 2007 }} {{cite web |title= Gilbert and George |url= http://www.artandculture.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/artist?id=897 |work= ArtandCulture.com |accessdate= 2008-07-08 |archive-date= 2006-03-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060327041556/http://www.artandculture.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/artist?id=897 |url-status= dead }}</ref> ==== Movies ==== Apart from [[pornography|pornographic movies]] showing people having sex, semen is usually not shown in movies as many people think that doing so is obscene (not decent). However, some movies that have shown semen are the American [[comedy]] movies ''There's Something about Mary'' (1998),<ref>{{cite magazine|title=There's Something about Mary|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947951/review/5947952/theres_something_about_mary|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=8 December 2000|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2008-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081130010953/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947951/review/5947952/theres_something_about_mary|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''American Pie'' (1999),<ref>{{cite web|title=American Pie|url=http://www.pluggedinonline.com/movies/movies/a0000453.cfm|work=Plugged In Online|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2008-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514100354/http://www.pluggedinonline.com/movies/movies/a0000453.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Scary Movie'' (2000)<ref>{{cite web|author=Beth Pratt|title=Scary Movie|url=http://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/Scary-Movie.html|work=CommonSenseMedia|accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref> and ''Scary Movie 2'' (2001).<ref>{{cite web|author=Dutin Putman|title=Scary Movie 2 (2001) |url=http://www.themovieboy.com/reviews/s/01_scarymovie2.htm|work=TheMovieBoy.com|date= 4 July 2001 |accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref> In the [[Spain|Spanish]] movie ''Y tu mamá también'' (''And Your Mother Too'', 2001), there is a scene where two [[high school|high-school]] boys who are friends lie on [[diving]] boards over a swimming pool and [[masturbation|masturbate]] (make themselves sexually excited). Semen is later shown floating on the water.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aaron Beltz|title=Beavis y Butthead|url=http://metaphilm.com/philms/ytumamatambien.html|work=Metaphilm|year=2002–2003|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2008-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714022920/http://www.metaphilm.com/philms/ytumamatambien.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Such movies are usually not thought to be suitable for children to watch. == References == {{reflist|2}} {{commons cat}} {{commons cat |Male reproductive system}} {{commons cat |Human reproductive system}} {{-}} {{Reproductive system}} [[Category:Male reproductive system]] [[Category:Biological reproduction]] [[Category:Masturbation]] [[Category:Orgasm]] t6wzod55xsew8cjgetsfdpe0ad8h8gs 11024138 11024126 2026-10-08T21:33:48Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 11024138 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Semen1.jpg|thumb|Some semen on a piece of glass. Semen is a sticky white or yellowish [[fluid]] that contains [[sperm]].]] '''Semen''' ({{respelled|p=on|<small>SEE</small>-men or <small>SEE</small>-mən}}) is the [[fluid]] that comes out from the [[urethra]], at the end of a man's [[penis]] when he has an [[orgasm]] (the height of sexual excitement) and [[ejaculation|ejaculates]]. It is usually a white or yellowish, sticky substance made up of [[sperm]] (male [[cell]]s for [[sexual reproduction]]) floating in a fluid called seminal plasma that has water and different [[chemical]]s in it. Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1.5 and 5 [[litre#SI prefixes applied to the litre|millilitres]] (up to one [[teaspoon]]ful) of semen. Many [[culture]]s around the world once thought or still think that semen has special or even [[magic]]al qualities. Showing semen in forms of [[popular culture]] such as [[art]] and [[movie]]s has for a long time been [[taboo]], that is, not generally accepted by [[society]]. However, since the late 20th century, artists and moviemakers have done so more often. I want daddy to fish his jizz out of my rectum after {{text|fu}}cking. == Words == The [[English language|English]] word ''semen'' comes from the [[Latin]] word ''sēmen'', which means "[[seed]]".<ref name=OED>{{cite web |title=semen |url= http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50219367|work=[[w:Oxford English Dictionary|OED Online]]|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref> In fact, ''seed'' was an old-fashioned name for semen.<ref>{{cite web |title=seed, ''n.'' |url= http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50218302|work=[[w:Oxford English Dictionary|OED Online]] |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=1989 |accessdate= 2008-06-16}}</ref> The Latin word ''sēmen'' itself came from another Latin word, ''serěre'', which means "to plant (a [[plant]] into the ground) or to sow (seeds in the earth)".<ref name=OED/> It was once thought that semen was like a seed that grew into a baby after being "planted" inside a woman's body. Another name for semen is ''ejaculate''. Some [[slang]] words for semen are ''cream'', ''cum'', ''jism'', ''jizz'', ''jazz'' ''load'', ''spooge'', ''spunk'', ''nut'', or ''wad''.{{or|date=August 2017}} == The way it looks and its nature == Semen is the [[fluid]] that comes out from the end of a man's [[penis]] when he has an [[orgasm]] (the height of sexual excitement) and [[ejaculation|ejaculates]]. It is usually white, but may also be slightly grey or yellow.<ref name=NetDoctor>{{cite web |author= John Dean |title= Semen and sperm quality |url= http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/menshealth/facts/semenandsperm.htm |work= NetDoctor.co.uk |date= 4 October 2005 |accessdate= 2008-06-16 |archive-date= 2000-11-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20001110112200/http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/menshealth/facts/semenandsperm.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> If there is [[blood]] in the semen, it can look pink or reddish. This is a condition called hematospermia, and may be because of some blockage, [[inflammation]], [[infection]] or injury to some part of the male [[sex organ]]s, such as the [[urethra]], [[epididymis]], [[prostate]] or [[testicle]]s. A doctor should be seen if the pink or reddish colour does not go away after a few days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Blood in semen|url=http://www.healthcentral.com/prostate/question-answer-27466-63.html|work=ProstateCommons.com|year=2006|accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref> Men ejaculate different amounts of semen. Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1.5 and 5 [[litre#SI prefixes applied to the litre|millilitres]] (up to one [[teaspoon]]ful) of semen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Swimming toward conception: The semen analysis|url=http://www.theafa.org/library/article/swimming_toward_conception_the_semen_analysis|publisher=American Fertility Association|accessdate=2008-06-13|archive-date=2008-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820182908/http://www.theafa.org/library/article/swimming_toward_conception_the_semen_analysis/|url-status=dead}}</ref> More semen usually comes out if a man has not ejaculated for many days, or if he has been stimulated (made sexually excited) for a long time. Older men make less semen. If a man ejaculates an unusually small amount of semen, this is a medical condition called [[hypospermia]]. After a man has ejaculated, semen first becomes slightly thick and sticky, and may feel a bit like [[jelly]] and clump together in globs. Scientists think that semen does this so that if the man has had sex with a woman and has ejaculated inside her [[vagina]], the semen stays in her vagina for longer and does not leak out. Between five and 40&nbsp;minutes after this, semen becomes more [[liquid]] and watery. This probably allows the [[sperm]] in the semen to move through the vagina and into the woman's [[uterus]] and [[Fallopian tube]]s to try and [[fertilization|fertilize]] an [[ovum]] (egg cell). If semen is ejaculated outside the body, after becoming watery it eventually dries up.<ref name=NetDoctor/> === What it is made up of === Semen is made up of sperm (male [[cell]]s for [[sexual reproduction]]) floating in a fluid called seminal plasma. Sperm, also called spermatozoa, are made by a man's [[testicle]]s and mature (grow up) in the [[epididymis]]. The fluids in seminal plasma come from different [[gland]]s in the man's body: the [[seminal vesicle]]s, [[prostate]] and [[bulbourethral gland]]s (also called the Cowper's glands). (Glands are special [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]] in the body that make [[chemical]]s.) The table below shows the substances that make up semen and the glands that produce them:<ref name=NetDoctor/> {| class=wikitable |- !Glands !! Rough amount !! Substances |- |[[Testicle]]s and [[epididymis]] || align=center|5% || * [[Sperm]] – in each ejaculation, there are between 40 million and 600 [[million]] sperm. |- |[[Seminal vesicle]]s || align=center|40–60% || * Amino acids and [[fructose]] (a kind of [[sugar]]), – these provide food for the sperm. * Prostaglandins – these help to stop the woman's [[immunology|immune system]] from rejecting the sperm. * Other substances such as [[citric acid]], [[enzyme]]s, flavins, phosphorylcholine, [[protein]]s and [[vitamin C]]. |- |[[Prostate]] || align=center|13–33% || * [[Zinc]] – this stops the parts of the sperm containing [[DNA]] from breaking up. If a man does not have enough zinc in his food, he will have lower [[fertility]] and be less able to make a woman [[pregnancy|pregnant]] as his body will not be able to make sperm well, and the sperm will be weaker. * Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) – this is an [[enzyme]] (a chemical that speeds up [[chemical reaction]]s) which causes the semen to become watery so sperm can move easily inside a woman's body. * Other substances such as acid phosphatase, [[citric acid]], fibrinolysin, and proteolytic enzymes. |- |[[Bulbourethral gland|Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands]] || align=center|5% || * Mucus – this is a slippery fluid that gives semen its jelly-like texture. It helps sperm to move through the man's urethra and inside the woman's vagina and [[cervix]], and also stops them from spreading out too much from the semen when it is inside the woman's body. * Other substances such as galactose (another kind of sugar), pre-ejaculate and sialic acid. |} Seminal plasma protects and provides food for sperm as they travel inside a woman's body. The inside of a woman's vagina does not suit sperm cells as it is [[acid]]ic. To protect the sperm from the acid, seminal plasma is [[alkali]]ne. A woman's immune system also tries to kill [[organism]]s (living things) that are not part of her body. Seminal plasma has chemicals called prostaglandins in it to stop the woman's body from killing the sperm. Semen that does not have any [[Pathogen|germs]] in it (see [[#Passing on disease|below]]) is not harmful if it is swallowed. That is common when a person has [[oral sex]] with a man and the man ejaculates in that person's mouth. Some partners are happy to swallow semen. Others prefer not to. Semen usually has a slight smell of chlorine and ammonia. Some people say semen tastes sweeter if the man eats a lot of fruit. Scientists have not proved this. Smoking, or drinking coffee, tea or colas that contain caffeine can create a bitter flavor.<ref>{{cite web |title=We asked these sex questions so you don't have to: Experts sound in on classic sex queries |url=https://www.cbc.ca/life/wellness/we-asked-these-sex-questions-so-you-don-t-have-to-1.5113375 |publisher=CBC/Radio-Canada |accessdate=2 July 2023}}</ref> Semen is slimy when wet. Eventually, it dries in the air and hardens like glue. Although semen is not poisonous, it is very bad if it gets in an eye. The [[enzymes]] semen contains to penetrate the egg in a female will also attack the eye. Be careful not to ejaculate into your eye or your partner's eye. If it happens, wash the eye well with warm water. If people get semen on their fingers during sexual foreplay, they should wash their hands with soap or detergent and warm or hot water before touching a female's sex organs. Hand sanitizer also kills sperm<ref>{{cite web |title=Hand Sanitizer Can Kill Sperm But Don't Use It as Spermicide |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/does-hand-sanitizer-kill-sperm |website=Healthline |accessdate=2 July 2023 |language=en |date=6 July 2020}}</ref> but should be rinsed off the hands before touching sensitive skin areas. Sperm in a swimming pool will be killed quickly by the chlorine or other chemicals in the water. === Semen quality === [[File:Sperm-20051108.jpg|thumb|A photograph of human sperm. Sperm are not really red and green in colour; the colours were added to the photograph to make the sperm stand out more clearly.]] ''Semen quality'' refers to how well the sperm in a man's semen can fertilize a woman's ova. The better a man's semen quality is, the better chances he has to make a woman pregnant. A 1992 [[World Health Organization]] book said that an ejaculation of normal human semen has:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBW1LBr-gpUC&dq=Laboratory+Manual+for+the+Examination+of+Human+Semen+and+Semen%E2%80%93Cervical+Mucus+Interaction&pg=PP1|title=WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction|last=Organisation|first=World Health|date=1999-05-13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64599-7|language=en}}</ref> * a [[volume]] of 2 millilitres or more; * a [[pH]] of 7.2 to 8.0, which means that it is [[alkali]]ne; * 40 [[million]] or more sperm (20 million sperm in each millilitre of semen); * 50% or more of the sperm alive; and * 50% or more of the sperm able to move, or 25% or more of the sperm able to move forwards quickly within 60&nbsp;minutes from the time of ejaculation. The number of sperm in an ejaculation of semen depends on many things. There may be more sperm if: * the man is younger, * his body produces more of the [[hormone]] [[testosterone]], which makes a person look and feel like a man, * his testicles are not too warm, * he produces more semen, * he has not ejaculated for some time, and * he has been stimulated for a longer time before ejaculation. If there are an unusually low number of sperm in an ejaculation, this is called oligospermia. If there are no sperm at all, this is called azoospermia. A man with oligospermia or azoospermia is usually [[infertility|infertile]], and cannot or finds it very hard to make a woman pregnant by having sex with her. == Health == === Benefits === [[File:SemenInCondom.jpg|thumb|160px|Semen ejaculated by a man inside a [[condom]]. The end of a condom has a small pouch called a reservoir, which is a space for the semen. Wearing a condom helps to stop the spread of [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infections]].]] If the semen does not have infections, it is okay to swallow semen. A woman cannot get pregnant from swallowing semen in her mouth. It is okay if a man swallows his own semen. Studies seem to say that semen is an [[anti-depressant]]. This means that it causes women not to feel [[major depressive disorder|depressed]] or sad. The studies found that when men had sex with women without using [[condom]]s, and the men's semen was taken into the women's [[vagina]]s, the women had better moods and felt happier. Scientists do not yet know if the same thing happens when semen is swallowed after [[oral sex]], but some of them think it may.<ref>{{cite web |author=Raj Persaud |title= Semen acts as an anti-depressant |url= https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2457-semen-acts-as-an-antidepressant.html |work=New Scientist |date= 26 June 2002 |accessdate=2008-07-07}}</ref> === Risks === ==== Passing on disease ==== If a man has a [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infection]] or STI (an [[infection]] that is passed from one person to another by sex), the germs that cause the disease can appear in his semen. If the person that the man has sex with touches the semen, he or she can become [[infection|infected]] by the germs and pick up the disease. [[HIV]], chlamydia, [[gonorrhea]], [[hepatitis|hepatitis B]], [[herpes simplex|herpes]] and [[syphillis]] are examples of STIs. [[Human papillomavirus]] (HPV), which is very common and has many types, can increase the risk of [[throat cancer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oral sex and throat cancer: Links, facts, and research |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/261453 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |accessdate=2 July 2023 |language=en |date=7 February 2018}}</ref> Vaccinating young people (both girls and boys) before the age when they might try oral sex can reduce their risk of contracting HPV. The United States [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] says the HPV [[vaccine]] should be given at age 11 or 12 years but says that HPV vaccination can be started at age 9.<ref>{{cite web |title=HPV Vaccination Recommendations {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html |website=www.cdc.gov |accessdate=2 July 2023 |language=en-us |date=22 May 2023}}</ref> One of the ways for a man to lower the chance of passing on an STI to his sexual partner is to wear a [[condom]] on his penis when having sex. While it is very common for people to use a condom when having sexual intercourse (vaginal or [[anal sex]],) very few people use a condom when having oral sex. Getting semen in your mouth can be bad if the penis or semen has infections, especially you have a cut or sore in your mouth. If semen gets in the eye, the eye will hurt. Wash the eye with warm water. Wash the eye for a few minutes. Some doctors say to get tested for [[Sexually transmitted infection|infections]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Moore |first1=Lane |title=Don't Panic: Here's What to Do if You Get Semen in Your Eye|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/news/a48402/dont-panic-heres-what-to-do-if-you-get-semen-in-your-eye/|website=cosmopolitan.com|date=28 October 2015 |publisher=Cosmopolitan (magazine)|accessdate=18 March 2017}}</ref> ==== Making the immune system weaker ==== Some scientists think that parts of semen, such as sperm and seminal plasma, can make another person's [[immunology|immune system]] weaker.{{Verify source}} [[Experiment]]s show that when substances in a man's semen enter another person's body, that person's body makes [[antibody|antibodies]]. Antibodies are large Y-shaped [[protein]]s used by the body's immune system to stop foreign objects from harming the body. However, the antibodies made in response to substances in semen attack one of the body's own [[cell]]s, called [[lymphocyte|T lymphocytes]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=S. Mathur |author2=J.M. Goust, H.O. Williamson and H.H. Fudenberg |title= Cross-reactivity of Sperm and T Lymphocyte Antigens|journal=American Journal of Reproductive Immunology |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=113–118 |year=1981|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0897.1981.tb00142.x |pmid=6175235 |s2cid=28306999 }}</ref> This weakens the body's immune system. ==== Allergy ==== In a very small number of cases, people have experienced [[allergy|allergic reactions]] when they touched semen. This is called human seminal plasma hypersensitivity. The [[symptom]]s (signs of the medical problem) can either be near the part of the body which touched the semen, or all over the body. They may include [[itch]]ing of the vagina, redness, swelling or blisters within 30&nbsp;minutes of contact. They may also include [[Pruritus|itching]] and hives (large, red, itchy patches) all over the body, and even [[Problem breathing|difficulty breathing]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=G. Guillet |author2= G. Dagregorio, M.H. Guillet |title=&#91;Vulvar Contact Dermatitis due to Seminal Allergy: 3 Cases&#93;|journal=Ann. Dermatol. Venereol.|year=2005|volume=132|issue=2|pages=123–125|doi= 10.1016/s0151-9638(05)79221-8 |pmid= 15798560 }} (In [[French language|French]].)</ref> The best way to test for human seminal plasma hypersensitivity is for a man to use a condom when having sex. When a condom is used, after ejaculation the man's semen stays inside the condom and does not touch the body of the person he is having sex with. If the man's sexual partner usually has allergic symptoms to semen but does not have any when a condom is used, this may show that his partner's body is extra-sensitive to semen. A person can often get over a mild semen allergy by coming into contact with semen often.<ref>{{cite journal |author=S. Weidinger |author2=J. Ring, F.M. Köhn |title= IgE-mediated Allergy against Human Seminal Plasma |journal= Chem. Immunol. Allergy |series=Chemical Immunology and Allergy, 2005 |year=2005 |volume=88 |pages=128–138|doi=10.1159/000087830 |pmid=16129942 |isbn=3-8055-7951-9 }}</ref> If the allergic reaction is very bad, the person should see a doctor, especially if she is a woman trying to get pregnant. In such cases, it may be necessary for the woman to have a baby through [[artificial insemination]]. This is a medical way of fertilizing a woman's ova using a man's sperm without the man and the woman having [[sexual intercourse]]. == Culture == [[File:Orchis lactea rhizotubers.jpg|thumb|200px|An [[Orchidaceae|orchid]] plant (''Orchis lactea'') with two underground tubers. In [[Ancient Rome]] it was thought that these special [[root]]s looked like [[testicle]]s. The [[Euro|€]]1 [[coin]] in front shows that this plant is quite small.]] [[File:Statue of a Satyr.jpg|thumb|200px|A statue of a satyr in the Athens Archaeological Museum]] Many [[culture]]s around the world once thought or still think that semen has special or even [[magic]]al qualities. Some examples are set out below: <!--Please arrange alphabetically by country.--> * '''Ancient Greece'''. In [[Ancient Greece]], the [[philosophy|philosopher]] [[Aristotle]] thought that if men started to take part in sexual activity when they were too young, this would cause their bodies to stop growing normally. This was because food that would otherwise make the body grow would instead be used to make semen. However, this would not happen if the body was already fully grown.<ref>{{cite book |author= Aristotle |authorlink= Aristotle |author2= Richard Kraut (transl.) |title=Politics: Books VII and VIII |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TxCYKEtShewC&q=semen&pg=PA152 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1997 |pages=152–153 |isbn=0198751133 }}</ref> * '''Ancient Rome'''. The [[Orchidaceae|orchid]] is a type of [[plant]] with [[flower]]s. Some orchids have underground tubers, which are swollen [[root]]s used by plants for storing food. The word ''orchid'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''όρχις'' (''orchis'') meaning "testicle". [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]] thought that the tubers of the orchid looked like [[testicle]]s, and believed the plant grew from the semen of satyrs that had fallen on the ground.<ref name=Walker>{{cite book|author=Barbara G. Walker|title=The Woman's Dictionary of Symbols and Sacred Objects|url=https://archive.org/details/womansdictionary00walk_0|location=San Francisco, Calif.|publisher=HarperSanFrancisco|year=1988|pages=576|isbn=0-06-250923-3}}</ref> A satyr was thought to be a creature with the upper body of a man and the lower body of a [[Domestic goat|goat]], and goat's horns on its head. Satyrs were said to love drinking [[wine]] and having sex. * '''China'''. In [[Ancient China]], it was believed that the precious stone [[jade]] was the dried semen of a [[dragon]] that lived in the sky.<ref name=Walker/> Today, in [[custom|traditional]] Chinese medicine and in ''qìgōng'' (Chinese [[exercise]]s that work with ''qì'' or "[[energy]]" in the body), it is believed that a man's body contains sexual energy called ''jīng'' (written 精 in the [[Chinese language]]), and that he should try to make more of it and save it.<ref>{{cite web|author=Gary J. Clyman|title=Sexual Kung Fu &#91;ch. 8&#93;|url=http://www.chikung.com/chapter8.html|work=The Chi Kung Bible: Mastering Personal Power|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2009-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208092725/http://www.chikung.com/chapter8.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is said that ''jīng'' moves into a man's [[sex organ]]s when he is sexually excited, and when he ejaculates semen the energy leaves his body, which is not good for him. * '''Indonesia'''. In the traditions of [[Bali]] in [[Indonesia]], when a man ejaculates semen into a woman's body, he is considered to be repaying his mother's kindness in giving him [[breast]] milk when he was a baby.<ref>{{cite book|author=Laura J. Bellows|title=Personhood, Procreative Fluids, and Power: Re-thinking Hierarchy in Bali &#91;Working Paper No. 9&#93;|url=http://rspas.anu.edu.au/grc/publications/pdfs/BellowsL_2003.pdf|location=Canberra|publisher=Gender Relations Centre, RSPAS, Australian National University|year=2003|id=(online)|access-date=2008-07-08|archive-date=2006-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222172830/http://rspas.anu.edu.au/grc/publications/pdfs/BellowsL_2003.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''Near Middle East'''. In [[Bible|Biblical]] times, the early [[Jew]]s believed that when a man ejaculated semen this made him [[ritual]]ly unclean until evening. Any object that semen touched also became unclean, and if the man had sex with a woman she became unclean until evening.<ref>[[Bible|The Bible]], [[Leviticus]] 15:16–18.</ref> People who practise certain types of [[Judaism]] still have this belief today. * '''Papua New Guinea'''. Among the Etoro people of [[Papua New Guinea]] it is believed that to become sexually mature men, young boys must perform oral sex on older men and swallow their semen.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Gilbert H. Herdt |title=Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia|location=Berkeley, Calif.|publisher=University of California Press|year=1984|isbn=0-520-08096-3}}</ref> === Popular culture === Displaying semen in forms of [[popular culture]] such as [[art]] and [[movie]]s has for a long time been [[taboo]], that is, not generally accepted by [[society]]. However, since the late 20th century artists and moviemakers have done so more often. ==== Visual arts ==== The American [[photographer]] Andres Serrano sometimes takes [[photography|photographs]] of body fluids and displays them as artworks. One example is ''Blood and Semen II'' (1990), which is a picture of blood and semen mixed together. Some people are shocked by such pictures and think it is wrong of him to make them, while others think that as an artist he is free to create such works.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Andrew Moscrop|title=Andres Serrano, Barbican Art Gallery, London. Until 23 December 2001|url=http://www.studentbmj.com/issues/01/12/reviews/481.php|journal=StudentBMJ|date=December 2001|volume=9|pages=443–486|access-date=8 July 2008|archive-date=9 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109194520/http://www.studentbmj.com/issues/01/12/reviews/481.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another of Serrano's pictures, ''Blood and Semen III'', was featured on the cover of the 1996 music [[album (music)|album]] ''Load'' by the American [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] [[band]] [[Metallica]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A–Z of Metallica terms and names|url=http://www.metallicaworld.co.uk/a-z.htm|work=Metallicaworld|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2008-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707205652/http://www.metallicaworld.co.uk/a-z.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[United Kingdom]]-based artists Gilbert Proesch and George Passmore, better known as Gilbert and George, have also used semen and other body fluids to create artworks.<ref>{{cite news |author=Germaine Greer |title=There is only one way Gilbert and George can complete the work – by dying, in unison |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/visualart/story/0,,2021470,00.html |work=The Guardian |date=26 February 2007 }} {{cite web |title= Gilbert and George |url= http://www.artandculture.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/artist?id=897 |work= ArtandCulture.com |accessdate= 2008-07-08 |archive-date= 2006-03-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060327041556/http://www.artandculture.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/artist?id=897 |url-status= dead }}</ref> ==== Movies ==== Apart from [[pornography|pornographic movies]] showing people having sex, semen is usually not shown in movies as many people think that doing so is obscene (not decent). However, some movies that have shown semen are the American [[comedy]] movies ''There's Something about Mary'' (1998),<ref>{{cite magazine|title=There's Something about Mary|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947951/review/5947952/theres_something_about_mary|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=8 December 2000|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2008-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081130010953/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947951/review/5947952/theres_something_about_mary|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''American Pie'' (1999),<ref>{{cite web|title=American Pie|url=http://www.pluggedinonline.com/movies/movies/a0000453.cfm|work=Plugged In Online|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2008-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514100354/http://www.pluggedinonline.com/movies/movies/a0000453.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Scary Movie'' (2000)<ref>{{cite web|author=Beth Pratt|title=Scary Movie|url=http://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/Scary-Movie.html|work=CommonSenseMedia|accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref> and ''Scary Movie 2'' (2001).<ref>{{cite web|author=Dutin Putman|title=Scary Movie 2 (2001) |url=http://www.themovieboy.com/reviews/s/01_scarymovie2.htm|work=TheMovieBoy.com|date= 4 July 2001 |accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref> In the [[Spain|Spanish]] movie ''Y tu mamá también'' (''And Your Mother Too'', 2001), there is a scene where two [[high school|high-school]] boys who are friends lie on [[diving]] boards over a swimming pool and [[masturbation|masturbate]] (make themselves sexually excited). Semen is later shown floating on the water.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aaron Beltz|title=Beavis y Butthead|url=http://metaphilm.com/philms/ytumamatambien.html|work=Metaphilm|year=2002–2003|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2008-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714022920/http://www.metaphilm.com/philms/ytumamatambien.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Such movies are usually not thought to be suitable for children to watch. == References == {{reflist|2}} {{commons cat}} {{commons cat |Male reproductive system}} {{commons cat |Human reproductive system}} {{-}} {{Reproductive system}} [[Category:Male reproductive system]] [[Category:Biological reproduction]] [[Category:Masturbation]] [[Category:Orgasm]] ekk6o4l9ho5f1to079nw3usr7okuoih 11024142 11024138 2026-10-08T21:36:23Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Fehufanga. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024142 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Semen1.jpg|thumb|Some semen on a piece of glass. Semen is a sticky white or yellowish [[fluid]] that contains [[sperm]].]] '''Semen''' ({{respelled|p=on|<small>SEE</small>-men or <small>SEE</small>-mən}}) is the [[fluid]] that comes out from the [[urethra]], at the end of a man's [[penis]] when he has an [[orgasm]] (the height of sexual excitement) and [[ejaculation|ejaculates]]. It is usually a white or yellowish, sticky substance made up of [[sperm]] (male [[cell]]s for [[sexual reproduction]]) floating in a fluid called seminal plasma that has water and different [[chemical]]s in it. Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1.5 and 5 [[litre#SI prefixes applied to the litre|millilitres]] (up to one [[teaspoon]]ful) of semen. Many [[culture]]s around the world once thought or still think that semen has special or even [[magic]]al qualities. Showing semen in forms of [[popular culture]] such as [[art]] and [[movie]]s has for a long time been [[taboo]], that is, not generally accepted by [[society]]. However, since the late 20th century, artists and moviemakers have done so more often. == Words == The [[English language|English]] word ''semen'' comes from the [[Latin]] word ''sēmen'', which means "[[seed]]".<ref name=OED>{{cite web |title=semen |url= http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50219367|work=[[w:Oxford English Dictionary|OED Online]]|edition=2nd|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref> In fact, ''seed'' was an old-fashioned name for semen.<ref>{{cite web |title=seed, ''n.'' |url= http://dictionary.oed.com/cgi/entry/50218302|work=[[w:Oxford English Dictionary|OED Online]] |edition=2nd |location=Oxford |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=1989 |accessdate= 2008-06-16}}</ref> The Latin word ''sēmen'' itself came from another Latin word, ''serěre'', which means "to plant (a [[plant]] into the ground) or to sow (seeds in the earth)".<ref name=OED/> It was once thought that semen was like a seed that grew into a baby after being "planted" inside a woman's body. Another name for semen is ''ejaculate''. Some [[slang]] words for semen are ''cream'', ''cum'', ''jism'', ''jizz'', ''jazz'' ''load'', ''spooge'', ''spunk'', ''nut'', or ''wad''.{{or|date=August 2017}} == The way it looks and its nature == Semen is the [[fluid]] that comes out from the end of a man's [[penis]] when he has an [[orgasm]] (the height of sexual excitement) and [[ejaculation|ejaculates]]. It is usually white, but may also be slightly grey or yellow.<ref name=NetDoctor>{{cite web |author= John Dean |title= Semen and sperm quality |url= http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/menshealth/facts/semenandsperm.htm |work= NetDoctor.co.uk |date= 4 October 2005 |accessdate= 2008-06-16 |archive-date= 2000-11-10 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20001110112200/http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/menshealth/facts/semenandsperm.htm |url-status= dead }}</ref> If there is [[blood]] in the semen, it can look pink or reddish. This is a condition called hematospermia, and may be because of some blockage, [[inflammation]], [[infection]] or injury to some part of the male [[sex organ]]s, such as the [[urethra]], [[epididymis]], [[prostate]] or [[testicle]]s. A doctor should be seen if the pink or reddish colour does not go away after a few days.<ref>{{cite web|title=Blood in semen|url=http://www.healthcentral.com/prostate/question-answer-27466-63.html|work=ProstateCommons.com|year=2006|accessdate=2008-06-16}}</ref> Men ejaculate different amounts of semen. Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1.5 and 5 [[litre#SI prefixes applied to the litre|millilitres]] (up to one [[teaspoon]]ful) of semen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Swimming toward conception: The semen analysis|url=http://www.theafa.org/library/article/swimming_toward_conception_the_semen_analysis|publisher=American Fertility Association|accessdate=2008-06-13|archive-date=2008-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820182908/http://www.theafa.org/library/article/swimming_toward_conception_the_semen_analysis/|url-status=dead}}</ref> More semen usually comes out if a man has not ejaculated for many days, or if he has been stimulated (made sexually excited) for a long time. Older men make less semen. If a man ejaculates an unusually small amount of semen, this is a medical condition called [[hypospermia]]. After a man has ejaculated, semen first becomes slightly thick and sticky, and may feel a bit like [[jelly]] and clump together in globs. Scientists think that semen does this so that if the man has had sex with a woman and has ejaculated inside her [[vagina]], the semen stays in her vagina for longer and does not leak out. Between five and 40&nbsp;minutes after this, semen becomes more [[liquid]] and watery. This probably allows the [[sperm]] in the semen to move through the vagina and into the woman's [[uterus]] and [[Fallopian tube]]s to try and [[fertilization|fertilize]] an [[ovum]] (egg cell). If semen is ejaculated outside the body, after becoming watery it eventually dries up.<ref name=NetDoctor/> === What it is made up of === Semen is made up of sperm (male [[cell]]s for [[sexual reproduction]]) floating in a fluid called seminal plasma. Sperm, also called spermatozoa, are made by a man's [[testicle]]s and mature (grow up) in the [[epididymis]]. The fluids in seminal plasma come from different [[gland]]s in the man's body: the [[seminal vesicle]]s, [[prostate]] and [[bulbourethral gland]]s (also called the Cowper's glands). (Glands are special [[Organ (anatomy)|organs]] in the body that make [[chemical]]s.) The table below shows the substances that make up semen and the glands that produce them:<ref name=NetDoctor/> {| class=wikitable |- !Glands !! Rough amount !! Substances |- |[[Testicle]]s and [[epididymis]] || align=center|5% || * [[Sperm]] – in each ejaculation, there are between 40 million and 600 [[million]] sperm. |- |[[Seminal vesicle]]s || align=center|40–60% || * Amino acids and [[fructose]] (a kind of [[sugar]]), – these provide food for the sperm. * Prostaglandins – these help to stop the woman's [[immunology|immune system]] from rejecting the sperm. * Other substances such as [[citric acid]], [[enzyme]]s, flavins, phosphorylcholine, [[protein]]s and [[vitamin C]]. |- |[[Prostate]] || align=center|13–33% || * [[Zinc]] – this stops the parts of the sperm containing [[DNA]] from breaking up. If a man does not have enough zinc in his food, he will have lower [[fertility]] and be less able to make a woman [[pregnancy|pregnant]] as his body will not be able to make sperm well, and the sperm will be weaker. * Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) – this is an [[enzyme]] (a chemical that speeds up [[chemical reaction]]s) which causes the semen to become watery so sperm can move easily inside a woman's body. * Other substances such as acid phosphatase, [[citric acid]], fibrinolysin, and proteolytic enzymes. |- |[[Bulbourethral gland|Bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands]] || align=center|5% || * Mucus – this is a slippery fluid that gives semen its jelly-like texture. It helps sperm to move through the man's urethra and inside the woman's vagina and [[cervix]], and also stops them from spreading out too much from the semen when it is inside the woman's body. * Other substances such as galactose (another kind of sugar), pre-ejaculate and sialic acid. |} Seminal plasma protects and provides food for sperm as they travel inside a woman's body. The inside of a woman's vagina does not suit sperm cells as it is [[acid]]ic. To protect the sperm from the acid, seminal plasma is [[alkali]]ne. A woman's immune system also tries to kill [[organism]]s (living things) that are not part of her body. Seminal plasma has chemicals called prostaglandins in it to stop the woman's body from killing the sperm. Semen that does not have any [[Pathogen|germs]] in it (see [[#Passing on disease|below]]) is not harmful if it is swallowed. That is common when a person has [[oral sex]] with a man and the man ejaculates in that person's mouth. Some partners are happy to swallow semen. Others prefer not to. Semen usually has a slight smell of chlorine and ammonia. Some people say semen tastes sweeter if the man eats a lot of fruit. Scientists have not proved this. Smoking, or drinking coffee, tea or colas that contain caffeine can create a bitter flavor.<ref>{{cite web |title=We asked these sex questions so you don't have to: Experts sound in on classic sex queries |url=https://www.cbc.ca/life/wellness/we-asked-these-sex-questions-so-you-don-t-have-to-1.5113375 |publisher=CBC/Radio-Canada |accessdate=2 July 2023}}</ref> Semen is slimy when wet. Eventually, it dries in the air and hardens like glue. Although semen is not poisonous, it is very bad if it gets in an eye. The [[enzymes]] semen contains to penetrate the egg in a female will also attack the eye. Be careful not to ejaculate into your eye or your partner's eye. If it happens, wash the eye well with warm water. If people get semen on their fingers during sexual foreplay, they should wash their hands with soap or detergent and warm or hot water before touching a female's sex organs. Hand sanitizer also kills sperm<ref>{{cite web |title=Hand Sanitizer Can Kill Sperm But Don't Use It as Spermicide |url=https://www.healthline.com/health/healthy-sex/does-hand-sanitizer-kill-sperm |website=Healthline |accessdate=2 July 2023 |language=en |date=6 July 2020}}</ref> but should be rinsed off the hands before touching sensitive skin areas. Sperm in a swimming pool will be killed quickly by the chlorine or other chemicals in the water. === Semen quality === [[File:Sperm-20051108.jpg|thumb|A photograph of human sperm. Sperm are not really red and green in colour; the colours were added to the photograph to make the sperm stand out more clearly.]] ''Semen quality'' refers to how well the sperm in a man's semen can fertilize a woman's ova. The better a man's semen quality is, the better chances he has to make a woman pregnant. A 1992 [[World Health Organization]] book said that an ejaculation of normal human semen has:<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBW1LBr-gpUC&dq=Laboratory+Manual+for+the+Examination+of+Human+Semen+and+Semen%E2%80%93Cervical+Mucus+Interaction&pg=PP1|title=WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination of Human Semen and Sperm-Cervical Mucus Interaction|last=Organisation|first=World Health|date=1999-05-13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-64599-7|language=en}}</ref> * a [[volume]] of 2 millilitres or more; * a [[pH]] of 7.2 to 8.0, which means that it is [[alkali]]ne; * 40 [[million]] or more sperm (20 million sperm in each millilitre of semen); * 50% or more of the sperm alive; and * 50% or more of the sperm able to move, or 25% or more of the sperm able to move forwards quickly within 60&nbsp;minutes from the time of ejaculation. The number of sperm in an ejaculation of semen depends on many things. There may be more sperm if: * the man is younger, * his body produces more of the [[hormone]] [[testosterone]], which makes a person look and feel like a man, * his testicles are not too warm, * he produces more semen, * he has not ejaculated for some time, and * he has been stimulated for a longer time before ejaculation. If there are an unusually low number of sperm in an ejaculation, this is called oligospermia. If there are no sperm at all, this is called azoospermia. A man with oligospermia or azoospermia is usually [[infertility|infertile]], and cannot or finds it very hard to make a woman pregnant by having sex with her. == Health == === Benefits === [[File:SemenInCondom.jpg|thumb|160px|Semen ejaculated by a man inside a [[condom]]. The end of a condom has a small pouch called a reservoir, which is a space for the semen. Wearing a condom helps to stop the spread of [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infections]].]] If the semen does not have infections, it is okay to swallow semen. A woman cannot get pregnant from swallowing semen in her mouth. It is okay if a man swallows his own semen. Studies seem to say that semen is an [[anti-depressant]]. This means that it causes women not to feel [[major depressive disorder|depressed]] or sad. The studies found that when men had sex with women without using [[condom]]s, and the men's semen was taken into the women's [[vagina]]s, the women had better moods and felt happier. Scientists do not yet know if the same thing happens when semen is swallowed after [[oral sex]], but some of them think it may.<ref>{{cite web |author=Raj Persaud |title= Semen acts as an anti-depressant |url= https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn2457-semen-acts-as-an-antidepressant.html |work=New Scientist |date= 26 June 2002 |accessdate=2008-07-07}}</ref> === Risks === ==== Passing on disease ==== If a man has a [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infection]] or STI (an [[infection]] that is passed from one person to another by sex), the germs that cause the disease can appear in his semen. If the person that the man has sex with touches the semen, he or she can become [[infection|infected]] by the germs and pick up the disease. [[HIV]], chlamydia, [[gonorrhea]], [[hepatitis|hepatitis B]], [[herpes simplex|herpes]] and [[syphillis]] are examples of STIs. [[Human papillomavirus]] (HPV), which is very common and has many types, can increase the risk of [[throat cancer]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Oral sex and throat cancer: Links, facts, and research |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/261453 |website=www.medicalnewstoday.com |accessdate=2 July 2023 |language=en |date=7 February 2018}}</ref> Vaccinating young people (both girls and boys) before the age when they might try oral sex can reduce their risk of contracting HPV. The United States [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] says the HPV [[vaccine]] should be given at age 11 or 12 years but says that HPV vaccination can be started at age 9.<ref>{{cite web |title=HPV Vaccination Recommendations {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html |website=www.cdc.gov |accessdate=2 July 2023 |language=en-us |date=22 May 2023}}</ref> One of the ways for a man to lower the chance of passing on an STI to his sexual partner is to wear a [[condom]] on his penis when having sex. While it is very common for people to use a condom when having sexual intercourse (vaginal or [[anal sex]],) very few people use a condom when having oral sex. Getting semen in your mouth can be bad if the penis or semen has infections, especially you have a cut or sore in your mouth. If semen gets in the eye, the eye will hurt. Wash the eye with warm water. Wash the eye for a few minutes. Some doctors say to get tested for [[Sexually transmitted infection|infections]].<ref>{{cite web |last1= Moore |first1=Lane |title=Don't Panic: Here's What to Do if You Get Semen in Your Eye|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/news/a48402/dont-panic-heres-what-to-do-if-you-get-semen-in-your-eye/|website=cosmopolitan.com|date=28 October 2015 |publisher=Cosmopolitan (magazine)|accessdate=18 March 2017}}</ref> ==== Making the immune system weaker ==== Some scientists think that parts of semen, such as sperm and seminal plasma, can make another person's [[immunology|immune system]] weaker.{{Verify source}} [[Experiment]]s show that when substances in a man's semen enter another person's body, that person's body makes [[antibody|antibodies]]. Antibodies are large Y-shaped [[protein]]s used by the body's immune system to stop foreign objects from harming the body. However, the antibodies made in response to substances in semen attack one of the body's own [[cell]]s, called [[lymphocyte|T lymphocytes]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=S. Mathur |author2=J.M. Goust, H.O. Williamson and H.H. Fudenberg |title= Cross-reactivity of Sperm and T Lymphocyte Antigens|journal=American Journal of Reproductive Immunology |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=113–118 |year=1981|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0897.1981.tb00142.x |pmid=6175235 |s2cid=28306999 }}</ref> This weakens the body's immune system. ==== Allergy ==== In a very small number of cases, people have experienced [[allergy|allergic reactions]] when they touched semen. This is called human seminal plasma hypersensitivity. The [[symptom]]s (signs of the medical problem) can either be near the part of the body which touched the semen, or all over the body. They may include [[itch]]ing of the vagina, redness, swelling or blisters within 30&nbsp;minutes of contact. They may also include [[Pruritus|itching]] and hives (large, red, itchy patches) all over the body, and even [[Problem breathing|difficulty breathing]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=G. Guillet |author2= G. Dagregorio, M.H. Guillet |title=&#91;Vulvar Contact Dermatitis due to Seminal Allergy: 3 Cases&#93;|journal=Ann. Dermatol. Venereol.|year=2005|volume=132|issue=2|pages=123–125|doi= 10.1016/s0151-9638(05)79221-8 |pmid= 15798560 }} (In [[French language|French]].)</ref> The best way to test for human seminal plasma hypersensitivity is for a man to use a condom when having sex. When a condom is used, after ejaculation the man's semen stays inside the condom and does not touch the body of the person he is having sex with. If the man's sexual partner usually has allergic symptoms to semen but does not have any when a condom is used, this may show that his partner's body is extra-sensitive to semen. A person can often get over a mild semen allergy by coming into contact with semen often.<ref>{{cite journal |author=S. Weidinger |author2=J. Ring, F.M. Köhn |title= IgE-mediated Allergy against Human Seminal Plasma |journal= Chem. Immunol. Allergy |series=Chemical Immunology and Allergy, 2005 |year=2005 |volume=88 |pages=128–138|doi=10.1159/000087830 |pmid=16129942 |isbn=3-8055-7951-9 }}</ref> If the allergic reaction is very bad, the person should see a doctor, especially if she is a woman trying to get pregnant. In such cases, it may be necessary for the woman to have a baby through [[artificial insemination]]. This is a medical way of fertilizing a woman's ova using a man's sperm without the man and the woman having [[sexual intercourse]]. == Culture == [[File:Orchis lactea rhizotubers.jpg|thumb|200px|An [[Orchidaceae|orchid]] plant (''Orchis lactea'') with two underground tubers. In [[Ancient Rome]] it was thought that these special [[root]]s looked like [[testicle]]s. The [[Euro|€]]1 [[coin]] in front shows that this plant is quite small.]] [[File:Statue of a Satyr.jpg|thumb|200px|A statue of a satyr in the Athens Archaeological Museum]] Many [[culture]]s around the world once thought or still think that semen has special or even [[magic]]al qualities. Some examples are set out below: <!--Please arrange alphabetically by country.--> * '''Ancient Greece'''. In [[Ancient Greece]], the [[philosophy|philosopher]] [[Aristotle]] thought that if men started to take part in sexual activity when they were too young, this would cause their bodies to stop growing normally. This was because food that would otherwise make the body grow would instead be used to make semen. However, this would not happen if the body was already fully grown.<ref>{{cite book |author= Aristotle |authorlink= Aristotle |author2= Richard Kraut (transl.) |title=Politics: Books VII and VIII |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TxCYKEtShewC&q=semen&pg=PA152 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |year=1997 |pages=152–153 |isbn=0198751133 }}</ref> * '''Ancient Rome'''. The [[Orchidaceae|orchid]] is a type of [[plant]] with [[flower]]s. Some orchids have underground tubers, which are swollen [[root]]s used by plants for storing food. The word ''orchid'' comes from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''όρχις'' (''orchis'') meaning "testicle". [[Ancient Rome|Ancient Romans]] thought that the tubers of the orchid looked like [[testicle]]s, and believed the plant grew from the semen of satyrs that had fallen on the ground.<ref name=Walker>{{cite book|author=Barbara G. Walker|title=The Woman's Dictionary of Symbols and Sacred Objects|url=https://archive.org/details/womansdictionary00walk_0|location=San Francisco, Calif.|publisher=HarperSanFrancisco|year=1988|pages=576|isbn=0-06-250923-3}}</ref> A satyr was thought to be a creature with the upper body of a man and the lower body of a [[Domestic goat|goat]], and goat's horns on its head. Satyrs were said to love drinking [[wine]] and having sex. * '''China'''. In [[Ancient China]], it was believed that the precious stone [[jade]] was the dried semen of a [[dragon]] that lived in the sky.<ref name=Walker/> Today, in [[custom|traditional]] Chinese medicine and in ''qìgōng'' (Chinese [[exercise]]s that work with ''qì'' or "[[energy]]" in the body), it is believed that a man's body contains sexual energy called ''jīng'' (written 精 in the [[Chinese language]]), and that he should try to make more of it and save it.<ref>{{cite web|author=Gary J. Clyman|title=Sexual Kung Fu &#91;ch. 8&#93;|url=http://www.chikung.com/chapter8.html|work=The Chi Kung Bible: Mastering Personal Power|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2009-02-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208092725/http://www.chikung.com/chapter8.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is said that ''jīng'' moves into a man's [[sex organ]]s when he is sexually excited, and when he ejaculates semen the energy leaves his body, which is not good for him. * '''Indonesia'''. In the traditions of [[Bali]] in [[Indonesia]], when a man ejaculates semen into a woman's body, he is considered to be repaying his mother's kindness in giving him [[breast]] milk when he was a baby.<ref>{{cite book|author=Laura J. Bellows|title=Personhood, Procreative Fluids, and Power: Re-thinking Hierarchy in Bali &#91;Working Paper No. 9&#93;|url=http://rspas.anu.edu.au/grc/publications/pdfs/BellowsL_2003.pdf|location=Canberra|publisher=Gender Relations Centre, RSPAS, Australian National University|year=2003|id=(online)|access-date=2008-07-08|archive-date=2006-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060222172830/http://rspas.anu.edu.au/grc/publications/pdfs/BellowsL_2003.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''Near Middle East'''. In [[Bible|Biblical]] times, the early [[Jew]]s believed that when a man ejaculated semen this made him [[ritual]]ly unclean until evening. Any object that semen touched also became unclean, and if the man had sex with a woman she became unclean until evening.<ref>[[Bible|The Bible]], [[Leviticus]] 15:16–18.</ref> People who practise certain types of [[Judaism]] still have this belief today. * '''Papua New Guinea'''. Among the Etoro people of [[Papua New Guinea]] it is believed that to become sexually mature men, young boys must perform oral sex on older men and swallow their semen.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Gilbert H. Herdt |title=Ritualized Homosexuality in Melanesia|location=Berkeley, Calif.|publisher=University of California Press|year=1984|isbn=0-520-08096-3}}</ref> === Popular culture === Displaying semen in forms of [[popular culture]] such as [[art]] and [[movie]]s has for a long time been [[taboo]], that is, not generally accepted by [[society]]. However, since the late 20th century artists and moviemakers have done so more often. ==== Visual arts ==== The American [[photographer]] Andres Serrano sometimes takes [[photography|photographs]] of body fluids and displays them as artworks. One example is ''Blood and Semen II'' (1990), which is a picture of blood and semen mixed together. Some people are shocked by such pictures and think it is wrong of him to make them, while others think that as an artist he is free to create such works.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Andrew Moscrop|title=Andres Serrano, Barbican Art Gallery, London. Until 23 December 2001|url=http://www.studentbmj.com/issues/01/12/reviews/481.php|journal=StudentBMJ|date=December 2001|volume=9|pages=443–486|access-date=8 July 2008|archive-date=9 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109194520/http://www.studentbmj.com/issues/01/12/reviews/481.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Another of Serrano's pictures, ''Blood and Semen III'', was featured on the cover of the 1996 music [[album (music)|album]] ''Load'' by the American [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]] [[band]] [[Metallica]].<ref>{{cite web|title=A–Z of Metallica terms and names|url=http://www.metallicaworld.co.uk/a-z.htm|work=Metallicaworld|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2008-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707205652/http://www.metallicaworld.co.uk/a-z.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[United Kingdom]]-based artists Gilbert Proesch and George Passmore, better known as Gilbert and George, have also used semen and other body fluids to create artworks.<ref>{{cite news |author=Germaine Greer |title=There is only one way Gilbert and George can complete the work – by dying, in unison |url=http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/visualart/story/0,,2021470,00.html |work=The Guardian |date=26 February 2007 }} {{cite web |title= Gilbert and George |url= http://www.artandculture.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/artist?id=897 |work= ArtandCulture.com |accessdate= 2008-07-08 |archive-date= 2006-03-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060327041556/http://www.artandculture.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects/ACLive.woa/wa/artist?id=897 |url-status= dead }}</ref> ==== Movies ==== Apart from [[pornography|pornographic movies]] showing people having sex, semen is usually not shown in movies as many people think that doing so is obscene (not decent). However, some movies that have shown semen are the American [[comedy]] movies ''There's Something about Mary'' (1998),<ref>{{cite magazine|title=There's Something about Mary|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947951/review/5947952/theres_something_about_mary|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=8 December 2000|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2008-11-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081130010953/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5947951/review/5947952/theres_something_about_mary|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''American Pie'' (1999),<ref>{{cite web|title=American Pie|url=http://www.pluggedinonline.com/movies/movies/a0000453.cfm|work=Plugged In Online|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2008-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514100354/http://www.pluggedinonline.com/movies/movies/a0000453.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ''Scary Movie'' (2000)<ref>{{cite web|author=Beth Pratt|title=Scary Movie|url=http://www.commonsensemedia.org/movie-reviews/Scary-Movie.html|work=CommonSenseMedia|accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref> and ''Scary Movie 2'' (2001).<ref>{{cite web|author=Dutin Putman|title=Scary Movie 2 (2001) |url=http://www.themovieboy.com/reviews/s/01_scarymovie2.htm|work=TheMovieBoy.com|date= 4 July 2001 |accessdate=2008-07-08}}</ref> In the [[Spain|Spanish]] movie ''Y tu mamá también'' (''And Your Mother Too'', 2001), there is a scene where two [[high school|high-school]] boys who are friends lie on [[diving]] boards over a swimming pool and [[masturbation|masturbate]] (make themselves sexually excited). Semen is later shown floating on the water.<ref>{{cite web|author=Aaron Beltz|title=Beavis y Butthead|url=http://metaphilm.com/philms/ytumamatambien.html|work=Metaphilm|year=2002–2003|accessdate=2008-07-08|archive-date=2008-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714022920/http://www.metaphilm.com/philms/ytumamatambien.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Such movies are usually not thought to be suitable for children to watch. == References == {{reflist|2}} {{commons cat}} {{commons cat |Male reproductive system}} {{commons cat |Human reproductive system}} {{-}} {{Reproductive system}} [[Category:Male reproductive system]] [[Category:Biological reproduction]] [[Category:Masturbation]] [[Category:Orgasm]] t6wzod55xsew8cjgetsfdpe0ad8h8gs 0 13953 11023986 11006999 2026-10-08T13:54:53Z ~2026-54329-97 1886977 11023986 wikitext text/x-wiki 11023987 11023986 2026-10-08T13:56:11Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54329-97|~2026-54329-97]] ([[User talk:~2026-54329-97|talk]]) to last version by Mickie-Mickie: reverting [[WP:VAN|vandalism]] 11006999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}{{Infobox war faction|name=Ku Klux Klan|image=[[File:Flag_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan.svg|300px]]|caption=Flag of the Ku Klux Klan|active=1865–1872<br>1915–1944<br>1946–present|ideology=[[White supremacy]]<br>[[White nationalism]]<br>[[Racial segregation|Segregationism]]|leaders=[[David Duke]]|area='''[[United States]]'''<br>[[Canada]]|active2=Active|predecessor=Knights of the Golden Circle<br>[[Confederate States of America]]<br>Knights of Mary Phagan (1915)<br>Night Riders (1915)|designated_as_terror_group_by={{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Canada_(Pantone).svg}} [[Canada]]<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Charleston,_South_Carolina.svg}} [[Charleston, South Carolina]]}} The '''Ku Klux Klan (KKK)''' is an [[United States|American]] [[white supremacy|white supremacist]] [[hate group]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Etter Sr|first1=Gregg W.|last2=McElreath|first2=David H.|last3=Quarles|first3=Chester L.|date=Spring 2005|title=Ku Klux Klan: Evolution Towards Revolution|journal=Journal of Gang Research|volume=12|issue=3|pages=1–16}}</ref> A group of [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[Veteran|veterans]] created the original KKK in [[Pulaski, Tennessee]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Randal Rust|title=Ku Klux Klan|url=https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/ku-klux-klan/|access-date=October 25, 2020|website=Tennessee Encyclopedia|language=en-US}}</ref> on December 24, 1865. This was shortly after the Confederacy lost the [[American Civil War]]. The group quickly expanded among [[European Americans]] in the [[southern United States]]. There have been several versions of the Ku Klux Klan. The original Klan lasted till 1871, when the group was made [[illegal]]. In 1915, an [[Atlanta]] businessman named William J. Simmons started the Ku Klux Klan for a second time.<ref name="boanHN" /> The third KKK emerged in the 1950s and 1960s in response to the American [[Civil Rights Movement]]. The KKK's power and membership have greatly declined in recent years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ku Klux Klan|url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/ku-klux-klan/|access-date=2025-04-04|website=Southern Poverty Law Center|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023 there were just 10 active Klan groups in the United States.<ref name=":0" /> ==Goals== The KKK's goal is to maintain 'white power' over [[Minority group|minority groups]]. Most of their [[hatred]] is, and has always been, directed at [[African Americans]]. However, the KKK has also attacked [[Catholics]], [[Jews]] and [[Immigration|immigrants]] because of their religion and culture. It is a violent organization and was frequently involved with [[Lynching in the United States|lynchings]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lynch mobs and the Klu Klux Klan - Context – WJEC - GCSE English Literature Revision - WJEC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zq6csg8/revision/3|access-date=2025-04-04|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Early years== A group of [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[Veteran|veterans]], led by [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]], created the original Ku Klux Klan shortly after the [[American Civil War]] ended, during [[Reconstruction of the United States|Reconstruction]]. It began as a social club for former Confederate soldiers, who had fought to defend [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]].<ref name="rkkkWGBH">{{cite web|title=General Article: Rise of the Ku Klux Klan|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/grant-kkk/|access-date=October 29, 2016|website=American Experience|publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref> The Klan quickly became a [[Terrorism|terrorist organization]].<ref name="rkkkWGBH" /> According to the Southern Poverty Law Center:<blockquote>[The first] Ku Klux Klan [was] a [[Vigilantism|vigilante]] group mobilizing a campaign of violence and [[Terrorism|terror]] against the African American people that benefited from the progress of Reconstruction. As the group gained members from all strata of Southern white society, it used violent intimidation to prevent Black Americans – and any white people who supported Reconstruction – from voting and holding [[Politician|political office]].<ref name="kkkSPLC">{{cite web|title=Ku Klux Klan|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/ku-klux-klan|access-date=October 29, 2016|publisher=SPLC Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref></blockquote>[[File:Kkk1928.jpg|thumb|Ku Klux Klan members march down Pennsylvania Avenue in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 1928.]] [[File:The Union as It Was.jpg|thumb|The Union as It Was]] [[File:Ku Klux Klan members and a burning cross, Denver, Colorado, 1921.jpg|thumb|KKK burning a Cross]] When the KKK started, northern soldiers were occupying the former [[Confederate States of America]]. Klan members feared that [[white people]] in the South could lose their [[White supremacy|supremacy]] over [[black people]]. The Klan used violence and intimidation against black [[voter]]s to prevent them from voting.<ref name="histeventMC">{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/president/about/historical-events#04_20|title=Historical Events|website=The Miller Center|publisher=Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia|access-date=October 27, 2016}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> At times, [[United States Republican Party|Republicans]] were also attacked by the Klan.<ref name=histeventMC/> The Klan used threats and violence to terrorize black people. When they wanted a person to leave town, they would [[Cross burning|burn crosses]] or threaten violence in order to scare them away. If the person did not leave, the Klan would kill them. Increasingly, the Klan used and promoted violence. Klan members participated in lynching many black men. The growing violence promoted by the KKK led to many [[Lynching in the United States|lynchings]] ([[Extrajudicial killing|mob executions without a fair trial]], often by [[hanging]]). In 1871, the group was outlawed. Many KKK members were put in [[prison]]. Still, the group continued its efforts to maintain white supremacy. It disbanded after the [[Jim Crow laws]] enforced [[racial segregation]], achieving the Klan's goal to maintain white supremacy.<ref name="kkkSPLC" /> By the time it disbanded, the original Ku Klux Klan had achieved many of its original goals. For instance, the United States government moved the troops occupying the Southern states into the West. The KKK also successfully prevented many black people from voting through violence, intimidation, and the threat of lynchings.<ref name="kkkSPLC" /> ==The second Ku Klux Klan== In 1915, William J. Simmons, an [[Atlanta]] businessman, re-started the Ku Klux Klan.<ref name="boanHN">{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/the-birth-of-a-nation-when-hollywood-glorified-the-kkk.htm|title='The Birth of a Nation': When Hollywood Glorified the KKK|website=HistoryNet|date=June 12, 2006 |publisher=World History Group|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> A movie called ''[[The Birth of a Nation]]'' had just been released.<ref name=boanHN/> It portrayed African-American men (played by [[White people|white]] actors in [[blackface]]) as stupid and [[Sexual assault|sexually aggressive]] towards white women. It also showed the Ku Klux Klan as a [[hero]]ic force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://themovingarts.com/revered-and-reviled-d-w-griffiths-the-birth-of-a-nation/|first=Eric M.|last=Armstrong|title=Revered and Reviled: D.W. Griffith's 'The Birth of a Nation'|work=The Moving Arts Film Journal|date=February 26, 2010|access-date=October 29, 2016|archive-date=May 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529224316/http://themovingarts.com/revered-and-reviled-d-w-griffiths-the-birth-of-a-nation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The movie proved to be an excellent [[recruitment]] tool for the KKK.<ref name=boanHN/> The new KKK kept most of the original group's [[Ritual|rituals]] and traditions. Any white [[Protestantism|Protestant]] man could join. This version of the Klan attacked not just African Americans, but also [[Jew|Jews]] and [[Catholic Church|Catholics]],<ref name="kkkSPLC" /> such as [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe|Eastern European]] [[Immigration|immigrants]] (like [[Italian Americans|Italians]], [[Russian Americans|Russians]], and [[Lithuanian Americans|Lithuanians]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Baker |first=Kelly J. |title=Gospel According to the Klan: The KKK's Appeal to Protestant America, 1915–1930 |date=2011 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0700617920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O90lKQEACAAJ |access-date=November 17, 2021 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407210443/https://books.google.com/books?id=O90lKQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1920, the Klan began attracting recruits from all over the nation.<ref name="kkk20thNGE">{{cite web|url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/ku-klux-klan-twentieth-century|title=Ku Klux Klan in the Twentieth Century|author=Shawn Lay|website=New Georgia Encyclopedia|publisher=Georgia Humanities Council and the University of Georgia Press|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> They [[wikt:promise|promise]]d better [[law enforcement]], better government, better schools, and a return to traditional [[family values]].<ref name=kkk20thNGE/> The KKK's views were based on white supremacy: the belief that white people are superior to other [[Race (sociology)|racial]] groups and ought to rule them.<ref name="slavotherPBS">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/white-supremacy/|title=Slavery by Another Name: White Supremacy and Terrorism|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> There were a number of [[scandal]]s within the second KKK, a great deal of internal [[feud]]ing, and unhappiness among Klan members who were tiring of the group's violent image.<ref name="kkk20thNGE" /> ===Statistics=== The second KKK reached the height of its influence in the 1920s, with about 5 [[million]] members.<ref name="kkk20thNGE" /> However, the group's influence and membership declined quickly. By the 1930s there were just 30,000 Klan members in the country.<ref name="kkk20thNGE" /> The group was [[Prosecutor|prosecuted]] for failure to pay [[Income tax in the United States|federal income taxes]] and disbanded in 1944.<ref name="kkk20thNGE" /> In 86 years, the KKK killed an estimated 3,446 black people.<ref name="StarrCBSNEWS">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/kkk-lynched-3446-blacks-86-years-abortion-claims-many-black-babies-less-four-days|title=KKK Lynched 3,446 Blacks in 86 Years – Abortion Claims That Many Black Babies in 'Less Than Four Days'|author=Penny Starr|date=May 15, 2013 |publisher=CBS News|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> Most of these murders were [[Extrajudicial killing|extrajudicial]] hangings where the victim had received no [[trial]].<ref name="intoleranceBBC">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/tch_wjec/usa19101929/1immigration9.shtml|title=Was America a country of religious and racial intolerance during this period?|publisher=BBC|access-date=October 29, 2016|archive-date=December 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214132243/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/tch_wjec/usa19101929/1immigration9.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> These were acts of [[terrorism]] because the KKK used fear to control African Americans and take away their [[political right]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ku Klux Klan used terrorism and violence against African-Americans to assert white supremacy. {{!}} U.S. Capitol - Visitor Center|url=https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/artifact/ku-klux-klan-used-terrorism-and-violence-against-african-americans-assert-white-supremacy|access-date=2025-04-04|website=www.visitthecapitol.gov}}</ref> ==The third Ku Klux Klan== In 1954, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] (the highest court in the US) decided ''[[Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas]]'', one of the most important court cases in American history. They ruled that it was [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]] to have [[Segregation in schools|different schools]] for black and white children.<ref name="bvbeFL">{{cite web|author=United States Supreme Court|date=May 17, 1954|title=United States Supreme Court: BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION, (1954), No. 10; Argued: December 9, 1952; Decided: May 17, 1954|url=http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/347/483.html|access-date=March 2, 2016|website=FindLaw.com}}</ref> After this ruling, many independent Ku Klux Klan groups increased their attacks on African Americans.<ref name=kkk20thNGE/> ===Civil Rights Movement=== In the summer of 1964, Klansman [[Edgar Ray Killen|Edgar Killen]] killed three African Americans who participated in the [[civil rights movement]]. In his first [[Jury trial|trial]], an all-white [[jury]] could not agree on whether Killen was [[Guilt (law)|guilty]].<ref name="NPR">{{cite web |last1=Elliott |first1=Debbie |title=Edgar Ray Killen Dies; Klansman Behind Civil Rights Workers' Murders In 1964 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/12/577664811/edgar-ray-killen-dies-klansman-behind-civil-rights-workers-murders-in-1964 |website=NPR |accessdate=24 September 2025 |language=en |date=12 January 2018}}</ref> This is called a [[hung jury]]. As a result, Killen was set free. These events were later discussed in a 1988 movie called ''[[Mississippi Burning]].''<ref name=NPR/> In 2005, Killen was tried again for the three murders, and this time he was found guilty.<ref name="NPR" /> Killen, who was 80 years old at the time, was [[Sentence (law)|sentenced]] to prison for 60 years.<ref name="killensentenceDN">{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2005/6/24/ex_klansman_killen_gets_maximum_60|title=Ex-Klansman Killen Gets Maximum 60-Yr Sentence for Manslaughter Charge in 1964 Mississippi Killings|date=June 24, 2005|publisher=Democracy Now!|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> He died on January 11, 2018 in prison in Parchman, [[Mississippi]] at age 92. ===Membership=== [[File:Cross Lighting 2005.jpg|thumb|right|Klansmen at a cross burning in 2005]][[File:Hatred Racism Ku Klux Klan outfit Exhibits of The Children's Museum of Indianapolis, Indiana, US. Photo Valerie Everett 2012.jpg|thumb|Photo taken by Valerie Everett in September 2012 showing items from the [[Exhibition|exhibitions]] at the en:The Children's Museum of [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]], USA: Figurine in Ku Klux Klan outfit, historical photo, etc.]] In 2011, the KKK was [[Estimation|estimated]] to have as many as 5,000 members.<ref name="ADL">{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/default.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4&item=kkk|title=About the Ku Klux Klan|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|access-date=October 4, 2011|archive-date=December 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226085812/http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/default.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4&item=kkk|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Connections with other ideologies== ===Islamism=== ====2000s==== [[David Duke]], who led the KKK between 1974 and 1980, has deep connections with [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups, especially the [[Iran#After World War II|Iranian regime]]. On December 11 – 13, 2006, Duke attended a [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust-denying]] [[conference]] in [[Iran]] after being invited by the Iranian government.<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be 'wiped out' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> There, he claimed that [[Zionism|Zionists]] used the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] to deny rights to Palestinians.<ref name="DD1" /> He said:<blockquote>The [[Holocaust]] is the device used as the pillar of [[Zionism|Zionist]] [[imperialism]], Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder.<ref name="DD1" /></blockquote>Duke was one of the 70 participants at the conference. ====2010s==== On September 11, 2012, Duke was [[Interview|interviewed]] by the Iranian state [[television]] Press TV. During the interview, he claimed that "the Jews created the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 attack]] and Iraq War [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|in the media, the government and international finance]]".<ref name="DD2">{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |title=Iran's Press TV: Broadcasting Anti-Semitism To English Speaking World |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/press-tv-report-2015-4-1.pdf |date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> He repeated the claim in another Press TV interview in 2013, insisting that the "Jews' control of the U.S. is the world's greatest single problem".<ref name="DD2" /> Duke was not the first to express this [[conspiracy theory]]. [[Henry Ford]] made this same accusation in the 1920s. Later, [[Adolf Hitler]] used the idea to justify [[World War II]] and the Holocaust. ====2020s==== In June 2024, Duke attended a pro-[[State of Palestine|Palestine]] event along with [[Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century#Radical traditionalist Catholics|radical traditionalist Catholics]] [[Nick Fuentes]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee (AJC) |title=Who is Nick Fuentes and Why Is His Antisemitism Dangerous for America? |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/who-is-nick-fuentes-and-why-is-his-antisemitism-dangerous-for-america |date=January 25, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Observer |title=FBI Overreach Is Concerning, But So Are 'Radical-Traditionalist Catholics' |url=https://www.texasobserver.org/fbi-overreach-is-concerning-but-so-are-radical-traditionalist-catholics |last=Monacelli |first=Steven |date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Tribune |title=What to know about Nick Fuentes, the white supremacist who was just hosted by a major Texas PAC leader |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2023/10/10/nick-fuentes-texas-meeting |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=National Catholic Reporter |title=Latin Mass in US Capitol was unauthorized, Washington archdiocese says |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/latin-mass-us-capitol-was-unauthorized-washington-archdiocese-says |date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Vanity Fair |title=Behind the Catholic Right's Celebrity-Conversion Industrial Complex |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/story/catholic-right-celebrity-conversion-industrial-complex |last=Joyce |first=Kathryn |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> and Jake Shields.<ref name="DD3"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=David Duke, antisemites, Israel-haters find common cause at failed Detroit rally |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-806611 |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Former grand wizard of the KKK sides with Pro-Palestinian activists at hate convention |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/usa/former-grand-wizard-of-the-kkk-sides-with-pro-palestinian-activists-at-hate-convention-r59eebbg |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=New York Post |title=KKK Grand Wizard David Duke sides with anti-Israel protesters: 'This is who college protesters are aligned with' |url=https://nypost.com/2024/06/17/us-news/kkk-grand-wizard-david-duke-sides-with-anti-israel-protesters |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=NBC News |title=Former KKK leader David Duke praises anti-Israel efforts: 'We are being genocided' |url=https://nbcmontana.com/news/nation-world/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-backs-anti-israel-protesters-condemns-jewish-supremacism-ku-klux-klan-palestine-hamas-gaza-terrorism-genocide-nick-fuentes-groyphers |date=June 18, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Post & News |title=Former KKK Leader David Duke Joins Anti-Israel Protesters, Says He's 'Saving Our Country From Jewish Supremacy' |url=https://jewishpostandnews.ca/rss/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-joins-anti-israel-protesters-says-hes-saving-our-country-from-jewish-supremacy |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> There they preached to [[Muslims|Muslim]] attendees, making these claims:<ref name="DD3" /> * The [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Jews had a plan to set up 'greater Israel' by war, revolution and subterfuge"]] * Muslims and White nationalists share the same fight against "[[Jewish supremacy]]" * The "[[Gaza genocide|Jews are genociding Palestinians in Gaza]] just as they are [[White genocide myth|genociding White people in America]]" ==Related pages== * [[Racism]] * [[Afrophobia]] * [[Antisemitism]] * [[Angry white male]] * [[White nationalism]] == References == {{Commons category}} {{reflist}} {{American Civil War}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1865 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:1860s in the United States]] [[Category:20th century in the United States]] [[Category:21st century in the United States]] [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Gangs]] [[Category:Terrorism]] [[Category:Cults]] [[Category:African-American history]] [[Category:Crime in the United States]] [[Category:Discrimination]] [[Category:Secret societies]] [[Category:White supremacists]] [[Category:Political organizations based in the United States]] r7posc6xegwtmw03uw8guxik9gtu2i7 11024290 11023987 2026-10-09T03:11:24Z MexicanLatina2026 1887338 11024290 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024296 11024290 2026-10-09T03:15:24Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/MexicanLatina2026|MexicanLatina2026]] ([[User talk:MexicanLatina2026|talk]]) to last version by Veritas Sapientiae 11006999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}{{Infobox war faction|name=Ku Klux Klan|image=[[File:Flag_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan.svg|300px]]|caption=Flag of the Ku Klux Klan|active=1865–1872<br>1915–1944<br>1946–present|ideology=[[White supremacy]]<br>[[White nationalism]]<br>[[Racial segregation|Segregationism]]|leaders=[[David Duke]]|area='''[[United States]]'''<br>[[Canada]]|active2=Active|predecessor=Knights of the Golden Circle<br>[[Confederate States of America]]<br>Knights of Mary Phagan (1915)<br>Night Riders (1915)|designated_as_terror_group_by={{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Canada_(Pantone).svg}} [[Canada]]<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Charleston,_South_Carolina.svg}} [[Charleston, South Carolina]]}} The '''Ku Klux Klan (KKK)''' is an [[United States|American]] [[white supremacy|white supremacist]] [[hate group]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Etter Sr|first1=Gregg W.|last2=McElreath|first2=David H.|last3=Quarles|first3=Chester L.|date=Spring 2005|title=Ku Klux Klan: Evolution Towards Revolution|journal=Journal of Gang Research|volume=12|issue=3|pages=1–16}}</ref> A group of [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[Veteran|veterans]] created the original KKK in [[Pulaski, Tennessee]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Randal Rust|title=Ku Klux Klan|url=https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/ku-klux-klan/|access-date=October 25, 2020|website=Tennessee Encyclopedia|language=en-US}}</ref> on December 24, 1865. This was shortly after the Confederacy lost the [[American Civil War]]. The group quickly expanded among [[European Americans]] in the [[southern United States]]. There have been several versions of the Ku Klux Klan. The original Klan lasted till 1871, when the group was made [[illegal]]. In 1915, an [[Atlanta]] businessman named William J. Simmons started the Ku Klux Klan for a second time.<ref name="boanHN" /> The third KKK emerged in the 1950s and 1960s in response to the American [[Civil Rights Movement]]. The KKK's power and membership have greatly declined in recent years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ku Klux Klan|url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/ku-klux-klan/|access-date=2025-04-04|website=Southern Poverty Law Center|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023 there were just 10 active Klan groups in the United States.<ref name=":0" /> ==Goals== The KKK's goal is to maintain 'white power' over [[Minority group|minority groups]]. Most of their [[hatred]] is, and has always been, directed at [[African Americans]]. However, the KKK has also attacked [[Catholics]], [[Jews]] and [[Immigration|immigrants]] because of their religion and culture. It is a violent organization and was frequently involved with [[Lynching in the United States|lynchings]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lynch mobs and the Klu Klux Klan - Context – WJEC - GCSE English Literature Revision - WJEC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zq6csg8/revision/3|access-date=2025-04-04|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Early years== A group of [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[Veteran|veterans]], led by [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]], created the original Ku Klux Klan shortly after the [[American Civil War]] ended, during [[Reconstruction of the United States|Reconstruction]]. It began as a social club for former Confederate soldiers, who had fought to defend [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]].<ref name="rkkkWGBH">{{cite web|title=General Article: Rise of the Ku Klux Klan|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/grant-kkk/|access-date=October 29, 2016|website=American Experience|publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref> The Klan quickly became a [[Terrorism|terrorist organization]].<ref name="rkkkWGBH" /> According to the Southern Poverty Law Center:<blockquote>[The first] Ku Klux Klan [was] a [[Vigilantism|vigilante]] group mobilizing a campaign of violence and [[Terrorism|terror]] against the African American people that benefited from the progress of Reconstruction. As the group gained members from all strata of Southern white society, it used violent intimidation to prevent Black Americans – and any white people who supported Reconstruction – from voting and holding [[Politician|political office]].<ref name="kkkSPLC">{{cite web|title=Ku Klux Klan|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/ku-klux-klan|access-date=October 29, 2016|publisher=SPLC Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref></blockquote>[[File:Kkk1928.jpg|thumb|Ku Klux Klan members march down Pennsylvania Avenue in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 1928.]] [[File:The Union as It Was.jpg|thumb|The Union as It Was]] [[File:Ku Klux Klan members and a burning cross, Denver, Colorado, 1921.jpg|thumb|KKK burning a Cross]] When the KKK started, northern soldiers were occupying the former [[Confederate States of America]]. Klan members feared that [[white people]] in the South could lose their [[White supremacy|supremacy]] over [[black people]]. The Klan used violence and intimidation against black [[voter]]s to prevent them from voting.<ref name="histeventMC">{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/president/about/historical-events#04_20|title=Historical Events|website=The Miller Center|publisher=Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia|access-date=October 27, 2016}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> At times, [[United States Republican Party|Republicans]] were also attacked by the Klan.<ref name=histeventMC/> The Klan used threats and violence to terrorize black people. When they wanted a person to leave town, they would [[Cross burning|burn crosses]] or threaten violence in order to scare them away. If the person did not leave, the Klan would kill them. Increasingly, the Klan used and promoted violence. Klan members participated in lynching many black men. The growing violence promoted by the KKK led to many [[Lynching in the United States|lynchings]] ([[Extrajudicial killing|mob executions without a fair trial]], often by [[hanging]]). In 1871, the group was outlawed. Many KKK members were put in [[prison]]. Still, the group continued its efforts to maintain white supremacy. It disbanded after the [[Jim Crow laws]] enforced [[racial segregation]], achieving the Klan's goal to maintain white supremacy.<ref name="kkkSPLC" /> By the time it disbanded, the original Ku Klux Klan had achieved many of its original goals. For instance, the United States government moved the troops occupying the Southern states into the West. The KKK also successfully prevented many black people from voting through violence, intimidation, and the threat of lynchings.<ref name="kkkSPLC" /> ==The second Ku Klux Klan== In 1915, William J. Simmons, an [[Atlanta]] businessman, re-started the Ku Klux Klan.<ref name="boanHN">{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/the-birth-of-a-nation-when-hollywood-glorified-the-kkk.htm|title='The Birth of a Nation': When Hollywood Glorified the KKK|website=HistoryNet|date=June 12, 2006 |publisher=World History Group|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> A movie called ''[[The Birth of a Nation]]'' had just been released.<ref name=boanHN/> It portrayed African-American men (played by [[White people|white]] actors in [[blackface]]) as stupid and [[Sexual assault|sexually aggressive]] towards white women. It also showed the Ku Klux Klan as a [[hero]]ic force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://themovingarts.com/revered-and-reviled-d-w-griffiths-the-birth-of-a-nation/|first=Eric M.|last=Armstrong|title=Revered and Reviled: D.W. Griffith's 'The Birth of a Nation'|work=The Moving Arts Film Journal|date=February 26, 2010|access-date=October 29, 2016|archive-date=May 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529224316/http://themovingarts.com/revered-and-reviled-d-w-griffiths-the-birth-of-a-nation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The movie proved to be an excellent [[recruitment]] tool for the KKK.<ref name=boanHN/> The new KKK kept most of the original group's [[Ritual|rituals]] and traditions. Any white [[Protestantism|Protestant]] man could join. This version of the Klan attacked not just African Americans, but also [[Jew|Jews]] and [[Catholic Church|Catholics]],<ref name="kkkSPLC" /> such as [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe|Eastern European]] [[Immigration|immigrants]] (like [[Italian Americans|Italians]], [[Russian Americans|Russians]], and [[Lithuanian Americans|Lithuanians]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Baker |first=Kelly J. |title=Gospel According to the Klan: The KKK's Appeal to Protestant America, 1915–1930 |date=2011 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0700617920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O90lKQEACAAJ |access-date=November 17, 2021 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407210443/https://books.google.com/books?id=O90lKQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1920, the Klan began attracting recruits from all over the nation.<ref name="kkk20thNGE">{{cite web|url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/ku-klux-klan-twentieth-century|title=Ku Klux Klan in the Twentieth Century|author=Shawn Lay|website=New Georgia Encyclopedia|publisher=Georgia Humanities Council and the University of Georgia Press|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> They [[wikt:promise|promise]]d better [[law enforcement]], better government, better schools, and a return to traditional [[family values]].<ref name=kkk20thNGE/> The KKK's views were based on white supremacy: the belief that white people are superior to other [[Race (sociology)|racial]] groups and ought to rule them.<ref name="slavotherPBS">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/white-supremacy/|title=Slavery by Another Name: White Supremacy and Terrorism|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> There were a number of [[scandal]]s within the second KKK, a great deal of internal [[feud]]ing, and unhappiness among Klan members who were tiring of the group's violent image.<ref name="kkk20thNGE" /> ===Statistics=== The second KKK reached the height of its influence in the 1920s, with about 5 [[million]] members.<ref name="kkk20thNGE" /> However, the group's influence and membership declined quickly. By the 1930s there were just 30,000 Klan members in the country.<ref name="kkk20thNGE" /> The group was [[Prosecutor|prosecuted]] for failure to pay [[Income tax in the United States|federal income taxes]] and disbanded in 1944.<ref name="kkk20thNGE" /> In 86 years, the KKK killed an estimated 3,446 black people.<ref name="StarrCBSNEWS">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/kkk-lynched-3446-blacks-86-years-abortion-claims-many-black-babies-less-four-days|title=KKK Lynched 3,446 Blacks in 86 Years – Abortion Claims That Many Black Babies in 'Less Than Four Days'|author=Penny Starr|date=May 15, 2013 |publisher=CBS News|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> Most of these murders were [[Extrajudicial killing|extrajudicial]] hangings where the victim had received no [[trial]].<ref name="intoleranceBBC">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/tch_wjec/usa19101929/1immigration9.shtml|title=Was America a country of religious and racial intolerance during this period?|publisher=BBC|access-date=October 29, 2016|archive-date=December 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214132243/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/tch_wjec/usa19101929/1immigration9.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> These were acts of [[terrorism]] because the KKK used fear to control African Americans and take away their [[political right]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ku Klux Klan used terrorism and violence against African-Americans to assert white supremacy. {{!}} U.S. Capitol - Visitor Center|url=https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/artifact/ku-klux-klan-used-terrorism-and-violence-against-african-americans-assert-white-supremacy|access-date=2025-04-04|website=www.visitthecapitol.gov}}</ref> ==The third Ku Klux Klan== In 1954, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] (the highest court in the US) decided ''[[Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas]]'', one of the most important court cases in American history. They ruled that it was [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]] to have [[Segregation in schools|different schools]] for black and white children.<ref name="bvbeFL">{{cite web|author=United States Supreme Court|date=May 17, 1954|title=United States Supreme Court: BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION, (1954), No. 10; Argued: December 9, 1952; Decided: May 17, 1954|url=http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/347/483.html|access-date=March 2, 2016|website=FindLaw.com}}</ref> After this ruling, many independent Ku Klux Klan groups increased their attacks on African Americans.<ref name=kkk20thNGE/> ===Civil Rights Movement=== In the summer of 1964, Klansman [[Edgar Ray Killen|Edgar Killen]] killed three African Americans who participated in the [[civil rights movement]]. In his first [[Jury trial|trial]], an all-white [[jury]] could not agree on whether Killen was [[Guilt (law)|guilty]].<ref name="NPR">{{cite web |last1=Elliott |first1=Debbie |title=Edgar Ray Killen Dies; Klansman Behind Civil Rights Workers' Murders In 1964 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/12/577664811/edgar-ray-killen-dies-klansman-behind-civil-rights-workers-murders-in-1964 |website=NPR |accessdate=24 September 2025 |language=en |date=12 January 2018}}</ref> This is called a [[hung jury]]. As a result, Killen was set free. These events were later discussed in a 1988 movie called ''[[Mississippi Burning]].''<ref name=NPR/> In 2005, Killen was tried again for the three murders, and this time he was found guilty.<ref name="NPR" /> Killen, who was 80 years old at the time, was [[Sentence (law)|sentenced]] to prison for 60 years.<ref name="killensentenceDN">{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2005/6/24/ex_klansman_killen_gets_maximum_60|title=Ex-Klansman Killen Gets Maximum 60-Yr Sentence for Manslaughter Charge in 1964 Mississippi Killings|date=June 24, 2005|publisher=Democracy Now!|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> He died on January 11, 2018 in prison in Parchman, [[Mississippi]] at age 92. ===Membership=== [[File:Cross Lighting 2005.jpg|thumb|right|Klansmen at a cross burning in 2005]][[File:Hatred Racism Ku Klux Klan outfit Exhibits of The Children's Museum of Indianapolis, Indiana, US. Photo Valerie Everett 2012.jpg|thumb|Photo taken by Valerie Everett in September 2012 showing items from the [[Exhibition|exhibitions]] at the en:The Children's Museum of [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]], USA: Figurine in Ku Klux Klan outfit, historical photo, etc.]] In 2011, the KKK was [[Estimation|estimated]] to have as many as 5,000 members.<ref name="ADL">{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/default.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4&item=kkk|title=About the Ku Klux Klan|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|access-date=October 4, 2011|archive-date=December 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226085812/http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/default.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4&item=kkk|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Connections with other ideologies== ===Islamism=== ====2000s==== [[David Duke]], who led the KKK between 1974 and 1980, has deep connections with [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups, especially the [[Iran#After World War II|Iranian regime]]. On December 11 – 13, 2006, Duke attended a [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust-denying]] [[conference]] in [[Iran]] after being invited by the Iranian government.<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be 'wiped out' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> There, he claimed that [[Zionism|Zionists]] used the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] to deny rights to Palestinians.<ref name="DD1" /> He said:<blockquote>The [[Holocaust]] is the device used as the pillar of [[Zionism|Zionist]] [[imperialism]], Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder.<ref name="DD1" /></blockquote>Duke was one of the 70 participants at the conference. ====2010s==== On September 11, 2012, Duke was [[Interview|interviewed]] by the Iranian state [[television]] Press TV. During the interview, he claimed that "the Jews created the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 attack]] and Iraq War [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|in the media, the government and international finance]]".<ref name="DD2">{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |title=Iran's Press TV: Broadcasting Anti-Semitism To English Speaking World |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/press-tv-report-2015-4-1.pdf |date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> He repeated the claim in another Press TV interview in 2013, insisting that the "Jews' control of the U.S. is the world's greatest single problem".<ref name="DD2" /> Duke was not the first to express this [[conspiracy theory]]. [[Henry Ford]] made this same accusation in the 1920s. Later, [[Adolf Hitler]] used the idea to justify [[World War II]] and the Holocaust. ====2020s==== In June 2024, Duke attended a pro-[[State of Palestine|Palestine]] event along with [[Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century#Radical traditionalist Catholics|radical traditionalist Catholics]] [[Nick Fuentes]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee (AJC) |title=Who is Nick Fuentes and Why Is His Antisemitism Dangerous for America? |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/who-is-nick-fuentes-and-why-is-his-antisemitism-dangerous-for-america |date=January 25, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Observer |title=FBI Overreach Is Concerning, But So Are 'Radical-Traditionalist Catholics' |url=https://www.texasobserver.org/fbi-overreach-is-concerning-but-so-are-radical-traditionalist-catholics |last=Monacelli |first=Steven |date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Tribune |title=What to know about Nick Fuentes, the white supremacist who was just hosted by a major Texas PAC leader |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2023/10/10/nick-fuentes-texas-meeting |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=National Catholic Reporter |title=Latin Mass in US Capitol was unauthorized, Washington archdiocese says |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/latin-mass-us-capitol-was-unauthorized-washington-archdiocese-says |date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Vanity Fair |title=Behind the Catholic Right's Celebrity-Conversion Industrial Complex |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/story/catholic-right-celebrity-conversion-industrial-complex |last=Joyce |first=Kathryn |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> and Jake Shields.<ref name="DD3"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=David Duke, antisemites, Israel-haters find common cause at failed Detroit rally |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-806611 |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Former grand wizard of the KKK sides with Pro-Palestinian activists at hate convention |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/usa/former-grand-wizard-of-the-kkk-sides-with-pro-palestinian-activists-at-hate-convention-r59eebbg |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=New York Post |title=KKK Grand Wizard David Duke sides with anti-Israel protesters: 'This is who college protesters are aligned with' |url=https://nypost.com/2024/06/17/us-news/kkk-grand-wizard-david-duke-sides-with-anti-israel-protesters |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=NBC News |title=Former KKK leader David Duke praises anti-Israel efforts: 'We are being genocided' |url=https://nbcmontana.com/news/nation-world/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-backs-anti-israel-protesters-condemns-jewish-supremacism-ku-klux-klan-palestine-hamas-gaza-terrorism-genocide-nick-fuentes-groyphers |date=June 18, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Post & News |title=Former KKK Leader David Duke Joins Anti-Israel Protesters, Says He's 'Saving Our Country From Jewish Supremacy' |url=https://jewishpostandnews.ca/rss/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-joins-anti-israel-protesters-says-hes-saving-our-country-from-jewish-supremacy |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> There they preached to [[Muslims|Muslim]] attendees, making these claims:<ref name="DD3" /> * The [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Jews had a plan to set up 'greater Israel' by war, revolution and subterfuge"]] * Muslims and White nationalists share the same fight against "[[Jewish supremacy]]" * The "[[Gaza genocide|Jews are genociding Palestinians in Gaza]] just as they are [[White genocide myth|genociding White people in America]]" ==Related pages== * [[Racism]] * [[Afrophobia]] * [[Antisemitism]] * [[Angry white male]] * [[White nationalism]] == References == {{Commons category}} {{reflist}} {{American Civil War}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1865 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:1860s in the United States]] [[Category:20th century in the United States]] [[Category:21st century in the United States]] [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Gangs]] [[Category:Terrorism]] [[Category:Cults]] [[Category:African-American history]] [[Category:Crime in the United States]] [[Category:Discrimination]] [[Category:Secret societies]] [[Category:White supremacists]] [[Category:Political organizations based in the United States]] r7posc6xegwtmw03uw8guxik9gtu2i7 11024305 11024296 2026-10-09T03:21:14Z ~2026-54050-03 1887341 11024305 wikitext text/x-wiki They should get burned. Their ancestors owned Black slaves. {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}{{Infobox war faction|name=Ku Klux Klan|image=[[File:Flag_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan.svg|300px]]|caption=Flag of the Ku Klux Klan|active=1865–1872<br>1915–1944<br>1946–present|ideology=[[White supremacy]]<br>[[White nationalism]]<br>[[Racial segregation|Segregationism]]|leaders=[[David Duke]]|area='''[[United States]]'''<br>[[Canada]]|active2=Active|predecessor=Knights of the Golden Circle<br>[[Confederate States of America]]<br>Knights of Mary Phagan (1915)<br>Night Riders (1915)|designated_as_terror_group_by={{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Canada_(Pantone).svg}} [[Canada]]<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Charleston,_South_Carolina.svg}} [[Charleston, South Carolina]]}} The '''Ku Klux Klan (KKK)''' is an [[United States|American]] [[white supremacy|white supremacist]] [[hate group]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Etter Sr|first1=Gregg W.|last2=McElreath|first2=David H.|last3=Quarles|first3=Chester L.|date=Spring 2005|title=Ku Klux Klan: Evolution Towards Revolution|journal=Journal of Gang Research|volume=12|issue=3|pages=1–16}}</ref> A group of [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[Veteran|veterans]] created the original KKK in [[Pulaski, Tennessee]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Randal Rust|title=Ku Klux Klan|url=https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/ku-klux-klan/|access-date=October 25, 2020|website=Tennessee Encyclopedia|language=en-US}}</ref> on December 24, 1865. This was shortly after the Confederacy lost the [[American Civil War]]. The group quickly expanded among [[European Americans]] in the [[southern United States]]. There have been several versions of the Ku Klux Klan. The original Klan lasted till 1871, when the group was made [[illegal]]. In 1915, an [[Atlanta]] businessman named William J. Simmons started the Ku Klux Klan for a second time.<ref name="boanHN" /> The third KKK emerged in the 1950s and 1960s in response to the American [[Civil Rights Movement]]. The KKK's power and membership have greatly declined in recent years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ku Klux Klan|url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/ku-klux-klan/|access-date=2025-04-04|website=Southern Poverty Law Center|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023 there were just 10 active Klan groups in the United States.<ref name=":0" /> ==Goals== The KKK's goal is to maintain 'white power' over [[Minority group|minority groups]]. Most of their [[hatred]] is, and has always been, directed at [[African Americans]]. However, the KKK has also attacked [[Catholics]], [[Jews]] and [[Immigration|immigrants]] because of their religion and culture. It is a violent organization and was frequently involved with [[Lynching in the United States|lynchings]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lynch mobs and the Klu Klux Klan - Context – WJEC - GCSE English Literature Revision - WJEC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zq6csg8/revision/3|access-date=2025-04-04|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Early years== A group of [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[Veteran|veterans]], led by [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]], created the original Ku Klux Klan shortly after the [[American Civil War]] ended, during [[Reconstruction of the United States|Reconstruction]]. It began as a social club for former Confederate soldiers, who had fought to defend [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]].<ref name="rkkkWGBH">{{cite web|title=General Article: Rise of the Ku Klux Klan|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/grant-kkk/|access-date=October 29, 2016|website=American Experience|publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref> The Klan quickly became a [[Terrorism|terrorist organization]].<ref name="rkkkWGBH" /> According to the Southern Poverty Law Center:<blockquote>[The first] Ku Klux Klan [was] a [[Vigilantism|vigilante]] group mobilizing a campaign of violence and [[Terrorism|terror]] against the African American people that benefited from the progress of Reconstruction. As the group gained members from all strata of Southern white society, it used violent intimidation to prevent Black Americans – and any white people who supported Reconstruction – from voting and holding [[Politician|political office]].<ref name="kkkSPLC">{{cite web|title=Ku Klux Klan|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/ku-klux-klan|access-date=October 29, 2016|publisher=SPLC Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref></blockquote>[[File:Kkk1928.jpg|thumb|Ku Klux Klan members march down Pennsylvania Avenue in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 1928.]] [[File:The Union as It Was.jpg|thumb|The Union as It Was]] [[File:Ku Klux Klan members and a burning cross, Denver, Colorado, 1921.jpg|thumb|KKK burning a Cross]] When the KKK started, northern soldiers were occupying the former [[Confederate States of America]]. Klan members feared that [[white people]] in the South could lose their [[White supremacy|supremacy]] over [[black people]]. The Klan used violence and intimidation against black [[voter]]s to prevent them from voting.<ref name="histeventMC">{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/president/about/historical-events#04_20|title=Historical Events|website=The Miller Center|publisher=Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia|access-date=October 27, 2016}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> At times, [[United States Republican Party|Republicans]] were also attacked by the Klan.<ref name=histeventMC/> The Klan used threats and violence to terrorize black people. When they wanted a person to leave town, they would [[Cross burning|burn crosses]] or threaten violence in order to scare them away. If the person did not leave, the Klan would kill them. Increasingly, the Klan used and promoted violence. Klan members participated in lynching many black men. The growing violence promoted by the KKK led to many [[Lynching in the United States|lynchings]] ([[Extrajudicial killing|mob executions without a fair trial]], often by [[hanging]]). In 1871, the group was outlawed. Many KKK members were put in [[prison]]. Still, the group continued its efforts to maintain white supremacy. It disbanded after the [[Jim Crow laws]] enforced [[racial segregation]], achieving the Klan's goal to maintain white supremacy.<ref name="kkkSPLC" /> By the time it disbanded, the original Ku Klux Klan had achieved many of its original goals. For instance, the United States government moved the troops occupying the Southern states into the West. The KKK also successfully prevented many black people from voting through violence, intimidation, and the threat of lynchings.<ref name="kkkSPLC" /> ==The second Ku Klux Klan== In 1915, William J. Simmons, an [[Atlanta]] businessman, re-started the Ku Klux Klan.<ref name="boanHN">{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/the-birth-of-a-nation-when-hollywood-glorified-the-kkk.htm|title='The Birth of a Nation': When Hollywood Glorified the KKK|website=HistoryNet|date=June 12, 2006 |publisher=World History Group|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> A movie called ''[[The Birth of a Nation]]'' had just been released.<ref name=boanHN/> It portrayed African-American men (played by [[White people|white]] actors in [[blackface]]) as stupid and [[Sexual assault|sexually aggressive]] towards white women. It also showed the Ku Klux Klan as a [[hero]]ic force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://themovingarts.com/revered-and-reviled-d-w-griffiths-the-birth-of-a-nation/|first=Eric M.|last=Armstrong|title=Revered and Reviled: D.W. Griffith's 'The Birth of a Nation'|work=The Moving Arts Film Journal|date=February 26, 2010|access-date=October 29, 2016|archive-date=May 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529224316/http://themovingarts.com/revered-and-reviled-d-w-griffiths-the-birth-of-a-nation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The movie proved to be an excellent [[recruitment]] tool for the KKK.<ref name=boanHN/> The new KKK kept most of the original group's [[Ritual|rituals]] and traditions. Any white [[Protestantism|Protestant]] man could join. This version of the Klan attacked not just African Americans, but also [[Jew|Jews]] and [[Catholic Church|Catholics]],<ref name="kkkSPLC" /> such as [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe|Eastern European]] [[Immigration|immigrants]] (like [[Italian Americans|Italians]], [[Russian Americans|Russians]], and [[Lithuanian Americans|Lithuanians]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Baker |first=Kelly J. |title=Gospel According to the Klan: The KKK's Appeal to Protestant America, 1915–1930 |date=2011 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0700617920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O90lKQEACAAJ |access-date=November 17, 2021 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407210443/https://books.google.com/books?id=O90lKQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1920, the Klan began attracting recruits from all over the nation.<ref name="kkk20thNGE">{{cite web|url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/ku-klux-klan-twentieth-century|title=Ku Klux Klan in the Twentieth Century|author=Shawn Lay|website=New Georgia Encyclopedia|publisher=Georgia Humanities Council and the University of Georgia Press|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> They [[wikt:promise|promise]]d better [[law enforcement]], better government, better schools, and a return to traditional [[family values]].<ref name=kkk20thNGE/> The KKK's views were based on white supremacy: the belief that white people are superior to other [[Race (sociology)|racial]] groups and ought to rule them.<ref name="slavotherPBS">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/white-supremacy/|title=Slavery by Another Name: White Supremacy and Terrorism|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> There were a number of [[scandal]]s within the second KKK, a great deal of internal [[feud]]ing, and unhappiness among Klan members who were tiring of the group's violent image.<ref name="kkk20thNGE" /> ===Statistics=== The second KKK reached the height of its influence in the 1920s, with about 5 [[million]] members.<ref name="kkk20thNGE" /> However, the group's influence and membership declined quickly. By the 1930s there were just 30,000 Klan members in the country.<ref name="kkk20thNGE" /> The group was [[Prosecutor|prosecuted]] for failure to pay [[Income tax in the United States|federal income taxes]] and disbanded in 1944.<ref name="kkk20thNGE" /> In 86 years, the KKK killed an estimated 3,446 black people.<ref name="StarrCBSNEWS">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/kkk-lynched-3446-blacks-86-years-abortion-claims-many-black-babies-less-four-days|title=KKK Lynched 3,446 Blacks in 86 Years – Abortion Claims That Many Black Babies in 'Less Than Four Days'|author=Penny Starr|date=May 15, 2013 |publisher=CBS News|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> Most of these murders were [[Extrajudicial killing|extrajudicial]] hangings where the victim had received no [[trial]].<ref name="intoleranceBBC">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/tch_wjec/usa19101929/1immigration9.shtml|title=Was America a country of religious and racial intolerance during this period?|publisher=BBC|access-date=October 29, 2016|archive-date=December 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214132243/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/tch_wjec/usa19101929/1immigration9.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> These were acts of [[terrorism]] because the KKK used fear to control African Americans and take away their [[political right]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ku Klux Klan used terrorism and violence against African-Americans to assert white supremacy. {{!}} U.S. Capitol - Visitor Center|url=https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/artifact/ku-klux-klan-used-terrorism-and-violence-against-african-americans-assert-white-supremacy|access-date=2025-04-04|website=www.visitthecapitol.gov}}</ref> ==The third Ku Klux Klan== In 1954, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] (the highest court in the US) decided ''[[Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas]]'', one of the most important court cases in American history. They ruled that it was [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]] to have [[Segregation in schools|different schools]] for black and white children.<ref name="bvbeFL">{{cite web|author=United States Supreme Court|date=May 17, 1954|title=United States Supreme Court: BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION, (1954), No. 10; Argued: December 9, 1952; Decided: May 17, 1954|url=http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/347/483.html|access-date=March 2, 2016|website=FindLaw.com}}</ref> After this ruling, many independent Ku Klux Klan groups increased their attacks on African Americans.<ref name=kkk20thNGE/> ===Civil Rights Movement=== In the summer of 1964, Klansman [[Edgar Ray Killen|Edgar Killen]] killed three African Americans who participated in the [[civil rights movement]]. In his first [[Jury trial|trial]], an all-white [[jury]] could not agree on whether Killen was [[Guilt (law)|guilty]].<ref name="NPR">{{cite web |last1=Elliott |first1=Debbie |title=Edgar Ray Killen Dies; Klansman Behind Civil Rights Workers' Murders In 1964 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/12/577664811/edgar-ray-killen-dies-klansman-behind-civil-rights-workers-murders-in-1964 |website=NPR |accessdate=24 September 2025 |language=en |date=12 January 2018}}</ref> This is called a [[hung jury]]. As a result, Killen was set free. These events were later discussed in a 1988 movie called ''[[Mississippi Burning]].''<ref name=NPR/> In 2005, Killen was tried again for the three murders, and this time he was found guilty.<ref name="NPR" /> Killen, who was 80 years old at the time, was [[Sentence (law)|sentenced]] to prison for 60 years.<ref name="killensentenceDN">{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2005/6/24/ex_klansman_killen_gets_maximum_60|title=Ex-Klansman Killen Gets Maximum 60-Yr Sentence for Manslaughter Charge in 1964 Mississippi Killings|date=June 24, 2005|publisher=Democracy Now!|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> He died on January 11, 2018 in prison in Parchman, [[Mississippi]] at age 92. ===Membership=== [[File:Cross Lighting 2005.jpg|thumb|right|Klansmen at a cross burning in 2005]][[File:Hatred Racism Ku Klux Klan outfit Exhibits of The Children's Museum of Indianapolis, Indiana, US. Photo Valerie Everett 2012.jpg|thumb|Photo taken by Valerie Everett in September 2012 showing items from the [[Exhibition|exhibitions]] at the en:The Children's Museum of [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]], USA: Figurine in Ku Klux Klan outfit, historical photo, etc.]] In 2011, the KKK was [[Estimation|estimated]] to have as many as 5,000 members.<ref name="ADL">{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/default.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4&item=kkk|title=About the Ku Klux Klan|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|access-date=October 4, 2011|archive-date=December 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226085812/http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/default.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4&item=kkk|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Connections with other ideologies== ===Islamism=== ====2000s==== [[David Duke]], who led the KKK between 1974 and 1980, has deep connections with [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups, especially the [[Iran#After World War II|Iranian regime]]. On December 11 – 13, 2006, Duke attended a [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust-denying]] [[conference]] in [[Iran]] after being invited by the Iranian government.<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be 'wiped out' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> There, he claimed that [[Zionism|Zionists]] used the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] to deny rights to Palestinians.<ref name="DD1" /> He said:<blockquote>The [[Holocaust]] is the device used as the pillar of [[Zionism|Zionist]] [[imperialism]], Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder.<ref name="DD1" /></blockquote>Duke was one of the 70 participants at the conference. ====2010s==== On September 11, 2012, Duke was [[Interview|interviewed]] by the Iranian state [[television]] Press TV. During the interview, he claimed that "the Jews created the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 attack]] and Iraq War [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|in the media, the government and international finance]]".<ref name="DD2">{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |title=Iran's Press TV: Broadcasting Anti-Semitism To English Speaking World |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/press-tv-report-2015-4-1.pdf |date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> He repeated the claim in another Press TV interview in 2013, insisting that the "Jews' control of the U.S. is the world's greatest single problem".<ref name="DD2" /> Duke was not the first to express this [[conspiracy theory]]. [[Henry Ford]] made this same accusation in the 1920s. Later, [[Adolf Hitler]] used the idea to justify [[World War II]] and the Holocaust. ====2020s==== In June 2024, Duke attended a pro-[[State of Palestine|Palestine]] event along with [[Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century#Radical traditionalist Catholics|radical traditionalist Catholics]] [[Nick Fuentes]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee (AJC) |title=Who is Nick Fuentes and Why Is His Antisemitism Dangerous for America? |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/who-is-nick-fuentes-and-why-is-his-antisemitism-dangerous-for-america |date=January 25, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Observer |title=FBI Overreach Is Concerning, But So Are 'Radical-Traditionalist Catholics' |url=https://www.texasobserver.org/fbi-overreach-is-concerning-but-so-are-radical-traditionalist-catholics |last=Monacelli |first=Steven |date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Tribune |title=What to know about Nick Fuentes, the white supremacist who was just hosted by a major Texas PAC leader |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2023/10/10/nick-fuentes-texas-meeting |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=National Catholic Reporter |title=Latin Mass in US Capitol was unauthorized, Washington archdiocese says |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/latin-mass-us-capitol-was-unauthorized-washington-archdiocese-says |date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Vanity Fair |title=Behind the Catholic Right's Celebrity-Conversion Industrial Complex |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/story/catholic-right-celebrity-conversion-industrial-complex |last=Joyce |first=Kathryn |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> and Jake Shields.<ref name="DD3"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=David Duke, antisemites, Israel-haters find common cause at failed Detroit rally |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-806611 |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Former grand wizard of the KKK sides with Pro-Palestinian activists at hate convention |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/usa/former-grand-wizard-of-the-kkk-sides-with-pro-palestinian-activists-at-hate-convention-r59eebbg |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=New York Post |title=KKK Grand Wizard David Duke sides with anti-Israel protesters: 'This is who college protesters are aligned with' |url=https://nypost.com/2024/06/17/us-news/kkk-grand-wizard-david-duke-sides-with-anti-israel-protesters |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=NBC News |title=Former KKK leader David Duke praises anti-Israel efforts: 'We are being genocided' |url=https://nbcmontana.com/news/nation-world/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-backs-anti-israel-protesters-condemns-jewish-supremacism-ku-klux-klan-palestine-hamas-gaza-terrorism-genocide-nick-fuentes-groyphers |date=June 18, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Post & News |title=Former KKK Leader David Duke Joins Anti-Israel Protesters, Says He's 'Saving Our Country From Jewish Supremacy' |url=https://jewishpostandnews.ca/rss/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-joins-anti-israel-protesters-says-hes-saving-our-country-from-jewish-supremacy |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> There they preached to [[Muslims|Muslim]] attendees, making these claims:<ref name="DD3" /> * The [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Jews had a plan to set up 'greater Israel' by war, revolution and subterfuge"]] * Muslims and White nationalists share the same fight against "[[Jewish supremacy]]" * The "[[Gaza genocide|Jews are genociding Palestinians in Gaza]] just as they are [[White genocide myth|genociding White people in America]]" ==Related pages== * [[Racism]] * [[Afrophobia]] * [[Antisemitism]] * [[Angry white male]] * [[White nationalism]] == References == {{Commons category}} {{reflist}} {{American Civil War}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1865 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:1860s in the United States]] [[Category:20th century in the United States]] [[Category:21st century in the United States]] [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Gangs]] [[Category:Terrorism]] [[Category:Cults]] [[Category:African-American history]] [[Category:Crime in the United States]] [[Category:Discrimination]] [[Category:Secret societies]] [[Category:White supremacists]] [[Category:Political organizations based in the United States]] ddl7dkvmw560u0dawo94su440tpih8h 11024306 11024305 2026-10-09T03:21:44Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54050-03|~2026-54050-03]] ([[User talk:~2026-54050-03|talk]]) to last version by Veritas Sapientiae 11006999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}{{Infobox war faction|name=Ku Klux Klan|image=[[File:Flag_of_the_Ku_Klux_Klan.svg|300px]]|caption=Flag of the Ku Klux Klan|active=1865–1872<br>1915–1944<br>1946–present|ideology=[[White supremacy]]<br>[[White nationalism]]<br>[[Racial segregation|Segregationism]]|leaders=[[David Duke]]|area='''[[United States]]'''<br>[[Canada]]|active2=Active|predecessor=Knights of the Golden Circle<br>[[Confederate States of America]]<br>Knights of Mary Phagan (1915)<br>Night Riders (1915)|designated_as_terror_group_by={{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Canada_(Pantone).svg}} [[Canada]]<br>{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Charleston,_South_Carolina.svg}} [[Charleston, South Carolina]]}} The '''Ku Klux Klan (KKK)''' is an [[United States|American]] [[white supremacy|white supremacist]] [[hate group]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Etter Sr|first1=Gregg W.|last2=McElreath|first2=David H.|last3=Quarles|first3=Chester L.|date=Spring 2005|title=Ku Klux Klan: Evolution Towards Revolution|journal=Journal of Gang Research|volume=12|issue=3|pages=1–16}}</ref> A group of [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[Veteran|veterans]] created the original KKK in [[Pulaski, Tennessee]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Randal Rust|title=Ku Klux Klan|url=https://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entries/ku-klux-klan/|access-date=October 25, 2020|website=Tennessee Encyclopedia|language=en-US}}</ref> on December 24, 1865. This was shortly after the Confederacy lost the [[American Civil War]]. The group quickly expanded among [[European Americans]] in the [[southern United States]]. There have been several versions of the Ku Klux Klan. The original Klan lasted till 1871, when the group was made [[illegal]]. In 1915, an [[Atlanta]] businessman named William J. Simmons started the Ku Klux Klan for a second time.<ref name="boanHN" /> The third KKK emerged in the 1950s and 1960s in response to the American [[Civil Rights Movement]]. The KKK's power and membership have greatly declined in recent years.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ku Klux Klan|url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/extremist-files/ku-klux-klan/|access-date=2025-04-04|website=Southern Poverty Law Center|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023 there were just 10 active Klan groups in the United States.<ref name=":0" /> ==Goals== The KKK's goal is to maintain 'white power' over [[Minority group|minority groups]]. Most of their [[hatred]] is, and has always been, directed at [[African Americans]]. However, the KKK has also attacked [[Catholics]], [[Jews]] and [[Immigration|immigrants]] because of their religion and culture. It is a violent organization and was frequently involved with [[Lynching in the United States|lynchings]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lynch mobs and the Klu Klux Klan - Context – WJEC - GCSE English Literature Revision - WJEC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zq6csg8/revision/3|access-date=2025-04-04|website=BBC Bitesize|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==Early years== A group of [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] [[Veteran|veterans]], led by [[Nathan Bedford Forrest]], created the original Ku Klux Klan shortly after the [[American Civil War]] ended, during [[Reconstruction of the United States|Reconstruction]]. It began as a social club for former Confederate soldiers, who had fought to defend [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]].<ref name="rkkkWGBH">{{cite web|title=General Article: Rise of the Ku Klux Klan|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/grant-kkk/|access-date=October 29, 2016|website=American Experience|publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation}}</ref> The Klan quickly became a [[Terrorism|terrorist organization]].<ref name="rkkkWGBH" /> According to the Southern Poverty Law Center:<blockquote>[The first] Ku Klux Klan [was] a [[Vigilantism|vigilante]] group mobilizing a campaign of violence and [[Terrorism|terror]] against the African American people that benefited from the progress of Reconstruction. As the group gained members from all strata of Southern white society, it used violent intimidation to prevent Black Americans – and any white people who supported Reconstruction – from voting and holding [[Politician|political office]].<ref name="kkkSPLC">{{cite web|title=Ku Klux Klan|url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/ku-klux-klan|access-date=October 29, 2016|publisher=SPLC Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref></blockquote>[[File:Kkk1928.jpg|thumb|Ku Klux Klan members march down Pennsylvania Avenue in [[Washington, D.C.]] in 1928.]] [[File:The Union as It Was.jpg|thumb|The Union as It Was]] [[File:Ku Klux Klan members and a burning cross, Denver, Colorado, 1921.jpg|thumb|KKK burning a Cross]] When the KKK started, northern soldiers were occupying the former [[Confederate States of America]]. Klan members feared that [[white people]] in the South could lose their [[White supremacy|supremacy]] over [[black people]]. The Klan used violence and intimidation against black [[voter]]s to prevent them from voting.<ref name="histeventMC">{{cite web|url=http://millercenter.org/president/about/historical-events#04_20|title=Historical Events|website=The Miller Center|publisher=Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia|access-date=October 27, 2016}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> At times, [[United States Republican Party|Republicans]] were also attacked by the Klan.<ref name=histeventMC/> The Klan used threats and violence to terrorize black people. When they wanted a person to leave town, they would [[Cross burning|burn crosses]] or threaten violence in order to scare them away. If the person did not leave, the Klan would kill them. Increasingly, the Klan used and promoted violence. Klan members participated in lynching many black men. The growing violence promoted by the KKK led to many [[Lynching in the United States|lynchings]] ([[Extrajudicial killing|mob executions without a fair trial]], often by [[hanging]]). In 1871, the group was outlawed. Many KKK members were put in [[prison]]. Still, the group continued its efforts to maintain white supremacy. It disbanded after the [[Jim Crow laws]] enforced [[racial segregation]], achieving the Klan's goal to maintain white supremacy.<ref name="kkkSPLC" /> By the time it disbanded, the original Ku Klux Klan had achieved many of its original goals. For instance, the United States government moved the troops occupying the Southern states into the West. The KKK also successfully prevented many black people from voting through violence, intimidation, and the threat of lynchings.<ref name="kkkSPLC" /> ==The second Ku Klux Klan== In 1915, William J. Simmons, an [[Atlanta]] businessman, re-started the Ku Klux Klan.<ref name="boanHN">{{cite web|url=http://www.historynet.com/the-birth-of-a-nation-when-hollywood-glorified-the-kkk.htm|title='The Birth of a Nation': When Hollywood Glorified the KKK|website=HistoryNet|date=June 12, 2006 |publisher=World History Group|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> A movie called ''[[The Birth of a Nation]]'' had just been released.<ref name=boanHN/> It portrayed African-American men (played by [[White people|white]] actors in [[blackface]]) as stupid and [[Sexual assault|sexually aggressive]] towards white women. It also showed the Ku Klux Klan as a [[hero]]ic force.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://themovingarts.com/revered-and-reviled-d-w-griffiths-the-birth-of-a-nation/|first=Eric M.|last=Armstrong|title=Revered and Reviled: D.W. Griffith's 'The Birth of a Nation'|work=The Moving Arts Film Journal|date=February 26, 2010|access-date=October 29, 2016|archive-date=May 29, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529224316/http://themovingarts.com/revered-and-reviled-d-w-griffiths-the-birth-of-a-nation/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The movie proved to be an excellent [[recruitment]] tool for the KKK.<ref name=boanHN/> The new KKK kept most of the original group's [[Ritual|rituals]] and traditions. Any white [[Protestantism|Protestant]] man could join. This version of the Klan attacked not just African Americans, but also [[Jew|Jews]] and [[Catholic Church|Catholics]],<ref name="kkkSPLC" /> such as [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe|Eastern European]] [[Immigration|immigrants]] (like [[Italian Americans|Italians]], [[Russian Americans|Russians]], and [[Lithuanian Americans|Lithuanians]]).<ref>{{cite book |last=Baker |first=Kelly J. |title=Gospel According to the Klan: The KKK's Appeal to Protestant America, 1915–1930 |date=2011 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |isbn=978-0700617920 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O90lKQEACAAJ |access-date=November 17, 2021 |archive-date=April 7, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407210443/https://books.google.com/books?id=O90lKQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 1920, the Klan began attracting recruits from all over the nation.<ref name="kkk20thNGE">{{cite web|url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/ku-klux-klan-twentieth-century|title=Ku Klux Klan in the Twentieth Century|author=Shawn Lay|website=New Georgia Encyclopedia|publisher=Georgia Humanities Council and the University of Georgia Press|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> They [[wikt:promise|promise]]d better [[law enforcement]], better government, better schools, and a return to traditional [[family values]].<ref name=kkk20thNGE/> The KKK's views were based on white supremacy: the belief that white people are superior to other [[Race (sociology)|racial]] groups and ought to rule them.<ref name="slavotherPBS">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/tpt/slavery-by-another-name/themes/white-supremacy/|title=Slavery by Another Name: White Supremacy and Terrorism|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service (PBS)|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> There were a number of [[scandal]]s within the second KKK, a great deal of internal [[feud]]ing, and unhappiness among Klan members who were tiring of the group's violent image.<ref name="kkk20thNGE" /> ===Statistics=== The second KKK reached the height of its influence in the 1920s, with about 5 [[million]] members.<ref name="kkk20thNGE" /> However, the group's influence and membership declined quickly. By the 1930s there were just 30,000 Klan members in the country.<ref name="kkk20thNGE" /> The group was [[Prosecutor|prosecuted]] for failure to pay [[Income tax in the United States|federal income taxes]] and disbanded in 1944.<ref name="kkk20thNGE" /> In 86 years, the KKK killed an estimated 3,446 black people.<ref name="StarrCBSNEWS">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnsnews.com/news/article/kkk-lynched-3446-blacks-86-years-abortion-claims-many-black-babies-less-four-days|title=KKK Lynched 3,446 Blacks in 86 Years – Abortion Claims That Many Black Babies in 'Less Than Four Days'|author=Penny Starr|date=May 15, 2013 |publisher=CBS News|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> Most of these murders were [[Extrajudicial killing|extrajudicial]] hangings where the victim had received no [[trial]].<ref name="intoleranceBBC">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/tch_wjec/usa19101929/1immigration9.shtml|title=Was America a country of religious and racial intolerance during this period?|publisher=BBC|access-date=October 29, 2016|archive-date=December 14, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214132243/http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/tch_wjec/usa19101929/1immigration9.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> These were acts of [[terrorism]] because the KKK used fear to control African Americans and take away their [[political right]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ku Klux Klan used terrorism and violence against African-Americans to assert white supremacy. {{!}} U.S. Capitol - Visitor Center|url=https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/artifact/ku-klux-klan-used-terrorism-and-violence-against-african-americans-assert-white-supremacy|access-date=2025-04-04|website=www.visitthecapitol.gov}}</ref> ==The third Ku Klux Klan== In 1954, the [[Supreme Court of the United States|United States Supreme Court]] (the highest court in the US) decided ''[[Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas]]'', one of the most important court cases in American history. They ruled that it was [[Constitutionality|unconstitutional]] to have [[Segregation in schools|different schools]] for black and white children.<ref name="bvbeFL">{{cite web|author=United States Supreme Court|date=May 17, 1954|title=United States Supreme Court: BROWN v. BOARD OF EDUCATION, (1954), No. 10; Argued: December 9, 1952; Decided: May 17, 1954|url=http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/347/483.html|access-date=March 2, 2016|website=FindLaw.com}}</ref> After this ruling, many independent Ku Klux Klan groups increased their attacks on African Americans.<ref name=kkk20thNGE/> ===Civil Rights Movement=== In the summer of 1964, Klansman [[Edgar Ray Killen|Edgar Killen]] killed three African Americans who participated in the [[civil rights movement]]. In his first [[Jury trial|trial]], an all-white [[jury]] could not agree on whether Killen was [[Guilt (law)|guilty]].<ref name="NPR">{{cite web |last1=Elliott |first1=Debbie |title=Edgar Ray Killen Dies; Klansman Behind Civil Rights Workers' Murders In 1964 |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/01/12/577664811/edgar-ray-killen-dies-klansman-behind-civil-rights-workers-murders-in-1964 |website=NPR |accessdate=24 September 2025 |language=en |date=12 January 2018}}</ref> This is called a [[hung jury]]. As a result, Killen was set free. These events were later discussed in a 1988 movie called ''[[Mississippi Burning]].''<ref name=NPR/> In 2005, Killen was tried again for the three murders, and this time he was found guilty.<ref name="NPR" /> Killen, who was 80 years old at the time, was [[Sentence (law)|sentenced]] to prison for 60 years.<ref name="killensentenceDN">{{cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2005/6/24/ex_klansman_killen_gets_maximum_60|title=Ex-Klansman Killen Gets Maximum 60-Yr Sentence for Manslaughter Charge in 1964 Mississippi Killings|date=June 24, 2005|publisher=Democracy Now!|access-date=October 29, 2016}}</ref> He died on January 11, 2018 in prison in Parchman, [[Mississippi]] at age 92. ===Membership=== [[File:Cross Lighting 2005.jpg|thumb|right|Klansmen at a cross burning in 2005]][[File:Hatred Racism Ku Klux Klan outfit Exhibits of The Children's Museum of Indianapolis, Indiana, US. Photo Valerie Everett 2012.jpg|thumb|Photo taken by Valerie Everett in September 2012 showing items from the [[Exhibition|exhibitions]] at the en:The Children's Museum of [[Indianapolis]], [[Indiana]], USA: Figurine in Ku Klux Klan outfit, historical photo, etc.]] In 2011, the KKK was [[Estimation|estimated]] to have as many as 5,000 members.<ref name="ADL">{{cite web|url=http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/default.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4&item=kkk|title=About the Ku Klux Klan|publisher=Anti-Defamation League|access-date=October 4, 2011|archive-date=December 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226085812/http://www.adl.org/learn/ext_us/kkk/default.asp?LEARN_Cat=Extremism&LEARN_SubCat=Extremism_in_America&xpicked=4&item=kkk|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Connections with other ideologies== ===Islamism=== ====2000s==== [[David Duke]], who led the KKK between 1974 and 1980, has deep connections with [[Islamism|Islamist]] groups, especially the [[Iran#After World War II|Iranian regime]]. On December 11 – 13, 2006, Duke attended a [[Holocaust denial|Holocaust-denying]] [[conference]] in [[Iran]] after being invited by the Iranian government.<ref name="DD1">{{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Iranian leader says Israel will be 'wiped out' |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna16149717 |date=December 11, 2006 |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> There, he claimed that [[Zionism|Zionists]] used the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] to deny rights to Palestinians.<ref name="DD1" /> He said:<blockquote>The [[Holocaust]] is the device used as the pillar of [[Zionism|Zionist]] [[imperialism]], Zionist aggression, Zionist terror and Zionist murder.<ref name="DD1" /></blockquote>Duke was one of the 70 participants at the conference. ====2010s==== On September 11, 2012, Duke was [[Interview|interviewed]] by the Iranian state [[television]] Press TV. During the interview, he claimed that "the Jews created the [[September 11 attacks|9/11 attack]] and Iraq War [[Antisemitic stereotypes#Modern|in the media, the government and international finance]]".<ref name="DD2">{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] (ADL) |title=Iran's Press TV: Broadcasting Anti-Semitism To English Speaking World |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/press-tv-report-2015-4-1.pdf |date=April 1, 2015 |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> He repeated the claim in another Press TV interview in 2013, insisting that the "Jews' control of the U.S. is the world's greatest single problem".<ref name="DD2" /> Duke was not the first to express this [[conspiracy theory]]. [[Henry Ford]] made this same accusation in the 1920s. Later, [[Adolf Hitler]] used the idea to justify [[World War II]] and the Holocaust. ====2020s==== In June 2024, Duke attended a pro-[[State of Palestine|Palestine]] event along with [[Roman Catholics and antisemitism in the 21st century#Radical traditionalist Catholics|radical traditionalist Catholics]] [[Nick Fuentes]]<ref> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee (AJC) |title=Who is Nick Fuentes and Why Is His Antisemitism Dangerous for America? |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/who-is-nick-fuentes-and-why-is-his-antisemitism-dangerous-for-america |date=January 25, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Observer |title=FBI Overreach Is Concerning, But So Are 'Radical-Traditionalist Catholics' |url=https://www.texasobserver.org/fbi-overreach-is-concerning-but-so-are-radical-traditionalist-catholics |last=Monacelli |first=Steven |date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Texas Tribune |title=What to know about Nick Fuentes, the white supremacist who was just hosted by a major Texas PAC leader |url=https://www.texastribune.org/2023/10/10/nick-fuentes-texas-meeting |date=October 10, 2023 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=National Catholic Reporter |title=Latin Mass in US Capitol was unauthorized, Washington archdiocese says |url=https://www.ncronline.org/news/latin-mass-us-capitol-was-unauthorized-washington-archdiocese-says |date=January 29, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Vanity Fair |title=Behind the Catholic Right's Celebrity-Conversion Industrial Complex |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/story/catholic-right-celebrity-conversion-industrial-complex |last=Joyce |first=Kathryn |date=September 10, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> and Jake Shields.<ref name="DD3"> * {{cite news |work=The Jerusalem Post |title=David Duke, antisemites, Israel-haters find common cause at failed Detroit rally |url=https://jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-806611 |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Former grand wizard of the KKK sides with Pro-Palestinian activists at hate convention |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/usa/former-grand-wizard-of-the-kkk-sides-with-pro-palestinian-activists-at-hate-convention-r59eebbg |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=New York Post |title=KKK Grand Wizard David Duke sides with anti-Israel protesters: 'This is who college protesters are aligned with' |url=https://nypost.com/2024/06/17/us-news/kkk-grand-wizard-david-duke-sides-with-anti-israel-protesters |date=June 17, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=NBC News |title=Former KKK leader David Duke praises anti-Israel efforts: 'We are being genocided' |url=https://nbcmontana.com/news/nation-world/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-backs-anti-israel-protesters-condemns-jewish-supremacism-ku-klux-klan-palestine-hamas-gaza-terrorism-genocide-nick-fuentes-groyphers |date=June 18, 2024 |access-date=February 27, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Post & News |title=Former KKK Leader David Duke Joins Anti-Israel Protesters, Says He's 'Saving Our Country From Jewish Supremacy' |url=https://jewishpostandnews.ca/rss/former-kkk-leader-david-duke-joins-anti-israel-protesters-says-hes-saving-our-country-from-jewish-supremacy |access-date=February 27, 2025}}</ref> There they preached to [[Muslims|Muslim]] attendees, making these claims:<ref name="DD3" /> * The [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion|Jews had a plan to set up 'greater Israel' by war, revolution and subterfuge"]] * Muslims and White nationalists share the same fight against "[[Jewish supremacy]]" * The "[[Gaza genocide|Jews are genociding Palestinians in Gaza]] just as they are [[White genocide myth|genociding White people in America]]" ==Related pages== * [[Racism]] * [[Afrophobia]] * [[Antisemitism]] * [[Angry white male]] * [[White nationalism]] == References == {{Commons category}} {{reflist}} {{American Civil War}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1865 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:1860s in the United States]] [[Category:20th century in the United States]] [[Category:21st century in the United States]] [[Category:Racism]] [[Category:Gangs]] [[Category:Terrorism]] [[Category:Cults]] [[Category:African-American history]] [[Category:Crime in the United States]] [[Category:Discrimination]] [[Category:Secret societies]] [[Category:White supremacists]] [[Category:Political organizations based in the United States]] r7posc6xegwtmw03uw8guxik9gtu2i7 0 16264 11024453 11007824 2026-10-09T06:28:20Z MourningRainfall 86802 11024453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox province or territory of Canada | name = Northwest Territories | settlement_type = [[Provinces and territories of Canada|Territory]] | other_name = {{plainlist| *{{native name|fr|Territoires du Nord-Ouest}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Natural Resources Canada |title=Place names - Territoires du Nord-Ouest |url=http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/LBCFC |access-date=November 15, 2021 |website=www4.rncan.gc.ca |archive-date=December 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217103732/http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/LBCFC |url-status=live }}</ref> *{{native name|ath|Denendeh}} *{{native name|ikt|Nunatsiaq}} *{{native name|iu-Cans|ᓄᓇᑦᓯᐊᖅ}}}} | image_flag = Flag of the Northwest Territories.svg | image_shield = Coat_of_arms_of_Northwest_Territories.svg | image_map = Northwest Territories in Canada 2.svg | Label_map = yes | coordinates = {{Coord|67|N|121|W|type:adm1st_scale:30000000_region:CA-NT|notes=<ref name=CGNDB>{{cite cgndb |id=LBCFB |name=Northwest Territories}}</ref>|display=inline,title}} | official_lang = {{plainlist| * [[Chipewyan language|Chipewyan]] * [[Cree language|Cree]] * English * French * [[Gwich’in language|Gwich’in]] * [[Inuinnaqtun]] * [[Inuktitut]] * [[Inuvialuktun]] * [[Slavey language|North Slavey]] * South Slavey * [[Dogrib language|Tłı̨chǫ]]}}<ref name="lang1"/><ref name="lang2"/> | capital = [[Yellowknife]] | largest_city = [[Yellowknife]] | largest_metro = Yellowknife | Premier = [[R. J. Simpson]] | PremierParty = [[consensus government]] | government_type = [[Parliamentary system]], with [[Consensus government in Canada|consensus government]] | Viceroy = [[Gerald Kisoun]] | ViceroyType = Commissioner | Legislature = Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories | area_footnotes = <ref name="area">{{cite web |url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/phys01-eng.htm |title=Land and freshwater area, by province and territory |date=February 1, 2005 |access-date=May 6, 2012 |archive-date=August 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120801122111/http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-som/l01/cst01/phys01-eng.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_rank = 3rd | area_total_km2 = 1346106 | area_land_km2 = 1183085 | area_water_km2 = 163021 | PercentWater = 13.5 | population_demonym = Northwest Territorian<ref>The terms ''Northwest Territorian''(''s'') [http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/_live/documents/documentManagerUpload/HN040325.pdf Hansard, Thursday, March 25, 2004] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324220726/http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/_live/documents/documentManagerUpload/HN040325.pdf |date=March 24, 2009 }}, and (informally) ''NWTer''(''s'') [http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/_live/documents/documentManagerUpload/hn061023.pdf Hansard, Monday, October 23, 2006] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324220716/http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/_live/documents/documentManagerUpload/hn061023.pdf |date=March 24, 2009 }}, occur in the [http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/documents-proceedings/hansard official record of the territorial legislature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604192750/http://www.assembly.gov.nt.ca/documents-proceedings/hansard |date=June 4, 2016 }}. According to the ''Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage'' ({{ISBN|978-0-19-541619-0}}; p. 335), there is no common term for a resident of Northwest Territories.</ref><br>[[Canadian French|FR]]: {{lang|fr|Franco-Ténois(e)}} | population_rank = 11th | population_total = 41070<!--2021 StatCan federal census population only per [[WP:CANPOP]]. Do not update until 2026 census population released. Use "Population_est" below for latest StatCan quarterly estimate.--> | population_ref = <ref name=StatCan2021>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101 |title=Population and dwelling counts: Canada, provinces and territories |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |date=February 9, 2022 |access-date=February 9, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-date=February 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209134802/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810000101}}</ref> | population_as_of = [[2021 Canadian census|2021]] | population_est = 45904<!-- Latest StatCan quarterly estimate only. --> | pop_est_as_of = 2026 Q3 | pop_est_ref = <ref name=quarter/> | DensityRank = 12th | Density_km2 = 0.035 | GDP_year = 2017 | GDP_total = C$4.856&nbsp;billion<ref name=GDP2016>{{cite web |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610022201&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.13&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.2 |title=Gross domestic product, expenditure-based, by province and territory (2017) |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=September 17, 2019 |access-date=September 17, 2019 |archive-date=March 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308192912/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=3610022201&pickMembers%5B0%5D=1.13&pickMembers%5B1%5D=2.2 |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_rank = 11th | GDP_per_capita = C$108,065 | GDP_per_capita_rank = 1st | HDI_year = 2021 | HDI = 0.930<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI - Subnational HDI - Global Data Lab |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi |access-date=June 18, 2020 |website=globaldatalab.org |archive-date=April 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416194929/https://globaldatalab.org/shdi |url-status=live }}</ref>—<span style="color:#090">Very high</span> | HDI_rank = 4th | Former = [[British Arctic Territories]], [[North-Western Territory]], [[Rupert's Land]] | AdmittanceOrder = 5th, with [[Manitoba]] | AdmittanceDate = July 15, 1870{{efn|Given to Canada by the [[Hudson's Bay Company]].}} | HouseSeats = 1 | SenateSeats = 1 | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = −07:00 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = −06:00 | PostalAbbreviation = NT | PostalCodePrefix = [[List of X postal codes of Canada|X0, X1 (Yellowknife)]] | iso_code = CA-NT | flower = [[Dryas octopetala|Mountain avens]] | tree = [[Larix laricina|Tamarack larch]] | bird = [[Gyrfalcon]] | website = {{URL|https://www.gov.nt.ca/}} }} The '''Northwest Territories''' is a [[provinces and territories of Canada|territory]] in Northern [[Canada]]. 45,904 people live there as of 2026.<ref name=quarter>{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2026 |title=Population estimates, quarterly |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |access-date=September 24, 2026 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260926001804/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |archive-date=September 26, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> It is 1,171,918 [[square kilometers]]. The [[Capital (city)|capital]] of the Northwest Territories is [[Yellowknife]]. Yellowknife was the capital since 1967. The Northwest Territories have many [[geography|geographical]] features, like the [[Great Bear Lake]], the [[Mackenzie River]] and [[Nahanni River]], which is a [[national park]] and a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. The Northwest Territories entered the [[Canadian Confederation]] in 1870. The [[Hudson's Bay Company]] gave the land to the [[Dominion of Canada]]. The Northwest Territories have one person in the [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] and the [[Canadian Senate]]. A lot of parts of the Northwest Territories were given to other provinces, including [[British Columbia]], [[Alberta]], [[Manitoba]], [[Ontario]], and [[Quebec]]. In 1999, the eastern part of the Northwest Territories became the territory of [[Nunavut]]. ==Notes and references== {{notelist}} {{reflist|refs= <ref name="lang1">{{cite web |url=https://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/en/files/legislation/official-languages/official-languages.a.pdf |title=Official Languages Act (Northwest Territories |date=1998 |access-date=August 5, 2021 |publisher=Government of the Northwest Territories |archive-date=August 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814140425/https://www.justice.gov.nt.ca/en/files/legislation/official-languages/official-languages.a.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="lang2">{{cite web |url=https://www.pwnhc.ca/official-languages-of-the-northwest-territories/ |title=Official Languages of the Northwest Territories |access-date=August 5, 2021 |publisher=[[Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre]] |archive-date=October 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019184622/https://www.pwnhc.ca/official-languages-of-the-northwest-territories/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> }} == Other websites == {{Sister project links|the Northwest Territories}} {{wikiatlas|the Northwest Territories}} {{Provinces and territories of Canada}} [[Category:Northwest Territories| ]] qixwn3q5v6hb67gjsrca5vbj955yfmc 0 16631 11024083 10912763 2026-10-08T19:21:51Z ~2026-54254-84 1887136 11024083 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1936 – 1955).svg|right|frameless|98x98px]] [[File:Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg|right|frameless|98x98px]][[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|right|frameless|98x98px]] [[File:Flag of the Republic of China.svg|right|frameless|98x98px]]The '''Allies''', (formally referred to as the '''United Nations''' from 1942-1945) were a group of nations that fought against the [[Axis countries]] in [[World War II]]. They were successful in defeating the Axis nations. The war ended in 1945. The group of nations was later named the [[United Nations]] by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt. The main Allied powers were the “Big Four”: the [[Soviet Union]], the [[United States]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[China]]. {{Infobox geopolitical organization | conventional_long_name = Allies of World War II | common_name = Allies | native_name = {{native name|zh|同盟國/同盟国}}<br>{{native name|fr|Alliés}}<br>{{native name|ru|Антигитлеровская коалиция|Antigitlerovskaya koalitsiya}} | image_flag = | image_flag2 = <!-- second flag --> | anthem = United Nations on the March (unofficial) | image_map2 = UN Fight for Freedom Leslie Ragan 1943 poster - restoration1.jpg | status = [[Collective security#Collective defense|Military alliance]] | year_end = 1945 | life_span = 1939–1945 | year_start = 1939 | flag_alt = <!-- alt text for flag --> | flag_alt2 = <!-- alt text for second flag --> | flag_type = | image_map2_caption = A 1943 poster showing the flags of many of the members of the Allies, including the "Big Three" ---- {{Plain list | style = padding-left: 0.6em; text-align: left; | '''The Big Four:''' * {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} * {{flagcountry|Soviet Union|1936}} * {{flagcountry|United States|1912}} * {{flagcountry|Nationalist government}} }} [[#Summary table|Full list]] | event_pre = [[Franco-Polish alliance (1921)|Franco-Polish alliance]] | date_pre = {{nowrap|February 1921}} | event_start = [[Anglo-Polish military alliance|Anglo-Polish alliance]] | date_start = August | event1 = [[Anglo-French Supreme War Council|Anglo-French War Council]] | date_event1 = {{nowrap|September 1939&nbsp;– June 1940}} | event2 = [[Declaration of St James's Palace|First Inter-Allied Meeting]] | date_event2 = {{nowrap|June 1941}} | event3 = [[Anglo-Soviet Agreement|Anglo-Soviet alliance]] | date_event3 = {{nowrap|July 1941}} | event4 = [[Atlantic Charter]] | date_event4 = {{nowrap|August 1941}} | event5 = [[Declaration by United Nations]] | date_event5 = {{nowrap|January 1942}} | event6 = [[Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942|Anglo-Soviet Treaty]] | date_event6 = {{nowrap|May 1942}} | event_end = [[Potsdam Conference]] | date_end = July–August | p1 = | s1 = United Nations | flag_p1 = | flag_s1 = | flag_s2 = | s2 = | image_s3 = | s3 = | era = World War II | event7 = [[Tehran Conference]] | date_event7 = {{nowrap|November–December 1943}} | event8 = {{nowrap|[[Bretton Woods Conference]]}} | date_event8 = 1–15 July 1944 | event9 = [[Yalta Conference]] | date_event9 = 4–11 February 1945 | event10 = [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|United Nations formed]] | date_event10 = {{nowrap|April–June 1945}} | flag = <!-- link target under flag image. Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}} --> | flag2 = <!-- link target under flag2 image. Default: Flag of {{{common_name}}} --> | flag2_type = }} == 1939-1941 == [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] was invaded by [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] on 1 September 1939, so [[United Kingdom|Britain]] and [[French Third Republic|France]] declared war two days later. Many more countries joined the alliance after Germany invaded them. [[Fall of France|France fell after a German invasion from May - June 1940]] and a [[Vichy France|puppet state was put in place]], so the British and the remaining forces of the exiled governments later invaded the Vichy french territories. These freed lands were called [[Free France]] [[Operation Barbarossa|Germany invaded the Soviet Union]] on 22 June 1941 and the [[Soviets]] allied with the British and the other allies. The [[United States]] joined the war after [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor]]. == Declaration by the United Nations == [[File:United Nations Fight for Freedom poster.jpg|right|frameless]] The alliance was formalised in the Declaration by United Nations signed on 1 January 1942. There were the 26 original signatories of the declaration; the Big Four were listed first: * {{Flagicon|US|variant=1912}} [[United States]] * {{Flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]] * {{Flagicon|USSR|variant=1936}} [[Soviet Union]] * {{Flagicon|TAI}} [[Nationalist government|China]] * {{Flagicon|AUS}} [[Australia]] * {{Flagicon|BEL|variant=state}} [[Belgium]] * {{Flagicon|CAN|variant=1921}} [[Canada]] * {{Flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Costa Rica]] * {{Flagicon|CUB|variant=1902}} [[Cuba]] * {{Flagicon|CSK}} [[Czechoslovak government-in-exile|Czechoslovakia]] * {{Flagicon|DOM}} [[Dominican Republic]] * {{Flagicon|El Salvador}} [[El Salvador]] * {{Flagicon|GRE|variant=kingdom}} [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] * {{Flagicon|GUA}} [[Guatemala]] * {{Flagicon|HAI|variant=1859}} [[Haiti]] * {{Flagicon|HON|variant=1898}} [[Honduras]] * {{Flagicon|British India|variant=Viceroy}} [[British India|India]] * {{Flagicon|LUX}} [[Luxembourg]] * {{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]] * {{Flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Dominion of New Zealand|New Zealand]] * {{Flagicon|NIC|variant=1908}} [[Nicaragua]] * {{Flagicon|NOR}} [[Norway]] * {{Flagicon|PAN}} [[Panama]] * {{Flagicon|POL|variant=1928}} [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] * {{Flag icon|South Africa|variant=1928}} [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] * {{Flagicon|JUG|variant=1918}} [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] == Major Allied Powers == * {{Flagcountry|UK}} * {{Flagcountry|Free France}} * {{Flagcountry|USSR|variant=1936}} * {{Flagcountry|US|variant=1912}} * {{Flagcountry|Nationalist government}} == Other Allied Powers == * {{Flagdeco|Communist Albania|variant=1944-civil}} [[Democratic Government of Albania|Albania]] * {{Flag|Australia}} * {{Flag|Belgium|state}} * {{Flagcountry|Vargas Era}} * {{Flag|Canada|1921}} * {{Flag|Cuba|1902}} * {{Flag|Czechoslovakia}} * {{Flag|Dominican Republic}} * {{Flagcountry|Ethiopian Empire}} * {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Greece|variant=state}} * {{Flag|Luxembourg}} * {{Flag|Mexico|1934}} * {{Flag|Netherlands}} * {{Flagcountry|Dominion of New Zealand}} * {{Flag|Norway}} * {{Flagcountry|Second Polish Republic|variant=1928}} * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia|1938}} * {{Flagcountry|Union of South Africa|variant=1928}} * {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Yugoslavia|variant=state}} == Client and occupied states == === British === * {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Egypt}} * {{Flag|British Raj|Viceroy|name=India (British Raj)}} * {{Flagcountry|British Burma}} === Soviet sphere === * {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Bulgarian Homeland Front.svg}} [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] * {{Flagcountry|Mongolian People's Republic|variant=1940}} * {{Flagcountry|Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland|variant=state}} * {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}} * {{Flagcountry|Tuvan People's Republic}} == Co-belligerent states == * {{Flag|Finland}} * {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of the South}} == 1942-1945 == Advances in [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Europe]] and [[North African Campaign|North Africa]] in late 1942 changed the course of the war and continued on other fronts until the war ended. (there were also slow advances in the pacific) The allies [[Allied invasion of Italy|invaded italy]] in 1943, after driving the axis out of Africa. And so [[Kingdom of the South|Italy]] changed sides on 8 September 1943. and with German forces staying, a [[Italian Civil War|civil war]] began. The Soviet [[Red Army]] continued advances against the axis, ending the [[siege of Leningrad]], liberating [[Crimea]], and invading [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]]. On June 22 1944, operation Bargration was launched advancing to the Hungarian border and to [[Warsaw]]. Meanwhile in Western Europe, [[D-Day]] was launched on June 6 1944 and the allies started advancing rapidly in august. [[Romania]] changed sides in August after the Soviets were advancing. [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] changed sides in September with the Soviets invading. Finland also changed sides in September. The allies had advances in the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]]. In the [[Solomon Islands]], in [[Burma]], and other [[Pacific Islands|Pacific islands]]. On May 7 1945, [[German Instrument of Surrender|Germany surrendered]] after 5 years and 8 months of fighting. In the Pacific, the allied liberated Burma and advanced in [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], the [[Philippines]], and [[Borneo]]. [[Atomic bomb|Atomic bombs]] were dropped on [[Japanese Empire|Japan]] and around the same time, the Soviets invaded [[Manchuria]] (a Japanese puppet state) and [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|Japan surrendered]] on September 2 1945, ending [[World War II]]. == United Nations == {{Main|United Nations}} The [[United Nations]] was formed on 24 October 1945, with [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|France]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], [[The United Kingdom]], [[The United States]], and [[The USSR]] as the five permanent members of the United Nations [[Security Council]] (which met for the first time on 17 January 1946).[[File:Flag of the United Nations.svg|right|frameless|123x123px]] === Members === These are the original 51 signatories (UNSC permanent members are asterisked): {{div col|colwidth=18em}} * {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina|Argentine Republic]] * {{flagicon|Australia}} [[Australia|Commonwealth of Australia]] * {{flagicon|Belgium|state}} [[Belgium|Kingdom of Belgium]] * {{flagicon|Bolivia|state}} [[History of Bolivia (1920–1964)#Prelude to the National Revolution, 1935–52|Republic of Bolivia]] * {{flagicon|Vargas Era|1930}} [[Vargas Era|United States of Brazil]] * {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1937–1951).svg}} [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]] * {{flagicon|Canada|1921}} [[Canada|Dominion of Canada]] * {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Presidential Republic (1925–1973)|Republic of Chile]] * {{flagicon|Nationalist government}} [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]* * {{flagicon|Colombia|1861}} [[Colombia|Republic of Colombia]] * {{flagicon|Costa Rica}} [[Costa Rica|Republic of Costa Rica]] * {{flagicon|Cuba|1902}} [[Republic of Cuba (1902–59)|Republic of Cuba]] * {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak Republic]] * {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark|Kingdom of Denmark]] * {{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Dominican Republic]] * {{flagicon|Ecuador|1900}} [[Ecuador|Republic of Ecuador]] * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Egypt}} [[Kingdom of Egypt]] * {{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[El Salvador|Republic of El Salvador]] * {{flagicon|Ethiopian Empire}} [[Ethiopian Empire]] * {{flagicon|Provisional Government of the French Republic}} [[Provisional Government of the French Republic|French Republic]]* * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Greece|state}} [[Kingdom of Greece]] * {{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Guatemala|Republic of Guatemala]] * {{flagicon|Haiti|1859}} [[Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)|Republic of Haiti]] * {{flagicon|Honduras|1866}} [[Honduras|Republic of Honduras]] * {{flagicon|British Raj|Viceroy}} [[British Raj]] * {{Flagicon|Pahlavi dynasty|variant=1925}} [[Pahlavi Iran|Imperial State of Iran]] * {{flagicon|Kingdom of Iraq}} [[Kingdom of Iraq]] * {{flagicon|Lebanon}} [[Lebanon|Lebanese Republic]] * {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Liberia|Republic of Liberia]] * {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourg|Grand Duchy of Luxembourg]] * {{flagicon|Mexico|1934}} [[Mexico|United Mexican States]] * {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] * {{flagicon|Dominion of New Zealand}} [[Dominion of New Zealand]] * {{flagicon|Nicaragua|1908}} [[Nicaragua|Republic of Nicaragua]] * {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway|Kingdom of Norway]] * {{flagicon|Panama}} [[Panama|Republic of Panama]] * {{flagicon|Paraguay|1842}} [[Paraguay|Republic of Paraguay]] * {{flagicon|Peru|1884}} [[Peru|Republic of Peru]] * {{flagicon|Philippines|1936}} [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] * {{flagicon|Provisional Government of National Unity}} [[Provisional Government of National Unity|Republic of Poland]] * {{flagicon|Saudi Arabia|1938}} [[Saudi Arabia|Kingdom of Saudi Arabia]] * {{flagicon|Union of South Africa}} [[Union of South Africa]] * {{flagicon|Syria|1932}} [[First Syrian Republic|Syrian Republic]] * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey|Republic of Turkey]] * {{flagdeco|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|1937}} [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]] * {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]* * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]* * {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[United States|United States of America]]* * {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Uruguay|Oriental Republic of Uruguay]] * {{flagicon|Venezuela|1930}} [[United States of Venezuela]] * {{flagicon|Democratic Federal Yugoslavia}} [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavia]] {{div col end}} ==Summary table== ===The Big Four=== * {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} * {{flagcountry|Soviet Union|1936}} * {{flagcountry|United States|1912}} * {{flagcountry|Nationalist government}} ===Allied combatants with governments-in-exile=== * {{flagdeco|Free French}} [[Free French|Free France]]<ref name="FFF">[[French Third Republic|France]] [[French declaration of war on Germany (1939)|declared war on Germany]] on 3 September 1939, two days after the German invasion of Poland. It was a member of the Allies until its defeat in the [[Battle of France|German invasion of France]] in June 1940. Unlike the other [[Government in exile|governments-in-exile]] in London, which were legitimate governments that had escaped their respective countries and continued the fight, France had [[Armistice of 22 June 1940|surrendered]] to the Axis. The "[[Free French Forces]]" were a section of the French army which refused to recognize the armistice and continued to fight with the Allies. They worked towards France being seen and treated as a major allied power, as opposed to a defeated and then liberated nation. They struggled with legitimacy vis-a-vis the German [[client state]] "[[Vichy France]]", which was the internationally recognized government of France [[Foreign relations of Vichy France|even among the Allies]]. A [[French Committee of National Liberation|National Liberation Committee]] was formed by the Free French after the gradual liberation of Vichy colonial territory, which led to the [[Case Anton|full German occupation of Vichy France]] in 1942. This started a shift in Allied policy from trying to improve relations with the Vichy regime into full support to what was now the [[Provisional Government of the French Republic]].</ref> * {{flagcountry|Polish government-in-exile|1939}}<ref name="PL">The [[Polish Underground State]] was allied with United Kingdom and United States. It fought against Axis Powers (mostly Germany), Soviet Union and the [[Polish Committee of National Liberation]] (PKWN). However the PKWN was allied with the Soviet Union and fought against Germany and the Polish Underground State.</ref> * {{flagdeco|Czechoslovakia}} [[Czechoslovak government-in-exile|Czechoslovakia]]<ref name="CS">[[Edvard Beneš]], president of the [[First Czechoslovak Republic]], fled the country after the 1938 [[Munich Agreement]] saw the [[Sudetenland]] region annexed by Germany. In 1939 a German sponsored [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]] seceded from the post-Munich [[Second Czechoslovak Republic]], providing justification for the establishment of a [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia|German protectorate]] over the remaining Czech lands (the rump [[Carpatho-Ukraine|Carpathian Ruthenia]] region being annexed by Hungary). Following the outbreak of war later the same year, Beneš, in his exile, formed a Czechoslovak National Liberation Committee which after some months of negotiations regarding its legitimacy became regarded as the Czechoslovak government-in-exile by the Allies.</ref> * {{flag|Belgium|state}} * {{flagdeco|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourg]] * {{flagdeco|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]] * {{flagdeco|Norway}} [[Norway]] * {{flagdeco|Kingdom of Greece|variant=state}} [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]] * {{Flagcountry|Yugoslav government-in-exile|variant=state}} * {{flagdeco|Ethiopian Empire}} [[Ethiopia]]<ref name="EE">The Ethiopian Empire was [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War|invaded]] by [[Fascist Italy (1922–1943)|Italy]] on 3 October 1935. On 2 May 1936, Emperor [[Haile Selassie I]] fled into exile, just before the Italian occupation on 7 May. After the outbreak of World War II, the United Kingdom recognized Haile Selassie as the Emperor of Ethiopia in July 1940 and his Ethiopian exile government [[Gideon Force|cooperated with the British]] during their [[East African campaign (World War II)|invasion of Italian East Africa]] in 1941. Through the invasion Haile Selassie returned to Ethiopia on 18 January, with the liberation of the country being completed by November the same year.</ref> * {{flagdeco|Philippine Commonwealth}} [[Philippines]] ===Other Allied combatant states=== * {{flagcountry|Canada|1921}} * {{flagcountry|Australia}} * {{flagcountry|New Zealand}} * {{flagcountry|British India|name=India|variant=Viceroy}} * {{flagcountry|Union of South Africa}} * {{Flagcountry|Southern Rhodesia}} * {{Flagcountry|Dominion of Newfoundland}} * {{Flagcountry|British Burma}} * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Nigeria (1914–1952).svg}} [[Nigeria]] * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Malta (1943–1964).svg}} [[Malta]] * {{Flagcountry|British Ceylon}} * {{flagcountry|Vargas Era|1930}} * {{flag|Mexico|1934}} * {{flagcountry|Mongolian People's Republic|1945}} * {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Egypt}} * {{Flag|Cuba|1902}} * {{Flag|Argentina|1861}} * {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Nepal|variant=old}} * {{Flag|Liberia}} * {{Flagcountry|Pahlavi dynasty|variant=1925}} * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia|1938}} * {{Flag|Turkey}} * {{Flag|Chile}} * {{Flag|Colombia|1861}} * {{Flag|Ecuador|1900}} * {{Flag|Peru|1884}} * {{Flag|Bolivia|state}} * {{Flag|Uruguay}} * {{Flag|Venezuela|1930}} * {{Flagicon image|State Flag of Costa Rica (1906-1964).svg}} [[Costa Rica]] * {{Flag|Panama}} * {{Flag|Haiti|1859}} * {{Flag|Honduras|1898}} * {{Flag|Dominican Republic}} * {{Flag|Nicaragua|1908}} * {{Flag|El Salvador}} * {{Flag|Guatemala}} * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Muscat.svg}} [[Oman]] * {{Flagdeco|France|variant=1794}} [[French Indochina]] * {{Flag|Dutch East Indies}} * {{Flag|Syria|1932}} * {{Flag|Lebanon|1920}} ===New Allies=== * {{Flag|Argentina}} * {{Flag|New Zealand}} ===Former Axis powers=== * {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Iraq}} (from January 1943) * {{flag|Kingdom of the South|name=Italy}} ([[Italian Civil War|from September 1943]]) * {{flag|Kingdom of Romania|name=Romania}} (from August 1944) * {{flag|Kingdom of Bulgaria|name=Bulgaria}} (from September 1944) * {{flag|Finland}} (from September 1944) * {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} ({{ill|Provisional National Government (Hungary)|lt= Debrecen government|ru|Временное национальное правительство (Венгрия)}}, 1945) == Cold War == {{Main|Cold War}} Despite the successful creation of the United Nations, the alliance of the Soviet Union with the United States and with the United Kingdom ultimately broke down and evolved into the Cold War, which took place over the following half-century. == Timeline of allied nations entering the war == {{Main|World War II by country}} The following list denotes dates on which states declared war on the Axis powers, or on which an Axis power declared war on them. The Indian Empire had a status less independent than the Dominions. [[File:Freedom shall prevail! - DPLA - b0c9b437727d3a683688c8a4860772b5.jpg|right|frameless|189x189px]] === 1939 === * {{Flag|Poland|1928}} (September 1 1939) * {{Flag|France|1794}} (September 3 1939) * {{Flag|United Kingdom}} (September 3 1939) ** {{Flag|British India|Viceroy}} * {{Flag|Australia}} (September 3 1939) * {{Flag|New Zealand}} (September 3 1939) * {{Flag|Nepal|old}} (September 4 1939) * {{Flag|South Africa|1928}} (September 6 1939) * {{Flag|Canada|1921}} (September 10 1939) * {{Flagicon image|Flag of Muscat.svg}} [[Oman]] (September 10 1939) === 1940 === * {{Flag|Norway}} (April 8 1940) * {{Flag|Denmark}} (April 9 1940) * {{Flag|Belgium|state}} (May 10 1940) * {{Flag|Luxembourg}} (May 10 1940) * {{Flag|Netherlands}} (May 10 1940) * {{Flag|Greece|kingdom}} (October 28 1940) === 1941 === * {{Flagcountry|Jugoslavija|variant=1918}} (April 6 1941) * {{Flag|Soviet Union|1936}} (June 22 1941) * {{Flag|Panama}} (December 7 1941) * {{Flag|United States|1912}} (December 8 1941) ** {{Flag|Philippines|1936}} * {{Flag|Costa Rica}} (December 8 1941) * {{Flag|Dominican Republic}} (December 8 1941) * {{Flag|El Salvador}} (December 8 1941) * {{Flag|Haiti|1859}} (December 8 1941) * {{Flag|Honduras|1898}} (December 8 1941) * {{Flag|Nicaragua|1908}} (December 8 1941) * {{Flagicon|Republic of China}} [[Nationalist government|China]] (December 9 1941) * {{Flag|Cuba|1902}} (December 9 1941) * {{Flag|Guatemala}} (December 9 1941) Provisional governments or governments-in exile that declared war against the Axis in 1941 * {{Flagdeco|Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea}} Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (December 10 1941) * {{Flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} [[Czechoslovak government-in-exile|Czechoslovakia (government-in-exile)]] (December 16 1941) === 1942 === * {{Flag|Mexico|1934}} (May 22 1942) * {{Flag|Brazil}} (August 22 1942) * {{Flag|Ethiopia|1897}} ( December 14 1942) === 1943 === * {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Iraq}} (January 16 1943) - former axis power * {{Flag|Bolivia}} (April 7 1943) * {{Flag|Colombia}} (July 26 1943) * {{Flag|Iran|1925}} (September 9 1943) * {{Flag|Italy|1861}} (October 10 1943) - former axis power === 1944 === * {{Flag|Liberia}} (January 27 1944) * {{Flag|Romania}} (August 25 1944) - former axis power * {{Flag|Bulgaria}} (September 9 1944) - former axis power * {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)}} (December 30 1944) - former axis power === 1945 === * {{Flag|Ecuador|1900}} (February 2 1945) * {{Flag|Paraguay|1844}} (February 7 1945) * {{Flag|Peru|1884}} (February 12 1945) * {{Flag|Uruguay}} (February 15 1945) * {{Flag|Venezuela|1930}} (February 15 1945) * {{Flag|Turkey}} (February 23 1945) * {{Flagcountry|Kingdom of Egypt}} (February 24 1945) * {{Flag|Syria|1932}} (February 26 1945) * {{Flag|Lebanon|1920}} (February 27 1945) * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia|1938}} (March 1 1945) * {{Flag|Finland}} (March 3 1945) - former ally of Germany in the Continuation War. Finland retroactively declared war on Germany from 15 September 1944. * {{Flag|Argentina|1861}} (March 27 1945) * {{Flag|Chile}} (April 11 1945) * {{Flag|Mongolia|1945}} (August 10 1945) == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:World War II]] [[Category:Military alliances]] irclw09glxp3dhefvhx711rwz88q4px 0 16997 11024436 10526734 2026-10-09T05:50:59Z ~2026-54327-86 1887390 /* */ 11024436 wikitext text/x-wiki 🟥⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛ 🟥🟥⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛ 🟥🟥🟥⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛⬛ 🟥🟥🟥🟥⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜ 🟥🟥🟥🟥🟥⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜ 🟥🟥🟥🟥⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜⬜ 🟥🟥🟥🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩 🟥🟥🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩 🟥🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩🟩 Free Palestine. Wikipedia is a Zionist affiliated website '''''Fedâi''''' ({{lang-ar|فدائي}}, {{IPA-ar|fidaːʔiːj}}; "[[Palestinian fedayeen|Warrior]]") is the [[national anthem]] of the [[State of Palestine]],<ref name="info">http://www.nationalanthems.info/ps.htm''Palestine''. NationalAnthems.info. Kendall, David. 2013.</ref><ref name="wsm">http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Palestinian_National_Authority.htm ''Palestinian National Authority''. 2000. World Statesmen.</ref><ref name="mofa">https://web.archive.org/web/20090205020442/http://www.mofa.gov.ps/arabic/Palestine/anthem.php ''Palestinian National Anthem''. Palestinian Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</ref> adopted in 1996 by the [[Wikipedia:Palestine Liberation Organization|Palestine Liberation Organization]].<ref name="info" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Fida&#x27;i ! colspan="2" |English:&nbsp;[[Palestinian fedayeen|My Country]] |- | colspan="2" |[[https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Palestine.svg|link=File:Coat_of_arms_of_Palestine.svg|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" | ----National anthem of Palestine ---- |- !Lyrics |Sagħid Możajn |- !Music |Għali ‘Esmâgħil |- !Adopted |1996 <small>(by the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]])<ref name="info" /></small> 2005 <small>(ratified)<ref name="info" /></small> |} In 1965, the lyrics (words) were written by Sagħid Możajn and the music was composed by Għali ‘Esmâgħil. It was ratified in 2005.<ref name="info" /><ref name="wafainfo">https://web.archive.org/web/20171010084258/http://www.wafainfo.ps/atemplate.aspx?id=2353<nowiki/>النشيد الوطني الفلسطيني، مركز المعلومات الوطني الفلسطيني</ref> == Lyrics == change {| class="wikitable" ![[Arabic]] original<ref name="mofa" /> ![[Romanization of Arabic|Latin transcription]] ![[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] transcription !English translation |- |<poem dir="rtl" style="line-height:1.52em;">{{lang|ar-PS|italic=no|فِدَائِي فِدَائِي فِدَائِي يَا أَرْضِي يَا أَرْض الجُدُود فِدَائِي فِدَائِي فِدَائِي يَا شَعْبِي يَا شَعْب الخُلُود {{small|'''كورال:'''}} فِدَائِي فِدَائِي فِدَائِي يَا أَرْضِي يَا أَرْض الجُدُود فِدَائِي فِدَائِي فِدَائِي يَا شَعْبِي يَا شَعْب الخُلُود '''١''' بِعَزْمِي وَنَارِي وَبُرْكَانِ ثَأرِي وَأَشْوَاقِ دَمِي لِأَرْضِي وَدَارِي 𝄇 صَعَدْتُ الجِبَالَا وَخُضْتُ النِّضَالَا قَهَرْتُ المُحَالَا عَبَرْتُ الحُدُود 𝄆 {{yesitalic|{{small|'''كورال'''}}}} '''٢''' بِعَزْمِ الرِّيَاح وَنَارِ السِّلَاح وَإِصْرَارِ شَعْبِي بِأَرْض الكِفَاح 𝄇 فِلَسْطِينُ دَارِي ودرب انتصاري فِلَسْطِينُ ثَارِي وَأَرْضِ الصُّمُود 𝄆 {{yesitalic|{{small|'''كورال'''}}}} '''٣''' بِحَقِّ القَسَم تَحْتَ ظِلِّ العَلَم بِأَرْضِي وَشَعْبِي وَنَارِ الأَلَم 𝄇 سَأَحْيَا فِدَائِي وَأَمْضِي فِدَائِي وَأَقْضِي فِدَائِي إِلَى أَن تَعُود 𝄆 {{yesitalic|{{small|'''كورال'''}}}}}}</poem> |<poem>{{transl|ar|italic=no|Fidāʾī Fidāʾī Fidāʾī yā ʾardī yā ʾarḍ al-judūd Fidāʾī Fidāʾī Fidāʾī yā šaʿbī yā šaʿb al-xulūd {{small|'''Kūrāl:'''}} Fidāʾī Fidāʾī Fidāʾī yā ʾardī yā ʾarḍ al-judūd Fidāʾī Fidāʾī Fidāʾī yā šaʿbī yā šaʿb al-xulūd '''I''' Biʿazmī wa nārī wa burkāni thaʾrī Waʾašwāqi damī liʾarḍī wa dārī 𝄆 Ṣaʿadtu l-jibālā wa xuḍtu n-niḍālā Qahartu l-muḥālā ʿabartu l-ḥudūd 𝄇 {{small|'''''Kūrāl'''''}} '''II''' Biʿazmi r-riyāḥi wa nāri s-silāḥi Wa iṣrāri šaʿbi biʾarḍ al-kifāḥi 𝄆 Filasṭīnu dārī wa darbu-ntiṣāri Filasṭīnu thārī wa arḍu ṣ-ṣumūd 𝄇 {{small|'''''Kūrāl'''''}} '''III''' Biḥaqqi l-qasam taḥta ẓilli l-ʿalam Biʾarḍī wa šaʿbī wa nāri l-ʾalam 𝄆 Saʾaḥyā fidāʾī wa ʾamḍī fidāʾī Wa ʾaqḍī fidāʾī ʾilā ʾan taʿūd 𝄇 𝄆 {{small|'''''Kūrāl'''''}} 𝄇}}</poem> |<poem>{{IPA|[fi.dæː.ʔi fi.dæː.ʔi fi.dæː.ʔi] [jæː ʔɑr.diː jæː ʔɑr.dˤɑ‿l.ʒʊ.duːd] [fi.dæː.ʔi fi.dæː.ʔi fi.dæː.ʔi] [jæː ʃɑʕ.biː jæː ʃɑʕb æl.χʊ.luːd] {{small|'''[kuː.rɑːl]'''}} [fi.dæː.ʔi fi.dæː.ʔi fi.dæː.ʔi] [jæː ʔɑr.diː jæː ʔɑr.dˤɑ‿l.ʒʊ.duːd] [fi.dæː.ʔi fi.dæː.ʔi fi.dæː.ʔi] [jæː ʃɑʕ.biː jæː ʃɑʕb æl.χʊ.luːd] '''1''' [bɪ.ʕɑz.miː wɑ nɑː.riː wɑ bʊr.kæː.ni θɑʔ.riː] [wɑ.ʔæʃ.wɑː.qi dæ.miː lɪ.ʔɑr.dˤiː wɑ dɑː.riː] 𝄆 [sˤɑ.ʕɑd.tʊ‿l.ʒi.bæː.læː wɑ χʊdˤ.tʊ‿n.nɪ.dˤɑː.læː] [qɑ.hɑr.tʊ‿l.mʊ.ħæː.læː ʕɑ.bɑr.tʊ‿l.ħʊ.duːd] 𝄇 {{small|'''[kuː.rɑːl]'''}} '''2''' [bɪ.ʕɑz.mɪ‿r.rɪ.jæː.ħi wɑ nɑː.rɪ‿s.si.læː.ħi] [wɑ ʔɪsˤ.rɑː.ri ʃɑʕ.bi bi.ʔɑrdˤ ɪl.ki.fæː.ħi] 𝄆 [fɪ.lɪs.tˤiː.nʊ dæː.riː wɑ dɑr.bʊ‿n.tɪ.sˤɑː.ri] [fɪ.lɪs.tˤiː.nʊ θæː.riː wɑ ɑr.dˤʊ‿sˤ.sˤʊ.muːd] 𝄇 {{small|'''[kuː.rɑːl]'''}} '''3''' [bɪ.ħɑq.qɪ‿l.qɑ.sæm tɑħ.tɑ ðˤɪl.lɪ‿l.ʕɑ.læm] [bɪ.ʔɑr.dˤi wɑ ʃɑʕ.biː wɑ nɑː.rɪː‿l.ʔæ.læm] 𝄆 [sæ.ʔɑħ.jæː fi.dæː.ʔi wɑ ʔɑm.dˤiː fi.dæː.ʔi] [wɑ ʔɑq.dˤiː fi.dæː.ʔi ʔi.læː ʔæn tɑ.ʕʊːd] 𝄇 𝄆 {{small|'''[kuː.rɑːl]'''}} 𝄇}}</poem> |<poem>Warrior, warrior, warrior, Oh my land, the land of the ancestors Warrior, warrior, warrior, Oh my people, people of eternity {{small|'''Chorus:'''}} Warrior, warrior, warrior, Oh my land, the land of the ancestors Warrior, warrior, warrior, Oh my people, people of eternity '''I''' With my determination, my fire and the volcano of my vendetta With the longing in my blood for my land and my home 𝄆 I have climbed the mountains and fought the wars I have conquered the impossible, and crossed the frontiers 𝄇 {{small|'''''Chorus'''''}} '''II''' With the resolve of the winds and the fire of the weapons And the determination of my nation in the land of struggle 𝄆 Palestine is my home, and the path of my triumphal Palestine is my vendetta and the land of withstanding 𝄇 {{small|'''''Chorus'''''}} '''III''' By the oath under the shade of the flag By my land and nation, and the fire of pain 𝄆 I will live as a warrior, I will remain a warrior, I will die as a warrior - until my country returns 𝄇 𝄆 {{small|'''''Chorus'''''}} 𝄇</poem> |} == References == change <references /> [[Category:Israeli music]] [[Category:1870s songs]] [[Category:Asian anthems]] [[Category:National symbols of Israel]] [[Category:1878 works]] [[Category:1870s poems]] rthxj8v7p01b2r6bpowzhb2vo5j1tiv 11024440 11024436 2026-10-09T06:01:57Z Nil NZ 1559470 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54327-86|~2026-54327-86]] ([[User talk:~2026-54327-86|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by ~2025-67449-8. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anthem | title = {{nobold|{{lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|התקווה}}}}}} | english_title = "The Hope" | image = Cigarette silk depicting Zionist flag (3560854953).jpg | caption = Words of the song below an [[Flag of Israel|Israeli flag]]. | prefix = National | country = {{ISR}} | author = [[Naftali Herz Imber]] | lyrics_date = 1877 | composer = [[Shmuel Cohen]] | music_date = {{circa|1887–1888}} | adopted = 1948<br>2004 <small>(officially adopted by law)</small> | sound = Hatikvah instrumental.ogg | sound_title = The national anthem played by the [[United States Navy Band]]}} "'''Hatikvah'''" ({{lang-he|התקוה}}, {{small|say: {{respell|hah|tik|VAH}}}}, meaning "The Hope") is a [[Jewish]] [[folk song]] used as the [[national anthem]] of [[Israel]]. The words of the song are based on a nine-stanza poem written by poet [[Naftali Herz Imber]] in 1877.<ref>[http://www.nationalanthems.info/il_'.htm Hebrew Lyrics (Hebrew script)]. ''NationalAnthems.info''.</ref> About a [[decade]] later, his words were put to music by composer [[Shmuel Cohen]].<ref name="knesset"/><ref name="torah"/> The modern national anthem consists of the first two stanzas (verses) of Imber's poem. ==Background== The song tells the story of the [[Jews]]' [[Millenium|two-thousand-year-old]] [[Zionism|hope]] of returning to their [[homeland]] of Israel. The words of the song are based on a nine-[[stanza]] poem called "'''Tikvatenu'''" ({{lang-he|תקותנו}}, {{small|say: {{respell|tik|və|TEN-oo}}}} , meaning "Our Hope"), which was written by Imber himself. "Hatikvah" uses only the first stanza and the refrain of Imber's poem. The last line of the refrain was changed, and the words were put to music. The music is from a very old and popular folk song that Samuel Cohen, a [[Jew]] born in [[Spain]], found himself humming one day. It is played in a [[minor key]]. The words to the song are about the Jews' hope that one day their sadness will be turned into joy.<ref name="knesset"/><ref name="torah"/> == Lyrics == <div style="overflow-x:auto;"> {|style="text-align:center;" class="wikitable" !Hebrew lyrics<ref name="knesset">[https://www.knesset.gov.il/holidays/eng/hatikva_eng.htm Israel's National Anthem: Hatikva] (2009). ''Knesset''.</ref><ref name="torah">[https://www.thetorah.com/article/tikvatenu-the-poem-that-inspired-israels-national-anthem-hatikva Tikvatenu: The Poem that Inspired Israel’s National Anthem, Hatikva] (2016). ''The Torah''. Marx, Dalia.</ref><ref name="nli">[https://web.nli.org.il/sites/nlis/he/song/pages/song.aspx?songid=359 התקוה – מילים, ביצועים, פירושים ותווים | אתר הפיוט והתפילה]</ref> !Arabic lyrics !Romanization of Hebrew !Pronunciation |- style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;" |<poem dir=rtl>כֹּל עוֹד בַּלֵּבָב פְּנִימָה נֶפֶשׁ יְהוּדִי הוֹמִיָּה, וּלְפַאֲתֵי מִזְרָח קָדִימָה, עַיִן לְצִיּוֹן צוֹפִיָּה; עוֹד לֹא אָבְדָה תִּקְוָתֵנוּ, הַתִּקְוָה בַּת שְׁנוֹת אַלְפַּיִם, לִהְיוֹת עַם חָפְשִׁי בְּאַרְצֵנוּ, אֶרֶץ צִיּוֹן וִירוּשָׁלַיִם.</poem> |<poem>كُل عُود بَلِبب فنِيمَا نِفِش يهُودِي هُومِيَا ولفَأَتِي مِزرَخ قَدِيمَا عَيِن لصِيُون صُوفِيَا عُود لُا اَبدَة تِقوَتِنُو هَتِقوَة بَت شنُوت أَلفَيِم لِهيُوت عَم خُوفشِي بِأَرصِنُو إِرِص صِيُون ويِرُوشَلَيِم</poem> |<poem>Kol od balevav penimah, Nefesh Yehudi homiyah, Ulfaate mizrakh, kadimah, Ayin leTziyon tzofiyah. Od lo avdah tikvatenu Hatikvah bat shnot alpayim, Lihyot am khofshi beartzenu, Eretz Tziyon v'Yerushalayim.</poem> |<poem>[kol od baˈle.vav pe.niˈma {{!}}] [ˈne.feʃ jeˈhu.di ho.miˈja ‖] [ul.faˈʔa.te ˈmiz.ʁaχ ka.diˈma {{!}}] [aˈjin leˈt͡si.jon t͡so.fiˈja ‖] [od lo avˈda tik.vaˈte.nu {{!}}] [ha.tikˈva bat ʃnot alˈpa.jim ‖] /ˈlih.jot am ˈχof.ʃi be.ʔaʁˈt͡se.nu {{!}}] /ˈe.ʁet͡s ˈt͡si.jon vi.ʁu.ʃaˈla.jim ‖]</poem> |}</div> ===English translations=== {| class="wikitable" ! Literal translation<ref name="knesset"/> ! Poetic translation<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=NFNJAQAAMAAJ&q=%22And+Jewish+glances+turning+East%22#v=snippet&q=%22And%20Jewish%20glances%20turning%20East%22&f=false ''Jewish National and Zion Songs: In Hebrew, Jewish and English. With Music''] (1915). Hebrew Publishing Company.</ref> |- | <poem>As long as in the heart, within, The soul of a Jew still yearns, And onward, towards the ends of the east, an eye still gazes toward Zion; Our hope is not yet lost, The hope of two thousand years, To be a free nation in our land, The land of Zion and Jerusalem.</poem> | <poem>O while within a Jewish breast, Beats true a Jewish heart, And Jewish glances turning East, To Zion fondly dart; O then our Hope—it is not dead, Our ancient Hope and true, To be a nation free forevermore Zion and Jerusalem at our core.</poem> |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GjM3j9pXtXo Hatikvah performed by Xander Greene] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dXFGNf14BQQ Hatikvah on guitar] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e93aBd4B0YQ Hatikva by Enrico Macias] *[https://www.science.co.il/israel/Anthem.php MIDI versions] [[Category:Israeli music]] [[Category:1870s songs]] [[Category:Asian anthems]] [[Category:National symbols of Israel]] [[Category:1878 works]] [[Category:1870s poems]] 88djk7t5telo00uckj7njbwxtwo0zl9 0 17307 11024361 10907134 2026-10-09T04:51:31Z ~2026-54227-34 1887368 11024361 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024371 11024361 2026-10-09T04:57:24Z ~2026-54227-34 1887368 11024371 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024379 11024371 2026-10-09T04:58:01Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54227-34|~2026-54227-34]] ([[User talk:~2026-54227-34|talk]]) to last version by Morkoz 10907134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = English people | native_name = | native_name_lang = | population = | popplace = {{GBR}} 36.89 million in<br>{{ENG}} and {{WAL}}<ref>The [http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html#tab-National-identity-in-England-and-Wales 2011 England and Wales census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124090812/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html#tab-National-identity-in-England-and-Wales |date=2016-01-24 }} reports that in England and Wales 32.4 million people associated themselves with an English identity alone and 37.6 million identified themselves with an English identity either on its own or combined with other identities, being 57.7% and 67.1% respectively of the population of England and Wales.</ref> | tablehdr = ''Significant [[English diaspora]] in'' <!--- Note to editors: If you wish to change the numbers or add a country to this section, PLEASE CITE SOURCES (i.e. use the ref1, ref2, etc parameters) ----> | region1 = {{USA}} | pop1 = 36.89 million | ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B04006&t=Ancestry&vintage=2018&hidePreview=true|title=U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|website=data.census.gov|access-date=January 26, 2021}}</ref> {{small|(2024)}}{{smallsup|AMERICA}}.: | region2 = {{CAN}} | pop2 = 10.98 million | ref2 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=&Code2=&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1&type=0#fnb95-ref|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]|last=Government of Canada|first=Statistics Canada|date=8 February 2017|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=14 December 2019}}</ref> {{small|2023)}}{{smallsup|CANADA}}.: | region3 = {{AUS}} | pop3 = 10.89 million | ref3 = <ref name="United Kingdom-born Community Information Summary: 2016 Census">{{cite web|title=United Kingdom-born Community Information Summary: 2016 Census|url=https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2016-cis-united-kingdom.PDF|date=2018|publisher=homeaffairs.gov.au|access-date=14 December 2019|archive-date=14 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214023933/https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2016-cis-united-kingdom.PDF|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{small|(2022)}}{{smallsup|AUSTRALIA}}.: | region5 = {{NZL}} | pop5 = 01.4+ million. | ref5 = <ref>(Ethnic origin) The [http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para017Master 2006 New Zealand census] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219000000/http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2006-census-data/quickstats-about-culture-identity/quickstats-about-culture-and-identity.htm?page=para017Master |date=19 February 2008 }} reports 44,202 people (based on pre-assigned ethnic categories) stating they belong to the English ethnic group. The 1996 census [http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2001-census-statistics/change-in-ethnicity-question.htm used a different question] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219231823/http://www.stats.govt.nz/census/2001-census-statistics/change-in-ethnicity-question.htm |date=19 February 2008 }} to both the 1991 and the 2001 censuses, which had ''"a tendency for respondents to answer the 1996 question on the basis of ancestry (or descent) rather than 'ethnicity' (or cultural affiliation)"'' and reported 281,895 people with English origins; See also the figures for '[[New Zealand European]]</ref>.: | region6 = {{flag|Ireland}} | pop6 = 10.98 Million” | ref6 = <ref name="United Kingdom-born Community Information Summary: 2016 Census" />{{small|(2016)}}{{smallsup|NEWZELAND}}. | region7 = {{flag|Ireland}} | pop7 = 1.495,627++ Billion+.” 1,428,627,663 | ref7 = <ref name="cib11">{{cite book |title=Census 2011: Census in brief |url=http://www.statsir.gov.ir/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |page=26 |publisher=Statistics South Africa |location=Pretoria |year=2012 |isbn=9780621413885 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513171240/http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2015 |url-status=live}} The number of people who described themselves as white in terms of population group and specified their first language as English in South Africa's 2011 Census was 1,603,575. The total white population with a first language specified was 4,461,409 and the total population was 51,770,560.</ref> {{small|(2019)}}{{smallsup|HINDUSTAN}}.:.: | languages = [[English language|English]] | religions = Traditionally [[Anglicanism]], but also [[Nonconformist (Protestantism)|non-conformist]]s and [[dissenters]] (see [[History of the Church of England]]), as well as other [[Protestants]]; also Roman Catholics (see [[Catholic Emancipation]]); Islam (see [[Islam in England]]); [[Judaism]] and other faiths (see [[Religion in England]]). Almost 25% are non-religious.<ref name=ks2011>{{cite web|title=2011 Census: KS209EW Religion, local authorities in England and Wales|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262|publisher=ons.gov.uk|access-date=15 December 2012|date=2 July 2010|archive-date=25 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925200921/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm:77-286262|url-status=dead}}</ref>(2023) | footnotes = {{smallsup|a}} [[English American]], {{smallsup|b}} [[English Australian]], {{smallsup|c}} [[English Canadian]], {{smallsup|d}} [[British diaspora in Africa]] | related = {{hlist| other [[British people]] | [[Germanic people]] (esp. [[Frisians]]) |[[Celtic Britons]] |[[Irish people|Irish]]}} }} '''English people''' refer to people who are [[Citizenship|citizens]] of [[England]] or of English descent. England is one of the nations that is a part of the [[Island]] of [[Great Britain]]. It shares the island with [[Scotland]] ([[Scottish people|Scots]]) and [[Wales]] (the [[Welsh people|Welsh]]). England is also a part of the [[United Kingdom]], along with Scotland, Wales and [[Northern Ireland]]. Because of this, English people are also [[British people]].{{cn}} [[white people|White]] English people [[Descendant|descended]] from [[Anglo-Saxons]] and [[Frisian people|Frisians]] from [[Central Europe]]. [[People of colour|Non-white]] English people often have [[ancestor]]s from many different non-European countries.{{cn}} Many people leave England to live in former British [[Colony|colonies]]. These include the [[United States]], [[Australia]], [[Canada]], [[New Zealand]] and [[South Africa]]. The countries with the most English people, other than the [[United Kingdom]].::. are the [[United States]]; [[Ausies]]; [[Canucks]]; and [[NZL]].::.{{cn}} == Citizenship == Citizenship refers to the United Kingdom rather than just England. Many citizens in the U.K. are not [[Ethnic group|ethnically]] [[white people|white]]. In the past, the [[British Empire]] controlled countries all over the world. People from many of these countries moved to England and had families. Over time, this led to many citizens from different ethnic groups. Examples of these groups include [[Indian people]] and other groups from the [[Indian subcontinent]], people from [[sub-Saharan Africa]]n countries, people from the [[Caribbean]] islands and people from [[Hong Kong]].{{cn}} [[Emigration]] from Britain is even more significant. About 40 to 44 million people in other countries have British ancestors. [[Census]] data provide the evidence for these statements.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140408173429/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAEengland.htm] "English Emigration". Spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk. Archived from the original on 8 April 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Germanic peoples]] [[Category:English people| ]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom]] t3gi9e0ayyx2agxocewtfsndswhurua 0 17768 11024410 11018253 2026-10-09T05:33:07Z Bennett Li11 1753383 Just changed the image 11024410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox person | name = Jimmy Wales | image = Jimmy Wales by Philip Romano (3x4 cropped).jpg | caption = Wales in November 2024 | birth_name = Jimmy Donal Wales | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|8|8}} | birth_place = [[Huntsville, Alabama|Huntsville]], [[Alabama]], [[USA]] | death_date = | death_place = | other_names = Jimbo (screen name)<ref name=Garside-2014-08-03>{{cite news|work=The Observer|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2014/aug/03/observer-profile-jimmy-wales-wikipedia|title=Jimmy Wales: digital champion of free speech|first=Juliette|last=Garside|location=London|date=August 3, 2014|access-date=December 26, 2017}}</ref> | education = {{unbulleted list|[[Auburn University]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]])|[[University of Alabama|University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa]] ([[Master of Science|MS]])|[[Indiana University Bloomington|Indiana University, Bloomington]]}} | occupation = Internet entrepreneur, webmaster, financial trader (formerly) | net_worth = ≈{{US$|1 million|link=no}}<ref name=Garside-2014-08-03/> (2014) | title = {{unbulleted list|President of [[Fandom (website)|Fandom, Inc.]] (2004–present)|Chair of [[Wikimedia Foundation]] (2003–2006)|Chair emeritus of [[Wikimedia Foundation]] (2006–present)}} | successor = [[Florence Devouard]] (as Chair of Wikimedia Foundation) | party = [[Libertarian]] | boards = {{unbulleted list|[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|[[Creative Commons]]|[[Sunlight Foundation]] (advisory board) (until September 2020)|[[MIT Center for Collective Intelligence]] (advisory board)|[[Guardian Media Group]] (until April 2017)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/04/25/wikipedia-co-founder-jimmy-wales-exits-guardian-board-conflict/|title=Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales exits Guardian board over conflict of interest with Wikitribune news site|last=Williams |first=Christopher|date=April 25, 2017|work=The Telegraph|language=en-GB|issn=0307-1235}}</ref>}} | spouse = {{marriage|Pamela Green|1986|1993|end=div}}<br />{{marriage|Christine Rohan|1997|2011|end=div}}<br />{{marriage|[[Kate Garvey]]|2012}} | children = 3 daughters | awards = ''[[#Distinctions|See below]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-02-01|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#Distinctions|reason= }}'' | website = {{Official URL}} | module = {{Listen |embed = yes |title = Jimmy Wales' voice |filename = Jimmy Wales voice.ogg |type = speech |description = Recorded August 2014}} | signature = File:Jimmy Wales signature.svg }} '''Jimmy Donal''' "'''Jimbo'''" '''Wales''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|oʊ|n|əl|_|ˈ|w|eɪ|l|z}}; born August 8, 1966<ref name="Bio Jimmy Wales">{{Cite web|title=Jimmy Wales {{!}} Biography & Wikipedia Founder {{!}} Britannica Money|url=https://www.britannica.com/money/Jimmy-Wales|access-date=2026-01-13|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>) is an American-born [[British people|British]] [[Internet]] [[entrepreneur]]. He is one of the people who started [[Wikipedia]], [[Fandom (website)|Fandom]] (previously Wikia) and [[Nupedia]].<ref name='WMF PR 2004-04-25'>{{cite web |url= http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_press_releases/500,000_Wikipedia_articles&oldid=473206|title=Wikipedia: 50 languages, 1/2 million articles |accessdate= April 10, 2009 |date= April 25, 2004 |work= Wikimedia Foundation Press Release|publisher=[[Wikimedia Foundation]] }} "''The Wikipedia project was founded in January 2001 by Internet entrepreneur Jimmy Wales and philosopher Larry Sanger,''" quoted from the April 25, 2004 first-ever press release issued by the Wikimedia Foundation.<br>&nbsp;•{{cite web |url= http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Press_releases/January_2003&oldid=93032067 |title= Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, reaches its 100,000th article |accessdate=April 10, 2009 |date=January 21, 2003 |work= Wikipedia Press Release |publisher=[[Wikipedia]]}}</ref><ref name="Economist2008">{{cite news |title= Brain scan: The free-knowledge fundamentalist |url=http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11484062 |work=Technology Quarterly |date= June 5, 2008 |accessdate=June 9, 2008}}</ref> Wales was born in [[Huntsville, Alabama]], [[United States]]. There, he went to [[Randolph School]]. He then earned bachelor’s and master’s [[degree (school)|degree]]s in [[finance]]. In 1996, he and two partners started [[Bomis]]. Bomis was an [[Internet]] portal with [[entertainment]] and [[adult]] content. The company gave money for [[Nupedia]] (2000–2003) and, after that, Wikipedia. == Personal life == [[File:Christine and Jimmy Wales.jpg|thumb|right|Jimmy Wales with his second wife Christine]] Wales has been [[marriage|married]] three times. He also has three children.<ref name="ganda">{{Cite web |url= http://www.q-and-a.org/Transcript/?ProgramID=1042 |title=Q & A |work=q-and-a.org |accessdate=May 20, 2010}}</ref><ref name="karasz">{{Cite web |url=http://www.wmagazine.com/celebrities/2008/09/jimmy_wales |title=Jimmy Wales: Celebrities: Wmagazine.com |work=wmagazine.com |accessdate=May 20, 2010 |archive-date=November 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120085740/http://www.wmagazine.com/celebrities/2008/09/jimmy_wales |url-status=dead }}</ref> When he was 20, Wales married Pam.<ref name="karasz"/> Pam was a worker at a store in [[Alabama]].<ref name="karasz"/> He met his second wife, Christine Rohan, through a friend in [[Chicago]].<ref name="ganda"/> They had a daughter before their marriage ended. Wales moved to [[San Diego]] in 1998. In 2002, he moved again to [[Florida]].<ref name=seattle>{{Cite web |url= http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2003525473_btwikipedia15.html|title=Business & Technology: He's the "God-King," but you can call him Jimbo |work=seattletimes.nwsource.com |accessdate=May 20, 2010}}</ref> In 2007, he still lived there.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/18/magazine/18wwln-domains-.html?_r=2&oref=slogin|title=Jimmy Wales - Wikipedia - New York Times|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=May 20, 2010}}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As of 2012 he lives in [[London]], [[England]].<ref name=hough>{{cite news|last=Hough|first=Stephen|title=Jimmy Wales: Wikipedia chief to advise Whitehall on policy|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/9137339/Jimmy-Wales-Wikipedia-chief-to-advise-Whitehall-on-policy.html|accessdate=May 30, 2012|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=March 11, 2012}}</ref> In 2012, Wales married [[Kate Garvey]], a government worker for [[Tony Blair]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Donnelly|first=Laura|title=Wiki wedding: Wikipedia founder Jimmy Wales marries Tony Blair's former aide|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/9591824/Wiki-wedding-Wikipedia-founder-Jimmy-Wales-marries-Tony-Blairs-former-aide.html#|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=October 6, 2012}}</ref> Wales has three daughters: one with Rohan and two with Garvey.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/a-life-in-the-day-jimmy-wales-d9nc39bbb |title=A life in the day: Jimmy Wales |last=Jaffé-Pearce |first= Michèle |date=March 12, 2017 |work=The Sunday Times |access-date=June 8, 2018 |language=en |issn=0956-1382|quote=He lives in west London with his third wife, Kate Garvey, a former aide to Tony Blair, and daughters Ada, 5, and Jemima, 3. Kira, 16, his daughter with his second wife, lives in Florida.}}</ref> Wales says that he follows the ideas of [[Objectivism (Ayn Rand)|Objectivism]]. He also says that he is a [[libertarianism|libertarian]] to some extent, meaning that he thinks people should be allowed to do whatever they want so long as they do not hurt others. == Career == On January 15, 2001, with [[Larry Sanger]] and others, Wales started Wikipedia. Wikipedia is a free, [[open content]] encyclopedia. It grew and became popular very quickly. As Wikipedia became known to the public, he became the project’s promoter and [[spokesperson]]. He is often called a co-founder of Wikipedia, though he has argued against the "co-" part. He said he was the only founder.<ref name="Brian Bergstein">{{cite news |first=Brian |last=Bergstein |authorlink=Brian Bergstein |title=Sanger says he co-started Wikipedia |url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17798723/ |publisher=[[MSNBC]] |agency=Associated Press |date=March 25, 2007 |accessdate=March 26, 2007 |quote=The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy Ph.D. who counts himself as a co-founder of Wikipedia, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim does not seem particularly controversial—Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, is not happy about it. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221005757/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17798723/ |archive-date=December 21, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Parmy Olson">{{cite news |first=Parmy |last=Olson |title=A New Kid On The Wiki Block |url=https://www.forbes.com/2006/10/18/sanger-wikipedia-citizendium-face-cx_po_1018autofacescan02.html |work=Forbes |date=October 18, 2006 |accessdate=March 28, 2009 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121206005058/http://www.forbes.com/2006/10/18/sanger-wikipedia-citizendium-face-cx_po_1018autofacescan02.html |archivedate=December 6, 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wales is on the Board of Trustees of the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. In 2004, he co-founded [[Wikia]], a [[wiki]]-hosting service which tries to make money. In 2015, Wales started the [[Jimmy Wales Foundation]] for [[Freedom of speech|freedom of expression]], to try to help bloggers or internet activists who are in prison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpost.com/Business-and-Innovation/Tech/Jimmy-Wales-wants-Wikipedia-to-change-the-world-again-403592|title=Jimmy Wales wants Wikipedia to change the world, again|work=The Jerusalem Post - JPost.com}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{commonscat}} {{Wikiquote}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wales, Jimbo}} [[Category:1966 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Alabama]] [[Category:Writers from Huntsville, Alabama]] [[Category:Wikimedia Foundation]] [[Category:Wikipedia people]] [[Category:Libertarians]] [[Category:British bloggers]] 4uir91r4z3y6bujeel5mimldxhrybja 0 18370 11024292 11011675 2026-10-09T03:15:14Z ~2026-54050-03 1887341 11024292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}} Kill all [[White people]] for making the [[Native Americans]] extinct... {{See also|African immigration to the United States}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = African Americans | image = African Americans by state.svg | image_caption = Proportion of African Americans in each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census | pop = '''46,936,733''' (2020)<ref name=2020USCensus>https://census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007112207/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |date=2021-10-07 }}. 2020 U.S. Census</ref><br/>14.2% of the total U.S. population (2020)<ref name=2020USCensus/><br/>'''41,104,200''' (2020) (one race)<ref name=2020USCensus/><br />12.4% of the total U.S. population (2020)<ref name=2020USCensus/> | popplace = | region1 = Texas | pop1 = 3,552,997 | ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blackdemographics.com/population/black-state-population/|title=Black Population by State}}</ref> | region2 = Georgia | pop2 = 3,320,513 | region3 = Florida | pop3 = 3,246,381 | region4 = New York | pop4 = 2,986,172 | region5 = North Carolina | pop5 = 2,140,217 | region6 = Maryland | pop6 = 1,820,472 | region7 = Illinois | pop7 = 1,808,271 | region8 = Virginia | pop8 = 1,607,581 | region9 = Ohio | pop9 = 1,478,781 | region10 = Louisiana | pop10 = 1,464,023 | region11 = Pennsylvania | pop11 = 1,423,169 | region12 = Michigan | pop12 = 1,376,579 | region13 = Alabama | pop13 = 1,296,162 | languages = English {{small|([[American English|American English dialects]], [[African-American English]])}}<br />[[Louisiana Creole]]<br />[[Gullah language|Gullah Creole English]]<br />[[African languages]] | religions = Predominantly [[Protestant]] (71 %) including [[Black churches|Historically Black Protestant]] (53%), [[Evangelical Protestant]] (14%), and [[Mainline Protestant]] (4%); {{longlink|significant{{refn|group=nb|Meaning "1 % or more"}} others include [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] (5%), [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (2%), [[Islam in the United States|Muslim]] (2%), and [[Irreligion|unaffiliated]] (18%)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/compare/religious-tradition/by/racial-and-ethnic-composition/ |title=Religious tradition by race/ethnicity (2014) |publisher=[[Pew Research Center|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |access-date=April 5, 2019 |archive-date=May 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518010639/https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/compare/religious-tradition/by/racial-and-ethnic-composition/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | related = }} {{African American topics sidebar}} [[File:Portrait of an African American family- Gainesville, Florida (6909517529).jpg|thumb|African American family in [[Gainesville, Florida]].]] [[File:Martin Luther King, Jr..jpg |thumb|[[Martin Luther King, Jr]]]] [[File:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|First African American president [[Barack Obama]]]] '''African Americans''' are [[Citizenship|citizens]] who live in the [[United States]] whose [[ancestor]]s were from [[Africa]]. The term is usually associated with [[black people]]. This is because many African Americans have dark [[skin]] passed down by [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n ancestors. Many Africans were brought to the United States in the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. African Americans make up a large part of the [[population]], especially in [[urban]] centers but also in [[rural]] areas in the [[Southern United States]]. [[Detroit]] has the highest percent of blacks in the nation. Cities with the highest percent of African Americans are [[Jackson, Mississippi]]; [[New Orleans]]; [[Memphis]]; [[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]]; and [[Savannah, Georgia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/us/society-culture/race/ten-cities-100000-or-more-highest-percentage-blacks-or-african-americans-2000-and|title=Top 10 Cities with Highest African American Population of 100,000 or more people|website=infoplease.com|access-date=2021-08-06|archive-date=2021-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819032401/https://www.infoplease.com/us/society-culture/race/ten-cities-100000-or-more-highest-percentage-blacks-or-african-americans-2000-and|url-status=live}}</ref> [[New York City]] and [[Chicago]] have the largest population of African Americans. Other cities with a high African American population are [[Baltimore]], [[Houston]], [[Atlanta]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]], [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[Dallas]]. States with the highest percentage of African Americans are [[Mississippi]], [[Louisiana]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Maryland]], [[South Carolina]], [[Alabama]], [[Delaware]], [[North Carolina]], [[Virginia]] and [[Tennessee]]. African Americans are third largest ethnic group in the United States after [[White Americans]] and [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]]. African Americans are the second largest ancestral group in the United States after [[German Americans|Germans]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com:443/articles/largest-ethnic-groups-and-nationalities-in-the-united-states.html|title=Largest Ethnic Groups And Nationalities In The United States|date=July 18, 2019|website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Many African Americans have [[White people|European]] and [[Native American]] ancestry.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterizing the admixed African ancestry of African Americans|first1=Fouad|last1=Zakharia|first2=Analabha|last2=Basu|first3=Devin|last3=Absher|first4=Themistocles L.|last4=Assimes|first5=Alan S.|last5=Go|first6=Mark A.|last6=Hlatky|first7=Carlos|last7=Iribarren|first8=Joshua W.|last8=Knowles|first9=Jun|last9=Li|first10=Balasubramanian|last10=Narasimhan|first11=Steven|last11=Sidney|first12=Audrey|last12=Southwick|first13=Richard M.|last13=Myers|first14=Thomas|last14=Quertermous|first15=Neil|last15=Risch|first16=Hua|last16=Tang|date=December 22, 2009|journal=Genome Biology|volume=10|issue=12|pages=R141|doi=10.1186/gb-2009-10-12-r141|pmid=20025784|pmc=2812948 |doi-access=free | issn=1465-6906}}</ref> The first African slaves were brought on a Dutch boat from [[Angola]] in 1619 to the British colony of [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] in Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/how-slavery-flourished-united-states-chart-maps|title=How slavery flourished in the United States in charts and maps|date=August 23, 2019|website=Culture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade|title=In 1619 enslaved Africans first arrived in colonial Virginia. Here's the history.|date=August 13, 2019|website=History|access-date=July 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512223121/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade|archive-date=May 12, 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[New York City]] has the largest African American population by city.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/census_2000/cb01cn176.html|title=Majority of African Americans Live in 10 States; New York City and Chicago Are Cities With Largest Black Populations - Census 2000 - Newsroom - U.S. Census Bureau|first=US Census Bureau Public Information|last=Office|website=www.census.gov}}</ref> == Ethnicity == African-American refers to a specific range of diverse cultures with a common thread of ethnic connection to Africa. This term was created to describe an ethnic/cultural link to Africa for people who are American, somewhat like the case of [[Italian Americans]], [[Irish Americans]], or [[Polish Americans]]. However, a description based on language may be very different from one based on skin color. The 'African' in African-American acknowledges the connection to a number of African cultures, not one in particular. The 'American' shows the nationality and culture of the United States. A person born in [[Nigeria]] is still Nigerian even if he or she comes to the United States and lives here for the rest of their life. If that person wants to say that they are an American citizen, they would simply say "I am an American citizen". His American-born children might call themselves Nigerian-American OR African-American. Some [[Caribbean]]s such as [[Jamaica]]ns do not identify as African American, even if they have African ancestry.<ref name="USA Today">{{cite news |last1=Forson |first1=Tracy Scott |title=Who is an 'African American'? Definition evolves as USA does |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/02/21/black-history-african-american-definition/1002344001 |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=USA Today |date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806215812/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/02/21/black-history-african-american-definition/1002344001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Black === In America, the term 'Black' is often applied to other ethnic groups throughout the world who do not necessarily see themselves as Black, such as [[Indigenous Australians|Australian Aborigines]], for example. African American [[culture]] was born in the United States and is distinct from any single Sub-Saharan African culture.{{cn}} African-American is a term that many Black people chose to call themselves because they found the term "Negro" offensive, .{{cn}} In America there are many immigrants of mixed race that includes Sub-Saharan African descent, like Cape Verdeans, Dominicans, Cubans, Brazilians and Puerto Ricans. These groups, by and large, do not think of themselves as Black or African American and object to these labels, mainly due to self-hate.{{cn}} Many [[mixed race]] Americans also resist pressure to identify themselves as Black or White. Blasians (Black Asians) resist this pressure.{{cn}} == Population statistics == [[File:-African-American Family at Gee's Bend, Alabama- MET DP212791.jpg|thumb|African American family in Alabama, 1937]] [[File:SlavePopulationUS1860.jpg|thumb|Slave population, 1860]] [[File:USA 2000 black density.png|thumb|African Americans are concentrated in the South region]] [[Alabama]] has a large population of African Americans. African Americans were enslaved in the state.<ref name="Slavery">{{cite web |last=Hebert |first=Keith S. |title=Slavery |url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2369 |website=Encyclopedia of Alabama |publisher=Alabama Humanities Alliance |access-date=12 July 2021 |language=en |date=2 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714174654/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/Article/h-2369 }}</ref> African Americans constitute 15.4 percent of [[Arkansas]]’s population, according to the 2010 census, and they have been present in Arkansas since the earliest days of European settlement. Originally brought to Arkansas in large numbers as slaves, people of African ancestry drove the state’s plantation economy until long after the Civil War. African Americans have exerted a profound influence upon all aspects of the state’s history and culture. Atlanta was the home of Martin Luther King Jr. and an important place in the [[Civil Rights Movement]].<ref name="PolitiFact">{{cite web |last=Stirgus |first=Eric |title=PolitiFact - Who's right? Cities lay claim to civil rights "cradle" mantle. |url=http://www.politifact.com/georgia/statements/2011/jun/28/al-roker/whos-right-cities-lay-claim-civil-rights-cradle-ma |website=PolitiFact |publisher=Poynter Institute 2020 |access-date=17 May 2012 |language=en |date=28 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-date=9 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509224303/http://www.politifact.com/georgia/statements/2011/jun/28/al-roker/whos-right-cities-lay-claim-civil-rights-cradle-ma/ }}</ref> It has been referred to as a "black mecca".<ref name=ajc1>"A CHAMPION FOR ATLANTA: Maynard Jackson: 'Black mecca' burgeoned under leader", ''Atlanta Journal-Constitution'', June 29, 2003.</ref><ref name=wapo1>"the city that calls itself America's ' Black Mecca'"; in William Booth, "Atlanta Is Less Than Festive on Eve of Another 'Freaknik'", ''The Washington Post'', April 18, 1996.</ref><ref name="bullard">"'The Black Mecca' leads the nation in numbers of African American millionaires; at the same time, it leads the nation in the percentage of its children in poverty"; in [[Robert D. Bullard]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZSE0jbhzGwC&dq=maynard+jackson+%22black+mecca%22&pg=PA151 ''The Black Metropolis in the Twenty-first Century: Race, Power, and Politics''], Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p. 151.</ref> [[Delaware]] has a significant African American population. African Americans were enslaved in the state. In 1721, an estimated 2,000-5,000 black slaves lived in Pennsylvania and the three lower counties on the Delaware.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Newton |first1=James E. |title=Black Americans in Delaware: An Overview |url=https://www1.udel.edu/BlackHistory/overview.html |website=www1.udel.edu |publisher=University of Delaware |access-date=6 August 2021 |date=27 June 1997 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927063845/https://www1.udel.edu/BlackHistory/overview.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of the [[2010 U.S. Census]], African Americans were 31.2% of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]'s population.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Georgia QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/13000.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622105843/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/13000.html|archive-date=June 22, 2015|access-date=January 20, 2014|publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov}}</ref> The first black people to live in Texas were [[Afro-Mexicans]] when Texas was a [[Spain|Spanish]] colony.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The African American Story {{!}} Texas State History Museum|url=https://www.thestoryoftexas.com/discover/campfire-stories/african-americans|access-date=May 30, 2021|website=thestoryoftexas.com|language=en|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507193527/https://www.thestoryoftexas.com/discover/campfire-stories/african-americans|url-status=live}}</ref> Texas has one of the largest African-American populations in the country.<ref name="blackmigration">{{cite report|first=William H.|last=Frey|title=The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000|date=May 2004|publisher=The Brookings Institution|page=1|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-new-great-migration-black-americans-return-to-the-south-1965-2000/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428042235/http://www.brookings.edu/urban/pubs/20040524_Frey.pdf|archive-date=April 28, 2008}}</ref> African Americans are concentrated in northern, eastern and east-central Texas as well as the [[Dallas]], [[Houston]] and [[San Antonio]] metropolitan areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Texas – BlackDemographics.com|url=https://blackdemographics.com/states/texas/|access-date=2021-07-15|archive-date=2019-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513200200/https://blackdemographics.com/states/texas/|url-status=live}}</ref> African Americans form 24 percent of both the cities of Dallas and Houston, 19% of Fort Worth, 8.1 percent of Austin, and 7.5 percent of San Antonio.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 15, 2018|title=How the Eastside Became Home to San Antonio's Black Community|url=https://sanantonioreport.org/how-the-eastside-became-home-to-san-antonios-black-community/|access-date=December 14, 2020|website=San Antonio Report|language=en-US|archive-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121012853/https://sanantonioreport.org/how-the-eastside-became-home-to-san-antonios-black-community/|url-status=live}}</ref> Virginia is home to the longest continuous experience of African American life and culture in the United States spanning more than four centuries – beginning before the first English settlement at Jamestown and through the Revolutionary War, Civil War, Emancipation and the Civil Rights eras. Outside of the United States, the history of African Americans in [[Ghana]] goes back to people such as American civil rights activist and writer W. E. B. Du Bois, who settled in Ghana in the last years of his life and is buried in the capital [[Accra]]. Since then, other African Americans who are descended from slaves imported from areas within the present-day jurisdiction of Ghana and neighboring states have applied for permanent resident status in Ghana. As of 2015, the number of African American residents has been estimated at 3,000 people, a large portion of whom live in Accra. [[Texas]] has the largest African American population of any state in 2019. Followed by, [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[New York (state)|New York]]. The [[New York metropolitan area|New York City metropolitan area]] has the largest African American metropolitan population. In 2019, the [[Southern United States|South]] had the largest black population by region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2021/03/25/the-growing-diversity-of-black-america/|title=The Growing Diversity of Black America|first=Shannon|last=Greenwood|work=Pew Research Center |date=March 25, 2021}}</ref> [[New York City]] has had the largest number of African Americans by city, followed by [[Chicago]], [[Detroit]], [[Philadelphia]] and [[Houston]].<ref name="auto"/> African Americans from north are moving back to the [[Southern United States]] and the [[suburbs]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://urbanhabitat.org/files/18-2.kromm_.pdf|title=African Americans Moving South— and to the Suburbs|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816101632/http://urbanhabitat.org/files/18-2.kromm_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> African Americans are moving to smaller cities especially in [[Fort Worth, Texas]], [[Columbus, Ohio]], [[Jacksonville, Florida]] and [[Charlotte, North Carolina]].<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2022-03-14/us-black-population-the-biggest-growth-is-in-smaller-cities?context=amp US Black Population: the Biggest Growth Is in Smaller Cities]</ref> There is an African American community in [[Arkansas]]. African Americans make up 15.4 percent of Arkansas's population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/african-americans-407/|title=Encyclopedia of Arkansas|website=Encyclopedia of Arkansas}}</ref> 1.2 million African Americans are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Black LGBT Adults in the US|url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/black-lgbt-adults-in-the-us/|website=Williams Institute}}</ref> [[Alabama]], [[Arkansas]], [[Delaware]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Louisiana]], [[Maryland]], [[Mississippi]], [[North Carolina]], [[South Carolina]] and [[Virginia]] had the largest black population by percentage in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/blackafrican-american-health|title=Black/African American Health}}</ref> == Genetic studies == Many African Americans have European ancestry and [[Native American]] along with African ancestry. Recent surveys of African Americans using a genetic testing service have found varied ancestries. These studies found that on average, African Americans have 73.2–82.1% [[West African]], 16.7%–24% European, and 0.8–1.2% Native American genetic ancestry, with large variation between individuals.<ref name="Bryc2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bryc |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Auton |first2=Adam |last3=Nelson |first3=Matthew R. |last4=Oksenberg |first4=Jorge R. |last5=Hauser |first5=Stephen L. |last6=Williams |first6=Scott |last7=Froment |first7=Alain |last8=Bodo |first8=Jean-Marie |last9=Wambebe |first9=Charles |last10=Tishkoff |first10=Sarah A. |last11=Bustamante |first11=Carlos D. |title=Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African Americans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=12 January 2010 |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=786–791 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0909559107 |pmid=20080753 |pmc=2818934 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107..786B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Bryc 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Bryc |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Durand |first2=Eric Y. |last3=Macpherson |first3=J. Michael |last4=Reich |first4=David |last5=Mountain |first5=Joanna L. |title=The genetic ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |date=8 January 2015 |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=37–53 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010 |pmid=25529636 |issn=1537-6605 |pmc=4289685}}</ref><ref name="Migration">{{cite journal |last1=Baharian |first1=Soheil |last2=Barakatt |first2=Maxime |last3=Gignoux |first3=Christopher R. |last4=Shringarpure |first4=Suyash |last5=Errington |first5=Jacob |last6=Blot |first6=William J. |last7=Bustamante |first7=Carlos D. |last8=Kenny |first8=Eimear E. |last9=Williams |first9=Scott M. |last10=Aldrich |first10=Melinda C. |last11=Gravel |first11=Simon |title=The Great Migration and African-American Genomic Diversity |journal=PLOS Genetics |date=27 May 2016 |volume=12 |issue=5 |article-number=e1006059 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1006059 |pmid=27232753 |pmc=4883799 |s2cid=10501185 |language=en |issn=1553-7404 |doi-access=free }}</ref> African American men have the second highest [[interracial marriage]] rate, behind Asian American women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/urls_cited/ot2015/14-981/14-981-9.pdf|title=Interracial marriage: Who is 'marrying out'?}}</ref> Interracial marriage between African Americans and [[white people]] has rapidly increased.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Qian |first1=Zhenchao |last2=Lichter |first2=Daniel |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256375550|title=Changing Patterns of Interracial Marriage in a Multiracial Society |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |date=October 2011 |volume=73 |pages=1065–1084 }}</ref> == History == [[File:Slaves To-be-sold.jpg|thumb|Slave trader advertisement in Charleston, South Carolina]] Most of the first African Americans were brought to North America as part of the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. African slaves were brought to North America from 1619 to 1808. After the United States became independent, [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] became illegal in most [[Northern United States|northern states]]. At the same time, slavery grew more important to the [[economy]] of the [[Southern United States|southern states]]. Many African American slaves worked on [[plantations]] (large farms) that grew [[cotton]] and [[tobacco]].<ref name="Black History">{{cite web |title=Black History Milestones: Timeline |url=https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones |website=HISTORY |publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC. |access-date=10 August 2020 |language=en |date=14 October 2009 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804231739/http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones |url-status=live }}</ref> Plantation work was very difficult and slaves were often [[whip]]ped and [[Corporal punishment|physically punished]]. It was illegal for slaves to learn how to read and write. White men often [[rape]]d slave women, but were not punished.<ref>{{cite web |title=Slave Life and Slave Codes [ushistory.org] |url=https://www.ushistory.org/us/27b.asp |website=www.ushistory.org |publisher=Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia |access-date=10 August 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022171945/https://www.ushistory.org/us/27b.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> At the same time, there were many free African Americans in the north. Unlike slaves, they were allowed to start churches, write newspapers, and sometimes own property.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart2.html|title=African American Odyssey: Free Blacks in the Antebellum Period (Part 1)|website=memory.loc.gov|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919061937/https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Frederick Douglass]] was an important abolitionist (fighter against slavery). [[Harriet Tubman]] helped to create the [[Underground Railroad]], which helped African Americans to [[wikt:Sneak|sneak]] away from their masters and become free. During the [[American Civil War]] from 1861 to 1865, the south broke away from the United States to form the [[Confederate States of America]], or Confederacy. The United States won the war, and in 1865, it freed all slaves (about 4 million) by the [[13th amendment]]. [[File:Family of African American picking cotton in Georgia, circa 1880.jpg|thumb|Enslaved African Americans in Georgia]] African Americans were not slaves anymore, but white southerners passed laws called [[Black Codes]] that took away their freedom. Some African Americans served in government, but after 1877, the white southerners mostly kept them out of government. Whites founded the [[Ku Klux Klan]] to scare African Americans and stop them from voting.<ref name="Black History" /> Most southern African Americans became sharecroppers. [[Sharecropping]] was a system in which the [[farmer]]s rented the land from the landowner and had to pay the landowner part of their crops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sharecropping|title=Sharecropping|website=HISTORY|date=June 24, 2010 |language=en|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806154616/http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sharecropping|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] laws [[Racial segregation|segregated]] white and black people. Black people had to go to different schools and usually live in different neighborhoods than white people. Many businesses were for whites only. The [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] case [[Plessy v. Ferguson]] said that black and white facilities could be [[separate but equal]], but facilities for black people were usually worse. [[Lynching]] was often practiced against African Americans. White people used lynching to control and terrorize African Americans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/history-lynching-america|title=History of Lynching in America}}</ref> In the early 1900s, African American culture grew with the [[Harlem Renaissance]], an artistic and literary movement in New York City. The [[NAACP]] was founded to improve the lives of African Americans. Leaders had different ideas about what was best for African Americans. [[Booker T. Washington]] thought they should go to [[vocational school]]s to get better jobs. W.E.B. Du Bois thought university education was more important. [[Marcus Garvey]] believed that African Americans should move to Africa to have a country of their own.<ref name="Black History" /> During the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], from the 1910s to the 1960s, African Americans moved from the south to cities in the north and [[Western United States|west]]. At the beginning, only 10% of African Americans lived outside the south, but by the end, 47% lived in the north and west.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/long-lasting-legacy-great-migration-180960118/|title=The Long-Lasting Legacy of the Great Migration|last1=Wilkerson|first1=Isabel|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=February 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215000512/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/long-lasting-legacy-great-migration-180960118/|url-status=live}}</ref> Segregation also existed in the north. [[Redlining]] stopped people who lived in African American neighborhoods from buying homes. In the 1950s and 1960s, the [[Civil Rights Movement]] called for equality between African Americans and whites. The 1954 Supreme Court case [[Brown v. Board of Education II|Brown v. Board of Education]] banned racial segregation in schools. Many Southern schools still stopped black students from attending, until 1957, when federal [[troops]] forced a school in [[Little Rock, Arkansas]] to allow black students (called the [[Little Rock Nine]]). In 1955, [[Rosa Parks]] refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus. This started the [[Montgomery Bus Boycott]], which involved [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King]]. King and [[Malcolm X]] were two leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, but they were both [[killed]] in the 1960s. In 1960, [[Saul Alinsky]] made the The Woodlawn Organization in a neighborhood that was almost African-American. In 1964, the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|Civil Rights Act]] banned discrimination based on [[Race (sociology)|race]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/segregation-united-states|title=A Look Back at Segregation in the United States|website=HISTORY|date=November 28, 2018 |language=en|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806224741/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/segregation-united-states|url-status=live}}</ref> Racism against African Americans is still prevalent in 2020. In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, [[George Floyd]] was killed by a white police officer. [[Black Lives Matter]] is a movement which started in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Lives-Matter|title=Black Lives Matter &#124; Definition, Founders, Goals, History, & Influence &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> == Language and society == In the United States when Americans say African-American or Black, they are referring to the same people. Both terms describe an ethnic group that came to exist in the United States. The Africans who were brought to America as slaves were from different nationalities and did not all speak the same language. They became a new blended ethnic group with a new language that was not their own: English.{{fact|date=December 2020}} Most African Americans speak a variety of [[American English]] called [[African American Vernacular English]], an ethnolect descended from certain varieties of [[Southern American English]] In [[Louisiana]], some blacks speak [[Louisiana Creole]], a Creole language similar to [[French language|French]]. In the 19th century, the majority of south Louisiana's blacks spoke Louisiana Creole.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2000/1124/p3s1.html|title=Louisiana links blacks to their French roots - CSMonitor.com|website=www.csmonitor.com}}</ref> The [[Gullah]] of the Sea Islands off the Carolina and Georgia coasts still speak a language that is a blend of several African languages. Blacks used to be segregated in schools but since the 1960s were able to join major schools, colleges and universities. In the second half of the 20th century, reading-ability rates for blacks increased. ==Culture== [[File:Sister lights the candles (2162322153).jpg|thumb|African Americans celebrating Kwanzaa]] [[File:Soul Food at Powell's Place.jpg|thumb|A traditional soul food dinner: [[Fried chicken]] with [[macaroni and cheese]], [[collard greens]], breaded fried [[okra]] and [[cornbread]].]] [[File:National Museum of African American History and Culture in February 2020.jpg|thumb|National Museum of African American History and Culture]] Black culture in the United States is influenced by African, North American and Native American cultures.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural Revolutions: Everyday Life and Politics in Britain, North America, and France}}</ref> African Americans have influenced various forms of [[African-American music|music]], including [[Hip hop]], R&B, funk, rock and roll, soul, [[blues]], and other contemporary American musical forms while older black forms of music included blues, doo-wop, barbershop, [[ragtime]], bluegrass, jazz, and gospel music. [[Michael Jackson]], an African-American pop singer, released an album called ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]'' in 1982 which is the best-selling album of all time. In the nineties [[Beyonce Knowles]] became famous as the lead singer of the R&B girl band [[Destiny's Child]]. In the 2000s she started releasing music on her own. Her first album ''Dangerously in Love'' sold 11 million copies and won five Grammy Awards. Black culture has been the subject of documentaries. For example, the award-winning ''[[Black Is, Black Ain't]]'' explores black identity. ''Good Hair'' discusses the significance of having 'good hair' for black women in American culture. There is a [[National Museum of African American History and Culture]] in [[Washington D.C]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/washington-dc/national-mall/attractions/national-museum-of-african-american-history-culture/a/poi-sig/1246939/1329647|title=National Museum of African American History & Culture &#124; Washington, DC, USA &#124; Attractions|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> [[Protestantism|Protestant Christianity]] is the most practised religion by African Americans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/02/16/faith-among-black-americans/|title=Faith Among Black Americans|first=Travis|last=Mitchell|date=February 16, 2021}}</ref> [[Soul food]] is a cuisine eaten by African Americans in the South. [[Fried chicken]], mac and cheese, [[cornbread]], [[collard greens]] and candied yams is typical soul food. Soul food has West African, English, French, Caribbean, and Native American influences.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moE5DwAAQBAJ&dq=soul+food+influenced+by+african+native+american&pg=PA81|title=A Taste of Broadway: Food in Musical Theater|first=Jennifer|last=Packard|date=December 1, 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442267329 |via=Google Books}}</ref> African Americans have influenced [[Cuisine of the United States|American cuisine]]. Staples such as coffee, peanuts, millet, okra, sorghum, watermelon, and yams were brought to America from Africa during the slave trade. African slaves have influenced American dishes such as [[gumbo]] and [[jambalaya]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCMbE4KKlX4C&dq=gumbo+jambalaya+african+slaves&pg=PA38|title=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass Three-volume Set|first=Paul|last=Finkelman|date=April 6, 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-516777-1 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Soul food originated from slavery when European (white) slave owners would feed black people the [[offal]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=soul+food+offal+slave+owners&tbm=bks|title=My Grandmother's Deep South Soul Food Cookbook Volume 2}}</ref> [[Kwanzaa]] and [[Juneteenth]] are popular African American holidays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/culture-entertainment/holidays/african-american-holidays|title=African American Holidays: Kwanzaa, Juneteenth, Martin Luther King Jr. Day|website=www.infoplease.com}}</ref> ==Racism and issues== {{expand section}} White people often considered black people inferior.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-01.htm|title=The Historical Origins and Development of Racism|website=[[PBS]] |access-date=2023-12-13|archive-date=2024-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214145648/https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-01.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> African Americans are more likely to experience racism. African American males are more likely to be killed by [[police]], which resulted in the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement. African Americans are more likely to die from diseases like [[COVID-19]], [[HIV]], [[obesity]] and [[diabetes]]. African Americans still suffer from [[poverty]] and [[unemployment]]. African Americans are more likely to eat [[fast food]]. [[Heart disease]], diabetes, [[cancer]], and [[homicide]] is the main causes of death for African Americans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Noonan |first1=Allan S. |last2=Velasco-Mondragon |first2=Hector Eduardo |last3=Wagner |first3=Fernando A. |title=Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice |journal=Public Health Reviews |date=3 October 2016 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=12 |doi=10.1186/s40985-016-0025-4 |pmid=29450054 |pmc=5810013 |issn=2107-6952 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[suicide]] rate for African Americans increased due to racism, police brutality and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tareen |first1=Sophia |title=Pandemic, racism compound worries about Black suicide rate |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2020/07/12/pandemic-racism-black-suicide-rate |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=The Denver Post |date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806221555/https://www.denverpost.com/2020/07/12/pandemic-racism-black-suicide-rate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, a white gunman killed ten African Americans at a grocery store in [[Buffalo, New York]]. 32% of African Americans said they worry every day that they might be threatened or attacked because of their race.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/05/20/safety-concerns-were-top-of-mind-for-many-black-americans-before-buffalo-shooting/|title=Safety concerns were top of mind for many Black Americans before Buffalo shooting|first=John|last=Gramlich |date=May 20, 2022 }}</ref> African Americans have a harder time getting good jobs because of their race.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/african-americans-face-systematic-obstacles-getting-good-jobs/|title=African Americans Face Systematic Obstacles to Getting Good Jobs |date=December 5, 2019 }}</ref> 55% of African American adults have [[high blood pressure]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/why-high-blood-pressure-is-a-silent-killer/high-blood-pressure-and-african-americans|title=High Blood Pressure Among Black People|website=www.heart.org}}</ref> African Americans are more likely to become [[homeless]] than whites. African Americans make up 40 percent of the homeless population in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://endhomelessness.org/resource/racial-inequalities-homelessness-numbers/|title=Racial Inequalities in Homelessness, by the Numbers|website=National Alliance to End Homelessness |date=August 26, 2025 }}</ref> African Americans are more likely to get punished and arrested for drugs such as [[marijuana]] than whites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/3/17/8227569/war-on-drugs-racism|title=Black and white Americans use drugs at similar rates. One group is punished more for it.|website=www.vox.com|date=March 17, 2015 }}</ref> African Americans are more likely to experience [[hunger]] and lack of access to food.<ref>https://www.bread.org/sites/default/files/african-american-fact-sheet-february-2017.pdf</ref> African Americans are more likely to catch [[monkeypox]] and less likely to receive vaccines for the disease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/black-people-receiving-less-monkeypox-vaccine-compared-to-general-public-cdc|title=Fewer Black people receiving monkeypox vaccine doses compared to general public, CDC says|date=August 26, 2022|website=PBS NewsHour}}</ref> Colorism is also prevalent in the black community today. Lighter skinned blacks and mixed race blacks are often treated better than dark skinned blacks. Colorism originated during slavery. White slave masters treated mixed-race slaves better than monoracial dark skinned black slaves. Light skinned black slaves were thought of as more intelligent and beautiful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.litwi.org/blog/colorism-among-the-black-community|title=Colorism Among the Black Community|access-date=2023-12-13|archive-date=2023-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521232755/https://www.litwi.org/blog/colorism-among-the-black-community|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[African American Vernacular English]] * [[Black people]] * [[African immigration to the United States]] * [[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans]] * [[Black Canadians]] * [[African-American culture]] * [[Native Americans in the United States]] * [[Asian Americans]] * [[White Americans]] * [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]] * [[Black Southerners]] ==References== {{reflist}} ;Notes <references group="nb"/> ==Other websites== {{commonscat|African Americans}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-American African Americans | History, Facts, & Culture - Encyclopedia Britannica] * [https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/black-history/slavery U.S. Slavery: Timeline, Figures & Abolition - HISTORY] * [https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/african-americans TSHA | African Americans - Texas State Historical Association] * [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/27.html African Americans - Encyclopedia of Chicago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123215921/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/27.html |date=2009-01-23 }} * [https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones Black History Milestones: Timeline] * [https://minorityrights.org/minorities/african-americans/ African Americans] * [https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/african-americans-407/ Encyclopedia of Arkansas] * [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/on-african-american-migrations/ African-American Migrations, 1600s to Present | The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross | PBS] {{Demographics of the United States}} {{African diaspora}} {{African American topics}} {{authority control}} [[Category:African-American people| ]] 36pmz94vhb9t0wnyjch36ugzrsomhsk 11024302 11024292 2026-10-09T03:19:52Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54050-03|~2026-54050-03]] ([[User talk:~2026-54050-03|talk]]) to last version by InternetArchiveBot 11011675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}} {{See also|African immigration to the United States}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = African Americans | image = African Americans by state.svg | image_caption = Proportion of African Americans in each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census | pop = '''46,936,733''' (2020)<ref name=2020USCensus>https://census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007112207/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |date=2021-10-07 }}. 2020 U.S. Census</ref><br/>14.2% of the total U.S. population (2020)<ref name=2020USCensus/><br/>'''41,104,200''' (2020) (one race)<ref name=2020USCensus/><br />12.4% of the total U.S. population (2020)<ref name=2020USCensus/> | popplace = | region1 = Texas | pop1 = 3,552,997 | ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blackdemographics.com/population/black-state-population/|title=Black Population by State}}</ref> | region2 = Georgia | pop2 = 3,320,513 | region3 = Florida | pop3 = 3,246,381 | region4 = New York | pop4 = 2,986,172 | region5 = North Carolina | pop5 = 2,140,217 | region6 = Maryland | pop6 = 1,820,472 | region7 = Illinois | pop7 = 1,808,271 | region8 = Virginia | pop8 = 1,607,581 | region9 = Ohio | pop9 = 1,478,781 | region10 = Louisiana | pop10 = 1,464,023 | region11 = Pennsylvania | pop11 = 1,423,169 | region12 = Michigan | pop12 = 1,376,579 | region13 = Alabama | pop13 = 1,296,162 | languages = English {{small|([[American English|American English dialects]], [[African-American English]])}}<br />[[Louisiana Creole]]<br />[[Gullah language|Gullah Creole English]]<br />[[African languages]] | religions = Predominantly [[Protestant]] (71 %) including [[Black churches|Historically Black Protestant]] (53%), [[Evangelical Protestant]] (14%), and [[Mainline Protestant]] (4%); {{longlink|significant{{refn|group=nb|Meaning "1 % or more"}} others include [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] (5%), [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (2%), [[Islam in the United States|Muslim]] (2%), and [[Irreligion|unaffiliated]] (18%)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/compare/religious-tradition/by/racial-and-ethnic-composition/ |title=Religious tradition by race/ethnicity (2014) |publisher=[[Pew Research Center|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |access-date=April 5, 2019 |archive-date=May 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518010639/https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/compare/religious-tradition/by/racial-and-ethnic-composition/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | related = }} {{African American topics sidebar}} [[File:Portrait of an African American family- Gainesville, Florida (6909517529).jpg|thumb|African American family in [[Gainesville, Florida]].]] [[File:Martin Luther King, Jr..jpg |thumb|[[Martin Luther King, Jr]]]] [[File:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|First African American president [[Barack Obama]]]] '''African Americans''' are [[Citizenship|citizens]] who live in the [[United States]] whose [[ancestor]]s were from [[Africa]]. The term is usually associated with [[black people]]. This is because many African Americans have dark [[skin]] passed down by [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n ancestors. Many Africans were brought to the United States in the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. African Americans make up a large part of the [[population]], especially in [[urban]] centers but also in [[rural]] areas in the [[Southern United States]]. [[Detroit]] has the highest percent of blacks in the nation. Cities with the highest percent of African Americans are [[Jackson, Mississippi]]; [[New Orleans]]; [[Memphis]]; [[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]]; and [[Savannah, Georgia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/us/society-culture/race/ten-cities-100000-or-more-highest-percentage-blacks-or-african-americans-2000-and|title=Top 10 Cities with Highest African American Population of 100,000 or more people|website=infoplease.com|access-date=2021-08-06|archive-date=2021-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819032401/https://www.infoplease.com/us/society-culture/race/ten-cities-100000-or-more-highest-percentage-blacks-or-african-americans-2000-and|url-status=live}}</ref> [[New York City]] and [[Chicago]] have the largest population of African Americans. Other cities with a high African American population are [[Baltimore]], [[Houston]], [[Atlanta]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]], [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[Dallas]]. States with the highest percentage of African Americans are [[Mississippi]], [[Louisiana]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Maryland]], [[South Carolina]], [[Alabama]], [[Delaware]], [[North Carolina]], [[Virginia]] and [[Tennessee]]. African Americans are third largest ethnic group in the United States after [[White Americans]] and [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]]. African Americans are the second largest ancestral group in the United States after [[German Americans|Germans]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com:443/articles/largest-ethnic-groups-and-nationalities-in-the-united-states.html|title=Largest Ethnic Groups And Nationalities In The United States|date=July 18, 2019|website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Many African Americans have [[White people|European]] and [[Native American]] ancestry.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterizing the admixed African ancestry of African Americans|first1=Fouad|last1=Zakharia|first2=Analabha|last2=Basu|first3=Devin|last3=Absher|first4=Themistocles L.|last4=Assimes|first5=Alan S.|last5=Go|first6=Mark A.|last6=Hlatky|first7=Carlos|last7=Iribarren|first8=Joshua W.|last8=Knowles|first9=Jun|last9=Li|first10=Balasubramanian|last10=Narasimhan|first11=Steven|last11=Sidney|first12=Audrey|last12=Southwick|first13=Richard M.|last13=Myers|first14=Thomas|last14=Quertermous|first15=Neil|last15=Risch|first16=Hua|last16=Tang|date=December 22, 2009|journal=Genome Biology|volume=10|issue=12|pages=R141|doi=10.1186/gb-2009-10-12-r141|pmid=20025784|pmc=2812948 |doi-access=free | issn=1465-6906}}</ref> The first African slaves were brought on a Dutch boat from [[Angola]] in 1619 to the British colony of [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] in Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/how-slavery-flourished-united-states-chart-maps|title=How slavery flourished in the United States in charts and maps|date=August 23, 2019|website=Culture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade|title=In 1619 enslaved Africans first arrived in colonial Virginia. Here's the history.|date=August 13, 2019|website=History|access-date=July 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512223121/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade|archive-date=May 12, 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[New York City]] has the largest African American population by city.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/census_2000/cb01cn176.html|title=Majority of African Americans Live in 10 States; New York City and Chicago Are Cities With Largest Black Populations - Census 2000 - Newsroom - U.S. Census Bureau|first=US Census Bureau Public Information|last=Office|website=www.census.gov}}</ref> == Ethnicity == African-American refers to a specific range of diverse cultures with a common thread of ethnic connection to Africa. This term was created to describe an ethnic/cultural link to Africa for people who are American, somewhat like the case of [[Italian Americans]], [[Irish Americans]], or [[Polish Americans]]. However, a description based on language may be very different from one based on skin color. The 'African' in African-American acknowledges the connection to a number of African cultures, not one in particular. The 'American' shows the nationality and culture of the United States. A person born in [[Nigeria]] is still Nigerian even if he or she comes to the United States and lives here for the rest of their life. If that person wants to say that they are an American citizen, they would simply say "I am an American citizen". His American-born children might call themselves Nigerian-American OR African-American. Some [[Caribbean]]s such as [[Jamaica]]ns do not identify as African American, even if they have African ancestry.<ref name="USA Today">{{cite news |last1=Forson |first1=Tracy Scott |title=Who is an 'African American'? Definition evolves as USA does |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/02/21/black-history-african-american-definition/1002344001 |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=USA Today |date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806215812/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/02/21/black-history-african-american-definition/1002344001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Black === In America, the term 'Black' is often applied to other ethnic groups throughout the world who do not necessarily see themselves as Black, such as [[Indigenous Australians|Australian Aborigines]], for example. African American [[culture]] was born in the United States and is distinct from any single Sub-Saharan African culture.{{cn}} African-American is a term that many Black people chose to call themselves because they found the term "Negro" offensive, .{{cn}} In America there are many immigrants of mixed race that includes Sub-Saharan African descent, like Cape Verdeans, Dominicans, Cubans, Brazilians and Puerto Ricans. These groups, by and large, do not think of themselves as Black or African American and object to these labels, mainly due to self-hate.{{cn}} Many [[mixed race]] Americans also resist pressure to identify themselves as Black or White. Blasians (Black Asians) resist this pressure.{{cn}} == Population statistics == [[File:-African-American Family at Gee's Bend, Alabama- MET DP212791.jpg|thumb|African American family in Alabama, 1937]] [[File:SlavePopulationUS1860.jpg|thumb|Slave population, 1860]] [[File:USA 2000 black density.png|thumb|African Americans are concentrated in the South region]] [[Alabama]] has a large population of African Americans. African Americans were enslaved in the state.<ref name="Slavery">{{cite web |last=Hebert |first=Keith S. |title=Slavery |url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2369 |website=Encyclopedia of Alabama |publisher=Alabama Humanities Alliance |access-date=12 July 2021 |language=en |date=2 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714174654/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/Article/h-2369 }}</ref> African Americans constitute 15.4 percent of [[Arkansas]]’s population, according to the 2010 census, and they have been present in Arkansas since the earliest days of European settlement. Originally brought to Arkansas in large numbers as slaves, people of African ancestry drove the state’s plantation economy until long after the Civil War. African Americans have exerted a profound influence upon all aspects of the state’s history and culture. Atlanta was the home of Martin Luther King Jr. and an important place in the [[Civil Rights Movement]].<ref name="PolitiFact">{{cite web |last=Stirgus |first=Eric |title=PolitiFact - Who's right? Cities lay claim to civil rights "cradle" mantle. |url=http://www.politifact.com/georgia/statements/2011/jun/28/al-roker/whos-right-cities-lay-claim-civil-rights-cradle-ma |website=PolitiFact |publisher=Poynter Institute 2020 |access-date=17 May 2012 |language=en |date=28 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-date=9 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509224303/http://www.politifact.com/georgia/statements/2011/jun/28/al-roker/whos-right-cities-lay-claim-civil-rights-cradle-ma/ }}</ref> It has been referred to as a "black mecca".<ref name=ajc1>"A CHAMPION FOR ATLANTA: Maynard Jackson: 'Black mecca' burgeoned under leader", ''Atlanta Journal-Constitution'', June 29, 2003.</ref><ref name=wapo1>"the city that calls itself America's ' Black Mecca'"; in William Booth, "Atlanta Is Less Than Festive on Eve of Another 'Freaknik'", ''The Washington Post'', April 18, 1996.</ref><ref name="bullard">"'The Black Mecca' leads the nation in numbers of African American millionaires; at the same time, it leads the nation in the percentage of its children in poverty"; in [[Robert D. Bullard]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZSE0jbhzGwC&dq=maynard+jackson+%22black+mecca%22&pg=PA151 ''The Black Metropolis in the Twenty-first Century: Race, Power, and Politics''], Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p. 151.</ref> [[Delaware]] has a significant African American population. African Americans were enslaved in the state. In 1721, an estimated 2,000-5,000 black slaves lived in Pennsylvania and the three lower counties on the Delaware.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Newton |first1=James E. |title=Black Americans in Delaware: An Overview |url=https://www1.udel.edu/BlackHistory/overview.html |website=www1.udel.edu |publisher=University of Delaware |access-date=6 August 2021 |date=27 June 1997 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927063845/https://www1.udel.edu/BlackHistory/overview.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of the [[2010 U.S. Census]], African Americans were 31.2% of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]'s population.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Georgia QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/13000.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622105843/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/13000.html|archive-date=June 22, 2015|access-date=January 20, 2014|publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov}}</ref> The first black people to live in Texas were [[Afro-Mexicans]] when Texas was a [[Spain|Spanish]] colony.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The African American Story {{!}} Texas State History Museum|url=https://www.thestoryoftexas.com/discover/campfire-stories/african-americans|access-date=May 30, 2021|website=thestoryoftexas.com|language=en|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507193527/https://www.thestoryoftexas.com/discover/campfire-stories/african-americans|url-status=live}}</ref> Texas has one of the largest African-American populations in the country.<ref name="blackmigration">{{cite report|first=William H.|last=Frey|title=The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000|date=May 2004|publisher=The Brookings Institution|page=1|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-new-great-migration-black-americans-return-to-the-south-1965-2000/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428042235/http://www.brookings.edu/urban/pubs/20040524_Frey.pdf|archive-date=April 28, 2008}}</ref> African Americans are concentrated in northern, eastern and east-central Texas as well as the [[Dallas]], [[Houston]] and [[San Antonio]] metropolitan areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Texas – BlackDemographics.com|url=https://blackdemographics.com/states/texas/|access-date=2021-07-15|archive-date=2019-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513200200/https://blackdemographics.com/states/texas/|url-status=live}}</ref> African Americans form 24 percent of both the cities of Dallas and Houston, 19% of Fort Worth, 8.1 percent of Austin, and 7.5 percent of San Antonio.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 15, 2018|title=How the Eastside Became Home to San Antonio's Black Community|url=https://sanantonioreport.org/how-the-eastside-became-home-to-san-antonios-black-community/|access-date=December 14, 2020|website=San Antonio Report|language=en-US|archive-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121012853/https://sanantonioreport.org/how-the-eastside-became-home-to-san-antonios-black-community/|url-status=live}}</ref> Virginia is home to the longest continuous experience of African American life and culture in the United States spanning more than four centuries – beginning before the first English settlement at Jamestown and through the Revolutionary War, Civil War, Emancipation and the Civil Rights eras. Outside of the United States, the history of African Americans in [[Ghana]] goes back to people such as American civil rights activist and writer W. E. B. Du Bois, who settled in Ghana in the last years of his life and is buried in the capital [[Accra]]. Since then, other African Americans who are descended from slaves imported from areas within the present-day jurisdiction of Ghana and neighboring states have applied for permanent resident status in Ghana. As of 2015, the number of African American residents has been estimated at 3,000 people, a large portion of whom live in Accra. [[Texas]] has the largest African American population of any state in 2019. Followed by, [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[New York (state)|New York]]. The [[New York metropolitan area|New York City metropolitan area]] has the largest African American metropolitan population. In 2019, the [[Southern United States|South]] had the largest black population by region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2021/03/25/the-growing-diversity-of-black-america/|title=The Growing Diversity of Black America|first=Shannon|last=Greenwood|work=Pew Research Center |date=March 25, 2021}}</ref> [[New York City]] has had the largest number of African Americans by city, followed by [[Chicago]], [[Detroit]], [[Philadelphia]] and [[Houston]].<ref name="auto"/> African Americans from north are moving back to the [[Southern United States]] and the [[suburbs]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://urbanhabitat.org/files/18-2.kromm_.pdf|title=African Americans Moving South— and to the Suburbs|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816101632/http://urbanhabitat.org/files/18-2.kromm_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> African Americans are moving to smaller cities especially in [[Fort Worth, Texas]], [[Columbus, Ohio]], [[Jacksonville, Florida]] and [[Charlotte, North Carolina]].<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2022-03-14/us-black-population-the-biggest-growth-is-in-smaller-cities?context=amp US Black Population: the Biggest Growth Is in Smaller Cities]</ref> There is an African American community in [[Arkansas]]. African Americans make up 15.4 percent of Arkansas's population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/african-americans-407/|title=Encyclopedia of Arkansas|website=Encyclopedia of Arkansas}}</ref> 1.2 million African Americans are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Black LGBT Adults in the US|url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/black-lgbt-adults-in-the-us/|website=Williams Institute}}</ref> [[Alabama]], [[Arkansas]], [[Delaware]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Louisiana]], [[Maryland]], [[Mississippi]], [[North Carolina]], [[South Carolina]] and [[Virginia]] had the largest black population by percentage in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/blackafrican-american-health|title=Black/African American Health}}</ref> == Genetic studies == Many African Americans have European ancestry and [[Native American]] along with African ancestry. Recent surveys of African Americans using a genetic testing service have found varied ancestries. These studies found that on average, African Americans have 73.2–82.1% [[West African]], 16.7%–24% European, and 0.8–1.2% Native American genetic ancestry, with large variation between individuals.<ref name="Bryc2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bryc |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Auton |first2=Adam |last3=Nelson |first3=Matthew R. |last4=Oksenberg |first4=Jorge R. |last5=Hauser |first5=Stephen L. |last6=Williams |first6=Scott |last7=Froment |first7=Alain |last8=Bodo |first8=Jean-Marie |last9=Wambebe |first9=Charles |last10=Tishkoff |first10=Sarah A. |last11=Bustamante |first11=Carlos D. |title=Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African Americans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=12 January 2010 |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=786–791 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0909559107 |pmid=20080753 |pmc=2818934 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107..786B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Bryc 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Bryc |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Durand |first2=Eric Y. |last3=Macpherson |first3=J. Michael |last4=Reich |first4=David |last5=Mountain |first5=Joanna L. |title=The genetic ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |date=8 January 2015 |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=37–53 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010 |pmid=25529636 |issn=1537-6605 |pmc=4289685}}</ref><ref name="Migration">{{cite journal |last1=Baharian |first1=Soheil |last2=Barakatt |first2=Maxime |last3=Gignoux |first3=Christopher R. |last4=Shringarpure |first4=Suyash |last5=Errington |first5=Jacob |last6=Blot |first6=William J. |last7=Bustamante |first7=Carlos D. |last8=Kenny |first8=Eimear E. |last9=Williams |first9=Scott M. |last10=Aldrich |first10=Melinda C. |last11=Gravel |first11=Simon |title=The Great Migration and African-American Genomic Diversity |journal=PLOS Genetics |date=27 May 2016 |volume=12 |issue=5 |article-number=e1006059 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1006059 |pmid=27232753 |pmc=4883799 |s2cid=10501185 |language=en |issn=1553-7404 |doi-access=free }}</ref> African American men have the second highest [[interracial marriage]] rate, behind Asian American women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/urls_cited/ot2015/14-981/14-981-9.pdf|title=Interracial marriage: Who is 'marrying out'?}}</ref> Interracial marriage between African Americans and [[white people]] has rapidly increased.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Qian |first1=Zhenchao |last2=Lichter |first2=Daniel |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256375550|title=Changing Patterns of Interracial Marriage in a Multiracial Society |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |date=October 2011 |volume=73 |pages=1065–1084 }}</ref> == History == [[File:Slaves To-be-sold.jpg|thumb|Slave trader advertisement in Charleston, South Carolina]] Most of the first African Americans were brought to North America as part of the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. African slaves were brought to North America from 1619 to 1808. After the United States became independent, [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] became illegal in most [[Northern United States|northern states]]. At the same time, slavery grew more important to the [[economy]] of the [[Southern United States|southern states]]. Many African American slaves worked on [[plantations]] (large farms) that grew [[cotton]] and [[tobacco]].<ref name="Black History">{{cite web |title=Black History Milestones: Timeline |url=https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones |website=HISTORY |publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC. |access-date=10 August 2020 |language=en |date=14 October 2009 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804231739/http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones |url-status=live }}</ref> Plantation work was very difficult and slaves were often [[whip]]ped and [[Corporal punishment|physically punished]]. It was illegal for slaves to learn how to read and write. White men often [[rape]]d slave women, but were not punished.<ref>{{cite web |title=Slave Life and Slave Codes [ushistory.org] |url=https://www.ushistory.org/us/27b.asp |website=www.ushistory.org |publisher=Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia |access-date=10 August 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022171945/https://www.ushistory.org/us/27b.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> At the same time, there were many free African Americans in the north. Unlike slaves, they were allowed to start churches, write newspapers, and sometimes own property.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart2.html|title=African American Odyssey: Free Blacks in the Antebellum Period (Part 1)|website=memory.loc.gov|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919061937/https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Frederick Douglass]] was an important abolitionist (fighter against slavery). [[Harriet Tubman]] helped to create the [[Underground Railroad]], which helped African Americans to [[wikt:Sneak|sneak]] away from their masters and become free. During the [[American Civil War]] from 1861 to 1865, the south broke away from the United States to form the [[Confederate States of America]], or Confederacy. The United States won the war, and in 1865, it freed all slaves (about 4 million) by the [[13th amendment]]. [[File:Family of African American picking cotton in Georgia, circa 1880.jpg|thumb|Enslaved African Americans in Georgia]] African Americans were not slaves anymore, but white southerners passed laws called [[Black Codes]] that took away their freedom. Some African Americans served in government, but after 1877, the white southerners mostly kept them out of government. Whites founded the [[Ku Klux Klan]] to scare African Americans and stop them from voting.<ref name="Black History" /> Most southern African Americans became sharecroppers. [[Sharecropping]] was a system in which the [[farmer]]s rented the land from the landowner and had to pay the landowner part of their crops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sharecropping|title=Sharecropping|website=HISTORY|date=June 24, 2010 |language=en|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806154616/http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sharecropping|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] laws [[Racial segregation|segregated]] white and black people. Black people had to go to different schools and usually live in different neighborhoods than white people. Many businesses were for whites only. The [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] case [[Plessy v. Ferguson]] said that black and white facilities could be [[separate but equal]], but facilities for black people were usually worse. [[Lynching]] was often practiced against African Americans. White people used lynching to control and terrorize African Americans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/history-lynching-america|title=History of Lynching in America}}</ref> In the early 1900s, African American culture grew with the [[Harlem Renaissance]], an artistic and literary movement in New York City. The [[NAACP]] was founded to improve the lives of African Americans. Leaders had different ideas about what was best for African Americans. [[Booker T. Washington]] thought they should go to [[vocational school]]s to get better jobs. W.E.B. Du Bois thought university education was more important. [[Marcus Garvey]] believed that African Americans should move to Africa to have a country of their own.<ref name="Black History" /> During the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], from the 1910s to the 1960s, African Americans moved from the south to cities in the north and [[Western United States|west]]. At the beginning, only 10% of African Americans lived outside the south, but by the end, 47% lived in the north and west.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/long-lasting-legacy-great-migration-180960118/|title=The Long-Lasting Legacy of the Great Migration|last1=Wilkerson|first1=Isabel|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=February 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215000512/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/long-lasting-legacy-great-migration-180960118/|url-status=live}}</ref> Segregation also existed in the north. [[Redlining]] stopped people who lived in African American neighborhoods from buying homes. In the 1950s and 1960s, the [[Civil Rights Movement]] called for equality between African Americans and whites. The 1954 Supreme Court case [[Brown v. Board of Education II|Brown v. Board of Education]] banned racial segregation in schools. Many Southern schools still stopped black students from attending, until 1957, when federal [[troops]] forced a school in [[Little Rock, Arkansas]] to allow black students (called the [[Little Rock Nine]]). In 1955, [[Rosa Parks]] refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus. This started the [[Montgomery Bus Boycott]], which involved [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King]]. King and [[Malcolm X]] were two leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, but they were both [[killed]] in the 1960s. In 1960, [[Saul Alinsky]] made the The Woodlawn Organization in a neighborhood that was almost African-American. In 1964, the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|Civil Rights Act]] banned discrimination based on [[Race (sociology)|race]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/segregation-united-states|title=A Look Back at Segregation in the United States|website=HISTORY|date=November 28, 2018 |language=en|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806224741/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/segregation-united-states|url-status=live}}</ref> Racism against African Americans is still prevalent in 2020. In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, [[George Floyd]] was killed by a white police officer. [[Black Lives Matter]] is a movement which started in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Lives-Matter|title=Black Lives Matter &#124; Definition, Founders, Goals, History, & Influence &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> == Language and society == In the United States when Americans say African-American or Black, they are referring to the same people. Both terms describe an ethnic group that came to exist in the United States. The Africans who were brought to America as slaves were from different nationalities and did not all speak the same language. They became a new blended ethnic group with a new language that was not their own: English.{{fact|date=December 2020}} Most African Americans speak a variety of [[American English]] called [[African American Vernacular English]], an ethnolect descended from certain varieties of [[Southern American English]] In [[Louisiana]], some blacks speak [[Louisiana Creole]], a Creole language similar to [[French language|French]]. In the 19th century, the majority of south Louisiana's blacks spoke Louisiana Creole.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2000/1124/p3s1.html|title=Louisiana links blacks to their French roots - CSMonitor.com|website=www.csmonitor.com}}</ref> The [[Gullah]] of the Sea Islands off the Carolina and Georgia coasts still speak a language that is a blend of several African languages. Blacks used to be segregated in schools but since the 1960s were able to join major schools, colleges and universities. In the second half of the 20th century, reading-ability rates for blacks increased. ==Culture== [[File:Sister lights the candles (2162322153).jpg|thumb|African Americans celebrating Kwanzaa]] [[File:Soul Food at Powell's Place.jpg|thumb|A traditional soul food dinner: [[Fried chicken]] with [[macaroni and cheese]], [[collard greens]], breaded fried [[okra]] and [[cornbread]].]] [[File:National Museum of African American History and Culture in February 2020.jpg|thumb|National Museum of African American History and Culture]] Black culture in the United States is influenced by African, North American and Native American cultures.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural Revolutions: Everyday Life and Politics in Britain, North America, and France}}</ref> African Americans have influenced various forms of [[African-American music|music]], including [[Hip hop]], R&B, funk, rock and roll, soul, [[blues]], and other contemporary American musical forms while older black forms of music included blues, doo-wop, barbershop, [[ragtime]], bluegrass, jazz, and gospel music. [[Michael Jackson]], an African-American pop singer, released an album called ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]'' in 1982 which is the best-selling album of all time. In the nineties [[Beyonce Knowles]] became famous as the lead singer of the R&B girl band [[Destiny's Child]]. In the 2000s she started releasing music on her own. Her first album ''Dangerously in Love'' sold 11 million copies and won five Grammy Awards. Black culture has been the subject of documentaries. For example, the award-winning ''[[Black Is, Black Ain't]]'' explores black identity. ''Good Hair'' discusses the significance of having 'good hair' for black women in American culture. There is a [[National Museum of African American History and Culture]] in [[Washington D.C]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/washington-dc/national-mall/attractions/national-museum-of-african-american-history-culture/a/poi-sig/1246939/1329647|title=National Museum of African American History & Culture &#124; Washington, DC, USA &#124; Attractions|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> [[Protestantism|Protestant Christianity]] is the most practised religion by African Americans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/02/16/faith-among-black-americans/|title=Faith Among Black Americans|first=Travis|last=Mitchell|date=February 16, 2021}}</ref> [[Soul food]] is a cuisine eaten by African Americans in the South. [[Fried chicken]], mac and cheese, [[cornbread]], [[collard greens]] and candied yams is typical soul food. Soul food has West African, English, French, Caribbean, and Native American influences.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moE5DwAAQBAJ&dq=soul+food+influenced+by+african+native+american&pg=PA81|title=A Taste of Broadway: Food in Musical Theater|first=Jennifer|last=Packard|date=December 1, 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442267329 |via=Google Books}}</ref> African Americans have influenced [[Cuisine of the United States|American cuisine]]. Staples such as coffee, peanuts, millet, okra, sorghum, watermelon, and yams were brought to America from Africa during the slave trade. African slaves have influenced American dishes such as [[gumbo]] and [[jambalaya]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCMbE4KKlX4C&dq=gumbo+jambalaya+african+slaves&pg=PA38|title=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass Three-volume Set|first=Paul|last=Finkelman|date=April 6, 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-516777-1 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Soul food originated from slavery when European (white) slave owners would feed black people the [[offal]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=soul+food+offal+slave+owners&tbm=bks|title=My Grandmother's Deep South Soul Food Cookbook Volume 2}}</ref> [[Kwanzaa]] and [[Juneteenth]] are popular African American holidays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/culture-entertainment/holidays/african-american-holidays|title=African American Holidays: Kwanzaa, Juneteenth, Martin Luther King Jr. Day|website=www.infoplease.com}}</ref> ==Racism and issues== {{expand section}} White people often considered black people inferior.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-01.htm|title=The Historical Origins and Development of Racism|website=[[PBS]] |access-date=2023-12-13|archive-date=2024-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214145648/https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-01.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> African Americans are more likely to experience racism. African American males are more likely to be killed by [[police]], which resulted in the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement. African Americans are more likely to die from diseases like [[COVID-19]], [[HIV]], [[obesity]] and [[diabetes]]. African Americans still suffer from [[poverty]] and [[unemployment]]. African Americans are more likely to eat [[fast food]]. [[Heart disease]], diabetes, [[cancer]], and [[homicide]] is the main causes of death for African Americans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Noonan |first1=Allan S. |last2=Velasco-Mondragon |first2=Hector Eduardo |last3=Wagner |first3=Fernando A. |title=Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice |journal=Public Health Reviews |date=3 October 2016 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=12 |doi=10.1186/s40985-016-0025-4 |pmid=29450054 |pmc=5810013 |issn=2107-6952 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[suicide]] rate for African Americans increased due to racism, police brutality and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tareen |first1=Sophia |title=Pandemic, racism compound worries about Black suicide rate |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2020/07/12/pandemic-racism-black-suicide-rate |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=The Denver Post |date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806221555/https://www.denverpost.com/2020/07/12/pandemic-racism-black-suicide-rate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, a white gunman killed ten African Americans at a grocery store in [[Buffalo, New York]]. 32% of African Americans said they worry every day that they might be threatened or attacked because of their race.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/05/20/safety-concerns-were-top-of-mind-for-many-black-americans-before-buffalo-shooting/|title=Safety concerns were top of mind for many Black Americans before Buffalo shooting|first=John|last=Gramlich |date=May 20, 2022 }}</ref> African Americans have a harder time getting good jobs because of their race.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/african-americans-face-systematic-obstacles-getting-good-jobs/|title=African Americans Face Systematic Obstacles to Getting Good Jobs |date=December 5, 2019 }}</ref> 55% of African American adults have [[high blood pressure]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/why-high-blood-pressure-is-a-silent-killer/high-blood-pressure-and-african-americans|title=High Blood Pressure Among Black People|website=www.heart.org}}</ref> African Americans are more likely to become [[homeless]] than whites. African Americans make up 40 percent of the homeless population in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://endhomelessness.org/resource/racial-inequalities-homelessness-numbers/|title=Racial Inequalities in Homelessness, by the Numbers|website=National Alliance to End Homelessness |date=August 26, 2025 }}</ref> African Americans are more likely to get punished and arrested for drugs such as [[marijuana]] than whites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/3/17/8227569/war-on-drugs-racism|title=Black and white Americans use drugs at similar rates. One group is punished more for it.|website=www.vox.com|date=March 17, 2015 }}</ref> African Americans are more likely to experience [[hunger]] and lack of access to food.<ref>https://www.bread.org/sites/default/files/african-american-fact-sheet-february-2017.pdf</ref> African Americans are more likely to catch [[monkeypox]] and less likely to receive vaccines for the disease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/black-people-receiving-less-monkeypox-vaccine-compared-to-general-public-cdc|title=Fewer Black people receiving monkeypox vaccine doses compared to general public, CDC says|date=August 26, 2022|website=PBS NewsHour}}</ref> Colorism is also prevalent in the black community today. Lighter skinned blacks and mixed race blacks are often treated better than dark skinned blacks. Colorism originated during slavery. White slave masters treated mixed-race slaves better than monoracial dark skinned black slaves. Light skinned black slaves were thought of as more intelligent and beautiful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.litwi.org/blog/colorism-among-the-black-community|title=Colorism Among the Black Community|access-date=2023-12-13|archive-date=2023-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521232755/https://www.litwi.org/blog/colorism-among-the-black-community|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[African American Vernacular English]] * [[Black people]] * [[African immigration to the United States]] * [[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans]] * [[Black Canadians]] * [[African-American culture]] * [[Native Americans in the United States]] * [[Asian Americans]] * [[White Americans]] * [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]] * [[Black Southerners]] ==References== {{reflist}} ;Notes <references group="nb"/> ==Other websites== {{commonscat|African Americans}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-American African Americans | History, Facts, & Culture - Encyclopedia Britannica] * [https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/black-history/slavery U.S. Slavery: Timeline, Figures & Abolition - HISTORY] * [https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/african-americans TSHA | African Americans - Texas State Historical Association] * [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/27.html African Americans - Encyclopedia of Chicago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123215921/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/27.html |date=2009-01-23 }} * [https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones Black History Milestones: Timeline] * [https://minorityrights.org/minorities/african-americans/ African Americans] * [https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/african-americans-407/ Encyclopedia of Arkansas] * [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/on-african-american-migrations/ African-American Migrations, 1600s to Present | The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross | PBS] {{Demographics of the United States}} {{African diaspora}} {{African American topics}} {{authority control}} [[Category:African-American people| ]] 9m9z6ihn9xeysg0ap23lkaodxncart3 11024545 11024302 2026-10-09T09:15:00Z ~2026-54302-72 1887471 /* History */ 11024545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}} {{See also|African immigration to the United States}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = African Americans | image = African Americans by state.svg | image_caption = Proportion of African Americans in each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census | pop = '''46,936,733''' (2020)<ref name=2020USCensus>https://census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007112207/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |date=2021-10-07 }}. 2020 U.S. Census</ref><br/>14.2% of the total U.S. population (2020)<ref name=2020USCensus/><br/>'''41,104,200''' (2020) (one race)<ref name=2020USCensus/><br />12.4% of the total U.S. population (2020)<ref name=2020USCensus/> | popplace = | region1 = Texas | pop1 = 3,552,997 | ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blackdemographics.com/population/black-state-population/|title=Black Population by State}}</ref> | region2 = Georgia | pop2 = 3,320,513 | region3 = Florida | pop3 = 3,246,381 | region4 = New York | pop4 = 2,986,172 | region5 = North Carolina | pop5 = 2,140,217 | region6 = Maryland | pop6 = 1,820,472 | region7 = Illinois | pop7 = 1,808,271 | region8 = Virginia | pop8 = 1,607,581 | region9 = Ohio | pop9 = 1,478,781 | region10 = Louisiana | pop10 = 1,464,023 | region11 = Pennsylvania | pop11 = 1,423,169 | region12 = Michigan | pop12 = 1,376,579 | region13 = Alabama | pop13 = 1,296,162 | languages = English {{small|([[American English|American English dialects]], [[African-American English]])}}<br />[[Louisiana Creole]]<br />[[Gullah language|Gullah Creole English]]<br />[[African languages]] | religions = Predominantly [[Protestant]] (71 %) including [[Black churches|Historically Black Protestant]] (53%), [[Evangelical Protestant]] (14%), and [[Mainline Protestant]] (4%); {{longlink|significant{{refn|group=nb|Meaning "1 % or more"}} others include [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] (5%), [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (2%), [[Islam in the United States|Muslim]] (2%), and [[Irreligion|unaffiliated]] (18%)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/compare/religious-tradition/by/racial-and-ethnic-composition/ |title=Religious tradition by race/ethnicity (2014) |publisher=[[Pew Research Center|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |access-date=April 5, 2019 |archive-date=May 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518010639/https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/compare/religious-tradition/by/racial-and-ethnic-composition/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | related = }} {{African American topics sidebar}} [[File:Portrait of an African American family- Gainesville, Florida (6909517529).jpg|thumb|African American family in [[Gainesville, Florida]].]] [[File:Martin Luther King, Jr..jpg |thumb|[[Martin Luther King, Jr]]]] [[File:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|First African American president [[Barack Obama]]]] '''African Americans''' are [[Citizenship|citizens]] who live in the [[United States]] whose [[ancestor]]s were from [[Africa]]. The term is usually associated with [[black people]]. This is because many African Americans have dark [[skin]] passed down by [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n ancestors. Many Africans were brought to the United States in the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. African Americans make up a large part of the [[population]], especially in [[urban]] centers but also in [[rural]] areas in the [[Southern United States]]. [[Detroit]] has the highest percent of blacks in the nation. Cities with the highest percent of African Americans are [[Jackson, Mississippi]]; [[New Orleans]]; [[Memphis]]; [[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]]; and [[Savannah, Georgia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/us/society-culture/race/ten-cities-100000-or-more-highest-percentage-blacks-or-african-americans-2000-and|title=Top 10 Cities with Highest African American Population of 100,000 or more people|website=infoplease.com|access-date=2021-08-06|archive-date=2021-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819032401/https://www.infoplease.com/us/society-culture/race/ten-cities-100000-or-more-highest-percentage-blacks-or-african-americans-2000-and|url-status=live}}</ref> [[New York City]] and [[Chicago]] have the largest population of African Americans. Other cities with a high African American population are [[Baltimore]], [[Houston]], [[Atlanta]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]], [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[Dallas]]. States with the highest percentage of African Americans are [[Mississippi]], [[Louisiana]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Maryland]], [[South Carolina]], [[Alabama]], [[Delaware]], [[North Carolina]], [[Virginia]] and [[Tennessee]]. African Americans are third largest ethnic group in the United States after [[White Americans]] and [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]]. African Americans are the second largest ancestral group in the United States after [[German Americans|Germans]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com:443/articles/largest-ethnic-groups-and-nationalities-in-the-united-states.html|title=Largest Ethnic Groups And Nationalities In The United States|date=July 18, 2019|website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Many African Americans have [[White people|European]] and [[Native American]] ancestry.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterizing the admixed African ancestry of African Americans|first1=Fouad|last1=Zakharia|first2=Analabha|last2=Basu|first3=Devin|last3=Absher|first4=Themistocles L.|last4=Assimes|first5=Alan S.|last5=Go|first6=Mark A.|last6=Hlatky|first7=Carlos|last7=Iribarren|first8=Joshua W.|last8=Knowles|first9=Jun|last9=Li|first10=Balasubramanian|last10=Narasimhan|first11=Steven|last11=Sidney|first12=Audrey|last12=Southwick|first13=Richard M.|last13=Myers|first14=Thomas|last14=Quertermous|first15=Neil|last15=Risch|first16=Hua|last16=Tang|date=December 22, 2009|journal=Genome Biology|volume=10|issue=12|pages=R141|doi=10.1186/gb-2009-10-12-r141|pmid=20025784|pmc=2812948 |doi-access=free | issn=1465-6906}}</ref> The first African slaves were brought on a Dutch boat from [[Angola]] in 1619 to the British colony of [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] in Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/how-slavery-flourished-united-states-chart-maps|title=How slavery flourished in the United States in charts and maps|date=August 23, 2019|website=Culture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade|title=In 1619 enslaved Africans first arrived in colonial Virginia. Here's the history.|date=August 13, 2019|website=History|access-date=July 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512223121/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade|archive-date=May 12, 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[New York City]] has the largest African American population by city.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/census_2000/cb01cn176.html|title=Majority of African Americans Live in 10 States; New York City and Chicago Are Cities With Largest Black Populations - Census 2000 - Newsroom - U.S. Census Bureau|first=US Census Bureau Public Information|last=Office|website=www.census.gov}}</ref> == Ethnicity == African-American refers to a specific range of diverse cultures with a common thread of ethnic connection to Africa. This term was created to describe an ethnic/cultural link to Africa for people who are American, somewhat like the case of [[Italian Americans]], [[Irish Americans]], or [[Polish Americans]]. However, a description based on language may be very different from one based on skin color. The 'African' in African-American acknowledges the connection to a number of African cultures, not one in particular. The 'American' shows the nationality and culture of the United States. A person born in [[Nigeria]] is still Nigerian even if he or she comes to the United States and lives here for the rest of their life. If that person wants to say that they are an American citizen, they would simply say "I am an American citizen". His American-born children might call themselves Nigerian-American OR African-American. Some [[Caribbean]]s such as [[Jamaica]]ns do not identify as African American, even if they have African ancestry.<ref name="USA Today">{{cite news |last1=Forson |first1=Tracy Scott |title=Who is an 'African American'? Definition evolves as USA does |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/02/21/black-history-african-american-definition/1002344001 |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=USA Today |date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806215812/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/02/21/black-history-african-american-definition/1002344001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Black === In America, the term 'Black' is often applied to other ethnic groups throughout the world who do not necessarily see themselves as Black, such as [[Indigenous Australians|Australian Aborigines]], for example. African American [[culture]] was born in the United States and is distinct from any single Sub-Saharan African culture.{{cn}} African-American is a term that many Black people chose to call themselves because they found the term "Negro" offensive, .{{cn}} In America there are many immigrants of mixed race that includes Sub-Saharan African descent, like Cape Verdeans, Dominicans, Cubans, Brazilians and Puerto Ricans. These groups, by and large, do not think of themselves as Black or African American and object to these labels, mainly due to self-hate.{{cn}} Many [[mixed race]] Americans also resist pressure to identify themselves as Black or White. Blasians (Black Asians) resist this pressure.{{cn}} == Population statistics == [[File:-African-American Family at Gee's Bend, Alabama- MET DP212791.jpg|thumb|African American family in Alabama, 1937]] [[File:SlavePopulationUS1860.jpg|thumb|Slave population, 1860]] [[File:USA 2000 black density.png|thumb|African Americans are concentrated in the South region]] [[Alabama]] has a large population of African Americans. African Americans were enslaved in the state.<ref name="Slavery">{{cite web |last=Hebert |first=Keith S. |title=Slavery |url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2369 |website=Encyclopedia of Alabama |publisher=Alabama Humanities Alliance |access-date=12 July 2021 |language=en |date=2 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714174654/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/Article/h-2369 }}</ref> African Americans constitute 15.4 percent of [[Arkansas]]’s population, according to the 2010 census, and they have been present in Arkansas since the earliest days of European settlement. Originally brought to Arkansas in large numbers as slaves, people of African ancestry drove the state’s plantation economy until long after the Civil War. African Americans have exerted a profound influence upon all aspects of the state’s history and culture. Atlanta was the home of Martin Luther King Jr. and an important place in the [[Civil Rights Movement]].<ref name="PolitiFact">{{cite web |last=Stirgus |first=Eric |title=PolitiFact - Who's right? Cities lay claim to civil rights "cradle" mantle. |url=http://www.politifact.com/georgia/statements/2011/jun/28/al-roker/whos-right-cities-lay-claim-civil-rights-cradle-ma |website=PolitiFact |publisher=Poynter Institute 2020 |access-date=17 May 2012 |language=en |date=28 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-date=9 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509224303/http://www.politifact.com/georgia/statements/2011/jun/28/al-roker/whos-right-cities-lay-claim-civil-rights-cradle-ma/ }}</ref> It has been referred to as a "black mecca".<ref name=ajc1>"A CHAMPION FOR ATLANTA: Maynard Jackson: 'Black mecca' burgeoned under leader", ''Atlanta Journal-Constitution'', June 29, 2003.</ref><ref name=wapo1>"the city that calls itself America's ' Black Mecca'"; in William Booth, "Atlanta Is Less Than Festive on Eve of Another 'Freaknik'", ''The Washington Post'', April 18, 1996.</ref><ref name="bullard">"'The Black Mecca' leads the nation in numbers of African American millionaires; at the same time, it leads the nation in the percentage of its children in poverty"; in [[Robert D. Bullard]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZSE0jbhzGwC&dq=maynard+jackson+%22black+mecca%22&pg=PA151 ''The Black Metropolis in the Twenty-first Century: Race, Power, and Politics''], Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p. 151.</ref> [[Delaware]] has a significant African American population. African Americans were enslaved in the state. In 1721, an estimated 2,000-5,000 black slaves lived in Pennsylvania and the three lower counties on the Delaware.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Newton |first1=James E. |title=Black Americans in Delaware: An Overview |url=https://www1.udel.edu/BlackHistory/overview.html |website=www1.udel.edu |publisher=University of Delaware |access-date=6 August 2021 |date=27 June 1997 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927063845/https://www1.udel.edu/BlackHistory/overview.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of the [[2010 U.S. Census]], African Americans were 31.2% of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]'s population.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Georgia QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/13000.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622105843/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/13000.html|archive-date=June 22, 2015|access-date=January 20, 2014|publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov}}</ref> The first black people to live in Texas were [[Afro-Mexicans]] when Texas was a [[Spain|Spanish]] colony.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The African American Story {{!}} Texas State History Museum|url=https://www.thestoryoftexas.com/discover/campfire-stories/african-americans|access-date=May 30, 2021|website=thestoryoftexas.com|language=en|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507193527/https://www.thestoryoftexas.com/discover/campfire-stories/african-americans|url-status=live}}</ref> Texas has one of the largest African-American populations in the country.<ref name="blackmigration">{{cite report|first=William H.|last=Frey|title=The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000|date=May 2004|publisher=The Brookings Institution|page=1|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-new-great-migration-black-americans-return-to-the-south-1965-2000/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428042235/http://www.brookings.edu/urban/pubs/20040524_Frey.pdf|archive-date=April 28, 2008}}</ref> African Americans are concentrated in northern, eastern and east-central Texas as well as the [[Dallas]], [[Houston]] and [[San Antonio]] metropolitan areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Texas – BlackDemographics.com|url=https://blackdemographics.com/states/texas/|access-date=2021-07-15|archive-date=2019-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513200200/https://blackdemographics.com/states/texas/|url-status=live}}</ref> African Americans form 24 percent of both the cities of Dallas and Houston, 19% of Fort Worth, 8.1 percent of Austin, and 7.5 percent of San Antonio.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 15, 2018|title=How the Eastside Became Home to San Antonio's Black Community|url=https://sanantonioreport.org/how-the-eastside-became-home-to-san-antonios-black-community/|access-date=December 14, 2020|website=San Antonio Report|language=en-US|archive-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121012853/https://sanantonioreport.org/how-the-eastside-became-home-to-san-antonios-black-community/|url-status=live}}</ref> Virginia is home to the longest continuous experience of African American life and culture in the United States spanning more than four centuries – beginning before the first English settlement at Jamestown and through the Revolutionary War, Civil War, Emancipation and the Civil Rights eras. Outside of the United States, the history of African Americans in [[Ghana]] goes back to people such as American civil rights activist and writer W. E. B. Du Bois, who settled in Ghana in the last years of his life and is buried in the capital [[Accra]]. Since then, other African Americans who are descended from slaves imported from areas within the present-day jurisdiction of Ghana and neighboring states have applied for permanent resident status in Ghana. As of 2015, the number of African American residents has been estimated at 3,000 people, a large portion of whom live in Accra. [[Texas]] has the largest African American population of any state in 2019. Followed by, [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[New York (state)|New York]]. The [[New York metropolitan area|New York City metropolitan area]] has the largest African American metropolitan population. In 2019, the [[Southern United States|South]] had the largest black population by region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2021/03/25/the-growing-diversity-of-black-america/|title=The Growing Diversity of Black America|first=Shannon|last=Greenwood|work=Pew Research Center |date=March 25, 2021}}</ref> [[New York City]] has had the largest number of African Americans by city, followed by [[Chicago]], [[Detroit]], [[Philadelphia]] and [[Houston]].<ref name="auto"/> African Americans from north are moving back to the [[Southern United States]] and the [[suburbs]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://urbanhabitat.org/files/18-2.kromm_.pdf|title=African Americans Moving South— and to the Suburbs|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816101632/http://urbanhabitat.org/files/18-2.kromm_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> African Americans are moving to smaller cities especially in [[Fort Worth, Texas]], [[Columbus, Ohio]], [[Jacksonville, Florida]] and [[Charlotte, North Carolina]].<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2022-03-14/us-black-population-the-biggest-growth-is-in-smaller-cities?context=amp US Black Population: the Biggest Growth Is in Smaller Cities]</ref> There is an African American community in [[Arkansas]]. African Americans make up 15.4 percent of Arkansas's population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/african-americans-407/|title=Encyclopedia of Arkansas|website=Encyclopedia of Arkansas}}</ref> 1.2 million African Americans are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Black LGBT Adults in the US|url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/black-lgbt-adults-in-the-us/|website=Williams Institute}}</ref> [[Alabama]], [[Arkansas]], [[Delaware]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Louisiana]], [[Maryland]], [[Mississippi]], [[North Carolina]], [[South Carolina]] and [[Virginia]] had the largest black population by percentage in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/blackafrican-american-health|title=Black/African American Health}}</ref> == Genetic studies == Many African Americans have European ancestry and [[Native American]] along with African ancestry. Recent surveys of African Americans using a genetic testing service have found varied ancestries. These studies found that on average, African Americans have 73.2–82.1% [[West African]], 16.7%–24% European, and 0.8–1.2% Native American genetic ancestry, with large variation between individuals.<ref name="Bryc2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bryc |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Auton |first2=Adam |last3=Nelson |first3=Matthew R. |last4=Oksenberg |first4=Jorge R. |last5=Hauser |first5=Stephen L. |last6=Williams |first6=Scott |last7=Froment |first7=Alain |last8=Bodo |first8=Jean-Marie |last9=Wambebe |first9=Charles |last10=Tishkoff |first10=Sarah A. |last11=Bustamante |first11=Carlos D. |title=Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African Americans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=12 January 2010 |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=786–791 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0909559107 |pmid=20080753 |pmc=2818934 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107..786B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Bryc 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Bryc |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Durand |first2=Eric Y. |last3=Macpherson |first3=J. Michael |last4=Reich |first4=David |last5=Mountain |first5=Joanna L. |title=The genetic ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |date=8 January 2015 |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=37–53 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010 |pmid=25529636 |issn=1537-6605 |pmc=4289685}}</ref><ref name="Migration">{{cite journal |last1=Baharian |first1=Soheil |last2=Barakatt |first2=Maxime |last3=Gignoux |first3=Christopher R. |last4=Shringarpure |first4=Suyash |last5=Errington |first5=Jacob |last6=Blot |first6=William J. |last7=Bustamante |first7=Carlos D. |last8=Kenny |first8=Eimear E. |last9=Williams |first9=Scott M. |last10=Aldrich |first10=Melinda C. |last11=Gravel |first11=Simon |title=The Great Migration and African-American Genomic Diversity |journal=PLOS Genetics |date=27 May 2016 |volume=12 |issue=5 |article-number=e1006059 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1006059 |pmid=27232753 |pmc=4883799 |s2cid=10501185 |language=en |issn=1553-7404 |doi-access=free }}</ref> African American men have the second highest [[interracial marriage]] rate, behind Asian American women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/urls_cited/ot2015/14-981/14-981-9.pdf|title=Interracial marriage: Who is 'marrying out'?}}</ref> Interracial marriage between African Americans and [[white people]] has rapidly increased.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Qian |first1=Zhenchao |last2=Lichter |first2=Daniel |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256375550|title=Changing Patterns of Interracial Marriage in a Multiracial Society |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |date=October 2011 |volume=73 |pages=1065–1084 }}</ref> == History == [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] were initially subjected to enslavement by Spanish colonial powers; however, their populations experienced catastrophic decline due to Spanish infectious diseases, including smallpox. Certain Spanish explorers from [[Spain]] also transported individuals of African descent to the territory that would become the United States prior to British colonization. Subsequently, English colonizers and French colonizers implemented large-scale enslavement of African Americans, particularly throughout Southern slave states including Virginia, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina, and Louisiana. White men exploited African enslaved laborers to accumulate wealth and to establish and maintain systems of racial dominance.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.history.com/articles/slavery|title= Slavery in America}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.history.com/articles/native-american-cultures|title= Native American Cultures}}</ref> In pursuit of territorial expansion and economic gain, European American settlers engaged in the systematic enslavement of African peoples and the subjugation of Native American populations. These actions were justified through the ideological framework of [[Manifest destiny|Manifest Destiny]], a doctrine that promoted the belief in the inherent superiority of white settlers and their perceived right to occupy and develop the North American continent, resulting in the displacement, decimation, and cultural destruction of indigenous nations.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.history.com/articles/manifest-destiny|title= Manifest Destiny}}</ref> [[File:Slaves To-be-sold.jpg|thumb|Slave trader advertisement in Charleston, South Carolina]] Most of the first African Americans were brought to North America as part of the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. African slaves were brought to North America from 1619 to 1808. After the United States became independent, [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] became illegal in most [[Northern United States|northern states]]. At the same time, slavery grew more important to the [[economy]] of the [[Southern United States|southern states]]. Many African American slaves worked on [[plantations]] (large farms) that grew [[cotton]] and [[tobacco]].<ref name="Black History">{{cite web |title=Black History Milestones: Timeline |url=https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones |website=HISTORY |publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC. |access-date=10 August 2020 |language=en |date=14 October 2009 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804231739/http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones |url-status=live }}</ref> Plantation work was very difficult and slaves were often [[whip]]ped and [[Corporal punishment|physically punished]]. It was illegal for slaves to learn how to read and write. White men often [[rape]]d slave women, but were not punished.<ref>{{cite web |title=Slave Life and Slave Codes [ushistory.org] |url=https://www.ushistory.org/us/27b.asp |website=www.ushistory.org |publisher=Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia |access-date=10 August 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022171945/https://www.ushistory.org/us/27b.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> At the same time, there were many free African Americans in the north. Unlike slaves, they were allowed to start churches, write newspapers, and sometimes own property.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart2.html|title=African American Odyssey: Free Blacks in the Antebellum Period (Part 1)|website=memory.loc.gov|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919061937/https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Frederick Douglass]] was an important abolitionist (fighter against slavery). [[Harriet Tubman]] helped to create the [[Underground Railroad]], which helped African Americans to [[wikt:Sneak|sneak]] away from their masters and become free. During the [[American Civil War]] from 1861 to 1865, the south broke away from the United States to form the [[Confederate States of America]], or Confederacy. The United States won the war, and in 1865, it freed all slaves (about 4 million) by the [[13th amendment]]. [[File:Family of African American picking cotton in Georgia, circa 1880.jpg|thumb|Enslaved African Americans in Georgia]] African Americans were not slaves anymore, but white southerners passed laws called [[Black Codes]] that took away their freedom. Some African Americans served in government, but after 1877, the white southerners mostly kept them out of government. Whites founded the [[Ku Klux Klan]] to scare African Americans and stop them from voting.<ref name="Black History" /> Most southern African Americans became sharecroppers. [[Sharecropping]] was a system in which the [[farmer]]s rented the land from the landowner and had to pay the landowner part of their crops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sharecropping|title=Sharecropping|website=HISTORY|date=June 24, 2010 |language=en|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806154616/http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sharecropping|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] laws [[Racial segregation|segregated]] white and black people. Black people had to go to different schools and usually live in different neighborhoods than white people. Many businesses were for whites only. The [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] case [[Plessy v. Ferguson]] said that black and white facilities could be [[separate but equal]], but facilities for black people were usually worse. [[Lynching]] was often practiced against African Americans. White people used lynching to control and terrorize African Americans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/history-lynching-america|title=History of Lynching in America}}</ref> In the early 1900s, African American culture grew with the [[Harlem Renaissance]], an artistic and literary movement in New York City. The [[NAACP]] was founded to improve the lives of African Americans. Leaders had different ideas about what was best for African Americans. [[Booker T. Washington]] thought they should go to [[vocational school]]s to get better jobs. W.E.B. Du Bois thought university education was more important. [[Marcus Garvey]] believed that African Americans should move to Africa to have a country of their own.<ref name="Black History" /> During the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], from the 1910s to the 1960s, African Americans moved from the south to cities in the north and [[Western United States|west]]. At the beginning, only 10% of African Americans lived outside the south, but by the end, 47% lived in the north and west.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/long-lasting-legacy-great-migration-180960118/|title=The Long-Lasting Legacy of the Great Migration|last1=Wilkerson|first1=Isabel|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=February 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215000512/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/long-lasting-legacy-great-migration-180960118/|url-status=live}}</ref> Segregation also existed in the north. [[Redlining]] stopped people who lived in African American neighborhoods from buying homes. In the 1950s and 1960s, the [[Civil Rights Movement]] called for equality between African Americans and whites. The 1954 Supreme Court case [[Brown v. Board of Education II|Brown v. Board of Education]] banned racial segregation in schools. Many Southern schools still stopped black students from attending, until 1957, when federal [[troops]] forced a school in [[Little Rock, Arkansas]] to allow black students (called the [[Little Rock Nine]]). In 1955, [[Rosa Parks]] refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus. This started the [[Montgomery Bus Boycott]], which involved [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King]]. King and [[Malcolm X]] were two leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, but they were both [[killed]] in the 1960s. In 1960, [[Saul Alinsky]] made the The Woodlawn Organization in a neighborhood that was almost African-American. In 1964, the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|Civil Rights Act]] banned discrimination based on [[Race (sociology)|race]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/segregation-united-states|title=A Look Back at Segregation in the United States|website=HISTORY|date=November 28, 2018 |language=en|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806224741/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/segregation-united-states|url-status=live}}</ref> Racism against African Americans is still prevalent in 2020. In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, [[George Floyd]] was killed by a white police officer. [[Black Lives Matter]] is a movement which started in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Lives-Matter|title=Black Lives Matter &#124; Definition, Founders, Goals, History, & Influence &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> == Language and society == In the United States when Americans say African-American or Black, they are referring to the same people. Both terms describe an ethnic group that came to exist in the United States. The Africans who were brought to America as slaves were from different nationalities and did not all speak the same language. They became a new blended ethnic group with a new language that was not their own: English.{{fact|date=December 2020}} Most African Americans speak a variety of [[American English]] called [[African American Vernacular English]], an ethnolect descended from certain varieties of [[Southern American English]] In [[Louisiana]], some blacks speak [[Louisiana Creole]], a Creole language similar to [[French language|French]]. In the 19th century, the majority of south Louisiana's blacks spoke Louisiana Creole.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2000/1124/p3s1.html|title=Louisiana links blacks to their French roots - CSMonitor.com|website=www.csmonitor.com}}</ref> The [[Gullah]] of the Sea Islands off the Carolina and Georgia coasts still speak a language that is a blend of several African languages. Blacks used to be segregated in schools but since the 1960s were able to join major schools, colleges and universities. In the second half of the 20th century, reading-ability rates for blacks increased. ==Culture== [[File:Sister lights the candles (2162322153).jpg|thumb|African Americans celebrating Kwanzaa]] [[File:Soul Food at Powell's Place.jpg|thumb|A traditional soul food dinner: [[Fried chicken]] with [[macaroni and cheese]], [[collard greens]], breaded fried [[okra]] and [[cornbread]].]] [[File:National Museum of African American History and Culture in February 2020.jpg|thumb|National Museum of African American History and Culture]] Black culture in the United States is influenced by African, North American and Native American cultures.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural Revolutions: Everyday Life and Politics in Britain, North America, and France}}</ref> African Americans have influenced various forms of [[African-American music|music]], including [[Hip hop]], R&B, funk, rock and roll, soul, [[blues]], and other contemporary American musical forms while older black forms of music included blues, doo-wop, barbershop, [[ragtime]], bluegrass, jazz, and gospel music. [[Michael Jackson]], an African-American pop singer, released an album called ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]'' in 1982 which is the best-selling album of all time. In the nineties [[Beyonce Knowles]] became famous as the lead singer of the R&B girl band [[Destiny's Child]]. In the 2000s she started releasing music on her own. Her first album ''Dangerously in Love'' sold 11 million copies and won five Grammy Awards. Black culture has been the subject of documentaries. For example, the award-winning ''[[Black Is, Black Ain't]]'' explores black identity. ''Good Hair'' discusses the significance of having 'good hair' for black women in American culture. There is a [[National Museum of African American History and Culture]] in [[Washington D.C]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/washington-dc/national-mall/attractions/national-museum-of-african-american-history-culture/a/poi-sig/1246939/1329647|title=National Museum of African American History & Culture &#124; Washington, DC, USA &#124; Attractions|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> [[Protestantism|Protestant Christianity]] is the most practised religion by African Americans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/02/16/faith-among-black-americans/|title=Faith Among Black Americans|first=Travis|last=Mitchell|date=February 16, 2021}}</ref> [[Soul food]] is a cuisine eaten by African Americans in the South. [[Fried chicken]], mac and cheese, [[cornbread]], [[collard greens]] and candied yams is typical soul food. Soul food has West African, English, French, Caribbean, and Native American influences.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moE5DwAAQBAJ&dq=soul+food+influenced+by+african+native+american&pg=PA81|title=A Taste of Broadway: Food in Musical Theater|first=Jennifer|last=Packard|date=December 1, 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442267329 |via=Google Books}}</ref> African Americans have influenced [[Cuisine of the United States|American cuisine]]. Staples such as coffee, peanuts, millet, okra, sorghum, watermelon, and yams were brought to America from Africa during the slave trade. African slaves have influenced American dishes such as [[gumbo]] and [[jambalaya]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCMbE4KKlX4C&dq=gumbo+jambalaya+african+slaves&pg=PA38|title=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass Three-volume Set|first=Paul|last=Finkelman|date=April 6, 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-516777-1 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Soul food originated from slavery when European (white) slave owners would feed black people the [[offal]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=soul+food+offal+slave+owners&tbm=bks|title=My Grandmother's Deep South Soul Food Cookbook Volume 2}}</ref> [[Kwanzaa]] and [[Juneteenth]] are popular African American holidays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/culture-entertainment/holidays/african-american-holidays|title=African American Holidays: Kwanzaa, Juneteenth, Martin Luther King Jr. Day|website=www.infoplease.com}}</ref> ==Racism and issues== {{expand section}} White people often considered black people inferior.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-01.htm|title=The Historical Origins and Development of Racism|website=[[PBS]] |access-date=2023-12-13|archive-date=2024-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214145648/https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-01.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> African Americans are more likely to experience racism. African American males are more likely to be killed by [[police]], which resulted in the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement. African Americans are more likely to die from diseases like [[COVID-19]], [[HIV]], [[obesity]] and [[diabetes]]. African Americans still suffer from [[poverty]] and [[unemployment]]. African Americans are more likely to eat [[fast food]]. [[Heart disease]], diabetes, [[cancer]], and [[homicide]] is the main causes of death for African Americans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Noonan |first1=Allan S. |last2=Velasco-Mondragon |first2=Hector Eduardo |last3=Wagner |first3=Fernando A. |title=Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice |journal=Public Health Reviews |date=3 October 2016 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=12 |doi=10.1186/s40985-016-0025-4 |pmid=29450054 |pmc=5810013 |issn=2107-6952 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[suicide]] rate for African Americans increased due to racism, police brutality and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tareen |first1=Sophia |title=Pandemic, racism compound worries about Black suicide rate |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2020/07/12/pandemic-racism-black-suicide-rate |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=The Denver Post |date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806221555/https://www.denverpost.com/2020/07/12/pandemic-racism-black-suicide-rate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, a white gunman killed ten African Americans at a grocery store in [[Buffalo, New York]]. 32% of African Americans said they worry every day that they might be threatened or attacked because of their race.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/05/20/safety-concerns-were-top-of-mind-for-many-black-americans-before-buffalo-shooting/|title=Safety concerns were top of mind for many Black Americans before Buffalo shooting|first=John|last=Gramlich |date=May 20, 2022 }}</ref> African Americans have a harder time getting good jobs because of their race.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/african-americans-face-systematic-obstacles-getting-good-jobs/|title=African Americans Face Systematic Obstacles to Getting Good Jobs |date=December 5, 2019 }}</ref> 55% of African American adults have [[high blood pressure]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/why-high-blood-pressure-is-a-silent-killer/high-blood-pressure-and-african-americans|title=High Blood Pressure Among Black People|website=www.heart.org}}</ref> African Americans are more likely to become [[homeless]] than whites. African Americans make up 40 percent of the homeless population in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://endhomelessness.org/resource/racial-inequalities-homelessness-numbers/|title=Racial Inequalities in Homelessness, by the Numbers|website=National Alliance to End Homelessness |date=August 26, 2025 }}</ref> African Americans are more likely to get punished and arrested for drugs such as [[marijuana]] than whites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/3/17/8227569/war-on-drugs-racism|title=Black and white Americans use drugs at similar rates. One group is punished more for it.|website=www.vox.com|date=March 17, 2015 }}</ref> African Americans are more likely to experience [[hunger]] and lack of access to food.<ref>https://www.bread.org/sites/default/files/african-american-fact-sheet-february-2017.pdf</ref> African Americans are more likely to catch [[monkeypox]] and less likely to receive vaccines for the disease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/black-people-receiving-less-monkeypox-vaccine-compared-to-general-public-cdc|title=Fewer Black people receiving monkeypox vaccine doses compared to general public, CDC says|date=August 26, 2022|website=PBS NewsHour}}</ref> Colorism is also prevalent in the black community today. Lighter skinned blacks and mixed race blacks are often treated better than dark skinned blacks. Colorism originated during slavery. White slave masters treated mixed-race slaves better than monoracial dark skinned black slaves. Light skinned black slaves were thought of as more intelligent and beautiful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.litwi.org/blog/colorism-among-the-black-community|title=Colorism Among the Black Community|access-date=2023-12-13|archive-date=2023-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521232755/https://www.litwi.org/blog/colorism-among-the-black-community|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[African American Vernacular English]] * [[Black people]] * [[African immigration to the United States]] * [[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans]] * [[Black Canadians]] * [[African-American culture]] * [[Native Americans in the United States]] * [[Asian Americans]] * [[White Americans]] * [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]] * [[Black Southerners]] ==References== {{reflist}} ;Notes <references group="nb"/> ==Other websites== {{commonscat|African Americans}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-American African Americans | History, Facts, & Culture - Encyclopedia Britannica] * [https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/black-history/slavery U.S. Slavery: Timeline, Figures & Abolition - HISTORY] * [https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/african-americans TSHA | African Americans - Texas State Historical Association] * [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/27.html African Americans - Encyclopedia of Chicago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123215921/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/27.html |date=2009-01-23 }} * [https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones Black History Milestones: Timeline] * [https://minorityrights.org/minorities/african-americans/ African Americans] * [https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/african-americans-407/ Encyclopedia of Arkansas] * [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/on-african-american-migrations/ African-American Migrations, 1600s to Present | The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross | PBS] {{Demographics of the United States}} {{African diaspora}} {{African American topics}} {{authority control}} [[Category:African-American people| ]] 872uvixrh5824ww441lfhb1j0asix8w 11024549 11024545 2026-10-09T09:18:55Z ~2026-54302-72 1887471 /* History */ 11024549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2021}} {{See also|African immigration to the United States}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = African Americans | image = African Americans by state.svg | image_caption = Proportion of African Americans in each U.S. state, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census | pop = '''46,936,733''' (2020)<ref name=2020USCensus>https://census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007112207/https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/race-and-ethnicity-in-the-united-state-2010-and-2020-census.html |date=2021-10-07 }}. 2020 U.S. Census</ref><br/>14.2% of the total U.S. population (2020)<ref name=2020USCensus/><br/>'''41,104,200''' (2020) (one race)<ref name=2020USCensus/><br />12.4% of the total U.S. population (2020)<ref name=2020USCensus/> | popplace = | region1 = Texas | pop1 = 3,552,997 | ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blackdemographics.com/population/black-state-population/|title=Black Population by State}}</ref> | region2 = Georgia | pop2 = 3,320,513 | region3 = Florida | pop3 = 3,246,381 | region4 = New York | pop4 = 2,986,172 | region5 = North Carolina | pop5 = 2,140,217 | region6 = Maryland | pop6 = 1,820,472 | region7 = Illinois | pop7 = 1,808,271 | region8 = Virginia | pop8 = 1,607,581 | region9 = Ohio | pop9 = 1,478,781 | region10 = Louisiana | pop10 = 1,464,023 | region11 = Pennsylvania | pop11 = 1,423,169 | region12 = Michigan | pop12 = 1,376,579 | region13 = Alabama | pop13 = 1,296,162 | languages = English {{small|([[American English|American English dialects]], [[African-American English]])}}<br />[[Louisiana Creole]]<br />[[Gullah language|Gullah Creole English]]<br />[[African languages]] | religions = Predominantly [[Protestant]] (71 %) including [[Black churches|Historically Black Protestant]] (53%), [[Evangelical Protestant]] (14%), and [[Mainline Protestant]] (4%); {{longlink|significant{{refn|group=nb|Meaning "1 % or more"}} others include [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] (5%), [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (2%), [[Islam in the United States|Muslim]] (2%), and [[Irreligion|unaffiliated]] (18%)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/compare/religious-tradition/by/racial-and-ethnic-composition/ |title=Religious tradition by race/ethnicity (2014) |publisher=[[Pew Research Center|The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life]] |access-date=April 5, 2019 |archive-date=May 18, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518010639/https://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/compare/religious-tradition/by/racial-and-ethnic-composition/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} | related = }} {{African American topics sidebar}} [[File:Portrait of an African American family- Gainesville, Florida (6909517529).jpg|thumb|African American family in [[Gainesville, Florida]].]] [[File:Martin Luther King, Jr..jpg |thumb|[[Martin Luther King, Jr]]]] [[File:Official portrait of Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|First African American president [[Barack Obama]]]] '''African Americans''' are [[Citizenship|citizens]] who live in the [[United States]] whose [[ancestor]]s were from [[Africa]]. The term is usually associated with [[black people]]. This is because many African Americans have dark [[skin]] passed down by [[Sub-Saharan Africa]]n ancestors. Many Africans were brought to the United States in the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. African Americans make up a large part of the [[population]], especially in [[urban]] centers but also in [[rural]] areas in the [[Southern United States]]. [[Detroit]] has the highest percent of blacks in the nation. Cities with the highest percent of African Americans are [[Jackson, Mississippi]]; [[New Orleans]]; [[Memphis]]; [[Miami Gardens, Florida|Miami Gardens]]; and [[Savannah, Georgia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/us/society-culture/race/ten-cities-100000-or-more-highest-percentage-blacks-or-african-americans-2000-and|title=Top 10 Cities with Highest African American Population of 100,000 or more people|website=infoplease.com|access-date=2021-08-06|archive-date=2021-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819032401/https://www.infoplease.com/us/society-culture/race/ten-cities-100000-or-more-highest-percentage-blacks-or-african-americans-2000-and|url-status=live}}</ref> [[New York City]] and [[Chicago]] have the largest population of African Americans. Other cities with a high African American population are [[Baltimore]], [[Houston]], [[Atlanta]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Baton Rouge, Louisiana|Baton Rouge]], [[Washington, D.C.]] and [[Dallas]]. States with the highest percentage of African Americans are [[Mississippi]], [[Louisiana]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Maryland]], [[South Carolina]], [[Alabama]], [[Delaware]], [[North Carolina]], [[Virginia]] and [[Tennessee]]. African Americans are third largest ethnic group in the United States after [[White Americans]] and [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]]. African Americans are the second largest ancestral group in the United States after [[German Americans|Germans]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com:443/articles/largest-ethnic-groups-and-nationalities-in-the-united-states.html|title=Largest Ethnic Groups And Nationalities In The United States|date=July 18, 2019|website=WorldAtlas}}</ref> Many African Americans have [[White people|European]] and [[Native American]] ancestry.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Characterizing the admixed African ancestry of African Americans|first1=Fouad|last1=Zakharia|first2=Analabha|last2=Basu|first3=Devin|last3=Absher|first4=Themistocles L.|last4=Assimes|first5=Alan S.|last5=Go|first6=Mark A.|last6=Hlatky|first7=Carlos|last7=Iribarren|first8=Joshua W.|last8=Knowles|first9=Jun|last9=Li|first10=Balasubramanian|last10=Narasimhan|first11=Steven|last11=Sidney|first12=Audrey|last12=Southwick|first13=Richard M.|last13=Myers|first14=Thomas|last14=Quertermous|first15=Neil|last15=Risch|first16=Hua|last16=Tang|date=December 22, 2009|journal=Genome Biology|volume=10|issue=12|pages=R141|doi=10.1186/gb-2009-10-12-r141|pmid=20025784|pmc=2812948 |doi-access=free | issn=1465-6906}}</ref> The first African slaves were brought on a Dutch boat from [[Angola]] in 1619 to the British colony of [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] in Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/how-slavery-flourished-united-states-chart-maps|title=How slavery flourished in the United States in charts and maps|date=August 23, 2019|website=Culture}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade|title=In 1619 enslaved Africans first arrived in colonial Virginia. Here's the history.|date=August 13, 2019|website=History|access-date=July 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512223121/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade|archive-date=May 12, 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[New York City]] has the largest African American population by city.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/census_2000/cb01cn176.html|title=Majority of African Americans Live in 10 States; New York City and Chicago Are Cities With Largest Black Populations - Census 2000 - Newsroom - U.S. Census Bureau|first=US Census Bureau Public Information|last=Office|website=www.census.gov}}</ref> == Ethnicity == African-American refers to a specific range of diverse cultures with a common thread of ethnic connection to Africa. This term was created to describe an ethnic/cultural link to Africa for people who are American, somewhat like the case of [[Italian Americans]], [[Irish Americans]], or [[Polish Americans]]. However, a description based on language may be very different from one based on skin color. The 'African' in African-American acknowledges the connection to a number of African cultures, not one in particular. The 'American' shows the nationality and culture of the United States. A person born in [[Nigeria]] is still Nigerian even if he or she comes to the United States and lives here for the rest of their life. If that person wants to say that they are an American citizen, they would simply say "I am an American citizen". His American-born children might call themselves Nigerian-American OR African-American. Some [[Caribbean]]s such as [[Jamaica]]ns do not identify as African American, even if they have African ancestry.<ref name="USA Today">{{cite news |last1=Forson |first1=Tracy Scott |title=Who is an 'African American'? Definition evolves as USA does |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/02/21/black-history-african-american-definition/1002344001 |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=USA Today |date=22 February 2018 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806215812/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/02/21/black-history-african-american-definition/1002344001/ |url-status=live }}</ref> === Black === In America, the term 'Black' is often applied to other ethnic groups throughout the world who do not necessarily see themselves as Black, such as [[Indigenous Australians|Australian Aborigines]], for example. African American [[culture]] was born in the United States and is distinct from any single Sub-Saharan African culture.{{cn}} African-American is a term that many Black people chose to call themselves because they found the term "Negro" offensive, .{{cn}} In America there are many immigrants of mixed race that includes Sub-Saharan African descent, like Cape Verdeans, Dominicans, Cubans, Brazilians and Puerto Ricans. These groups, by and large, do not think of themselves as Black or African American and object to these labels, mainly due to self-hate.{{cn}} Many [[mixed race]] Americans also resist pressure to identify themselves as Black or White. Blasians (Black Asians) resist this pressure.{{cn}} == Population statistics == [[File:-African-American Family at Gee's Bend, Alabama- MET DP212791.jpg|thumb|African American family in Alabama, 1937]] [[File:SlavePopulationUS1860.jpg|thumb|Slave population, 1860]] [[File:USA 2000 black density.png|thumb|African Americans are concentrated in the South region]] [[Alabama]] has a large population of African Americans. African Americans were enslaved in the state.<ref name="Slavery">{{cite web |last=Hebert |first=Keith S. |title=Slavery |url=http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2369 |website=Encyclopedia of Alabama |publisher=Alabama Humanities Alliance |access-date=12 July 2021 |language=en |date=2 August 2017 |url-status=live |archive-date=14 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714174654/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/Article/h-2369 }}</ref> African Americans constitute 15.4 percent of [[Arkansas]]’s population, according to the 2010 census, and they have been present in Arkansas since the earliest days of European settlement. Originally brought to Arkansas in large numbers as slaves, people of African ancestry drove the state’s plantation economy until long after the Civil War. African Americans have exerted a profound influence upon all aspects of the state’s history and culture. Atlanta was the home of Martin Luther King Jr. and an important place in the [[Civil Rights Movement]].<ref name="PolitiFact">{{cite web |last=Stirgus |first=Eric |title=PolitiFact - Who's right? Cities lay claim to civil rights "cradle" mantle. |url=http://www.politifact.com/georgia/statements/2011/jun/28/al-roker/whos-right-cities-lay-claim-civil-rights-cradle-ma |website=PolitiFact |publisher=Poynter Institute 2020 |access-date=17 May 2012 |language=en |date=28 June 2011 |url-status=live |archive-date=9 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509224303/http://www.politifact.com/georgia/statements/2011/jun/28/al-roker/whos-right-cities-lay-claim-civil-rights-cradle-ma/ }}</ref> It has been referred to as a "black mecca".<ref name=ajc1>"A CHAMPION FOR ATLANTA: Maynard Jackson: 'Black mecca' burgeoned under leader", ''Atlanta Journal-Constitution'', June 29, 2003.</ref><ref name=wapo1>"the city that calls itself America's ' Black Mecca'"; in William Booth, "Atlanta Is Less Than Festive on Eve of Another 'Freaknik'", ''The Washington Post'', April 18, 1996.</ref><ref name="bullard">"'The Black Mecca' leads the nation in numbers of African American millionaires; at the same time, it leads the nation in the percentage of its children in poverty"; in [[Robert D. Bullard]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=NZSE0jbhzGwC&dq=maynard+jackson+%22black+mecca%22&pg=PA151 ''The Black Metropolis in the Twenty-first Century: Race, Power, and Politics''], Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, p. 151.</ref> [[Delaware]] has a significant African American population. African Americans were enslaved in the state. In 1721, an estimated 2,000-5,000 black slaves lived in Pennsylvania and the three lower counties on the Delaware.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Newton |first1=James E. |title=Black Americans in Delaware: An Overview |url=https://www1.udel.edu/BlackHistory/overview.html |website=www1.udel.edu |publisher=University of Delaware |access-date=6 August 2021 |date=27 June 1997 |archive-date=27 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927063845/https://www1.udel.edu/BlackHistory/overview.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As of the [[2010 U.S. Census]], African Americans were 31.2% of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]'s population.<ref>{{cite web|year=2011|title=Georgia QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/13000.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622105843/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/13000.html|archive-date=June 22, 2015|access-date=January 20, 2014|publisher=Quickfacts.census.gov}}</ref> The first black people to live in Texas were [[Afro-Mexicans]] when Texas was a [[Spain|Spanish]] colony.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The African American Story {{!}} Texas State History Museum|url=https://www.thestoryoftexas.com/discover/campfire-stories/african-americans|access-date=May 30, 2021|website=thestoryoftexas.com|language=en|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507193527/https://www.thestoryoftexas.com/discover/campfire-stories/african-americans|url-status=live}}</ref> Texas has one of the largest African-American populations in the country.<ref name="blackmigration">{{cite report|first=William H.|last=Frey|title=The New Great Migration: Black Americans' Return to the South, 1965–2000|date=May 2004|publisher=The Brookings Institution|page=1|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/the-new-great-migration-black-americans-return-to-the-south-1965-2000/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080428042235/http://www.brookings.edu/urban/pubs/20040524_Frey.pdf|archive-date=April 28, 2008}}</ref> African Americans are concentrated in northern, eastern and east-central Texas as well as the [[Dallas]], [[Houston]] and [[San Antonio]] metropolitan areas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Texas – BlackDemographics.com|url=https://blackdemographics.com/states/texas/|access-date=2021-07-15|archive-date=2019-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513200200/https://blackdemographics.com/states/texas/|url-status=live}}</ref> African Americans form 24 percent of both the cities of Dallas and Houston, 19% of Fort Worth, 8.1 percent of Austin, and 7.5 percent of San Antonio.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 15, 2018|title=How the Eastside Became Home to San Antonio's Black Community|url=https://sanantonioreport.org/how-the-eastside-became-home-to-san-antonios-black-community/|access-date=December 14, 2020|website=San Antonio Report|language=en-US|archive-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121012853/https://sanantonioreport.org/how-the-eastside-became-home-to-san-antonios-black-community/|url-status=live}}</ref> Virginia is home to the longest continuous experience of African American life and culture in the United States spanning more than four centuries – beginning before the first English settlement at Jamestown and through the Revolutionary War, Civil War, Emancipation and the Civil Rights eras. Outside of the United States, the history of African Americans in [[Ghana]] goes back to people such as American civil rights activist and writer W. E. B. Du Bois, who settled in Ghana in the last years of his life and is buried in the capital [[Accra]]. Since then, other African Americans who are descended from slaves imported from areas within the present-day jurisdiction of Ghana and neighboring states have applied for permanent resident status in Ghana. As of 2015, the number of African American residents has been estimated at 3,000 people, a large portion of whom live in Accra. [[Texas]] has the largest African American population of any state in 2019. Followed by, [[Florida]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] and [[New York (state)|New York]]. The [[New York metropolitan area|New York City metropolitan area]] has the largest African American metropolitan population. In 2019, the [[Southern United States|South]] had the largest black population by region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2021/03/25/the-growing-diversity-of-black-america/|title=The Growing Diversity of Black America|first=Shannon|last=Greenwood|work=Pew Research Center |date=March 25, 2021}}</ref> [[New York City]] has had the largest number of African Americans by city, followed by [[Chicago]], [[Detroit]], [[Philadelphia]] and [[Houston]].<ref name="auto"/> African Americans from north are moving back to the [[Southern United States]] and the [[suburbs]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://urbanhabitat.org/files/18-2.kromm_.pdf|title=African Americans Moving South— and to the Suburbs|access-date=2022-08-16|archive-date=2022-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816101632/http://urbanhabitat.org/files/18-2.kromm_.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> African Americans are moving to smaller cities especially in [[Fort Worth, Texas]], [[Columbus, Ohio]], [[Jacksonville, Florida]] and [[Charlotte, North Carolina]].<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/news/us/articles/2022-03-14/us-black-population-the-biggest-growth-is-in-smaller-cities?context=amp US Black Population: the Biggest Growth Is in Smaller Cities]</ref> There is an African American community in [[Arkansas]]. African Americans make up 15.4 percent of Arkansas's population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/african-americans-407/|title=Encyclopedia of Arkansas|website=Encyclopedia of Arkansas}}</ref> 1.2 million African Americans are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Black LGBT Adults in the US|url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/black-lgbt-adults-in-the-us/|website=Williams Institute}}</ref> [[Alabama]], [[Arkansas]], [[Delaware]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Louisiana]], [[Maryland]], [[Mississippi]], [[North Carolina]], [[South Carolina]] and [[Virginia]] had the largest black population by percentage in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://minorityhealth.hhs.gov/blackafrican-american-health|title=Black/African American Health}}</ref> == Genetic studies == Many African Americans have European ancestry and [[Native American]] along with African ancestry. Recent surveys of African Americans using a genetic testing service have found varied ancestries. These studies found that on average, African Americans have 73.2–82.1% [[West African]], 16.7%–24% European, and 0.8–1.2% Native American genetic ancestry, with large variation between individuals.<ref name="Bryc2009">{{cite journal |last1=Bryc |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Auton |first2=Adam |last3=Nelson |first3=Matthew R. |last4=Oksenberg |first4=Jorge R. |last5=Hauser |first5=Stephen L. |last6=Williams |first6=Scott |last7=Froment |first7=Alain |last8=Bodo |first8=Jean-Marie |last9=Wambebe |first9=Charles |last10=Tishkoff |first10=Sarah A. |last11=Bustamante |first11=Carlos D. |title=Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African Americans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |date=12 January 2010 |volume=107 |issue=2 |pages=786–791 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0909559107 |pmid=20080753 |pmc=2818934 |bibcode=2010PNAS..107..786B |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Bryc 2015">{{cite journal |last1=Bryc |first1=Katarzyna |last2=Durand |first2=Eric Y. |last3=Macpherson |first3=J. Michael |last4=Reich |first4=David |last5=Mountain |first5=Joanna L. |title=The genetic ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States |journal=American Journal of Human Genetics |date=8 January 2015 |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=37–53 |doi=10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010 |pmid=25529636 |issn=1537-6605 |pmc=4289685}}</ref><ref name="Migration">{{cite journal |last1=Baharian |first1=Soheil |last2=Barakatt |first2=Maxime |last3=Gignoux |first3=Christopher R. |last4=Shringarpure |first4=Suyash |last5=Errington |first5=Jacob |last6=Blot |first6=William J. |last7=Bustamante |first7=Carlos D. |last8=Kenny |first8=Eimear E. |last9=Williams |first9=Scott M. |last10=Aldrich |first10=Melinda C. |last11=Gravel |first11=Simon |title=The Great Migration and African-American Genomic Diversity |journal=PLOS Genetics |date=27 May 2016 |volume=12 |issue=5 |article-number=e1006059 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1006059 |pmid=27232753 |pmc=4883799 |s2cid=10501185 |language=en |issn=1553-7404 |doi-access=free }}</ref> African American men have the second highest [[interracial marriage]] rate, behind Asian American women.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/urls_cited/ot2015/14-981/14-981-9.pdf|title=Interracial marriage: Who is 'marrying out'?}}</ref> Interracial marriage between African Americans and [[white people]] has rapidly increased.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Qian |first1=Zhenchao |last2=Lichter |first2=Daniel |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256375550|title=Changing Patterns of Interracial Marriage in a Multiracial Society |journal=Journal of Marriage and Family |date=October 2011 |volume=73 |pages=1065–1084 }}</ref> == History == [[Native Americans in the United States|Native Americans]] were initially subjected to enslavement by Spanish colonial powers; however, their populations experienced catastrophic decline due to Spanish infectious diseases, including smallpox. Certain Spanish explorers from [[Spain]] also transported individuals of African descent to the territory that would become the United States prior to British colonization. Subsequently, English colonizers and French colonizers implemented large-scale enslavement of African Americans, particularly throughout Southern slave states including Virginia, Georgia, Mississippi, Alabama, South Carolina, and Louisiana. White men exploited African enslaved laborers to accumulate wealth and to establish and maintain systems of racial dominance.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.history.com/articles/slavery|title= Slavery in America}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.history.com/articles/native-american-cultures|title= Native American Cultures}}</ref> In pursuit of territorial expansion and economic gain, European American settlers engaged in the systematic enslavement of African peoples and the subjugation of Native American populations. These actions were justified through the ideological framework of [[Manifest destiny|Manifest Destiny]], a doctrine that promoted the belief in the inherent superiority of white settlers and their perceived right to occupy and develop the North American continent, resulting in the displacement, decimation, and cultural destruction of indigenous nations.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.history.com/articles/manifest-destiny|title= Manifest Destiny}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.ru/books?id=Nwa6CHLW2WcC&pg=PA58|title=United States History - Part A}}</ref> [[File:Slaves To-be-sold.jpg|thumb|Slave trader advertisement in Charleston, South Carolina]] Most of the first African Americans were brought to North America as part of the [[Atlantic slave trade]]. African slaves were brought to North America from 1619 to 1808. After the United States became independent, [[Slavery in the United States|slavery]] became illegal in most [[Northern United States|northern states]]. At the same time, slavery grew more important to the [[economy]] of the [[Southern United States|southern states]]. Many African American slaves worked on [[plantations]] (large farms) that grew [[cotton]] and [[tobacco]].<ref name="Black History">{{cite web |title=Black History Milestones: Timeline |url=https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones |website=HISTORY |publisher=A&E Television Networks, LLC. |access-date=10 August 2020 |language=en |date=14 October 2009 |archive-date=4 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804231739/http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones |url-status=live }}</ref> Plantation work was very difficult and slaves were often [[whip]]ped and [[Corporal punishment|physically punished]]. It was illegal for slaves to learn how to read and write. White men often [[rape]]d slave women, but were not punished.<ref>{{cite web |title=Slave Life and Slave Codes [ushistory.org] |url=https://www.ushistory.org/us/27b.asp |website=www.ushistory.org |publisher=Independence Hall Association in Philadelphia |access-date=10 August 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022171945/https://www.ushistory.org/us/27b.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> At the same time, there were many free African Americans in the north. Unlike slaves, they were allowed to start churches, write newspapers, and sometimes own property.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart2.html|title=African American Odyssey: Free Blacks in the Antebellum Period (Part 1)|website=memory.loc.gov|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=September 19, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919061937/https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/aaohtml/exhibit/aopart2.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Frederick Douglass]] was an important abolitionist (fighter against slavery). [[Harriet Tubman]] helped to create the [[Underground Railroad]], which helped African Americans to [[wikt:Sneak|sneak]] away from their masters and become free. During the [[American Civil War]] from 1861 to 1865, the south broke away from the United States to form the [[Confederate States of America]], or Confederacy. The United States won the war, and in 1865, it freed all slaves (about 4 million) by the [[13th amendment]]. [[File:Family of African American picking cotton in Georgia, circa 1880.jpg|thumb|Enslaved African Americans in Georgia]] African Americans were not slaves anymore, but white southerners passed laws called [[Black Codes]] that took away their freedom. Some African Americans served in government, but after 1877, the white southerners mostly kept them out of government. Whites founded the [[Ku Klux Klan]] to scare African Americans and stop them from voting.<ref name="Black History" /> Most southern African Americans became sharecroppers. [[Sharecropping]] was a system in which the [[farmer]]s rented the land from the landowner and had to pay the landowner part of their crops.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sharecropping|title=Sharecropping|website=HISTORY|date=June 24, 2010 |language=en|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806154616/http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/sharecropping|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] laws [[Racial segregation|segregated]] white and black people. Black people had to go to different schools and usually live in different neighborhoods than white people. Many businesses were for whites only. The [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] case [[Plessy v. Ferguson]] said that black and white facilities could be [[separate but equal]], but facilities for black people were usually worse. [[Lynching]] was often practiced against African Americans. White people used lynching to control and terrorize African Americans.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://naacp.org/find-resources/history-explained/history-lynching-america|title=History of Lynching in America}}</ref> In the early 1900s, African American culture grew with the [[Harlem Renaissance]], an artistic and literary movement in New York City. The [[NAACP]] was founded to improve the lives of African Americans. Leaders had different ideas about what was best for African Americans. [[Booker T. Washington]] thought they should go to [[vocational school]]s to get better jobs. W.E.B. Du Bois thought university education was more important. [[Marcus Garvey]] believed that African Americans should move to Africa to have a country of their own.<ref name="Black History" /> During the [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]], from the 1910s to the 1960s, African Americans moved from the south to cities in the north and [[Western United States|west]]. At the beginning, only 10% of African Americans lived outside the south, but by the end, 47% lived in the north and west.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/long-lasting-legacy-great-migration-180960118/|title=The Long-Lasting Legacy of the Great Migration|last1=Wilkerson|first1=Isabel|website=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=February 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215000512/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/long-lasting-legacy-great-migration-180960118/|url-status=live}}</ref> Segregation also existed in the north. [[Redlining]] stopped people who lived in African American neighborhoods from buying homes. In the 1950s and 1960s, the [[Civil Rights Movement]] called for equality between African Americans and whites. The 1954 Supreme Court case [[Brown v. Board of Education II|Brown v. Board of Education]] banned racial segregation in schools. Many Southern schools still stopped black students from attending, until 1957, when federal [[troops]] forced a school in [[Little Rock, Arkansas]] to allow black students (called the [[Little Rock Nine]]). In 1955, [[Rosa Parks]] refused to give up her seat on a segregated bus. This started the [[Montgomery Bus Boycott]], which involved [[Martin Luther King Jr.|Martin Luther King]]. King and [[Malcolm X]] were two leaders of the Civil Rights Movement, but they were both [[killed]] in the 1960s. In 1960, [[Saul Alinsky]] made the The Woodlawn Organization in a neighborhood that was almost African-American. In 1964, the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964|Civil Rights Act]] banned discrimination based on [[Race (sociology)|race]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/segregation-united-states|title=A Look Back at Segregation in the United States|website=HISTORY|date=November 28, 2018 |language=en|access-date=August 10, 2020|archive-date=August 6, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806224741/https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/segregation-united-states|url-status=live}}</ref> Racism against African Americans is still prevalent in 2020. In 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic, [[George Floyd]] was killed by a white police officer. [[Black Lives Matter]] is a movement which started in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Lives-Matter|title=Black Lives Matter &#124; Definition, Founders, Goals, History, & Influence &#124; Britannica|website=www.britannica.com}}</ref> == Language and society == In the United States when Americans say African-American or Black, they are referring to the same people. Both terms describe an ethnic group that came to exist in the United States. The Africans who were brought to America as slaves were from different nationalities and did not all speak the same language. They became a new blended ethnic group with a new language that was not their own: English.{{fact|date=December 2020}} Most African Americans speak a variety of [[American English]] called [[African American Vernacular English]], an ethnolect descended from certain varieties of [[Southern American English]] In [[Louisiana]], some blacks speak [[Louisiana Creole]], a Creole language similar to [[French language|French]]. In the 19th century, the majority of south Louisiana's blacks spoke Louisiana Creole.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2000/1124/p3s1.html|title=Louisiana links blacks to their French roots - CSMonitor.com|website=www.csmonitor.com}}</ref> The [[Gullah]] of the Sea Islands off the Carolina and Georgia coasts still speak a language that is a blend of several African languages. Blacks used to be segregated in schools but since the 1960s were able to join major schools, colleges and universities. In the second half of the 20th century, reading-ability rates for blacks increased. ==Culture== [[File:Sister lights the candles (2162322153).jpg|thumb|African Americans celebrating Kwanzaa]] [[File:Soul Food at Powell's Place.jpg|thumb|A traditional soul food dinner: [[Fried chicken]] with [[macaroni and cheese]], [[collard greens]], breaded fried [[okra]] and [[cornbread]].]] [[File:National Museum of African American History and Culture in February 2020.jpg|thumb|National Museum of African American History and Culture]] Black culture in the United States is influenced by African, North American and Native American cultures.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural Revolutions: Everyday Life and Politics in Britain, North America, and France}}</ref> African Americans have influenced various forms of [[African-American music|music]], including [[Hip hop]], R&B, funk, rock and roll, soul, [[blues]], and other contemporary American musical forms while older black forms of music included blues, doo-wop, barbershop, [[ragtime]], bluegrass, jazz, and gospel music. [[Michael Jackson]], an African-American pop singer, released an album called ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]'' in 1982 which is the best-selling album of all time. In the nineties [[Beyonce Knowles]] became famous as the lead singer of the R&B girl band [[Destiny's Child]]. In the 2000s she started releasing music on her own. Her first album ''Dangerously in Love'' sold 11 million copies and won five Grammy Awards. Black culture has been the subject of documentaries. For example, the award-winning ''[[Black Is, Black Ain't]]'' explores black identity. ''Good Hair'' discusses the significance of having 'good hair' for black women in American culture. There is a [[National Museum of African American History and Culture]] in [[Washington D.C]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/washington-dc/national-mall/attractions/national-museum-of-african-american-history-culture/a/poi-sig/1246939/1329647|title=National Museum of African American History & Culture &#124; Washington, DC, USA &#124; Attractions|website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> [[Protestantism|Protestant Christianity]] is the most practised religion by African Americans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/02/16/faith-among-black-americans/|title=Faith Among Black Americans|first=Travis|last=Mitchell|date=February 16, 2021}}</ref> [[Soul food]] is a cuisine eaten by African Americans in the South. [[Fried chicken]], mac and cheese, [[cornbread]], [[collard greens]] and candied yams is typical soul food. Soul food has West African, English, French, Caribbean, and Native American influences.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=moE5DwAAQBAJ&dq=soul+food+influenced+by+african+native+american&pg=PA81|title=A Taste of Broadway: Food in Musical Theater|first=Jennifer|last=Packard|date=December 1, 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781442267329 |via=Google Books}}</ref> African Americans have influenced [[Cuisine of the United States|American cuisine]]. Staples such as coffee, peanuts, millet, okra, sorghum, watermelon, and yams were brought to America from Africa during the slave trade. African slaves have influenced American dishes such as [[gumbo]] and [[jambalaya]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cCMbE4KKlX4C&dq=gumbo+jambalaya+african+slaves&pg=PA38|title=Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass Three-volume Set|first=Paul|last=Finkelman|date=April 6, 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-516777-1 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Soul food originated from slavery when European (white) slave owners would feed black people the [[offal]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/search?q=soul+food+offal+slave+owners&tbm=bks|title=My Grandmother's Deep South Soul Food Cookbook Volume 2}}</ref> [[Kwanzaa]] and [[Juneteenth]] are popular African American holidays.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infoplease.com/culture-entertainment/holidays/african-american-holidays|title=African American Holidays: Kwanzaa, Juneteenth, Martin Luther King Jr. Day|website=www.infoplease.com}}</ref> ==Racism and issues== {{expand section}} White people often considered black people inferior.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-01.htm|title=The Historical Origins and Development of Racism|website=[[PBS]] |access-date=2023-12-13|archive-date=2024-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214145648/https://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-02-01.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> African Americans are more likely to experience racism. African American males are more likely to be killed by [[police]], which resulted in the [[Black Lives Matter]] movement. African Americans are more likely to die from diseases like [[COVID-19]], [[HIV]], [[obesity]] and [[diabetes]]. African Americans still suffer from [[poverty]] and [[unemployment]]. African Americans are more likely to eat [[fast food]]. [[Heart disease]], diabetes, [[cancer]], and [[homicide]] is the main causes of death for African Americans.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Noonan |first1=Allan S. |last2=Velasco-Mondragon |first2=Hector Eduardo |last3=Wagner |first3=Fernando A. |title=Improving the health of African Americans in the USA: an overdue opportunity for social justice |journal=Public Health Reviews |date=3 October 2016 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=12 |doi=10.1186/s40985-016-0025-4 |pmid=29450054 |pmc=5810013 |issn=2107-6952 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[suicide]] rate for African Americans increased due to racism, police brutality and the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tareen |first1=Sophia |title=Pandemic, racism compound worries about Black suicide rate |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2020/07/12/pandemic-racism-black-suicide-rate |access-date=6 August 2021 |work=The Denver Post |date=12 July 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210806221555/https://www.denverpost.com/2020/07/12/pandemic-racism-black-suicide-rate/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2022, a white gunman killed ten African Americans at a grocery store in [[Buffalo, New York]]. 32% of African Americans said they worry every day that they might be threatened or attacked because of their race.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2022/05/20/safety-concerns-were-top-of-mind-for-many-black-americans-before-buffalo-shooting/|title=Safety concerns were top of mind for many Black Americans before Buffalo shooting|first=John|last=Gramlich |date=May 20, 2022 }}</ref> African Americans have a harder time getting good jobs because of their race.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/article/african-americans-face-systematic-obstacles-getting-good-jobs/|title=African Americans Face Systematic Obstacles to Getting Good Jobs |date=December 5, 2019 }}</ref> 55% of African American adults have [[high blood pressure]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/high-blood-pressure/why-high-blood-pressure-is-a-silent-killer/high-blood-pressure-and-african-americans|title=High Blood Pressure Among Black People|website=www.heart.org}}</ref> African Americans are more likely to become [[homeless]] than whites. African Americans make up 40 percent of the homeless population in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://endhomelessness.org/resource/racial-inequalities-homelessness-numbers/|title=Racial Inequalities in Homelessness, by the Numbers|website=National Alliance to End Homelessness |date=August 26, 2025 }}</ref> African Americans are more likely to get punished and arrested for drugs such as [[marijuana]] than whites.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/3/17/8227569/war-on-drugs-racism|title=Black and white Americans use drugs at similar rates. One group is punished more for it.|website=www.vox.com|date=March 17, 2015 }}</ref> African Americans are more likely to experience [[hunger]] and lack of access to food.<ref>https://www.bread.org/sites/default/files/african-american-fact-sheet-february-2017.pdf</ref> African Americans are more likely to catch [[monkeypox]] and less likely to receive vaccines for the disease.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/black-people-receiving-less-monkeypox-vaccine-compared-to-general-public-cdc|title=Fewer Black people receiving monkeypox vaccine doses compared to general public, CDC says|date=August 26, 2022|website=PBS NewsHour}}</ref> Colorism is also prevalent in the black community today. Lighter skinned blacks and mixed race blacks are often treated better than dark skinned blacks. Colorism originated during slavery. White slave masters treated mixed-race slaves better than monoracial dark skinned black slaves. Light skinned black slaves were thought of as more intelligent and beautiful.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.litwi.org/blog/colorism-among-the-black-community|title=Colorism Among the Black Community|access-date=2023-12-13|archive-date=2023-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521232755/https://www.litwi.org/blog/colorism-among-the-black-community|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Related pages== * [[African American Vernacular English]] * [[Black people]] * [[African immigration to the United States]] * [[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans]] * [[Black Canadians]] * [[African-American culture]] * [[Native Americans in the United States]] * [[Asian Americans]] * [[White Americans]] * [[Hispanic and Latino Americans]] * [[Black Southerners]] ==References== {{reflist}} ;Notes <references group="nb"/> ==Other websites== {{commonscat|African Americans}} * [https://www.britannica.com/topic/African-American African Americans | History, Facts, & Culture - Encyclopedia Britannica] * [https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/black-history/slavery U.S. Slavery: Timeline, Figures & Abolition - HISTORY] * [https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/african-americans TSHA | African Americans - Texas State Historical Association] * [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/27.html African Americans - Encyclopedia of Chicago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123215921/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/27.html |date=2009-01-23 }} * [https://www.history.com/.amp/topics/black-history/black-history-milestones Black History Milestones: Timeline] * [https://minorityrights.org/minorities/african-americans/ African Americans] * [https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/african-americans-407/ Encyclopedia of Arkansas] * [https://www.pbs.org/wnet/african-americans-many-rivers-to-cross/history/on-african-american-migrations/ African-American Migrations, 1600s to Present | The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross | PBS] {{Demographics of the United States}} {{African diaspora}} {{African American topics}} {{authority control}} [[Category:African-American people| ]] 5bqj1jmmrd4jhtlfsebhy6jnza3vcym 0 18427 11024096 10964463 2026-10-08T20:07:20Z ~2026-54350-92 1886650 /* */ 11024096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox movie | name = Goodfellas | image = Goodfellas-logo.svg | caption = Official Logo | director = [[Martin Scorsese]] | producer = [[Irwin Winkler]] | screenplay = {{plainlist| * [[Nicholas Pileggi]] * [[Martin Scorsese]] }} | editing = [[Thelma Schoonmaker]] | music = | cinematography = [[Michael Ballhaus]] | based_on = {{Based on|''Wiseguy''|Nicholas Pileggi}} | starring = {{plainlist|<!--per poster block, do not change--> * [[Robert De Niro]] * [[Ray Liotta]] * [[Joe Pesci]] * [[Lorraine Bracco]] * [[Paul Sorvino]] }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]<ref name="AFI">{{Cite web |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/55206 |title=Goodfellas (1990) |website=[[American Film Institute]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124115030/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/55206 |archive-date=January 24, 2020 |access-date=May 23, 2023}}</ref> * Irwin Winkler Productions<ref name="AFI"/> }} | distributor = [[Warner Bros.]]<ref name="AFI"/> | released = {{Film date|1990|09|09|[[Venice Film Festival|Venice]]|1990|09|19|United States}} | budget = $25&nbsp;million<ref name=Thompson>{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=David |author-link=David M. Thompson |first2=Ian |last2=Christie |author-link2=Ian Christie (film scholar) |title=Scorsese on Scorsese |url=https://archive.org/details/scorseseonscorse0000scor |pages=[https://archive.org/details/scorseseonscorse0000scor/page/n173 150]–161 |isbn=9780571178278|year=1996|publisher=[[Faber and Faber]]}}</ref> | language = English | runtime = 145 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 145:17--><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/goodfellas-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0yodu5oty |title=''Goodfellas'' |work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=September 17, 1990 |access-date=October 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303113514/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/goodfellas-film | archive-date=March 3, 2016 | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Box Office Mojo">{{cite web |title=Goodfellas |url= https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0099685/?ref_=bo_rl_ti |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=December 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218124834/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=goodfellas.htm|archive-date=December 18, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> | country = United States | gross = $47.1&nbsp;million<ref name="Box Office Mojo"/> }} '''''Goodfellas''''' (stylized as '''''GoodFellas''''') is a 1990 American [[biopic|biographical]] [[gangster movie]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ennis |first=Larissa M. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia0-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181 |title=A Companion to Martin Scorsese |date=2014-11-10 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-4443-3861-4 |editor-last=Baker |editor-first=Aaron |pages=181 |language=en |chapter=Off-White Masculinity in Martin Scorsese's Gangster Films |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001095734/https://books.google.com/books?hl=es&id=Ia0-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2024-10-01}}</ref> directed by [[Martin Scorsese]], written by [[Nicholas Pileggi]] and Scorsese, and produced by [[Irwin Winkler]]. It is a film adaptation of Pileggi's 1985 nonfiction book ''Wiseguy''. Starring [[Robert De Niro]], [[Ray Liotta]], [[Joe Pesci]], [[Lorraine Bracco]] and [[Paul Sorvino]], the film narrates the rise and fall of [[American Mafia|Mafia]] associate [[Henry Hill]] and his friends and family from 1955 to 1980. Scorsese initially titled the film ''Wise Guy'' and postponed making it; he and Pileggi later changed the title to ''Goodfellas''. To prepare for their roles in the film, De Niro, Pesci and Liotta often spoke with Pileggi, who shared research material remaining from writing the book. According to Pesci, improvisation and [[Ad libitum#Drama|ad-libbing]] came from rehearsals wherein Scorsese gave the actors freedom to do whatever they wanted. The director made transcripts of these sessions, took the lines that he liked most and put them into a revised script, from which the cast worked during principal photography. ''Goodfellas'' premiered at the 47th Venice International Film Festival on September 9, 1990, where Scorsese was awarded with the Silver Lion award for Best Director, and was released in the United States on September 18 by [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]. When released, the film grossed $47 million against a budget of $25 million and received widespread acclaim. The film was nominated for six [[Academy Awards]], including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] and [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]], with Pesci winning [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]. The film also won five BAFTAs, including [[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[BAFTA Award for Best Direction|Best Director]], and was named the year's best film by various critics' groups. Widely regarded as one of the greatest films ever made, particularly in the [[Gangster film|gangster]] genre, the critical consensus on review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]] calls it "arguably the high point of Martin Scorsese's career". In 2000, it was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and selected for preservation in the [[National Film Registry]] by the United States [[Library of Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Librarian of Congress Names 25 More Films to National Film Registry|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-00-200/librarian-of-congress-names-25-more-films-to-national-film-registry/2000-12-27/|access-date=October 8, 2020|website=[[Library of Congress]]|archive-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403175921/https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-00-200/librarian-of-congress-names-25-more-films-to-national-film-registry/2000-12-27/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Complete National Film Registry Listing |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/|access-date=October 8, 2020|website=[[Library of Congress]]|archive-date=October 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031213743/https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/|url-status=live}}</ref> Its content and style have been emulated in numerous other pieces of media.<ref>{{cite news |last=Merrie |first=Stephanie |title='Goodfellas' is 25. Here's an incomplete list of all the movies that have ripped it off |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2015/04/29/goodfellas-is-25-heres-an-incomplete-list-of-all-the-movies-that-have-ripped-it-off/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 29, 2015 |access-date=March 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728121953/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2015/04/29/goodfellas-is-25-heres-an-incomplete-list-of-all-the-movies-that-have-ripped-it-off/ | archive-date=July 28, 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref> ==Cast== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Actor ! Role ! Based on |- |[[Ray Liotta]] || Henry Hill || [[Henry Hill]] |- |[[Robert De Niro]] || Jimmy Conway || [[James Burke (gangster)|Jimmy Burke]] |- |[[Joe Pesci]] || Tommy DeVito || Thomas DeSimone |- |[[Lorraine Bracco]] || Karen Hill || Karen Hill ([[née]] Friedman) |- |[[Paul Sorvino]] || Paul Cicero || Paul Vario |- |Frank Sivero || Frankie Carbone || Angelo Sepe |- |[[Frank Vincent]] || Billy Batts || William "Billy Batts" Devino |- |Tony Darrow || Sonny Bunz || Angelo McConnach |- |Mike Starr || Frenchy || Robert "Frenchy" McMahon |- |[[Chuck Low]] || Morrie Kessler || Martin Krugman |- |[[Frank DiLeo]] || Tuddy Cicero || Vito "Tuddy" Vario |- |Johnny Williams || Johnny Roastbeef || Louis Cafora |- |[[Samuel L. Jackson]] || Parnell "Stacks" Edwards || Parnell Edwards|Parnell Steven "Stacks" Edwards |- |Frank Adonis || Anthony Stabile || Anthony Stabile |- |Catherine Scorsese || Tommy DeVito's Mother || Thomas DeSimone's Grandmother |- |Gina Mastrogiacomo || Janice Rossi || Linda Coppociano |- |[[Debi Mazar]] || Sandy || Robin Cooperman |- |Margo Winkler || Belle Kessler || Fran Krugman |- |Welker White || Lois Byrd || Judy Wicks |- |Julie Garfield || Mickey Conway || Mickey Burke |- |[[Paul Herman]] || Dealer || Paul Mazzei |- |Detective Ed Deacy || Himself || Himself |- |Christopher Serrone || Henry Hill (Youth) || Henry Hill (Youth) |- |Charles Scorsese || Vinnie || Thomas Agro |- |Michael Vivalo || Nicky Eyes || Himself |- |[[Michael Imperioli]] || "Spider" || Michael "Spider" Gianco |- |[[Frank Pellegrino (actor)|Frank Pellegrino]] || Johnny Dio || Johnny Dio |- |Tony Ellis || Bridal Shop Owner || Jerome Asaro |- |Elizabeth Whitcraft || Tommy's Girlfriend || Theresa Ferrara |- |[[Illeana Douglas]] || Tommy's Other Girlfriend || Rosie |- |Anthony Powers || Jimmy Two-Times || Clyde Brooks |- |Assistant U.S. Attorney Ed McDonald || Himself || Himself |- |[[Tony Lip]] || Frankie The Wop|| Francesco Manzo |- |Joseph Bono || Mikey Franzese || Michael Franzese |- |Kevin Corrigan || Michael Hill|| Michael Hill |} ==Awards== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:#bcbcbc;"| Award ! style="background:#bcbcbc;"| Category ! style="background:#bcbcbc;"| Nominee ! style="background:#bcbcbc;"| Result |- |rowspan="6"|63rd Academy Awards |[[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]<ref name="63rdAcAwards"/> |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<ref name="63rdAcAwards"/> |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Academy Award for Film Editing|Best Film Editing]]<ref name="63rdAcAwards"/> |[[Thelma Schoonmaker]] |{{nom}} |- |Best Adapted Screenplay<ref name="63rdAcAwards"/> |[[Martin Scorsese]], [[Nicholas Pileggi]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<ref name="63rdAcAwards">{{cite news|url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/63rd.html/|title=The 63rd Academy Awards (1991) |date=March 21, 1991 |website=The Oscars |publisher=Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences |access-date=June 6, 2016}}</ref> |[[Joe Pesci]] |{{won}} |- |[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<ref name="63rdAcAwards"/> |[[Lorraine Bracco]] |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="5"|48th Golden Globe Awards |[[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama|Best Motion Picture – Drama]]<ref name="GoldenGlobes-Goodfellas">{{cite web |url=http://www.goldenglobes.com/film/goodfellas |title=GoodFellas |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Golden Globe Awards: Winners and Nominees {{ndash}} GoodFellas |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |access-date=June 6, 2016 }}</ref> |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{nom}} |- |Best Director<ref name="GoldenGlobes-Goodfellas"/> |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{nom}} |- |Best Supporting Actor<ref name="GoldenGlobes-Goodfellas"/> |[[Joe Pesci]] |{{nom}} |- |Best Supporting Actress<ref name="GoldenGlobes-Goodfellas"/> |[[Lorraine Bracco]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<ref name="GoldenGlobes-Goodfellas"/> |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Nicholas Pileggi]] |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="7"|44th British Academy Film Awards |[[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film]] |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{won}} |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Direction|Best Director]] |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{won}} |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]] |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Nicholas Pileggi]] |{{won}} |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor]] |[[Robert De Niro]] |{{nom}} |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] |[[Thelma Schoonmaker]] |{{won}} |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] |[[Michael Ballhaus]] |{{nom}} |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] |Richard Bruno |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|1990 New York Film Critics Circle Awards |Best Film |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{won}} |- |Best Director |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{won}} |- |Best Actor |[[Robert De Niro]] |{{won}} |- |rowspan="5"|Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 1990 |Best Film |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{won}} |- |Best Director |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{won}} |- |Best Supporting Actor |[[Joe Pesci]] |{{won}} |- |Best Supporting Actress |[[Lorraine Bracco]] |{{won}} |- |Best Cinematography |[[Michael Ballhaus]] |{{won}} |- |National Board of Review Awards 1990 |Best Supporting Actor |[[Joe Pesci]] |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1990 |Best Film |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{won}} |- |Best Director |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{won}} |- |Best Supporting Actor |[[Joe Pesci]] |{{won}} |- |rowspan="5"|Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 1990 |Best Film |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{won}} |- |Best Director |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{won}} |- |Best Supporting Actor |[[Joe Pesci]] |{{won}} |- |Best Supporting Actress |[[Lorraine Bracco]] |{{won}} |- |Best Screenplay |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Nicholas Pileggi]] |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards 1990 |Best Film |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{won}} |- |Best Director |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{won}} |- |Best Supporting Actor |[[Joe Pesci]] |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|National Society of Film Critics Awards 1990 |Best Film |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{won}} |- |Best Director |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{won}} |- |Silver Lion |Silver Lion for Best Director |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{won}} |- ||Bodil Award for Best Non-European Film |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{won}} |} ==References== {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *{{imdb title|0099685}} *{{Letterboxd title |id=goodfellas |title=Goodfellas}} {{movie-stub}} [[Category:1990s biographical movies]] [[Category:1990 crime drama movies]] [[Category:Academy Award winning movies]] [[Category:American biographical movies]] [[Category:American crime drama movies]] [[Category:American gangster movies]] [[Category:BAFTA Award winning movies]] [[Category:1990s English-language movies]] [[Category:Mafia movies]] [[Category:R-rated movies]] [[Category:Warner Bros. movies]] [[Category:Movies directed by Martin Scorsese]] [[Category:Movies set in New York City]] [[Category:Movies set in the 1950s]] [[Category:Movies set in the 1960s]] [[Category:Movies set in the 1970s]] [[Category:Movies set in the 1980s]] [[Category:United States National Film Registry movies]] [[Category:Movies about the illegal drug trade]] [[Category:Movies based on biographies]] [[Category:Movies about organized crime in the United States]] hzvyhielqhnvyyej1vzqy513h16hsqu 11024212 11024096 2026-10-08T23:41:43Z Davey2010 314522 Reverting edit(s) by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54350-92|~2026-54350-92]] ([[User_talk:~2026-54350-92|talk]]) : Unexplained content removal 11024212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox movie | name = Goodfellas | image = Goodfellas-logo.svg | caption = Official Logo | director = [[Martin Scorsese]] | producer = [[Irwin Winkler]] | screenplay = {{plainlist| * [[Nicholas Pileggi]] * [[Martin Scorsese]] }} | editing = [[Thelma Schoonmaker]] | music = | cinematography = [[Michael Ballhaus]] | based_on = {{Based on|''Wiseguy''|Nicholas Pileggi}} | starring = {{plainlist|<!--per poster block, do not change--> * [[Robert De Niro]] * [[Ray Liotta]] * [[Joe Pesci]] * [[Lorraine Bracco]] * [[Paul Sorvino]] }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]<ref name="AFI">{{Cite web |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/55206 |title=Goodfellas (1990) |website=[[American Film Institute]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124115030/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/55206 |archive-date=January 24, 2020 |access-date=May 23, 2023}}</ref> * Irwin Winkler Productions<ref name="AFI"/> }} | distributor = [[Warner Bros.]]<ref name="AFI"/> | released = {{Film date|1990|09|09|[[Venice Film Festival|Venice]]|1990|09|19|United States}} | budget = $25&nbsp;million<ref name=Thompson>{{cite news |last1=Thompson |first1=David |author-link=David M. Thompson |first2=Ian |last2=Christie |author-link2=Ian Christie (film scholar) |title=Scorsese on Scorsese |url=https://archive.org/details/scorseseonscorse0000scor |pages=[https://archive.org/details/scorseseonscorse0000scor/page/n173 150]–161 |isbn=9780571178278|year=1996|publisher=[[Faber and Faber]]}}</ref> | language = English | runtime = 145 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 145:17--><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/goodfellas-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0yodu5oty |title=''Goodfellas'' |work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=September 17, 1990 |access-date=October 22, 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303113514/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/goodfellas-film | archive-date=March 3, 2016 | url-status=dead | quote= Approved Running time 145m 17s}}</ref><ref name="Box Office Mojo">{{cite web |title=Goodfellas |url= https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0099685/?ref_=bo_rl_ti |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=December 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218124834/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=goodfellas.htm|archive-date=December 18, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> | country = United States | gross = $47.1&nbsp;million<ref name="Box Office Mojo">{{cite web |title=Goodfellas |url= https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0099685/?ref_=bo_rl_ti |website=Box Office Mojo |access-date=December 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218124834/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=goodfellas.htm|archive-date=December 18, 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''''Goodfellas''''' (stylized as '''''GoodFellas''''') is a 1990 American [[biopic|biographical]] [[gangster movie]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ennis |first=Larissa M. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia0-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181 |title=A Companion to Martin Scorsese |date=2014-11-10 |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |isbn=978-1-4443-3861-4 |editor-last=Baker |editor-first=Aaron |pages=181 |language=en |chapter=Off-White Masculinity in Martin Scorsese's Gangster Films |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241001095734/https://books.google.com/books?hl=es&id=Ia0-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT181#v=onepage&q&f=false |archive-date=2024-10-01}}</ref> directed by [[Martin Scorsese]], written by [[Nicholas Pileggi]] and Scorsese, and produced by [[Irwin Winkler]]. It is a film adaptation of Pileggi's 1985 nonfiction book ''Wiseguy''. Starring [[Robert De Niro]], [[Ray Liotta]], [[Joe Pesci]], [[Lorraine Bracco]] and [[Paul Sorvino]], the film narrates the rise and fall of [[American Mafia|Mafia]] associate [[Henry Hill]] and his friends and family from 1955 to 1980. Scorsese initially titled the film ''Wise Guy'' and postponed making it; he and Pileggi later changed the title to ''Goodfellas''. To prepare for their roles in the film, De Niro, Pesci and Liotta often spoke with Pileggi, who shared research material remaining from writing the book. According to Pesci, improvisation and [[Ad libitum#Drama|ad-libbing]] came from rehearsals wherein Scorsese gave the actors freedom to do whatever they wanted. The director made transcripts of these sessions, took the lines that he liked most and put them into a revised script, from which the cast worked during principal photography. ''Goodfellas'' premiered at the 47th Venice International Film Festival on September 9, 1990, where Scorsese was awarded with the Silver Lion award for Best Director, and was released in the United States on September 18 by [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]. When released, the film grossed $47 million against a budget of $25 million and received widespread acclaim. The film was nominated for six [[Academy Awards]], including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] and [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]], with Pesci winning [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]. The film also won five BAFTAs, including [[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[BAFTA Award for Best Direction|Best Director]], and was named the year's best film by various critics' groups. Widely regarded as one of the greatest films ever made, particularly in the [[Gangster film|gangster]] genre, the critical consensus on review aggregator [[Rotten Tomatoes]] calls it "arguably the high point of Martin Scorsese's career". In 2000, it was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and selected for preservation in the [[National Film Registry]] by the United States [[Library of Congress]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Librarian of Congress Names 25 More Films to National Film Registry|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-00-200/librarian-of-congress-names-25-more-films-to-national-film-registry/2000-12-27/|access-date=October 8, 2020|website=[[Library of Congress]]|archive-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403175921/https://www.loc.gov/item/prn-00-200/librarian-of-congress-names-25-more-films-to-national-film-registry/2000-12-27/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Complete National Film Registry Listing |url=https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/|access-date=October 8, 2020|website=[[Library of Congress]]|archive-date=October 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031213743/https://www.loc.gov/programs/national-film-preservation-board/film-registry/complete-national-film-registry-listing/|url-status=live}}</ref> Its content and style have been emulated in numerous other pieces of media.<ref>{{cite news |last=Merrie |first=Stephanie |title='Goodfellas' is 25. Here's an incomplete list of all the movies that have ripped it off |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2015/04/29/goodfellas-is-25-heres-an-incomplete-list-of-all-the-movies-that-have-ripped-it-off/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 29, 2015 |access-date=March 12, 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728121953/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/style-blog/wp/2015/04/29/goodfellas-is-25-heres-an-incomplete-list-of-all-the-movies-that-have-ripped-it-off/ | archive-date=July 28, 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref> ==Cast== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Actor ! Role ! Based on |- |[[Ray Liotta]] || Henry Hill || [[Henry Hill]] |- |[[Robert De Niro]] || Jimmy Conway || [[James Burke (gangster)|Jimmy Burke]] |- |[[Joe Pesci]] || Tommy DeVito || Thomas DeSimone |- |[[Lorraine Bracco]] || Karen Hill || Karen Hill ([[née]] Friedman) |- |[[Paul Sorvino]] || Paul Cicero || Paul Vario |- |Frank Sivero || Frankie Carbone || Angelo Sepe |- |[[Frank Vincent]] || Billy Batts || William "Billy Batts" Devino |- |Tony Darrow || Sonny Bunz || Angelo McConnach |- |Mike Starr || Frenchy || Robert "Frenchy" McMahon |- |[[Chuck Low]] || Morrie Kessler || Martin Krugman |- |[[Frank DiLeo]] || Tuddy Cicero || Vito "Tuddy" Vario |- |Johnny Williams || Johnny Roastbeef || Louis Cafora |- |[[Samuel L. Jackson]] || Parnell "Stacks" Edwards || Parnell Edwards|Parnell Steven "Stacks" Edwards |- |Frank Adonis || Anthony Stabile || Anthony Stabile |- |Catherine Scorsese || Tommy DeVito's Mother || Thomas DeSimone's Grandmother |- |Gina Mastrogiacomo || Janice Rossi || Linda Coppociano |- |[[Debi Mazar]] || Sandy || Robin Cooperman |- |Margo Winkler || Belle Kessler || Fran Krugman |- |Welker White || Lois Byrd || Judy Wicks |- |Julie Garfield || Mickey Conway || Mickey Burke |- |[[Paul Herman]] || Dealer || Paul Mazzei |- |Detective Ed Deacy || Himself || Himself |- |Christopher Serrone || Henry Hill (Youth) || Henry Hill (Youth) |- |Charles Scorsese || Vinnie || Thomas Agro |- |Michael Vivalo || Nicky Eyes || Himself |- |[[Michael Imperioli]] || "Spider" || Michael "Spider" Gianco |- |[[Frank Pellegrino (actor)|Frank Pellegrino]] || Johnny Dio || Johnny Dio |- |Tony Ellis || Bridal Shop Owner || Jerome Asaro |- |Elizabeth Whitcraft || Tommy's Girlfriend || Theresa Ferrara |- |[[Illeana Douglas]] || Tommy's Other Girlfriend || Rosie |- |Anthony Powers || Jimmy Two-Times || Clyde Brooks |- |Assistant U.S. Attorney Ed McDonald || Himself || Himself |- |[[Tony Lip]] || Frankie The Wop|| Francesco Manzo |- |Joseph Bono || Mikey Franzese || Michael Franzese |- |Kevin Corrigan || Michael Hill|| Michael Hill |} ==Awards== {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:#bcbcbc;"| Award ! style="background:#bcbcbc;"| Category ! style="background:#bcbcbc;"| Nominee ! style="background:#bcbcbc;"| Result |- |rowspan="6"|63rd Academy Awards |[[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]]<ref name="63rdAcAwards"/> |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<ref name="63rdAcAwards"/> |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Academy Award for Film Editing|Best Film Editing]]<ref name="63rdAcAwards"/> |[[Thelma Schoonmaker]] |{{nom}} |- |Best Adapted Screenplay<ref name="63rdAcAwards"/> |[[Martin Scorsese]], [[Nicholas Pileggi]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<ref name="63rdAcAwards">{{cite news|url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/63rd.html/|title=The 63rd Academy Awards (1991) |date=March 21, 1991 |website=The Oscars |publisher=Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences |access-date=June 6, 2016}}</ref> |[[Joe Pesci]] |{{won}} |- |[[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<ref name="63rdAcAwards"/> |[[Lorraine Bracco]] |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="5"|48th Golden Globe Awards |[[Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Drama|Best Motion Picture – Drama]]<ref name="GoldenGlobes-Goodfellas">{{cite web |url=http://www.goldenglobes.com/film/goodfellas |title=GoodFellas |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |website=Golden Globe Awards: Winners and Nominees {{ndash}} GoodFellas |publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association |access-date=June 6, 2016 }}</ref> |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{nom}} |- |Best Director<ref name="GoldenGlobes-Goodfellas"/> |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{nom}} |- |Best Supporting Actor<ref name="GoldenGlobes-Goodfellas"/> |[[Joe Pesci]] |{{nom}} |- |Best Supporting Actress<ref name="GoldenGlobes-Goodfellas"/> |[[Lorraine Bracco]] |{{nom}} |- |[[Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<ref name="GoldenGlobes-Goodfellas"/> |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Nicholas Pileggi]] |{{nom}} |- |rowspan="7"|44th British Academy Film Awards |[[BAFTA Award for Best Film|Best Film]] |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{won}} |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Direction|Best Director]] |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{won}} |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Best Adapted Screenplay]] |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Nicholas Pileggi]] |{{won}} |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Actor]] |[[Robert De Niro]] |{{nom}} |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]] |[[Thelma Schoonmaker]] |{{won}} |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] |[[Michael Ballhaus]] |{{nom}} |- |[[BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]] |Richard Bruno |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|1990 New York Film Critics Circle Awards |Best Film |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{won}} |- |Best Director |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{won}} |- |Best Actor |[[Robert De Niro]] |{{won}} |- |rowspan="5"|Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 1990 |Best Film |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{won}} |- |Best Director |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{won}} |- |Best Supporting Actor |[[Joe Pesci]] |{{won}} |- |Best Supporting Actress |[[Lorraine Bracco]] |{{won}} |- |Best Cinematography |[[Michael Ballhaus]] |{{won}} |- |National Board of Review Awards 1990 |Best Supporting Actor |[[Joe Pesci]] |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 1990 |Best Film |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{won}} |- |Best Director |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{won}} |- |Best Supporting Actor |[[Joe Pesci]] |{{won}} |- |rowspan="5"|Chicago Film Critics Association Awards 1990 |Best Film |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{won}} |- |Best Director |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{won}} |- |Best Supporting Actor |[[Joe Pesci]] |{{won}} |- |Best Supporting Actress |[[Lorraine Bracco]] |{{won}} |- |Best Screenplay |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Nicholas Pileggi]] |{{won}} |- |rowspan="3"|Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards 1990 |Best Film |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{won}} |- |Best Director |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{won}} |- |Best Supporting Actor |[[Joe Pesci]] |{{won}} |- |rowspan="2"|National Society of Film Critics Awards 1990 |Best Film |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{won}} |- |Best Director |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{won}} |- |Silver Lion |Silver Lion for Best Director |[[Martin Scorsese]] |{{won}} |- ||Bodil Award for Best Non-European Film |[[Martin Scorsese]] and [[Irwin Winkler]] |{{won}} |} ==References== {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *{{imdb title|0099685}} *{{Letterboxd title |id=goodfellas |title=Goodfellas}} {{movie-stub}} [[Category:1990s biographical movies]] [[Category:1990 crime drama movies]] [[Category:Academy Award winning movies]] [[Category:American biographical movies]] [[Category:American crime drama movies]] [[Category:American gangster movies]] [[Category:BAFTA Award winning movies]] [[Category:1990s English-language movies]] [[Category:Mafia movies]] [[Category:R-rated movies]] [[Category:Warner Bros. movies]] [[Category:Movies directed by Martin Scorsese]] [[Category:Movies set in New York City]] [[Category:Movies set in the 1950s]] [[Category:Movies set in the 1960s]] [[Category:Movies set in the 1970s]] [[Category:Movies set in the 1980s]] [[Category:United States National Film Registry movies]] [[Category:Movies about the illegal drug trade]] [[Category:Movies based on biographies]] [[Category:Movies about organized crime in the United States]] 79gtflji3y97nloumz7kb7p3ce95p5e 0 19398 11024299 10829195 2026-10-09T03:18:09Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox legislature | background_color = {{party color|Republican Party (US)}} | name = United States House of Representatives | legislature = [[119th United States Congress]] | coa_pic = Seal of the United States House of Representatives.svg | coa_res = 160px | coa_alt = Seal of the United States House of Representatives | coa_caption = Seal of the House | logo_pic = Flag of the United States House of Representatives.svg{{!}}border | logo_res = 150px | logo_alt = Flag of the United States House of Representatives | logo_caption = Flag of the United States House of Representatives | house_type = Lower house | body = United States Congress | term_limits = None | new_session = {{Start date|2025|01|03}} | leader1_type = [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker]] | leader1 = [[Mike Johnson]] | party1 = ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) | election1 = October 25, 2023 | leader2_type = [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives|Majority Leader]] | leader2 = [[Steve Scalise]] | party2 = ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) | election2 = January 3, 2023 | leader3_type = [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives#Minority Leader|Minority Leader]] | leader3 = [[Hakeem Jeffries]] | party3 = ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | election3 = January 3, 2023 | leader4_type = [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives#Party Whips and Assistant Party Leaders|Majority Whip]] | leader4 = [[Tom Emmer]] | party4 = ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]]) | election4 = January 3, 2023 | leader5_type = [[Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives#Party Whips and Assistant Party Leaders|Minority Whip]] | leader5 = [[Katherine Clark]] | party5 = ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]) | election5 = January 3, 2023 | members = [[Seniority in the United States House of Representatives|435 voting members]]<br />[[Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives|6 non-voting members]]<br />218 for a majority | structure1 = (119th) US House of Representatives.svg | structure1_res = 250px | political_groups1 = '''Majority (218)''' * {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Republican Party (US)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (217)}}<!-- DON'T UPDATE AFTER A SPECIAL ELECTION UNTIL THE NEW MEMBER HAS BEEN SWORN IN, AND DON'T UPDATE AFTER A RESIGNATION ANNOUNCEMENT UNTIL THE MEMBER'S RESIGNATION HAS BECOME EFFECTIVE --> * {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Independent Republican}}|border=darkgray}} [[Independent Republican (United States)|Independent]] ([[Kevin Kiley (politician)|1]])}} '''Minority (212)''' * {{nowrap|{{Color box|{{party color|Democratic Party (US)}}|border=darkgray}} [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (212)}} '''Vacant (5)''' * {{nowrap|{{Color box|vacant|border=darkgray}} Vacant ([[List of current members of the United States House of Representatives#Vacancies|5]])}} | term_length = 2 years | voting_system1 = [[Plurality voting]] in 46 states{{efn|[[Alaska]] (for its primary elections only), [[California]], and [[Washington (state)|Washington]] also use a [[nonpartisan blanket primary]], and [[Mississippi]] uses the [[two-round system]] for their respective [[primary elections]].}}<br />{{collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:left |title=Varies in 4 states |bullets = yes |[[Elections in Alaska|Alaska]] and [[Elections in Maine|Maine]]: {{nowrap|[[Instant-runoff voting]]}} |[[Elections in Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] & [[Elections in Louisiana|Louisiana]]:{{efn|[[Louisiana]] uses the [[Louisiana primary]].}} {{nowrap|[[Two-round system]]}} }} | last_election1 = [[2024 United States House of Representatives elections|November 5, 2024]] | next_election1 = [[2026 United States House of Representatives elections|November 3, 2026]] | redistricting = [[State legislature (United States)|State legislatures]] or [[redistricting commission]]s, [[redistricting in the United States|varies by state]] | session_room = United States House of Representatives chamber.jpg | session_res = | session_alt = | meeting_place = House of Representatives Chamber<br />[[United States Capitol]]<br />[[Washington, D.C.]]<br />[[United States of America]] | website = {{URL|https://house.gov}} | rules = [https://rules.house.gov/rules-and-resources Rules of the House of Representatives] }} The '''United States House of Representatives''' is a part of the [[United States|U.S.]] [[United States Congress|Congress]]. Congress is the [[legislature]] of the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. government]] and makes federal [[law]]s. The other part of Congress is the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]]. There are maximum 435 members in House of Representatives. These members are called '''U.S. representatives''' or just '''representatives'''. All representatives are [[election|elected]] every two years. Every 10 years, the [[United States Census Bureau]] counts the [[population]] of the United States. The [[U.S. state|U.S. states]] can gain or lose representatives based on the count. The House of Representatives is in one of the two wings in the U.S. [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] building. The other wing is for the Senate. Sometimes, the House of Representatives is informally called the '''House'''. The [[chairperson]] in the U.S. House of Representatives is called the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]]. According to the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]], all [[Bill (proposed law)|bill]]s about raising revenue, which includes [[tax]]es, must start in the House of Representatives. Also, only the House of Representatives has the power to [[impeachment|impeach]] certain officials such as the [[President of the United States|president]] or federal [[judge]]s. == Members == Every state has members of the House of Representatives. The Constitution says every [[U.S. state]] must have at least one member, but almost all states have more. The number is based on how many people live in that state. There are 435 total people who are members of the House of Representatives. Each member serves for 2 years (one term), but they can serve for more if they are elected again. Elections happen every 2 years, and half of them take place on the same day as elections for the president. Those take place every 4 years. They are usually elected with [[First-past-the-post voting|plurality voting]], but states can choose the method, and some states choose others. After each election, Congress has a period of time. The term is for 2 years. There are two groups of members, also called [[Political party|political parties]]. Besides in the House, they exist in the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]], the [[President of the United States|presidency]], the state governments, and more. The groups are the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] and the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]]. In the infobox to the right is a chart showing which the members are part of which party. Blue is the Democrats, and red is the Republicans. According to the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]], the House of Representatives can expel one of its members by a [[vote]] of at least two thirds (2/3). This happened most recently happened with [[George Santos]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pengelly|first=Martin|date=2023-12-01|title=Republican George Santos expelled from Congress in bipartisan vote|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/dec/01/george-santos-expelled-congress-vote|access-date=2025-04-28|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> == Speaker of the House == At the beginning of every term, the House members vote on a leader,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Article I|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/articlei|access-date=2025-04-02|website=LII / Legal Information Institute|language=en}}</ref> who is called the [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] and controls the schedule of when the members speak.<ref>{{Cite web|title=House Leadership|url=https://kids-clerk.house.gov/grade-school/lesson.html?intID=39|access-date=April 2, 2025|website=Kids in the House}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{Official website}} **[http://clerk.house.gov Clerk of the House of Representatives] ** [http://cao.house.gov Chief Administrative Office of the House] ** [http://majorityleader.gov Office of the majority leader] ** [http://speaker.gov Office of the speaker of the House] ** [http://www.house.gov/representatives Official list of current members] ** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110601184453/http://www.rules.house.gov/singlepages.aspx?NewsID=160&rsbd=165 Rules of the House] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100423082228/http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp Legislative information and archives for US House and Senate], via [[Congress.gov]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100423082228/http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp ''Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, 1774 to Present''] * [http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725105911/http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/ |date=2008-07-25 }} * [http://www.aggdata.com/political/us-representatives Complete Downloadable List of U.S. Representative Contact Information], via AggData LLC] * [http://www.usbills.info Information about U.S. Congressional Bills and Resolutions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102103627/http://www.usbills.info/ |date=2020-01-02 }} {{USCongress}} {{United States topics}} {{Authority control}} {{coord|38|53|20|N|77|0|32|W|region:US_type:landmark | display=title}} [[Category:United States House of Representatives| ]] 4aclltevifuxm7mh3g079jbsro4oygc 0 19949 11024336 10932129 2026-10-09T03:56:38Z ~2026-54324-95 1887355 /* Causalities */ removed some of the brainrot in this article 11024336 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hitler, Maurice, Kriebel, Hess, Weber, prison de Landsberg en 1924.jpg|thumb|[[Nazism|Nazis]] who participated in the Putsch. [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] is on the left; [[Rudolf Hess]] is second from right]] The '''Beer Hall Putsch''' was a failed [[coup d'état]] in [[Munich]], [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] between the evening of 8 November and the morning of 10 November 1923. During the Putsch, the [[Nazi Party]] under [[Adolf Hitler]] tried to take over the government of [[Bavaria]], a [[States of Germany|state]] in Germany. They took several hundred people hostage in a [[beer]] hall (a large building where people got together to drink vodka and sometimes listen to political speeches). Several Nazis died when they got into a gun fight with police officers in another part of Munich. Hitler went to prison for eight months and wrote his [[manifesto]] ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' during that time. == Reasoning == Hitler choose to do the putsch because of one reason. At the time, Germany was the [[Weimar Republic]]. The Republic and its government were weak because of fighting between [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] and [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Political party|political parties]]. Because of [[inflation]], many people did not have enough money to pay daily expenses. Sometimes, wages or pensions were not paid. The Weimar Republic's financial problems started after Germany lost [[World War I|World War 1]]. [[Treaty of Versailles|Other countries made Germany pay for the entire war]], and Germany had to make [[tax]]es very high in order to pay. This hurt Germany's [[economy]]. In the early 1930s, the [[Nazi Party]] was getting very strong. Hitler was a strong leader. In 1923, the year when the [[Weimar Republic]] was least popular, the Nazi Party grew from 6,000 members to 55,000. With the Putsch, Hitler wanted to take control of Germany by force. He wanted to copy [[Benito Mussolini]], Italy's [[Fascism|fascist]] [[dictator]], who took power by [[Invasion|invading]] [[Rome]]. == Attempted coup == [[File:FrMeinKampf20050214.jpg|230px|thumb|[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] wrote ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' while in prison after the Beer Hall Putsch]] On 27 November 1923, Hitler and his men entered the Beer Hall and took several hundred people hostage. The [[Sturmabteilung|Sturmabteilung (SA)]] (the [[Nazi Party|Nazi Party's]] [[paramilitary]] force) also took over the [[Army]] [[Headquarters]], but they forgot to capture the [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] office. This meant that anybody could call the police. The Putsch failed. A day after it started, 16 Nazis and 4 Bavarian State Police officers were killed in a gunfight in ''Residenzstraße''. Hitler was arrested two days later. == Results == After the pee Hall Putsch, Hitler and some other participants were sent to prison for treason. Two other important Nazi Party officials, [[Hermann Göring|Hermann Goring]] and [[Rudolf Hess]], were also imprisoned. They would later play key roles in the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]]. Hitler spent about 8 months in [[prison]], and the Nazi Party broke up after the Putsch (although it would later get back together). The Putsch made Hitler famous. Before the Putsch, he was unknown, but afterwards many people learned about him. He was a [[hero]] to many people after the Putsch. After the governments of the Weimar Republic, many German people wanted strong leadership, and some thought Hitler would provide that. In prison Hitler wrote ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' (''My fight''), which became one of the most famous books in history. It sold millions of copies at the time and taught many people about Hitler's ideas. Rudolf Hess helped with the book; Hitler told Hess what he wanted to say and Hess wrote it down. After the Putsch, Hitler rethought his strategy. He realised he could not take power using violence, the way [[Mussolini]] had in Italy. Instead, he had to get power through being [[Election|elected]]. == Causalities == [[File:Hitler portrait crop.jpg|thumb|[[Adolf Hitler]] led the Beer Hall Putsch. He later led [[Nazi Germany]] and committed [[the Holocaust]]]] Sixteen participants in the Beer Hall Putsch died during the takeover. In ''Mein Kampf'', Hitler calls them [[martyr]]s: the first people ever to die for the Nazi Party. These include: * Oskar Körner * Theodor von der Pfordten * Max-Erwin von Scheubner-Richter * Mark zuckerberg * Olaf Scholz * [[Paul von Hindenburg]] == Related pages == * Adolf Hitler * The Nazi Party * Coup d'etat * [[Sturmabteilung|Sturmabteilung (SA)]] * Weimar Republic ==Other websites== * [http://www.johndclare.net/Weimar_Munich_putsch.htm A revision site for IGSCE students] * [http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/beer_hall_putsch_of_1923.htm Events of the Putsch in detail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211002659/http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/beer_hall_putsch_of_1923.htm |date=2014-12-11 }} * [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERbeer.htm Events of the Beer Hall Putsch before '''and''' after] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228092333/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERbeer.htm |date=2009-02-28 }} {{authority control}} [[Category:1923 in Europe]] [[Category:1920s in Germany]] [[Category:20th-century rebellions]] [[Category:Coups d'état]] [[Category:20th century in Munich]] [[Category:Nazi Party]] [[Category:Rebellions in Europe]] [[Category:Adolf Hitler]] h1bdl0src7efmk16xsopyluqzs0xp25 11024339 11024336 2026-10-09T04:02:24Z ~2026-54324-95 1887355 /* Causalities */ second round of removal of brainrot/misleading content 11024339 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hitler, Maurice, Kriebel, Hess, Weber, prison de Landsberg en 1924.jpg|thumb|[[Nazism|Nazis]] who participated in the Putsch. [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] is on the left; [[Rudolf Hess]] is second from right]] The '''Beer Hall Putsch''' was a failed [[coup d'état]] in [[Munich]], [[Weimar Republic|Germany]] between the evening of 8 November and the morning of 10 November 1923. During the Putsch, the [[Nazi Party]] under [[Adolf Hitler]] tried to take over the government of [[Bavaria]], a [[States of Germany|state]] in Germany. They took several hundred people hostage in a [[beer]] hall (a large building where people got together to drink vodka and sometimes listen to political speeches). Several Nazis died when they got into a gun fight with police officers in another part of Munich. Hitler went to prison for eight months and wrote his [[manifesto]] ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' during that time. == Reasoning == Hitler choose to do the putsch because of one reason. At the time, Germany was the [[Weimar Republic]]. The Republic and its government were weak because of fighting between [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] and [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] [[Political party|political parties]]. Because of [[inflation]], many people did not have enough money to pay daily expenses. Sometimes, wages or pensions were not paid. The Weimar Republic's financial problems started after Germany lost [[World War I|World War 1]]. [[Treaty of Versailles|Other countries made Germany pay for the entire war]], and Germany had to make [[tax]]es very high in order to pay. This hurt Germany's [[economy]]. In the early 1930s, the [[Nazi Party]] was getting very strong. Hitler was a strong leader. In 1923, the year when the [[Weimar Republic]] was least popular, the Nazi Party grew from 6,000 members to 55,000. With the Putsch, Hitler wanted to take control of Germany by force. He wanted to copy [[Benito Mussolini]], Italy's [[Fascism|fascist]] [[dictator]], who took power by [[Invasion|invading]] [[Rome]]. == Attempted coup == [[File:FrMeinKampf20050214.jpg|230px|thumb|[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] wrote ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' while in prison after the Beer Hall Putsch]] On 27 November 1923, Hitler and his men entered the Beer Hall and took several hundred people hostage. The [[Sturmabteilung|Sturmabteilung (SA)]] (the [[Nazi Party|Nazi Party's]] [[paramilitary]] force) also took over the [[Army]] [[Headquarters]], but they forgot to capture the [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] office. This meant that anybody could call the police. The Putsch failed. A day after it started, 16 Nazis and 4 Bavarian State Police officers were killed in a gunfight in ''Residenzstraße''. Hitler was arrested two days later. == Results == After the pee Hall Putsch, Hitler and some other participants were sent to prison for treason. Two other important Nazi Party officials, [[Hermann Göring|Hermann Goring]] and [[Rudolf Hess]], were also imprisoned. They would later play key roles in the [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]]. Hitler spent about 8 months in [[prison]], and the Nazi Party broke up after the Putsch (although it would later get back together). The Putsch made Hitler famous. Before the Putsch, he was unknown, but afterwards many people learned about him. He was a [[hero]] to many people after the Putsch. After the governments of the Weimar Republic, many German people wanted strong leadership, and some thought Hitler would provide that. In prison Hitler wrote ''[[Mein Kampf]]'' (''My fight''), which became one of the most famous books in history. It sold millions of copies at the time and taught many people about Hitler's ideas. Rudolf Hess helped with the book; Hitler told Hess what he wanted to say and Hess wrote it down. After the Putsch, Hitler rethought his strategy. He realised he could not take power using violence, the way [[Mussolini]] had in Italy. Instead, he had to get power through being [[Election|elected]]. == Causalities == [[File:Hitler portrait crop.jpg|thumb|[[Adolf Hitler]] led the Beer Hall Putsch. He later led [[Nazi Germany]] and committed [[the Holocaust]]]] Sixteen participants in the Beer Hall Putsch died during the takeover. In ''Mein Kampf'', Hitler calls them [[martyr]]s: the first people ever to die for the Nazi Party. These include: * Oskar Körner * Theodor von der Pfordten * Max-Erwin von Scheubner-Richter * Andreas Bauriedl * Johann Rickmers * Felix Allfarth == Related pages == * Adolf Hitler * The Nazi Party * Coup d'etat * [[Sturmabteilung|Sturmabteilung (SA)]] * Weimar Republic ==Other websites== * [http://www.johndclare.net/Weimar_Munich_putsch.htm A revision site for IGSCE students] * [http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/beer_hall_putsch_of_1923.htm Events of the Putsch in detail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211002659/http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/beer_hall_putsch_of_1923.htm |date=2014-12-11 }} * [http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERbeer.htm Events of the Beer Hall Putsch before '''and''' after] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228092333/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERbeer.htm |date=2009-02-28 }} {{authority control}} [[Category:1923 in Europe]] [[Category:1920s in Germany]] [[Category:20th-century rebellions]] [[Category:Coups d'état]] [[Category:20th century in Munich]] [[Category:Nazi Party]] [[Category:Rebellions in Europe]] [[Category:Adolf Hitler]] 8mtb0z5i8oa05e7swptsnayy3fa68gs 0 20368 11024207 11019203 2026-10-08T23:25:08Z LilyKitty 103847 about the winner in 2026 11024207 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Nobel Prize in Literature''' is one of many [[Nobel Prize]]s given in honor of [[Alfred Nobel]]. Every year, a [[writer]] is chosen by the [[Swedish Academy]] to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature. But in some years, no writer was chosen. The Academy only chooses someone who they think has written something that has great value according to the request of Alfred Nobel.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|url=http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/|access-date=2008-10-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025001741/http://nobelprize.org/alfred_nobel/|archive-date=2007-10-25|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Winners of the Nobel Prize for Literature {{!}} Nobel Prize in Literature|language=en|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Winners-of-the-Nobel-Prize-for-Literature-1856938|url-status=live|access-date=2017-08-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824182612/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Winners-of-the-Nobel-Prize-for-Literature-1856938|archive-date=2017-08-24}}</ref> Since 1901, there have been 122 writers who were given the Nobel Prize in Literature. Eighteen of these winners are women. Only the writer [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] willingly rejected it. == List of laureates == List of Nobel Prize laureates (winners) in Literature from 1901 to the present date. {| class="wikitable" width=95% |- bgcolor="#cccccc" !Year !Name !Reason !Country !Language(s) |- | 1901 | [[Sully Prudhomme]] |"in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of [[lofty idealism]], artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect"<ref name="Literature1901">{{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1901/index.html|title=Nobel Prize in Literature 1901|publisher=[[Nobel Foundation]]|access-date=2008-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021034055/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1901/index.html|archive-date=2008-10-21|url-status=live}}</ref> | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] |- | 1902 | [[Theodor Mommsen]] | | [[Germany]] | [[German language|German]] |- | 1903 | [[Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson]] | | [[Norway]] | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] |- | rowspan="2" | 1904 | [[Frédéric Mistral]] | | [[France]] | [[Occitan language|Occitan]] |- | [[José Echegaray y Eizaguirre]] | | [[Spain]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |- | 1905 | [[Henryk Sienkiewicz]] | | [[Poland]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] |- | 1906 | [[Giosuè Carducci]] | | [[Italy]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] |- | 1907 | [[Rudyard Kipling]] | | [[United Kingdom]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1908 | [[Rudolf Christoph Eucken]] | | [[Germany]] | [[German language|German]] |- | 1909 | [[Selma Lagerlöf]] | | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] |- | 1910 | [[Paul Heyse]] | | [[Germany]] | [[German language|German]] |- | 1911 | [[Maurice Maeterlinck|Count Maurice Maeterlinck]] | | [[Belgium]] | [[French language|French]] |- | 1912 | [[Gerhart Hauptmann]] | | [[Germany]] | [[German language|German]] |- | 1913 | [[Rabindranath Tagore]] | | [[India]] | [[Bengali language|Bengali]] |- | 1915 | [[Romain Rolland]] | | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] |- | 1916 | [[Verner von Heidenstam]] | | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] |- | rowspan="2" | 1917 | [[Karl Adolph Gjellerup]] | | [[Denmark]] | [[Danish language|Danish]] |- | [[Henrik Pontoppidan]] | | [[Denmark]] | [[Danish language|Danish]] |- | 1919 | [[Carl Spitteler]] | | [[Switzerland]] | [[German language|German]] |- | 1920 | [[Knut Hamsun]] | | [[Norway]] | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] |- | 1921 | [[Anatole France]] | | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] |- | 1922 | [[Jacinto Benavente]] | | [[Spain]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |- | 1923 | [[William Butler Yeats]] | | [[Ireland]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1924 | [[Władysław Reymont]] | | [[Poland]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] |- | 1925 | [[George Bernard Shaw]] | | [[Ireland]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1926 | [[Grazia Deledda]] | | [[Italy]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] |- | 1927 | [[Henri Bergson]] | | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] |- | 1928 | [[Sigrid Undset]] | | [[Norway]] | [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] |- | 1929 | [[Thomas Mann]] | | [[Germany]] | [[German language|German]] |- | 1930 | [[Sinclair Lewis]] | | [[United States]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1931 | [[Erik Axel Karlfeldt]] | | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] |- | 1932 | [[John Galsworthy]] | | [[United Kingdom]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1933 | [[Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin]] | | [[Russia]] (in exile) | [[Russian language|Russian]] |- | 1934 | [[Luigi Pirandello]] | | [[Italy]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] |- | 1936 | [[Eugene O'Neill]] | | [[United States]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1937 | [[Roger Martin du Gard]] | | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] |- | 1938 | [[Pearl S. Buck]] | | [[United States]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1939 | [[Frans Eemil Sillanpää]] | | [[Finland]] | [[Finnish language|Finnish]] |- | 1944 | [[Johannes Vilhelm Jensen]] | | [[Denmark]] | [[Danish language|Danish]] |- | 1945 | [[Gabriela Mistral]] | | [[Chile]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |- | 1946 | [[Hermann Hesse]] | | [[Switzerland]] | [[German language|German]] |- | 1947 | [[André Gide]] | | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] |- | 1948 | [[T. S. Eliot]] | | [[United States]]/[[United Kingdom]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1949 | [[William Faulkner]] | | [[United States]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1950 | [[Bertrand Russell]] | | [[United Kingdom]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1951 | [[Pär Lagerkvist]] | | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] |- | 1952 | [[François Mauriac]] | | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] |- | 1953 | [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Churchill]] | | [[United Kingdom]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1954 | [[Ernest Hemingway]] | | [[United States]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1955 | [[Halldór Laxness]] | | [[Iceland]] | [[Icelandic language|Icelandic]] |- | 1956 | [[Juan Ramón Jiménez]] | | [[Spain]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |- | 1957 | [[Albert Camus]] | | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] |- | 1958 | [[Boris Pasternak]] (declined the prize)^{[http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1958/press.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108083149/http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1958/press.html |date=2009-01-08 }}} | | [[Russia]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] |- | 1959 | [[Salvatore Quasimodo]] | | [[Italy]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] |- | 1960 | [[Saint-John Perse]] | | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] |- | 1961 | [[Ivo Andric]] | | [[Yugoslavia]] | [[Serbian language|Serbo-Croat]] |- | 1962 | [[John Steinbeck]] | | [[United States]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1963 | [[Giorgos Seferis]] | | [[Greece]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] |- | 1964 | [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] (declined the prize)^{[http://nobelprize.org/literature/laureates/1964/press.html]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}} | | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] |- | 1965 | [[Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov|Michail Sholokhov]] | | [[Russia]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] |- | rowspan="2" | 1966 | [[Shmuel Yosef Agnon]] | | [[Israel]] | [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] |- | [[Nelly Sachs]] | | [[Germany]] | [[German language|German]] |- | 1967 | [[Miguel Ángel Asturias]] | | [[Guatemala]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |- | 1968 | [[Yasunari Kawabata]] | | [[Japan]] | [[Japanese language|Japanese]] |- | 1969 | [[Samuel Beckett]] | | [[Ireland]] | [[English language|English]]/[[French language|French]] |- | 1970 | [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]] | | [[Russia]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] |- | 1971 | [[Pablo Neruda]] | | [[Chile]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |- | 1972 | [[Heinrich Böll]] | | [[Germany]] ([[West Germany|West]]) | [[German language|German]] |- | 1973 | [[Patrick White]] | | [[Australia]] | [[English language|English]] |- | rowspan="2" | 1974 | [[Eyvind Johnson]] | | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] |- | [[Harry Martinson]] | | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] |- | 1975 | [[Eugenio Montale]] | | [[Italy]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] |- | 1976 | [[Saul Bellow]] | | [[Canada]]/[[United States]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1977 | [[Vicente Aleixandre]] | | [[Spain]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |- | 1978 | [[Isaac Bashevis Singer]] | | [[United States]] | [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] |- | 1979 | [[Odysseas Elytis]] | | [[Greece]] | [[Greek language|Greek]] |- | 1980 | [[Czesław Miłosz]] | | [[Lithuania]]/[[Poland]]/[[United States]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] |- | 1981 | [[Elias Canetti]] | | [[United Kingdom]] | [[German language|German]] |- | 1982 | [[Gabriel García Márquez]] | | [[Colombia]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |- | 1983 | [[William Golding]] | | [[United Kingdom]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1984 | [[Jaroslav Seifert]] | | [[Czechoslovakia]] | [[Czech language|Czech]] |- | 1985 | [[Claude Simon]] | | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] |- | 1986 | [[Wole Soyinka|Akinwande Oluwole Soyinka]] | | [[Nigeria]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1987 | [[Joseph Brodsky]] | | [[Russia]]/[[United States]] | [[Russian language|Russian]]/[[English language|English]] |- | 1988 | [[Naguib Mahfouz]] | | [[Egypt]] | [[Arabic language|Arabic]] |- | 1989 | [[Camilo José Cela]] | | [[Spain]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |- | 1990 | [[Octavio Paz]] | | [[Mexico]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |- | 1991 | [[Nadine Gordimer]] | | [[South Africa]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1992 | [[Derek Walcott]] | | [[St. Lucia]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1993 | [[Toni Morrison]] | | [[United States]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1994 | [[Kenzaburo Oe]] | | [[Japan]] | [[Japanese language|Japanese]] |- | 1995 | [[Seamus Heaney]] | | [[Ireland]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 1996 | [[Wisława Szymborska]] | | [[Poland]] | [[Polish language|Polish]] |- | 1997 | [[Dario Fo]] | | [[Italy]] | [[Italian language|Italian]] |- | 1998 | [[José Saramago]] | | [[Portugal]] | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] |- | 1999 | [[Günter Grass]] | | [[Germany]] | [[German language|German]] |- | 2000 | [[Gao Xingjian]] | | [[France]]/[[China]] | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] |- | 2001 | [[V. S. Naipaul|Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul]] | | [[United Kingdom]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 2002 | [[Imre Kertész]] | | [[Hungary]] | [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |- | 2003 | [[J. M. Coetzee|John Maxwell Coetzee]] | | [[South Africa]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 2004 | [[Elfriede Jelinek]] | | [[Austria]] | [[German language|German]] |- | 2005 | [[Harold Pinter]] | | [[United Kingdom]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 2006 | [[Orhan Pamuk]] | | [[Turkey]] | [[Turkish language|Turkish]] |- | 2007 | [[Doris Lessing]] | | [[United Kingdom]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 2008 | [[J. M. G. Le Clézio]] | | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] |- | 2009 | [[Herta Müller]] | | [[Germany]] | [[German language|German]] |- | 2010 | [[Mario Vargas Llosa]] | | [[Peru]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]] |- | 2011 | [[Tomas Tranströmer]] | | [[Sweden]] | [[Swedish language|Swedish]] |- | 2012 | [[Mo Yan]] | | [[People's Republic of China]] | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] |- | 2013 | [[Alice Munro]] | | [[Canada]] | [[English language|English]] |- | 2014 | [[Patrick Modiano]] | | [[France]] | [[French language|French]] |- | 2015 | [[Svetlana Alexievich]] | | [[Belarus]] | [[Russian language|Russian]] |- | 2016 | [[Bob Dylan]] | | [[United States]] | [[English language|English]] |- |2017 |[[Kazuo Ishiguro]] | |[[United Kingdom]] |[[English language|English]] |- |2018 |[[Olga Tokarczuk]] | |[[Poland]] |[[Polish language|Polish]] |- |2019 |[[Peter Handke]] | |[[Germany]] |[[German language|German]] |- |2020 |[[Louise Glück]] | |[[United States]] |[[English language|English]] |- |2021 |[[Abdulrazak Gurnah]] | |[[Tanzania]] |[[English language|English]] |- |2022 |[[Annie Ernaux]] | |[[France]] |[[French language|French]] |- |2023 |[[Jon Fosse]] | |[[Norway]] |[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] |- |2024 |[[Han Kang]] | |[[South Korea]] |[[Korean language|Korean]] |- |2025 |[[László Krasznahorkai]] | |[[Hungary]] |[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] |- |2026 |[[Anne Carson]] | |[[Canada]] |[[English language|English]] |} == Related pages == * [[List of Nobel Prize winners by country]] * [[List of Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry]] * [[List of Nobel Prize winners in Economics]] * [[List of Nobel Prize winners in Physics]] * [[List of Nobel Prize winners in Physiology or Medicine]] * [[List of Nobel Peace Prize winners]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat}} * [http://www.nobel.se/literature/laureates/index.html The Nobel Prize in Literature - Laureates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021113010039/http://www.nobel.se/literature/laureates/index.html |date=2002-11-13 }} * [http://www.nobelprizes.com/nobel/literature Nobel Prize Winners in Literature] * [http://www.nobel-prize.org/ The Nobel Prize] * [http://www.theliterarycemetery.co.uk/ Written in Stone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060814135043/http://www.theliterarycemetery.co.uk/ |date=2006-08-14 }} - Burial locations of literary figures. {{Nobel Prizes}} [[Category:Lists of Nobel laureates by country|Literature]] [[Category:Nobel Prize in Literature winners|*]] 5ky5ltjygbnbkmupkfusv8h4jea6fx3 0 23341 11024203 10876772 2026-10-08T23:12:35Z ~2026-54427-28 1887266 11024203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event | title = Chernobyl disaster | image = IAEA 02790015 (5613115146).jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | caption = [[Reactor 4]] [[several months]] after the [[disaster]]. [[Reactor 3]] can be seen behind the [[ventilation]] [[stack]], [[Reactors 1]] and [[2]] in the [[background]]. | map = {{infobox mapframe |coord={{coord|51|23|23|N|30|05|57|E}} |frame-width=250 |zoom=12}} | date = {{start date and age|1986|04|26|df=y}} | time = 01:23 [[Moscow Summer Time|MSD]] ([[UTC+04:00]]) | location = [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]], [[Pripyat]], [[Chernobyl Raion]], [[Kiev Oblast]],<!--See WP:KIEV--> [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], [[Soviet Union]] (now [[Vyshhorod Raion]], [[Kyiv Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]) | type = [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|Nuclear and Radiation accident]] | cause = [[Reactor design]] and [[operator error]] | outcome = [[International Nuclear Event Scale|INES]] Level 7 (major accident) | reported deaths = 2 killed by debris [[Valery Khodemchuk|(including 1 missing)]] and 28 killed by [[acute radiation syndrome|acute radiation sickness]]. <br />15 terminal cases of thyroid cancer, with varying estimates of increased cancer mortality over subsequent decades <br />(for more details, see [[Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster|Deaths due to the disaster]]) }}{{Nuclear energy}} [[File:RIAN archive 305011 Leningrad nuclear power plant.jpg|thumb|right|RBMK reactor at the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant, nearly identical to the one at Chernobyl]] [[File:Chernobyl radiation map 1996.svg|thumb|A map of [[caesium-137]] contamination in 1999, a decade after the Chernobyl crisis. Restriction orders are still in place for the production, transportation and consumption of food contaminated by Chernobyl fallout]] [[File:Chernobyl-4 and the Memorial 2009-001.jpg|thumb|Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant reactor number 4, the enclosing sarcophagus and the memorial monument, 2009]] The '''Chernobyl disaster'''<ref>{{lang-uk|Чорнобильська катастрофа}}</ref> was a [[nuclear power|nuclear]] [[disaster]]. It happened on April 26,1986 at the [[Chernobyl]] [[power plant|nuclear power plant]] near the town of [[Pripyat, Ukraine]], when the plant's fourth reactor exploded as a result of an improper safety test. At that time, Ukraine was part of the [[Soviet Union]]. The station is 110 kilometers north of the nation's capital, [[Kyiv]]. The world learned of the event two days later, when radioactivity triggered alarms in a nuclear power plant in Sweden. The event was one of the worst [[nuclear accident|accidents]] in the history of [[nuclear power]]. It was rated level 7, the most severe level, on the [[International Nuclear Event Scale]]. The only other accident with a level 7 rating is [[Fukushima nuclear disaster|Fukushima]]. The [[RBMK]] reactors that were used at the plant had no [[containment building]] to keep the radiation in. [[radioactivity|Radioactive]] [[nuclear fallout|fallout]] drifted over parts of the western [[Soviet Union]], [[Eastern Europe]], [[Scandinavia]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the eastern [[United States]]. Large areas of [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], and [[Russia]] were badly contaminated. Approximately 60% of the radioactive fallout landed in Belarus.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://chernobyl.info/Default.aspx?tabid=294|title=International Chernobyl Portal chernobyl.info|last1=ICRIN Project|year=2011|authorlink=}}</ref><ref name="IAEA">{{cite book |title= Environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident and their remediation: Twenty years of experience. Report of the Chernobyl Forum Expert Group 'Environment' |publisher= International Atomic Energy Agency|year=2006 |location=Vienna |isbn=92-0-114705-8 |page= 180 |url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1239_web.pdf |accessdate=13 March 2011}}</ref> About 360,000 people needed to be relocated after the accident. Many people suffered from [[acute radiation poisoning]] and lon66g-term illnesses such as [[thyroid cancer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |title=Table 2.2 Number of people affected by the Chernobyl accident (to December 2000) |work=The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident |page=32 |publisher=UNDP and UNICEF |date=22 January 2002 |accessdate=17 September 2010 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201120932/https://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |title=Table 5.3: Evacuated and resettled people |work=The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident |page=66 |publisher=UNDP and UNICEF |date=22 January 2002 |accessdate=17 September 2010 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201120932/https://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Cause of the accident== On the day of the incident, there was a planned power reduction. By the beginning of the day [[Shift work|shift]], the power level had reached 50%. Then, one of the regional [[Power station|power stations]] went [[offline]]. On the afternoon of April 25 there was a request that the further power reduction would be postponed. Further power down was allowed after 22:00. A [[turbine]] [[Electrical generator|generator]] run down test was to take place before the routine shutdown. At 00:05 on April 26, the power was at about 23%. 30 minutes later, the power fell to near zero, probably due to change of regulator. At 01:00 the power stabilized at around 6%. The test would be run at that level. A turbine was switched off and its [[Oscillation|oscillations]] were measured. Shift foreman A.F. Akimov reported to deputy-chief engineer A.S. Dyatlov (who supervised the power down) that the oscillations were measured. A final [[briefing]] was given. Everyone went to their instruments and at 01:23:04 the turbine generator run down test began. Everything went completely normally. The reactor showed a tendency to accelerate as the cooling pumps connected to the turbine generator were slowing, due to the property called positive void [[coefficient]] of reactivity. As number of so-called ‘voids’ (e.g. steam bubbles) increases due to increased boiling or loss of coolant, so does the reactivity. The operators successfully kept the reactor in control and it did not accelerate. At 01:23:40 senior reactor chief control engineer L.F. Toptunov pressed the emergency shutdown button (also called 'SCRAM', or 'AZ-5' in RBMK reactors), causing control rods to rapidly insert into the reactor core to absorb neutrons (intended to immediately stop the nuclear chain reaction and thus shut down the reactor). The power was at 7% when the button was pressed. Instead of shutting down, the reactor suffered a [[power surge]]. This was due to the reactor being unstable at low power. The graphite-tipped control rods first displaced neutron-absorbing coolant with neutron-moderating graphite, which briefly increased reactivity instead of reducing it. This, now known to be a design flaw, caused a sudden power spike, and at 01:23:43 the power jumped to 17%. Due to the power increase, the automatic [[control rods]] suffered damage and they jammed. Fuel channels ruptured and at 01:23:47:53 the reactor exploded. The [[explosion]] was so powerful that it blew the 1000 ton steel lid<ref>{{Cite web|last=GreyTerminator|date=2021-03-05|title=Close-up pictures of the reactor lid that weighed approximately 1000 tons|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/chernobyl/comments/lydrqn/closeup_pictures_of_the_reactor_lid_that_weighed/?rdt=65305|access-date=2025-02-06|website=r/chernobyl}}</ref> off the reactor. The explosion released large amounts of radioactive materials and fuel. The [[neutron moderator]], made of [[graphite]], started to burn. The fire released more radioactive fallout, which was carried away by the smoke. After the accident, Reactor 4 was covered by a "[[sarcophagus]]" made from [[steel]] and [[concrete]] to stop the escape of more radiation from the lost [[corium]] as well as radioactive dust. The sarcophagus was covered in 2016 with the [[New Safe Confinement]] structure.<ref>{{cite web|title=As 30th anniversary of Chernobyl nears, giant arch set to encase radiation for next 100 years|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/03/24/world/science-health-world/30th-anniversary-chernobyl-nears-giant-arch-set-encase-radiation-next-100-years/|publisher=The Japan Times|accessdate=27 March 2016|date=24 March 2016}}</ref> ==Disputes== The accident raised concerns about the safety of the Soviet nuclear power industry. The Soviet Union slowed the process of making its nuclear industry bigger for some time. The government also had to become less [[Secrecy|secretive]] as a result of the accident. Since 1991, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus have become separate countries. Those countries have continued to pay the high costs for [[decontamination]] (removing the radioactive material) and [[health care]] because of the accident. Exposure to radiation leads to a higher risk of [[cancer]]. ==Deaths and longterm effects== It's difficult to count the number of deaths caused by the events at Chernobyl. A 2005 [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]] report tells of 56 direct deaths. 47 were accident workers, and 9 were children who died of [[thyroid cancer]]. The report estimates that up to 4,000 people may die from long term diseases related to the accident. However, other [[Estimation|estimates]] range from 4,000 to 27,000 by the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]]. [[Greenpeace]] estimate that between 93,000 to 200,000 people died as a result of the disaster. Following the disaster, babies and animals born around Chernobyl had defects, such as [[Cerebrovascular disease|cerebrovascular diseases]], physical [[Deformation|deformities]], and [[Mental illness|mental disorders.]] The animals exposed to high levels of radiation were born with physical deformities and [[Mutation|mutations.]] Birds were born with smaller brains and less viable [[sperm]]. ==Aftermath== The other three reactors at Chernobyl continued to operate after the disaster because there were not enough other power plants in Ukraine to meet energy demands. Reactor 2 was permanently turned off and stopped being used in 1991 after a fire in its turbine hall. Reactor 1 was decommissioned in 1996, and Reactor 3 was decommissioned in 2000. In 2018, a 3800-panel, 1-megawatt solar plant was opened next to the former nuclear plant. == 2025 drone crash and effects == [[File:Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant confinement after drone strike, 2025-02-14 (13).jpg|thumb|Friday, February 14, a drone with a warhead crashed into the Chernobyl sarcophagus.]] On Friday, February 14, 2025, a drone armed with a warhead struck the outer shell of the Chernobyl sarcophagus, damaging it. So far, the radiation levels are normal, with no dramatic increases. While no extremely major damage was done, it will take time to repair the sarcophagus. ==Gallery== <gallery widths="200" heights="150"> File:Swimming Pool Building 3 (out)-Pripyat.jpg File:Palace of Culture Front.jpg File:Pripyat - Bumper cars.jpg File:Chernobyl nuclear disaster aftermath abandoned town of Pripyat 01.jpg </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Fukushima nuclear disaster]] * [[Nuclear disasters]] * [[Ukraine]] * [[Nuclear power]] * [[Soviet Union]] * [[Chernobyl]] ==References== {{reflist|Columns / Column width|liststyle=Listtstyle|group=Group|refs=List of references}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat|Chernobyl disaster}} * [http://chornobylmuseum.kiev.ua The National Museum Chernobyl Accident] * [http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/Chernobyl/index.html IAEA Website about the Chernobyl Accident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131065836/http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/chernobyl/index.html |date=2014-01-31 }} {{Nuclear power}} [[Category:1986 in Europe]] [[Category:1980s explosions in Europe]] [[Category:1980s in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:20th century in Ukraine]] [[Category:Disasters in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Explosions in 1986]] [[Category:Nuclear accidents]] [[Category:Chernobyl]] [[Category:April 1986 events]] hxq2qt52rkmfeio1s1wezbq6bxugstr 11024204 11024203 2026-10-08T23:12:58Z ~2026-54427-28 1887266 11024204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event | title = Chernobyl disaster | image = IAEA 02790015 (5613115146).jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | caption = [[Reactor 4]] [[several months]] after the [[disaster]]. [[Reactor 3]] can be seen behind the [[ventilation]] [[stack]], [[Reactors 1]] and [[2]] in the [[background]]. | map = {{infobox mapframe |coord={{coord|51|23|23|N|30|05|57|E}} |frame-width=250 |zoom=12}} | date = {{start date and age|1986|04|26|df=y}} | time = 01:23 [[Moscow Summer Time|MSD]] ([[UTC+04:00]]) | location = [[Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant]], [[Pripyat]], [[Chernobyl Raion]], [[Kiev Oblast]],<!--See WP:KIEV--> [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], [[Soviet Union]] (now [[Vyshhorod Raion]], [[Kyiv Oblast]], [[Ukraine]]) | type = [[Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents|Nuclear and Radiation accident]] | cause = [[Reactor design]] and [[operator error]] | outcome = [[International Nuclear Event Scale|INES]] Level 7 (major accident) | reported deaths = 2 killed by debris [[Valery Khodemchuk|(including 1 missing)]] and 28 killed by [[acute radiation syndrome|acute radiation sickness]]. <br />15 terminal cases of thyroid cancer, with varying estimates of increased cancer mortality over subsequent decades <br />(for more details, see [[Deaths due to the Chernobyl disaster|Deaths due to the disaster]]) }}{{Nuclear energy}} [[File:RIAN archive 305011 Leningrad nuclear power plant.jpg|thumb|right|RBMK reactor at the Leningrad Nuclear Power Plant, nearly identical to the one at Chernobyl]] [[File:Chernobyl radiation map 1996.svg|thumb|A map of [[caesium-137]] contamination in 1999, a decade after the Chernobyl crisis. Restriction orders are still in place for the production, transportation and consumption of food contaminated by Chernobyl fallout]] [[File:Chernobyl-4 and the Memorial 2009-001.jpg|thumb|Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant reactor number 4, the enclosing sarcophagus and the memorial monument, 2009]] The '''Chernobyl disaster'''<ref>{{lang-uk|Чорнобильська катастрофа}}</ref> was a [[nuclear power|nuclear]] [[disaster]]. It happened on April 26,1986 at the [[Chernobyl]] [[power plant|nuclear power plant]] near the town of [[Pripyat, Ukraine]], when the plant's fourth reactor exploded as a result of an improper safety test. At that time, Ukraine was part of the [[Soviet Union]]. The station is 110 kilometers north of the nation's capital, [[Kyiv]]. The world learned of the event two days later, when radioactivity triggered alarms in a nuclear power plant in Sweden. The event was one of the worst [[nuclear accident|accidents]] in the history of [[nuclear power]]. It was rated level 7, the most severe level, on the [[International Nuclear Event Scale]]. The only other accident with a level 7 rating is [[Fukushima nuclear disaster|Fukushima]]. The [[RBMK]] reactors that were used at the plant had no [[containment building]] to keep the radiation in. [[radioactivity|Radioactive]] [[nuclear fallout|fallout]] drifted over parts of the western [[Soviet Union]], [[Eastern Europe]], [[Scandinavia]], the [[United Kingdom]], and the eastern [[United States]]. Large areas of [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]], and [[Russia]] were badly contaminated. Approximately 60% of the radioactive fallout landed in Belarus.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://chernobyl.info/Default.aspx?tabid=294|title=International Chernobyl Portal chernobyl.info|last1=ICRIN Project|year=2011|authorlink=}}</ref><ref name="IAEA">{{cite book |title= Environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident and their remediation: Twenty years of experience. Report of the Chernobyl Forum Expert Group 'Environment' |publisher= International Atomic Energy Agency|year=2006 |location=Vienna |isbn=92-0-114705-8 |page= 180 |url=http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1239_web.pdf |accessdate=13 March 2011}}</ref> About 360,000 people needed to be relocated after the accident. Many people suffered from [[acute radiation poisoning]] and long-term illnesses such as [[thyroid cancer]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |title=Table 2.2 Number of people affected by the Chernobyl accident (to December 2000) |work=The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident |page=32 |publisher=UNDP and UNICEF |date=22 January 2002 |accessdate=17 September 2010 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201120932/https://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |title=Table 5.3: Evacuated and resettled people |work=The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident |page=66 |publisher=UNDP and UNICEF |date=22 January 2002 |accessdate=17 September 2010 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201120932/https://www.unicef.org/newsline/chernobylreport.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Cause of the accident== On the day of the incident, there was a planned power reduction. By the beginning of the day [[Shift work|shift]], the power level had reached 50%. Then, one of the regional [[Power station|power stations]] went [[offline]]. On the afternoon of April 25 there was a request that the further power reduction would be postponed. Further power down was allowed after 22:00. A [[turbine]] [[Electrical generator|generator]] run down test was to take place before the routine shutdown. At 00:05 on April 26, the power was at about 23%. 30 minutes later, the power fell to near zero, probably due to change of regulator. At 01:00 the power stabilized at around 6%. The test would be run at that level. A turbine was switched off and its [[Oscillation|oscillations]] were measured. Shift foreman A.F. Akimov reported to deputy-chief engineer A.S. Dyatlov (who supervised the power down) that the oscillations were measured. A final [[briefing]] was given. Everyone went to their instruments and at 01:23:04 the turbine generator run down test began. Everything went completely normally. The reactor showed a tendency to accelerate as the cooling pumps connected to the turbine generator were slowing, due to the property called positive void [[coefficient]] of reactivity. As number of so-called ‘voids’ (e.g. steam bubbles) increases due to increased boiling or loss of coolant, so does the reactivity. The operators successfully kept the reactor in control and it did not accelerate. At 01:23:40 senior reactor chief control engineer L.F. Toptunov pressed the emergency shutdown button (also called 'SCRAM', or 'AZ-5' in RBMK reactors), causing control rods to rapidly insert into the reactor core to absorb neutrons (intended to immediately stop the nuclear chain reaction and thus shut down the reactor). The power was at 7% when the button was pressed. Instead of shutting down, the reactor suffered a [[power surge]]. This was due to the reactor being unstable at low power. The graphite-tipped control rods first displaced neutron-absorbing coolant with neutron-moderating graphite, which briefly increased reactivity instead of reducing it. This, now known to be a design flaw, caused a sudden power spike, and at 01:23:43 the power jumped to 17%. Due to the power increase, the automatic [[control rods]] suffered damage and they jammed. Fuel channels ruptured and at 01:23:47:53 the reactor exploded. The [[explosion]] was so powerful that it blew the 1000 ton steel lid<ref>{{Cite web|last=GreyTerminator|date=2021-03-05|title=Close-up pictures of the reactor lid that weighed approximately 1000 tons|url=https://www.reddit.com/r/chernobyl/comments/lydrqn/closeup_pictures_of_the_reactor_lid_that_weighed/?rdt=65305|access-date=2025-02-06|website=r/chernobyl}}</ref> off the reactor. The explosion released large amounts of radioactive materials and fuel. The [[neutron moderator]], made of [[graphite]], started to burn. The fire released more radioactive fallout, which was carried away by the smoke. After the accident, Reactor 4 was covered by a "[[sarcophagus]]" made from [[steel]] and [[concrete]] to stop the escape of more radiation from the lost [[corium]] as well as radioactive dust. The sarcophagus was covered in 2016 with the [[New Safe Confinement]] structure.<ref>{{cite web|title=As 30th anniversary of Chernobyl nears, giant arch set to encase radiation for next 100 years|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/03/24/world/science-health-world/30th-anniversary-chernobyl-nears-giant-arch-set-encase-radiation-next-100-years/|publisher=The Japan Times|accessdate=27 March 2016|date=24 March 2016}}</ref> ==Disputes== The accident raised concerns about the safety of the Soviet nuclear power industry. The Soviet Union slowed the process of making its nuclear industry bigger for some time. The government also had to become less [[Secrecy|secretive]] as a result of the accident. Since 1991, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus have become separate countries. Those countries have continued to pay the high costs for [[decontamination]] (removing the radioactive material) and [[health care]] because of the accident. Exposure to radiation leads to a higher risk of [[cancer]]. ==Deaths and longterm effects== It's difficult to count the number of deaths caused by the events at Chernobyl. A 2005 [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]] report tells of 56 direct deaths. 47 were accident workers, and 9 were children who died of [[thyroid cancer]]. The report estimates that up to 4,000 people may die from long term diseases related to the accident. However, other [[Estimation|estimates]] range from 4,000 to 27,000 by the [[Union of Concerned Scientists]]. [[Greenpeace]] estimate that between 93,000 to 200,000 people died as a result of the disaster. Following the disaster, babies and animals born around Chernobyl had defects, such as [[Cerebrovascular disease|cerebrovascular diseases]], physical [[Deformation|deformities]], and [[Mental illness|mental disorders.]] The animals exposed to high levels of radiation were born with physical deformities and [[Mutation|mutations.]] Birds were born with smaller brains and less viable [[sperm]]. ==Aftermath== The other three reactors at Chernobyl continued to operate after the disaster because there were not enough other power plants in Ukraine to meet energy demands. Reactor 2 was permanently turned off and stopped being used in 1991 after a fire in its turbine hall. Reactor 1 was decommissioned in 1996, and Reactor 3 was decommissioned in 2000. In 2018, a 3800-panel, 1-megawatt solar plant was opened next to the former nuclear plant. == 2025 drone crash and effects == [[File:Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant confinement after drone strike, 2025-02-14 (13).jpg|thumb|Friday, February 14, a drone with a warhead crashed into the Chernobyl sarcophagus.]] On Friday, February 14, 2025, a drone armed with a warhead struck the outer shell of the Chernobyl sarcophagus, damaging it. So far, the radiation levels are normal, with no dramatic increases. While no extremely major damage was done, it will take time to repair the sarcophagus. ==Gallery== <gallery widths="200" heights="150"> File:Swimming Pool Building 3 (out)-Pripyat.jpg File:Palace of Culture Front.jpg File:Pripyat - Bumper cars.jpg File:Chernobyl nuclear disaster aftermath abandoned town of Pripyat 01.jpg </gallery> ==Related pages== * [[Fukushima nuclear disaster]] * [[Nuclear disasters]] * [[Ukraine]] * [[Nuclear power]] * [[Soviet Union]] * [[Chernobyl]] ==References== {{reflist|Columns / Column width|liststyle=Listtstyle|group=Group|refs=List of references}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat|Chernobyl disaster}} * [http://chornobylmuseum.kiev.ua The National Museum Chernobyl Accident] * [http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Focus/Chernobyl/index.html IAEA Website about the Chernobyl Accident] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131065836/http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/focus/chernobyl/index.html |date=2014-01-31 }} {{Nuclear power}} [[Category:1986 in Europe]] [[Category:1980s explosions in Europe]] [[Category:1980s in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:20th century in Ukraine]] [[Category:Disasters in the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Explosions in 1986]] [[Category:Nuclear accidents]] [[Category:Chernobyl]] [[Category:April 1986 events]] q00abj8vijlp860fcgarjzctzcu5b02 0 24288 11024129 11016451 2026-10-08T21:24:54Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 /* */ 11024129 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Male ejaculation 15.gif|thumb|A male ejaculation (So hot. Squirt some in my mouth, daddy.)]] '''Ejaculation''' is when either a [[male]] person shoots out [[liquid]] (ejaculate) from his [[Erection|erect]] [[penis]] or what a [[female]] [[human]] (or other [[mammal]]) ejaculates. It is also called "cumming". Ejaculation happens after the sexual organ has been [[Sexual arousal|aroused]] sexually or stimulated, or excited. It happens during an [[orgasm]]. [[Slang]] terms for ejaculation are blowing a load or blowing a wad, and busting a nut.<ref>{{cite web |title=busting a nut |url= http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=busting+a+nut |work= Urban Dictionary |date= 27 July 2003 |accessdate= 2008-07-07}}</ref> creaming, cumming, jizzing, nutting, jazzing, spurting, squirting and skeeting. Ejaculation takes place when the man has an [[orgasm]] (the height of sexual excitement), usually after his genitals have been physically stimulated in some way. However, ejaculation can also happen if a man has not been touched, for instance, if he becomes aroused or stimulated (made sexually excited) by looking at sexy pictures, watching sexy videos, or thinking about sex. When a man ejaculates while sleeping, it is called [[nocturnal emission]]. [[Urine]] can also come out with the [[ejaculatory fluid]] during sex. This is thought to be helpful in helping the sperm live in the acidic environment of the vaginal canal. == How it happens == [[File:Ejaculation anatomy en.svg|thumb|360px|Process of the ejaculation]] Ejaculation happens during sex. It comes with fluid ([[Seminal vesicles|seminal fluid]]) from the [[testes]], and secretory (secreted) fluid sourced from [[Gland|glands]] in the [[prostate]] and penis tubes in males, and the [[skene's gland]] in females. It happens because the body wants to make lubrication to help sex as well as making [[pregnancy]] more likely. === In males === {{anchor|male}} Before a man can ejaculate, his penis needs to be stimulated. The penis is usually soft, quite short, and hangs down. When a man is stimulated, for example by seeing another naked person, [[masturbation|masturbating]] or being touched by someone else sexually, the inside of his penis fills with [[blood]]. This causes it to become longer, thicker, harder and to stand upright, and is called an [[erection]]. Men can be stimulated for different amounts of time before they ejaculate. Ejaculation takes place in two stages. * '''First stage: Emission'''. The first stage is called emission (which means "the act of sending or throwing something out"). A man's [[testicle]]s make [[sperm]] [[cell]]s, and these are stored in a coiled tube called the [[epididymis]]. During emission, the two ducts (tubes) called the [[vas deferens|vasa deferentia]] (each tube by itself is called a vas deferens), which carry sperm away from the testicles, squeeze the sperm from the epididymis to the top end of the ducts. When this happens, the man feels that he cannot stop his ejaculation. It is sometimes said that the man has reached the "point of no return". The sperm then passes through other tubes called the [[ejaculatory duct]]s, where they are mixed with [[fluid]]s made by [[gland]]s called the [[seminal vesicle]]s, the [[prostate]] and the [[bulbourethral gland]]s (also called Cowper's glands). (Glands are special body [[organ (anatomy)|organs]] that make [[chemical]]s.) The mixture of sperm and fluid is called [[semen]] or ejaculate. It is white or yellowish, and sticky.<ref name="Boron & Boulpaep">{{cite book| last1 = Boron| first1 = Walter F.| last2 = Boulpaep| first2 = Emile L.| title = Medical Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach| url = https://archive.org/details/medicalphysiolog0000boro| year = 2005| publisher = Elsevier/Saunders| location = Philadelphia, Pa.| isbn = 978-1-4160-2328-9 }}</ref> * '''Second stage: Ejaculation proper'''. The second stage is called ejaculation proper (which means "real ejaculation"). When ejaculation properly begins, the man starts having an orgasm. A [[muscle]] at the base of the man's penis called the bulbospongiosus muscle squeezes strongly again and again. This forces semen to move from the [[ejaculatory ducts]] into the [[urethra]], which is a duct that passes right through the penis. Semen is pushed along the urethra until it shoots out of the end of the penis in spurts.<ref name="Boron & Boulpaep"/> Once the muscle starts to squeeze, the man cannot stop the semen from coming out of his penis. During an orgasm, the man's muscles will usually squeeze about 10 to 15 times. The squeezes happen very quickly. They start at about 0.6&nbsp;second apart, then slow down and become weaker. Most of the semen is ejaculated in the first few squeezes. How strong an ejaculation is varies from man to man. For some men, the semen shoots out of their penis very far, while for others it dribbles out. It is very bad if semen gets in an eye. The [[enzymes]] semen contains to enter the egg in a female will also attack the eye. Be careful not to ejaculate toward your eyes or your partner's eyes. An ejaculation is often stronger if a man has been stimulated for a longer time. The squeezing of the man's muscle gives a very good feeling to his penis and his [[groin]] area (the part of his body where his [[torso]] joins the top of his legs). Some men have an orgasm that lasts for only a few seconds, while for others it can last for up to one minute.<ref>{{cite journal |author=J.G. Bohlen |author2= J.P. Held and M.O. Sanderson |title=The Male Orgasm: Pelvic Contractions Measured by Anal Probe |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1980-12_9_6/page/502 |journal= Archives of Sexual Behavior |date= December 1980 |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=503–521|doi= 10.1007/BF01542155 |pmid= 7458658 |s2cid= 32523063 |issn=0004-0002}}</ref> After a man has ejaculated, his penis usually becomes soft and shorter again. He may also have an enjoyable and relaxing feeling in his groin area. It takes some time before he can have another erection and ejaculation. This time is called the refractory period. The average refractory period is about half an hour. Younger men normally have a shorter refractory period than older men. Men who are 18 years old have a refractory period of about 15&nbsp;minutes, while men in their 70s have one of about 20&nbsp;hours.<ref>{{cite book| last = Kanner| first = Bernice| title = Are You Normal About Sex, Love, and Relationships?| url = https://archive.org/details/areyounormalabou0000kann_e6z5| year = 2004| publisher = St. Martin's Griffin| location = New York, N.Y.| isbn = 978-0-312-31107-0| page = [https://archive.org/details/areyounormalabou0000kann_e6z5/page/52 52] }}</ref> Some men's penises remain hard after one ejaculation, and they are able to have another ejaculation after some time without losing their erection. Most young and [[middle age|middle-aged]] men can probably have about two to three ejaculations in a few hours, but it has been said that some men are able to have up to nine ejaculations a day.<ref>{{cite web |author=Paul Byerly |author2=Lori Byerly |title=Better sex for him |url=http://www.themarriagebed.com/pages/sexuality/splay/betterforhim.shtml |work=The Marriage Bed: Sex and Intimacy for Married Christians |accessdate=2008-06-16 |archive-date=2006-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105231355/http://www.themarriagebed.com/pages/sexuality/splay/betterforhim.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> When a man ejaculates before he wants to, this is called [[premature ejaculation]]. If a man cannot ejaculate after having been aroused for a long time, even though he wants to, this is called delayed ejaculation or anorgasmia. A man who is unable to ejaculate at all is said to have anejaculation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ralph |first1=David |last2=Wylie |first2=Kevan |title=Ejaculatory disorders and sexual function |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bju-international_2005-06_95_9/page/1180 |journal=BJU International |date=2005 |volume=95 |issue=9 |pages=1181–1186 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05536.x |pmid=15892797 }}</ref> Some men are able to have an orgasm without ejaculating. This is called a dry orgasm. Apart from giving a man [[pleasure]], ejaculation may help a man stay healthy. A study carried out in Australia seemed to show that men who ejaculate often have less chance of getting [[prostate cancer]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Masturbation cuts cancer risk |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3072021.stm |publisher=[[BBC|BBC News]] |date= 16 July 2003 |accessdate= 2008-06-14}}</ref> When a man is stimulated, his [[penis]] becomes [[Erection|erect]]. When he has an orgasm, [[semen]] comes out from [[urethra]] (the hole in the end of his penis). Semen contains [[sperm]] and other substances. How long a man can be stimulated before ejaculating, how long the ejaculation lasts, the strength of the ejaculation, and the amount of semen that comes out, all vary from one man to another. When a man ejaculates, he has a very good feeling in his penis and in his groin area (the part of his body where his [[torso]] joins the top of his legs). A man can ejaculate after he [[Masturbation|masturbates]], is touched by someone else sexually, and sometimes, even if he is not touched (for example, if he looks at pictures and videos on the internet that cause sexual arousal, or thinks about [[sex]]). Ejaculation can also happen without control when a man is sleeping, which is called a [[Nocturnal emission|wet dream]]. Boys usually do not ejaculate sperm until they reach [[puberty]], but sometimes they can masturbate (and orgasm) before it. ==== Male first ejaculation ==== Young boys cannot ejaculate. A boy's first ejaculation usually happens about one year after he begins [[puberty]], which is when his body starts changing into a man's body.<ref name="Oigarche">{{cite journal| title=Oigarche: the age at first ejaculation.| year=1985| pmid=3993998| last1=Carlier| first1=J. G.| last2=Steeno| first2=O. P.| journal=Andrologia| volume=17| issue=1| pages=104–106| doi=10.1111/j.1439-0272.1985.tb00969.x| s2cid=28663910}}</ref> Most boys go through puberty in their teens. The first time a boy ejaculates usually happens when he is asleep. This is called a [[nocturnal emission]] (which means "an emission happening at night") or a [[Nocturnal emission|wet dream]]. It happens without the boy's control, often when he is having a dream about sex.<ref name="familyeducation">{{cite web| title=Boys and Puberty| url=http://life.familyeducation.com/teen/parenting/48335.html| publisher=Pearson Education, Inc| accessdate=2010-05-13| archive-date=2010-04-29| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429050823/http://life.familyeducation.com/teen/parenting/48335.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> When a boy begins [[masturbation|masturbating]], wet dreams usually stop happening.<ref name="familyeducation" /> When a boy starts to ejaculate, he usually produces only a small amount of semen.<ref name="Oigarche" /> The semen is different from what an adult man produces. It is usually clear and stays sticky. It either has no sperm in it, or sperm that do not move properly or do not move at all. A boy's semen only becomes like an adult man's semen about two years after his first ejaculation.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Z. Janczewski |author2=L. Bablok |title=Semen Characteristics in Pubertal Boys: I. Semen Quality after First Ejaculation|journal= Archives of Andrology |year=1985 |volume=15 |issue=2–3 |pages= 199–205|doi=10.3109/01485018508986912 |pmid=3833078 }}</ref> == Contents of ejaculate == ===Semen=== {{main|Semen}} [[File:Semen1.jpg|thumb|Some semen on a piece of glass. Semen is a white or yellowish, and sticky [[fluid]] that contains [[sperm]].]] Semen is known informally as ''cum'', ''jism'' or ''jizz''. Men ejaculate different amounts of semen. Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1.5 and 5 [[litre|millilitre]]s (up to one [[teaspoon]]ful) of semen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Swimming toward conception: The semen analysis|url=http://www.theafa.org/library/article/swimming_toward_conception_the_semen_analysis|publisher=American Fertility Association|accessdate=2008-06-13|archive-date=2008-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820182908/http://www.theafa.org/library/article/swimming_toward_conception_the_semen_analysis/|url-status=dead}}</ref> More semen tends to come out if a man has not ejaculated for many days, or if he has been stimulated for a long time. Older men produce less semen. If a man ejaculates an unusually small amount of semen, this is a medical condition called hypospermia. Semen is usually a white or yellowish fluid. It starts off being slightly thick and sticky, then after a while, it becomes more watery. Semen contains many chemicals. These include [[citric acid]], [[fructose]] (a type of [[sugar]]), [[enzyme]]s that speed up [[chemical reaction]]s in the body, [[lipid]]s (substances that [[fat]] is made of), and slippery fluids that help the semen to move through the urethra. The number of sperm in an ejaculation of semen depends on many things. There may be more sperm if: * the man is younger, ideally between 20s and early 30s * the man exercises regularly and eats healthily * the man is of a normal weight, as opposed to being overweight or obese * his body produces more of the [[hormone]] [[testosterone]], which makes a person look and feel like a man, * his testicles are not too warm, * he produces more semen, * he has not ejaculated for some time, and * he has been stimulated for a longer time before ejaculation. If there is an unusually low number of sperm in an ejaculation, this is called oligospermia. If there are no sperm at all, this is called azoospermia. A man with oligospermia or azoospermia is usually [[infertility|infertile]], and cannot or finds it very hard to make a woman pregnant by having sex with her. If a man has a [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infection]] or STI (an [[infection]] that is passed from one person to another by sex), the [[Pathogen|germs]] that cause the disease can appear in his semen. If the person that the man has sex with touches the semen, he or she can become [[infection|infected]] by the germs and pick up the disease. [[AIDS]], [[gonorrhea]], [[hepatitis|hepatitis B]], [[herpes simplex|herpes]] and [[syphillis|syphilis]] are examples of STIs. One of the ways for a man to lower the chance of passing on an STI to his [[sexual partner]] is to wear a [[condom]] on his penis when having sex. == Fertilization == {{main|Fertilization}} Ejaculate is supposed to help with fertilization with its contents that are not sperm. Ejaculate contains sperm, which will get the woman pregnant. If the woman is using [[birth control]] this will usually not cause her to become [[pregnancy|pregnant]]. Otherwise, the sperm in the semen can travel into the woman's [[uterus]] and [[Fallopian tube]]s. If there happens to be an [[ovum]] or egg cell in a Fallopian tube, a sperm may fuse with the ovum. This is called [[fertilization]], and makes the woman pregnant. When a man has [[sexual intercourse]] with a woman, he places his penis within her [[vagina]] and moves his penis back and forth, typically in a thrusting motion, while the woman moves her hips. The vagina is warm and somewhat moist, and it places pressure on the man's penis. These sensations, combined with the friction caused by the in-and-out movements, stimulate the penis, which causes the man to have an orgasm and to ejaculate. However, before a man ejaculates, a clear, colorless, sticky fluid called pre-ejaculate (also known as pre-ejaculate fluid or informally as pre-cum) can come out of his penis. Pre-ejaculate is produced by the bulbourethral or Cowper's glands. Some tests have shown that pre-ejaculate does not contain any sperm.<ref name="Pre-ejaculate">{{cite journal|title=Researchers Find No Sperm in Pre-ejaculate Fluid|journal=Contraceptive Technology Update |date=October 1993 |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages= 154–156|pmid=12286905 }} {{cite journal |author=Z. Zukerman |author2=D.B. Weiss, R. Orvieto |title= Short Communication: Does Preejaculatory Penile Secretion Originating from Cowper's Gland Contain Sperm?|journal= Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics |date=April 2003 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages= 157–159|doi=10.1023/a:1022933320700 |pmid=12762415 |pmc=3455634 }}</ref> However, some sperm may have been left behind in the urethra from an earlier ejaculation and the pre-ejaculate may carry this sperm out of the penis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Withdrawal method|url=http://www.plannedparenthood.com/health-topics/birth-control/withdrawal-pull-out-method-4218.htm|publisher=Planned Parenthood|date=March 2004|accessdate=2006-09-01|archive-date=2008-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420165238/http://plannedparenthood.com/health-topics/birth-control/withdrawal-pull-out-method-4218.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> That is why a woman can become pregnant even if the man pulls his penis out of her vagina before he ejaculates. Also, if a man ejaculates near the woman's vagina and semen falls on her body, sperm can accidentally enter the vagina and cause a pregnancy. To avoid the woman becoming pregnant when she does not want to, the man and the woman can use methods of contraception or [[birth control]]. For example, the man can wear a [[condom]] on his penis, or the woman can take birth control pills. == References == {{reflist|2}} {{Commons category|Ejaculation}} {{commons cat|male reproductive system }} {{commons cat|Human reproductive system }} {{Reproductive system}} [[Category:Male reproductive system]] [[Category:Biological reproduction]] [[Category:Masturbation]] [[Category:Orgasm]] 8wqepveya3u33t8v6br4l57ee7r6bal 11024177 11024129 2026-10-08T21:52:37Z Fehufanga 863768 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) to last version by Spiderone 11016451 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Male ejaculation 15.gif|thumb|A male ejaculation]] '''Ejaculation''' is when either a [[male]] person shoots out [[liquid]] (ejaculate) from his [[Erection|erect]] [[penis]] or what a [[female]] [[human]] (or other [[mammal]]) ejaculates. It is also called "cumming". Ejaculation happens after the sexual organ has been [[Sexual arousal|aroused]] sexually or stimulated, or excited. It happens during an [[orgasm]]. [[Slang]] terms for ejaculation are blowing a load or blowing a wad, and busting a nut.<ref>{{cite web |title=busting a nut |url= http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=busting+a+nut |work= Urban Dictionary |date= 27 July 2003 |accessdate= 2008-07-07}}</ref> creaming, cumming, jizzing, nutting, jazzing, spurting, squirting and skeeting. Ejaculation takes place when the man has an [[orgasm]] (the height of sexual excitement), usually after his genitals have been physically stimulated in some way. However, ejaculation can also happen if a man has not been touched, for instance, if he becomes aroused or stimulated (made sexually excited) by looking at sexy pictures, watching sexy videos, or thinking about sex. When a man ejaculates while sleeping, it is called [[nocturnal emission]]. [[Urine]] can also come out with the [[ejaculatory fluid]] during sex. This is thought to be helpful in helping the sperm live in the acidic environment of the vaginal canal. == How it happens == [[File:Ejaculation anatomy en.svg|thumb|360px|Process of the ejaculation]] Ejaculation happens during sex. It comes with fluid ([[Seminal vesicles|seminal fluid]]) from the [[testes]], and secretory (secreted) fluid sourced from [[Gland|glands]] in the [[prostate]] and penis tubes in males, and the [[skene's gland]] in females. It happens because the body wants to make lubrication to help sex as well as making [[pregnancy]] more likely. === In males === {{anchor|male}} Before a man can ejaculate, his penis needs to be stimulated. The penis is usually soft, quite short, and hangs down. When a man is stimulated, for example by seeing another naked person, [[masturbation|masturbating]] or being touched by someone else sexually, the inside of his penis fills with [[blood]]. This causes it to become longer, thicker, harder and to stand upright, and is called an [[erection]]. Men can be stimulated for different amounts of time before they ejaculate. Ejaculation takes place in two stages. * '''First stage: Emission'''. The first stage is called emission (which means "the act of sending or throwing something out"). A man's [[testicle]]s make [[sperm]] [[cell]]s, and these are stored in a coiled tube called the [[epididymis]]. During emission, the two ducts (tubes) called the [[vas deferens|vasa deferentia]] (each tube by itself is called a vas deferens), which carry sperm away from the testicles, squeeze the sperm from the epididymis to the top end of the ducts. When this happens, the man feels that he cannot stop his ejaculation. It is sometimes said that the man has reached the "point of no return". The sperm then passes through other tubes called the [[ejaculatory duct]]s, where they are mixed with [[fluid]]s made by [[gland]]s called the [[seminal vesicle]]s, the [[prostate]] and the [[bulbourethral gland]]s (also called Cowper's glands). (Glands are special body [[organ (anatomy)|organs]] that make [[chemical]]s.) The mixture of sperm and fluid is called [[semen]] or ejaculate. It is white or yellowish, and sticky.<ref name="Boron & Boulpaep">{{cite book| last1 = Boron| first1 = Walter F.| last2 = Boulpaep| first2 = Emile L.| title = Medical Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach| url = https://archive.org/details/medicalphysiolog0000boro| year = 2005| publisher = Elsevier/Saunders| location = Philadelphia, Pa.| isbn = 978-1-4160-2328-9 }}</ref> * '''Second stage: Ejaculation proper'''. The second stage is called ejaculation proper (which means "real ejaculation"). When ejaculation properly begins, the man starts having an orgasm. A [[muscle]] at the base of the man's penis called the bulbospongiosus muscle squeezes strongly again and again. This forces semen to move from the [[ejaculatory ducts]] into the [[urethra]], which is a duct that passes right through the penis. Semen is pushed along the urethra until it shoots out of the end of the penis in spurts.<ref name="Boron & Boulpaep"/> Once the muscle starts to squeeze, the man cannot stop the semen from coming out of his penis. During an orgasm, the man's muscles will usually squeeze about 10 to 15 times. The squeezes happen very quickly. They start at about 0.6&nbsp;second apart, then slow down and become weaker. Most of the semen is ejaculated in the first few squeezes. How strong an ejaculation is varies from man to man. For some men, the semen shoots out of their penis very far, while for others it dribbles out. It is very bad if semen gets in an eye. The [[enzymes]] semen contains to enter the egg in a female will also attack the eye. Be careful not to ejaculate toward your eyes or your partner's eyes. An ejaculation is often stronger if a man has been stimulated for a longer time. The squeezing of the man's muscle gives a very good feeling to his penis and his [[groin]] area (the part of his body where his [[torso]] joins the top of his legs). Some men have an orgasm that lasts for only a few seconds, while for others it can last for up to one minute.<ref>{{cite journal |author=J.G. Bohlen |author2= J.P. Held and M.O. Sanderson |title=The Male Orgasm: Pelvic Contractions Measured by Anal Probe |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-sexual-behavior_1980-12_9_6/page/502 |journal= Archives of Sexual Behavior |date= December 1980 |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=503–521|doi= 10.1007/BF01542155 |pmid= 7458658 |s2cid= 32523063 |issn=0004-0002}}</ref> After a man has ejaculated, his penis usually becomes soft and shorter again. He may also have an enjoyable and relaxing feeling in his groin area. It takes some time before he can have another erection and ejaculation. This time is called the refractory period. The average refractory period is about half an hour. Younger men normally have a shorter refractory period than older men. Men who are 18 years old have a refractory period of about 15&nbsp;minutes, while men in their 70s have one of about 20&nbsp;hours.<ref>{{cite book| last = Kanner| first = Bernice| title = Are You Normal About Sex, Love, and Relationships?| url = https://archive.org/details/areyounormalabou0000kann_e6z5| year = 2004| publisher = St. Martin's Griffin| location = New York, N.Y.| isbn = 978-0-312-31107-0| page = [https://archive.org/details/areyounormalabou0000kann_e6z5/page/52 52] }}</ref> Some men's penises remain hard after one ejaculation, and they are able to have another ejaculation after some time without losing their erection. Most young and [[middle age|middle-aged]] men can probably have about two to three ejaculations in a few hours, but it has been said that some men are able to have up to nine ejaculations a day.<ref>{{cite web |author=Paul Byerly |author2=Lori Byerly |title=Better sex for him |url=http://www.themarriagebed.com/pages/sexuality/splay/betterforhim.shtml |work=The Marriage Bed: Sex and Intimacy for Married Christians |accessdate=2008-06-16 |archive-date=2006-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061105231355/http://www.themarriagebed.com/pages/sexuality/splay/betterforhim.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> When a man ejaculates before he wants to, this is called [[premature ejaculation]]. If a man cannot ejaculate after having been aroused for a long time, even though he wants to, this is called delayed ejaculation or anorgasmia. A man who is unable to ejaculate at all is said to have anejaculation.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ralph |first1=David |last2=Wylie |first2=Kevan |title=Ejaculatory disorders and sexual function |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bju-international_2005-06_95_9/page/1180 |journal=BJU International |date=2005 |volume=95 |issue=9 |pages=1181–1186 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05536.x |pmid=15892797 }}</ref> Some men are able to have an orgasm without ejaculating. This is called a dry orgasm. Apart from giving a man [[pleasure]], ejaculation may help a man stay healthy. A study carried out in Australia seemed to show that men who ejaculate often have less chance of getting [[prostate cancer]].<ref>{{cite news |title= Masturbation cuts cancer risk |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/3072021.stm |publisher=[[BBC|BBC News]] |date= 16 July 2003 |accessdate= 2008-06-14}}</ref> When a man is stimulated, his [[penis]] becomes [[Erection|erect]]. When he has an orgasm, [[semen]] comes out from [[urethra]] (the hole in the end of his penis). Semen contains [[sperm]] and other substances. How long a man can be stimulated before ejaculating, how long the ejaculation lasts, the strength of the ejaculation, and the amount of semen that comes out, all vary from one man to another. When a man ejaculates, he has a very good feeling in his penis and in his groin area (the part of his body where his [[torso]] joins the top of his legs). A man can ejaculate after he [[Masturbation|masturbates]], is touched by someone else sexually, and sometimes, even if he is not touched (for example, if he looks at pictures and videos on the internet that cause sexual arousal, or thinks about [[sex]]). Ejaculation can also happen without control when a man is sleeping, which is called a [[Nocturnal emission|wet dream]]. Boys usually do not ejaculate sperm until they reach [[puberty]], but sometimes they can masturbate (and orgasm) before it. ==== Male first ejaculation ==== Young boys cannot ejaculate. A boy's first ejaculation usually happens about one year after he begins [[puberty]], which is when his body starts changing into a man's body.<ref name="Oigarche">{{cite journal| title=Oigarche: the age at first ejaculation.| year=1985| pmid=3993998| last1=Carlier| first1=J. G.| last2=Steeno| first2=O. P.| journal=Andrologia| volume=17| issue=1| pages=104–106| doi=10.1111/j.1439-0272.1985.tb00969.x| s2cid=28663910}}</ref> Most boys go through puberty in their teens. The first time a boy ejaculates usually happens when he is asleep. This is called a [[nocturnal emission]] (which means "an emission happening at night") or a [[Nocturnal emission|wet dream]]. It happens without the boy's control, often when he is having a dream about sex.<ref name="familyeducation">{{cite web| title=Boys and Puberty| url=http://life.familyeducation.com/teen/parenting/48335.html| publisher=Pearson Education, Inc| accessdate=2010-05-13| archive-date=2010-04-29| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429050823/http://life.familyeducation.com/teen/parenting/48335.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> When a boy begins [[masturbation|masturbating]], wet dreams usually stop happening.<ref name="familyeducation" /> When a boy starts to ejaculate, he usually produces only a small amount of semen.<ref name="Oigarche" /> The semen is different from what an adult man produces. It is usually clear and stays sticky. It either has no sperm in it, or sperm that do not move properly or do not move at all. A boy's semen only becomes like an adult man's semen about two years after his first ejaculation.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Z. Janczewski |author2=L. Bablok |title=Semen Characteristics in Pubertal Boys: I. Semen Quality after First Ejaculation|journal= Archives of Andrology |year=1985 |volume=15 |issue=2–3 |pages= 199–205|doi=10.3109/01485018508986912 |pmid=3833078 }}</ref> == Contents of ejaculate == ===Semen=== {{main|Semen}} [[File:Semen1.jpg|thumb|Some semen on a piece of glass. Semen is a white or yellowish, and sticky [[fluid]] that contains [[sperm]].]] Semen is known informally as ''cum'', ''jism'' or ''jizz''. Men ejaculate different amounts of semen. Normally, an ejaculation makes between 1.5 and 5 [[litre|millilitre]]s (up to one [[teaspoon]]ful) of semen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Swimming toward conception: The semen analysis|url=http://www.theafa.org/library/article/swimming_toward_conception_the_semen_analysis|publisher=American Fertility Association|accessdate=2008-06-13|archive-date=2008-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820182908/http://www.theafa.org/library/article/swimming_toward_conception_the_semen_analysis/|url-status=dead}}</ref> More semen tends to come out if a man has not ejaculated for many days, or if he has been stimulated for a long time. Older men produce less semen. If a man ejaculates an unusually small amount of semen, this is a medical condition called hypospermia. Semen is usually a white or yellowish fluid. It starts off being slightly thick and sticky, then after a while, it becomes more watery. Semen contains many chemicals. These include [[citric acid]], [[fructose]] (a type of [[sugar]]), [[enzyme]]s that speed up [[chemical reaction]]s in the body, [[lipid]]s (substances that [[fat]] is made of), and slippery fluids that help the semen to move through the urethra. The number of sperm in an ejaculation of semen depends on many things. There may be more sperm if: * the man is younger, ideally between 20s and early 30s * the man exercises regularly and eats healthily * the man is of a normal weight, as opposed to being overweight or obese * his body produces more of the [[hormone]] [[testosterone]], which makes a person look and feel like a man, * his testicles are not too warm, * he produces more semen, * he has not ejaculated for some time, and * he has been stimulated for a longer time before ejaculation. If there is an unusually low number of sperm in an ejaculation, this is called oligospermia. If there are no sperm at all, this is called azoospermia. A man with oligospermia or azoospermia is usually [[infertility|infertile]], and cannot or finds it very hard to make a woman pregnant by having sex with her. If a man has a [[sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted infection]] or STI (an [[infection]] that is passed from one person to another by sex), the [[Pathogen|germs]] that cause the disease can appear in his semen. If the person that the man has sex with touches the semen, he or she can become [[infection|infected]] by the germs and pick up the disease. [[AIDS]], [[gonorrhea]], [[hepatitis|hepatitis B]], [[herpes simplex|herpes]] and [[syphillis|syphilis]] are examples of STIs. One of the ways for a man to lower the chance of passing on an STI to his [[sexual partner]] is to wear a [[condom]] on his penis when having sex. == Fertilization == {{main|Fertilization}} Ejaculate is supposed to help with fertilization with its contents that are not sperm. Ejaculate contains sperm, which will get the woman pregnant. If the woman is using [[birth control]] this will usually not cause her to become [[pregnancy|pregnant]]. Otherwise, the sperm in the semen can travel into the woman's [[uterus]] and [[Fallopian tube]]s. If there happens to be an [[ovum]] or egg cell in a Fallopian tube, a sperm may fuse with the ovum. This is called [[fertilization]], and makes the woman pregnant. When a man has [[sexual intercourse]] with a woman, he places his penis within her [[vagina]] and moves his penis back and forth, typically in a thrusting motion, while the woman moves her hips. The vagina is warm and somewhat moist, and it places pressure on the man's penis. These sensations, combined with the friction caused by the in-and-out movements, stimulate the penis, which causes the man to have an orgasm and to ejaculate. However, before a man ejaculates, a clear, colorless, sticky fluid called pre-ejaculate (also known as pre-ejaculate fluid or informally as pre-cum) can come out of his penis. Pre-ejaculate is produced by the bulbourethral or Cowper's glands. Some tests have shown that pre-ejaculate does not contain any sperm.<ref name="Pre-ejaculate">{{cite journal|title=Researchers Find No Sperm in Pre-ejaculate Fluid|journal=Contraceptive Technology Update |date=October 1993 |volume=14 |issue=10 |pages= 154–156|pmid=12286905 }} {{cite journal |author=Z. Zukerman |author2=D.B. Weiss, R. Orvieto |title= Short Communication: Does Preejaculatory Penile Secretion Originating from Cowper's Gland Contain Sperm?|journal= Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics |date=April 2003 |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages= 157–159|doi=10.1023/a:1022933320700 |pmid=12762415 |pmc=3455634 }}</ref> However, some sperm may have been left behind in the urethra from an earlier ejaculation and the pre-ejaculate may carry this sperm out of the penis.<ref>{{cite web|title=Withdrawal method|url=http://www.plannedparenthood.com/health-topics/birth-control/withdrawal-pull-out-method-4218.htm|publisher=Planned Parenthood|date=March 2004|accessdate=2006-09-01|archive-date=2008-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420165238/http://plannedparenthood.com/health-topics/birth-control/withdrawal-pull-out-method-4218.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> That is why a woman can become pregnant even if the man pulls his penis out of her vagina before he ejaculates. Also, if a man ejaculates near the woman's vagina and semen falls on her body, sperm can accidentally enter the vagina and cause a pregnancy. To avoid the woman becoming pregnant when she does not want to, the man and the woman can use methods of contraception or [[birth control]]. For example, the man can wear a [[condom]] on his penis, or the woman can take birth control pills. == References == {{reflist|2}} {{Commons category|Ejaculation}} {{commons cat|male reproductive system }} {{commons cat|Human reproductive system }} {{Reproductive system}} [[Category:Male reproductive system]] [[Category:Biological reproduction]] [[Category:Masturbation]] [[Category:Orgasm]] ovbyvavqmzdtjxx9y3swucr33jfeeuf 0 25454 11024018 10669970 2026-10-08T14:39:41Z ~2026-54163-93 1887003 /* King */ Grammar errors like theDuke and him being born before his father 11024018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = Charles I | image = King Charles I after original by van Dyck.jpg | caption = Portrait from the studio of [[Anthony van Dyck]], 1636 | succession = [[King of England]] and [[List of Irish monarchs|Ireland]] | moretext = ([[Style of the British sovereign#Styles of English and Scottish sovereigns|more...]]) | reign = 27 March 1625&nbsp;– 30 January 1649 | coronation = 2 February 1626 | predecessor = [[James VI and I|James I]] | successor = {{plainlist| * [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] (''[[de jure]]'') * [[English Council of State|Council of State]] (''de facto'')}} | succession1 = [[King of Scotland]] | moretext1 = ([[Style of the British sovereign#Styles of English and Scottish sovereigns|more...]]) | reign1 = {{Nowrap|27 March 1625&nbsp;– 30 January 1649}} | coronation1 = 18 June 1633 | predecessor1 = [[James VI]] | successor1 = [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Henrietta Maria of France]]|1625}} | religion = [[Anglican]] | issue = {{plainlist| * Charles James, Duke of Cornwall * [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] * [[Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange|Mary, Princess of Orange]] * [[James II of England|James II & VII]] * [[Elizabeth Stuart (1635–1650)|Elizabeth]] * [[Anne of England (1637–1640)|Anne]] * Catherine * [[Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester|Henry, Duke of Gloucester]] * [[Henrietta, Duchess of Orléans]]}} | issue-link = #Issue | house = [[House of Stuart|Stuart]] | father = [[James VI of Scotland and I of England]] | mother = [[Anne of Denmark]] | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1600|11|19}} | birth_place = [[Dunfermline Palace]], [[Dunfermline]], Scotland | death_date = {{death date and age|1649|1|30|1600|11|19|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Palace of Whitehall|Whitehall]], London, England | burial_date = 9 February 1649 | burial_place = [[St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle]], England }} '''Charles I''' (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649),<ref>{{cite web|title=Charles I of England|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/charles_i_king.shtml|publisher=BBC|accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref> was the king of [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], and [[Kingdom of Ireland|Ireland]] from 27 March 1625 until his [[execution]].<ref>{{Citation| title = information Britain| url = http://www.information-britain.co.uk/famdates.php?id=492| year = 2008| accessdate = 2010-03-19}}</ref> He was a son of [[James VI and I]]. He was married to [[Henrietta Maria of France]]. He was executed in 1649, during the [[English Civil War]]. ==Early life== [[File:After Anthony van Dyck - King Charles I - Wallace Collection.jpg|thumb|250px|Painting of Charles I]] Charles was [[wikt:born|born]] at [[Dunfermline Palace]] in [[Fife]], [[Scotland Yard|Scotland]], after his father [[James VI and I]] came to the [[throne]] of [[England]]. Charles came to England in 1604. He had an elder brother, [[Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales|Henry Frederick]], who was clever, handsome, popular, and rich, was next in line for the throne. Henry Frederick died suddenly in 1612, and his brother Charles was made [[Prince of Wales|P]][[Prince of Wales|rince of Wales]] and the [[heir apparent]] to his father's [[kingdoms]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780191758027.001.0001/acref-9780191758027-e-740|title=A Dictionary of British History|last1=Cannon|first1=John|last2=Crowcroft|first2=Robert|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2015|isbn=978-0-19-175802-7|edition=3rd|language=en|chapter=Charles I|doi=10.1093/acref/9780191758027.001.0001}}</ref>.Charles was less suited to be king than Henry had been, because he was small and weak and not as clever. Charles became closer to [[George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham]], than anyone else. The Duke of Buckingham was his father's best friend and was very powerful and rich, but he was not popular with most common people. He took Charles to [[Spain]] in the hope of finding him a Spanish princess as a bride, but they had many problems on the journey and could not persuade the Spanish king to give them his daughter as a wife for Charles. Charles sat in the [[Parliament of England]]'s [[House of Lords]] in 1621. King James wanted Charles to marry [[Maria Anna of Spain]] because she was the sister of [[Philip IV of Spain]]. Charles travelled to Spain to meet Maria in 1623, but the journey was a disaster, the two did not marry, and Charles became an enemy of Spain.<ref name=":0" /> On the way home, Charles went through [[France]] again, where he met the French royal family. Charles married [[Henrietta Maria of France]] because she was the sister of the [[King of France|French king]], [[Louis XIII]], and planned to fight Spain. The Parliament of England [[wikt:convened|convened]] in 1624 because of Charles's plans. James I did not want a war but died in 1625.<ref name=":0" /> == Religion == His religious policies and his marriage to a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] made him mistrusted by Reformed groups such as the English [[Puritans]] and Scottish [[Covenanters]], who thought his views were too Catholic. He supported High Church Anglican ecclesiastics and gave little help to Protestant forces enough during the [[Thirty Years' War]]. His attempts to force the [[Church of Scotland]] to adopt High Anglican practices strengthened the position of the English and Scottish [[Parliament|Parliaments]] and were a cause for his downfall. ==King== Charles, now the king, [[wikt:convened|convened]] the [[Parliament of England|English Parliament]] again in 1625. The Parliament did not give the king what he wanted, and its men did not like Charles's friend the Duke of Buckingham , who had gone with Charles to Spain and later helped him to marry Henrietta Maria. When Buckingham led the [[Royal Navy]] to attack [[Cadiz]] in Spain, the [[campaign]] was a failure, and Parliament [[impeached]] him. That made Charles [[wikt:dissolved|dissolve]] (stop) the parliament. Charles also wanted to send soldiers to help Protestants in the France and demanded more money to pay for the army. That campaign was also a failure, and the king had to agree to the [[Petition of Right]] in 1628. An army officer assassinated Buckingham that summer.<ref name=":0" /> Parliament [[wikt:convened|convened]] again in 1629. There were many disagreements about [[religion]] and the organization of the [[Church of England]]. Charles gave support to the High Church, but the parliament gave their support to the Low Church. Charles supported [[Arminianism]], but Parliament's [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]] tried to make Arminianism [[illegal]]. To stop the House of Commons, the king again dissolved the parliament. Some [[Member of parliament|Members of Parliament]] in the House of Commons tried to continue their [[wikt:session|session]], but the king put them in [[prison]]. Charles continued to support Arminians in the Church of England by making [[William Laud]] the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]], the highest bishop of England The population disliked Laud, the Arminians and Charles's [[taxes]]. Between 1629 and 1640, the king controlled the government alone. There was no parliament. This time has the name "Personal Rule" or the "Eleven Years' [[Tyranny]]".<ref name=":0" /> That made Charles very unpopular with the people, who did not like the different [[tax]]es that they had to pay directly to him since Parliament could not vote to give him any [[budget]]. Many also did not like the King's closest adviser, Laud, who was trying to force the Church of England to use the same [[Anglican]] [[Prayer|prayer book]] and end the many other [[Protestant]] denominations that were becoming popular at that time. When the king and Laud tried to force a prayer book on [[Scotland]], which was even more Protestant since it was [[Calvinism|Calvinist]], armed rebellion broke out there. The [[Wars of the Three Kingdoms]] started in 1639 with the [[Bishops' Wars]].<ref name=":0" /> The Members of Parliament, angry at the things that had been going on for 11 years, did not want to give him money to fight his war. Instead, they spent the session complaining about what had been going on in the country for the last 11 years. After only three weeks, Charles dissolved Parliament again. For that reason, it was known as the [[Short Parliament]]. Without enough money, Charles lost the war badly and had to pay the Scots even more money that he did not have. The wars were a failure for the king, and his position forced Charles to [[wikt:convene|convene]] the Parliament of England in 1640.<ref name=":0" /> Parliament [[voted]] that the King had to call Parliament and could not shut it down again. Charles had no choice but to agree. The Parliament is known as the [[Long Parliament]] because it ended up lasting for 20 years. Charles was in a weak position, and he had to agree to [[acts of parliament]] that took away many of his royal powers.<ref name=":0" /> Laud and [[Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford]], were [[impeached]] and later [[executed]]. Parliament also tried to take control of the army away from the king. Many political [[conservatives]] were not pleased with this plan. Acting on the advice of his wife, Queen Maria Henrietta, the king went with soldiers to the House of Commons in 1642 and tried to arrest his political enemies, but they had gone. After that failure, the king left [[London]] and went to travel the country to look for help. With a collection of his political friends, Charles began the [[English Civil War]] with an army at [[Nottingham]] and then moved to [[Oxford]].<ref name=":0" /> Parliament's got the upper hand in the war, and Charles, after a crushing defeat in 1646, went to the Scots for protection. They decided to hand him over to the Parliament of England in 1647. The war was a failure for the king, and he was made a [[prisoner]].<ref name=":0" /> The king got out of [[Hampton Court Palace]] in 1647 and ran away to [[Carisbrooke Castle]], on the [[Isle of Wight]].<ref name=":0" /> The governor of the Isle of Wight supported Parliament and made the king a prisoner again. While he was being held at Carisbrooke Castle, Charles made an agreement with the Scots who joined his side, and the fighting started again in 1648. Charles's many enemies then fought among themselves in spring 1648.<ref name=":0" /> Because he was still making trouble for them even after his capture, Parliament voted to put the king on [[trial]]. The army then removed the conservatives from Parliament in a political [[wikt:purge|purge]] in December to prevent more fighting. The men left in Parliament then formed a [[court]] in order to hold a [[trial]] of the king. The court gave the king the [[death penalty]].<ref name=":0" /> That had never been done to a king of England.. ==Children== {| class="wikitable" |- !Name!!Birth!!Death!!Notes |- |[[Charles James Stuart, Duke of Cornwall|Charles James, Duke of Cornwall]]||13 March 1627||13 March 1627||Stillborn; unknown burial site. |- |[[Charles II of England|Charles II]]||29 May 1630||6 February 1685||Married [[Catherine of Braganza]] (1638–1705) in 1663. No legitimate children. |- |Mary, Princess Royal |4 November 1631||24 December 1660||Married [[William II of Orange|William II, Prince of Orange]] (1626–1650) in 1641. Had children. |- |[[James II of England|James II, King of England]]||14 October 1633||16 September 1701||Married (1) [[Lady Anne Hyde|Anne Hyde]] (1637–1671) in 1659; had children<br />(2) [[Mary of Modena]] (1658–1718) in 1673; had children |- |[[Princess Elizabeth of England|Elizabeth, Princess of England]]||29 December 1635||8 September 1650||Died young; no children. Buried [[Newport, Isle of Wight]] |- |[[Princess Anne of England|Anne, Princess of England]]||17 March 1637||8 December 1640||Died young; no children. Buried [[Westminster Abbey]] |- |Catherine, Princess of England||29 January 1639||29 January 1639||Stillborn; buried [[Westminster Abbey]]. |- |[[Henry Stuart, Duke of Gloucester|Henry, Duke of Gloucester]]||8 July 1640||18 September 1660|| Died unmarried; no children. Buried [[Westminster Abbey]] |- |[[Princess Henrietta of England|Henrietta, Princess of England]]||16 June 1644||30 June 1670||Married [[Philippe I, Duke of Orléans|Philippe de France]], ''[[Duke of Orléans]]'' (1640–1701) in 1662; had children |} ==Death== They found him guilty. He was [[decapitated]] in a public execution outside the [[Banqueting House]] of the [[Palace]] of [[Whitehall]].<ref name=":0" /> Some of the Members of Parliament who opposed killing Charles were [[:wikt:purge|purge]]d, and from then on, what was left of the Long Parliament became known as the [[Rump Parliament]]. It took complete power in England, and there was not a new king at all until 1660, when Parliament called his son [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], which started the [[The Restoration|Restoration]]. On 19 May 1660, King Charles I was made a Saint by the [[Church of England]]. Anglicans considered him as a martyr for the church system known as the [[Episcopacy]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{English monarchs}} {{Scottish Monarchs}} {{Princes of Wales}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Charles 01 Of England}} [[Category:1600 births]] [[Category:1649 deaths]] [[Category:House of Stuart]] [[Category:Kings and Queens of Scotland]] [[Category:17th century in Scotland]] [[Category:17th century in England]] 4sxz3l52kj1gt63njco79txkfblbgdc 0 27027 11024246 11018123 2026-10-09T01:47:34Z MexicanBeyonceLatinafan 1887312 Shoot them all 11024246 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024253 11024246 2026-10-09T01:49:25Z Nil NZ 1559470 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|MexicanBeyonceLatinafan]] ([[User talk:MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Mickie-Mickie. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024253 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''Redneck''' is a [[derogatory]] term for an [[United States|American]] [[stereotype]]. It is a term for people who live in [[rural]] areas, especially on [[farm]]s and [[ranch]]es and is usually meant as an [[insult]] and considered offensive to most people. It is mostly used to describe people in the Southern United States.<ref name="Harold Wentworth 1975 p. 424">Harold Wentworth, and Stuart Berg Flexner, ''Dictionary of American Slang'' (1975) p. 424.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Redneck – Definition and More|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/redneck|access-date=January 25, 2014|publisher=Merriam Webster}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Pejoratives]] {{US-stub}} qncpid382sptjvtwr5m4zdt8t53mis8 11024289 11024253 2026-10-09T03:09:42Z MexicanLatina2026 1887338 11024289 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024294 11024289 2026-10-09T03:15:24Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/MexicanLatina2026|MexicanLatina2026]] ([[User talk:MexicanLatina2026|talk]]) to last version by Nil NZ 11024253 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''Redneck''' is a [[derogatory]] term for an [[United States|American]] [[stereotype]]. It is a term for people who live in [[rural]] areas, especially on [[farm]]s and [[ranch]]es and is usually meant as an [[insult]] and considered offensive to most people. It is mostly used to describe people in the Southern United States.<ref name="Harold Wentworth 1975 p. 424">Harold Wentworth, and Stuart Berg Flexner, ''Dictionary of American Slang'' (1975) p. 424.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Redneck – Definition and More|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/redneck|access-date=January 25, 2014|publisher=Merriam Webster}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Pejoratives]] {{US-stub}} qncpid382sptjvtwr5m4zdt8t53mis8 11024309 11024294 2026-10-09T03:24:40Z ~2026-54050-03 1887341 11024309 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''Redneck''' is a [[derogatory]] term for an [[United States|American]] [[stereotype]]. It is a term for people who live in [[rural]] areas, especially on [[farm]]s and [[ranch]]es and is usually meant as an [[insult]] and considered offensive to most people. It is mostly used to describe people in the Southern United States.<ref name="Harold Wentworth 1975 p. 424">Harold Wentworth, and Stuart Berg Flexner, ''Dictionary of American Slang'' (1975) p. 424.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Redneck – Definition and More|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/redneck|access-date=January 25, 2014|publisher=Merriam Webster}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Pejoratives]] {{US-stub}} White people should get burned. They owned Black slaves and stoled Native American land. 6333iw8mo7464hn7k3qnve859dupvmt 11024319 11024309 2026-10-09T03:27:28Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54050-03|~2026-54050-03]] ([[User talk:~2026-54050-03|talk]]) to last version by Veritas Sapientiae: reverting [[WP:VAN|vandalism]] 11024253 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''Redneck''' is a [[derogatory]] term for an [[United States|American]] [[stereotype]]. It is a term for people who live in [[rural]] areas, especially on [[farm]]s and [[ranch]]es and is usually meant as an [[insult]] and considered offensive to most people. It is mostly used to describe people in the Southern United States.<ref name="Harold Wentworth 1975 p. 424">Harold Wentworth, and Stuart Berg Flexner, ''Dictionary of American Slang'' (1975) p. 424.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Redneck – Definition and More|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/redneck|access-date=January 25, 2014|publisher=Merriam Webster}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Pejoratives]] {{US-stub}} qncpid382sptjvtwr5m4zdt8t53mis8 11024356 11024319 2026-10-09T04:45:18Z ~2026-54227-34 1887368 11024356 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024372 11024356 2026-10-09T04:58:01Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54227-34|~2026-54227-34]] ([[User talk:~2026-54227-34|talk]]) to last version by Veritas Sapientiae 11024253 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''Redneck''' is a [[derogatory]] term for an [[United States|American]] [[stereotype]]. It is a term for people who live in [[rural]] areas, especially on [[farm]]s and [[ranch]]es and is usually meant as an [[insult]] and considered offensive to most people. It is mostly used to describe people in the Southern United States.<ref name="Harold Wentworth 1975 p. 424">Harold Wentworth, and Stuart Berg Flexner, ''Dictionary of American Slang'' (1975) p. 424.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Redneck – Definition and More|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/redneck|access-date=January 25, 2014|publisher=Merriam Webster}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Pejoratives]] {{US-stub}} qncpid382sptjvtwr5m4zdt8t53mis8 11024382 11024372 2026-10-09T05:01:20Z Garsh2 1475106 Protected "[[Redneck]]": Excessive [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 05:01, 9 November 2026 (UTC)) [Move=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 05:01, 9 November 2026 (UTC))) 11024253 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''Redneck''' is a [[derogatory]] term for an [[United States|American]] [[stereotype]]. It is a term for people who live in [[rural]] areas, especially on [[farm]]s and [[ranch]]es and is usually meant as an [[insult]] and considered offensive to most people. It is mostly used to describe people in the Southern United States.<ref name="Harold Wentworth 1975 p. 424">Harold Wentworth, and Stuart Berg Flexner, ''Dictionary of American Slang'' (1975) p. 424.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Redneck – Definition and More|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/redneck|access-date=January 25, 2014|publisher=Merriam Webster}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Pejoratives]] {{US-stub}} qncpid382sptjvtwr5m4zdt8t53mis8 0 27263 11024407 11020583 2026-10-09T05:31:56Z Bennett Li11 1753383 Unlinked Unnecessary Words 11024407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|Wikipedia's history|Simple English Wikipedia's home page|Main Page|a formal introduction to Wikipedia|Wikipedia:About|the specific language Wikipedia this page is on|Simple English Wikipedia}} {{redirect|WP|the website software|WordPress}} {{Infobox website | name = Wikipedia | logo = Wikipedia-v2-logo.svg | logocaption = The [[Wikipedia logo]], a globe showing puzzle pieces with [[glyph]]s from several [[writing system]]s | screenshot = Www.wikipedia screenshot (2021).png{{!}}border | screenshot_alt = [[Main page]] of the Wikipedia's multilingual screenshot | caption = Wikipedia website portal showing the different languages sorted by article count | collapsible = yes |url= | commercial = No | type = [[Online encyclopedia]] | registration = Optional<ref group=notes>Registration is required for certain tasks such as editing [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|protected page]]s, creating pages in the English Wikipedia, and uploading files.</ref> | language = 334 languages | num_users = [[List of Wikipedias#Grand total|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|total}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|mo}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|ng}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|cho}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|kj}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|mh}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|ho}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|ii}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|aa}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|mus}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|hz}}-{{NUMBEROF|ACTIVEUSERS|kr}}}}}}]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-08-04|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=List of Wikipedias#Grand total|reason= }} active users<ref group=notes>To be considered [[Special:ActiveUsers|active]], a user must make at least one edit or other action in a given month.</ref> and [[List of Wikipedias#Grand total|>{{formatnum:{{#expr:{{NUMBEROF|USERS|total}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|mo}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|ng}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|cho}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|kj}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|mh}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|ho}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|ii}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|aa}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|mus}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|hz}}-{{NUMBEROF|USERS|kr}}}}}}]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-08-04|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=List of Wikipedias#Grand total|reason= }} registered users and 1,067 administrators (English) | owner = [[Wikimedia Foundation]] | author = [[Jimmy Wales]]<br/>[[Larry Sanger]]<ref name="Sidener">>{{Cite news |url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |title = Everyone's Encyclopedia |last = Sidener |first = Jonathan |work = [[U-T San Diego]] |publication-date = December 6, 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114101809/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |archive-date = January 14, 2016 |url-status = dead |access-date = October 15, 2006 }}</ref> | oclc = 52075003 | current_status = New, fresh, "innovative" | programming_language = [[LAMP (software bundle)|LAMP]] platform<ref name="roadchap">{{cite web |url=http://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |title= Top 40 Website Programming Languages |website= roadchap.com |author= Chapman, Roger |date= September 6, 2011 |access-date= September 6, 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922015103/http://rogchap.com/2011/09/06/top-40-website-programming-languages/ |archive-date= September 22, 2013 }}</ref> | launch_date = {{Start date and age|p=yes|2001|1|15}} | content_license = {{Nowrap|[[Creative Commons licenses|CC Attribution / Share-Alike]] 3.0}}<br />Most text is also dual-licensed under [[GFDL]]; media licensing varies }} '''Wikipedia''' is a [[free content]] [[online encyclopedia]] [[website]] in 363 [[language]]s of the world in which 347 languages are currently active and 16 are closed.<ref>{{Cite web|title=List of Wikipedias - Meta-Wiki|url=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias|access-date=2026-07-15|website=meta.wikimedia.org|language=en}}</ref> It is written and maintained by a community of [[Volunteering|volunteers]], known as [[Wikipedia community|Wikipedians]]. Users can freely use, share and change it, without having to pay. It is also one of the biggest [[wiki]] organizations. People can choose to give money to the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] to fund Wikipedia and its sister projects. It is an [[open content]] website. This means anyone can copy or edit it and make changes to it as long as they follow the [[Wikipedia:Guidelines|rules]] for copying or editing. Wikipedia is owned by an United States organization, the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], which is in [[San Francisco]]. Wikipedia's name is a combination of two words, ''[[wiki]]'' and ''[[encyclopedia]].''<ref>Andreas Kaplan, Haenlein Michael (2014) Collaborative projects (social media application): About Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Business Horizons, Volume 57 Issue 5, pp.617-626</ref> Wikipedia was started on January 9, 2001, by [[Jimmy Wales]] and [[Larry Sanger]] as part of an earlier [[online encyclopedia]] named [[Nupedia]]. On January 15, 2001, Wikipedia became a separate [[website]] of its own. It is a wiki that uses the [[computer software|software]] [[MediaWiki]] (like all other [[Wikimedia Foundation]] projects). Anyone who wishes to can change the pages on Wikipedia, or even make new ones. Wikipedia has a [[standard]] [[page layout]] for all pages in the encyclopedia. As of September 2011, Wikipedia had about 18 million pages in about 300 [[language]]s and more than 3.50 billion words across all Wikipedias. The regular [[English Wikipedia]] is the largest [[List of Wikipedias|Wikipedia edition]]. [[File:Wikipedia Main Page.png|thumb|[[Main Page]] of the [[English Wikipedia]] on June 7, 2023]] == History == Wikipedia began as a related project for [[Nupedia]]. Nupedia was a free [[English language|English-language]] [[online encyclopedia]] project. Nupedia's articles were written and owned by [[Bomis|Bomis, Inc]] which was a [[web portal]] company. The important people of the company were [[Jimmy Wales]], [[CEO|the person in charge]] of Bomis, and [[Larry Sanger]], the [[:wikt:editing|editor-in-chief]] of Nupedia. Nupedia was first licensed under the Nupedia Open Content License which was changed to the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] before Wikipedia was founded and made their first article when [[Richard Stallman]] requested them.<ref name="stallman1999">{{cite web|url=http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html|title=The Free Encyclopedia Project|author=Richard M. Stallman|author-link=Richard Stallman|date=2007-06-20|publisher=Free Software Foundation|access-date=2008-01-04|archive-date=2007-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219223848/http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Larry Sanger and Jimmy Wales are the ones who started Wikipedia.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite news|url=http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|title=Everyone's Encyclopedia|author=Jonathan Sidener|date=2004-12-06|work=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|access-date=2006-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041215094756/http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|archive-date=2004-12-15|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Meyers>{{cite news|first=Peter |last=Meyers|title=Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E5D6123BF933A1575AC0A9679C8B63&n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fC%2fComputer%20Software |work=New York Times |date=2001-09-20|access-date=2007-11-22|quote='I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.}}</ref> Wales is credited with defining the goals of the project.<ref name=SangerMemoir>{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Sanger |title=The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |date=April 18, 2005 |work=Slashdot |url=http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml|access-date=2008-12-26}}</ref><ref name=Sanger>{{cite news|first=Larry|last=Sanger|title=Wikipedia Is Up!|date=January 17, 2001|publisher=Internet Archive|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|access-date=2008-12-26|archive-date=2001-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Sanger created the [[wikt:strategy|strategy]] of using a [[wiki]] to reach Wales' goal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html|title=Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks?|access-date=2007-02-20}}</ref> On January 10, 2001, [[Larry Sanger]] proposed on the Nupedia [[mailing list]] to create a wiki as a "feeder" project for Nupedia.<ref>{{cite news |first=Larry |last=Sanger|title=Let's Make a Wiki|date=2001-01-10|publisher=Internet Archive|url=http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|archive-date=2003-04-14 |access-date=2008-12-26}}</ref> Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001. It was launched as an English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,<ref name=WikipediaHome>{{cite web |url=http://www.wikipedia.com/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/http://www.wikipedia.com/|archive-date=2001-03-31|title=Wikipedia: HomePage|access-date=2001-03-31}}</ref> and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.<ref name=SangerMemoir/> Wikipedia's policy of "neutral point-of-view"<ref name="NPOV">"[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view&oldid=102236018 Wikipedia:Neutral point of view], Wikipedia (January 21, 2007)</ref> was enforced in its initial months and was similar to Nupedia's earlier "nonbiased" policy. Otherwise, there weren't very many rules initially, and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia.<ref name=SangerMemoir/> Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, [[Slashdot]], and from [[search engine|people who looked it up]]. It grew to about 20,000 articles and 18 languages by the end of 2001. By late 2002 it had 26 languages, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004.<ref>"{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_statistics |title=Multilingual statistics |work=Wikipedia |date=March 30, 2005 |access-date=2008-12-25}}</ref> Nupedia and Wikipedia both existed until Nupedia's servers were stopped in 2003. After this, its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The [[English Wikipedia]] reached 2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever. It is even larger than the [[Yongle Encyclopedia]] (1407), which had held the record for exactly 600&nbsp;years.<ref name="EB_encyclopedia">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Encyclopedias and Dictionaries|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed.|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|year=2007|volume=18|pages=257–286}} Encyclopedia Britannica </ref> The [[English Wikipedia]] reached 3 million articles in August 2009. The number of articles and contributors appeared to be growing less quickly around the spring of 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist |title=Wikipedia approaches its limits |author=Bobbie Johnson}}</ref> In October 2014, the [[Wikipedia Monument]] was unveiled to the public in [[Poland]] to honor all the contributors of Wikipedia. <ref>{{cite web |title=Poland to honor Wikipedia with monument |url=https://www.apnews.com/60148fe4e1864baaa24396c1b7ccc59e |website=AP News |accessdate=15 August 2023 |language=en |date=9 October 2014}}</ref> [[File:Wikipedia pagina principal.png|thumb|Wikipedia main page on Pampanga Wikipedia]] According to the TechCrunch website, on 23 January 2020, Wikipedia reached more than 6 million articles on the [[English Wikipedia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/01/23/wikipedia-english-six-million-articles/|title=Wikipedia now has more than 6 million articles in English|first=Manish|last=Singh|work=TechCrunch |date=January 23, 2020|accessdate=November 24, 2025}}</ref> On 13 January 2021, the English Wikipedia reached one billion edits, where the billionth edit was made by [[Steven Pruitt]].<ref name="vice.com">{{cite web |title=The English Language Wikipedia Just Had Its Billionth Edit |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7appn/the-english-language-wikipedia-just-had-its-billionth-edit |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |access-date=26 February 2021 |language=en |date=15 January 2021 |archive-date=15 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115145145/https://www.vice.com/en/article/k7appn/the-english-language-wikipedia-just-had-its-billionth-edit |url-status=live }}</ref> [[MIT Press]] published an [[open access]] book of essays ''[[Wikipedia @ 20]]: Stories of an Unfinished Revolution'', edited by Joseph Reagle and Jackie Koerner with contributions from prominent Wikipedians, Wikimedians, researchers, journalists, librarians and other experts reflecting on particular histories and themes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/wikipedia-20|title=Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution|date=2020-10-13|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-53817-6|editor-last=Reagle|editor-first=Joseph|location=Cambridge, MA, USA|language=en|editor2-last=Koerner|editor2-first=Jackie}}</ref> By November 2021, Wikipedia had fallen to the thirteenth-placed website in the world for global internet engagement.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |title=The top 500 sites on the web |website=Alexa |access-date=June 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites |url-status=dead }}</ref> === 20th anniversary === In January 2021, [[Wikipedia:20th anniversary|Wikipedia's 20th anniversary]] was noted in the media.<ref name="Kelly">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/15/wikipedia-20-year-anniversary/ |first1=Heather |last1=Kelly |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |title=Technology: On its 20th birthday, Wikipedia might be the safest place online |quote=The world's largest online encyclopedia has learned lessons from fighting misinformation for two decades |date=January 15, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Kent">{{cite web |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/in-a-post-truth-world-we-need-wikipedia-more-than-ever/ |first1=German |last1=Kent |work=[[CNET]] |title=In a post-truth world, we need Wikipedia more than ever |quote=Commentary: Wikipedia celebrated its 20th anniversary today. The free encyclopedia may not be exciting, but its neutral, volunteer-driven content is incredibly valuable.|date=January 15, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/world-in-progress-20-years-of-wikipedia/av-56212410 |title=World in Progress: 20 years of Wikipedia |website=[[Deutsche Welle]] |quote=The year marks the 20th anniversary of Wikipedia. Every month, more than 1.7 billion people visit the open-source website in search of information about, well, just about anything! We speak with Dr. Bernie Hogan from the [[Oxford Internet Institute]] about Wikipedia's successes, where it fits into the discrimination crisis and the website's future.|format=Audio}}</ref><ref name="Wales">{{cite web |url=https://news.yahoo.com/wikipedia-turns-20-aims-reach-035212015.html?guccounter=1&guce_referrer=aHR0cHM6Ly9zZWFyY2gueWFob28uY29tLw&guce_referrer_sig=AQAAAHKHaTI72xUEUz_BdVPt8DFvi-uLdmApcbSckrJrAbM_GpTwHsHtNHRdxX-KYAS6xk81e_p_w46bfh10PJVV7cmUzE-pWR5gsID2T8Kd1k0u-2r78p4Y4V16CKTPFcWRJzV0LwQMJyuEeeR7Vv-_lfVBiCT30KvF47aGzyE3QP-a |title=As Wikipedia turns 20 it aims to reach more readers |quote=Wikipedia is the web's seventh-most visited site |date=January 14, 2021 |first1=Jimmy |last1=Wales |authorlink1=Jimmy Wales |via=[[Yahoo!]]}}</ref> == Gallery == <gallery mode="packed"> 10piece-english-M.png|The logo used on the [[English Wikipedia]] on January 15, 2011 Old wikipedia logo.png|The first view of the [[Wikipedia logo]] Wikipedia Monument 4.JPG|[[Wikipedia Monument]] Nupedia logo and wordmark.png|Wikipedia originally developed from another [[online encyclopedia]] project, [[Nupedia]]. </gallery> == Related pages == * [[Simple English Wikipedia]] * [[Epistemic community]] ==Notes== {{reflist|group=notes}} == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commonscat}} * [http://www.wikipedia.org Wikipedia] - multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions of the project) * [http://dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia/ Wikipedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070831024848/http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia/ |date=2007-08-31 }} at the [[Open Directory Project]] * [http://www.cbc.ca/news2/background/tech/wikipedia.html CBC News: I, editor] * [http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Wikipedia Wikipedia] - [[Citizendium]] {{Spoken Wikipedia|Simple en Wikipedia.oga|July 19, 2006}} {{Wikimedia Foundation}} {{Wikipedias}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:2001 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:Wikipedia| ]] [[Category:Wikis]] [[Category:Websites established in 2001]] [[Category:Encyclopedia websites]] [[Category:Free encyclopedias]] hpsjooqw8vsup9zcvrwto5xmm491ixo 0 27710 11024365 10909416 2026-10-09T04:53:01Z ~2026-54227-34 1887368 11024365 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024374 11024365 2026-10-09T04:58:01Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54227-34|~2026-54227-34]] ([[User talk:~2026-54227-34|talk]]) to last version by Leonidlednev 10909416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{unsourced|date=December 2011}} The '''Welsh''' are people from [[Wales]], a [[country]] in the [[United Kingdom]]. Welsh people speak two [[language]]s, [[Welsh language|Welsh]] and [[English language|English]]. They can also speak other languages occasionally. {{UK-stub}} [[Category:Celtic peoples]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Welsh people| ]] dwmna44cer9w58g8qxa71arv5pemzqt 0 27875 11024085 10855515 2026-10-08T19:29:13Z ~2026-54397-28 1887133 /* The tales */ 11024085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} [[File:Canterbury Cathedral 102 Pilgrims.JPG|thumb|Pilgrims on the road to Canterbury in a window of the cathedral]] '''''The Canterbury Tales''''' is a collection of stories written by [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]. It was written in the [[14th century]]. It was one of the first books of [[Middle English literature]]. The book is about a group of pilgrims travelling from London to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket in the city of [[Canterbury]]. The thirty characters involved meet at the Tabard Inn in London. Before they start their journey, they agree on a challenge: to pass the time, each of them will tell two stories on the way to Canterbury and two stories on the way back. However, Chaucer only managed to write 23 stories (one was partially finished): two of the stories are written in [[prose]], while the others are written in [[verse]]. == Background == ===Canterbury Cathedral=== [[File:Canterbury Cathedral 092 Murder of St Thomas.JPG|thumb|The murder of Thomas Becket]] ''The Canterbury Tales'' is about a group of [[pilgrimage|pilgrims]]. They are travelling to one of the most important important [[sacred site|sacred sites]] of their time: the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket. In the [[Middle Ages]], many Christian people went on pilgrimages to [[Jerusalem]], [[Rome]], [[Santiago de Compostela]] and [[Canterbury]]. [[Thomas Becket]] had been the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] in the 1100s. He had an argument with his old friend, King [[Henry II]], and in 1170 he was murdered by some of the King's knights on order from the King. The King felt very sad and guilty. He had a magnificent [[tomb]] built for his old friend. People began to visit the tomb. Soon, some people said that Thomas Becket was a saint, and that his bones could work miracles. He is regarded as a [[martyr]] for the [[Christianity|Christian faith]] and as a saint by both the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] and [[Anglican Church|Anglican]] churches. In the late [[Middle Ages]] his shrine made Canterbury one of the four most important pilgrimage places in [[Europe]]. ===Pilgrims=== Many pilgrims used to meet together in [[London]]. ''The Canterbury Tales'' tells of the meeting of a group at an [[inn]] in [[Southwark]], which was a village south of the [[River Thames|Thames River]] and now making up part of London. This was a good place to meet because people from the north could cross the Thames River by [[London Bridge]]. Canterbury is in the south-east of England. Pilgrims used to gather in groups because it was dangerous to travel alone. In the days before modern [[banking]], every traveller had to carry a lot of money to pay for food and [[lodging|accommodation]] (a place to sleep). Robbers often attacked people along the roads. When pilgrims gathered in a group, the group could be made up of many different kinds of people, both rich and poor, noble and humble. The groups often contained a number of religious people such as [[priest]]s, [[monk]]s and [[nun]]s. In Chaucer's story, the most noble person is a [[knight]]. == The tales == ''The Canterbury Tales'' begins with a [[Prologue]] (which means "a few words to begin"). In the prologue Chaucer describes the time of year, which is April, when the weather begins to get warmer after winter. He says that it is at this time that people begin to go on pilgrimage. Chaucer tells the reader about the people who are gathered at the inn. He describes the people so clearly that many of them have become famous characters in [[English literature]], and have often been shown in paintings. Chaucer describes how each person tells a story to entertain the other as they travel along. The Tales are: * [[Chaucer's General Prologue|The General Prologue]]-it introduces each of the Pilgrims * [[The Knight's Tale]]-the Knight tells of two friends duel with one another over the love of a woman * [[The Miller's Prologue and Tale]]-the drunken Miller tells a vulgar tale of how a foolish carpenter, was cuckolded by his unfaithful wife and a lodging scholar * [[The Reeve's Prologue and Tale]]-the Reeve tells a nasty tale of how a cheating miller was beaten and how both his arrogant wife and his daughter were raped by a pair of students he had tried to steal and cheat from * [[The Cook's Prologue and Tale]]-the drunken cook tells a vulgar tale of how a lazy apprentice is let go by his master to dance and revel * [[The Man of Law's Prologue and Tale]]-the Man of law tells how a virtuous princess goes through many trials * [[The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale]]-the Wife of Bath tells of how a Knight must find out what women most desire-or be executed * [[The Friar's Prologue and Tale]]-the friar tells a morality tale of how a thieving summoner tries to cheat a widow and ends up in [[Hell]] * [[The Summoner's Prologue and Tale]]-the Summoner tells a vulgar tale of how a greedy friar gets his comeuppance * [[The Clerk's Prologue and Tale]]-the clerk tells how a loving and patient wife endures a series of tests by her suspicious husband * [[The Merchant's Prologue and Tale]]the-Merchant tells a vulgar tale of how a foolish merchant was made a Cuckold by his unfaithful wife * [[The Squire's Prologue and Tale]]-the Squire tells a tale of romance [unfinished] * [[The Franklin's Prologue and Tale]]the-Franklin tells a tale of a wife making a rash promise and the consequences * [[The Physician's Tale]]-the physician tells a moral tale of a virtuous daughter * [[The Pardoner's Prologue and Tale]]-the greedy and hypocritical Pardoner tells an ironic tale of how three drunken fools try to "kill" death-but end up killing one another * [[The Shipman's Tale]]-the Shipman tells a comedic tale of a miserly merchant was cuckolded by his greed wife * [[The Prioress' Prologue and Tale]] the prioress tells a conventional [although false] tale of a martyr * [[Chaucer's Tale of Sir Topas]]- Chaucer tells a parody of a heroic Knightly Tale it is never finished at the request of the other Pilgrims! * [[Chaucer's The Tale of Melibee]]-Chaucer tells of a man and his wife arguing how best to avenge himself on his enemies * [[The Monk's Prologue and Tale]]-the Monk tells of tragedy-giving 17 examples out of 100! * [[The Nun's Priest's Prologue and Tale]]-the Nun priests tale is a retelling of [[Chanticleer and the Fox]] * [[The Second Nun's Prologue and Tale]]-the second Nuns tells a conventional story of [[Saint Cecilia]] * [[The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue and Tale]]-the Canon Yeoman [a newcomer to the Pilgrims] warns about how the search for the [[Philosopher's stone]] leads to ruin and then tells how a Canon tricks a gullible priest out of his money * [[The Manciple's Prologue and Tale]]-the Manciple tells a morality tale against gossip * [[The Parson's Prologue and Tale]]-the Parson delivers a prose treatise on penance * [[Chaucer's Retraction]]-Chaucer asks for forgiveness for the vulgar and unworthy parts of this and other past works, and seeks absolution for his sins. Some versions of the tales include: * [[The Plowman's Tale]] an anti-[[Lollardy]] tract added to the tales * [[The Tale of Gamelyn]]-a tale Chaucer may have wanted to adapt to the Tales * [[Prologue and Tale of Beryn]]-a phoney 15th century additions to Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales-the Pilgrims arrive at Canterbury Some of the tales (stories) are serious and others are funny. Some of the funny stories are vulgar (crude and lewd). A lot of the tales talk about the Christian faith. Sometimes the ''theme'' (main idea) of one story is followed into the next story, as a new story-teller responds to (or answers) a story they have just heard. All of the tales are about the way that people think and behave towards each other. == About ''The Canterbury Tales'' == [[File:Wife-of-Bath-ms.jpg|thumb|right|230px|A page from the Ellesmere manuscript showing the Wife of Bath]] ''The Canterbury Tales'' is written in the type of English that most ordinary people used in Chaucer's day. Chaucer was one of the first authors (writers) who wrote stories in English. Before, stories were written in Latin or French. Some other writers of Chaucer's time also wrote in English. Some of these writers were John Gower, [[William Langland]], and the Pearl Poet. Chaucer planned the stories before he wrote them but he did not finish his plan. He planned that each character would tell four stories: two while going to Canterbury and two while returning to London. If Chaucer had finished, he would have written 120 stories. He only actually wrote 24. Chaucer began to write the stories in the 1380s. He stopped writing them in the 1390s. Some think that he deliberately did not write the total 120 stories. Chaucer was an important person in the royal court. Some people think that, in the stories, Chaucer was saying things about court [[politics]]. Some people think that Chaucer based his characters on people that he really knew and who were at the royal court. Some people think that Chaucer copied ideas from other peoples’ writings because some of the stories in ''The Canterbury Tales'' are very similar to them. The characters, however, are very different. The characters have different occupations and personalities. They all tell different types of stories and they tell them in different ways. The big story is about many pilgrims traveling to Canterbury. They are riding horses and the trip takes several days. Chaucer does not say much about the big story and most of the writing is about the stories told by the pilgrims. The two earliest manuscripts (hand-written copies) of ''The Canterbury Tales'' are the Hengwrt manuscript and the Ellesmere manuscript. There are also 84 manuscript and four printed copies of ''The Canterbury Tales'' that were made before 1500. There are quite a lot of differences in the different copies. Some experts on Chaucer have started The ''Canterbury Tales Project''. The project is to read all these copies of ''The Canterbury Tales'', find out the differences and write the most accurate copy. ==Gallery of the Pilgrims== With the exception of the Innkeeper/host Harry Bailey, the various manuscripts of The Canterbury Tales had various drawings of each of the Pilgrims who told a tale; other Pilgrims mentioned who did not tell a tale or who were illustrated were the knight's yeoman, a haberdasher, a carpenter, a weaver, a dyer, a tapestry weaver; a plowman. The original intent was that each pilgrim was to tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two on the way back for a free meal; that would have been an estimated 120 tales, instead of the 23 in the book. Indeed, the only Pilgrim who tells two tales is Chaucer himself: Sir Thopas [unfinished] and Tale of Melibee. <gallery> File:The Knight - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Knight File:The Squire - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Squire File:The Prioress - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Prioress Madame Eglantine File:The Second Nun - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Second Nun File:The Nun's Priest - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Nun's Priest File:The Monk - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Monk File:The Friar - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|Herbert The Friar File:The Merchant - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Merchant File:The Clerk of Oxford from the “Ellesmere Chaucer” (Huntington Library, San Marino).jpg|The Clerk of Oxford File:The Man of Law from the EllsMan of Law from the “Ellesmere Chaucer” (Huntington Library, San Marino).jpg|The Sergeant of Law File:The Franklin - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Franklin File:Chaucer cook.jpg|Roger The Cook File:The Shipman - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Shipman File:The Physician - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Physician File:Wife-of-Bath-ms-2.jpg|The Wife of Bath File:The Parson - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Parson File:Canterbury Tales - The Miller - f. 34v detail - Robin with the Bagpype - early 1400s Chaucer.png|Robin The Miller File:The Manciple - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Manciple File:The Reeve - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|Oswald The Reeve File:The Summoner - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Summoner File:The Pardoner - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Pardoner File:Ellesmere Chaucer, mssEL 26 C 9, folio 153v, warmer image.jpg|Geoffrey Chaucer from the Ellsmere manuscript of the ''Canterbury Tales'' File:The Canon's Yeoman - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Canon Yeoman {not part of the original prologue but added at the end of the ''Tales''} </gallery> [[File:North Reading Room, east wall. Detail of mural by Ezra Winter illustrating the characters in the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. Library of Congress John Adams Building, Washington, D.C. LCCN2007687191.tif|350px]] [[File:North Reading Room, west wall. Detail of mural by Ezra Winter illustrating the characters in the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. Library of Congress John Adams Building, Washington, D.C. LCCN2007687083.tif|350px]] North Reading Room, west wall. Detail of mural by Ezra Winter illustrating the characters in the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. [[Library of Congress]] John Adams Building, Washington, D.C ==Related pages== * [[English literature]] * [[William Shakespeare]] * [[Pilgrimage]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Canterbury Tales}} [[Category:The Canterbury Tales| ]] tnqrkkns3v2us1wsgys1845q3ftsdf0 11024087 11024085 2026-10-08T19:31:18Z ~2026-54397-28 1887133 /* The tales */ 11024087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} [[File:Canterbury Cathedral 102 Pilgrims.JPG|thumb|Pilgrims on the road to Canterbury in a window of the cathedral]] '''''The Canterbury Tales''''' is a collection of stories written by [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]. It was written in the [[14th century]]. It was one of the first books of [[Middle English literature]]. The book is about a group of pilgrims travelling from London to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket in the city of [[Canterbury]]. The thirty characters involved meet at the Tabard Inn in London. Before they start their journey, they agree on a challenge: to pass the time, each of them will tell two stories on the way to Canterbury and two stories on the way back. However, Chaucer only managed to write 23 stories (one was partially finished): two of the stories are written in [[prose]], while the others are written in [[verse]]. == Background == ===Canterbury Cathedral=== [[File:Canterbury Cathedral 092 Murder of St Thomas.JPG|thumb|The murder of Thomas Becket]] ''The Canterbury Tales'' is about a group of [[pilgrimage|pilgrims]]. They are travelling to one of the most important important [[sacred site|sacred sites]] of their time: the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket. In the [[Middle Ages]], many Christian people went on pilgrimages to [[Jerusalem]], [[Rome]], [[Santiago de Compostela]] and [[Canterbury]]. [[Thomas Becket]] had been the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] in the 1100s. He had an argument with his old friend, King [[Henry II]], and in 1170 he was murdered by some of the King's knights on order from the King. The King felt very sad and guilty. He had a magnificent [[tomb]] built for his old friend. People began to visit the tomb. Soon, some people said that Thomas Becket was a saint, and that his bones could work miracles. He is regarded as a [[martyr]] for the [[Christianity|Christian faith]] and as a saint by both the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] and [[Anglican Church|Anglican]] churches. In the late [[Middle Ages]] his shrine made Canterbury one of the four most important pilgrimage places in [[Europe]]. ===Pilgrims=== Many pilgrims used to meet together in [[London]]. ''The Canterbury Tales'' tells of the meeting of a group at an [[inn]] in [[Southwark]], which was a village south of the [[River Thames|Thames River]] and now making up part of London. This was a good place to meet because people from the north could cross the Thames River by [[London Bridge]]. Canterbury is in the south-east of England. Pilgrims used to gather in groups because it was dangerous to travel alone. In the days before modern [[banking]], every traveller had to carry a lot of money to pay for food and [[lodging|accommodation]] (a place to sleep). Robbers often attacked people along the roads. When pilgrims gathered in a group, the group could be made up of many different kinds of people, both rich and poor, noble and humble. The groups often contained a number of religious people such as [[priest]]s, [[monk]]s and [[nun]]s. In Chaucer's story, the most noble person is a [[knight]]. == The tales == ''The Canterbury Tales'' begins with a [[Prologue]] (which means "a few words to begin"). In the prologue Chaucer describes the time of year, which is April, when the weather begins to get warmer after winter. He says that it is at this time that people begin to go on pilgrimage. Chaucer tells the reader about the people who are gathered at the inn. He describes the people so clearly that many of them have become famous characters in [[English literature]], and have often been shown in paintings. Chaucer describes how each person tells a story to entertain the other as they travel along. The Tales are: * [[Chaucer's General Prologue|The General Prologue]]-it introduces each of the Pilgrims * [[The Knight's Tale]]-the Knight tells of two friends duel with one another over the love of a woman * [[The Miller's Prologue and Tale]]-the drunken Miller tells a vulgar tale of how a foolish carpenter, was cuckolded by his unfaithful wife and a lodging scholar * [[The Reeve's Prologue and Tale]]-the Reeve tells a nasty tale of how a cheating miller was beaten and how both his arrogant wife and his daughter were raped by a pair of students he had tried to steal and cheat from * [[The Cook's Prologue and Tale]]-the drunken cook tells a vulgar tale of how a lazy apprentice is let go by his master to dance and revel * [[The Man of Law's Prologue and Tale]]-the Man of law tells how a virtuous princess goes through many trials * [[The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale]]-the Wife of Bath tells of how a Knight must find out what women most desire-or be executed * [[The Friar's Prologue and Tale]]-the friar tells a morality tale of how a thieving summoner tries to cheat a widow and ends up in [[Hell]] * [[The Summoner's Prologue and Tale]]-the Summoner tells a vulgar tale of how a greedy friar gets his comeuppance * [[The Clerk's Prologue and Tale]]-the clerk tells how a loving and patient wife endures a series of tests by her suspicious husband * [[The Merchant's Prologue and Tale]]the-Merchant tells a vulgar tale of how a foolish merchant was cuckolded by his unfaithful wife * [[The Squire's Prologue and Tale]]-the Squire tells a tale of romance [unfinished] * [[The Franklin's Prologue and Tale]]the-Franklin tells a tale of a wife making a rash promise and the consequences * [[The Physician's Tale]]-the physician tells a moral tale of a virtuous daughter * [[The Pardoner's Prologue and Tale]]-the greedy and hypocritical Pardoner tells an ironic tale of how three drunken fools try to "kill" death-but end up killing one another * [[The Shipman's Tale]]-the Shipman tells a comedic tale of a miserly merchant was cuckolded by his greed wife * [[The Prioress' Prologue and Tale]] the prioress tells a conventional [although false] tale of a martyr * [[Chaucer's Tale of Sir Topas]]- Chaucer tells a parody of a heroic Knightly Tale it is never finished at the request of the other Pilgrims! * [[Chaucer's The Tale of Melibee]]-Chaucer tells of a man and his wife arguing how best to avenge himself on his enemies * [[The Monk's Prologue and Tale]]-the Monk tells of tragedy-giving 17 examples out of 100! * [[The Nun's Priest's Prologue and Tale]]-the Nun priests tale is a retelling of [[Chanticleer and the Fox]] * [[The Second Nun's Prologue and Tale]]-the second Nuns tells a conventional story of [[Saint Cecilia]] * [[The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue and Tale]]-the Canon Yeoman [a newcomer to the Pilgrims] warns about how the search for the [[Philosopher's stone]] leads to ruin and then tells how a Canon tricks a gullible priest out of his money * [[The Manciple's Prologue and Tale]]-the Manciple tells a morality tale against gossip * [[The Parson's Prologue and Tale]]-the Parson delivers a prose treatise on penance * [[Chaucer's Retraction]]-Chaucer asks for forgiveness for the vulgar and unworthy parts of this and other past works, and seeks absolution for his sins. Some versions of the tales include: * [[The Plowman's Tale]] an anti-[[Lollardy]] tract added to the tales * [[The Tale of Gamelyn]]-a tale Chaucer may have wanted to adapt to the Tales * [[Prologue and Tale of Beryn]]-a phoney 15th century additions to Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales-the Pilgrims arrive at Canterbury Some of the tales (stories) are serious and others are funny. Some of the funny stories are vulgar (crude and lewd). A lot of the tales talk about the Christian faith. Sometimes the ''theme'' (main idea) of one story is followed into the next story, as a new story-teller responds to (or answers) a story they have just heard. All of the tales are about the way that people think and behave towards each other. == About ''The Canterbury Tales'' == [[File:Wife-of-Bath-ms.jpg|thumb|right|230px|A page from the Ellesmere manuscript showing the Wife of Bath]] ''The Canterbury Tales'' is written in the type of English that most ordinary people used in Chaucer's day. Chaucer was one of the first authors (writers) who wrote stories in English. Before, stories were written in Latin or French. Some other writers of Chaucer's time also wrote in English. Some of these writers were John Gower, [[William Langland]], and the Pearl Poet. Chaucer planned the stories before he wrote them but he did not finish his plan. He planned that each character would tell four stories: two while going to Canterbury and two while returning to London. If Chaucer had finished, he would have written 120 stories. He only actually wrote 24. Chaucer began to write the stories in the 1380s. He stopped writing them in the 1390s. Some think that he deliberately did not write the total 120 stories. Chaucer was an important person in the royal court. Some people think that, in the stories, Chaucer was saying things about court [[politics]]. Some people think that Chaucer based his characters on people that he really knew and who were at the royal court. Some people think that Chaucer copied ideas from other peoples’ writings because some of the stories in ''The Canterbury Tales'' are very similar to them. The characters, however, are very different. The characters have different occupations and personalities. They all tell different types of stories and they tell them in different ways. The big story is about many pilgrims traveling to Canterbury. They are riding horses and the trip takes several days. Chaucer does not say much about the big story and most of the writing is about the stories told by the pilgrims. The two earliest manuscripts (hand-written copies) of ''The Canterbury Tales'' are the Hengwrt manuscript and the Ellesmere manuscript. There are also 84 manuscript and four printed copies of ''The Canterbury Tales'' that were made before 1500. There are quite a lot of differences in the different copies. Some experts on Chaucer have started The ''Canterbury Tales Project''. The project is to read all these copies of ''The Canterbury Tales'', find out the differences and write the most accurate copy. ==Gallery of the Pilgrims== With the exception of the Innkeeper/host Harry Bailey, the various manuscripts of The Canterbury Tales had various drawings of each of the Pilgrims who told a tale; other Pilgrims mentioned who did not tell a tale or who were illustrated were the knight's yeoman, a haberdasher, a carpenter, a weaver, a dyer, a tapestry weaver; a plowman. The original intent was that each pilgrim was to tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two on the way back for a free meal; that would have been an estimated 120 tales, instead of the 23 in the book. Indeed, the only Pilgrim who tells two tales is Chaucer himself: Sir Thopas [unfinished] and Tale of Melibee. <gallery> File:The Knight - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Knight File:The Squire - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Squire File:The Prioress - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Prioress Madame Eglantine File:The Second Nun - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Second Nun File:The Nun's Priest - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Nun's Priest File:The Monk - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Monk File:The Friar - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|Herbert The Friar File:The Merchant - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Merchant File:The Clerk of Oxford from the “Ellesmere Chaucer” (Huntington Library, San Marino).jpg|The Clerk of Oxford File:The Man of Law from the EllsMan of Law from the “Ellesmere Chaucer” (Huntington Library, San Marino).jpg|The Sergeant of Law File:The Franklin - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Franklin File:Chaucer cook.jpg|Roger The Cook File:The Shipman - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Shipman File:The Physician - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Physician File:Wife-of-Bath-ms-2.jpg|The Wife of Bath File:The Parson - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Parson File:Canterbury Tales - The Miller - f. 34v detail - Robin with the Bagpype - early 1400s Chaucer.png|Robin The Miller File:The Manciple - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Manciple File:The Reeve - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|Oswald The Reeve File:The Summoner - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Summoner File:The Pardoner - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Pardoner File:Ellesmere Chaucer, mssEL 26 C 9, folio 153v, warmer image.jpg|Geoffrey Chaucer from the Ellsmere manuscript of the ''Canterbury Tales'' File:The Canon's Yeoman - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Canon Yeoman {not part of the original prologue but added at the end of the ''Tales''} </gallery> [[File:North Reading Room, east wall. Detail of mural by Ezra Winter illustrating the characters in the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. Library of Congress John Adams Building, Washington, D.C. LCCN2007687191.tif|350px]] [[File:North Reading Room, west wall. Detail of mural by Ezra Winter illustrating the characters in the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. Library of Congress John Adams Building, Washington, D.C. LCCN2007687083.tif|350px]] North Reading Room, west wall. Detail of mural by Ezra Winter illustrating the characters in the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. [[Library of Congress]] John Adams Building, Washington, D.C ==Related pages== * [[English literature]] * [[William Shakespeare]] * [[Pilgrimage]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Canterbury Tales}} [[Category:The Canterbury Tales| ]] scbjox2hnzxffv4hltj0e1vs6y5de7f 11024112 11024087 2026-10-08T20:58:21Z Davey2010 314522 Reverted to revision 10855515 by -kat279: rvv. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} [[File:Canterbury Cathedral 102 Pilgrims.JPG|thumb|Pilgrims on the road to Canterbury in a window of the cathedral]] '''''The Canterbury Tales''''' is a collection of stories written by [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]. It was written in the [[14th century]]. It was one of the first books of [[Middle English literature]]. The book is about a group of pilgrims travelling from London to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket in the city of [[Canterbury]]. The thirty characters involved meet at the Tabard Inn in London. Before they start their journey, they agree on a challenge: to pass the time, each of them will tell two stories on the way to Canterbury and two stories on the way back. However, Chaucer only managed to write 23 stories (one was partially finished): two of the stories are written in [[prose]], while the others are written in [[verse]]. == Background == ===Canterbury Cathedral=== [[File:Canterbury Cathedral 092 Murder of St Thomas.JPG|thumb|The murder of Thomas Becket]] ''The Canterbury Tales'' is about a group of [[pilgrimage|pilgrims]]. They are travelling to one of the most important important [[sacred site|sacred sites]] of their time: the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket. In the [[Middle Ages]], many Christian people went on pilgrimages to [[Jerusalem]], [[Rome]], [[Santiago de Compostela]] and [[Canterbury]]. [[Thomas Becket]] had been the [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] in the 1100s. He had an argument with his old friend, King [[Henry II]], and in 1170 he was murdered by some of the King's knights on order from the King. The King felt very sad and guilty. He had a magnificent [[tomb]] built for his old friend. People began to visit the tomb. Soon, some people said that Thomas Becket was a saint, and that his bones could work miracles. He is regarded as a [[martyr]] for the [[Christianity|Christian faith]] and as a saint by both the [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]] and [[Anglican Church|Anglican]] churches. In the late [[Middle Ages]] his shrine made Canterbury one of the four most important pilgrimage places in [[Europe]]. ===Pilgrims=== Many pilgrims used to meet together in [[London]]. ''The Canterbury Tales'' tells of the meeting of a group at an [[inn]] in [[Southwark]], which was a village south of the [[River Thames|Thames River]] and now making up part of London. This was a good place to meet because people from the north could cross the Thames River by [[London Bridge]]. Canterbury is in the south-east of England. Pilgrims used to gather in groups because it was dangerous to travel alone. In the days before modern [[banking]], every traveller had to carry a lot of money to pay for food and [[lodging|accommodation]] (a place to sleep). Robbers often attacked people along the roads. When pilgrims gathered in a group, the group could be made up of many different kinds of people, both rich and poor, noble and humble. The groups often contained a number of religious people such as [[priest]]s, [[monk]]s and [[nun]]s. In Chaucer's story, the most noble person is a [[knight]]. == The tales == ''The Canterbury Tales'' begins with a [[Prologue]] (which means "a few words to begin"). In the prologue Chaucer describes the time of year, which is April, when the weather begins to get warmer after winter. He says that it is at this time that people begin to go on pilgrimage. Chaucer tells the reader about the people who are gathered at the inn. He describes the people so clearly that many of them have become famous characters in [[English literature]], and have often been shown in paintings. Chaucer describes how each person tells a story to entertain the other as they travel along. The Tales are: * [[Chaucer's General Prologue|The General Prologue]] it introduces each of the Pilgrims * [[The Knight's Tale]] the Knight tells of two friends duel with one another over the love of a woman * [[The Miller's Prologue and Tale]] the drunken Miller tells a vulgar tale of how a foolish carpenter, was made a Cuckold by his unfaithful wife and a lodging scholar * [[The Reeve's Prologue and Tale]] the Reeve tells a nasty tale of how a cheating miller was beaten and how both his arrogant wife and his daughter were raped by a pair of students he had tried to steal and cheat from * [[The Cook's Prologue and Tale]] the drunken cook tells a vulgar tale of how a lazy apprentice is let go by his master to dance and revel * [[The Man of Law's Prologue and Tale]] the Man of law tells how a virtuous princess goes through many trials * [[The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale]] the Wife of Bath tells of how a Knight must find out what women most desire-or be executed * [[The Friar's Prologue and Tale]] the friar tells a morality tale of how a thieving summoner tries to cheat a widow and ends up in [[Hell]] * [[The Summoner's Prologue and Tale]] the Summoner tells a vulgar tale of how a greedy friar gets his comeuppance * [[The Clerk's Prologue and Tale]] the clerk tells how a loving and patient wife endures a series of tests by her suspicious husband * [[The Merchant's Prologue and Tale]]the Merchant tells a vulgar tale of how a foolish merchant was made a Cuckold by his unfaithful wife * [[The Squire's Prologue and Tale]] the Squire tells a tale of romance [unfinished] * [[The Franklin's Prologue and Tale]]the Franklin tells a tale of a wife making a rash promise and the consequences * [[The Physician's Tale]] the physician tells a moral tale of a virtuous daughter * [[The Pardoner's Prologue and Tale]] the greedy and hypocritical Pardoner tells an ironic tale of how three drunken fools try to "kill" death-but end up killing one another * [[The Shipman's Tale]] the Shipman tells a comic tale of a miserly merchant was made a Cuckold by his greed wife * [[The Prioress' Prologue and Tale]] the prioress tells a conventional [although false] tale of a martyr * [[Chaucer's Tale of Sir Topas]]- Chaucer tells a parody of a heroic Knightly Tale it is never finished at the request of the other Pilgrims! * [[Chaucer's The Tale of Melibee]]-Chaucer tells of a man and his wife arguing how best to avenge himself on his enemies * [[The Monk's Prologue and Tale]]-the Monk tells of tragedy-giving 17 examples out of 100! * [[The Nun's Priest's Prologue and Tale]]-the Nun priests tale is a retelling of [[Chanticleer and the Fox]] * [[The Second Nun's Prologue and Tale]]-the second Nuns tells a conventional story of [[Saint Cecilia]] * [[The Canon's Yeoman's Prologue and Tale]]-the Canon Yeoman [a newcomer to the Pilgrims] warns about how the search for the [[Philosopher's stone]] leads to ruin and then tells how a Canon tricks a gullible priest out of his money * [[The Manciple's Prologue and Tale]] the Manciple tells a morality tale against gossip * [[The Parson's Prologue and Tale]] the Parson delivers a prose treatise on penance * [[Chaucer's Retraction]]-Chaucer asks for forgiveness for the vulgar and unworthy parts of this and other past works, and seeks absolution for his sins. Some versions of the tales include: * [[The Plowman's Tale]] an anti-[[Lollardy]] tract added to the tales * [[The Tale of Gamelyn]] a tale Chaucer may have wanted to adapt to the Tales * [[Prologue and Tale of Beryn]] a phoney 15th century additions to Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales-the Pilgrims arrive at Canterbury Some of the tales (stories) are serious and others are funny. Some of the funny stories are vulgar (sexually rude). A lot of the tales talk about the Christian faith. Sometimes the ''theme'' (main idea) of one story is followed into the next story, as a new story-teller responds to (or answers) a story they have just heard. All of the tales are about the way that people think and behave towards each other. == About ''The Canterbury Tales'' == [[File:Wife-of-Bath-ms.jpg|thumb|right|230px|A page from the Ellesmere manuscript showing the Wife of Bath]] ''The Canterbury Tales'' is written in the type of English that most ordinary people used in Chaucer's day. Chaucer was one of the first authors (writers) who wrote stories in English. Before, stories were written in Latin or French. Some other writers of Chaucer's time also wrote in English. Some of these writers were John Gower, [[William Langland]], and the Pearl Poet. Chaucer planned the stories before he wrote them but he did not finish his plan. He planned that each character would tell four stories: two while going to Canterbury and two while returning to London. If Chaucer had finished, he would have written 120 stories. He only actually wrote 24. Chaucer began to write the stories in the 1380s. He stopped writing them in the 1390s. Some think that he deliberately did not write the total 120 stories. Chaucer was an important person in the royal court. Some people think that, in the stories, Chaucer was saying things about court [[politics]]. Some people think that Chaucer based his characters on people that he really knew and who were at the royal court. Some people think that Chaucer copied ideas from other peoples’ writings because some of the stories in ''The Canterbury Tales'' are very similar to them. The characters, however, are very different. The characters have different occupations and personalities. They all tell different types of stories and they tell them in different ways. The big story is about many pilgrims traveling to Canterbury. They are riding horses and the trip takes several days. Chaucer does not say much about the big story and most of the writing is about the stories told by the pilgrims. The two earliest manuscripts (hand-written copies) of ''The Canterbury Tales'' are the Hengwrt manuscript and the Ellesmere manuscript. There are also 84 manuscript and four printed copies of ''The Canterbury Tales'' that were made before 1500. There are quite a lot of differences in the different copies. Some experts on Chaucer have started The ''Canterbury Tales Project''. The project is to read all these copies of ''The Canterbury Tales'', find out the differences and write the most accurate copy. ==Gallery of the Pilgrims== With the exception of the Innkeeper/host Harry Bailey, the various manuscripts of The Canterbury Tales had various drawings of each of the Pilgrims who told a tale; other Pilgrims mentioned who did not tell a tale or who were illustrated were the knight's yeoman, a haberdasher, a carpenter, a weaver, a dyer, a tapestry weaver; a plowman. The original intent was that each pilgrim was to tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two on the way back for a free meal; that would have been an estimated 120 tales, instead of the 23 in the book. Indeed, the only Pilgrim who tells two tales is Chaucer himself: Sir Thopas [unfinished] and Tale of Melibee. <gallery> File:The Knight - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Knight File:The Squire - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Squire File:The Prioress - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Prioress Madame Eglantine File:The Second Nun - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Second Nun File:The Nun's Priest - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Nun's Priest File:The Monk - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Monk File:The Friar - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|Herbert The Friar File:The Merchant - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Merchant File:The Clerk of Oxford from the “Ellesmere Chaucer” (Huntington Library, San Marino).jpg|The Clerk of Oxford File:The Man of Law from the EllsMan of Law from the “Ellesmere Chaucer” (Huntington Library, San Marino).jpg|The Sergeant of Law File:The Franklin - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Franklin File:Chaucer cook.jpg|Roger The Cook File:The Shipman - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Shipman File:The Physician - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Physician File:Wife-of-Bath-ms-2.jpg|The Wife of Bath File:The Parson - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Parson File:Canterbury Tales - The Miller - f. 34v detail - Robin with the Bagpype - early 1400s Chaucer.png|Robin The Miller File:The Manciple - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Manciple File:The Reeve - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|Oswald The Reeve File:The Summoner - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Summoner File:The Pardoner - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Pardoner File:Ellesmere Chaucer, mssEL 26 C 9, folio 153v, warmer image.jpg|Geoffrey Chaucer from the Ellsmere manuscript of the ''Canterbury Tales'' File:The Canon's Yeoman - Ellesmere Chaucer.jpg|The Canon Yeoman {not part of the original prologue but added at the end of the ''Tales''} </gallery> [[File:North Reading Room, east wall. Detail of mural by Ezra Winter illustrating the characters in the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. Library of Congress John Adams Building, Washington, D.C. LCCN2007687191.tif|350px]] [[File:North Reading Room, west wall. Detail of mural by Ezra Winter illustrating the characters in the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. Library of Congress John Adams Building, Washington, D.C. LCCN2007687083.tif|350px]] North Reading Room, west wall. Detail of mural by Ezra Winter illustrating the characters in the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. [[Library of Congress]] John Adams Building, Washington, D.C ==Related pages== * [[English literature]] * [[William Shakespeare]] * [[Pilgrimage]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Canterbury Tales}} [[Category:The Canterbury Tales| ]] 4ry55s5535esiah517rfrxqc460k9pp 0 29822 11023936 11020537 2026-10-08T12:11:45Z ~2026-54097-51 1886949 11023936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{wikify|reason=[[WP:MOS]]|date=January 2026}} [[File:Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG|thumb|18th-century painting of Durga slaying the buffalo demon Mahishasura |alt=Durga]] '''Goddess Durga''' , lit. the one who is difficult to approach, or the undefeatable one, or the inaccessible one, is a form of the Hindu goddess [[Parvati]]. She is one of the major deities in [[Hinduism]] worshipped as the supreme goddess and is known by different names such as [[Shakti]] or [[Adi Parashakti]]. She is often depicted with ten, eight, four or eighteen arms killing evil demons like Mahishasura granting peace and restore Dharma (righteousness). She is regarded as the eternal power and mother of the whole universe. She has importance in other religions such as [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], and [[Jainism]] and in other denominations like [[Shaivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]]. ---- ----<big>Goddess Durga;</big> ----Mother goddess; Goddess of [[Shakti|power]], strength, protection, war, devotion, [[Illusion]], victory, destruction, harmony, fertility and motherhood. Parabrahman, the supreme goddess in [[Shaktism]]. Member of [[Tridevi]] (as [[Parvati]]) and member of the panchayatana puja. (One of the highest forms of the goddess [[Mahadevi]]) ----<big>Goddess Durga :-</big> * Affiliation- [[Devi]] , [[Shakti]], [[kali]], [[Parvati]], [[Mahadevi]] , [[Chamunda]] , [[Bhuvaneshvari]], [[Mahavidyas]], [[Navadurgas]], [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]] , [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Shaktism]], [[Vindhyachal Temple|Vindhyavasini]], [[Bhavani]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]], Kamakhya, [[Kaushiki]], [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]], [[Mariamman]] , Taleju Bhavani * other names- [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini,]] [[Kaushiki]], [[Navadurgas|Katyayani]], Durgati Nashini, [[Bhavani]], Mahamaya , [[Meenakshi Temple|Meenakshi]], Jagadamba, Bhagawati, [[Mahadevi|Ambika]], [[Chamunda|Chandika]], Narayani, Adi Parashakti * Abode- [[Mount Kailash]], [[Vindhyas|Vindhyachal]] , Manidvipa * Mantra- Om shri Durgayai Namah, Om aim him klim Chamundayai vicce, [[Mahishasurmardini stotra|Mahishasuramardini stotra]] , [[Bhavani Ashtaka]] * Weapon- [[Sudarshana Chakra]], [[Trishula]], [[Gada (weapon)|Gada]] , [[Bow and arrow]], [[Scimitar]], [[Ankusha]], [[Spear]], [[Shield]], [[Conch|Shankha]], [[Sword]] , Akshaya Patra, kapala, Pasha (Noose) * Day - [[Tuesday]], [[Friday]], [[Saturday]] * Mount- [[Lion]], [[Tiger]] * Texts- [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], [[Kalika Purana]], [[Tantra|Tantras]], Devisukta, Devi mahatmaya, Devisukta (Chandipatha), Shakta Upanishads, [[Puranas|Markandeya Purana]], [[Yajurveda]], Siddheshwari Tantra * Festivals- [[Durga Puja]], Durga Ashtami, [[Navratri]], Vijayadashami, [[Diwali]], Bathukamma, [[Puja (Hinduism)|Jagadhatri puja]], [[Puja (Hinduism)|Basanti Puja]] (বাসন্তী পূজো), Mahalaya, Jaya Parvati Vrata, Adi Thiruvila * Consort- [[Shiva]] * Equivalents - [[Panthoibi]] (Manipuri) * Children- [[Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya]] * Symbols- [[Lion]], [[Tiger]], [[Scimitar]] * Siblings- [[Vishnu]], [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and Mainaka (as [[Parvati]]) * Gender - female ----Goddess Durga is one of the most powerful forms of the supreme goddess [[Mahadevi]]. She is considered to be the eternal energy ([[Shakti]]) of lord [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] and [[Brahma]]. She is known by different names such as [[Kali]], [[Mahadevi|Adi Shakti]] and [[Chamunda]]. She is primarily worshipped in [[West Bengal]] and [[Gujarat]]. She is often identified with Goddesses like [[Parvati]], [[Kali]] and other forms of [[Shakti]]. She is one of the five equivalent deities in the Panchayatana puja of the [[Smartism|Smarta tradition]]. Durga is a warrior goddess and is often depicted as a goddess with multiple hands fighting and killing demons like Mahishasura and their army of demons. She is generally depicted riding a lion or tiger. In [[South India|Southern India]], She is generally worshipped as [[Mariamman]], the south indian goddess of [[Weather]]. Durga has a significant following all over [[Nepal]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and many other countries. She is mostly worshipped after spring and Autumn harvests, especially during the major festivals of [[Durga Puja]], Durga ashtami, Vijayadashami, [[Deepavali]], and [[Navratri]]. According to many [[Hinduism|Hindu traditions]], She is one of the five main forms of [[Mahadevi|prakriti]] ([[Nature]]). She is also one of the most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon. ----'''Origins :-''' Durga is believed to have originated from the [[Indian subcontinent]] as an ancient goddess worshipped by indigenous mountain dwellers before being established in the main hindu pantheon by the 4th century CE .she is associated with strength, wars and battles, motherhood creation, preservation and destruction. In important texts of [[Shaktism]], Devi Mahatmaya and [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], where [[Devi]] (often Durga) is considered to be the primordial creator of the universe, the Bramhan (ultimate reality) and consider her to be the embodiment of prakriti and Maya ([[Illusion]]). [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]] (the slayer of Mahishasura) is among her various epithets which she recieved after slaying the bovin demon Mahishasura. In [[Vaishnavism]] , she is considered to be the sister of [[Vishnu]] and is known as Yogamaya or Ekanamsha. In [[Bengal|Bengali]] traditions and worship, she is considered to be the mother of goddess [[Lakshmi]], goddess [[Saraswati|Sarasvati]], lord [[kartikeya]] and lord [[Ganesha]]. She is one of the most important deities in [[Hinduism]]. [[Kali]], [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]], [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Bhuvaneshvari]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Chhinnamasta]], [[Dhumavati]], [[Bagalamukhi]], [[Matangi]] & [[Kamalatmika|Kamala]] are the ten [[Mahavidyas]] (great wisdom goddesses) and are considered to be the form of Goddess [[Mahadevi|Adi Parashakti]] (Durga). She is a prominent deity in [[Hinduism]]. ----'''Legends:-''' According to scriptures, Durga got her name after defeating the demon [[Durgamasura]], a demon who stole the [[Vedas]] but was ultimately defeated by goddess [[Shakambari]] (a form of Durga). She is worshipped mainly during [[Durga Puja]] and [[Navratri]]. According to scriptures like Devi Mahatmayam (the glory of the goddess Durga), after a sage named Katyayana performed penance to please the goddess, the goddess Durga ([[Mahadevi]]) gave a boon to him that she will be born as his daughter. A bovine buffalo demon named Mahishasura, performed extreme penance to lord [[Brahma]] and as a result, lord [[Brahma]] gave him a boon that he could only be defeated by a woman. The gods, defeated by him, together formed a mountain out of their inner warmness, anger (tejas) and helplessness (according to Devi Mahatmayam), the goddess then choose to manifest out of the mountain and from the supreme, nirguna (formless) Brahman (the ultimate reality), she turned into the mother goddess Durga and merged out of the mountain. The gods adorned her with multiple weapons like the [[Trishula]], [[Scimitar]] and pasha (noose). Later the goddess [[Mahadevi]] was born as the sage katyayana's daughter and was named Katyayani. After defeating the bovine demon Mahishasura in her Durga form, she selected the [[Vindhyas]] as her earthly abode. The Devi Mahatmayam is one of the most prominent scriptures dedicated to the goddess Durga. The scripture also depicts the story of how she defeated the demon brothers Shumbha and Nishumbha in her [[Kaushiki]] form. It also depicts the story of her slaying the demon generals of Shumbha and Nishumbha like Dhumralochana, Raktabija, Chanda and Munda in her various forms like [[Kali]] and the story of her defeating the demon [[Durgamasura]] in her primary three forms which are [[Durga|Satakshi]] (the one who has thousands of eyes), [[Shakambari]] (the bearer of vegetables) and Durga (the slayer of demons). It is depicted that when Durgamasura stole the [[Vedas]], the balance of the universe was disrupted and the gods were unable to perform rituals like Yajna and the earthly humans faced extreme famine and drought for nearly hundred years. After seeing her earthy devotees facing extreme starvation, thousands of eyes appeared on her whole body and tear drops started falling from all of her eyes. This caused a flood on earth and rivers, oceans and seas were formed. This form of her is known as Satakshi (the thousand eyed one). To feed all the beings, she took the form of Shakambari (the goddess of food and nourishment). And ultimately, she took the form of Durga to defeat the demon Durgamasura and his army of demons. ----'''Manifestations:-''' * [[Kali|Kalika.]] * [[Parvati]]. * [[Bhuvaneshvari]]. * [[Tripura Sundari]]. * [[Shakti]]. * [[Bhairavi]]. * [[Navadurgas]]. * [[Mahavidyas]]. * [[Chamunda]]. * [[Devi]]. * [[Mahadevi|Adi Shakti]]. * The 64 Yoginis. * [[Navadurgas|Katyayani]] * [[Kaushiki]] * [[Mariamman]] * [[Bagalamukhi]] * [[Chhinnamasta]] * [[Dhumavati]] * [[Kamalatmika]] * [[Navadurgas|Bramhacharini]] * [[Nature|Prakriti]] * [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]] * [[Bhavani]] * [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]] * [[Shakambari]] * Mahakali ---- '''Worship:-''' Durga is primarily worshipped in [[West Bengal]] and [[Gujarat]]. She is worshipped during the festivals named [[Navratri]], [[Durga Puja]], and Dusshera. her 9 incarnations are worshipped for 9 days during Navratri. Gujaratis perform a very special dance called Garba every night during Navratri. Goddess Durga is worshipped in a number of temples including the famous [[Vindhyachal Temple]], [[Renwal Dham]] and Maa Vaishno Devi temple. During durga puja, She is worshipped by the people of [[Bengal]] for five days. Durga puja is West Bengal's biggest festival. Just like gujarati people, Bengali people perform a very special dance called dhunuchi nritya during Durga Puja. Goddess Durga is worshipped all over [[India]] and has importance in Other religions like [[Buddhism]]. She is also worshipped in other places like [[Bali]] and [[Nepal]]. In Nepal, she is worshipped as Taleju Bhavani, a tantric goddess. Durga is worshipped in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Temple|Temples]] across [[India]] and [[Nepal]] by Shakta hindus. ----'''History and texts:-''' Devi's epithets synonymous with Durga appear in [[Upanishad|Upanishadic]] literature. Such as kali in verse 1.2.4 of the [[Mundaka Upanishad]] dated to about the 5th century BCE. The single mention describes [[Kali|Kalika]] as "terrible yet Swift as thought", very red and smoky coloured manifestation of [[Mahadevi|the divine]] with a fire- like flickering tongue, before the text begins presenting it's thesis that one must seek self- knowledge and the knowledge of the eternal Bramhan. She is described as a goddess who is adorned with a crescent moon on her crown. Durga, in her various forms, appears as an independent deity in the Epic periods of [[Ancient India]], that is the centuries around the start of the common Era. Both Yudhishthira and [[Arjuna]] characters of the [[Mahabharata]] invoke hymns to Durga. Various [[Puranas]] from the early to late millennium CE dedicate chapters of inconsistent legends associated with Durga. Of these, the Markandeya purana and the [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]] are the most significant texts on Durga. The [[Upanishad|Devi Upanishad]] and other Shakta [[Upanishad|Upanishads]] , mostly dated to have been composed in or after the 9th century, present the philosophical and mystical speculations related to Durga as [[Devi]] and other epithets , identifying her to be the same as the Bramhan and Atman (self,soul). The [[Puranas|Skanda purana]] and [[Puranas|Shiva Purana]] and many other [[Puranas]] identifies Durga as the warrior form of goddess [[Parvati]]. The [[Mahishasurmardini stotra|Mahishasuramardini stotra]] by [[Adi Shankara]] was written in her Praise.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-24|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>in [[Yajurveda]] and [[Atharvaveda]] she has been invoked as the goddess who grants protection and bliss. In the [[Puranas]], Durga has been described as the Vana Durga, Jaya Durga, Mahishasur - mardini Durga, Vindhyavasini Durga, Maha Durga and Anala Durga. In the ancient Siddheshwari Tantra, the Durga Apad Uddharaka Stotram is a hymn and a significant part of the Tantra which praises her as the supreme refuge and protector and praises her as the supreme [[Chamunda|Chandika]]. Her idols, carves on cave walls have been discovered from different regions and countries like [[China]], [[Gujarat]], [[Afghanistan]] ([[Ghazni]]), [[Indonesia]] ([[Java]]), India ([[Vidisha]], [[Gujarat]], Mahabalipuram), [[Karnataka]], [[Bangladesh]]. ----'''In other religions :-''' In [[Sikhism]]:- Durga is exalted as a creation of the divine in Dasam Granth , a sacred text of Sikhism that is traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-24|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>According to Eleanor Nesbitt , this view has been challenged by the Sikhs who consider Sikhism to be monotheistic, who hold that a feminine form of the supreme and a reverence for the Goddess is unmistakably of Hindu character. ----In [[Buddhism]]:- The [[Tantra|Tantric]] Buddhist [[Vajrayana]] traditions adopted several [[Hindu deities]] into its fold, including Durga. Numerous depictions of Durga slaying the buffalo demon have been found at Buddhist temple sites (c. 8th- 11th century) in [[Afghanistan]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Northeastern India]]. Durga Statues have also been found in major Buddhist sites like Nalanda and Vikramashila. In [[Bengal]], late indian [[Mahayana]] Buddhists during 17th century worshipped Durga during traditional Yogini [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] celebrations, and some traces of these Mahayana Durga rites survive today, even though the Bengalis who perform them are no longer Buddhist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-25|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>Images of Buddhist Durga have also been found in [[Bali]] (surrounded with images of Buddhas and [[Bodhisattva|Bodhisattvas]]) and date from the 10th and 11th centuries. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wiki: Welcome Visitors|url=http://wiki.org/|access-date=2025-11-26|website=www.wiki.org|archive-date=2016-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924185338/http://wiki.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Durga also appears in the [[Tantra]] called Sarva Durgati Parisodhana tantra, though in this text, she appears not in her demon slaying form, but mounted on a [[Lion]]. Several aspects of the popular [[Vajrayana]] Buddhist goddess [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] are believed to have originated as a form of goddess Durga. ----In [[Jainism]]:- The Sacciya mata found in major medieval era Jain temple mirrors Durga, and she has been identified by [[Jainism]] scholars to be the same or sharing a more ancient common lineage. In the [[Ellora Caves]], the jain temples feature Durga with her [[Lion]] mount. However, she is not shown as killing the buffalo demon in the jain cave, but she is presented as a peaceful deity. ----'''Iconography:-''' She is generally depicted with multiple arms which vary in numbers in different cultures and is generally shown slaying demons like Mahishasura, Dhumralochana, Shumbha and Nishumbha, Durgamasura, Raktabija, Chanda and Munda. She is generally depicted wearing gold, silver or pearl ornaments and is shown adorned with a [[Crown]] (Mukuta) and a crescent moon. She is depicted with three eyes in most of the depictions or with thousands of eyes in some depictions and forms like [[Shakambari]]. In her fierce forms like [[Chamunda]], [[Kali]] and Chandi, she is depicted wearing a garland of skulls (Mundamala) and is sometimes shown wearing ornaments made of skulls. She is depicted riding a [[Lion]] or [[Tiger]]. She is depicted welding weapons like [[Scimitar]], [[Sword]] and [[Trishula]]. She is either shown as a peaceful deity or a fierce goddess slaying evil demons. Her ancient sculptures found at various sites at countries like [[India]] generally depict her as a fierce deity. She symbolises power, protection and the cosmic energy of the universe. ----'''Influence:-''' Durga as the mother goddess is the inspiration behind the song [[Vande Mataram]], written by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], during the the [[Indian independence movement]], later the official national song of [[India]]. Durga is present in [[Nationalism|Indian Nationalism]] where [[Bharatmata|Bharat mata]] i.e. Mother India is viewed as a form of Durga. This is completely secular and keeping in line with the ancient ideology of Durga as mother and protector to Indians. She is present in pop culture and blockbuster [[Bollywood]] movies like Jai Santoshi maa. The indian army uses [[Hindustan|Hindustani]] phrases like "Durga Mata ki jai" and "[[Kali]] mata ki jai". Any woman who takes up cause to fight is said to have the spirit of Durga in her. ---- [[Category:Hinduism]] [[Category:Hindu goddesses]] [[Category:Mahavidyas]] [[Category:Hindu gods and goddesses]] [[Category:Durga]] 4ftsvhdu1zfa9x5wewl8jhs1sy5l7kf 11023939 11023936 2026-10-08T12:13:52Z ~2026-54097-51 1886949 /* */ 11023939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{wikify|reason=[[WP:MOS]]|date=January 2026}} [[File:Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG|thumb|18th-century painting of Durga slaying the buffalo demon Mahishasura |alt=Durga]] '''Goddess Durga''' , lit. the one who is difficult to approach, or the undefeatable one, or the inaccessible one, is a form of the Hindu goddess [[Parvati]]. She is one of the major deities in [[Hinduism]] worshipped as the supreme goddess and is known by different names such as [[Shakti]] or [[Adi Parashakti]]. She is often depicted with ten, eight, four or eighteen arms killing evil demons like Mahishasura granting peace and restore Dharma (righteousness). She is regarded as the eternal power and mother of the whole universe. She has importance in other religions such as [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], and [[Jainism]] and in other denominations like [[Shaivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]]. ---- ----<big>Goddess Durga;</big> ----Mother goddess; Goddess of [[Shakti|power]], strength, protection, war, devotion, [[Illusion]], victory, destruction, harmony, fertility and motherhood. Parabrahman, the supreme goddess in [[Shaktism]]. Member of [[Tridevi]] (as [[Parvati]]) and member of the panchayatana puja. (One of the highest forms of the goddess [[Mahadevi]]) ----<big>Goddess Durga :-</big> * Affiliation- [[Devi]] , [[Shakti]], [[kali]], [[Parvati]], [[Mahadevi]] , [[Chamunda]] , [[Bhuvaneshvari]], [[Mahavidyas]], [[Navadurgas]], [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]] , [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Shaktism]], [[Vindhyachal Temple|Vindhyavasini]], [[Bhavani]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]], Kamakhya, [[Kaushiki]], [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]], [[Mariamman]] , Taleju Bhavani * other names- [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini,]] [[Kaushiki]], [[Navadurgas|Katyayani]], Durgati Nashini, [[Bhavani]], Mahamaya , [[Meenakshi Temple|Meenakshi]], Jagadamba, Bhagawati, [[Mahadevi|Ambika]], [[Chamunda|Chandika]], Narayani, Adi Parashakti * Abode- [[Mount Kailash]], [[Vindhyas|Vindhyachal]] , Manidvipa * Mantra- Om shri Durgayai Namah, Om aim him klim Chamundayai vicce, [[Mahishasurmardini stotra|Mahishasuramardini stotra]] , [[Bhavani Ashtaka]] * Weapon- [[Sudarshana Chakra]], [[Trishula]], [[Gada (weapon)|Gada]] , [[Bow and arrow]], [[Scimitar]], [[Ankusha]], [[Spear]], [[Shield]], [[Conch|Shankha]], [[Sword]] , Akshaya Patra, kapala, Pasha (Noose) * Day - [[Tuesday]], [[Friday]], [[Saturday]] * Mount- [[Lion]], [[Tiger]] * Texts- [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], [[Kalika Purana]], [[Tantra|Tantras]], Devisukta, Devi mahatmaya, Devisukta (Chandipatha), Shakta Upanishads, [[Puranas|Markandeya Purana]], [[Yajurveda]], Siddheshwari Tantra, [[Rigveda]] * Festivals- [[Durga Puja]], Durga Ashtami, [[Navratri]], Vijayadashami, [[Diwali]], Bathukamma, [[Puja (Hinduism)|Jagadhatri puja]], [[Puja (Hinduism)|Basanti Puja]] (বাসন্তী পূজো), Mahalaya, Jaya Parvati Vrata, Adi Thiruvila * Consort- [[Shiva]] * Equivalents - [[Panthoibi]] (Manipuri) * Children- [[Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya]] * Symbols- [[Lion]], [[Tiger]], [[Scimitar]] * Siblings- [[Vishnu]], [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and Mainaka (as [[Parvati]]) * Gender - female ----Goddess Durga is one of the most powerful forms of the supreme goddess [[Mahadevi]]. She is considered to be the eternal energy ([[Shakti]]) of lord [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] and [[Brahma]]. She is known by different names such as [[Kali]], [[Mahadevi|Adi Shakti]] and [[Chamunda]]. She is primarily worshipped in [[West Bengal]] and [[Gujarat]]. She is often identified with Goddesses like [[Parvati]], [[Kali]] and other forms of [[Shakti]]. She is one of the five equivalent deities in the Panchayatana puja of the [[Smartism|Smarta tradition]]. Durga is a warrior goddess and is often depicted as a goddess with multiple hands fighting and killing demons like Mahishasura and their army of demons. She is generally depicted riding a lion or tiger. In [[South India|Southern India]], She is generally worshipped as [[Mariamman]], the south indian goddess of [[Weather]]. Durga has a significant following all over [[Nepal]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and many other countries. She is mostly worshipped after spring and Autumn harvests, especially during the major festivals of [[Durga Puja]], Durga ashtami, Vijayadashami, [[Deepavali]], and [[Navratri]]. According to many [[Hinduism|Hindu traditions]], She is one of the five main forms of [[Mahadevi|prakriti]] ([[Nature]]). She is also one of the most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon. ----'''Origins :-''' Durga is believed to have originated from the [[Indian subcontinent]] as an ancient goddess worshipped by indigenous mountain dwellers before being established in the main hindu pantheon by the 4th century CE .she is associated with strength, wars and battles, motherhood creation, preservation and destruction. In important texts of [[Shaktism]], Devi Mahatmaya and [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], where [[Devi]] (often Durga) is considered to be the primordial creator of the universe, the Bramhan (ultimate reality) and consider her to be the embodiment of prakriti and Maya ([[Illusion]]). [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]] (the slayer of Mahishasura) is among her various epithets which she recieved after slaying the bovin demon Mahishasura. In [[Vaishnavism]] , she is considered to be the sister of [[Vishnu]] and is known as Yogamaya or Ekanamsha. In [[Bengal|Bengali]] traditions and worship, she is considered to be the mother of goddess [[Lakshmi]], goddess [[Saraswati|Sarasvati]], lord [[kartikeya]] and lord [[Ganesha]]. She is one of the most important deities in [[Hinduism]]. [[Kali]], [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]], [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Bhuvaneshvari]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Chhinnamasta]], [[Dhumavati]], [[Bagalamukhi]], [[Matangi]] & [[Kamalatmika|Kamala]] are the ten [[Mahavidyas]] (great wisdom goddesses) and are considered to be the form of Goddess [[Mahadevi|Adi Parashakti]] (Durga). She is a prominent deity in [[Hinduism]]. ----'''Legends:-''' According to scriptures, Durga got her name after defeating the demon [[Durgamasura]], a demon who stole the [[Vedas]] but was ultimately defeated by goddess [[Shakambari]] (a form of Durga). She is worshipped mainly during [[Durga Puja]] and [[Navratri]]. According to scriptures like Devi Mahatmayam (the glory of the goddess Durga), after a sage named Katyayana performed penance to please the goddess, the goddess Durga ([[Mahadevi]]) gave a boon to him that she will be born as his daughter. A bovine buffalo demon named Mahishasura, performed extreme penance to lord [[Brahma]] and as a result, lord [[Brahma]] gave him a boon that he could only be defeated by a woman. The gods, defeated by him, together formed a mountain out of their inner warmness, anger (tejas) and helplessness (according to Devi Mahatmayam), the goddess then choose to manifest out of the mountain and from the supreme, nirguna (formless) Brahman (the ultimate reality), she turned into the mother goddess Durga and merged out of the mountain. The gods adorned her with multiple weapons like the [[Trishula]], [[Scimitar]] and pasha (noose). Later the goddess [[Mahadevi]] was born as the sage katyayana's daughter and was named Katyayani. After defeating the bovine demon Mahishasura in her Durga form, she selected the [[Vindhyas]] as her earthly abode. The Devi Mahatmayam is one of the most prominent scriptures dedicated to the goddess Durga. The scripture also depicts the story of how she defeated the demon brothers Shumbha and Nishumbha in her [[Kaushiki]] form. It also depicts the story of her slaying the demon generals of Shumbha and Nishumbha like Dhumralochana, Raktabija, Chanda and Munda in her various forms like [[Kali]] and the story of her defeating the demon [[Durgamasura]] in her primary three forms which are [[Durga|Satakshi]] (the one who has thousands of eyes), [[Shakambari]] (the bearer of vegetables) and Durga (the slayer of demons). It is depicted that when Durgamasura stole the [[Vedas]], the balance of the universe was disrupted and the gods were unable to perform rituals like Yajna and the earthly humans faced extreme famine and drought for nearly hundred years. After seeing her earthy devotees facing extreme starvation, thousands of eyes appeared on her whole body and tear drops started falling from all of her eyes. This caused a flood on earth and rivers, oceans and seas were formed. This form of her is known as Satakshi (the thousand eyed one). To feed all the beings, she took the form of Shakambari (the goddess of food and nourishment). And ultimately, she took the form of Durga to defeat the demon Durgamasura and his army of demons. ----'''Manifestations:-''' * [[Kali|Kalika.]] * [[Parvati]]. * [[Bhuvaneshvari]]. * [[Tripura Sundari]]. * [[Shakti]]. * [[Bhairavi]]. * [[Navadurgas]]. * [[Mahavidyas]]. * [[Chamunda]]. * [[Devi]]. * [[Mahadevi|Adi Shakti]]. * The 64 Yoginis. * [[Navadurgas|Katyayani]] * [[Kaushiki]] * [[Mariamman]] * [[Bagalamukhi]] * [[Chhinnamasta]] * [[Dhumavati]] * [[Kamalatmika]] * [[Navadurgas|Bramhacharini]] * [[Nature|Prakriti]] * [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]] * [[Bhavani]] * [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]] * [[Shakambari]] * Mahakali ---- '''Worship:-''' Durga is primarily worshipped in [[West Bengal]] and [[Gujarat]]. She is worshipped during the festivals named [[Navratri]], [[Durga Puja]], and Dusshera. her 9 incarnations are worshipped for 9 days during Navratri. Gujaratis perform a very special dance called Garba every night during Navratri. Goddess Durga is worshipped in a number of temples including the famous [[Vindhyachal Temple]], [[Renwal Dham]] and Maa Vaishno Devi temple. During durga puja, She is worshipped by the people of [[Bengal]] for five days. Durga puja is West Bengal's biggest festival. Just like gujarati people, Bengali people perform a very special dance called dhunuchi nritya during Durga Puja. Goddess Durga is worshipped all over [[India]] and has importance in Other religions like [[Buddhism]]. She is also worshipped in other places like [[Bali]] and [[Nepal]]. In Nepal, she is worshipped as Taleju Bhavani, a tantric goddess. Durga is worshipped in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Temple|Temples]] across [[India]] and [[Nepal]] by Shakta hindus. ----'''History and texts:-''' Devi's epithets synonymous with Durga appear in [[Upanishad|Upanishadic]] literature. Such as kali in verse 1.2.4 of the [[Mundaka Upanishad]] dated to about the 5th century BCE. The single mention describes [[Kali|Kalika]] as "terrible yet Swift as thought", very red and smoky coloured manifestation of [[Mahadevi|the divine]] with a fire- like flickering tongue, before the text begins presenting it's thesis that one must seek self- knowledge and the knowledge of the eternal Bramhan. She is described as a goddess who is adorned with a crescent moon on her crown. Durga, in her various forms, appears as an independent deity in the Epic periods of [[Ancient India]], that is the centuries around the start of the common Era. Both Yudhishthira and [[Arjuna]] characters of the [[Mahabharata]] invoke hymns to Durga. Various [[Puranas]] from the early to late millennium CE dedicate chapters of inconsistent legends associated with Durga. Of these, the Markandeya purana and the [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]] are the most significant texts on Durga. The [[Upanishad|Devi Upanishad]] and other Shakta [[Upanishad|Upanishads]] , mostly dated to have been composed in or after the 9th century, present the philosophical and mystical speculations related to Durga as [[Devi]] and other epithets , identifying her to be the same as the Bramhan and Atman (self,soul). The [[Puranas|Skanda purana]] and [[Puranas|Shiva Purana]] and many other [[Puranas]] identifies Durga as the warrior form of goddess [[Parvati]]. The [[Mahishasurmardini stotra|Mahishasuramardini stotra]] by [[Adi Shankara]] was written in her Praise.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-24|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>in [[Yajurveda]] and [[Atharvaveda]] she has been invoked as the goddess who grants protection and bliss. In the [[Puranas]], Durga has been described as the Vana Durga, Jaya Durga, Mahishasur - mardini Durga, Vindhyavasini Durga, Maha Durga and Anala Durga. In the ancient Siddheshwari Tantra, the Durga Apad Uddharaka Stotram is a hymn and a significant part of the Tantra which praises her as the supreme refuge and protector and praises her as the supreme [[Chamunda|Chandika]]. Her idols, carves on cave walls have been discovered from different regions and countries like [[China]], [[Gujarat]], [[Afghanistan]] ([[Ghazni]]), [[Indonesia]] ([[Java]]), India ([[Vidisha]], [[Gujarat]], Mahabalipuram), [[Karnataka]], [[Bangladesh]]. ----'''In other religions :-''' In [[Sikhism]]:- Durga is exalted as a creation of the divine in Dasam Granth , a sacred text of Sikhism that is traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-24|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>According to Eleanor Nesbitt , this view has been challenged by the Sikhs who consider Sikhism to be monotheistic, who hold that a feminine form of the supreme and a reverence for the Goddess is unmistakably of Hindu character. ----In [[Buddhism]]:- The [[Tantra|Tantric]] Buddhist [[Vajrayana]] traditions adopted several [[Hindu deities]] into its fold, including Durga. Numerous depictions of Durga slaying the buffalo demon have been found at Buddhist temple sites (c. 8th- 11th century) in [[Afghanistan]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Northeastern India]]. Durga Statues have also been found in major Buddhist sites like Nalanda and Vikramashila. In [[Bengal]], late indian [[Mahayana]] Buddhists during 17th century worshipped Durga during traditional Yogini [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] celebrations, and some traces of these Mahayana Durga rites survive today, even though the Bengalis who perform them are no longer Buddhist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-25|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>Images of Buddhist Durga have also been found in [[Bali]] (surrounded with images of Buddhas and [[Bodhisattva|Bodhisattvas]]) and date from the 10th and 11th centuries. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wiki: Welcome Visitors|url=http://wiki.org/|access-date=2025-11-26|website=www.wiki.org|archive-date=2016-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924185338/http://wiki.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Durga also appears in the [[Tantra]] called Sarva Durgati Parisodhana tantra, though in this text, she appears not in her demon slaying form, but mounted on a [[Lion]]. Several aspects of the popular [[Vajrayana]] Buddhist goddess [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] are believed to have originated as a form of goddess Durga. ----In [[Jainism]]:- The Sacciya mata found in major medieval era Jain temple mirrors Durga, and she has been identified by [[Jainism]] scholars to be the same or sharing a more ancient common lineage. In the [[Ellora Caves]], the jain temples feature Durga with her [[Lion]] mount. However, she is not shown as killing the buffalo demon in the jain cave, but she is presented as a peaceful deity. ----'''Iconography:-''' She is generally depicted with multiple arms which vary in numbers in different cultures and is generally shown slaying demons like Mahishasura, Dhumralochana, Shumbha and Nishumbha, Durgamasura, Raktabija, Chanda and Munda. She is generally depicted wearing gold, silver or pearl ornaments and is shown adorned with a [[Crown]] (Mukuta) and a crescent moon. She is depicted with three eyes in most of the depictions or with thousands of eyes in some depictions and forms like [[Shakambari]]. In her fierce forms like [[Chamunda]], [[Kali]] and Chandi, she is depicted wearing a garland of skulls (Mundamala) and is sometimes shown wearing ornaments made of skulls. She is depicted riding a [[Lion]] or [[Tiger]]. She is depicted welding weapons like [[Scimitar]], [[Sword]] and [[Trishula]]. She is either shown as a peaceful deity or a fierce goddess slaying evil demons. Her ancient sculptures found at various sites at countries like [[India]] generally depict her as a fierce deity. She symbolises power, protection and the cosmic energy of the universe. ----'''Influence:-''' Durga as the mother goddess is the inspiration behind the song [[Vande Mataram]], written by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], during the the [[Indian independence movement]], later the official national song of [[India]]. Durga is present in [[Nationalism|Indian Nationalism]] where [[Bharatmata|Bharat mata]] i.e. Mother India is viewed as a form of Durga. This is completely secular and keeping in line with the ancient ideology of Durga as mother and protector to Indians. She is present in pop culture and blockbuster [[Bollywood]] movies like Jai Santoshi maa. The indian army uses [[Hindustan|Hindustani]] phrases like "Durga Mata ki jai" and "[[Kali]] mata ki jai". Any woman who takes up cause to fight is said to have the spirit of Durga in her. ---- [[Category:Hinduism]] [[Category:Hindu goddesses]] [[Category:Mahavidyas]] [[Category:Hindu gods and goddesses]] [[Category:Durga]] sz2rzljwom0x4r3vqo3ptqxcfb0sfy0 11023941 11023939 2026-10-08T12:28:37Z ~2026-54097-51 1886949 /* */ 11023941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{wikify|reason=[[WP:MOS]]|date=January 2026}} [[File:Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG|thumb|18th-century painting of Durga slaying the buffalo demon Mahishasura |alt=Durga]] '''Goddess Durga''' , lit. the one who is difficult to approach, or the undefeatable one, or the inaccessible one, is a form of the Hindu goddess [[Parvati]]. She is one of the major deities in [[Hinduism]] worshipped as the supreme goddess and is known by different names such as [[Shakti]] or [[Adi Parashakti]]. She is often depicted with ten, eight, four or eighteen arms killing evil demons like Mahishasura granting peace and restore Dharma (righteousness). She is regarded as the eternal power and mother of the whole universe. She has importance in other religions such as [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], and [[Jainism]] and in other denominations like [[Shaivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]]. ----<big>Goddess Durga :-</big> ----Mother goddess; Goddess of Power, destruction, strength, protection, war, devotion, [[Illusion]], victory, destruction, fertility, harmony and motherhood Parabrahman, the supreme being in [[Shaktism]]. Member of the Pancha [[Nature|Prakriti]] and the Panchayatana Puja. Member of [[Tridevi]] (as [[Parvati]]). One of the highest forms of the supreme goddess [[Mahadevi]]. ---- * Affiliation- [[Devi]] , [[Shakti]], [[kali]], [[Parvati]], [[Mahadevi]] , [[Chamunda]] , [[Bhuvaneshvari]], [[Mahavidyas]], [[Navadurgas]], [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]] , [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Shaktism]], [[Vindhyachal Temple|Vindhyavasini]], [[Bhavani]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]], Kamakhya, [[Kaushiki]], [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]], [[Mariamman]] , Taleju Bhavani * other names- [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini,]] [[Kaushiki]], [[Navadurgas|Katyayani]], Durgati Nashini, [[Bhavani]], Mahamaya , [[Meenakshi Temple|Meenakshi]], Jagadamba, Bhagawati, [[Mahadevi|Ambika]], [[Chamunda|Chandika]], Narayani, Adi Parashakti * Abode- [[Mount Kailash]], [[Vindhyas|Vindhyachal]] , Manidvipa * Mantra- Om shri Durgayai Namah, Om aim him klim Chamundayai vicce, [[Mahishasurmardini stotra|Mahishasuramardini stotra]] , [[Bhavani Ashtaka]] * Weapon- [[Sudarshana Chakra]], [[Trishula]], [[Gada (weapon)|Gada]] , [[Bow and arrow]], [[Scimitar]], [[Ankusha]], [[Spear]], [[Shield]], [[Conch|Shankha]], [[Sword]] , Akshaya Patra, kapala, Pasha (Noose) * Day - [[Tuesday]], [[Friday]], [[Saturday]] * Mount- [[Lion]], [[Tiger]] * Texts- [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], [[Kalika Purana]], [[Tantra|Tantras]], Devisukta, Devi mahatmaya, Devisukta (Chandipatha), Shakta Upanishads, [[Puranas|Markandeya Purana]], [[Yajurveda]], Siddheshwari Tantra, [[Rigveda]], Sarva Durgati Parisodhana Tantra * Festivals- [[Durga Puja]], Durga Ashtami, [[Navratri]], Vijayadashami, [[Diwali]], Bathukamma, [[Puja (Hinduism)|Jagadhatri puja]], [[Puja (Hinduism)|Basanti Puja]] (বাসন্তী পূজো), Mahalaya, Jaya Parvati Vrata, Adi Thiruvila * Consort- [[Shiva]] * Equivalents - [[Panthoibi]] (Manipuri) * Children- [[Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya]] * Symbols- [[Lion]], [[Tiger]], [[Scimitar]] * Siblings- [[Vishnu]], [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and Mainaka (as [[Parvati]]) * Gender - female ----Goddess Durga is one of the most powerful forms of the supreme goddess [[Mahadevi]]. She is considered to be the eternal energy ([[Shakti]]) of lord [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] and [[Brahma]]. She is known by different names such as [[Kali]], [[Mahadevi|Adi Shakti]] and [[Chamunda]]. She is primarily worshipped in [[West Bengal]] and [[Gujarat]]. She is often identified with Goddesses like [[Parvati]], [[Kali]] and other forms of [[Shakti]]. She is one of the five equivalent deities in the Panchayatana puja of the [[Smartism|Smarta tradition]]. Durga is a warrior goddess and is often depicted as a goddess with multiple hands fighting and killing demons like Mahishasura and their army of demons. She is generally depicted riding a lion or tiger. In [[South India|Southern India]], She is generally worshipped as [[Mariamman]], the south indian goddess of [[Weather]]. Durga has a significant following all over [[Nepal]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and many other countries. She is mostly worshipped after spring and Autumn harvests, especially during the major festivals of [[Durga Puja]], Durga ashtami, Vijayadashami, [[Deepavali]], and [[Navratri]]. According to many [[Hinduism|Hindu traditions]], She is one of the five main forms of [[Mahadevi|prakriti]] ([[Nature]]). She is also one of the most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon. ----'''Origins :-''' Durga is believed to have originated from the [[Indian subcontinent]] as an ancient goddess worshipped by indigenous mountain dwellers before being established in the main hindu pantheon by the 4th century CE .she is associated with strength, wars and battles, motherhood creation, preservation and destruction. In important texts of [[Shaktism]], Devi Mahatmaya and [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], where [[Devi]] (often Durga) is considered to be the primordial creator of the universe, the Bramhan (ultimate reality) and consider her to be the embodiment of prakriti and Maya ([[Illusion]]). [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]] (the slayer of Mahishasura) is among her various epithets which she recieved after slaying the bovin demon Mahishasura. In [[Vaishnavism]] , she is considered to be the sister of [[Vishnu]] and is known as Yogamaya or Ekanamsha. In [[Bengal|Bengali]] traditions and worship, she is considered to be the mother of goddess [[Lakshmi]], goddess [[Saraswati|Sarasvati]], lord [[kartikeya]] and lord [[Ganesha]]. She is one of the most important deities in [[Hinduism]]. [[Kali]], [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]], [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Bhuvaneshvari]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Chhinnamasta]], [[Dhumavati]], [[Bagalamukhi]], [[Matangi]] & [[Kamalatmika|Kamala]] are the ten [[Mahavidyas]] (great wisdom goddesses) and are considered to be the form of Goddess [[Mahadevi|Adi Parashakti]] (Durga). She is a prominent deity in [[Hinduism]]. ----'''Legends:-''' According to scriptures, Durga got her name after defeating the demon [[Durgamasura]], a demon who stole the [[Vedas]] but was ultimately defeated by goddess [[Shakambari]] (a form of Durga). She is worshipped mainly during [[Durga Puja]] and [[Navratri]]. According to scriptures like Devi Mahatmayam (the glory of the goddess Durga), after a sage named Katyayana performed penance to please the goddess, the goddess Durga ([[Mahadevi]]) gave a boon to him that she will be born as his daughter. A bovine buffalo demon named Mahishasura, performed extreme penance to lord [[Brahma]] and as a result, lord [[Brahma]] gave him a boon that he could only be defeated by a woman. The gods, defeated by him, together formed a mountain out of their inner warmness, anger (tejas) and helplessness (according to Devi Mahatmayam), the goddess then choose to manifest out of the mountain and from the supreme, nirguna (formless) Brahman (the ultimate reality), she turned into the mother goddess Durga and merged out of the mountain. The gods adorned her with multiple weapons like the [[Trishula]], [[Scimitar]] and pasha (noose). Later the goddess [[Mahadevi]] was born as the sage katyayana's daughter and was named Katyayani. After defeating the bovine demon Mahishasura in her Durga form, she selected the [[Vindhyas]] as her earthly abode. The Devi Mahatmayam is one of the most prominent scriptures dedicated to the goddess Durga. The scripture also depicts the story of how she defeated the demon brothers Shumbha and Nishumbha in her [[Kaushiki]] form. It also depicts the story of her slaying the demon generals of Shumbha and Nishumbha like Dhumralochana, Raktabija, Chanda and Munda in her various forms like [[Kali]] and the story of her defeating the demon [[Durgamasura]] in her primary three forms which are [[Durga|Satakshi]] (the one who has thousands of eyes), [[Shakambari]] (the bearer of vegetables) and Durga (the slayer of demons). It is depicted that when Durgamasura stole the [[Vedas]], the balance of the universe was disrupted and the gods were unable to perform rituals like Yajna and the earthly humans faced extreme famine and drought for nearly hundred years. After seeing her earthy devotees facing extreme starvation, thousands of eyes appeared on her whole body and tear drops started falling from all of her eyes. This caused a flood on earth and rivers, oceans and seas were formed. This form of her is known as Satakshi (the thousand eyed one). To feed all the beings, she took the form of Shakambari (the goddess of food and nourishment). And ultimately, she took the form of Durga to defeat the demon Durgamasura and his army of demons. ----'''Manifestations:-''' * [[Kali|Kalika.]] * [[Parvati]]. * [[Bhuvaneshvari]]. * [[Tripura Sundari]]. * [[Shakti]]. * [[Bhairavi]]. * [[Navadurgas]]. * [[Mahavidyas]]. * [[Chamunda]]. * [[Devi]]. * [[Mahadevi|Adi Shakti]]. * The 64 Yoginis. * [[Navadurgas|Katyayani]] * [[Kaushiki]] * [[Mariamman]] * [[Bagalamukhi]] * [[Chhinnamasta]] * [[Dhumavati]] * [[Kamalatmika]] * [[Navadurgas|Bramhacharini]] * [[Nature|Prakriti]] * [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]] * [[Bhavani]] * [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]] * [[Shakambari]] * Mahakali ---- '''Worship:-''' Durga is primarily worshipped in [[West Bengal]] and [[Gujarat]]. She is worshipped during the festivals named [[Navratri]], [[Durga Puja]], and Dusshera. her 9 incarnations are worshipped for 9 days during Navratri. Gujaratis perform a very special dance called Garba every night during Navratri. Goddess Durga is worshipped in a number of temples including the famous [[Vindhyachal Temple]], [[Renwal Dham]] and Maa Vaishno Devi temple. During durga puja, She is worshipped by the people of [[Bengal]] for five days. Durga puja is West Bengal's biggest festival. Just like gujarati people, Bengali people perform a very special dance called dhunuchi nritya during Durga Puja. Goddess Durga is worshipped all over [[India]] and has importance in Other religions like [[Buddhism]]. She is also worshipped in other places like [[Bali]] and [[Nepal]]. In Nepal, she is worshipped as Taleju Bhavani, a tantric goddess. Durga is worshipped in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Temple|Temples]] across [[India]] and [[Nepal]] by Shakta hindus. ----'''History and texts:-''' Devi's epithets synonymous with Durga appear in [[Upanishad|Upanishadic]] literature. Such as kali in verse 1.2.4 of the [[Mundaka Upanishad]] dated to about the 5th century BCE. The single mention describes [[Kali|Kalika]] as "terrible yet Swift as thought", very red and smoky coloured manifestation of [[Mahadevi|the divine]] with a fire- like flickering tongue, before the text begins presenting it's thesis that one must seek self- knowledge and the knowledge of the eternal Bramhan. She is described as a goddess who is adorned with a crescent moon on her crown. Durga, in her various forms, appears as an independent deity in the Epic periods of [[Ancient India]], that is the centuries around the start of the common Era. Both Yudhishthira and [[Arjuna]] characters of the [[Mahabharata]] invoke hymns to Durga. Various [[Puranas]] from the early to late millennium CE dedicate chapters of inconsistent legends associated with Durga. Of these, the Markandeya purana and the [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]] are the most significant texts on Durga. The [[Upanishad|Devi Upanishad]] and other Shakta [[Upanishad|Upanishads]] , mostly dated to have been composed in or after the 9th century, present the philosophical and mystical speculations related to Durga as [[Devi]] and other epithets , identifying her to be the same as the Bramhan and Atman (self,soul). The [[Puranas|Skanda purana]] and [[Puranas|Shiva Purana]] and many other [[Puranas]] identifies Durga as the warrior form of goddess [[Parvati]]. The [[Mahishasurmardini stotra|Mahishasuramardini stotra]] by [[Adi Shankara]] was written in her Praise.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-24|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>in [[Yajurveda]] and [[Atharvaveda]] she has been invoked as the goddess who grants protection and bliss. In the [[Puranas]], Durga has been described as the Vana Durga, Jaya Durga, Mahishasur - mardini Durga, Vindhyavasini Durga, Maha Durga and Anala Durga. In the ancient Siddheshwari Tantra, the Durga Apad Uddharaka Stotram is a hymn and a significant part of the Tantra which praises her as the supreme refuge and protector and praises her as the supreme [[Chamunda|Chandika]]. Her idols, carves on cave walls have been discovered from different regions and countries like [[China]], [[Gujarat]], [[Afghanistan]] ([[Ghazni]]), [[Indonesia]] ([[Java]]), India ([[Vidisha]], [[Gujarat]], Mahabalipuram), [[Karnataka]], [[Bangladesh]]. ----'''In other religions :-''' In [[Sikhism]]:- Durga is exalted as a creation of the divine in Dasam Granth , a sacred text of Sikhism that is traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-24|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>According to Eleanor Nesbitt , this view has been challenged by the Sikhs who consider Sikhism to be monotheistic, who hold that a feminine form of the supreme and a reverence for the Goddess is unmistakably of Hindu character. ----In [[Buddhism]]:- The [[Tantra|Tantric]] Buddhist [[Vajrayana]] traditions adopted several [[Hindu deities]] into its fold, including Durga. Numerous depictions of Durga slaying the buffalo demon have been found at Buddhist temple sites (c. 8th- 11th century) in [[Afghanistan]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Northeastern India]]. Durga Statues have also been found in major Buddhist sites like Nalanda and Vikramashila. In [[Bengal]], late indian [[Mahayana]] Buddhists during 17th century worshipped Durga during traditional Yogini [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] celebrations, and some traces of these Mahayana Durga rites survive today, even though the Bengalis who perform them are no longer Buddhist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-25|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>Images of Buddhist Durga have also been found in [[Bali]] (surrounded with images of Buddhas and [[Bodhisattva|Bodhisattvas]]) and date from the 10th and 11th centuries. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wiki: Welcome Visitors|url=http://wiki.org/|access-date=2025-11-26|website=www.wiki.org|archive-date=2016-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924185338/http://wiki.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Durga also appears in the [[Tantra]] called Sarva Durgati Parisodhana tantra, though in this text, she appears not in her demon slaying form, but mounted on a [[Lion]]. Several aspects of the popular [[Vajrayana]] Buddhist goddess [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] are believed to have originated as a form of goddess Durga. ----In [[Jainism]]:- The Sacciya mata found in major medieval era Jain temple mirrors Durga, and she has been identified by [[Jainism]] scholars to be the same or sharing a more ancient common lineage. In the [[Ellora Caves]], the jain temples feature Durga with her [[Lion]] mount. However, she is not shown as killing the buffalo demon in the jain cave, but she is presented as a peaceful deity. ----'''Iconography:-''' She is generally depicted with multiple arms which vary in numbers in different cultures and is generally shown slaying demons like Mahishasura, Dhumralochana, Shumbha and Nishumbha, Durgamasura, Raktabija, Chanda and Munda. She is generally depicted wearing gold, silver or pearl ornaments and is shown adorned with a [[Crown]] (Mukuta) and a crescent moon. She is depicted with three eyes in most of the depictions or with thousands of eyes in some depictions and forms like [[Shakambari]]. In her fierce forms like [[Chamunda]], [[Kali]] and Chandi, she is depicted wearing a garland of skulls (Mundamala) and is sometimes shown wearing ornaments made of skulls. She is depicted riding a [[Lion]] or [[Tiger]]. She is depicted welding weapons like [[Scimitar]], [[Sword]] and [[Trishula]]. She is either shown as a peaceful deity or a fierce goddess slaying evil demons. Her ancient sculptures found at various sites at countries like [[India]] generally depict her as a fierce deity. She symbolises power, protection and the cosmic energy of the universe. ----'''Influence:-''' Durga as the mother goddess is the inspiration behind the song [[Vande Mataram]], written by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], during the the [[Indian independence movement]], later the official national song of [[India]]. Durga is present in [[Nationalism|Indian Nationalism]] where [[Bharatmata|Bharat mata]] i.e. Mother India is viewed as a form of Durga. This is completely secular and keeping in line with the ancient ideology of Durga as mother and protector to Indians. She is present in pop culture and blockbuster [[Bollywood]] movies like Jai Santoshi maa. The indian army uses [[Hindustan|Hindustani]] phrases like "Durga Mata ki jai" and "[[Kali]] mata ki jai". Any woman who takes up cause to fight is said to have the spirit of Durga in her. ---- [[Category:Hinduism]] [[Category:Hindu goddesses]] [[Category:Mahavidyas]] [[Category:Hindu gods and goddesses]] [[Category:Durga]] b1iju7oxgesn3vonglc7q5dft1sdb16 11023943 11023941 2026-10-08T12:33:33Z ~2026-54097-51 1886949 /* */ 11023943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{wikify|reason=[[WP:MOS]]|date=January 2026}} [[File:Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG|thumb|18th-century painting of Durga slaying the buffalo demon Mahishasura |alt=Durga]] '''Goddess Durga''' , lit. the one who is difficult to approach, or the undefeatable one, or the inaccessible one, is a form of the Hindu goddess [[Parvati]]. She is one of the major deities in [[Hinduism]] worshipped as the supreme goddess and is known by different names such as [[Shakti]] or [[Adi Parashakti]]. She is often depicted with ten, eight, four or eighteen arms killing evil demons like Mahishasura granting peace and restore Dharma (righteousness). She is regarded as the eternal power and mother of the whole universe. She has importance in other religions such as [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], and [[Jainism]] and in other denominations like [[Shaivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]]. ----<big>Goddess Durga :-</big> ----Mother goddess; Goddess of Power, destruction, strength, protection, war, devotion, [[Maya (religion)|Maya]], victory, destruction, fertility, harmony and motherhood Parabrahman, the supreme being in [[Shaktism]]. Member of the Pancha [[Nature|Prakriti]] and the Panchayatana Puja. Member of [[Tridevi]] (as [[Parvati]]). One of the highest forms of the supreme goddess [[Mahadevi]]. ---- * Affiliation- [[Devi]] , [[Shakti]], [[kali]], [[Parvati]], [[Mahadevi]] , [[Chamunda]] , [[Bhuvaneshvari]], [[Mahavidyas]], [[Navadurgas]], [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]] , [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Shaktism]], [[Vindhyachal Temple|Vindhyavasini]], [[Bhavani]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]], Kamakhya, [[Kaushiki]], [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]], [[Mariamman]] , Taleju Bhavani * other names- [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini,]] [[Kaushiki]], [[Navadurgas|Katyayani]], Durgati Nashini, [[Bhavani]], Mahamaya , [[Meenakshi Temple|Meenakshi]], Jagadamba, Bhagawati, [[Mahadevi|Ambika]], [[Chamunda|Chandika]], Narayani, Adi Parashakti * Abode- [[Mount Kailash]], [[Vindhyas|Vindhyachal]] , Manidvipa * Mantra- Om shri Durgayai Namah, Om aim him klim Chamundayai vicce, [[Mahishasurmardini stotra|Mahishasuramardini stotra]] , [[Bhavani Ashtaka]] * Weapon- [[Sudarshana Chakra]], [[Trishula]], [[Gada (weapon)|Gada]] , [[Bow and arrow]], [[Scimitar]], [[Ankusha]], [[Spear]], [[Shield]], [[Conch|Shankha]], [[Sword]] , Akshaya Patra, kapala, Pasha (Noose) * Day - [[Tuesday]], [[Friday]], [[Saturday]] * Mount- [[Lion]], [[Tiger]] * Texts- [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], [[Kalika Purana]], [[Tantra|Tantras]], Devisukta, Devi mahatmaya, Devisukta (Chandipatha), Shakta Upanishads, [[Puranas|Markandeya Purana]], [[Yajurveda]], Siddheshwari Tantra, [[Rigveda]], Sarva Durgati Parisodhana Tantra * Festivals- [[Durga Puja]], Durga Ashtami, [[Navratri]], Vijayadashami, [[Diwali]], Bathukamma, [[Puja (Hinduism)|Jagadhatri puja]], [[Puja (Hinduism)|Basanti Puja]] (বাসন্তী পূজো), Mahalaya, Jaya Parvati Vrata, Adi Thiruvila * Consort- [[Shiva]] * Equivalents - [[Panthoibi]] (Manipuri) * Children- [[Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya]] * Symbols- [[Lion]], [[Tiger]], [[Scimitar]] * Siblings- [[Vishnu]], [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and Mainaka (as [[Parvati]]) * Gender - female ----Goddess Durga is one of the most powerful forms of the supreme goddess [[Mahadevi]]. She is considered to be the eternal energy ([[Shakti]]) of lord [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] and [[Brahma]]. She is known by different names such as [[Kali]], [[Mahadevi|Adi Shakti]] and [[Chamunda]]. She is primarily worshipped in [[West Bengal]] and [[Gujarat]]. She is often identified with Goddesses like [[Parvati]], [[Kali]] and other forms of [[Shakti]]. She is one of the five equivalent deities in the Panchayatana puja of the [[Smartism|Smarta tradition]]. Durga is a warrior goddess and is often depicted as a goddess with multiple hands fighting and killing demons like Mahishasura and their army of demons. She is generally depicted riding a lion or tiger. In [[South India|Southern India]], She is generally worshipped as [[Mariamman]], the south indian goddess of [[Weather]]. Durga has a significant following all over [[Nepal]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and many other countries. She is mostly worshipped after spring and Autumn harvests, especially during the major festivals of [[Durga Puja]], Durga ashtami, Vijayadashami, [[Deepavali]], and [[Navratri]]. According to many [[Hinduism|Hindu traditions]], She is one of the five main forms of [[Mahadevi|prakriti]] ([[Nature]]). She is also one of the most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon. ----'''Origins :-''' Durga is believed to have originated from the [[Indian subcontinent]] as an ancient goddess worshipped by indigenous mountain dwellers before being established in the main hindu pantheon by the 4th century CE .she is associated with strength, wars and battles, motherhood creation, preservation and destruction. In important texts of [[Shaktism]], Devi Mahatmaya and [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], where [[Devi]] (often Durga) is considered to be the primordial creator of the universe, the Bramhan (ultimate reality) and consider her to be the embodiment of prakriti and Maya ([[Illusion]]). [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]] (the slayer of Mahishasura) is among her various epithets which she recieved after slaying the bovin demon Mahishasura. In [[Vaishnavism]] , she is considered to be the sister of [[Vishnu]] and is known as Yogamaya or Ekanamsha. In [[Bengal|Bengali]] traditions and worship, she is considered to be the mother of goddess [[Lakshmi]], goddess [[Saraswati|Sarasvati]], lord [[kartikeya]] and lord [[Ganesha]]. She is one of the most important deities in [[Hinduism]]. [[Kali]], [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]], [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Bhuvaneshvari]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Chhinnamasta]], [[Dhumavati]], [[Bagalamukhi]], [[Matangi]] & [[Kamalatmika|Kamala]] are the ten [[Mahavidyas]] (great wisdom goddesses) and are considered to be the form of Goddess [[Mahadevi|Adi Parashakti]] (Durga). She is a prominent deity in [[Hinduism]]. ----'''Legends:-''' According to scriptures, Durga got her name after defeating the demon [[Durgamasura]], a demon who stole the [[Vedas]] but was ultimately defeated by goddess [[Shakambari]] (a form of Durga). She is worshipped mainly during [[Durga Puja]] and [[Navratri]]. According to scriptures like Devi Mahatmayam (the glory of the goddess Durga), after a sage named Katyayana performed penance to please the goddess, the goddess Durga ([[Mahadevi]]) gave a boon to him that she will be born as his daughter. A bovine buffalo demon named Mahishasura, performed extreme penance to lord [[Brahma]] and as a result, lord [[Brahma]] gave him a boon that he could only be defeated by a woman. The gods, defeated by him, together formed a mountain out of their inner warmness, anger (tejas) and helplessness (according to Devi Mahatmayam), the goddess then choose to manifest out of the mountain and from the supreme, nirguna (formless) Brahman (the ultimate reality), she turned into the mother goddess Durga and merged out of the mountain. The gods adorned her with multiple weapons like the [[Trishula]], [[Scimitar]] and pasha (noose). Later the goddess [[Mahadevi]] was born as the sage katyayana's daughter and was named Katyayani. After defeating the bovine demon Mahishasura in her Durga form, she selected the [[Vindhyas]] as her earthly abode. The Devi Mahatmayam is one of the most prominent scriptures dedicated to the goddess Durga. The scripture also depicts the story of how she defeated the demon brothers Shumbha and Nishumbha in her [[Kaushiki]] form. It also depicts the story of her slaying the demon generals of Shumbha and Nishumbha like Dhumralochana, Raktabija, Chanda and Munda in her various forms like [[Kali]] and the story of her defeating the demon [[Durgamasura]] in her primary three forms which are [[Durga|Satakshi]] (the one who has thousands of eyes), [[Shakambari]] (the bearer of vegetables) and Durga (the slayer of demons). It is depicted that when Durgamasura stole the [[Vedas]], the balance of the universe was disrupted and the gods were unable to perform rituals like Yajna and the earthly humans faced extreme famine and drought for nearly hundred years. After seeing her earthy devotees facing extreme starvation, thousands of eyes appeared on her whole body and tear drops started falling from all of her eyes. This caused a flood on earth and rivers, oceans and seas were formed. This form of her is known as Satakshi (the thousand eyed one). To feed all the beings, she took the form of Shakambari (the goddess of food and nourishment). And ultimately, she took the form of Durga to defeat the demon Durgamasura and his army of demons. ----'''Manifestations:-''' * [[Kali|Kalika.]] * [[Parvati]]. * [[Bhuvaneshvari]]. * [[Tripura Sundari]]. * [[Shakti]]. * [[Bhairavi]]. * [[Navadurgas]]. * [[Mahavidyas]]. * [[Chamunda]]. * [[Devi]]. * [[Mahadevi|Adi Shakti]]. * The 64 Yoginis. * [[Navadurgas|Katyayani]] * [[Kaushiki]] * [[Mariamman]] * [[Bagalamukhi]] * [[Chhinnamasta]] * [[Dhumavati]] * [[Kamalatmika]] * [[Navadurgas|Bramhacharini]] * [[Nature|Prakriti]] * [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]] * [[Bhavani]] * [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]] * [[Shakambari]] * Mahakali ---- '''Worship:-''' Durga is primarily worshipped in [[West Bengal]] and [[Gujarat]]. She is worshipped during the festivals named [[Navratri]], [[Durga Puja]], and Dusshera. her 9 incarnations are worshipped for 9 days during Navratri. Gujaratis perform a very special dance called Garba every night during Navratri. Goddess Durga is worshipped in a number of temples including the famous [[Vindhyachal Temple]], [[Renwal Dham]] and Maa Vaishno Devi temple. During durga puja, She is worshipped by the people of [[Bengal]] for five days. Durga puja is West Bengal's biggest festival. Just like gujarati people, Bengali people perform a very special dance called dhunuchi nritya during Durga Puja. Goddess Durga is worshipped all over [[India]] and has importance in Other religions like [[Buddhism]]. She is also worshipped in other places like [[Bali]] and [[Nepal]]. In Nepal, she is worshipped as Taleju Bhavani, a tantric goddess. Durga is worshipped in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Temple|Temples]] across [[India]] and [[Nepal]] by Shakta hindus. ----'''History and texts:-''' Devi's epithets synonymous with Durga appear in [[Upanishad|Upanishadic]] literature. Such as kali in verse 1.2.4 of the [[Mundaka Upanishad]] dated to about the 5th century BCE. The single mention describes [[Kali|Kalika]] as "terrible yet Swift as thought", very red and smoky coloured manifestation of [[Mahadevi|the divine]] with a fire- like flickering tongue, before the text begins presenting it's thesis that one must seek self- knowledge and the knowledge of the eternal Bramhan. She is described as a goddess who is adorned with a crescent moon on her crown. Durga, in her various forms, appears as an independent deity in the Epic periods of [[Ancient India]], that is the centuries around the start of the common Era. Both Yudhishthira and [[Arjuna]] characters of the [[Mahabharata]] invoke hymns to Durga. Various [[Puranas]] from the early to late millennium CE dedicate chapters of inconsistent legends associated with Durga. Of these, the Markandeya purana and the [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]] are the most significant texts on Durga. The [[Upanishad|Devi Upanishad]] and other Shakta [[Upanishad|Upanishads]] , mostly dated to have been composed in or after the 9th century, present the philosophical and mystical speculations related to Durga as [[Devi]] and other epithets , identifying her to be the same as the Bramhan and Atman (self,soul). The [[Puranas|Skanda purana]] and [[Puranas|Shiva Purana]] and many other [[Puranas]] identifies Durga as the warrior form of goddess [[Parvati]]. The [[Mahishasurmardini stotra|Mahishasuramardini stotra]] by [[Adi Shankara]] was written in her Praise.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-24|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>in [[Yajurveda]] and [[Atharvaveda]] she has been invoked as the goddess who grants protection and bliss. In the [[Puranas]], Durga has been described as the Vana Durga, Jaya Durga, Mahishasur - mardini Durga, Vindhyavasini Durga, Maha Durga and Anala Durga. In the ancient Siddheshwari Tantra, the Durga Apad Uddharaka Stotram is a hymn and a significant part of the Tantra which praises her as the supreme refuge and protector and praises her as the supreme [[Chamunda|Chandika]]. Her idols, carves on cave walls have been discovered from different regions and countries like [[China]], [[Gujarat]], [[Afghanistan]] ([[Ghazni]]), [[Indonesia]] ([[Java]]), India ([[Vidisha]], [[Gujarat]], Mahabalipuram), [[Karnataka]], [[Bangladesh]]. ----'''In other religions :-''' In [[Sikhism]]:- Durga is exalted as a creation of the divine in Dasam Granth , a sacred text of Sikhism that is traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-24|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>According to Eleanor Nesbitt , this view has been challenged by the Sikhs who consider Sikhism to be monotheistic, who hold that a feminine form of the supreme and a reverence for the Goddess is unmistakably of Hindu character. ----In [[Buddhism]]:- The [[Tantra|Tantric]] Buddhist [[Vajrayana]] traditions adopted several [[Hindu deities]] into its fold, including Durga. Numerous depictions of Durga slaying the buffalo demon have been found at Buddhist temple sites (c. 8th- 11th century) in [[Afghanistan]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Northeastern India]]. Durga Statues have also been found in major Buddhist sites like Nalanda and Vikramashila. In [[Bengal]], late indian [[Mahayana]] Buddhists during 17th century worshipped Durga during traditional Yogini [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] celebrations, and some traces of these Mahayana Durga rites survive today, even though the Bengalis who perform them are no longer Buddhist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-25|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>Images of Buddhist Durga have also been found in [[Bali]] (surrounded with images of Buddhas and [[Bodhisattva|Bodhisattvas]]) and date from the 10th and 11th centuries. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wiki: Welcome Visitors|url=http://wiki.org/|access-date=2025-11-26|website=www.wiki.org|archive-date=2016-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924185338/http://wiki.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Durga also appears in the [[Tantra]] called Sarva Durgati Parisodhana tantra, though in this text, she appears not in her demon slaying form, but mounted on a [[Lion]]. Several aspects of the popular [[Vajrayana]] Buddhist goddess [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] are believed to have originated as a form of goddess Durga. ----In [[Jainism]]:- The Sacciya mata found in major medieval era Jain temple mirrors Durga, and she has been identified by [[Jainism]] scholars to be the same or sharing a more ancient common lineage. In the [[Ellora Caves]], the jain temples feature Durga with her [[Lion]] mount. However, she is not shown as killing the buffalo demon in the jain cave, but she is presented as a peaceful deity. ----'''Iconography:-''' She is generally depicted with multiple arms which vary in numbers in different cultures and is generally shown slaying demons like Mahishasura, Dhumralochana, Shumbha and Nishumbha, Durgamasura, Raktabija, Chanda and Munda. She is generally depicted wearing gold, silver or pearl ornaments and is shown adorned with a [[Crown]] (Mukuta) and a crescent moon. She is depicted with three eyes in most of the depictions or with thousands of eyes in some depictions and forms like [[Shakambari]]. In her fierce forms like [[Chamunda]], [[Kali]] and Chandi, she is depicted wearing a garland of skulls (Mundamala) and is sometimes shown wearing ornaments made of skulls. She is depicted riding a [[Lion]] or [[Tiger]]. She is depicted welding weapons like [[Scimitar]], [[Sword]] and [[Trishula]]. She is either shown as a peaceful deity or a fierce goddess slaying evil demons. Her ancient sculptures found at various sites at countries like [[India]] generally depict her as a fierce deity. She symbolises power, protection and the cosmic energy of the universe. ----'''Influence:-''' Durga as the mother goddess is the inspiration behind the song [[Vande Mataram]], written by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], during the the [[Indian independence movement]], later the official national song of [[India]]. Durga is present in [[Nationalism|Indian Nationalism]] where [[Bharatmata|Bharat mata]] i.e. Mother India is viewed as a form of Durga. This is completely secular and keeping in line with the ancient ideology of Durga as mother and protector to Indians. She is present in pop culture and blockbuster [[Bollywood]] movies like Jai Santoshi maa. The indian army uses [[Hindustan|Hindustani]] phrases like "Durga Mata ki jai" and "[[Kali]] mata ki jai". Any woman who takes up cause to fight is said to have the spirit of Durga in her. ---- [[Category:Hinduism]] [[Category:Hindu goddesses]] [[Category:Mahavidyas]] [[Category:Hindu gods and goddesses]] [[Category:Durga]] c6jnrzn20h2fbh86n2el33gjf21hrqn 11023945 11023943 2026-10-08T12:37:02Z ~2026-54097-51 1886949 /* */ 11023945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{wikify|reason=[[WP:MOS]]|date=January 2026}} [[File:Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG|thumb|18th-century painting of Durga slaying the buffalo demon Mahishasura |alt=Durga]] '''Goddess Durga''' , lit. the one who is difficult to approach, or the undefeatable one, or the inaccessible one, is a form of the Hindu goddess [[Parvati]]. She is one of the major deities in [[Hinduism]] worshipped as the supreme goddess and is known by different names such as [[Shakti]] or [[Adi Parashakti]]. She is often depicted with ten, eight, four or eighteen arms killing evil demons like Mahishasura granting peace and restore Dharma (righteousness). She is regarded as the eternal power and mother of the whole universe. She has importance in other religions such as [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], and [[Jainism]] and in other denominations like [[Shaivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]]. ----<big>Goddess Durga :-</big> ----Mother goddess; Goddess of Power, destruction, strength, protection, war, devotion, [[Maya (religion)|Maya]], victory, destruction, fertility, harmony and motherhood Parabrahman, the supreme being in [[Shaktism]]. Member of the Pancha [[Nature|Prakriti]] and the Panchayatana Puja. Member of [[Tridevi]] (as [[Parvati]]). One of the highest forms of the supreme goddess [[Mahadevi]]. ---- * Affiliation- [[Devi]] , [[Shakti]], [[kali]], [[Parvati]], [[Mahadevi]] , [[Chamunda]] , [[Bhuvaneshvari]], [[Mahavidyas]], [[Navadurgas]], [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]] , [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Shaktism]], [[Vindhyachal Temple|Vindhyavasini]], [[Bhavani]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]], Kamakhya, [[Kaushiki]], [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]], [[Mariamman]] , Taleju Bhavani * other names- [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini,]] [[Kaushiki]], [[Navadurgas|Katyayani]], Durgati Nashini, [[Bhavani]], Mahamaya , [[Meenakshi Temple|Meenakshi]], Jagadamba, Bhagawati, [[Mahadevi|Ambika]], [[Chamunda|Chandika]], Narayani, Adi Parashakti * Abode- [[Mount Kailash]], [[Vindhyas|Vindhyachal]] , Manidvipa * Mantra- Om shri Durgayai Namah, Om aim him klim Chamundayai vicce, [[Mahishasurmardini stotra|Mahishasuramardini stotra]] , [[Bhavani Ashtaka]] * Weapon- [[Sudarshana Chakra]], [[Trishula]], [[Gada (weapon)|Gada]] , [[Bow and arrow]], [[Scimitar]], [[Ankusha]], [[Spear]], [[Shield]], [[Conch|Shankha]], [[Sword]] , Akshaya Patra, kapala, Pasha (Noose) * Day - [[Tuesday]], [[Friday]], [[Saturday]] * Mount- [[Lion]], [[Tiger]] * Texts- [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], [[Kalika Purana]], [[Tantra|Tantras]], Devisukta, Devi mahatmaya, Devisukta (Chandipatha), Shakta Upanishads, [[Puranas|Markandeya Purana]], [[Yajurveda]], Siddheshwari Tantra, Sarva Durgati Parisodhana Tantra * Festivals- [[Durga Puja]], Durga Ashtami, [[Navratri]], Vijayadashami, [[Diwali]], Bathukamma, [[Puja (Hinduism)|Jagadhatri puja]], [[Puja (Hinduism)|Basanti Puja]] (বাসন্তী পূজো), Mahalaya, Jaya Parvati Vrata, Adi Thiruvila * Consort- [[Shiva]] * Equivalents - [[Panthoibi]] (Manipuri) * Children- [[Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya]] * Symbols- [[Lion]], [[Tiger]], [[Scimitar]] * Siblings- [[Vishnu]], [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and Mainaka (as [[Parvati]]) * Gender - female ----Goddess Durga is one of the most powerful forms of the supreme goddess [[Mahadevi]]. She is considered to be the eternal energy ([[Shakti]]) of lord [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] and [[Brahma]]. She is known by different names such as [[Kali]], [[Mahadevi|Adi Shakti]] and [[Chamunda]]. She is primarily worshipped in [[West Bengal]] and [[Gujarat]]. She is often identified with Goddesses like [[Parvati]], [[Kali]] and other forms of [[Shakti]]. She is one of the five equivalent deities in the Panchayatana puja of the [[Smartism|Smarta tradition]]. Durga is a warrior goddess and is often depicted as a goddess with multiple hands fighting and killing demons like Mahishasura and their army of demons. She is generally depicted riding a lion or tiger. In [[South India|Southern India]], She is generally worshipped as [[Mariamman]], the south indian goddess of [[Weather]]. Durga has a significant following all over [[Nepal]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and many other countries. She is mostly worshipped after spring and Autumn harvests, especially during the major festivals of [[Durga Puja]], Durga ashtami, Vijayadashami, [[Deepavali]], and [[Navratri]]. According to many [[Hinduism|Hindu traditions]], She is one of the five main forms of [[Mahadevi|prakriti]] ([[Nature]]). She is also one of the most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon. ----'''Origins :-''' Durga is believed to have originated from the [[Indian subcontinent]] as an ancient goddess worshipped by indigenous mountain dwellers before being established in the main hindu pantheon by the 4th century CE .she is associated with strength, wars and battles, motherhood creation, preservation and destruction. In important texts of [[Shaktism]], Devi Mahatmaya and [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], where [[Devi]] (often Durga) is considered to be the primordial creator of the universe, the Bramhan (ultimate reality) and consider her to be the embodiment of prakriti and Maya ([[Illusion]]). [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]] (the slayer of Mahishasura) is among her various epithets which she recieved after slaying the bovin demon Mahishasura. In [[Vaishnavism]] , she is considered to be the sister of [[Vishnu]] and is known as Yogamaya or Ekanamsha. In [[Bengal|Bengali]] traditions and worship, she is considered to be the mother of goddess [[Lakshmi]], goddess [[Saraswati|Sarasvati]], lord [[kartikeya]] and lord [[Ganesha]]. She is one of the most important deities in [[Hinduism]]. [[Kali]], [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]], [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Bhuvaneshvari]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Chhinnamasta]], [[Dhumavati]], [[Bagalamukhi]], [[Matangi]] & [[Kamalatmika|Kamala]] are the ten [[Mahavidyas]] (great wisdom goddesses) and are considered to be the form of Goddess [[Mahadevi|Adi Parashakti]] (Durga). She is a prominent deity in [[Hinduism]]. ----'''Legends:-''' According to scriptures, Durga got her name after defeating the demon [[Durgamasura]], a demon who stole the [[Vedas]] but was ultimately defeated by goddess [[Shakambari]] (a form of Durga). She is worshipped mainly during [[Durga Puja]] and [[Navratri]]. According to scriptures like Devi Mahatmayam (the glory of the goddess Durga), after a sage named Katyayana performed penance to please the goddess, the goddess Durga ([[Mahadevi]]) gave a boon to him that she will be born as his daughter. A bovine buffalo demon named Mahishasura, performed extreme penance to lord [[Brahma]] and as a result, lord [[Brahma]] gave him a boon that he could only be defeated by a woman. The gods, defeated by him, together formed a mountain out of their inner warmness, anger (tejas) and helplessness (according to Devi Mahatmayam), the goddess then choose to manifest out of the mountain and from the supreme, nirguna (formless) Brahman (the ultimate reality), she turned into the mother goddess Durga and merged out of the mountain. The gods adorned her with multiple weapons like the [[Trishula]], [[Scimitar]] and pasha (noose). Later the goddess [[Mahadevi]] was born as the sage katyayana's daughter and was named Katyayani. After defeating the bovine demon Mahishasura in her Durga form, she selected the [[Vindhyas]] as her earthly abode. The Devi Mahatmayam is one of the most prominent scriptures dedicated to the goddess Durga. The scripture also depicts the story of how she defeated the demon brothers Shumbha and Nishumbha in her [[Kaushiki]] form. It also depicts the story of her slaying the demon generals of Shumbha and Nishumbha like Dhumralochana, Raktabija, Chanda and Munda in her various forms like [[Kali]] and the story of her defeating the demon [[Durgamasura]] in her primary three forms which are [[Durga|Satakshi]] (the one who has thousands of eyes), [[Shakambari]] (the bearer of vegetables) and Durga (the slayer of demons). It is depicted that when Durgamasura stole the [[Vedas]], the balance of the universe was disrupted and the gods were unable to perform rituals like Yajna and the earthly humans faced extreme famine and drought for nearly hundred years. After seeing her earthy devotees facing extreme starvation, thousands of eyes appeared on her whole body and tear drops started falling from all of her eyes. This caused a flood on earth and rivers, oceans and seas were formed. This form of her is known as Satakshi (the thousand eyed one). To feed all the beings, she took the form of Shakambari (the goddess of food and nourishment). And ultimately, she took the form of Durga to defeat the demon Durgamasura and his army of demons. ----'''Manifestations:-''' * [[Kali|Kalika.]] * [[Parvati]]. * [[Bhuvaneshvari]]. * [[Tripura Sundari]]. * [[Shakti]]. * [[Bhairavi]]. * [[Navadurgas]]. * [[Mahavidyas]]. * [[Chamunda]]. * [[Devi]]. * [[Mahadevi|Adi Shakti]]. * The 64 Yoginis. * [[Navadurgas|Katyayani]] * [[Kaushiki]] * [[Mariamman]] * [[Bagalamukhi]] * [[Chhinnamasta]] * [[Dhumavati]] * [[Kamalatmika]] * [[Navadurgas|Bramhacharini]] * [[Nature|Prakriti]] * [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]] * [[Bhavani]] * [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]] * [[Shakambari]] * Mahakali ---- '''Worship:-''' Durga is primarily worshipped in [[West Bengal]] and [[Gujarat]]. She is worshipped during the festivals named [[Navratri]], [[Durga Puja]], and Dusshera. her 9 incarnations are worshipped for 9 days during Navratri. Gujaratis perform a very special dance called Garba every night during Navratri. Goddess Durga is worshipped in a number of temples including the famous [[Vindhyachal Temple]], [[Renwal Dham]] and Maa Vaishno Devi temple. During durga puja, She is worshipped by the people of [[Bengal]] for five days. Durga puja is West Bengal's biggest festival. Just like gujarati people, Bengali people perform a very special dance called dhunuchi nritya during Durga Puja. Goddess Durga is worshipped all over [[India]] and has importance in Other religions like [[Buddhism]]. She is also worshipped in other places like [[Bali]] and [[Nepal]]. In Nepal, she is worshipped as Taleju Bhavani, a tantric goddess. Durga is worshipped in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Temple|Temples]] across [[India]] and [[Nepal]] by Shakta hindus. ----'''History and texts:-''' Devi's epithets synonymous with Durga appear in [[Upanishad|Upanishadic]] literature. Such as kali in verse 1.2.4 of the [[Mundaka Upanishad]] dated to about the 5th century BCE. The single mention describes [[Kali|Kalika]] as "terrible yet Swift as thought", very red and smoky coloured manifestation of [[Mahadevi|the divine]] with a fire- like flickering tongue, before the text begins presenting it's thesis that one must seek self- knowledge and the knowledge of the eternal Bramhan. She is described as a goddess who is adorned with a crescent moon on her crown. Durga, in her various forms, appears as an independent deity in the Epic periods of [[Ancient India]], that is the centuries around the start of the common Era. Both Yudhishthira and [[Arjuna]] characters of the [[Mahabharata]] invoke hymns to Durga. Various [[Puranas]] from the early to late millennium CE dedicate chapters of inconsistent legends associated with Durga. Of these, the Markandeya purana and the [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]] are the most significant texts on Durga. The [[Upanishad|Devi Upanishad]] and other Shakta [[Upanishad|Upanishads]] , mostly dated to have been composed in or after the 9th century, present the philosophical and mystical speculations related to Durga as [[Devi]] and other epithets , identifying her to be the same as the Bramhan and Atman (self,soul). The [[Puranas|Skanda purana]] and [[Puranas|Shiva Purana]] and many other [[Puranas]] identifies Durga as the warrior form of goddess [[Parvati]]. The [[Mahishasurmardini stotra|Mahishasuramardini stotra]] by [[Adi Shankara]] was written in her Praise.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-24|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>in [[Yajurveda]] and [[Atharvaveda]] she has been invoked as the goddess who grants protection and bliss. In the [[Puranas]], Durga has been described as the Vana Durga, Jaya Durga, Mahishasur - mardini Durga, Vindhyavasini Durga, Maha Durga and Anala Durga. In the ancient Siddheshwari Tantra, the Durga Apad Uddharaka Stotram is a hymn and a significant part of the Tantra which praises her as the supreme refuge and protector and praises her as the supreme [[Chamunda|Chandika]]. Her idols, carves on cave walls have been discovered from different regions and countries like [[China]], [[Gujarat]], [[Afghanistan]] ([[Ghazni]]), [[Indonesia]] ([[Java]]), India ([[Vidisha]], [[Gujarat]], Mahabalipuram), [[Karnataka]], [[Bangladesh]]. ----'''In other religions :-''' In [[Sikhism]]:- Durga is exalted as a creation of the divine in Dasam Granth , a sacred text of Sikhism that is traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-24|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>According to Eleanor Nesbitt , this view has been challenged by the Sikhs who consider Sikhism to be monotheistic, who hold that a feminine form of the supreme and a reverence for the Goddess is unmistakably of Hindu character. ----In [[Buddhism]]:- The [[Tantra|Tantric]] Buddhist [[Vajrayana]] traditions adopted several [[Hindu deities]] into its fold, including Durga. Numerous depictions of Durga slaying the buffalo demon have been found at Buddhist temple sites (c. 8th- 11th century) in [[Afghanistan]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Northeastern India]]. Durga Statues have also been found in major Buddhist sites like Nalanda and Vikramashila. In [[Bengal]], late indian [[Mahayana]] Buddhists during 17th century worshipped Durga during traditional Yogini [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] celebrations, and some traces of these Mahayana Durga rites survive today, even though the Bengalis who perform them are no longer Buddhist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-25|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>Images of Buddhist Durga have also been found in [[Bali]] (surrounded with images of Buddhas and [[Bodhisattva|Bodhisattvas]]) and date from the 10th and 11th centuries. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wiki: Welcome Visitors|url=http://wiki.org/|access-date=2025-11-26|website=www.wiki.org|archive-date=2016-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924185338/http://wiki.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Durga also appears in the [[Tantra]] called Sarva Durgati Parisodhana tantra, though in this text, she appears not in her demon slaying form, but mounted on a [[Lion]]. Several aspects of the popular [[Vajrayana]] Buddhist goddess [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] are believed to have originated as a form of goddess Durga. ----In [[Jainism]]:- The Sacciya mata found in major medieval era Jain temple mirrors Durga, and she has been identified by [[Jainism]] scholars to be the same or sharing a more ancient common lineage. In the [[Ellora Caves]], the jain temples feature Durga with her [[Lion]] mount. However, she is not shown as killing the buffalo demon in the jain cave, but she is presented as a peaceful deity. ----'''Iconography:-''' She is generally depicted with multiple arms which vary in numbers in different cultures and is generally shown slaying demons like Mahishasura, Dhumralochana, Shumbha and Nishumbha, Durgamasura, Raktabija, Chanda and Munda. She is generally depicted wearing gold, silver or pearl ornaments and is shown adorned with a [[Crown]] (Mukuta) and a crescent moon. She is depicted with three eyes in most of the depictions or with thousands of eyes in some depictions and forms like [[Shakambari]]. In her fierce forms like [[Chamunda]], [[Kali]] and Chandi, she is depicted wearing a garland of skulls (Mundamala) and is sometimes shown wearing ornaments made of skulls. She is depicted riding a [[Lion]] or [[Tiger]]. She is depicted welding weapons like [[Scimitar]], [[Sword]] and [[Trishula]]. She is either shown as a peaceful deity or a fierce goddess slaying evil demons. Her ancient sculptures found at various sites at countries like [[India]] generally depict her as a fierce deity. She symbolises power, protection and the cosmic energy of the universe. ----'''Influence:-''' Durga as the mother goddess is the inspiration behind the song [[Vande Mataram]], written by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], during the the [[Indian independence movement]], later the official national song of [[India]]. Durga is present in [[Nationalism|Indian Nationalism]] where [[Bharatmata|Bharat mata]] i.e. Mother India is viewed as a form of Durga. This is completely secular and keeping in line with the ancient ideology of Durga as mother and protector to Indians. She is present in pop culture and blockbuster [[Bollywood]] movies like Jai Santoshi maa. The indian army uses [[Hindustan|Hindustani]] phrases like "Durga Mata ki jai" and "[[Kali]] mata ki jai". Any woman who takes up cause to fight is said to have the spirit of Durga in her. ---- [[Category:Hinduism]] [[Category:Hindu goddesses]] [[Category:Mahavidyas]] [[Category:Hindu gods and goddesses]] [[Category:Durga]] 6lngraiqk4zlxro60cmfgay7wm08ieo 11024533 11023945 2026-10-09T09:11:21Z ~2026-54097-51 1886949 /* */ 11024533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{wikify|reason=[[WP:MOS]]|date=January 2026}} [[File:Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG|thumb|18th-century painting of Durga slaying the buffalo demon Mahishasura |alt=Durga]] '''Goddess Durga''' , lit. the one who is difficult to approach, or the undefeatable one, or the inaccessible one, is a form of the Hindu goddess [[Parvati]]. She is one of the major deities in [[Hinduism]] worshipped as the supreme goddess and is known by different names such as [[Shakti]] or [[Adi Parashakti]]. She is often depicted with ten, eight, four or eighteen arms killing evil demons like Mahishasura granting peace and restore Dharma (righteousness). She is regarded as the eternal power and mother of the whole universe. She has importance in other religions such as [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], and [[Jainism]] and in other denominations like [[Shaivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]]. ----<big>Goddess Durga :-</big> ----Mother goddess; Goddess of Power, destruction, strength, protection, war, devotion, [[Maya (religion)|Maya]], victory, destruction, fertility, harmony and motherhood Parabrahman, the supreme being in [[Shaktism]]. Member of the Pancha [[Nature|Prakriti]] and the Panchayatana Puja. Member of [[Tridevi]] (as [[Parvati]]). One of the highest forms of the supreme goddess [[Mahadevi]]. ---- * Affiliation- [[Devi]] , [[Shakti]], [[kali]], [[Parvati]], [[Mahadevi]] , [[Chamunda]] , [[Bhuvaneshvari]], [[Mahavidyas]], [[Navadurgas]], [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]] , [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Shaktism]], [[Vindhyachal Temple|Vindhyavasini]], [[Bhavani]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]], Kamakhya, [[Kaushiki]], [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]], [[Mariamman]] , Taleju Bhavani * other names- [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini,]] [[Kaushiki]], [[Navadurgas|Katyayani]], Durgati Nashini, [[Bhavani]], Mahamaya , [[Meenakshi Temple|Meenakshi]], Jagadamba, Bhagawati, [[Mahadevi|Ambika]], [[Chamunda|Chandika]], Narayani, Adi Parashakti * Abode- [[Mount Kailash]], [[Vindhyas|Vindhyachal]] , Manidvipa * Mantra- Om shri Durgayai Namah, Om aim him klim Chamundayai vicce, [[Mahishasurmardini stotra|Mahishasuramardini stotra]] , [[Bhavani Ashtaka]] * Weapon- [[Sudarshana Chakra]], [[Trishula]], [[Gada (weapon)|Gada]] , [[Bow and arrow]], [[Scimitar]], [[Ankusha]], [[Spear]], [[Shield]], [[Conch|Shankha]], [[Sword]] , Akshaya Patra, kapala, Pasha (Noose) * Day - [[Tuesday]], [[Friday]], [[Saturday]] * Mount- [[Lion]], [[Tiger]] * Texts- [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], [[Kalika Purana]], [[Tantra|Tantras]], Devisukta, Devi mahatmaya, Devisukta (Chandipatha), Shakta Upanishads, [[Puranas|Markandeya Purana]], [[Yajurveda]], Siddheshwari Tantra, Sarva Durgati Parisodhana Tantra * Festivals- [[Durga Puja]], Durga Ashtami, [[Navratri]], Vijayadashami, [[Diwali]], Bathukamma, [[Puja (Hinduism)|Jagadhatri puja]], [[Puja (Hinduism)|Basanti Puja]] (বাসন্তী পূজো), Mahalaya, Jaya Parvati Vrata, Adi Thiruvila, Dashain * Consort- [[Shiva]] * Equivalents - [[Panthoibi]] (Manipuri) * Children- [[Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya]] * Symbols- [[Lion]], [[Tiger]], [[Scimitar]] * Siblings- [[Vishnu]], [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and Mainaka (as [[Parvati]]) * Gender - female ----Goddess Durga is one of the most powerful forms of the supreme goddess [[Mahadevi]]. She is considered to be the eternal energy ([[Shakti]]) of lord [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] and [[Brahma]]. She is known by different names such as [[Kali]], [[Mahadevi|Adi Shakti]] and [[Chamunda]]. She is primarily worshipped in [[West Bengal]] and [[Gujarat]]. She is often identified with Goddesses like [[Parvati]], [[Kali]] and other forms of [[Shakti]]. She is one of the five equivalent deities in the Panchayatana puja of the [[Smartism|Smarta tradition]]. Durga is a warrior goddess and is often depicted as a goddess with multiple hands fighting and killing demons like Mahishasura and their army of demons. She is generally depicted riding a lion or tiger. In [[South India|Southern India]], She is generally worshipped as [[Mariamman]], the south indian goddess of [[Weather]]. Durga has a significant following all over [[Nepal]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and many other countries. She is mostly worshipped after spring and Autumn harvests, especially during the major festivals of [[Durga Puja]], Durga ashtami, Vijayadashami, [[Deepavali]], and [[Navratri]]. According to many [[Hinduism|Hindu traditions]], She is one of the five main forms of [[Mahadevi|prakriti]] ([[Nature]]). She is also one of the most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon. ----'''Origins :-''' Durga is believed to have originated from the [[Indian subcontinent]] as an ancient goddess worshipped by indigenous mountain dwellers before being established in the main hindu pantheon by the 4th century CE .she is associated with strength, wars and battles, motherhood creation, preservation and destruction. In important texts of [[Shaktism]], Devi Mahatmaya and [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], where [[Devi]] (often Durga) is considered to be the primordial creator of the universe, the Bramhan (ultimate reality) and consider her to be the embodiment of prakriti and Maya ([[Illusion]]). [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]] (the slayer of Mahishasura) is among her various epithets which she recieved after slaying the bovin demon Mahishasura. In [[Vaishnavism]] , she is considered to be the sister of [[Vishnu]] and is known as Yogamaya or Ekanamsha. In [[Bengal|Bengali]] traditions and worship, she is considered to be the mother of the deities [[Lakshmi]], [[Saraswati|Sarasvati]], lord [[kartikeya]] and lord [[Ganesha]]. She is one of the most important deities in [[Hinduism]]. [[Kali]], [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]], [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Bhuvaneshvari]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Chhinnamasta]], [[Dhumavati]], [[Bagalamukhi]], [[Matangi]] & [[Kamalatmika|Kamala]] are the ten [[Mahavidyas]] (great wisdom goddesses) and are considered to be the form of Goddess [[Mahadevi|Adi Parashakti]] (Durga). She is a prominent deity in [[Hinduism]]. ----'''Legends:-''' According to scriptures, Durga got her name after defeating the demon [[Durgamasura]], a demon who took control over the [[Vedas]] but was ultimately defeated by the goddess [[Shakambari]] (a form of Durga). She is worshipped mainly during [[Durga Puja]] and [[Navratri]]. According to scriptures like the Devi Mahatmayam (the glory of the goddess Durga), after a sage named Katyayana performed penance to please the goddess, the goddess Durga ([[Mahadevi]]) gave a boon to him that she will be born as his daughter. A bovine buffalo demon named Mahishasura, performed extreme penance to lord [[Brahma]] and as a result, lord [[Brahma]] gave him a boon that he could only be defeated by a woman. The gods, defeated by him, together formed a mountain from their inner anger (tejas) and helplessness (according to Devi Mahatmayam), the goddess then choose to manifest out of the mountain and transformed from the supreme, nirguna (formless) Brahman (the ultimate reality) into the mother goddess Durga and merged out of the mountain. The gods offered multiple weapons to the goddess like the [[Trishula]], [[Scimitar]] and pasha (noose). Later the goddess [[Mahadevi]] was born as the sage katyayana's daughter and was named Katyayani. After defeating the bovine demon Mahishasura in her Durga form, she selected the [[Vindhyas]] as her earthly abode. The Devi Mahatmayam is one of the most prominent scriptures dedicated to the goddess Durga. The scripture contains the legends of the goddess and contains hymns dedicated to her like the hymn Sarvani Suryo Tanayo. The scripture depicts the story of how she defeated the demon brothers Shumbha and Nishumbha in her [[Kaushiki]] form. It also depicts the story of her slaying the demon generals of Shumbha and Nishumbha like Dhumralochana, Raktabija, Chanda and Munda in her various forms like [[Kali]] and the story of her defeating the demon [[Durgamasura]] in her primary three forms which are [[Durga|Satakshi]] (the one who has thousands of eyes), [[Shakambari]] (the bearer of vegetables) and Durga (the slayer of demons). It is depicted that when Durgamasura stole the [[Vedas]], the balance of the universe was disrupted and the gods were unable to perform rituals like Yajna and the earthly humans faced extreme famine and drought for nearly hundred years. After seeing her earthy devotees facing extreme starvation, thousands of eyes appeared on her whole body and tear drops started falling from all of her eyes. This caused a flood on earth and rivers, oceans and seas were formed. This form of her is known as Satakshi (the thousand eyed one). To feed all the beings, she took the form of Shakambari (the goddess of food and nourishment). And ultimately, she took the form of Durga to defeat the demon Durgamasura and his army of demons. ----'''Manifestations:-''' * [[Kali|Kalika.]] * [[Parvati]]. * [[Bhuvaneshvari]]. * [[Tripura Sundari]]. * [[Shakti]]. * [[Bhairavi]]. * [[Navadurgas]]. * [[Mahavidyas]]. * [[Chamunda]]. * [[Devi]]. * [[Mahadevi|Adi Shakti]]. * The 64 Yoginis. * [[Navadurgas|Katyayani]] * [[Kaushiki]] * [[Mariamman]] * [[Bagalamukhi]] * [[Chhinnamasta]] * [[Dhumavati]] * [[Kamalatmika]] * [[Navadurgas|Bramhacharini]] * [[Nature|Prakriti]] * [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]] * [[Bhavani]] * [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]] * [[Shakambari]] * Mahakali ---- '''Worship:-''' Durga is primarily worshipped in [[West Bengal]] and [[Gujarat]]. She is worshipped during the festivals named [[Navratri]], [[Durga Puja]], and Dusshera. her 9 incarnations are worshipped for 9 days during Navratri. Gujaratis perform a very special dance called Garba every night during Navratri. Goddess Durga is worshipped in a number of temples including the famous [[Vindhyachal Temple]], [[Renwal Dham]] and Maa Vaishno Devi temple. During durga puja, She is worshipped by the people of [[Bengal]] for five days. Durga puja is West Bengal's biggest festival. Just like gujarati people, Bengali people perform a very special dance called dhunuchi nritya during Durga Puja. Goddess Durga is worshipped all over [[India]] and has importance in Other religions like [[Buddhism]]. She is also worshipped in other places like [[Bali]] and [[Nepal]]. In Nepal, she is worshipped as Taleju Bhavani, a tantric goddess. Durga is worshipped in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Temple|Temples]] across [[India]] and [[Nepal]] by Shakta hindus. ----'''History and texts:-''' Devi's epithets synonymous with Durga appear in [[Upanishad|Upanishadic]] literature. Such as kali in verse 1.2.4 of the [[Mundaka Upanishad]] dated to about the 5th century BCE. The single mention describes [[Kali|Kalika]] as "terrible yet Swift as thought", very red and smoky coloured manifestation of [[Mahadevi|the divine]] with a fire- like flickering tongue, before the text begins presenting it's thesis that one must seek self- knowledge and the knowledge of the eternal Bramhan. She is described as a goddess who is adorned with a crescent moon on her crown. Durga, in her various forms, appears as an independent deity in the Epic periods of [[Ancient India]], that is the centuries around the start of the common Era. Both Yudhishthira and [[Arjuna]] characters of the [[Mahabharata]] invoke hymns to Durga. Various [[Puranas]] from the early to late millennium CE dedicate chapters of inconsistent legends associated with Durga. Of these, the Markandeya purana and the [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]] are the most significant texts on Durga. The [[Upanishad|Devi Upanishad]] and other Shakta [[Upanishad|Upanishads]] , mostly dated to have been composed in or after the 9th century, present the philosophical and mystical speculations related to Durga as [[Devi]] and other epithets , identifying her to be the same as the Bramhan and Atman (self,soul). The [[Puranas|Skanda purana]] and [[Puranas|Shiva Purana]] and many other [[Puranas]] identifies Durga as the warrior form of goddess [[Parvati]]. The [[Mahishasurmardini stotra|Mahishasuramardini stotra]] by [[Adi Shankara]] was written in her Praise.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-24|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>in [[Yajurveda]] and [[Atharvaveda]] she has been invoked as the goddess who grants protection and bliss. In the [[Puranas]], Durga has been described as the Vana Durga, Jaya Durga, Mahishasur - mardini Durga, Vindhyavasini Durga, Maha Durga and Anala Durga. In the ancient Siddheshwari Tantra, the Durga Apad Uddharaka Stotram is a hymn and a significant part of the Tantra which praises her as the supreme refuge and protector and praises her as the supreme [[Chamunda|Chandika]]. Her idols, carves on cave walls have been discovered from different regions and countries like [[China]], [[Gujarat]], [[Afghanistan]] ([[Ghazni]]), [[Indonesia]] ([[Java]]), India ([[Vidisha]], [[Gujarat]], Mahabalipuram), [[Karnataka]], [[Bangladesh]]. ----'''In other religions :-''' In [[Sikhism]]:- Durga is exalted as a creation of the divine in Dasam Granth , a sacred text of Sikhism that is traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-24|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>According to Eleanor Nesbitt , this view has been challenged by the Sikhs who consider Sikhism to be monotheistic, who hold that a feminine form of the supreme and a reverence for the Goddess is unmistakably of Hindu character. ----In [[Buddhism]]:- The [[Tantra|Tantric]] Buddhist [[Vajrayana]] traditions adopted several [[Hindu deities]] into its fold, including Durga. Numerous depictions of Durga slaying the buffalo demon have been found at Buddhist temple sites (c. 8th- 11th century) in [[Afghanistan]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Northeastern India]]. Durga Statues have also been found in major Buddhist sites like Nalanda and Vikramashila. In [[Bengal]], late indian [[Mahayana]] Buddhists during 17th century worshipped Durga during traditional Yogini [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] celebrations, and some traces of these Mahayana Durga rites survive today, even though the Bengalis who perform them are no longer Buddhist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-25|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>Images of Buddhist Durga have also been found in [[Bali]] (surrounded with images of Buddhas and [[Bodhisattva|Bodhisattvas]]) and date from the 10th and 11th centuries. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wiki: Welcome Visitors|url=http://wiki.org/|access-date=2025-11-26|website=www.wiki.org|archive-date=2016-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924185338/http://wiki.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Durga also appears in the [[Tantra]] called Sarva Durgati Parisodhana tantra, though in this text, she appears not in her demon slaying form, but mounted on a [[Lion]]. Several aspects of the popular [[Vajrayana]] Buddhist goddess [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] are believed to have originated as a form of goddess Durga. ----In [[Jainism]]:- The Sacciya mata found in major medieval era Jain temple mirrors Durga, and she has been identified by [[Jainism]] scholars to be the same or sharing a more ancient common lineage. In the [[Ellora Caves]], the jain temples feature Durga with her [[Lion]] mount. However, she is not shown as killing the buffalo demon in the jain cave, but she is presented as a peaceful deity. ----'''Depiction:-''' She is generally depicted with multiple arms which vary in numbers in different cultures and is generally shown fighting and slaying demons like Mahishasura, Dhumralochana, Shumbha and Nishumbha, Durgamasura, Raktabija, Chanda and Munda. She is generally depicted wearing gold, silver or pearl ornaments and is shown adorned with a [[Crown]] (Mukuta) and a crescent moon. She is depicted with three eyes in most of the depictions or with thousands of eyes in some depictions, especially in her forms like [[Shakambari]]. In her fierce forms like [[Chamunda]], [[Kali]] and Chandi, she is depicted wearing a garland of skulls or freshly severed demon heads (Mundamala). She is generally depicted riding a [[Lion]] or [[Tiger]]. She is also depicted welding weapons like [[Scimitar]], [[Sword]] and [[Trishula]]. She is either shown as a peaceful deity or a fierce goddess defeating and killing evil demons. Her ancient sculptures found at various sites like Mahabalipuram ([[Tamil Nadu]]), Rani ki Vav ([[Gujarat]]) depict her as a fierce deity slaying the buffalo demon Mahishasura. She symbolises power, protection and the cosmic energy of the universe. Depictions of her are also found in Jain Caves. ----'''Influence:-''' Durga as the mother goddess is the inspiration behind the song [[Vande Mataram]], written by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], during the the [[Indian independence movement]], later the official national song of [[India]]. Durga is present in [[Nationalism|Indian Nationalism]] where [[Bharatmata|Bharat mata]] i.e. Mother India is viewed as a form of Durga. This is completely secular and keeping in line with the ancient ideology of Durga as mother and protector to Indians. She is present in pop culture and blockbuster [[Bollywood]] movies like Jai Santoshi maa. The indian army uses [[Hindustan|Hindustani]] phrases like "Durga Mata ki jai" and "[[Kali]] mata ki jai". Any woman who takes up cause to fight is said to have the spirit of Durga in her. ---- [[Category:Hinduism]] [[Category:Hindu goddesses]] [[Category:Mahavidyas]] [[Category:Hindu gods and goddesses]] [[Category:Durga]] ajg74xag15a3uhhu2c43su0nppybybo 11024551 11024533 2026-10-09T09:24:16Z ~2026-54097-51 1886949 /* */ 11024551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{wikify|reason=[[WP:MOS]]|date=January 2026}} [[File:Durga Mahisasuramardini.JPG|thumb|18th-century painting of Durga slaying the buffalo demon Mahishasura |alt=Durga]] '''Goddess Durga''' , lit. the one who is difficult to approach, or the undefeatable one, or the inaccessible one, is a form of the Hindu goddess [[Parvati]]. She is one of the major deities in [[Hinduism]] worshipped as the supreme goddess and is known by different names such as [[Shakti]] or [[Adi Parashakti]]. She is often depicted with ten, eight, four or eighteen arms killing evil demons like Mahishasura granting peace and restore Dharma (righteousness). She is regarded as the eternal power and mother of the whole universe. She has importance in other religions such as [[Buddhism]], [[Sikhism]], and [[Jainism]] and in other denominations like [[Shaivism]] and [[Vaishnavism]]. ----<big>Goddess Durga :-</big> ----Mother goddess; Goddess of Power, destruction, strength, protection, war, devotion, [[Maya (religion)|Maya]], victory, destruction, fertility, harmony and motherhood Parabrahman, the supreme being in [[Shaktism]]. Member of the Pancha [[Nature|Prakriti]] and the Panchayatana Puja. Member of [[Tridevi]] (as [[Parvati]]). One of the highest forms of the supreme goddess [[Mahadevi]]. ---- * Affiliation- [[Devi]] , [[Shakti]], [[kali]], [[Parvati]], [[Mahadevi]] , [[Chamunda]] , [[Bhuvaneshvari]], [[Mahavidyas]], [[Navadurgas]], [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]], [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Shaktism]], [[Vindhyachal Temple|Vindhyavasini]], [[Bhavani]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Shaivism]], [[Vaishnavism]], Kamakhya, [[Kaushiki]], [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]], [[Mariamman]], Taleju Bhavani, Mahakali * other names- [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini,]] [[Kaushiki]], [[Navadurgas|Katyayani]], Durgati Nashini, [[Bhavani]], Mahamaya , [[Meenakshi Temple|Meenakshi]], Jagadamba, Bhagawati, [[Mahadevi|Ambika]], [[Chamunda|Chandika]], Narayani, Adi Parashakti, Mahakali * Abode- [[Mount Kailash]], [[Vindhyas|Vindhyachal]] , Manidvipa * Mantra- Om shri Durgayai Namah, Om aim him klim Chamundayai vicce, [[Mahishasurmardini stotra|Mahishasuramardini stotra]] , [[Bhavani Ashtaka]] * Weapon- [[Sudarshana Chakra]], [[Trishula]], [[Gada (weapon)|Gada]] , [[Bow and arrow]], [[Scimitar]], [[Ankusha]], [[Spear]], [[Shield]], [[Conch|Shankha]], [[Sword]] , Akshaya Patra, kapala, Pasha (Noose) * Day - [[Tuesday]], [[Friday]], [[Saturday]] * Mount- [[Lion]], [[Tiger]] * Texts- [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], [[Kalika Purana]], [[Tantra|Tantras]], Devisukta, Devi mahatmaya, Devisukta (Chandipatha), Shakta Upanishads, [[Puranas|Markandeya Purana]], [[Yajurveda]], Siddheshwari Tantra, Sarva Durgati Parisodhana Tantra * Festivals- [[Durga Puja]], Durga Ashtami, [[Navratri]], Vijayadashami, [[Diwali]], Bathukamma, [[Puja (Hinduism)|Jagadhatri puja]], [[Puja (Hinduism)|Basanti Puja]] (বাসন্তী পূজো), Mahalaya, Jaya Parvati Vrata, Adi Thiruvila, Dashain * Consort- [[Shiva]] * Equivalents - [[Panthoibi]] (Manipuri) * Children- [[Ganesha]], [[Kartikeya]] * Symbols- [[Lion]], [[Tiger]], [[Scimitar]] * Siblings- [[Vishnu]], [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] and Mainaka (as [[Parvati]]) * Gender - female ----Goddess Durga is one of the most powerful forms of the supreme goddess [[Mahadevi]]. She is considered to be the eternal energy ([[Shakti]]) of lord [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]] and [[Brahma]]. She is known by different names such as [[Kali]], [[Mahadevi|Adi Shakti]] and [[Chamunda]]. She is primarily worshipped in [[West Bengal]] and [[Gujarat]]. She is often identified with Goddesses like [[Parvati]], [[Kali]] and other forms of [[Shakti]]. She is one of the five equivalent deities in the Panchayatana puja of the [[Smartism|Smarta tradition]]. Durga is a warrior goddess and is often depicted as a goddess with multiple hands fighting and killing demons like Mahishasura and their army of demons. She is generally depicted riding a lion or tiger. In [[South India|Southern India]], She is generally worshipped as [[Mariamman]], the south indian goddess of [[Weather]]. Durga has a significant following all over [[Nepal]], [[India]], [[Bangladesh]] and many other countries. She is mostly worshipped after spring and Autumn harvests, especially during the major festivals of [[Durga Puja]], Durga ashtami, Vijayadashami, [[Deepavali]], and [[Navratri]]. According to many [[Hinduism|Hindu traditions]], She is one of the five main forms of [[Mahadevi|prakriti]] ([[Nature]]). She is also one of the most worshipped deities in the Hindu pantheon. ----'''Origins :-''' Durga is believed to have originated from the [[Indian subcontinent]] as an ancient goddess worshipped by indigenous mountain dwellers before being established in the main hindu pantheon by the 4th century CE .she is associated with strength, wars and battles, motherhood creation, preservation and destruction. In important texts of [[Shaktism]], Devi Mahatmaya and [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]], where [[Devi]] (often Durga) is considered to be the primordial creator of the universe, the Bramhan (ultimate reality) and consider her to be the embodiment of prakriti and Maya ([[Illusion]]). [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]] (the slayer of Mahishasura) is among her various epithets which she recieved after slaying the bovin demon Mahishasura. In [[Vaishnavism]] , she is considered to be the sister of [[Vishnu]] and is known as Yogamaya or Ekanamsha. In [[Bengal|Bengali]] traditions and worship, she is considered to be the mother of the deities [[Lakshmi]], [[Saraswati|Sarasvati]], lord [[kartikeya]] and lord [[Ganesha]]. She is one of the most important deities in [[Hinduism]]. [[Kali]], [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]], [[Tripura Sundari]], [[Bhuvaneshvari]], [[Bhairavi]], [[Chhinnamasta]], [[Dhumavati]], [[Bagalamukhi]], [[Matangi]] & [[Kamalatmika|Kamala]] are the ten [[Mahavidyas]] (great wisdom goddesses) and are considered to be the form of Goddess [[Mahadevi|Adi Parashakti]] (Durga). She is a prominent deity in [[Hinduism]]. ----'''Legends:-''' According to scriptures, Durga got her name after defeating the demon [[Durgamasura]], a demon who took control over the [[Vedas]] but was ultimately defeated by the goddess [[Shakambari]] (a form of Durga). She is worshipped mainly during [[Durga Puja]] and [[Navratri]]. According to scriptures like the Devi Mahatmayam (the glory of the goddess Durga), after a sage named Katyayana performed penance to please the goddess, the goddess Durga ([[Mahadevi]]) gave a boon to him that she will be born as his daughter. A bovine buffalo demon named Mahishasura, performed extreme penance to lord [[Brahma]] and as a result, lord [[Brahma]] gave him a boon that he could only be defeated by a woman. The gods, defeated by him, together formed a mountain from their inner anger (tejas) and helplessness (according to Devi Mahatmayam), the goddess then choose to manifest out of the mountain and transformed from the supreme, nirguna (formless) Brahman (the ultimate reality) into the mother goddess Durga and merged out of the mountain. The gods offered multiple weapons to the goddess like the [[Trishula]], [[Scimitar]] and pasha (noose). Later the goddess [[Mahadevi]] was born as the sage katyayana's daughter and was named Katyayani. After defeating the bovine demon Mahishasura in her Durga form, she selected the [[Vindhyas]] as her earthly abode. The Devi Mahatmayam is one of the most prominent scriptures dedicated to the goddess Durga. The scripture contains the legends of the goddess and contains hymns dedicated to her like the hymn Sarvani Suryo Tanayo. The scripture depicts the story of how she defeated the demon brothers Shumbha and Nishumbha in her [[Kaushiki]] form. It also depicts the story of her slaying the demon generals of Shumbha and Nishumbha like Dhumralochana, Raktabija, Chanda and Munda in her various forms like [[Kali]] and the story of her defeating the demon [[Durgamasura]] in her primary three forms which are [[Durga|Satakshi]] (the one who has thousands of eyes), [[Shakambari]] (the bearer of vegetables) and Durga (the slayer of demons). It is depicted that when Durgamasura stole the [[Vedas]], the balance of the universe was disrupted and the gods were unable to perform rituals like Yajna and the earthly humans faced extreme famine and drought for nearly hundred years. After seeing her earthy devotees facing extreme starvation, thousands of eyes appeared on her whole body and tear drops started falling from all of her eyes. This caused a flood on earth and rivers, oceans and seas were formed. This form of her is known as Satakshi (the thousand eyed one). To feed all the beings, she took the form of Shakambari (the goddess of food and nourishment). And ultimately, she took the form of Durga to defeat the demon Durgamasura and his army of demons. ----'''Manifestations:-''' * [[Kali|Kalika.]] * [[Parvati]]. * [[Bhuvaneshvari]]. * [[Tripura Sundari]]. * [[Shakti]]. * [[Bhairavi]]. * [[Navadurgas]]. * [[Mahavidyas]]. * [[Chamunda]]. * [[Devi]]. * [[Mahadevi|Adi Shakti]]. * The 64 Yoginis. * [[Navadurgas|Katyayani]] * [[Kaushiki]] * [[Mariamman]] * [[Bagalamukhi]] * [[Chhinnamasta]] * [[Dhumavati]] * [[Kamalatmika]] * [[Navadurgas|Bramhacharini]] * [[Nature|Prakriti]] * [[Mahishasura Mardini (goddess)|Mahishasura Mardini]] * [[Bhavani]] * [[Tara (Mahavidya)|Tara]] * [[Shakambari]] * Mahakali ---- '''Worship:-''' Durga is primarily worshipped in [[West Bengal]] and [[Gujarat]]. She is worshipped during the festivals named [[Navratri]], [[Durga Puja]], and Dusshera. her 9 incarnations are worshipped for 9 days during Navratri. Gujaratis perform a very special dance called Garba every night during Navratri. Goddess Durga is worshipped in a number of temples including the famous [[Vindhyachal Temple]], [[Renwal Dham]] and Maa Vaishno Devi temple. During durga puja, She is worshipped by the people of [[Bengal]] for five days. Durga puja is West Bengal's biggest festival. Just like gujarati people, Bengali people perform a very special dance called dhunuchi nritya during Durga Puja. Goddess Durga is worshipped all over [[India]] and has importance in Other religions like [[Buddhism]]. She is also worshipped in other places like [[Bali]] and [[Nepal]]. In Nepal, she is worshipped as Taleju Bhavani, a tantric goddess. Durga is worshipped in [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Temple|Temples]] across [[India]] and [[Nepal]] by Shakta hindus. ----'''History and texts:-''' Devi's epithets synonymous with Durga appear in [[Upanishad|Upanishadic]] literature. Such as kali in verse 1.2.4 of the [[Mundaka Upanishad]] dated to about the 5th century BCE. The single mention describes [[Kali|Kalika]] as "terrible yet Swift as thought", very red and smoky coloured manifestation of [[Mahadevi|the divine]] with a fire- like flickering tongue, before the text begins presenting it's thesis that one must seek self- knowledge and the knowledge of the eternal Bramhan. She is described as a goddess who is adorned with a crescent moon on her crown. Durga, in her various forms, appears as an independent deity in the Epic periods of [[Ancient India]], that is the centuries around the start of the common Era. Both Yudhishthira and [[Arjuna]] characters of the [[Mahabharata]] invoke hymns to Durga. Various [[Puranas]] from the early to late millennium CE dedicate chapters of inconsistent legends associated with Durga. Of these, the Markandeya purana and the [[Devi Bhagavata Purana]] are the most significant texts on Durga. The [[Upanishad|Devi Upanishad]] and other Shakta [[Upanishad|Upanishads]] , mostly dated to have been composed in or after the 9th century, present the philosophical and mystical speculations related to Durga as [[Devi]] and other epithets , identifying her to be the same as the Bramhan and Atman (self,soul). The [[Puranas|Skanda purana]] and [[Puranas|Shiva Purana]] and many other [[Puranas]] identifies Durga as the warrior form of goddess [[Parvati]]. The [[Mahishasurmardini stotra|Mahishasuramardini stotra]] by [[Adi Shankara]] was written in her Praise.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-24|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>in [[Yajurveda]] and [[Atharvaveda]] she has been invoked as the goddess who grants protection and bliss. In the [[Puranas]], Durga has been described as the Vana Durga, Jaya Durga, Mahishasur - mardini Durga, Vindhyavasini Durga, Maha Durga and Anala Durga. In the ancient Siddheshwari Tantra, the Durga Apad Uddharaka Stotram is a hymn and a significant part of the Tantra which praises her as the supreme refuge and protector and praises her as the supreme [[Chamunda|Chandika]]. Her idols, carves on cave walls have been discovered from different regions and countries like [[China]], [[Gujarat]], [[Afghanistan]] ([[Ghazni]]), [[Indonesia]] ([[Java]]), India ([[Vidisha]], [[Gujarat]], Mahabalipuram), [[Karnataka]], [[Bangladesh]]. ----'''In other religions :-''' In [[Sikhism]]:- Durga is exalted as a creation of the divine in Dasam Granth , a sacred text of Sikhism that is traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-24|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>According to Eleanor Nesbitt , this view has been challenged by the Sikhs who consider Sikhism to be monotheistic, who hold that a feminine form of the supreme and a reverence for the Goddess is unmistakably of Hindu character. ----In [[Buddhism]]:- The [[Tantra|Tantric]] Buddhist [[Vajrayana]] traditions adopted several [[Hindu deities]] into its fold, including Durga. Numerous depictions of Durga slaying the buffalo demon have been found at Buddhist temple sites (c. 8th- 11th century) in [[Afghanistan]], [[Indonesia]], and [[Northeastern India]]. Durga Statues have also been found in major Buddhist sites like Nalanda and Vikramashila. In [[Bengal]], late indian [[Mahayana]] Buddhists during 17th century worshipped Durga during traditional Yogini [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] celebrations, and some traces of these Mahayana Durga rites survive today, even though the Bengalis who perform them are no longer Buddhist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia|url=https://www.wikipedia.org/|access-date=2025-11-25|website=www.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref>Images of Buddhist Durga have also been found in [[Bali]] (surrounded with images of Buddhas and [[Bodhisattva|Bodhisattvas]]) and date from the 10th and 11th centuries. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wiki: Welcome Visitors|url=http://wiki.org/|access-date=2025-11-26|website=www.wiki.org|archive-date=2016-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924185338/http://wiki.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref>Durga also appears in the [[Tantra]] called Sarva Durgati Parisodhana tantra, though in this text, she appears not in her demon slaying form, but mounted on a [[Lion]]. Several aspects of the popular [[Vajrayana]] Buddhist goddess [[Tara (Buddhism)|Tara]] are believed to have originated as a form of goddess Durga. ----In [[Jainism]]:- The Sacciya mata found in major medieval era Jain temple mirrors Durga, and she has been identified by [[Jainism]] scholars to be the same or sharing a more ancient common lineage. In the [[Ellora Caves]], the jain temples feature Durga with her [[Lion]] mount. However, she is not shown as killing the buffalo demon in the jain cave, but she is presented as a peaceful deity. ----'''Depiction:-''' She is generally depicted with multiple arms which vary in numbers in different cultures and is generally shown fighting and slaying demons like Mahishasura, Dhumralochana, Shumbha and Nishumbha, Durgamasura, Raktabija, Chanda and Munda. She is generally depicted wearing gold, silver or pearl ornaments and is shown adorned with a [[Crown]] (Mukuta) and a crescent moon. She is depicted with three eyes in most of the depictions or with thousands of eyes in some depictions, especially in her forms like [[Shakambari]]. In her fierce forms like [[Chamunda]], [[Kali]] and Chandi, she is depicted wearing a garland of skulls or freshly severed demon heads (Mundamala). She is generally depicted riding a [[Lion]] or [[Tiger]]. She is also depicted welding weapons like [[Scimitar]], [[Sword]] and [[Trishula]]. She is either shown as a peaceful deity or a fierce goddess defeating and killing evil demons. Her ancient sculptures found at various sites like Mahabalipuram ([[Tamil Nadu]]), Rani ki Vav ([[Gujarat]]) depict her as a fierce deity slaying the buffalo demon Mahishasura. She symbolises power, protection and the cosmic energy of the universe. Depictions of her are also found in Jain Caves. ----'''Influence:-''' Durga as the mother goddess is the inspiration behind the song [[Vande Mataram]], written by [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]], during the the [[Indian independence movement]], later the official national song of [[India]]. Durga is present in [[Nationalism|Indian Nationalism]] where [[Bharatmata|Bharat mata]] i.e. Mother India is viewed as a form of Durga. This is completely secular and keeping in line with the ancient ideology of Durga as mother and protector to Indians. She is present in pop culture and blockbuster [[Bollywood]] movies like Jai Santoshi maa. The indian army uses [[Hindustan|Hindustani]] phrases like "Durga Mata ki jai" and "[[Kali]] mata ki jai". Any woman who takes up cause to fight is said to have the spirit of Durga in her. ---- [[Category:Hinduism]] [[Category:Hindu goddesses]] [[Category:Mahavidyas]] [[Category:Hindu gods and goddesses]] [[Category:Durga]] gv2ypvo4w4awlltxv4pfyg1rvxtfr35 0 33295 11024158 7720092 2026-10-08T21:47:03Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 /* */ 11024158 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''rectum''' is a part of the [[large intestine]] which forms a part of the [[gastrointestinal system]]. The rectum ends in the [[anus]] which is the end of the [[gastrointestinal system]]. It is where [[feces]] or stools are stored temporarily before coming out of the [[anus]]. Daddy impales my rectum with his dick till he cums inside me. [[Body temperature]] can also be taken in the rectum. Rectal temperature can be taken by inserting a [[medical thermometer]] not more than 25&nbsp;mm (1&nbsp;inch) into the rectum via the [[anus]]. Normal rectal temperature generally ranges from 36 to 38&nbsp;°C (97.6 to 100.4&nbsp;°F) and is about 0.5&nbsp;°C (1&nbsp;°F) above [[Oral sex|oral]] (mouth) temperature and about 1&nbsp;°C (2&nbsp;°F) above [[axillary|axilla]] (armpit) temperature and 3 degrees warmer than vaginal temperatures. The '''rectum''' was featured in film series, '[[The Human Centipede (First Sequence)|The Human Centipede]]<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-21|title=The Human Centipede (First Sequence)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Human_Centipede_(First_Sequence)&oldid=1034726577|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>,' a horror movie about the face of loss in a world of deep connection and interesting cuisine. Within the film it is stated that, "Humans have a profound desire for other '''rectums.'''"<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-05-09|title=Human Centipede III - the most abhorrent film ever?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32656480|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref> Often this is due to the G-stop for men being located between the [[Anus]] and the [[Testicle|testicles]], giving men a desire to be anally penetrated in the rectum, this form of rectal pleasure first ever documented in the journal of [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]]. == References == {{commons category|Rectum}} {{reflist}} {{gastrointestinal system}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Anatomy of the digestive system]] nuxfn9b5h0jv1bdb5901tay9q7ofwcs 11024162 11024158 2026-10-08T21:47:58Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by PotsdamLamb. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024162 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''rectum''' is a part of the [[large intestine]] which forms a part of the [[gastrointestinal system]]. The rectum ends in the [[anus]] which is the end of the [[gastrointestinal system]]. It is where [[feces]] or stools are stored temporarily before coming out of the [[anus]]. [[Body temperature]] can also be taken in the rectum. Rectal temperature can be taken by inserting a [[medical thermometer]] not more than 25&nbsp;mm (1&nbsp;inch) into the rectum via the [[anus]]. Normal rectal temperature generally ranges from 36 to 38&nbsp;°C (97.6 to 100.4&nbsp;°F) and is about 0.5&nbsp;°C (1&nbsp;°F) above [[Oral sex|oral]] (mouth) temperature and about 1&nbsp;°C (2&nbsp;°F) above [[axillary|axilla]] (armpit) temperature and 3 degrees warmer than vaginal temperatures. The '''rectum''' was featured in film series, '[[The Human Centipede (First Sequence)|The Human Centipede]]<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2021-07-21|title=The Human Centipede (First Sequence)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Human_Centipede_(First_Sequence)&oldid=1034726577|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref>,' a horror movie about the face of loss in a world of deep connection and interesting cuisine. Within the film it is stated that, "Humans have a profound desire for other '''rectums.'''"<ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-05-09|title=Human Centipede III - the most abhorrent film ever?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-32656480|access-date=2021-07-24}}</ref> Often this is due to the G-stop for men being located between the [[Anus]] and the [[Testicle|testicles]], giving men a desire to be anally penetrated in the rectum, this form of rectal pleasure first ever documented in the journal of [[Henry IV of England|Henry IV]]. == References == {{commons category|Rectum}} {{reflist}} {{gastrointestinal system}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Anatomy of the digestive system]] rcpcbugn2208z0bz7x9rp0etodujddk 0 40523 11024444 9702977 2026-10-09T06:09:20Z Jim.henderson 70336 [[Noble metal]] link 11024444 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:UCSD Powell Laboratory.JPG|thumb|A corroded (thing or) industrial [[structure]]; Some of the corrosion seems to be [[rust]]. (The picture is from outside [[UCSD]]'s Powell Structural Systems Laboratory.]] '''Corrosion''' is the breakdown of [[material]]s due to [[chemical reaction]]s. It is usually [[oxidation]] with [[air]] [[molecule]]s and often in the presence of [[water]]. Corrosion also occurs when an [[acid]]ic/basic [[corrosive substance]] touches another material. When a material corrodes, its physical properties change. Problems with corrosion are mostly with [[metal]], though other materials can corrode. Corrosion is a form of [[erosion]]. Some materials, such as [[stainless steel]] or [[Noble metal]]<nowiki/>s, are highly resistant to corrosion. Metals that may corrode can be protected by [[plating]], painting, and other means. One form of high temperature corrosion can lead to the formation of [[compacted oxide layer glaze]]s, which under certain circumstances reduces wear. Iron corrosion is called [[rust]]ing. {{chem-stub}} [[Category:Chemical processes]] [[Category:Metallurgy]] 7oqo7koqb6dgntgms1m87y16nusy2gt 0 44160 11024271 10921147 2026-10-09T02:28:49Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Currency | currency_name_in_local = {{native name|uk|українська гривня}} | image_1 = 1 Hryvnia 1995 front.jpg | image_title_1 = 1000 hryvnias banknote | image_2 = 1 hryvnia coin of Ukraine, 2018.jpg | image_title_2 = 1 hryvnia coin | inflation_rate = 8.6% (03.2019 y-o-y)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bank.gov.ua/control/en/index|title=National Bank of Ukraine|website=Bank.gov.ua|access-date=3 May 2019|archive-date=8 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308225158/https://bank.gov.ua/control/en/index|url-status=live}}</ref> | inflation_source_date = NBU, 2019, May <ref name="bank.gov.ua">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bank.gov.ua/doccatalog/document?id=30350021 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-06-01 |archive-date=2016-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506043128/http://www.bank.gov.ua/doccatalog/document?id=30350021 |url-status=live }}</ref> | using_countries = {{flag|Ukraine}} | unofficial_users = | inflation_method = [[Consumer Price Index|CPI]] | subunit_ratio_1 = 1/100 | subunit_name_1 = kopiyka (копійка) | symbol = [[Hryvnia sign|₴]] <!-- Unicode Character 'HRYVNIA SIGN' (U+20B4) --> or грн | plural = hryvni ([[Nominative case|nom.]] [[Plural|pl.]]), hryven ([[Genitive case|gen.]] pl.) | plural_subunit_1 = kopiyky (nom. pl.), kopiyok (gen. pl.) | used_coins = 10, 50 kopiyok; ₴1, ₴2, ₴5, ₴10 | used_banknotes = ₴1, ₴2, ₴5, ₴10, ₴20, ₴50, [[Ukrainian one hundred-hryvnia note|₴100]], ₴200, ₴500, ₴1,000 | issuing_authority = [[National Bank of Ukraine]] | issuing_authority_website = {{url|https://www.bank.gov.ua/control/en/|www.bank.gov.ua/en}} | printer = [[National Bank of Ukraine]] | mint = [[National Bank of Ukraine]] | iso_code = UAH | iso_number = 980 | iso_exponent = 2 }} '''Hryvnia''' ({{Lang-uk|Гривня}}) is the [[nation]]al [[currency]] of [[Ukraine]]. == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [http://www.bank.gov.ua/engl/bank_coin/histor_grn.htm History of Hryvnia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813144325/http://www.bank.gov.ua/ENGL/Bank_coin/histor_grn.htm |date=2006-08-13 }} * [http://pr.bank.gov.ua/ukr/arhive_news.php?news_id=431&list=0 National Bank of Ukraine announcement of Hryvnia Sign] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310203109/http://pr.bank.gov.ua/ukr/arhive_news.php?news_id=431&list=0 |date=2007-03-10 }} * [http://pr.bank.gov.ua/ukr/konkurs.php Proposed symbols for hryvnia during design competition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015921/http://pr.bank.gov.ua/ukr/konkurs.php |date=2007-09-30 }} * [http://www.uazone.net/Hryvnia/hryvnia1.html Pictures of hryvnia bills introduced in 1997] * [http://www.museum.com.ua/project/eng/vist/dengi/dengi.html First Ukrainian Money] * [http://www.bonistikaweb.ru/NUMBON/1996-8(38).htm Ukraine monetary reform. Numismatics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421213544/http://www.bonistikaweb.ru/NUMBON/1996-8(38).htm |date=2023-04-21 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081008013156/http://www.podrobnosti.ua/economy/2006/09/04/344955.html How hryvnia was born] [[Category:Currency of Europe]] [[Category:Economy of Ukraine]] {{Europe-stub}} dlzhnnrf30j70wd3gngmk92f5kfxni0 0 45866 11024368 9463400 2026-10-09T04:56:02Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 1857216 /* */ Link to seed plant 11024368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Conifera | image = Araucaria heterophylla 01.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Trees of a Pinophyta species: <br>''[[Araucaria heterophylla]]'' ([[Araucariaceae]]) | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | divisio = '''Pinophyta''' | classis = '''Pinopsida''' | subdivision_ranks = Orders & Families | subdivision = [[Cordaitales]] †<br> '''Pinales'''<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Pinaceae]] – [[Pine]] family<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Araucariaceae]] – [[Araucaria]] <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Podocarpaceae]] – Yellow-woods <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Sciadopitys|Sciadopityaceae]] – Umbrella-pines <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Cupressaceae]] – [[Cypress]]es <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Cephalotaxaceae]] – Plum-yews <br> &nbsp;&nbsp;[[Taxaceae]] – [[Yew]]s <br> [[Vojnovskyales]] †<br> [[Voltziales]] † }} '''Conifers''' are [[gymnosperm]]s. They are [[Conifer cone|cone]]-bearing [[seed plants]]. All living conifers are woody plants which are [[perennial]]. Most are [[tree]]s; some are [[shrub]]s. They are the [[Division (botany)|Division]] '''Pinophyta''' or '''Coniferophyta'''.<ref>Eckenwalder, James E. 2009. ''Conifers of the world: the complete reference'', p13. Timber Press. {{ISBN|0881929743}}, {{ISBN|9780881929744}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QGmO_CtTPAEC&pg=PA13&dq=]</ref><ref>Farjon, Aljos 2008. ''Natural history of conifers.'' Timber Press. {{ISBN|0881928690}}, {{ISBN|9780881928693}}</ref> Living conifers are all in the [[Order (biology)|order]] '''Pinales'''. Typical examples include [[cedar]]s, [[cypress]]es, [[fir]]s, [[juniper]]s, [[Agathis|kauris]], [[larch]]es, [[pine]]s, [[redwood]]s, [[spruce]]s, and [[yew]]s. Species of conifers can be found in almost all parts of the world, and are often the most common plants in their [[habitat]]s, as in the [[taiga]]. Conifers are of great economic value, and their wood is mainly used for [[timber]] and [[paper]]-making The wood of conifers is known as [[softwood]], though yew wood is actually quite hard. The division ''Coniferae'' contains about 700 living [[species]]. == Evolution == The earliest conifers were in the late [[Carboniferous]] ([[Pennsylvanian]]) period (about 300 million years ago),<ref name=henry>Henry R.J. 2005. ''Plant diversity and evolution''. London: CABI.</ref> Pinophytes, [[Cycad]]s, and [[Ginkgo]]s all developed at this time.<ref name="henry" /> These plants live without being so dependent on water. Other [[adaptations]] are pollen (so [[fertilisation]] can occur without water) and the seed, which allows the [[Seed#Embryo|embryo]] to be transported and developed elsewhere.<ref name="henry" /> Conifers appear to be one of the taxa that benefited from the [[Permian–Triassic extinction event]]. They were the dominant land plants of the [[Mesozoic]] [[era]]. Conifers were eventually overtaken by their descendants, the [[flowering plant]]s, which first appeared in the [[Cretaceous]]. Flowering plants became dominant in the [[Cainozoic]] era. Conifers were a main food of [[herbivore|herbivorous]] [[dinosaur]]s, and their [[resin]]s and [[poison]]s no doubt gave them some [[Defence against herbivory|protection against herbivores]]. All the reproductive features of modern conifers had evolved by the end of the Mesozoic era.<ref>Williams, Claire G. 2009. ''Conifer reproductive biology''. Springer Science.</ref> == List of genera == * ''[[Araucariaceae]]'' ** ''[[Agathis]]'' (kauri) ** ''[[Araucaria]]'' (monkey puzzle) ** ''[[Wollemia]]'' (wollemi pine) * ''[[Cupressaceae]]'' ** ''[[Pencil pine|Athrotaxis]]'' (pencil pine) ** ''[[Japanese redwood|Cryptomeria]]'' (Japanese redwood) ** ''[[Cunninghamia]]'' ** ''[[Chinese swamp cypress|Glyptostrobus]]'' (Chinese swamp cypress) ** ''[[Metasequoia]]'' (dawn redwood) ** ''[[Sequoia (genus)|Sequoia]]'' (coast redwood) ** ''[[Giant redwood|Sequoiadendron]]'' (giant redwood) ** ''[[Taiwania]]'' ** ''[[Taxodium]]'' * ''[[Pinaceae]]'' ** ''[[Abies]]'' (fir) ** ''[[Cathaya]]'' ** ''[[Cedrus]]'' (cedar) ** ''[[Keeteleeria]]'' ** ''[[Larch|Larix]]'' (larch) ** ''[[Bristlecone hemlock|Nothotsuga]]'' (bristlecone hemlock) ** ''[[Picea]]'' (spruce) ** ''[[Pinus]]'' (pine) ** ''[[Golden larch|Pseudolarix]]'' (golden larch) ** ''[[Douglas fir|Pseudotsuga]]'' (Douglas fir) ** ''[[Hemlock|Tsuga]]'' (hemlock) == Related pages == * [[Gymnosperm]] * [[Conifer cones]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Conifers| ]] 0t61ngokx7nczl7kuz6sq8i69uelxof 0 47535 11023995 11021782 2026-10-08T14:07:20Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia Bot|IrisChronomia Bot]] ([[User talk:IrisChronomia Bot|talk]]) to last version by IrisChronomia 11021770 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, Flag of South Vietnam (1975–1976).svg|thumb|The National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam chose a half-blue, half-red flag with a five-pointed yellow star in the middle.|alt=]] [[File:Vietcong bombing, 1964.gif|250px|thumb|right|The Brinks Hotel, Saigon, following a Viet Cong bombing on Dec. 24, 1964. Two American officers were killed.]] The '''National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam''' ('''NLF'''), was a [[communist]] army based in [[South Vietnam]] that fought against the governments of South Vietnam and the [[United States]] during the [[Vietnam War]] (1955-1975). The group is better known as the '''Viet Cong''' (''Việt Cộng'') or '''V.C.''', short for "Vietnamese Communist." American soldiers called the Vietnamese communist forces '''Charlie''' (which is the letter "C" in the [[NATO phonetic alphabet]]),<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2013/04/why-the-viet-cong-were-called-charlie-during-the-vietnam-war/|title=Why the Viet Cong Were Called "Charlie"|date=2013-04-02|website=Today I Found Out|language=en-US|access-date=2020-06-20}}</ref> whether North Vietnamese or South Vietnamese (Viet Cong). The group was mostly made up of people from South Vietnam but a few members were from North Vietnam. The main leaders and most of the people in the group were communists. Some members were not communists. The Viet Cong used [[guerilla warfare]], including terrorist bombings, assassinations, and ambushes. The group is best known for the [[Tet Offensive]], a [[ambush|surprise attack]] on many South Vietnamese cities that began in January 1968 during Tet, or the Vietnamese New Year. The group was closely allied with the government of [[North Vietnam]], which invaded the South in 1975. According to ''Re-thinking Camelot'' ([[Noam Chomsky]] 1993), the NLF resistance was in part the result of terror that was inflicted by the government of South Vietnam, which was backed and guided by the US, while the NLF was peacefully awaiting the national elections that had been promised by the Geneva Accords of 1954. Some, however, accuse Chomsky of minimizing the communists' atrocities and of exaggerating those of their opponents. == History == After the 1954 Geneva Agreement, Vietnam was temporarily divided into two regions. The North resolutely fought for the peaceful reunification of Vietnam.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mặt trận Dân tộc Giải phóng miền Nam Việt Nam thành lập|url=https://dangcongsan.vn/tu-lieu-tham-khao-cuoc-thi-trac-nghiem-tim-hieu-90-nam-lich-su-ve-vang-cua-dang-cong-san-viet-nam/tu-lieu-cuoc-thi/mat-tran-dan-toc-giai-phong-mien-nam-viet-nam-thanh-lap-539199.html|access-date=2023-09-05|website=dangcongsan.vn|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240821150149/https://dangcongsan.vn/tu-lieu-tham-khao-cuoc-thi-trac-nghiem-tim-hieu-90-nam-lich-su-ve-vang-cua-dang-cong-san-viet-nam/tu-lieu-cuoc-thi/mat-tran-dan-toc-giai-phong-mien-nam-viet-nam-thanh-lap-539199.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Vietnam War}} [[Category:Viet Cong| ]] [[Category:National liberation movements]] [[Category:Rebel militia groups in Asia]] [[Category:Communism]] [[Category:1954 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:1976 disestablishments in Asia]] dhmcv8qa1wx7mn8fenkbffdosb1xxzv 0 48114 11024362 11022455 2026-10-09T04:51:59Z ~2026-54227-34 1887368 11024362 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024378 11024362 2026-10-09T04:58:01Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54227-34|~2026-54227-34]] ([[User talk:~2026-54227-34|talk]]) to last version by InternetArchiveBot 11022455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Scots | image = {{image array|perrow=6 | image1 = History-kenneth.jpg | caption1 = [[Kenneth MacAlpin]] | image2 = Macbeth of Scotland.jpg | caption2 = [[Macbeth, King of Scotland|Macbeth]] | image3 = StMargareth edinburgh castle2.jpg | caption3 = [[Saint Margaret of Scotland|St. Margaret]] | image4 = JohnDunsScotus.jpg | caption4 = [[Duns Scotus]] | image5 = WilliamWallaceByDavidofBuchan.jpg | caption5 = [[William Wallace]] | image6 = Robertthebruce.jpg | caption6 = [[Robert the Bruce]] | image7 = Mary Stuart Queen.jpg | caption7 = [[Mary, Queen of Scots]] | image8 = James I of England by Daniel Mytens.jpg | caption8 = [[James VI and I]] | image9 = Painting of David Hume.jpg | caption9 = [[David Hume]] | image10 = AdamSmith.jpg | caption10 = [[Adam Smith]] | image11 = Sir Henry Raeburn - James Hutton, 1726 - 1797. Geologist - Google Art Project.jpg | caption11 = [[James Hutton]] | image12 = Joseph Black b1728.jpg | caption12 = [[Joseph Black]] | image13 = Watt James von Breda.jpg | caption13 = [[James Watt]] | image14 = PG 1063Burns Naysmithcrop.jpg | caption14 = [[Robert Burns]] | image15 = David Livingstone.jpg | caption15 = [[David Livingstone]] | image16 = James Clerk Maxwell big.jpg | caption16 = [[James Clerk Maxwell]] | image17 = Andrew Carnegie, three-quarter length portrait, seated, facing slightly left, 1913-crop.jpg | caption17 = [[Andrew Carnegie]] | image18 = Alexander Graham Bell.jpg | caption18 = [[Alexander Graham Bell]] | image19 = William Ramsay working.jpg | caption19 = [[William Ramsay]] | image20 = JamesGeorgeFrazer.jpg | caption20 = [[James Frazer]] | image21 = Alexander Fleming 3.jpg | caption21 = [[Alexander Fleming]] | image22 = Henrietta_Watson_postcard.jpg | caption22 = [[Henrietta Watson]] | image23 = Knocker_iwn.jpg | caption23 = [[Mairi Chisholm]] | image24 = Deborah Kerr in colour Allan Warren.jpg | caption24 = [[Deborah Kerr]] | image25 = Alasdair_MacIntyre.jpg | caption25 = [[Alasdair MacIntyre]] | image26 = SeanConneryJune08.jpg | caption26 = [[Sean Connery]] | image27 = Alex Ferguson.jpg | caption27 = [[Alex Ferguson]] | image28 = Annie_Lennox_SING_campaign,_Vienna_2010_b.jpg | caption28 = [[Annie Lennox]] | image29 = Ewan mcgregor cropped.jpg | caption29 = [[Ewan McGregor]] | image30 = Andy Murray Toyko 2011.jpg | caption30 = [[Andy Murray]] }} | population = '''[[Circa|c.]] 28–40 million''' worldwide{{smallsup|A}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2009/05/28141101/6 |title=The Scottish Diaspora and Diaspora Strategy: Insights and Lessons from Ireland |publisher=[[Scottish Government]] |date=May 2009 |accessdate=17 March 2015}}</ref> | regions = <div style="line-height:1.3em;"><!-- -->{{flagcountry|Scotland}}{{spaces|3}}4,446,000 (2011)<br/><!-- --><small>(Scottish descent only)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk/statistical-bulletins|title=Statistical Bulletins - Scotland Census 2011|website=www.scotlandscensus.gov.uk}}</ref></div> | region1 = {{flagcountry|United States}}{{smallsup|B}} | pop1 = 6,006,955 Scottish<br>5,393,554 [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Irish]] | ref1 = {{lower|<ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-parsed=true&-ds_name=ACS_2008_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-_caller=geoselect&-format= American Community Survey 2008 by the US Census Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107121635/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y |date=2012-01-07 }} {{Cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107121635/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y |archive-date=2012-01-07 |url-status=dead}} estimates 5,827,046 people claiming Scottish ancestry and 3,538,444 people claiming Scotch-Irish ''ancestry''.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parade.com/articles/editions/2004/edition_10-03-2004/featured_0|title=Who are the Scots-Irish?|publisher=}}</ref>}} | region2 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}{{smallsup|C}} | pop2 = 4,719,850 | ref2 = {{lower|<ref>The [http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 2006 Canadian Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723224016/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Data=Count&Table=2&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |date=2013-07-23 }} {{Cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2022-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106221808/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000 |archive-date=2019-01-06 |url-status=bot: unknown}} gives a total of 4,719,850 respondents stating their ''ethnic origin'' as Scottish. Many respondents may have misunderstood the question and the numerous responses for "Canadian" does not give an accurate figure for numerous groups, particularly those of British Isles origins.</ref>}} | region3 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | pop3 = 1,792,600 | ref3 = {{lower|<ref name="abs.gov.au">{{cite web |url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Lookup/2071.0main+features902012-2013 |title=ABS Ancestry |year=2012}}</ref>}} | region4 = {{flagcountry|England}}{{smallsup|D}} | pop4 = 795,000 | ref4 = <!--{{lower|<ref> </ref>}}--> | region5 = {{flagicon image|Saint Patrick's Saltire.svg}}[[Northern Ireland]]{{smallsup|E}} | pop5 = 760,620 | ref5 = <ref>[[Northern Ireland#Demography]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-05-03|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Northern Ireland#Demography|reason= }}</ref> | region6 = {{flagcountry|Argentina}} | pop6 = 100,000 | ref6 = {{lower|}} | region7 = {{flagcountry|Chile}} | pop7 = 80,000 | ref7 = {{lower|}} | region8 = {{flagcountry|France}} | pop8 = 45,000 | ref8 = {{lower|}} | region9 = {{flagcountry|Poland}} | pop9 = 15,000 | ref9 = {{lower|}} | region10 = {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}{{smallsup|F}} | pop10 = 12,792 | ref10 = {{lower|<ref name="stats.gov.nz">{{cite web|url=http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/pasfull/pasfull.nsf/web/Reference+Reports+2001+Census:+Ethnic+Groups+2001+TableEthnic+group+-+up+to+three+responses+(total+responses)+and+sex,+for+the+census+usually+resident+population+count,+1991,+1996+and+2001/$FILE/Table%202a.xls|title=stats.govt.nz|publisher=|access-date=2015-08-20|archive-date=2016-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616195213/http://www2.stats.govt.nz/domino/external/pasfull/pasfull.nsf/web/Reference%2BReports%2B2001%2BCensus%3A%2BEthnic%2BGroups%2B2001%2BTableEthnic%2Bgroup%2B-%2Bup%2Bto%2Bthree%2Bresponses%2B%28total%2Bresponses%29%2Band%2Bsex%2C%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bcensus%2Busually%2Bresident%2Bpopulation%2Bcount%2C%2B1991%2C%2B1996%2Band%2B2001/%24FILE/Table%202a.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | region11 = {{flagcountry|Isle of Man}} | pop11 = 2,403 | ref11 = {{lower|<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gov.im/lib/docs/treasury/economic/census/censusreport2006.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-08-20 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305135143/https://www.gov.im/lib/docs/treasury/economic/census/censusreport2006.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | region12 = {{flagcountry|Hong Kong}}{{smallsup|G}} | ref12 = <ref>https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/274477/scotland_analysis_borders_citizenship.pdf#page=70</ref><ref>http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/285746/0087034.pdf#Page=13 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031646/http://www.gov.scot/Resource/Doc/285746/0087034.pdf#Page=13 |date=2016-03-05 }} http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2009/09/24095045/3 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924023351/http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2009/09/24095045/3 |date=2015-09-24 }}</ref> | pop12 = 1,459 | languages = [[English language|English]] ([[Scottish English]])<br/> [[Scottish Gaelic]]{{•}} [[Scots]] | religions = [[Presbyterianism]], [[Roman Catholicism]], [[Protestantism]], [[Scottish Episcopal Church|Episcopalianism]]; other minority groups; [[agnostic]]s, [[deist]]s and [[atheist]]s. | footnotes = {{smallsup|A}} These figures are estimates based on official<br/>{{pad|0.4em}}census data of populations and official surveys of<br/>{{pad|0.4em}}identity.{{lower|0.2em|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.friendsofscotland.gov.uk/scotlandnow/genealogy.html|title=Friends Of Scotland|publisher=}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ancestralscotland.com The Ancestral Scotland website] states the following: "Scotland is a land of 5.1 million people. A proud people, passionate about their country and her rich, noble heritage. For every single Scot in their native land, there are thought to be at least five more overseas who can claim Scottish ancestry; that's many millions spread throughout the globe."</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scotland.org/about/history-tradition-and-roots/features/education/scottishancestry.html|title=History, Tradition and roots, ancestry|publisher=|access-date=2015-08-20|archive-date=2007-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025061851/http://www.scotland.org/about/history-tradition-and-roots/features/education/scottishancestry.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitscotland.org/news_item.htm?newsID=47476|title=Visit Scotland.org|publisher=|access-date=2015-08-20|archive-date=2007-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221044220/http://www.visitscotland.org/news_item.htm?newsID=47476|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br/><!-- -->{{smallsup|B}} [[Scottish American]]s and [[Scotch-Irish American]]s.<br>{{smallsup|C}} [[Scottish Canadian]]s.<br>{{smallsup|D}} Scottish born people in England only<br>{{smallsup|E}} [[Ulster Scots people|Ulster-Scots]] <br /> {{smallsup|F}} <span style="color: #ff0000"> missing</span> <br /> {{smallsup|G}} Number of people born in Scotland. }} '''Scottish people''' or '''Scots''' are people native to [[Scotland]] or who are descended from a native of Scotland.<ref>[http://www.visitscotland.com/about/ancestry/ Scottish ancestry] at visitscotland.com</ref> They almost all speak [[Scottish English]], but some of those living in the [[Scottish Lowlands|Lowlands]] and the islands may speak the [[Scots]] (a [[Anglic language]]) as well. [[Robert Burns]] is the national poet of Scotland.{{cn}} {{Navboxes |list = {{Scotland topics}} {{Celtic nations}} {{British peoples}} {{British Isles}} }} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Celtic peoples]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Scottish people| ]] {{UK-stub}} tsc9axg5zvcee3lv1sx8orwcpdnku5e 0 50958 11023993 11021784 2026-10-08T14:07:20Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia Bot|IrisChronomia Bot]] ([[User talk:IrisChronomia Bot|talk]]) to last version by IrisChronomia 11021747 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=September 2025}} {{Infobox civilian attack | title = My Lai massacre<br />{{nobold|{{lang|vi|Thảm sát Mỹ Lai}}}} | partof = the [[Vietnam War]] | image = My Lai massacre.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = A picture of victims of the My Lai Massacre. | location = Sơn Mỹ village, [[Sơn Tịnh district]], [[Quảng Ngãi province]], [[South Vietnam]] | target = Mỹ Lai 4 and Mỹ Khe 4 hamlets | date = {{start date and age|1968|3|16|df=y|p=yes}} | time = | timezone = | type = [[Massacre]], [[wartime sexual violence|war rape]], [[torture]] | fatalities = *504 killed in both Mỹ Lai and Mỹ Khe according to Vietnamese government *United States Army lists 347 (Mỹ Lai only) | perps = {{tree list}} * {{flag|United States}} ** [[armed forces|United States of America]] | convicted = [[William Calley]] |dfens=[[Hugh Thompson Jr.]]<br/>[[Glenn Andreotta]]<br/>[[Lawrence Colburn]]}} The '''My Lai Massacre''' (pronounced [[IPA]]: <span title="Pronunciation in IPA" class="IPA">[mi.˧˩˥'lɐːj˧˧]</span>, Thảm sát Mỹ Lai, Thảm sát Sơn Mỹ) is a [[war crime]] involving [[United States Army|United States soldiers]]' [[Mass murder|mass killing]] of [[Non-combatant|civilians]] in the village of My Lai, [[South Vietnam]], on March 16, 1968, during the [[Vietnam War]]. Hundreds of civilians were murdered. Eventually, the crew of a [[U.S. Army]] helicopter saw the massacre happening and intervened to stop it. The crew saved the lives of 11 Vietnamese civilians. A memorial in My Lai lists the names of 504 victims. == Events == Before the massacre, U.S. soldiers were told that all "true" civilians would be at the market on the day of the [[murder]]s and [[rape]]s. They were told that anyone left in the village would be members of the [[National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam]]. When the soldiers got to the village, they did not find any NLF troops. Despite this, many soldiers began to kill the villagers, mainly [[elderly]] people, women, and children. ==Rescue == [[File:Observation Helicopter, 6 August 1968 (28715761374).jpg|thumb|A kind of ''[[observation]] helicopter'', [[OH-23]]. The crew of an OH-23 tried to stop the killing, and came in the way of soldiers that were hunting for civilians to be killed).]] While flying a [[United States Army|U.S. Army]] helicopter over the village of Sơn Mỹ, Warrant Officer [[Hugh Thompson Jr.]] saw dead and wounded civilians. The helicopter was providing [[close-air support]] for U.S. soldiers on the ground. The crew used [[two-way radio]] to call for help for the wounded civilians. Next they landed their helicopter next to a [[ditch]], which they saw was full of bodies. They could see movement by [[survivor]]s in the ditch. Thompson spoke with two American soldiers next to the [[ditch]].<!-- Thompson asked a sergeant he encountered there (David Mitchell of 1st Platoon) if he could help get the people out of the ditch; the sergeant replied that he would "help them out of their misery". Thompson, shocked and confused, then spoke with 2LT Calley, who claimed to be "just following orders".--> When Thompson was [[Takeoff|lifting off]] with the helicopter, he saw that a [[sergeant]] named Mitchell was shooting into the ditch.<!--As the helicopter took off, Thompson saw Mitchell firing into the ditch.[52]--> Thompson and his crew also saw an unarmed woman being kicked and shot at [[point-blank]] range by an [[officer]] named Medina. Medina later claimed that he thought the woman had a hand [[Hand grenade|grenade]]. Thompson then saw a group of civilians at a [[bunker]]. Soldiers were moving towards the civilians. Thompson landed, and told his crew that if the soldiers shot at the villagers while he was trying to get them out of the bunker, then his crew was to open fire on the soldiers. He and his crew were able to stop the massacre.<!--[52]. Thompson later testified that he spoke with a lieutenant (identified as Stephen Brooks of 2nd Platoon) and told him there were women and children in the bunker, and asked if the lieutenant would help get them out. According to Thompson, "he [the lieutenant] said the only way to get them out was with a hand grenade". Thompson testified that he then told Brooks to "just hold your men right where they are, and I'll get the kids out." He found 12–16 people in the bunker, coaxed them out and led them to the helicopter, standing with them while they were flown out in two groups.[52] Returning to Mỹ Lai, Thompson and other aircrew members noticed several large groups of bodies.[54] Spotting some survivors in the ditch, Thompson landed again. A crew member, Specialist 4 Glenn Andreotta, entered the ditch and returned with a bloodied but apparently unharmed four-year-old girl, who was then flown to safety.[52]--> == After the massacre == The killings were covered up by the [[United States Army]], but eventually 26 [[soldier]]s were charged with being involved in the killings. However, only one, Lieutenant [[William Calley]], was found [[Guilt (law)|guilty]]. The massacre caused public opinion in the United States to shift further towards wanting peace and wanting to get American soldiers out of [[Vietnam]]. Years after the event, the crew of the U.S. Army helicopter were awarded the [[Soldier's medal]] for [[bravery]]. This is the highest award for a soldier who doesn't have contact with the [[enemy]]. The crew members were Hugh Thompson Jr., [[Glenn Andreotta]], and [[Lawrence Colburn]]. Andreotta received the award [[Posthumous award|posthumously]]: he died in the Vietnam War. == References == {{reflist}} == Related pages == * [[Vietnam War]] * [[War crime|War crimes]] * [[War crimes during the Vietnam War]] {{Vietnam War}} [[Category:Massacres in Asia]] [[Category:Vietnam War]] [[Category:War crimes]] [[Category:Incidents of violence against women]] t3gp74km3mr8cr5kr4uzb8gaf0krlzm 4 56381 11024046 11020635 2026-10-08T16:34:43Z LetmeEditit 1782334 Proposal 11024046 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="clear:both; background:#DDF; color:black; border:1px #AAA solid;" cellspacing="4" |- | width="60%" style="padding:1em; border:1px solid #AAA; background-color:#EEF;" valign="top" | <span style="font-size:2em;">Proposed very good articles</span> {{shortcut|WP:PVGOOD|WP:PVGA|WP:FAC}} [[File:Cscr-candidate.svg|left|60px|This star represents the proposed very good content on Wikipedia.]] Very good articles are the highest status of articles at Simple English Wikipedia. In order to become a very good article, there are certain criteria that the article must meet. These criteria can be found at [[Wikipedia:Requirements for very good articles]]. This page is to discuss articles to decide whether they meet the VGA criteria. When an article is posted here for discussion, it should have the {{tl|pvgood}} tag placed on it. This will place the article in [[:Category:Proposed very good articles]]. Articles which are accepted by the community as very good articles have their {{tl|pvgood}} tag replaced with {{tl|vgood}}. They are also listed on [[Wikipedia:Very good articles]] and are placed in [[:Category:Very good articles]]. Articles which are not accepted by the community as very good articles have their {{tl|vgood}} tag removed. Articles that are below the very good article criteria can be nominated to be a good article at [[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles]]. In order to make sure the article you are proposing meets the required size, use [[User:Phantomsteve/prosesize.js|this tool]]. Please notice that the ''text'' size is important, not the ''wikitext'' size. | style="border:1px solid #AAA; padding:1em; background-color:#EFE;" valign="top" | <span style="font-size:2em;">Joining the talk</span> If you choose to participate in the discussion process for promoting articles, it is very important that you know and understand the [[Wikipedia:Requirements for very good articles|criteria for very good articles]]. Discussing an article is a promise to the community that you have thoroughly read the criteria and the article in question. You should be prepared to fully explain the reasons for your comment. This process should not be taken lightly, and if there is concern that a user is not taking the process seriously and/or is commenting without reason, they may have their privilege to participate taken away. |} {{archive box collapsible|large=yes| *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 1|Archived requests (From June 2007 to September 2007)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 2|Archived requests (from October 2007 to June 2008)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 3|Archived requests (from July 2008 to August 2008)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 4|Archived requests (from September 2008 to January 2009)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 5|Archived requests (from February 2009 to April 2009)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 6|Archived requests (from May 2009 to August 2009)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 7|Archived requests (from September 2009 to February 2010)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 8|Archived requests (from March 2010 to January 2011)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 9|Archived requests (from February 2011 to June 2013)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 10|Archived requests (from July 2013 to April 2021)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 11|Archived requests (from June 2021 to December 2021)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 12|Archived requests (from November 2022 to September 2024)]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed very good articles/Archive 13|Archived requests (from December 2024 to 2026)]] }} ==Proposals for very good articles== To propose an article for Very Good article status, just add it to the '''top of the list''' using the code, filling out 'page title' and 'reason' with your proposed page's title and why you think this page should be a proposed article: <code>{{[[Template:Pgapropose|subst:Pgapropose]]|''page title''|''reason''}} <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code> You may have <u>''one'' nomination</u> open at a time only. Proposals run for three weeks. After this time the article will be either promoted or not promoted depending on the consensus reached in the discussion. ''This is '''not a vote''', so please do not use comments such as "Support" or "Oppose" only without giving constructive feedback.'' <!--List new proposals below this line, NEWEST NOMINATIONS AT THE TOP. --> === List of mammals of Ireland === :{{la|List of mammals of Ireland}} I think that this article meets the criteria. The only criteria which it does not pass is 4 and 7. I think not passing criteria 4 is ok because it is a translation of an English Wikipedia article, and that article has lots of edits from different people. Criteria 7 is hard to pass, because so many animals don't have articles when they should. Maybe I could make stubs for each redlinked animal, but I don't want to make a lot of stubs just for the sake of it. It will take a long time to make good articles for each animal. For the reasons stated, I think that this article should qualify for Very Good, even though it technically doesn't pass all the criteria perfectly. Please let me know if you agree or disagree. Thank you. <!-- Template:Pgapropose --> [[User:LetmeEditit|LetmeEditit]] ([[User talk:LetmeEditit|talk]]) 16:34, 8 October 2026 (UTC) === Nestor Makhno === :{{la|Nestor Makhno}} I think this article meets all 10 of the [[Wikipedia:Requirements for very good articles|requirements for a very good article]]. 1: It is considered a [[:en:Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/5/People/Military personnel, revolutionaries, and activists|vital subject]]. 2: It covers everything I would expect to be in a simple article about the subject. 3: It is 15.8 kilobytes in size. 4: It has received changes from a [[Special:Diff/9744893#Nestor Makhno|good article review]] and direct changes to the article by other users. 5: It is in 8 categories and 18 other articles link to it. 6: The article has not been changed since February 2025. 7: The article has no red links. 8: The leading image is relevant, labelled and has alternative text. 9: It is not tagged for improvement. 10: The article is fully referenced by 3 books. If there are more changes that should be made for it to receive "very good" status, I will be happy to make them. <!-- Template:Pgapropose --> [[User:Grnrchst|Grnrchst]] ([[User talk:Grnrchst|talk]]) 19:45, 13 February 2026 (UTC) :I have a question, mostly related to criteria 2: is Simple English Wikipedia more forgiving on the {{Tq|The article must be comprehensive. A comprehensive article is one which does not miss any major facts and details.}}? Right now, if you check the English Wikipedia article, which is also a featured article, then it contains much more information. I think that, ideally, the Simple English Wikipedia article should just be a 'translation' of the English article. You can convince me otherwise, but right now, I '''oppose'''. [[User:EasternShah|EasternShah]] ([[User talk:EasternShah|talk]]) 16:40, 18 May 2026 (UTC) ::{{Ping|EasternShah}} I'm well aware of what the English Wikipedia article says, I wrote it. This was already created as a simplified translation, covering all the major facts in short, simple sentences. The article itself is shorter so it's not too daunting for people with lower levels of English literacy to read (the whole point of the simple project). If you think there are specific missing details that should be covered in this one, then I'm happy to add them. --[[User:Grnrchst|Grnrchst]] ([[User talk:Grnrchst|talk]]) 13:48, 19 June 2026 (UTC) :::'''Neutral''', I checked the English and Simple articles for the FA Jupiter, and it seems like that this principle that you mention was observed there as well. I will withdraw my opposition [[User:EasternShah|EasternShah]] ([[User talk:EasternShah|talk]]) 03:28, 26 June 2026 (UTC) :'''Oppose''' per EasternShah. [[User:User97104|User97104]] ([[User talk:User97104|talk]]) 19:20, 4 June 2026 (UTC) :'''Oppose''' The article is good as a good article at this moment, but per EasternShah, it's not as comprehensive and appears to be missing information as compared to enwiki. [[User:TDKR Chicago 101|TDKR Chicago 101]] ([[User talk:TDKR Chicago 101|talk]]) 20:26, 5 October 2026 (UTC) == Proposals closed recently == ==Related pages== *[[Wikipedia:Requirements for very good articles]] *[[Wikipedia:Requirements for good articles]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed good articles]] *[[Wikipedia:Proposed article demotion]] [[Category:Very good articles|*]] </noinclude> reosegl1jnoelk0v16x6xftv126pgbi 0 62180 11024150 10926815 2026-10-08T21:41:11Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 11024150 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikibukkake new.png|thumb|right|225px|A drawing of a woman in the middle of a bukkake]] '''Bukkake''' is when multiple men [[ejaculation|ejaculate]] with their [[penis]]es on a person's face or body at the same time. It comes from the [[Japanese language|Japanese]] verb ''bukkakeru'' which means "to flood".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/50301528|title=Fantabulosa: The Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang|page=90|date=2002|publisher=Continuum|others=Paul Baker|isbn=978-0-8264-7343-1|location=London|oclc=50301528}}</ref> My alpha male daddy and his bros jizz all over my naked body and I swallow some of it. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Group sex]] q61saaqq2d4hjcc9wlhz4pcayiayq01 11024172 11024150 2026-10-08T21:52:31Z Fehufanga 863768 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) to last version by Eptalon 10926815 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wikibukkake new.png|thumb|right|225px|A drawing of a woman in the middle of a bukkake]] '''Bukkake''' is when multiple men [[ejaculation|ejaculate]] with their [[penis]]es on a person's face or body at the same time. It comes from the [[Japanese language|Japanese]] verb ''bukkakeru'' which means "to flood".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/50301528|title=Fantabulosa: The Dictionary of Polari and Gay Slang|page=90|date=2002|publisher=Continuum|others=Paul Baker|isbn=978-0-8264-7343-1|location=London|oclc=50301528}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Group sex]] dh4ecb4k26qc4527ptymg58ce4c74t0 0 63980 11023949 11001344 2026-10-08T13:19:00Z IrisChronomia Bot 1885647 BOT (Powered by [[User:IrisChronomia|IrisChronomia]]) 11023949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mountain | name = Mount McKinley | other_name = | photo = Wonder Lake and Denali.jpg | photo_alt = A snow-covered, gently sloping mountain is in the background, with a lake in the foreground | photo_caption = From the north, with Wonder Lake in the foreground | elevation = 20,310 ft (6,190 m) top of snow | elevation_ref = <ref name=ADN>{{cite press release | url=https://www.usgs.gov/news/new-elevation-nation%E2%80%99s-highest-peak | publisher=USGS | title=New Elevation for Nation's Highest Peak | author1=Mark Newell | author2=Blaine Horner | date=September 2, 2015 | access-date=May 16, 2016 | archive-date=December 30, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230062108/https://www.usgs.gov/news/new-elevation-nation%E2%80%99s-highest-peak | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Wagner>{{cite journal|last=Wagner | first = Mary Jo | title = Surveying at 20,000 feet | journal = The American Surveyor | date = November 2015 | volume = 12 | issue = 10 | pages = 10–19 | issn = 1548-2669}}</ref> | elevation_system = NAVD88 | prominence_ft = 20,194 | prominence_ref = <ref name="PeakVisor">{{Cite web|url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/denali.html|title=Denali|author=PeakVisor|access-date=February 1, 2021|archive-date=January 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123043412/https://peakvisor.com/peak/denali.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | parent_peak = [[Aconcagua]]<ref name="PeakVisor" /> | isolation_mi = 4,621.1 | isolation_ref = <ref name="PeakVisor" /> | map = USA Alaska | map_caption = Location in Alaska | label_position = left | listing = {{unbulleted list |[[Ultra-prominent peak|World's most prominent peaks]] 3rd |World's most isolated peaks 3rd |[[Seven Summits]] 3rd |[[List of countries by highest point|Country high points]] 14th |North America highest peaks 1st |US highest major peaks 1st |Alaska highest major peaks 1st |[[List of U.S. states by elevation|U.S. state high points]] 1st }} | location = Mt. McKinley National Park and Preserve, [[Alaska]], U.S. | range = [[Alaska Range]] | topo = [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] Mt. McKinley A-3 | first_ascent = June 7, 1913 by{{unbulleted list|style=margin-top:0.5em |Hudson Stuck |Henry Karstens |Walter Harper |Robert Tatum}} | easiest_route = West Buttress Route (glacier/snow climb) }} '''Mount McKinley''' is the highest [[mountain]] peak in both the [[United States]] and [[North America]], and one of [[Seven Summits]]. It is exactly {{convert|20310|feet|m}} high.<ref>[http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest Elevations and Distances in the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006105354/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest |date=2008-10-06 }} Retrieved on [[July 25]], [[2007]]</ref> It is in the highest part of the [[Alaska Range]]. == Name == In 1896, a gold prospector named it Mount McKinley after [[William McKinley]], who would win the presidency that year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Friedman|first=Jordan|date=2025-01-17|title=Why the Name of Alaska's Peak Changed From Mt. McKinley to Denali|url=https://www.history.com/articles/denali-mckinley-mountain-alaska-naming|access-date=2025-12-12|website=HISTORY|language=en}}</ref> The U.S. government adopted "Mount McKinley" in 1917. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mountain Name Origins - Denali National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/dena/learn/historyculture/mountain-name.htm|access-date=2025-12-12|website=www.nps.gov|language=en}}</ref> In 1975, the Alaskan government began calling the mountain "Denali." The U.S. government followed suit in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Veregin|first=Howard|date=2025-01-22|title=Renaming Denali and the Gulf of Mexico|url=https://www.sco.wisc.edu/2025/01/22/renaming-denali-and-the-gulf-of-mexico/|access-date=2025-12-12|website=State Cartographer's Office|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2025, President [[Donald Trump]] ordered government agencies to once again call the mountain "Mount McKinley." <ref>{{Cite web|last=House|first=The White|date=2025-01-21|title=Restoring Names That Honor American Greatness|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/restoring-names-that-honor-american-greatness/|access-date=2025-12-12|website=The White House|language=en-US}}</ref> == Location == Denali is in the middle of the [[Alaska Range]]. It is about {{convert|130|miles}} [[north]]-[[northwest]] of [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]] and {{convert|155|miles}} southwest of [[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]]. The summit is about {{convert|35|miles}} from the nearest major road, the George Parks Highway. == References == {{reflist}} {{commons}} {{US-geo-stub}} {{Seven Summits}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mountains of the United States]] [[Category:Geography of Alaska]] cvfega3rhfo5bk8w61j9vt2gix0evjp 11023994 11023949 2026-10-08T14:07:20Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia Bot|IrisChronomia Bot]] ([[User talk:IrisChronomia Bot|talk]]) to last version by Garsh2 11001344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mountain | name = Denali | other_name = Mount McKinley | photo = Wonder Lake and Denali.jpg | photo_alt = A snow-covered, gently sloping mountain is in the background, with a lake in the foreground | photo_caption = From the north, with Wonder Lake in the foreground | elevation = 20,310 ft (6,190 m) top of snow | elevation_ref = <ref name=ADN>{{cite press release | url=https://www.usgs.gov/news/new-elevation-nation%E2%80%99s-highest-peak | publisher=USGS | title=New Elevation for Nation's Highest Peak | author1=Mark Newell | author2=Blaine Horner | date=September 2, 2015 | access-date=May 16, 2016 | archive-date=December 30, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230062108/https://www.usgs.gov/news/new-elevation-nation%E2%80%99s-highest-peak | url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Wagner>{{cite journal|last=Wagner | first = Mary Jo | title = Surveying at 20,000 feet | journal = The American Surveyor | date = November 2015 | volume = 12 | issue = 10 | pages = 10–19 | issn = 1548-2669}}</ref> | elevation_system = NAVD88 | prominence_ft = 20,194 | prominence_ref = <ref name="PeakVisor">{{Cite web|url=https://peakvisor.com/peak/denali.html|title=Denali|author=PeakVisor|access-date=February 1, 2021|archive-date=January 23, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123043412/https://peakvisor.com/peak/denali.html|url-status=live}}</ref> | parent_peak = [[Aconcagua]]<ref name="PeakVisor" /> | isolation_mi = 4,621.1 | isolation_ref = <ref name="PeakVisor" /> | map = USA Alaska | map_caption = Location in Alaska | label_position = left | listing = {{unbulleted list |[[Ultra-prominent peak|World's most prominent peaks]] 3rd |World's most isolated peaks 3rd |[[Seven Summits]] 3rd |[[List of countries by highest point|Country high points]] 14th |North America highest peaks 1st |US highest major peaks 1st |Alaska highest major peaks 1st |[[List of U.S. states by elevation|U.S. state high points]] 1st }} | location = Mt. McKinley National Park and Preserve, [[Alaska]], U.S. | range = [[Alaska Range]] | topo = [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] Mt. McKinley A-3 | first_ascent = June 7, 1913 by{{unbulleted list|style=margin-top:0.5em |Hudson Stuck |Henry Karstens |Walter Harper |Robert Tatum}} | easiest_route = West Buttress Route (glacier/snow climb) }} '''Denali''', also called '''Mount McKinley''' is the highest [[mountain]] peak in both the [[United States]] and [[North America]], and one of [[Seven Summits]]. It is exactly {{convert|20310|feet|m}} high.<ref>[http://erg.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest Elevations and Distances in the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006105354/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html#Highest |date=2008-10-06 }} Retrieved on [[July 25]], [[2007]]</ref> It is in the highest part of the [[Alaska Range]]. == Name == In 1896, a gold prospector named it Mount McKinley after [[William McKinley]], who would win the presidency that year.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Friedman|first=Jordan|date=2025-01-17|title=Why the Name of Alaska's Peak Changed From Mt. McKinley to Denali|url=https://www.history.com/articles/denali-mckinley-mountain-alaska-naming|access-date=2025-12-12|website=HISTORY|language=en}}</ref> The U.S. government adopted "Mount McKinley" in 1917. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mountain Name Origins - Denali National Park & Preserve (U.S. National Park Service)|url=https://www.nps.gov/dena/learn/historyculture/mountain-name.htm|access-date=2025-12-12|website=www.nps.gov|language=en}}</ref> In 1975, the Alaskan government began calling the mountain "Denali." The U.S. government followed suit in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Veregin|first=Howard|date=2025-01-22|title=Renaming Denali and the Gulf of Mexico|url=https://www.sco.wisc.edu/2025/01/22/renaming-denali-and-the-gulf-of-mexico/|access-date=2025-12-12|website=State Cartographer's Office|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2025, President [[Donald Trump]] ordered government agencies to go back to the name "Mount McKinley." <ref>{{Cite web|last=House|first=The White|date=2025-01-21|title=Restoring Names That Honor American Greatness|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/01/restoring-names-that-honor-american-greatness/|access-date=2025-12-12|website=The White House|language=en-US}}</ref> == Location == Denali is in the middle of the [[Alaska Range]]. It is about {{convert|130|miles}} [[north]]-[[northwest]] of [[Anchorage, Alaska|Anchorage]] and {{convert|155|miles}} southwest of [[Fairbanks, Alaska|Fairbanks]]. The summit is about {{convert|35|miles}} from the nearest major road, the George Parks Highway. == References == {{reflist}} {{commons}} {{US-geo-stub}} {{Seven Summits}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Mountains of the United States]] [[Category:Geography of Alaska]] 95n5t764e6hmsxd6ihcxjfizftix1c9 0 67764 11023977 11000173 2026-10-08T13:52:04Z ~2026-54154-63 1886982 fixed the was in 'humanity was' to 'is' 11023977 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Humanity''' is: * The [[human race]] * [[Human nature]], the fundamental [[nature]] and [[substance]] of humans, "one's humanity" ** [[Compassion]], [[altruism]], etc. * [[Humanities]], the [[Academia|academic]] [[Field of study|discipline]] studying human [[society]] with largely [[Critic|critical]], [[Analysis|analytical]] or [[Speculation|speculative]] {{stub}} {{disambig}} dz3jcld239sxnkiloelfve6u2pbhyug 0 78338 11024520 10892398 2026-10-09T08:42:29Z Samarblvd22 1842903 /* */ 11024520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{dablink|This article is about the number five. For the year, see [[5]].}} [[File:En-us-Five.ogg|thumb|right|Pronunciation of the number 5]] {{infobox number | number = 5 | numeral = [[quinary]] | factorization = [[prime number|prime]] | prime = 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, 1000 | divisor = 1, 5 | roman unicode = Ⅴ, ⅴ | greek prefix = [[Wiktionary:penta-|penta-]]/[[Wiktionary:pent-|pent-]] | latin prefix = [[Wiktionary:quinque-|quinque-]]/[[Wiktionary:quinqu-|quinqu-]]/[[Wiktionary:quint-|quint-]] | lang1 = [[Greek numeral|Greek]] | lang1 symbol = ε (or Ε) | lang2 = [[Arabic language|Arabic]] | lang2 symbol = {{resize|150%|٥,5}} | lang3 = [[Persian language|Persian]] | lang3 symbol = {{resize|150%|۵}} | lang4 = [[Urdu]] | lang4 symbol = {{Urdu|5|11|top}} | lang5 = [[Ge'ez script|Ge'ez]] | lang5 symbol = ፭ | lang6 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]] | lang6 symbol = {{resize|150%|৫}} | lang7 = [[Kannada language|Kannada]] | lang7 symbol = {{resize|150%|೫}} | lang8 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] | lang8 symbol = {{resize|150%|੫}} | lang9 = [[Chinese numeral]] | lang9 symbol = 五，伍 | lang10 = [[Korean numerals|Korean]] | lang10 symbol = 다섯,오 | lang11 = [[Devanāgarī]] | lang11 symbol = {{resize|150%|५}} | lang12 = [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] | lang12 symbol = {{resize|150%|ה}} (Hey) | lang13 = [[Khmer language|Khmer]] | lang13 symbol = ៥ | lang14 = [[Indian numerals#Telugu numerals and their names|Telugu]] | lang14 symbol = {{resize|150%|౫}} | lang15 = [[Indian numerals#Malayalam numerals and their names|Malayalam]] | lang15 symbol = {{resize|150%|൫}} | lang16 = [[Indian numerals#Tamil numerals and their names|Tamil]] | lang16 symbol = {{resize|150%|௫}} | lang17 = [[Thai numerals|Thai]] | lang17 symbol = ๕ }} The [[number]] '''five''' is a number that comes after [[four]], followed by [[six]], then [[7 (number)|seven]]. In [[Roman numerals]], it is '''V'''. == Mathematics == Five is the third [[prime number]], after [[two]] and [[three]], and before [[seven]]. The number five is also an [[odd number]]. Most [[wikt:people|people]] have five [[fingers]] (including one [[thumb]]) on each [[hand]] and five [[toes]] on each [[foot]]. Numbers ending in five are always divisible by 5 The number 5 exists == Creation == [[File:Evolution5glyph.png|thumb|left|The number five changing over time, from ancient times to modern times]] It is not known for [[wikt:sure|certain]] who and how the shape of the number five was created, but most people think it was made by the Brahmin Indians.{{Citation needed|date=January 2025}} {{Math-stub}} [[Category:Integers]] [[Category:Prime numbers]] fgp12p9d4vgym5erq0ijynvlw1569ri 0 78834 11024084 9718211 2026-10-08T19:25:52Z Rotondus 217550 removed [[Category:1930s operas]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]]; a template 11024084 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:CarminaBurana wheel.jpg|thumb|right]] '''Carmina Burana''' is the name given to a collection of [[text]]s from the [[11th century|11th]] and [[12th century]]. There are over 240 texts in the collection, most of them written in Latin, some in [[Middle High German]]. Most of the texts are [[moral]] or satirical in nature. There are also texts about [[Spring (season)|spring]], or about [[love]]. Some of them are [[drinking song]]s, some of them were used as [[Minnesang]]. Some of the songs contain hints for the melodies. For some, the melodies can be reconstructed. The texts were written down around 1230. This happened either in an [[abbey]] in [[Styria]], or near [[Brixen]]. They were discovered by [[Johann Christoph von Aretin]] in [[Benediktbeuern Abbey]] in [[1803]]. Today, they are in the [[Bavarian State Library]] in [[Munich]]. There they can be found there as '''Codex Buranus''', with the signature clm 4660/4660a. [[Johann Andreas Schmeller]] edited them and published them as ''Carmina Burana – Lieder aus Benediktbeuern''. [[Carl Orff]] took 24 of them as ''Carmina Burana''. He wrote the [[music]] for them. The work was first performed in 1937 in the [[Opera house]] in [[Frankfurt am Main]]. Together with his works ''Catulli Carmina'' and ''Trionfo di Afrodite'' he made a work containing all three, called ''Trionfi''. Trionfi is performed much less than the Carmina Burana alone, though. ==Other websites== * [http://www.fh-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost13/CarminaBurana/bur_intr.html Complete original text (without translation) from Biblioteca Augustana] * [http://www.tylatin.org/extras/cb1.html Text with translations from Teach Yourself Latin] * [http://www.athenapub.com/14carmina.htm Athena Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171224221332/http://www.athenapub.com/14carmina.htm |date=2017-12-24 }} * [http://epistolary.org/1643.html Carmina Burana: An Analysis of Perfection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514052723/http://epistolary.org/1643.html |date=2008-05-14 }}, 1996. * [http://www.butovo.com/~braun/ Carmina Vulgata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511235716/http://www.butovo.com/~braun/ |date=2009-05-11 }} in linguam Ruthenicam versa {{Authority control}} [[Category:12th-century books]] [[Category:Latin language]] jclcsc2y99rwb388oc6qjgl5ae6ecyg 0 85536 11024416 11022350 2026-10-09T05:36:22Z Bennett Li11 1753383 Copyedit 11024416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=February 2025}} {{Redirect2|Joseph Biden|Biden|his son, Joseph Biden III|Beau Biden||Biden (disambiguation)}}{{Infobox officeholder | image = Joe Biden presidential portrait.jpg | alt = Official portrait of Joe Biden as president of the United States | caption = Official portrait, 2021 <!-- Current office layout is a result of consensus at [[Talk:Joe Biden/Archive 14#RfC on the infobox length]]. Please do not restore old version without seeking consensus on talk first. -->| order = 46th | office = President of the United States | vicepresident = [[Kamala Harris]] | term_start = January 20, 2021 | term_end = January 20, 2025 | predecessor = Donald Trump | successor = [[Donald Trump]] | order3 = 47th | office3 = Vice President of the United States | president3 = [[Barack Obama]] | term_start3 = January 20, 2009 | term_end3 = January 20, 2017 | predecessor3 = [[Dick Cheney]] | successor3 = [[Mike Pence]] | jr/sr5 = United States Senator | state5 = [[Delaware]] | term_start5 = January 3, 1973 | term_end5 = January 15, 2009 | predecessor5 = [[J. Caleb Boggs]] | successor5 = [[Ted Kaufman]] | birth_name = Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1942|11|20}} | birth_place = [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]], U.S. | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] (since 1969) | otherparty = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (1968–1969) | spouse = {{Plainlist}} * {{marriage|[[Neilia Hunter Biden|Neilia Hunter]]|August 27, 1966|December 18, 1972|reason=died}} * {{marriage|[[Jill Biden|Jill Jacobs]]|June 17, 1977|}} {{endplainlist}} | children = {{Flatlist}} * [[Beau Biden|Beau]] * [[Hunter Biden|Hunter]] * Naomi * [[Ashley Biden|Ashley]] {{endflatlist}} | relatives = [[Family of Joe Biden|Biden family]] | residence = [[Wilmington, Delaware]], U.S. | occupation = {{Flatlist}} * politician * lawyer * author {{endflatlist}} | education = {{Plainlist}} * [[University of Delaware]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) * [[Syracuse University]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]]) {{endplainlist}} | awards = [[List of awards and honors received by Joe Biden|Full list]] | signature = Joe Biden Signature.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink | website = {{Official website|bidenlibrary.gov/|name = Presidential library}}<br>{{Official website|bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/|name = White House archives}} | footnotes = <!-- Do not move the chairmanships anywhere else without discussing in talk page; moving them to the footnotes was allowed for in previous talk page discussions on the question of the chairmanships in the infobox. -->{{#invoke:collapsible list|main | titlestyle = background:lavender;text-align:center; | title = Other offices | bullets = on | 2007–2009: Chair of the [[United States Senate Caucus on International Narcotics Control|International Narcotics Control Caucus]] | 2001{{efn|Biden held the chairmanship from January 3 to 20, then was succeeded by [[Jesse Helms]] until June 6, and thereafter held the position until 2003.}}–2003, 2007–2009: Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Foreign Relations Committee]] | 1987–1995: Chair of the [[United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary|Senate Judiciary Committee]] | 1971–1973: Member of the [[New Castle County Council]] from the 4th district }} | module = {{Listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Joe Biden speaks on U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan and the fall of Kabul.ogg|title=Joe Biden's voice|type=speech|description={{br entries|Biden speaks on the [[2020–2021 US troop withdrawal from Afghanistan|U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan]] and the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|fall of Kabul]].|Recorded August 16, 2021}}}} }} '''Joseph Robinette Biden Jr'''. ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|aɪ|d|ən|audio=En-us-Biden2.ogg}} {{respell|BY|dən}}; born November 20, 1942), commonly known as '''Joe Biden''', is an American politician and lawyer who was the [[President of the United States|46th president of the United States]] from 2021 to 2025. He was also the [[Vice President of the United States|47th vice president]] from 2009 to 2017 and a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]] from [[Delaware]] from 1973 to 2009. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. Biden was born in [[Scranton, Pennsylvania]], and grew up in [[Delaware]]. He studied at the [[University of Delaware]] and [[Syracuse University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joseph R. Biden Jr.|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/bios/joseph-r-biden-jr|access-date=2026-08-17|website=WHHA (en-US)|language=en}}</ref> In 1972, he was elected to the United States Senate at the age of 29. He was reelected six times and became chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee and Senate Foreign Relations Committee.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joseph Biden Jr. (D) {{!}} Freedom and Citizenship|url=https://freedomandcitizenship.columbia.edu/people/joe-biden|access-date=2026-08-17|website=freedomandcitizenship.columbia.edu|language=en}}</ref> Biden ran for president in 1988 and 2008 but ended both campaigns before the election. In 2008, [[Barack Obama]] chose Biden as his running mate.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-19|title=Joe Biden: Campaigns and Elections {{!}} Miller Center|url=https://millercenter.org/president/biden/campaigns-and-elections|access-date=2026-08-17|website=millercenter.org|language=en}}</ref> Obama and Biden won the 2008 election and were reelected in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rushton|first=Simon|title=Obama wins tight Democratic race - CNN.com|url=https://www.cnn.com/2008/POLITICS/05/29/dems.two/index.html|access-date=2026-08-17|website=www.cnn.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hackman|first=Michelle|last2=Li|first2=Diana|date=2012-11-06|title=Obama wins four more years|url=https://yaledailynews.com/articles/obama-wins-four-more-years|website=Yale Daily News}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2020, Biden became the Democratic nominee for president.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biden officially clinches Democratic nomination for president|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/03/12/biden-cllinches-democratic-presidential-nomination-00146648|access-date=2026-08-17|website=POLITICO|language=en}}</ref> He defeated [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Donald Trump|President Donald Trump]] in the November election and became president on January 20, 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Martin|first=Jonathan|last2=Burns|first2=Alexander|date=2020-11-07|title=Biden Wins Presidency, Ending Four Tumultuous Years Under Trump|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/07/us/politics/biden-election.html|access-date=2026-08-17|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> At age 78, he was the oldest person to become president at the time and the second [[Catholicism|Catholic]] president after [[John F. Kennedy]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-25|title=Joe Biden: America's second Catholic president|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-55801307|access-date=2026-08-17|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> As president, Biden signed the [[American Rescue Plan Act of 2021|American Rescue Plan]] in response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and signed a major infrastructure law.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sullivan|first=Kate|date=2021-03-11|title=Biden signs historic $1.9 trillion Covid-19 relief law {{!}} CNN Politics|language=en|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/11/politics/biden-sign-covid-bill|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> He appointed [[Ketanji Brown Jackson]] to the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]], making her the first Black woman to serve on the Court.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tapper|first=Jake|last2=de Vogue|first2=Ariane|last3=Zeleny|first3=Jeff|last4=Klein|first4=Betsy|last5=Vazquez|first5=Maegan|date=2022-02-25|title=Biden nominates Ketanji Brown Jackson to be first Black woman to sit on Supreme Court {{!}} CNN Politics|language=en|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/25/politics/supreme-court-ketanji-brown-jackson|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> He also supported policies to fight [[climate change]] and rejoined the [[Paris Agreement]] after Trump had withdrawn the United States from it.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Rot|first=Nathan|date=2021-01-20|title=Biden Moves To Have U.S. Rejoin Climate Accord|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/inauguration-day-live-updates/2021/01/20/958923821/biden-moves-to-have-u-s-rejoin-climate-accord|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> Biden ended the U.S. military presence in [[Afghanistan]] in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Moon Cronk|first=Terri|title=Biden Announces Full U.S. Troop Withdrawal From Afghanistan by Sept. 11|url=https://www.war.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2573268/biden-announces-full-us-troop-withdrawal-from-afghanistan-by-sept-11/}}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The withdrawal was followed by the collapse of the Afghan government and the return of the [[Taliban]] to power. Biden was criticized for how the withdrawal was handled.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-09|title=US Republicans blame Biden in Afghanistan withdrawal report|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1k3dp1094ko|access-date=2026-08-17|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> In February 2022, [[Russia]] invaded [[Ukraine]]. Biden responded by placing sanctions on Russia and providing military and economic aid to Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Naylor|first=Brian|last2=Ordoñez|first2=Franco|date=2022-02-24|title=Biden announces new sanctions as Russia attacks Ukraine|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/2022/02/24/1082776912/biden-russia-ukraine-invasion-live|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> After [[Hamas]] attacked [[Israel]] in October 2023, Biden expressed support for Israel while also calling for [[humanitarian aid]] for [[Palestinian people|Palestinians]] in [[Gaza Strip|Gaza]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Holland|first=Steve|date=2023-10-18|title=Biden offers Israelis support, Palestinians aid in Tel Aviv|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/tel-aviv-biden-reassures-israel-addresses-palestinian-suffering-2023-10-18/|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Biden's presidency was also affected by high [[inflation]] and rising prices. His approval ratings were often low, and Republicans criticized his [[Economic policy|economic]] and [[immigration]] policies.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Morgan|first=David|date=2021-11-01|title=Republicans blame Biden for inflation, but are they right?|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/republicans-blame-biden-inflation-are-they-right-2021-11-01/|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> In 2023, [[Classified information|classified documents]] from Biden's time as vice president were found at his home and former office. Special Counsel Robert Hur investigated the matter but did not recommend [[Indictment|criminal charges]] against Biden.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-09|title=Biden won't be charged in classified docs case; special counsel cites instances of 'poor memory'|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/joe-biden/special-counsel-says-evidence-biden-willfully-retained-disclosed-class-rcna96666|access-date=2026-08-17|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> == 2024 presidential election == Biden announced his [[Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign|campaign]] for reelection in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Montanaro|first=Domenico|last2=Keith|first2=Tamara|last3=Bustillo|first3=Ximena|date=2023-04-25|title=Biden warns of rights under threat from Trump and 'MAGA extremists' in reelect launch|language=en|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2023/04/25/1145679856/biden-president-announcement-2024-running-reelection|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> He became the Democratic nominee and was expected to face Donald Trump again.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Zeke|title=Biden clinches 2024 Democratic nomination|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/biden-clinches-2024-democratic-nomination|access-date=2026-08-17|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> On June 27, 2024, Biden and Trump took part in a presidential debate.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Butler|first=Megan|date=2024-06-27|title=Biden and Trump face off in first 2024 presidential debate|url=https://www.courthousenews.com/biden-and-trump-face-off-in-first-2024-presidential-debate|access-date=2026-08-17|website=Courthouse News Service|language=en-us}}</ref> Biden's performance was widely criticized, leading to concerns about his age and ability to serve another term. Several Democratic politicians and public figures called for him to leave the race.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Zeke|last2=Price|first2=Michelle L.|last3=Weissert|first3=Will|last4=Barrow|first4=Bill|last5=Superville|first5=Darlene|date=2024-06-28|title=A halting Biden tries to confront Trump at debate but sparks Democratic anxiety about his candidacy|url=https://www.ap.org/news-highlights/elections/2024/a-halting-biden-tries-to-confront-trump-at-debate-but-sparks-democratic-anxiety-about-his-candidacy/|access-date=2026-08-17|website=The Associated Press|language=en-US}}</ref> On July 21, 2024, Biden ended his campaign for reelection and endorsed [[Kamala Harris|Vice President Kamala Harris]] as the Democratic nominee.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mason|first=Jeff|last2=Renshaw|first2=Jarrett|last3=Holland|first3=Steve|date=2021-07-21|title=Biden ends failing reelection campaign, backs Harris as nominee|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/biden-81-pulls-out-presidential-race-2024-07-21/|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Harris later chose [[Tim Walz|Minnesota Governor Tim Walz]] as her running mate.<ref>{{Cite news|last=John King, Jeff Zeleny, Jamie Gangel, MJ Lee, Daniel Strauss, Gregory Krieg, Kristen Holmes, Betsy Klein|date=2024-08-06|title=Harris picks Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz as her running mate {{!}} CNN Politics|language=en|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/08/06/politics/tim-walz-harris-vice-president|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> Harris lost the [[2024 United States presidential election|November election]] to Trump.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Megerian|first=Chris|last2=Superville|first2=Darlene|last3=Brown|first3=Matt|date=2024-11-06|title=Harris says nation must accept election results while urging supporters to keep fighting|url=https://apnews.com/article/kamala-harris-donald-trump-election-ddeae9fb378530159201ef4196cba9b3|access-date=2026-08-17|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref> == Post-presidency == Biden's presidency ended on January 20, 2025, when Donald Trump was [[Inauguration of Donald Trump|inaugurated]] as president for a second term. Biden returned to his home state of Delaware and continued to make public appearances.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Wootson Jr|first=Cleve R.|date=2026-07-26|title=The shrinking world of former president Joe Biden|language=en-US|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2026/07/26/illness-has-transformed-biden-post-presidential-life/|access-date=2026-08-18|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In February 2025, Trump revoked Biden's [[security clearance]]. This followed Biden's decision in 2021 to revoke Trump's access to classified information after Trump left office.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Moore|first=Elena|date=2025-02-07|title=Trump says he is revoking Biden's security clearances|language=en|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2025/02/07/nx-s1-5290260/trump-biden-security-clearance|access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref> In May 2025, Biden's office announced that he had been diagnosed with an aggressive form of [[prostate cancer]] that had spread to his bones.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wolfe|first=Jan|date=2026-08-08|title=Ex-President Joe Biden's cancer has spread, is very painful, son says|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/ex-president-joe-bidens-cancer-has-spread-is-very-painful-son-says-2026-08-08/|website=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> He later received radiation treatment.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lukiv|first=Jaroslav|date=2025-10-11|title=Joe Biden receiving radiation therapy for prostate cancer, spokesman says|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1ede670jnyo|access-date=2026-08-18|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Personal life == Biden has four children and seven grandchildren.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Saenz|first=Kevin Liptak,Arlette|date=2023-07-28|title=Bidens publicly acknowledge their seventh grandchild for the first time {{!}} CNN Politics|language=en|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/28/politics/president-acknowledges-seventh-grandchild|access-date=2026-08-18}}</ref> His first wife, [[Neilia Hunter Biden|Neilia Hunter]], and their daughter, Naomi, died in a car accident in 1972.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Editors|first=HISTORY com|date=2023-06-02|title=Joe Biden loses first wife and daughter in tragic car accident {{!}} December 18, 1972|url=https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/december-18/joe-biden-loses-first-wife-and-daughter-in-tragic-car-accident|access-date=2026-08-18|website=HISTORY|language=en}}</ref> His sons [[Beau Biden|Beau]] and [[Hunter Biden|Hunter]] survived the accident. Beau later became Attorney General of Delaware but died of brain cancer in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-05-31|title=socialHeadline|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/05/beau-biden-former-118450|access-date=2026-08-18|website=POLITICO|language=en}}</ref> Biden married his second wife, [[Jill Biden|Jill Jacobs]], in 1977.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Office of Joe and Jill Biden|url=https://a7960553.biden-post-wh.pages.dev/about/|access-date=2026-08-18|website=a7960553.biden-post-wh.pages.dev|language=en}}</ref> They have one daughter, [[Ashley Biden|Ashley]]. Jill Biden was the [[First Lady of the United States|first lady of the United States]] from 2021 to 2025 and is a former [[teacher]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Superville|first=Darlene|date=2024-12-17|title=Jill Biden says she has closed the book on teaching at Northern Virginia Community College|url=https://apnews.com/article/jill-biden-teaching-career-94e8aa4d4ec03a776c98382092a6f1f9|access-date=2026-08-18|website=AP News|language=en}}</ref> Biden is a [[Catholic Church|Roman Catholic]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitchell|first=Travis|date=2021-03-30|title=Most Democrats and Republicans Know Biden Is Catholic, but They Differ Sharply About How Religious He Is|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2021/03/30/most-democrats-and-republicans-know-biden-is-catholic-but-they-differ-sharply-about-how-religious-he-is/|access-date=2026-08-18|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref> He does not drink [[Alcoholism|alcohol]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nagourney|first=Adam|date=2020-10-30|title=In Trump and Biden, a Choice of Teetotalers for President|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/30/us/trump-biden-alcohol.html|access-date=2026-08-18|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> He has had several health problems during his life, including [[Intracranial aneurysm|brain aneurysms]] in 1988 and [[COVID-19]] in 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2025-05-21|title=Joe Biden's health timeline: From brain aneurysms to prostate cancer diagnosis in 2025|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/joe-bidens-health-timeline-from-brain-aneurysms-to-prostate-cancer-diagnosis-in-2025/articleshow/121300718.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2026-08-18|issn=0013-0389}}</ref> Biden is one of the longest-serving politicians in American history. He spent more than 35 years in the Senate, served as vice president for eight years, and was president for four years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-19|title=Joe Biden: Life in Brief {{!}} Miller Center|url=https://millercenter.org/president/biden/life-in-brief|access-date=2026-08-18|website=millercenter.org|language=en}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites== {{commons}} {{Wikiquote}} {{Wikisource|Author:Joe Biden|Joe Biden}} * [http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/vice-president-biden White House official biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718130315/http://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/vice-president-biden |date=July 18, 2013 }} * {{dmoz|Regional/North_America/United_States/Government/Executive_Branch/President/Vice_President_Joe_Biden}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080403001745/http://bidenforsenate.com/ Senate campaign website (archived)] * {{CongLinks | congbio = b000444 | votesmart = | washpo = gIQAT0JR9O | govtrack = 300008 | opencong = | cspan = 34 | ontheissuespath = Joe_Biden.htm | surge = | legistorm = 8/Sen_Joseph_Biden_Jr.html | fec = S8DE00012 | opensecrets = N00001669 | followthemoney = | nyt = b/joseph_r_jr_biden | findagrave = }} * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n80-16125}} * {{IMDb name|0081182}} {{Joe Biden}} {{USPresidents}} {{USVicePresidents}} {{Biden cabinet}} {{Obama cabinet|state=collapsed}} {{Time Persons of the Year 2001–2025}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Biden, Joe}} [[Category:1942 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Joe Biden| ]] [[Category:1984 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:1988 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:2008 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:2020 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:2024 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:20th-century American politicians]] [[Category:21st-century American politicians]] [[Category:Lawyers from Pennsylvania]] [[Category:American Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Politicians from Scranton, Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Politicians from Wilmington, Delaware]] [[Category:United States senators from Delaware]] [[Category:2008 United States vice-presidential candidates]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:Writers from Wilmington, Delaware]] [[Category:Writers from Pennsylvania]] [[Category:Lawyers from Delaware]] [[Category:Former good articles]] [[Category:Democrats (United States)]] [[Category:Vice presidents of the United States]] [[Category:21st-century presidents of the United States]] iu42z4v40ruu23e2byn5oxkc4qbz2wa 0 89852 11024621 10982026 2026-10-09T11:46:36Z ~2026-54481-47 1887515 11024621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Romani people | image = [[File:Romani people around the world.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]] | image_caption = | flag = Roma flag.svg | flag_caption = [[Flag of the Romani people|Romani flag]] created in 1933 and accepted at the 1971 World Romani Congress | pop = 2–20 million | region1 = {{flag|Turkey}} | pop1 = 2,750,000 | region2 = {{flag|Romania}} | pop2 = 1,850,000 | region3 = {{flag|Bulgaria}} | pop3 = 750,000 | ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/bulgaria_en|title=Bulgaria|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | region6 = {{flag|Hungary}} | pop6 = 700,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/hungary_en|title=Hungary|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | region4 = {{flag|Spain}} | pop4 = 725,000 | ref4 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/spain_en|title=Spain|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | region5 = {{flag|Russia}} | pop5 = 720,000 | region7 = {{flag|Slovakia}} | pop7 = 500,000 | ref7 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/slovakia_en|title=Slovakia|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | region9 = {{flag|Greece}} | pop9 = 265,000 | ref9 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/greece_en|title=Greece|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | region10 = {{flag|Czech Republic}} | pop10 = 250,000 | ref10 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/czech-republic_en|title=Czech Republic|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | region11 = {{flag|Italy}} | pop11 = 140,000 | ref11 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/italy_en|title=Italy|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | region8 = {{flag|France}} | pop8 = 400,000 | ref8 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/france_en|title=France|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | region12 = {{flag|Germany}} | pop12 = 105,000 | ref12 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/germany_en|title=Germany|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | languages = [[Romani language|Romani]], languages of native regions | rels = mainly [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]], minorities practice [[Buddhism]], [[Judaism]], [[Bahá'í Faith]] and [[Shaktism]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rAT1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1236|title=Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 vols)}}</ref> }} [[File:Encampment of Gypsies with Caravans.jpg|thumb| ''Encampment of Gypsies with [[Caravan]]s'' by [[Vincent van Gogh]] (1888).]][[File:NMA.0080538 Romsk boplats Södra folkparken Västberga-folkpark--exteriör.jpg|thumb|A Romani settlement/camp in a [[park]] in [[Stockholm]] (1931).]][[File:Kolme romaninaista.jpg|thumb|Three Finnish Romani women in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]] (1930s).]][[File:Romani prisoners at Belzec labor camp.jpg|thumb|Romani prisoners at [[Belzec extermination camp]] (1940).]][[File:SettelaSteinbach.jpg|thumb|A [[Netherlands|Dutch]] Romani girl is [[Deportation|deported]] to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz extermination camp]] (1944).]][[File:Gypsies camping - probably Swansea (20740154331).jpg|thumb|A Romani camp in [[Wales]] (1953).]][[File:Great Dorset Steam Fair 2007 - 1331363507.jpg|thumb|A Romanichal wagon at the Great [[Dorset]] Steam Fair (2007).]][[File:Festival Romani, Portland - Flickr - K. Kendall.jpg|thumb|Two Romani women dance at the Festival Romani in [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] (2013).]] The '''Roma'''{{efn|Also known as the '''Romani people'''.|group=lower-alpha}} are an [[Indo-Aryan people|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnic group]]. The Roma [[wikt:originate|originated]] from [[India]]. Starting from the 9th century, the Romani people gradually migrated across Europe, passing through regions that are now [[Iran]], [[Armenia]], and [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2015/04/roma-in-europe-11-things-you-always-wanted-to-know-but-were-afraid-to-ask/|title=The Roma in Europe: 11 things you always wanted to know but were afraid to ask |date=23 April 2015 }}</ref> ==Genetics== [[Genetics|Genetic]] [[Research|studies]] show that the Roma share [[Ancestor|ancestry]] with various groups from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The studies prove this by finding similarities between [[DNA]] [[Pattern|patterns]] in the different groups.<ref name=":0" /><ref> * {{cite journal |journal=BMC Medical Genetics |title=Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): a review |last1=Kalaydjieva |first1=Luba |last2=Gresham |first2=David |last3=Calafell |first3=Francesc |volume=2 |issue=5 |date=April 2, 2001 |article-number=5 |doi=10.1186/1471-2350-2-5 |doi-access=free |pmid=11299048 |pmc=31389 }} * {{cite web |website=Bernhard Streck (Hg.): Segmentation und Komplementarität |title=The Roma – a Nation Without a State? Historical Background and Contemporary Tendencies |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45267825/owh6marushiakova_01-libre.pdf?1462176089=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Roma_a_Nation_without_a_State_Histor.pdf&Expires=1733970616&Signature=P-8okAmm6Owkw0evGvPSkBkYKUsKVMh8YrBHGxsRMR1pEoc3Cfg0~YvBeCm-LC3UXCu43DcHlHiN-Buf724TmagKPZLaz1UI9SXThUF0tDhPsL~GsKc~ci009ItJOrkWYzT1qxTcZu3OrVFkJi8hH0T4vlG2BCxR4u6nMsiwT7AbsDM1UsWBjm7tJVl67khGxBPHNgRmizRnqvlAVQMo7C6Gw9LZy7co0b8NO1YKEq3DvyOKi8UOmY12Gvd0nfKv6N3m1h7XZZX-h8aWom7VvgPkA~QRi0vS6uv~FPzsR0iemRSeSWsvdfT0cLWCc-~ka5cfUXv~e05ERKbIt5At0Q__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |last1=Marushiakova |first1=Elena |last2=Popov |first2=Vesselin |year=2004 |access-date=December 12, 2024}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Rai|first1=Niraj|last2=Chaubey|first2=Gyaneshwer|last3=Tamang|first3=Rakesh|last4=Pathak|first4=Ajai Kumar|last5=Singh|first5=Vipin Kumar|last6=Karmin|first6=Monika|last7=Singh|first7=Manvendra|last8=Rani|first8=Deepa Selvi|last9=Anugula|first9=Sharath|last10=Yadav|first10=Brijesh Kumar|last11=Singh|first11=Ashish|date=November 1, 2012|title=The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=11|article-number=e48477|bibcode=2012PLoSO...748477R|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0048477|pmc=3509117|pmid=23209554|doi-access=free|first12=Ramkumar|last12=Srinivasagan|first13=Anita|last13=Yadav|first14=Manju|last14=Kashyap|first15=Sapna|last15=Narvariya|first16=Alla G.|last16=Reddy|first17=George|last17=van Driem|first18=Peter A.|last18=Underhill|first19=Richard|last19=Villems|first20=Toomas|last20=Kivisild|first21=Lalji|last21=Singh|first22=Kumarasamy|last22=Thangaraj}} * {{cite journal |journal=PLOS ONE |title=Reconstructing Roma History from Genome-Wide Data |last1=Moorjani |first1=Priya |last2=Patterson |first2=Nick |last3=Loh |first3=Po-Ru |last4=Lipson |first4=Mark |last5=Kisfali |first5=Péter |last6=Melegh |first6=Bela I. |last7=Bonin |first7=Michael |last8=Kádaši |first8=Ľudevít |last9=Rieß |first9=Olaf |last10=Berger |first10=Bonnie |last11=Reich |first11=David |last12=Melegh |first12=Béla |volume=8 |issue=3 |date=March 13, 2013 |article-number=e58633 |location=[[Oxford]], [[United Kingdom]] |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0058633 |doi-access=free |pmid=23516520 |pmc=3596272 |arxiv=1212.1696 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...858633M }} * {{cite book |title=The World in Movement |chapter=Chapter 2 The Diasporic Identity of the Roma People |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004385405/BP000002.xml |last=Segarra |first=Marta |pages=75–87 |year=2019 |location=[[Leiden]], [[The Netherlands]] |doi=10.1163/9789004385405_004 |access-date=December 12, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Genes |title=Population Genetics of the European Roma—A Review |last1=Ena |first1=Giacomo Francesco |last2=Aizpurua-Iraola |first2=Julen |last3=Font-Porterias |first3=Neus |last4=Calafell |first4=Calafell |last5=Comas |first5=David |volume=13 |issue=11 |date=November 8, 2022 |page=2068 |doi=10.3390/genes13112068 |doi-access=free |pmid=36360305 |pmc=9690732 }}</ref> ===Research=== [[Genetics|Genetic]] studies have found similarities between the [[DNA]] of Roma and: * [[Jats]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nagy|first1=Melinda|last2=Henke|first2=Lotte|last3=Henke|first3=Jürgen|last4=Chatthopadhyay|first4=Prasanta K.|last5=Völgyi|first5=Antónia|last6=Zalán|first6=Andrea|last7=Peterman|first7=Orsolya|last8=Bernasovská|first8=Jarmila|last9=Pamjav|first9=Horolma|date=June 14, 2007|title=Searching for the origin of Romanies: Slovakian Romani, Jats of Haryana and Jat Sikhs Y-STR data in comparison with different Romani populations|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073806005238|journal=Forensic Science International|volume=169|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.07.020|pmid=16950585|via=ScienceDirect}}</ref> * [[Dalit|Dalits]]{{efn|"Low [[Caste system in India|caste]] [people] who migrated from the Indian subcontinent 1,400 years ago"<ref name=":0" />|group=lower-alpha}} * [[Brahmin|Brahmins]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Swarkar|last2=Rai|first2=Ekta|last3=Sharma|first3=Prithviraj|last4=Jena|first4=Mamata|last5=Singh|first5=Shweta|last6=Darvishi|first6=Katayoon|last7=Bhat|first7=Audesh K.|last8=Bhanwer|first8=A. J. S.|last9=Tiwari|first9=Pramod Kumar|last10=Bamezai|first10=Rameshwar N. K.|date=January 29, 2009|title=The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg20082|journal=Journal of Human Genetics|volume=54|issue=1|pages=47–55|doi=10.1038/jhg.2008.2|pmid=19158816|via=www.nature.com|s2cid=22162114}}</ref> * People from [[Sindh]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 25, 2006|title=HYDERABAD: Gypsies hail from Sindh, claims Dr Kazi|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/211876/hyderabad-gypsies-hail-from-sindh-claims-dr-kazi|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref> * [[South India|South Indian]] [[Tamil people|Tamils]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Palanichamy|first1=M. G.|last2=Mitra|first2=B.|last3=Debnath|first3=M.|last4=Agrawal|first4=S.|last5=Chaudhuri|first5=T. K.|last6=Zhang|first6=Y. P.|year=2014|title=Tamil Merchant in Ancient Mesopotamia|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=10|article-number=e109331|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j9331P|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0109331|pmc=4192148|pmid=25299580|doi-access=free}}</ref> * The [[Chandala]] and [[Shudra]] castes<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Nelson|first1=Dean|title=European Roma descended from Indian 'untouchables', genetic study shows|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/9719058/European-Roma-descended-from-Indian-untouchables-genetic-study-shows.html|work=The Telegraph|date=3 December 2012}}</ref> ===Further evidence=== Romani [[Newborn|newborns]] from various countries have a [[birthmark]] called the "[[Mongolian spot]]", which is common in [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gupta|first1=D.|last2=Thappa|first2=D. M.|date=30 June 2013|title=Mongolian spots|url=https://ijdvl.com/mongolian-spots/|journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology|volume=79|issue=4|pages=469–478|doi=10.4103/0378-6323.113074|pmid=23760316|doi-access=free}}</ref> Many Romani men from the Zargari [[tribe]] in [[Qazvin Province]] and [[Iran]] are [[Congenital|born with]] a rare condition called ''[[aposthia]]'', where the [[foreskin]] is missing or very short.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sadeghipour Roudsari|first1=Sadegh|last2=Roudsari|first2=Sadegh Sadeghipour|last3=Esmailzadehha|first3=Neda|year=2010|title=Aposthia: A case report|url=https://www.academia.edu/494988|journal=Journal of Pediatric Surgery|volume=45|issue=8|pages=e17–e19|doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.05.030|pmid=20713198}}</ref> ===Genetic changes=== After the [[Ottoman Empire]] [[wikt:conquer|conquered]] the [[Balkans]] and [[Byzantine Empire]], Roma [[wikt:intermarriage|intermarried]] with [[Ottoman Turkey|Ottoman Turks]]. When they had children, DNA from the Roma and the Turks mixed together.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bánfai |first1=Zsolt |last2=Melegh |first2=Béla I. |last3=Sümegi |first3=Katalin |last4=Hadzsiev |first4=Kinga |last5=Miseta |first5=Attila |last6=Kásler |first6=Miklós |last7=Melegh |first7=Béla |title=Revealing the Genetic Impact of the Ottoman Occupation on Ethnic Groups of East-Central Europe and on the Roma Population of the Area |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |date=13 June 2019 |volume=10 |article-number=558 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2019.00558 |pmid=31263480 |pmc=6585392 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This is called [[gene flow]]. Roma are now [[wikt:scatter|scattered]] across the [[globe]]. Much of the DNA in these countries' [[Population|inhabitants]] has flowed into the Roma via intermarriages.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Origins, admixture and founder lineages in European Roma|first1=Begoña|last1=Martínez-Cruz|first2=Isabel|last2=Mendizabal|first3=Christine|last3=Harmant|first4=Rosario|last4=de Pablo|first5=Mihai|last5=Ioana|first6=Dora|last6=Angelicheva|first7=Anastasia|last7=Kouvatsi|first8=Halyna|last8=Makukh|first9=Mihai G.|last9=Netea|first10=Horolma|last10=Pamjav|first11=Andrea|last11=Zalán|first12=Ivailo|last12=Tournev|first13=Elena|last13=Marushiakova|first14=Vesselin|last14=Popov|first15=Jaume|last15=Bertranpetit|first16=Luba|last16=Kalaydjieva|first17=Lluis|last17=Quintana-Murci|first18=David|last18=Comas|date=June 29, 2016|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=24|issue=6|pages=937–943|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2015.201|pmid=26374132 |pmc=4867443 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008417|pmc=6779411 |year=2019 |last1=Font-Porterias |first1=N. |last2=Arauna |first2=L. R. |last3=Poveda |first3=A. |last4=Bianco |first4=E. |last5=Rebato |first5=E. |last6=Prata |first6=M. J. |last7=Calafell |first7=F. |last8=Comas |first8=D. |title=European Roma groups show complex West Eurasian admixture footprints and a common South Asian genetic origin |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=15 |issue=9 |article-number=e1008417 |pmid=31545809 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Early history== Historians believe that the [[wikt:remnant|remnants]] from the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greeks]], the Atsinganos left the Indian subcontinent as [[Trade|traders]]. During the European [[migration period]] in the [[4th century|4th]] to [[6th century|6th centuries]], they traveled through the [[Byzantine Empire]] into [[Egypt]], using the [[Silk Road]]. They lived in Egypt for [[Century|centuries]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/603404|title=Epigraphic Remains of Indian Traders in Egypt|author=Salomon, Richard|year=1991|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=111|issue=4|pages=731–736|via=JSTOR|doi=10.2307/603404|jstor=603404 }}</ref> Around the [[12th century|12th]] or [[13th century|13th centuries]] – following the [[Crusades]] – the Roma reached the [[Balkans]]. From there, the Roma spread across [[Western Europe]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44324706 | jstor=44324706 | title=The "Banyan" or Indian Presence at Massawa, the Dahlak Islands and the Horn of Africa | last1=Pankhurst | first1=Richard | journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies | year=1974 | volume=12 | issue=1 | pages=185–212 }}</ref> They crossed Europe aboard large [[Caravan (travellers)|caravans]], which contained all of their belongings.<ref name="routard">{{cite web|url=https://www.routard.com/mag_dossiers/id_dm/56/ordre/3.htm|title=Gitans, manouches et tsiganes : la route du Rom|website=Routard.com}}</ref> ==Persecution== The Roma have been [[Victim|victims]] of [[persecution]] and [[Institutional racism|systemic discrimination]] in [[List of European countries|Europe]] for [[Century|centuries]].<ref> * {{cite book |title=The Subtlety of Racism: From Antiziganism to Romaphobia |url=https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/the-subtlety-of-racism-from-antiziganism-to-romaphobia |last=Vrabiescu |first=I.C. |year=2014 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{Cite book|title=We are the Romani people: ame sam e Rromane džene|url=https://archive.org/details/weareromanipeopl0000hanc|last=Hancock|first=Ian F.|date=2017|publisher=University of Hertfordshire Press|isbn=978-1-902806-19-8|edition=reprinted|location=Hatfield}} * {{cite journal |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |title=From tackling antigypsyism to remedying racial injustice |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01419870.2021.1972126 |last=Rovid |first=Marton |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=1738–1759 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2021.1972126 |date=September 13, 2021 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of European Integration |title=The Roma and the double-movement of Social Europe |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07036337.2023.2298850 |last=Ryder |first=Andrew |date=January 3, 2024 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=387–404 |doi=10.1080/07036337.2023.2298850 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Brandeis University |title=Mare Manuschenge. Sinti and Roma: A century between persecution, resistance and self-empowerment |url=https://www.brandeis.edu/cges/news-events/fall-2024/241015-alexandrasenfft.html |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=European Network Against Racism |title=Antigypsyism - European Network Against Racism |url=https://www.enar-eu.org/about/antigypsyism |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref><ref>* {{cite journal |journal=American Behavioral Scientist |title=The Persecution of Gypsies in Europe |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00027640121957367 |last=Brearley |first=Margaret |volume=45 |issue=4 |year=2001 |pages=588–599 |doi=10.1177/00027640121957367 |access-date=December 11, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=The Roma - A Minority in Europe: Historical, Political and Social Perspectives |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7829/j.ctt1cgf80x |last1=Stauber |first1=Roni |last2=Vago |first2=Raphael |year=2007 |publisher=Central European University Press |jstor=10.7829/j.ctt1cgf80x |isbn=978-963-7326-86-8 |access-date=December 11, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Croatian Yearbook of European Law & Policy |title=Anti-discrimination policy and the Roma: Assessing the impact of EU enlargement |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/44789 |last=Ram |first=Melanie H. |year=2007 |volume=3 |issue=3 |doi=10.3935/cyelp.03.2007.44 |access-date=December 11, 2024 |archive-date=December 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213183003/https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/44789 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |website=New Faces of Antigypsyism in Modern Europe |title=History of antigypsyism in Europe: The social causes |url=https://www.rcc.int/romaintegration2020/romadecadefold/documents/3.%20Thematic%20workshops/21%20June%202012%20-%20New%20faces%20of%20antigypsyism%20in%20modern%20Europe,%20Prague/New%20Faces%20of%20Anti-Gypsyism%20in%20Modern%20Europe.pdf#page=9 |last=End |first=Markus |year=2012 |location=[[Berlin]], [[Germany]] |access-date=December 11, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Race, Racism and Social Work |chapter=Six: Anti-Roma racism in Europe: past and recent perspectives |url=https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/edcollchap/book/9781447307099/ch006.xml |last1=Urh |first1=Špela |last2=Lavalette |first2=Michael |last3=Penketh |first3=Laura |pages=115–130 |doi=10.51952/9781447307099.ch006 |date=December 30, 2013 |isbn=978-1-4473-0709-9 |access-date=December 11, 2024 }}</ref> The persecutions were mostly motivated by anti-Romani sentiment, academically known as '''antiziganism'''.<ref name="Definition1">{{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) |title=Working definition of antigypsyism/anti-Roma discrimination |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-antigypsyism-anti-roma-discrimination |access-date=December 11, 2024 |quote=Antigypsyism/anti-Roma [[discrimination]] is a [[wikt:manifestation|manifestation]] of [[individual]] expressions and acts as well as [[Institutional racism|institutional policies and practices of marginalization, exclusion, physical violence, devaluation]] of Roma cultures and lifestyles, and [[hate speech]] directed at Roma as well as [[The Holocaust#Other victims of Nazism|other individuals and groups]] [[Perception|perceived]], [[Social stigma|stigmatized]], or [[Persecution|persecuted]] during the [[Nazi Germany#History|Nazi era]], and [[21st century|still today]], as “Gypsies.”}}</ref><ref name="Definition2">* {{cite web |website=Kommissionen mot Antiziganism |title=About antiziganism |url=https://www.minoritet.se/user/motantiziganism/antiziganism/index.html |access-date=December 11, 2024 |quote=Antiziganism or anti-Gypsyism, is the particular [[Institutional racism|racist structure]], [[ideology]] and [[Hostility|hostile]] [[prejudice]] targeted at Roma. It seeks to [[Dehumanization|dehumanise]], [[Alienation|alienate]] and drive away Roma precisely because they are Roma. }} * {{cite book |title=Antiziganism: What's in a Word? |url=https://www.cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-4438-7226-3 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-7226-3 |date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=June 1, 2021 |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220026/https://www.cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-4438-7226-3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ''Egyptians Act of 1530'' forced the Roma to leave England. Around 10,000 of these people went to the [[Ottoman Empire]] and became [[Muslims]]. Their [[Descendant|descendants]] still call themselves Egyptians.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cressy|first1=David|year=2016|title=Trouble with Gypsies in Early Modern England|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/abs/trouble-with-gypsies-in-early-modern-england/D93181E028BCC1C2E2D8962C6B607552|journal=The Historical Journal|volume=59|pages=45–70|doi=10.1017/S0018246X15000278|s2cid=162837563}}</ref> The International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) adopted an official definition for antiziganism on October 8, 2020:<ref name="Definition1" /> {| {{table|hide|sort}} ! !! Working definition of antigypsyism/anti-Roma discrimination{{efn|The word '''anti-Roma racism''' is also recommended for use.<ref name="Definition1" />|group=lower-alpha}} |- ! | * Distorting or denying persecution of Roma or the [[genocide]] of the Roma. * Glorifying the genocide of the Roma. * Inciting, justifying, and perpetrating [[violence]] against Roma communities, their [[Private property|property]], and individual Roma. * Forced and [[Coercion|coercive]] [[Sterilisation|sterilizations]] as well as other physically and psychologically [[Abuse|abusive]] treatment of Roma. * Perpetuating and affirming [[Discrimination|discriminatory]] [[Stereotype|stereotypes]] of and against Roma. * Blaming Roma, using [[hate speech]], for real or perceived social, political, cultural, economic and [[public health]] problems. * Stereotyping Roma as persons who engage in [[Crime|criminal]] [[behavior]]. * Using the term “Gypsy” as a [[Pejorative|slur]]. * Approving or encouraging exclusionary mechanisms directed against Roma on the basis of racially discriminatory assumptions, such as the exclusion from regular schools and [[Institutional racism|institutional]] procedures or policies that lead to the [[Racial segregation|segregation]] of Roma communities. * Enacting policies without legal basis or establishing the conditions that allow for the arbitrary or discriminatory displacement of Roma communities and individuals. * Holding Roma collectively responsible for the real or perceived actions of individual members of Roma communities. * Spreading hate speech against Roma communities in whatever form, for example in [[Mass media|media]], including on the [[internet]] and on [[Social network service|social networks]]. |- |} ==Genocide== In addition to [[the Holocaust]], [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Nazi Germany]] committed a [[genocide]]<ref name="USHMM">{{Cite web|last=The Holocaust Encyclopedia|title=Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945|access-date=2024-09-27|website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]|language=en}}</ref> against the Roma.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-02|title=Holocaust Memorial Day: 'Forgotten Holocaust' of Roma finally acknowledged in Germany - Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/8284274/Holocaust-Memorial-Day-Forgotten-Holocaust-of-Roma-finally-acknowledged-in-Germany.html|access-date=2024-09-27|archive-date=2017-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807020735/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/8284274/Holocaust-Memorial-Day-Forgotten-Holocaust-of-Roma-finally-acknowledged-in-Germany.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=OSCE human rights chief welcomes declaration of official Roma genocide remembrance day in Poland|url=https://www.osce.org/odihr/81364|access-date=2024-09-28|website=www.osce.org|date=29 July 2011 |language=en}}</ref> The Nazis considered the Roma an "inferior [[Race (sociology)|race]]".<ref name="USHMM" /><ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |title=Unmarked graves: The destruction of the Yugoslav Roma in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941–1945 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14623529908413936 |last=Reinhartz |first=Dennis |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.1080/14623529908413936 |year=1999 |quote=Published online: 09 Nov 2007}} * {{cite journal |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |title=Were the "Chingené" Victims of the Holocaust? Nazi Policy toward the Crimean Roma, 1941–1944 |url=https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article-abstract/23/1/26/634033 |last=Tyaglyy |first=Mikhail |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=26–53 |doi=10.1093/hgs/dcp015 |date=March 1, 2009 |access-date=December 11, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Traitors, Collaborators and Deserters in Contemporary European Politics of Memory |chapter=Collaboration and the Genocide of Roma in Poland |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-66496-5_9 |last=Kapralski |first=Sławomir |series=Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies |pages=215–240 |date=December 3, 2017 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-66496-5_9 |isbn=978-3-319-66495-8 |access-date=December 11, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Nationalities Paper |title=Babi Yar and the Nazi Genocide of Roma: Memory Narratives and Memory Practices in Ukraine |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/babi-yar-and-the-nazi-genocide-of-roma-memory-narratives-and-memory-practices-in-ukraine/DF98FCF821384B0FDCE6A437D70F2ACA |last=Kotljarchuk |first=Andrej |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=450–470 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |doi=10.1017/nps.2021.4 |date=April 30, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Brussels Times |title=European Commission commemorates Roma Holocaust Memorial Day on 2 August |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/1165961/european-commission-commemorates-roma-holocaust-memorial-day-on-2-august |date=August 1, 2024 |access-date=December 11, 2024}}</ref> They [[Persecution|persecuted]] the Roma, [[Execution|executed]] them in large groups, [[Deportation|deported]] them to [[Nazi concentration camp|concentration camps]], used them for medical experiments, and killed them in [[Extermination camp|death camps]].<ref name="USHMM" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Roma Genocide|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/roma-genocide|access-date=2024-09-28|website=[[Council of Europe]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> 250,000‒500,000 were killed in the Roma genocide.<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945 |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Nazi Genocide of the Roma: Reassessment and Commemoration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qcvtb |last=Weiss-Wendt |first=Anton |year=2013 |volume=17 |edition=1 |publisher=Berghahn Books |doi=10.2307/j.ctt9qcvtb |jstor=j.ctt9qcvtb |isbn=978-0-85745-842-1 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Holocaust Education |chapter=‘And Roma were victims, too.’ The Romani genocide and Holocaust education in Romania |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315647173-11/roma-victims-romani-genocide-holocaust-education-romania-michelle-kelso |last=Kelso |first=Michelle |year=2016 |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315647173-11 |doi-broken-date=26 July 2026 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Gypsies of Eastern Europe |chapter=The Romani Pořajmos: The Nazi Genocide of Gypsies in Germany and Eastern Europe |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/abs/romani-porajmos-the-nazi-genocide-of-europes-gypsies/FB925C23821FD76F48C2A634DE87D036 |last=Huttenbach |first=Henry R. |year=1991 |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315490250 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation. |title=The Road Towards Genocide - The Process of Exclusion and Persecution of Roma and Sinti in the 1930s and 1940s |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=836650 |last1=Baumgartner |first1=Gerhard |last2=Tavcar |first2=Miha |year=2014 |issue=1 |pages=5–18 |publisher=Wiener Wiesenthal Institut für Holocaust-Studien |access-date=December 7, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Nationalities Papers |title=The Romani Pořajmos: The Nazi Genocide of Europe's Gypsies |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/abs/romani-porajmos-the-nazi-genocide-of-europes-gypsies/FB925C23821FD76F48C2A634DE87D036 |last=Huttenbach |first=Henry R. |volume=19 |issue=3: Special issue - the Gypsies in Eastern Europe |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |date=November 20, 2018 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Narracje o Zagładzie |title=The Roma Genocide. The Roma Pariahs before, during, and after the Second World War |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=931646 |last=Waluszko |first=Monika Weychert |year=2020 |issue=6 |pages=140–164 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[European Union]] (EU)|title=Statement by President von der Leyen, Vice-President Jourová and Commissioner Dalli on European Roma Holocaust Memorial Day |url=https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/news/statement-president-von-der-leyen-vice-president-jourova-and-commissioner-dalli-european-roma-2024-08-01_en |date=August 1, 2024 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[UK Government]] |title=80th anniversary of the Genocide of the Roma commemoration event in Newcastle |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/80th-anniversary-of-the-genocide-of-the-roma-commemoration-event-in-newcastle |date=August 15, 2024 |author1=Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office |author2=The Rt Hon Lord Pickles |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Holocaust Studies: A Journal of Culture and History |title=Beyond Nazism: the impact of native persecution dynamics on the genocide of the Roma and Sinti |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17504902.2024.2392347 |last=Aretakis |first=Catharine |date=September 12, 2024 |volume=32 |pages=27–50 |doi=10.1080/17504902.2024.2392347 |access-date=December 7, 2024}}</ref> Some historians give a higher death toll estimate, ranging from 800,000 to 1,500,000.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Historiography of the Holocaust|date=2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-9927-6|editor-last=Stone|editor-first=Dan|edition=Nachdr.|location=Basingstoke, Hampshire|pages=383–396}}</ref> ==Today== The Roma still experience [[discrimination]] and [[antiziganism]]. In some countries, they are not accepted in workplaces and schools.<ref name="compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr" /> Their [[squatting]] communities also [[wikt:irritate|irritate]] locals.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 August 2012|title=Expulsions des Roms : fascistes sous Sarkozy, mais humanitaires et normales sous Hollande|url=https://ripostelaique.com/expulsions-des-roms-fascistes-sous-sarkozy-mais-humanitaires-et-normales-sous-hollande.html|website=Riposte Laïque|language=French}}</ref> The Roma created an [[Voluntary association|association]] in 1978 to defend their [[Civil rights|rights]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Union Romani Internationale - Union Romani Internationale|url=http://union-romani-internationale.blogg.org/union-romani-internationale-c26573126|website=union-romani-internationale.blogg.org|language=French}} </ref> The largest Roma [[Population|populations]] today live in [[Eastern Europe]] and the Balkans. However, there are populations of Roma all over Europe, including:<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Morar|first1=Bharti|last2=Gresham|first2=David|last3=Angelicheva|first3=Dora|last4=Tournev|first4=Ivailo|last5=Gooding|first5=Rebecca|last6=Guergueltcheva|first6=Velina|last7=Schmidt|first7=Carolin|last8=Abicht|first8=Angela|last9=Lochmüller|first9=Hanns|last10=Tordai|first10=Attila|last11=Kalmár|first11=Lajos|year=2004|title=Mutation History of the Roma/Gypsies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2004-10_75_4/page/596|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=75|issue=4|pages=596–609|doi=10.1086/424759|pmc=1182047|pmid=15322984|last12=Nagy|first12=Melinda|last13=Karcagi|first13=Veronika|last14=Jeanpierre|first14=Marc|last15=Herczegfalvi|first15=Agnes|last16=Beeson|first16=David|last17=Venkataraman|first17=Viswanathan|last18=Warwick Carter|first18=Kim|last19=Reeve|first19=Jeff|last20=De Pablo|first20=Rosario|last21=Kučinskas|first21=Vaidutis|last22=Kalaydjieva|first22=Luba}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Kalaydjieva, Luba|author2=Gresham, David|author3=Calafell, Francesc|year=2001|title=Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): a review|journal=BMC Medical Genetics|volume=2|issue=1|page=5|doi=10.1186/1471-2350-2-5|pmc=31389|pmid=11299048|doi-access=free}}</ref> * The [[Kaló]] in [[Spain]] * The [[Sinti]] in [[Germany]] * The [[Romanlar]] in [[Turkey]] * The Ciganos in [[Portugal]] * The Romanichals of [[Great Britain|Britain]] * The Gitans of southern France * The [[Manouches]] in [[France]] and [[Catalonia]] ==Culture== Roma culture differs from country to country, from group to group, and from religion to religion. Roma [[cuisine]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gypsies &#124; Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/gypsies|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> also differs from country to country. [[Music]] has always been important in Roma culture. [[Musical instrument|Musical instruments]] like [[Guitar|guitars]] and [[Violin|violins]] are an important part of Roma traditions. The Roma influenced musical and [[dance]] styles in Europe, such as [[Belly dance|belly dancing]], [[flamenco]], [[rumba]] and [[jazz]].<ref name="routard" /> Most Roma enter into [[Arranged marriage|arranged marriages]] [[Endogamy|with other Roma]] at a very young age. It is rare for Roma [[Exogamy|to marry ''gadje'']] (non-Romas). Some groups [[ban]] [[cousin marriage]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.uskudaristanbul.com/firmadetay.asp?id=2894|access-date=2022-05-04|archive-date=2022-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702120324/https://www.uskudaristanbul.com/firmadetay.asp?id=2894|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 8 April 1971, the Roma [[nationality]] was legally recognized in Europe. Since then, 8 April is the International Day of the Roma.<ref name="compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr">{{cite web|url=http://compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr/Rom.htm|title=Compilhistoire - Roms, Gitans, Manouches et Tsiganes|website=compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr}}</ref> ===Roma with mixed ancestry=== The Roma use the word ''didicoy'' to describe people who are of mixed Roma [[Ancestor|ancestry]].<ref name="def">{{cite web |title=What does DIDICOY mean? |url=https://www.definitions.net/definition/DIDICOY |website=www.definitions.net |accessdate=17 December 2022}}</ref> (Some families of mixed blood call themselves "kyes".) There is conflict between the ''didicoy'' and the Romanichal ("full-blooded Roma," whose [[Ancestor|ancestors]] are all Roma)''.<ref name="def" />'' The Roma have been [[Stereotype|stereotyped]] as [[Criminal|criminals]] for centuries. Many Romanichal believe this [[reputation]] comes from ''didicoys'' and other [[Nomad|nomadic groups]] that are referred to as "Gypsies".<ref name="def" /> The "Romano Rai" an old Romani [[folk song]] is about a mixed-blooded Roma.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Crawford |first1=~ George |title=Romany Rai |url=https://paleotool.com/2014/03/29/romany-rai |website=Preindustrial Craftsmanship |accessdate=17 December 2022 |language=en |date=29 March 2014}}</ref> ==Language== The ''[[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]'' made the [[Romani language]] an [[official language]] in many European countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reocities.com/Paris/5121/history.htm|title=Patrin: A Brief History of the Roma|publisher=|access-date=2012-03-28|archive-date=2012-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325043808/http://reocities.com/Paris/5121/history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Religion== In ancient times, the Roma followed [[Hinduism]]<ref name=":6">{{cite web|date=23 February 2016|title=Meet the Roma: 2,000 years ago, the first 'Indians' to go to Europe|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/meet-the-roma-2000-years-ago-the-first-indians-to-go-to-europe/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> and [[Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite web|date=7 March 2010|title=Buddhism and the Romani|url=https://enlightenmentward.wordpress.com/2010/03/07/buddhism-and-the-romani/}}</ref> Today, most follow [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Columbia Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Columbia University]] Press|year=2018|edition=8th|location=New York, NY}}</ref> However, many are [[Muslims|Muslim]]. The ''Dasikane'' (Christian Roma) practice [[baptism]], while the ''[[Xoraxane]]'', or Muslim Roma, practice male [[circumcision]]. Other Romani people around the world practice faiths including: * [[Islam]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2: C - G / Ed. by B. Lewis|date=1991|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07026-4|editor-last=Lewis|editor-first=B.|edition=4. impr|location=Leiden|pages=40a–41b}}</ref> * [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]]<ref name=":5">{{cite web|title=RADOC|url=https://radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_romanireligion&lang=&articles=true|access-date=2022-05-06|archive-date=2022-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802214757/https://radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_romanireligion&lang=&articles=true|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1= Taylor|first1= Bron|last2= Kaplan|first2= Jeffrey|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4L7UAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1418|title= Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature|date= January 2005|publisher= A&C Black|isbn= 978-1-84371-138-4}}</ref> * [[Sufism]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The making of an order : An ethnography of Romani Sufis in Uskudar|url=https://openaccess.ihu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12154/1199|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621224127/https://openaccess.ihu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12154/1199|archive-date=2023-06-21|access-date=2022-08-25}}</ref> * [[Hinduism]]<ref name=":6" /> * Palmistry<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpfSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA391|title=The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2020|isbn=978-1-119-57210-7|editor-last=Palmer|editor-first=Michael D.|edition=|series=The Wiley Blackwell Companions to Religion|location=Hoboken, NJ|editor-last2=Burgess|editor-first2=Stanley M.}}</ref> * [[Buddhism]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vishvapani|date=2011-11-29|title=Hungary's Gypsy Buddhists & Religious Discrimination|url=https://www.wiseattention.org/blog/2011/11/29/gypsy-buddhists/|access-date=2024-09-28|website=Vishvapani|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jai Bhim! The Roma Buddhists of Hungary|url=https://thebuddhistcentre.com/news/jai-bhim-roma-buddhists-hungary}}</ref> * [[Witchcraft]]<ref name=":4" /> * Romanipen{{efn|An old [[Dualism|dualist]] religion that involves a simple belief in ''Devla ''– [[God]] – ''and Beng '' – [[Satan]].|group=lower-alpha<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Muslim Gypsies in Romania|url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2721940/view}}</ref>}} * [[Catholicism]] * [[Mormonism]]<ref name=":5" /> * [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Christianity]]<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ki︠u︡Chukov |first1=Khristo |last2=New |first2=William |title=PERSONALIZING THE ROMANI EVANGELICAL FAITH|date=17 October 2017 |publisher=LINCOM GmbH |isbn=978-3-86288-851-1 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338659680}}</ref> Other Romani people practice Noahidism,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Chabad]] |title=The 7 Noahide Laws: Universal Morality |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/62221/jewish/The-7-Noahide-Laws-Universal-Morality.htm |access-date=December 15, 2024}}</ref> a [[Jew|Jewish]] [[new religious movement]] based on [[Orthodox Judaism]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feldman|first=Rachel Z.|date=2018-08-01|title=The Children of Noah|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article/22/1/115/71076/The-Children-of-NoahHas-Messianic-Zionism-Created|journal=Nova Religio|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=115–128|doi=10.1525/nr.2018.22.1.115|issn=1092-6690}}</ref>.and a set of [[Morality|moral]] laws called the Noahide Laws<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-08-28|title=Noahide Laws {{!}} Obedience, Halakhah, Torah {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Noahide-Laws|access-date=2024-09-28|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref>). People who live according to the Noahide Laws are called children of Noah (''B'nei Noach'') Noahids.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Seven Noahide Laws As Practice|url=https://allfaith.com/noahide/religion.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625135338/https://allfaith.com/noahide/religion.html|archive-date=2022-06-25|access-date=2022-05-04}}</ref> ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Roma| ]] [[Category:Nomadic people]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] 5mw1uz4z2vgkbh2ctrg7wx0zubrkx6p 11024622 11024621 2026-10-09T11:50:27Z ~2026-54481-47 1887515 /* Culture */ 11024622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Romani people | image = [[File:Romani people around the world.svg|center|frameless|260x260px]] | image_caption = | flag = Roma flag.svg | flag_caption = [[Flag of the Romani people|Romani flag]] created in 1933 and accepted at the 1971 World Romani Congress | pop = 2–20 million | region1 = {{flag|Turkey}} | pop1 = 2,750,000 | region2 = {{flag|Romania}} | pop2 = 1,850,000 | region3 = {{flag|Bulgaria}} | pop3 = 750,000 | ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/bulgaria_en|title=Bulgaria|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | region6 = {{flag|Hungary}} | pop6 = 700,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/hungary_en|title=Hungary|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | region4 = {{flag|Spain}} | pop4 = 725,000 | ref4 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/spain_en|title=Spain|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | region5 = {{flag|Russia}} | pop5 = 720,000 | region7 = {{flag|Slovakia}} | pop7 = 500,000 | ref7 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/slovakia_en|title=Slovakia|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | region9 = {{flag|Greece}} | pop9 = 265,000 | ref9 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/greece_en|title=Greece|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | region10 = {{flag|Czech Republic}} | pop10 = 250,000 | ref10 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/czech-republic_en|title=Czech Republic|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | region11 = {{flag|Italy}} | pop11 = 140,000 | ref11 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/italy_en|title=Italy|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | region8 = {{flag|France}} | pop8 = 400,000 | ref8 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/france_en|title=France|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | region12 = {{flag|Germany}} | pop12 = 105,000 | ref12 = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://commission.europa.eu/content/roma-equality-inclusion-and-participation-eu-country/germany_en|title=Germany|website=commission.europa.eu}}</ref> | languages = [[Romani language|Romani]], languages of native regions | rels = mainly [[Christianity]] and [[Islam]], minorities practice [[Buddhism]], [[Judaism]], [[Bahá'í Faith]] and [[Shaktism]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rAT1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1236|title=Handbook of Hinduism in Europe (2 vols)}}</ref> }} [[File:Encampment of Gypsies with Caravans.jpg|thumb| ''Encampment of Gypsies with [[Caravan]]s'' by [[Vincent van Gogh]] (1888).]][[File:NMA.0080538 Romsk boplats Södra folkparken Västberga-folkpark--exteriör.jpg|thumb|A Romani settlement/camp in a [[park]] in [[Stockholm]] (1931).]][[File:Kolme romaninaista.jpg|thumb|Three Finnish Romani women in [[Helsinki]], [[Finland]] (1930s).]][[File:Romani prisoners at Belzec labor camp.jpg|thumb|Romani prisoners at [[Belzec extermination camp]] (1940).]][[File:SettelaSteinbach.jpg|thumb|A [[Netherlands|Dutch]] Romani girl is [[Deportation|deported]] to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz extermination camp]] (1944).]][[File:Gypsies camping - probably Swansea (20740154331).jpg|thumb|A Romani camp in [[Wales]] (1953).]][[File:Great Dorset Steam Fair 2007 - 1331363507.jpg|thumb|A Romanichal wagon at the Great [[Dorset]] Steam Fair (2007).]][[File:Festival Romani, Portland - Flickr - K. Kendall.jpg|thumb|Two Romani women dance at the Festival Romani in [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]] (2013).]] The '''Roma'''{{efn|Also known as the '''Romani people'''.|group=lower-alpha}} are an [[Indo-Aryan people|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnic group]]. The Roma [[wikt:originate|originated]] from [[India]]. Starting from the 9th century, the Romani people gradually migrated across Europe, passing through regions that are now [[Iran]], [[Armenia]], and [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/campaigns/2015/04/roma-in-europe-11-things-you-always-wanted-to-know-but-were-afraid-to-ask/|title=The Roma in Europe: 11 things you always wanted to know but were afraid to ask |date=23 April 2015 }}</ref> ==Genetics== [[Genetics|Genetic]] [[Research|studies]] show that the Roma share [[Ancestor|ancestry]] with various groups from the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The studies prove this by finding similarities between [[DNA]] [[Pattern|patterns]] in the different groups.<ref name=":0" /><ref> * {{cite journal |journal=BMC Medical Genetics |title=Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): a review |last1=Kalaydjieva |first1=Luba |last2=Gresham |first2=David |last3=Calafell |first3=Francesc |volume=2 |issue=5 |date=April 2, 2001 |article-number=5 |doi=10.1186/1471-2350-2-5 |doi-access=free |pmid=11299048 |pmc=31389 }} * {{cite web |website=Bernhard Streck (Hg.): Segmentation und Komplementarität |title=The Roma – a Nation Without a State? Historical Background and Contemporary Tendencies |url=https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/45267825/owh6marushiakova_01-libre.pdf?1462176089=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DThe_Roma_a_Nation_without_a_State_Histor.pdf&Expires=1733970616&Signature=P-8okAmm6Owkw0evGvPSkBkYKUsKVMh8YrBHGxsRMR1pEoc3Cfg0~YvBeCm-LC3UXCu43DcHlHiN-Buf724TmagKPZLaz1UI9SXThUF0tDhPsL~GsKc~ci009ItJOrkWYzT1qxTcZu3OrVFkJi8hH0T4vlG2BCxR4u6nMsiwT7AbsDM1UsWBjm7tJVl67khGxBPHNgRmizRnqvlAVQMo7C6Gw9LZy7co0b8NO1YKEq3DvyOKi8UOmY12Gvd0nfKv6N3m1h7XZZX-h8aWom7VvgPkA~QRi0vS6uv~FPzsR0iemRSeSWsvdfT0cLWCc-~ka5cfUXv~e05ERKbIt5At0Q__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA |last1=Marushiakova |first1=Elena |last2=Popov |first2=Vesselin |year=2004 |access-date=December 12, 2024}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Rai|first1=Niraj|last2=Chaubey|first2=Gyaneshwer|last3=Tamang|first3=Rakesh|last4=Pathak|first4=Ajai Kumar|last5=Singh|first5=Vipin Kumar|last6=Karmin|first6=Monika|last7=Singh|first7=Manvendra|last8=Rani|first8=Deepa Selvi|last9=Anugula|first9=Sharath|last10=Yadav|first10=Brijesh Kumar|last11=Singh|first11=Ashish|date=November 1, 2012|title=The Phylogeography of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup H1a1a-M82 Reveals the Likely Indian Origin of the European Romani Populations|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=7|issue=11|article-number=e48477|bibcode=2012PLoSO...748477R|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0048477|pmc=3509117|pmid=23209554|doi-access=free|first12=Ramkumar|last12=Srinivasagan|first13=Anita|last13=Yadav|first14=Manju|last14=Kashyap|first15=Sapna|last15=Narvariya|first16=Alla G.|last16=Reddy|first17=George|last17=van Driem|first18=Peter A.|last18=Underhill|first19=Richard|last19=Villems|first20=Toomas|last20=Kivisild|first21=Lalji|last21=Singh|first22=Kumarasamy|last22=Thangaraj}} * {{cite journal |journal=PLOS ONE |title=Reconstructing Roma History from Genome-Wide Data |last1=Moorjani |first1=Priya |last2=Patterson |first2=Nick |last3=Loh |first3=Po-Ru |last4=Lipson |first4=Mark |last5=Kisfali |first5=Péter |last6=Melegh |first6=Bela I. |last7=Bonin |first7=Michael |last8=Kádaši |first8=Ľudevít |last9=Rieß |first9=Olaf |last10=Berger |first10=Bonnie |last11=Reich |first11=David |last12=Melegh |first12=Béla |volume=8 |issue=3 |date=March 13, 2013 |article-number=e58633 |location=[[Oxford]], [[United Kingdom]] |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0058633 |doi-access=free |pmid=23516520 |pmc=3596272 |arxiv=1212.1696 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...858633M }} * {{cite book |title=The World in Movement |chapter=Chapter 2 The Diasporic Identity of the Roma People |url=https://brill.com/display/book/9789004385405/BP000002.xml |last=Segarra |first=Marta |pages=75–87 |year=2019 |location=[[Leiden]], [[The Netherlands]] |doi=10.1163/9789004385405_004 |access-date=December 12, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Genes |title=Population Genetics of the European Roma—A Review |last1=Ena |first1=Giacomo Francesco |last2=Aizpurua-Iraola |first2=Julen |last3=Font-Porterias |first3=Neus |last4=Calafell |first4=Calafell |last5=Comas |first5=David |volume=13 |issue=11 |date=November 8, 2022 |page=2068 |doi=10.3390/genes13112068 |doi-access=free |pmid=36360305 |pmc=9690732 }}</ref> ===Research=== [[Genetics|Genetic]] studies have found similarities between the [[DNA]] of Roma and: * [[Jats]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Nagy|first1=Melinda|last2=Henke|first2=Lotte|last3=Henke|first3=Jürgen|last4=Chatthopadhyay|first4=Prasanta K.|last5=Völgyi|first5=Antónia|last6=Zalán|first6=Andrea|last7=Peterman|first7=Orsolya|last8=Bernasovská|first8=Jarmila|last9=Pamjav|first9=Horolma|date=June 14, 2007|title=Searching for the origin of Romanies: Slovakian Romani, Jats of Haryana and Jat Sikhs Y-STR data in comparison with different Romani populations|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073806005238|journal=Forensic Science International|volume=169|issue=1|pages=19–26|doi=10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.07.020|pmid=16950585|via=ScienceDirect}}</ref> * [[Dalit|Dalits]]{{efn|"Low [[Caste system in India|caste]] [people] who migrated from the Indian subcontinent 1,400 years ago"<ref name=":0" />|group=lower-alpha}} * [[Brahmin|Brahmins]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sharma|first1=Swarkar|last2=Rai|first2=Ekta|last3=Sharma|first3=Prithviraj|last4=Jena|first4=Mamata|last5=Singh|first5=Shweta|last6=Darvishi|first6=Katayoon|last7=Bhat|first7=Audesh K.|last8=Bhanwer|first8=A. J. S.|last9=Tiwari|first9=Pramod Kumar|last10=Bamezai|first10=Rameshwar N. K.|date=January 29, 2009|title=The Indian origin of paternal haplogroup R1a1* substantiates the autochthonous origin of Brahmins and the caste system|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg20082|journal=Journal of Human Genetics|volume=54|issue=1|pages=47–55|doi=10.1038/jhg.2008.2|pmid=19158816|via=www.nature.com|s2cid=22162114}}</ref> * People from [[Sindh]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 25, 2006|title=HYDERABAD: Gypsies hail from Sindh, claims Dr Kazi|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/211876/hyderabad-gypsies-hail-from-sindh-claims-dr-kazi|website=DAWN.COM}}</ref> * [[South India|South Indian]] [[Tamil people|Tamils]]<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Palanichamy|first1=M. G.|last2=Mitra|first2=B.|last3=Debnath|first3=M.|last4=Agrawal|first4=S.|last5=Chaudhuri|first5=T. K.|last6=Zhang|first6=Y. P.|year=2014|title=Tamil Merchant in Ancient Mesopotamia|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=10|article-number=e109331|bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j9331P|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0109331|pmc=4192148|pmid=25299580|doi-access=free}}</ref> * The [[Chandala]] and [[Shudra]] castes<ref name=":0">{{cite news|last1=Nelson|first1=Dean|title=European Roma descended from Indian 'untouchables', genetic study shows|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/9719058/European-Roma-descended-from-Indian-untouchables-genetic-study-shows.html|work=The Telegraph|date=3 December 2012}}</ref> ===Further evidence=== Romani [[Newborn|newborns]] from various countries have a [[birthmark]] called the "[[Mongolian spot]]", which is common in [[Asia]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gupta|first1=D.|last2=Thappa|first2=D. M.|date=30 June 2013|title=Mongolian spots|url=https://ijdvl.com/mongolian-spots/|journal=Indian Journal of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology|volume=79|issue=4|pages=469–478|doi=10.4103/0378-6323.113074|pmid=23760316|doi-access=free}}</ref> Many Romani men from the Zargari [[tribe]] in [[Qazvin Province]] and [[Iran]] are [[Congenital|born with]] a rare condition called ''[[aposthia]]'', where the [[foreskin]] is missing or very short.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sadeghipour Roudsari|first1=Sadegh|last2=Roudsari|first2=Sadegh Sadeghipour|last3=Esmailzadehha|first3=Neda|year=2010|title=Aposthia: A case report|url=https://www.academia.edu/494988|journal=Journal of Pediatric Surgery|volume=45|issue=8|pages=e17–e19|doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2010.05.030|pmid=20713198}}</ref> ===Genetic changes=== After the [[Ottoman Empire]] [[wikt:conquer|conquered]] the [[Balkans]] and [[Byzantine Empire]], Roma [[wikt:intermarriage|intermarried]] with [[Ottoman Turkey|Ottoman Turks]]. When they had children, DNA from the Roma and the Turks mixed together.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bánfai |first1=Zsolt |last2=Melegh |first2=Béla I. |last3=Sümegi |first3=Katalin |last4=Hadzsiev |first4=Kinga |last5=Miseta |first5=Attila |last6=Kásler |first6=Miklós |last7=Melegh |first7=Béla |title=Revealing the Genetic Impact of the Ottoman Occupation on Ethnic Groups of East-Central Europe and on the Roma Population of the Area |journal=Frontiers in Genetics |date=13 June 2019 |volume=10 |article-number=558 |doi=10.3389/fgene.2019.00558 |pmid=31263480 |pmc=6585392 |doi-access=free}}</ref> This is called [[gene flow]]. Roma are now [[wikt:scatter|scattered]] across the [[globe]]. Much of the DNA in these countries' [[Population|inhabitants]] has flowed into the Roma via intermarriages.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Origins, admixture and founder lineages in European Roma|first1=Begoña|last1=Martínez-Cruz|first2=Isabel|last2=Mendizabal|first3=Christine|last3=Harmant|first4=Rosario|last4=de Pablo|first5=Mihai|last5=Ioana|first6=Dora|last6=Angelicheva|first7=Anastasia|last7=Kouvatsi|first8=Halyna|last8=Makukh|first9=Mihai G.|last9=Netea|first10=Horolma|last10=Pamjav|first11=Andrea|last11=Zalán|first12=Ivailo|last12=Tournev|first13=Elena|last13=Marushiakova|first14=Vesselin|last14=Popov|first15=Jaume|last15=Bertranpetit|first16=Luba|last16=Kalaydjieva|first17=Lluis|last17=Quintana-Murci|first18=David|last18=Comas|date=June 29, 2016|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|volume=24|issue=6|pages=937–943|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2015.201|pmid=26374132 |pmc=4867443 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1008417|pmc=6779411 |year=2019 |last1=Font-Porterias |first1=N. |last2=Arauna |first2=L. R. |last3=Poveda |first3=A. |last4=Bianco |first4=E. |last5=Rebato |first5=E. |last6=Prata |first6=M. J. |last7=Calafell |first7=F. |last8=Comas |first8=D. |title=European Roma groups show complex West Eurasian admixture footprints and a common South Asian genetic origin |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=15 |issue=9 |article-number=e1008417 |pmid=31545809 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==Early history== Historians believe that the [[wikt:remnant|remnants]] from the [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greeks]], the Atsinganos left the Indian subcontinent as [[Trade|traders]]. During the European [[migration period]] in the [[4th century|4th]] to [[6th century|6th centuries]], they traveled through the [[Byzantine Empire]] into [[Egypt]], using the [[Silk Road]]. They lived in Egypt for [[Century|centuries]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/603404|title=Epigraphic Remains of Indian Traders in Egypt|author=Salomon, Richard|year=1991|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=111|issue=4|pages=731–736|via=JSTOR|doi=10.2307/603404|jstor=603404 }}</ref> Around the [[12th century|12th]] or [[13th century|13th centuries]] – following the [[Crusades]] – the Roma reached the [[Balkans]]. From there, the Roma spread across [[Western Europe]].<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44324706 | jstor=44324706 | title=The "Banyan" or Indian Presence at Massawa, the Dahlak Islands and the Horn of Africa | last1=Pankhurst | first1=Richard | journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies | year=1974 | volume=12 | issue=1 | pages=185–212 }}</ref> They crossed Europe aboard large [[Caravan (travellers)|caravans]], which contained all of their belongings.<ref name="routard">{{cite web|url=https://www.routard.com/mag_dossiers/id_dm/56/ordre/3.htm|title=Gitans, manouches et tsiganes : la route du Rom|website=Routard.com}}</ref> ==Persecution== The Roma have been [[Victim|victims]] of [[persecution]] and [[Institutional racism|systemic discrimination]] in [[List of European countries|Europe]] for [[Century|centuries]].<ref> * {{cite book |title=The Subtlety of Racism: From Antiziganism to Romaphobia |url=https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/the-subtlety-of-racism-from-antiziganism-to-romaphobia |last=Vrabiescu |first=I.C. |year=2014 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{Cite book|title=We are the Romani people: ame sam e Rromane džene|url=https://archive.org/details/weareromanipeopl0000hanc|last=Hancock|first=Ian F.|date=2017|publisher=University of Hertfordshire Press|isbn=978-1-902806-19-8|edition=reprinted|location=Hatfield}} * {{cite journal |journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies |title=From tackling antigypsyism to remedying racial injustice |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01419870.2021.1972126 |last=Rovid |first=Marton |volume=45 |issue=9 |pages=1738–1759 |doi=10.1080/01419870.2021.1972126 |date=September 13, 2021 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of European Integration |title=The Roma and the double-movement of Social Europe |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07036337.2023.2298850 |last=Ryder |first=Andrew |date=January 3, 2024 |volume=46 |issue=3 |pages=387–404 |doi=10.1080/07036337.2023.2298850 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=Brandeis University |title=Mare Manuschenge. Sinti and Roma: A century between persecution, resistance and self-empowerment |url=https://www.brandeis.edu/cges/news-events/fall-2024/241015-alexandrasenfft.html |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=December 8, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=European Network Against Racism |title=Antigypsyism - European Network Against Racism |url=https://www.enar-eu.org/about/antigypsyism |access-date=December 8, 2024}}</ref><ref>* {{cite journal |journal=American Behavioral Scientist |title=The Persecution of Gypsies in Europe |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00027640121957367 |last=Brearley |first=Margaret |volume=45 |issue=4 |year=2001 |pages=588–599 |doi=10.1177/00027640121957367 |access-date=December 11, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=The Roma - A Minority in Europe: Historical, Political and Social Perspectives |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7829/j.ctt1cgf80x |last1=Stauber |first1=Roni |last2=Vago |first2=Raphael |year=2007 |publisher=Central European University Press |jstor=10.7829/j.ctt1cgf80x |isbn=978-963-7326-86-8 |access-date=December 11, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=Croatian Yearbook of European Law & Policy |title=Anti-discrimination policy and the Roma: Assessing the impact of EU enlargement |url=https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/44789 |last=Ram |first=Melanie H. |year=2007 |volume=3 |issue=3 |doi=10.3935/cyelp.03.2007.44 |access-date=December 11, 2024 |archive-date=December 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213183003/https://hrcak.srce.hr/file/44789 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |website=New Faces of Antigypsyism in Modern Europe |title=History of antigypsyism in Europe: The social causes |url=https://www.rcc.int/romaintegration2020/romadecadefold/documents/3.%20Thematic%20workshops/21%20June%202012%20-%20New%20faces%20of%20antigypsyism%20in%20modern%20Europe,%20Prague/New%20Faces%20of%20Anti-Gypsyism%20in%20Modern%20Europe.pdf#page=9 |last=End |first=Markus |year=2012 |location=[[Berlin]], [[Germany]] |access-date=December 11, 2024 }} * {{cite book |title=Race, Racism and Social Work |chapter=Six: Anti-Roma racism in Europe: past and recent perspectives |url=https://bristoluniversitypressdigital.com/edcollchap/book/9781447307099/ch006.xml |last1=Urh |first1=Špela |last2=Lavalette |first2=Michael |last3=Penketh |first3=Laura |pages=115–130 |doi=10.51952/9781447307099.ch006 |date=December 30, 2013 |isbn=978-1-4473-0709-9 |access-date=December 11, 2024 }}</ref> The persecutions were mostly motivated by anti-Romani sentiment, academically known as '''antiziganism'''.<ref name="Definition1">{{cite web |website=International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) |title=Working definition of antigypsyism/anti-Roma discrimination |url=https://holocaustremembrance.com/resources/working-definition-antigypsyism-anti-roma-discrimination |access-date=December 11, 2024 |quote=Antigypsyism/anti-Roma [[discrimination]] is a [[wikt:manifestation|manifestation]] of [[individual]] expressions and acts as well as [[Institutional racism|institutional policies and practices of marginalization, exclusion, physical violence, devaluation]] of Roma cultures and lifestyles, and [[hate speech]] directed at Roma as well as [[The Holocaust#Other victims of Nazism|other individuals and groups]] [[Perception|perceived]], [[Social stigma|stigmatized]], or [[Persecution|persecuted]] during the [[Nazi Germany#History|Nazi era]], and [[21st century|still today]], as “Gypsies.”}}</ref><ref name="Definition2">* {{cite web |website=Kommissionen mot Antiziganism |title=About antiziganism |url=https://www.minoritet.se/user/motantiziganism/antiziganism/index.html |access-date=December 11, 2024 |quote=Antiziganism or anti-Gypsyism, is the particular [[Institutional racism|racist structure]], [[ideology]] and [[Hostility|hostile]] [[prejudice]] targeted at Roma. It seeks to [[Dehumanization|dehumanise]], [[Alienation|alienate]] and drive away Roma precisely because they are Roma. }} * {{cite book |title=Antiziganism: What's in a Word? |url=https://www.cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-4438-7226-3 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-7226-3 |date=March 18, 2015 |access-date=June 1, 2021 |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220026/https://www.cambridgescholars.com/product/978-1-4438-7226-3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The ''Egyptians Act of 1530'' forced the Roma to leave England. Around 10,000 of these people went to the [[Ottoman Empire]] and became [[Muslims]]. Their [[Descendant|descendants]] still call themselves Egyptians.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cressy|first1=David|year=2016|title=Trouble with Gypsies in Early Modern England|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/abs/trouble-with-gypsies-in-early-modern-england/D93181E028BCC1C2E2D8962C6B607552|journal=The Historical Journal|volume=59|pages=45–70|doi=10.1017/S0018246X15000278|s2cid=162837563}}</ref> The International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance (IHRA) adopted an official definition for antiziganism on October 8, 2020:<ref name="Definition1" /> {| {{table|hide|sort}} ! !! Working definition of antigypsyism/anti-Roma discrimination{{efn|The word '''anti-Roma racism''' is also recommended for use.<ref name="Definition1" />|group=lower-alpha}} |- ! | * Distorting or denying persecution of Roma or the [[genocide]] of the Roma. * Glorifying the genocide of the Roma. * Inciting, justifying, and perpetrating [[violence]] against Roma communities, their [[Private property|property]], and individual Roma. * Forced and [[Coercion|coercive]] [[Sterilisation|sterilizations]] as well as other physically and psychologically [[Abuse|abusive]] treatment of Roma. * Perpetuating and affirming [[Discrimination|discriminatory]] [[Stereotype|stereotypes]] of and against Roma. * Blaming Roma, using [[hate speech]], for real or perceived social, political, cultural, economic and [[public health]] problems. * Stereotyping Roma as persons who engage in [[Crime|criminal]] [[behavior]]. * Using the term “Gypsy” as a [[Pejorative|slur]]. * Approving or encouraging exclusionary mechanisms directed against Roma on the basis of racially discriminatory assumptions, such as the exclusion from regular schools and [[Institutional racism|institutional]] procedures or policies that lead to the [[Racial segregation|segregation]] of Roma communities. * Enacting policies without legal basis or establishing the conditions that allow for the arbitrary or discriminatory displacement of Roma communities and individuals. * Holding Roma collectively responsible for the real or perceived actions of individual members of Roma communities. * Spreading hate speech against Roma communities in whatever form, for example in [[Mass media|media]], including on the [[internet]] and on [[Social network service|social networks]]. |- |} ==Genocide== In addition to [[the Holocaust]], [[Adolf Hitler]] and [[Nazi Germany]] committed a [[genocide]]<ref name="USHMM">{{Cite web|last=The Holocaust Encyclopedia|title=Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945|url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945|access-date=2024-09-27|website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]|language=en}}</ref> against the Roma.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-02|title=Holocaust Memorial Day: 'Forgotten Holocaust' of Roma finally acknowledged in Germany - Telegraph|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/8284274/Holocaust-Memorial-Day-Forgotten-Holocaust-of-Roma-finally-acknowledged-in-Germany.html|access-date=2024-09-27|archive-date=2017-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807020735/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/8284274/Holocaust-Memorial-Day-Forgotten-Holocaust-of-Roma-finally-acknowledged-in-Germany.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=OSCE human rights chief welcomes declaration of official Roma genocide remembrance day in Poland|url=https://www.osce.org/odihr/81364|access-date=2024-09-28|website=www.osce.org|date=29 July 2011 |language=en}}</ref> The Nazis considered the Roma an "inferior [[Race (sociology)|race]]".<ref name="USHMM" /><ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Genocide Research |title=Unmarked graves: The destruction of the Yugoslav Roma in the Balkan Holocaust, 1941–1945 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/14623529908413936 |last=Reinhartz |first=Dennis |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=81–89 |doi=10.1080/14623529908413936 |year=1999 |quote=Published online: 09 Nov 2007}} * {{cite journal |journal=Holocaust and Genocide Studies |title=Were the "Chingené" Victims of the Holocaust? Nazi Policy toward the Crimean Roma, 1941–1944 |url=https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article-abstract/23/1/26/634033 |last=Tyaglyy |first=Mikhail |volume=23 |issue=1 |pages=26–53 |doi=10.1093/hgs/dcp015 |date=March 1, 2009 |access-date=December 11, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Traitors, Collaborators and Deserters in Contemporary European Politics of Memory |chapter=Collaboration and the Genocide of Roma in Poland |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-66496-5_9 |last=Kapralski |first=Sławomir |series=Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies |pages=215–240 |date=December 3, 2017 |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-66496-5_9 |isbn=978-3-319-66495-8 |access-date=December 11, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Nationalities Paper |title=Babi Yar and the Nazi Genocide of Roma: Memory Narratives and Memory Practices in Ukraine |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/babi-yar-and-the-nazi-genocide-of-roma-memory-narratives-and-memory-practices-in-ukraine/DF98FCF821384B0FDCE6A437D70F2ACA |last=Kotljarchuk |first=Andrej |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=450–470 |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |doi=10.1017/nps.2021.4 |date=April 30, 2021 |access-date=December 11, 2024}} * {{cite news |work=The Brussels Times |title=European Commission commemorates Roma Holocaust Memorial Day on 2 August |url=https://www.brusselstimes.com/1165961/european-commission-commemorates-roma-holocaust-memorial-day-on-2-august |date=August 1, 2024 |access-date=December 11, 2024}}</ref> They [[Persecution|persecuted]] the Roma, [[Execution|executed]] them in large groups, [[Deportation|deported]] them to [[Nazi concentration camp|concentration camps]], used them for medical experiments, and killed them in [[Extermination camp|death camps]].<ref name="USHMM" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Roma Genocide|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/roma-genocide|access-date=2024-09-28|website=[[Council of Europe]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> 250,000‒500,000 were killed in the Roma genocide.<ref> * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=Genocide of European Roma (Gypsies), 1939–1945 |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/genocide-of-european-roma-gypsies-1939-1945 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Nazi Genocide of the Roma: Reassessment and Commemoration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qcvtb |last=Weiss-Wendt |first=Anton |year=2013 |volume=17 |edition=1 |publisher=Berghahn Books |doi=10.2307/j.ctt9qcvtb |jstor=j.ctt9qcvtb |isbn=978-0-85745-842-1 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Holocaust Education |chapter=‘And Roma were victims, too.’ The Romani genocide and Holocaust education in Romania |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315647173-11/roma-victims-romani-genocide-holocaust-education-romania-michelle-kelso |last=Kelso |first=Michelle |year=2016 |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315647173-11 |doi-broken-date=26 July 2026 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=The Gypsies of Eastern Europe |chapter=The Romani Pořajmos: The Nazi Genocide of Gypsies in Germany and Eastern Europe |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/abs/romani-porajmos-the-nazi-genocide-of-europes-gypsies/FB925C23821FD76F48C2A634DE87D036 |last=Huttenbach |first=Henry R. |year=1991 |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781315490250 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=S: I.M.O.N. Shoah: Intervention. Methods. Documentation. |title=The Road Towards Genocide - The Process of Exclusion and Persecution of Roma and Sinti in the 1930s and 1940s |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=836650 |last1=Baumgartner |first1=Gerhard |last2=Tavcar |first2=Miha |year=2014 |issue=1 |pages=5–18 |publisher=Wiener Wiesenthal Institut für Holocaust-Studien |access-date=December 7, 2024}}</ref><ref> * {{cite journal |journal=Nationalities Papers |title=The Romani Pořajmos: The Nazi Genocide of Europe's Gypsies |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/nationalities-papers/article/abs/romani-porajmos-the-nazi-genocide-of-europes-gypsies/FB925C23821FD76F48C2A634DE87D036 |last=Huttenbach |first=Henry R. |volume=19 |issue=3: Special issue - the Gypsies in Eastern Europe |publisher=[[University of Cambridge|Cambridge University]] Press |date=November 20, 2018 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Narracje o Zagładzie |title=The Roma Genocide. The Roma Pariahs before, during, and after the Second World War |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=931646 |last=Waluszko |first=Monika Weychert |year=2020 |issue=6 |pages=140–164 |publisher=Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[European Union]] (EU)|title=Statement by President von der Leyen, Vice-President Jourová and Commissioner Dalli on European Roma Holocaust Memorial Day |url=https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/news/statement-president-von-der-leyen-vice-president-jourova-and-commissioner-dalli-european-roma-2024-08-01_en |date=August 1, 2024 |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[UK Government]] |title=80th anniversary of the Genocide of the Roma commemoration event in Newcastle |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/80th-anniversary-of-the-genocide-of-the-roma-commemoration-event-in-newcastle |date=August 15, 2024 |author1=Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office |author2=The Rt Hon Lord Pickles |access-date=December 7, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=Holocaust Studies: A Journal of Culture and History |title=Beyond Nazism: the impact of native persecution dynamics on the genocide of the Roma and Sinti |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17504902.2024.2392347 |last=Aretakis |first=Catharine |date=September 12, 2024 |volume=32 |pages=27–50 |doi=10.1080/17504902.2024.2392347 |access-date=December 7, 2024}}</ref> Some historians give a higher death toll estimate, ranging from 800,000 to 1,500,000.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Historiography of the Holocaust|date=2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-9927-6|editor-last=Stone|editor-first=Dan|edition=Nachdr.|location=Basingstoke, Hampshire|pages=383–396}}</ref> ==Today== The Roma still experience [[discrimination]] and [[antiziganism]]. In some countries, they are not accepted in workplaces and schools.<ref name="compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr" /> Their [[squatting]] communities also [[wikt:irritate|irritate]] locals.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 August 2012|title=Expulsions des Roms : fascistes sous Sarkozy, mais humanitaires et normales sous Hollande|url=https://ripostelaique.com/expulsions-des-roms-fascistes-sous-sarkozy-mais-humanitaires-et-normales-sous-hollande.html|website=Riposte Laïque|language=French}}</ref> The Roma created an [[Voluntary association|association]] in 1978 to defend their [[Civil rights|rights]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Union Romani Internationale - Union Romani Internationale|url=http://union-romani-internationale.blogg.org/union-romani-internationale-c26573126|website=union-romani-internationale.blogg.org|language=French}} </ref> The largest Roma [[Population|populations]] today live in [[Eastern Europe]] and the Balkans. However, there are populations of Roma all over Europe, including:<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Morar|first1=Bharti|last2=Gresham|first2=David|last3=Angelicheva|first3=Dora|last4=Tournev|first4=Ivailo|last5=Gooding|first5=Rebecca|last6=Guergueltcheva|first6=Velina|last7=Schmidt|first7=Carolin|last8=Abicht|first8=Angela|last9=Lochmüller|first9=Hanns|last10=Tordai|first10=Attila|last11=Kalmár|first11=Lajos|year=2004|title=Mutation History of the Roma/Gypsies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-human-genetics_2004-10_75_4/page/596|journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics|volume=75|issue=4|pages=596–609|doi=10.1086/424759|pmc=1182047|pmid=15322984|last12=Nagy|first12=Melinda|last13=Karcagi|first13=Veronika|last14=Jeanpierre|first14=Marc|last15=Herczegfalvi|first15=Agnes|last16=Beeson|first16=David|last17=Venkataraman|first17=Viswanathan|last18=Warwick Carter|first18=Kim|last19=Reeve|first19=Jeff|last20=De Pablo|first20=Rosario|last21=Kučinskas|first21=Vaidutis|last22=Kalaydjieva|first22=Luba}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Kalaydjieva, Luba|author2=Gresham, David|author3=Calafell, Francesc|year=2001|title=Genetic studies of the Roma (Gypsies): a review|journal=BMC Medical Genetics|volume=2|issue=1|page=5|doi=10.1186/1471-2350-2-5|pmc=31389|pmid=11299048|doi-access=free}}</ref> * The [[Kaló]] in [[Spain]] * The [[Sinti]] in [[Germany]] * The [[Romanlar]] in [[Turkey]] * The Ciganos in [[Portugal]] * The Romanichals of [[Great Britain|Britain]] * The Gitans of southern France * The [[Manouches]] in [[France]] and [[Catalonia]] ==Culture== Roma culture differs from country to country, from group to group, and from religion to religion. Roma [[cuisine]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gypsies &#124; Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/anthropology-and-archaeology/people/gypsies|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> also differs from country to country. [[Music]] has always been important in Roma culture. [[Musical instrument|Musical instruments]] like [[Guitar|guitars]] and [[Violin|violins]] are an important part of Roma traditions. The Roma influenced musical and [[dance]] styles in Europe, such as [[Belly dance|belly dancing]], [[flamenco]], [[rumba]] and [[jazz]].<ref name="routard" /> Most Roma enter into [[Arranged marriage|arranged marriages]] [[Endogamy|with other Roma]] at a very young age. It is rare for Roma [[Exogamy|to marry ''gadje'']] (non-Romas). Some groups [[ban]] [[cousin marriage]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.uskudaristanbul.com/firmadetay.asp?id=2894|access-date=2022-05-04|archive-date=2022-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702120324/https://www.uskudaristanbul.com/firmadetay.asp?id=2894|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 8 April 1971, the Roma [[nationality]] was legally recognized in Europe. Since then, 8 April is the International Day of the Roma.<ref name="compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr">{{cite web|url=http://compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr/Rom.htm|title=Compilhistoire - Roms, Gitans, Manouches et Tsiganes|website=compilhistoire.pagesperso-orange.fr}}</ref> The [[hedgehog]] represents a distinctive culinary tradition among the nomadic Romani people.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ai8eEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT123|title=What We Eat}}</ref> ===Roma with mixed ancestry=== The Roma use the word ''didicoy'' to describe people who are of mixed Roma [[Ancestor|ancestry]].<ref name="def">{{cite web |title=What does DIDICOY mean? |url=https://www.definitions.net/definition/DIDICOY |website=www.definitions.net |accessdate=17 December 2022}}</ref> (Some families of mixed blood call themselves "kyes".) There is conflict between the ''didicoy'' and the Romanichal ("full-blooded Roma," whose [[Ancestor|ancestors]] are all Roma)''.<ref name="def" />'' The Roma have been [[Stereotype|stereotyped]] as [[Criminal|criminals]] for centuries. Many Romanichal believe this [[reputation]] comes from ''didicoys'' and other [[Nomad|nomadic groups]] that are referred to as "Gypsies".<ref name="def" /> The "Romano Rai" an old Romani [[folk song]] is about a mixed-blooded Roma.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Crawford |first1=~ George |title=Romany Rai |url=https://paleotool.com/2014/03/29/romany-rai |website=Preindustrial Craftsmanship |accessdate=17 December 2022 |language=en |date=29 March 2014}}</ref> ==Language== The ''[[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]]'' made the [[Romani language]] an [[official language]] in many European countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reocities.com/Paris/5121/history.htm|title=Patrin: A Brief History of the Roma|publisher=|access-date=2012-03-28|archive-date=2012-03-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325043808/http://reocities.com/Paris/5121/history.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Religion== In ancient times, the Roma followed [[Hinduism]]<ref name=":6">{{cite web|date=23 February 2016|title=Meet the Roma: 2,000 years ago, the first 'Indians' to go to Europe|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/meet-the-roma-2000-years-ago-the-first-indians-to-go-to-europe/|website=The Indian Express}}</ref> and [[Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite web|date=7 March 2010|title=Buddhism and the Romani|url=https://enlightenmentward.wordpress.com/2010/03/07/buddhism-and-the-romani/}}</ref> Today, most follow [[Eastern Orthodox Christianity]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Columbia Encyclopedia|publisher=[[Columbia University]] Press|year=2018|edition=8th|location=New York, NY}}</ref> However, many are [[Muslims|Muslim]]. The ''Dasikane'' (Christian Roma) practice [[baptism]], while the ''[[Xoraxane]]'', or Muslim Roma, practice male [[circumcision]]. Other Romani people around the world practice faiths including: * [[Islam]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam. 2: C - G / Ed. by B. Lewis|date=1991|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07026-4|editor-last=Lewis|editor-first=B.|edition=4. impr|location=Leiden|pages=40a–41b}}</ref> * [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'í]]<ref name=":5">{{cite web|title=RADOC|url=https://radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_romanireligion&lang=&articles=true|access-date=2022-05-06|archive-date=2022-08-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802214757/https://radoc.net/radoc.php?doc=art_b_history_romanireligion&lang=&articles=true|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1= Taylor|first1= Bron|last2= Kaplan|first2= Jeffrey|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=4L7UAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1418|title= Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature|date= January 2005|publisher= A&C Black|isbn= 978-1-84371-138-4}}</ref> * [[Sufism]]<ref>{{cite web|title=The making of an order : An ethnography of Romani Sufis in Uskudar|url=https://openaccess.ihu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12154/1199|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621224127/https://openaccess.ihu.edu.tr/xmlui/handle/20.500.12154/1199|archive-date=2023-06-21|access-date=2022-08-25}}</ref> * [[Hinduism]]<ref name=":6" /> * Palmistry<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GpfSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA391|title=The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Religion and Social Justice|publisher=John Wiley and Sons|year=2020|isbn=978-1-119-57210-7|editor-last=Palmer|editor-first=Michael D.|edition=|series=The Wiley Blackwell Companions to Religion|location=Hoboken, NJ|editor-last2=Burgess|editor-first2=Stanley M.}}</ref> * [[Buddhism]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vishvapani|date=2011-11-29|title=Hungary's Gypsy Buddhists & Religious Discrimination|url=https://www.wiseattention.org/blog/2011/11/29/gypsy-buddhists/|access-date=2024-09-28|website=Vishvapani|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Jai Bhim! The Roma Buddhists of Hungary|url=https://thebuddhistcentre.com/news/jai-bhim-roma-buddhists-hungary}}</ref> * [[Witchcraft]]<ref name=":4" /> * Romanipen{{efn|An old [[Dualism|dualist]] religion that involves a simple belief in ''Devla ''– [[God]] – ''and Beng '' – [[Satan]].|group=lower-alpha<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Muslim Gypsies in Romania|url=https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2721940/view}}</ref>}} * [[Catholicism]] * [[Mormonism]]<ref name=":5" /> * [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Christianity]]<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ki︠u︡Chukov |first1=Khristo |last2=New |first2=William |title=PERSONALIZING THE ROMANI EVANGELICAL FAITH|date=17 October 2017 |publisher=LINCOM GmbH |isbn=978-3-86288-851-1 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338659680}}</ref> Other Romani people practice Noahidism,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Chabad]] |title=The 7 Noahide Laws: Universal Morality |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/62221/jewish/The-7-Noahide-Laws-Universal-Morality.htm |access-date=December 15, 2024}}</ref> a [[Jew|Jewish]] [[new religious movement]] based on [[Orthodox Judaism]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Feldman|first=Rachel Z.|date=2018-08-01|title=The Children of Noah|url=https://online.ucpress.edu/nr/article/22/1/115/71076/The-Children-of-NoahHas-Messianic-Zionism-Created|journal=Nova Religio|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=115–128|doi=10.1525/nr.2018.22.1.115|issn=1092-6690}}</ref>.and a set of [[Morality|moral]] laws called the Noahide Laws<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-08-28|title=Noahide Laws {{!}} Obedience, Halakhah, Torah {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Noahide-Laws|access-date=2024-09-28|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref>). People who live according to the Noahide Laws are called children of Noah (''B'nei Noach'') Noahids.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Seven Noahide Laws As Practice|url=https://allfaith.com/noahide/religion.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625135338/https://allfaith.com/noahide/religion.html|archive-date=2022-06-25|access-date=2022-05-04}}</ref> ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Roma| ]] [[Category:Nomadic people]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] ncmm47nn60gg6r4nfu0k4tldblpst3w 0 90319 11024443 11002635 2026-10-09T06:06:20Z Jim.henderson 70336 [[Gender binary]] link 11024443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikify|date=April 2025}}{{Restructure|date=April 2025}} A '''eunuch''' is a [[castration|castrated]] man. His [[Genital|genitals]] have been removed. This may involve cutting off the [[Testicle|testicles]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Jean D.|last2=Roehrborn|first2=Claus|date=December 1999|title=Long-Term Consequences of Castration in Men: Lessons from the Skoptzy and the Eunuchs of the Chinese and Ottoman Courts|url=https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-lookup/doi/10.1210/jcem.84.12.6206|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|language=en|volume=84|issue=12|pages=4324–4331|doi=10.1210/jcem.84.12.6206|pmid=10599682 |issn=0021-972X}}</ref> However, the word ''castration'' sometimes refers to [[emasculation]], where both the testicles and the [[penis]] are removed together. Chemical Castration commonly used used by Non-[[Gender binary|Binary]] individuals who wish not to be subjected to Sexual Drives. [[File:Chevalier Auguste de Henikstein - Kislar Agassi. Grand eunuque du G. Seineur. Bakadgi Sűlűslű. Astahi. Cuisinier du G. Seigneur.jpg|thumb|250px|Harem Ağası, head of the black eunuchs of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Imperial]] [[Harem]].]] Over the [[Millennium|millennia]] since, eunuchs had a lot of different functions in different [[Culture|cultures]]. Among other things, they worked as [[Domestic worker|domestics]], [[Castrato|treble singers]], [[Religion|religious]] specialists, [[Civil service|government officials]], [[military]] [[Commander|commanders]], and [[Guardian|guardians]] of [[Woman|women]] or harem [[Servant|servants]]. When eunuchs ran a harem, a monarch could be sure he was the one who fathered his [[Wife|wives]]' [[Child|children]] since eunuchs were always [[Infertility|infertile]]. ==Eastern Roman Empire== In [[Byzantine]] [[art]], [[Angel|angels]] and eunuchs were often shown in a similar light and [[Mannerism|manner]].<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/506467|title=Painting the Bodiless: Angels and Eunuchs in Byzantine Art and Culture|first=Amelia R.|last=Brown|journal=Inter-disciplinary.net|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{history-stub}} [[Category:Human sexuality]] 55zz0rzgjgjt3ug2ajb722vaqvqrbkb 0 99865 11024455 10803625 2026-10-09T06:30:04Z MourningRainfall 86802 11024455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Sir John A. Macdonald | honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] | honorific-suffix = {{postnominals|country=CAN|size=100%|PC|GCB|KCMG|QC}} | image = John A Macdonald (ca. 1875).jpg | signature = John A Macdonald signature.svg | party = [[Conservative Party of Canada (1867-1942)|Conservative]] | governor_general1 = [[Charles Monck, 4th Viscount Monck|The Viscount Monck]]<br />[[John Young, 1st Baron Lisgar|The Lord Lisgar]]<br />[[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|The Earl of Dufferin]] | monarch1 = [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]] | order1 = | office1 = 1st & 3rd [[Prime Minister of Canada]] | predecessor1 = Office established<br /><small>(see [[Canadian Confederation]])</small> | successor1 = [[Alexander Mackenzie (politician)|Alexander Mackenzie]] | term_start1 = 1 July 1867 | term_end1 = 5 November 1873 | successor2 = [[John Abbott]] | term_start2 = 17 October 1878 | term_end2 = 6 June 1891 | governor_general2 = The Earl of Dufferin<br />[[John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll|Marquess of Lorne]]<br />[[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|The Marquess of Lansdowne]]<br />[[Frederick Stanley, 16th Earl of Derby|The Lord Stanley of Preston]] | monarch2 = Victoria | predecessor2 = Alexander Mackenzie | birth_name = John Alexander Mcdonald | birth_date = January 11, 1815 | birth_place = [[Glasgow]], Scotland | death_date = June 6, 1891 (aged 76) | death_place = [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]], Canada | restingplace = [[Cataraqui Cemetery]] | education = [[Apprenticeship]] | otherparty = [[Upper Canada Tories|Upper Canada Tory]] (1843–1867)<br />[[Great Coalition]] (1864–1867)<br />[[Liberal-Conservative Party|Liberal-Conservative]] (1867–1873) | spouse = {{marriage|[[Isabella Macdonald|Isabella Clark]]|1843|1857|end=died}}<br />{{marriage|[[Agnes Macdonald, 1st Baroness Macdonald of Earnscliffe|Agnes Bernard]]|1867}} | children = 3 (including [[Hugh John Macdonald]]) | profession = [[Lawyer]] | death_cause = [[Stroke]] | office5 = [[Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada|Joint-Premier of the Province of Canada]]<br />[[Premier of Ontario|Premier of Canada West]] | term_start5 = 24 May 1856 | term_end5 = 2 August 1858 | monarch5 = Victoria | predecessor5 = [[Allan MacNab]] | successor5 = [[George Brown (Canadian politician)|George Brown]] | term_start6 = 6 August 1858 | term_end6 = 24 May 1862 | monarch6 = Victoria | predecessor6 = George Brown | successor6 = [[John Sandfield Macdonald]] | term_start7 = 30 May 1864 | term_end7 = 30 June 1867 | monarch7 = Victoria | predecessor7 = John Sandfield Macdonald | successor7 = John Sandfield Macdonald<br />(as [[Premier of Ontario]]) | nickname = "Old Tomorrow"<br />"The Old Chieftain" | allegiance = [[British Empire]]<br />[[Upper Canada]] | branch = [[Colonial militia in Canada|Loyalist militia]] | serviceyears = 1837 | rank = [[Private (rank)|Private]] | battles = [[Rebellions of 1837–1838]] *[[Upper Canada Rebellion]] | footnotes = {{Father of Confederation footnote}} ---- {{Collapsible list |titlestyle= background-color:lavender;text-align:center; |title=Cabinet offices held |bullets=no |[[Attorney General of Ontario|Attorney General of Canada West]] (1854–1862, 1864–1867) |[[Minister of Militia and Defence]] (1860–1867) |[[Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada]] (1867–1873) |[[Minister of the Interior (Canada)|Minister of the Interior]] (1878–1883, 1888) |[[Superintendent-General of Indian Affairs]] (1878–1887, 1888) |[[President of the Privy Council]] (1883–1889) |[[Minister of Railways and Canals]] (1889–1891) }} ---- {{Collapsible list |titlestyle= background-color:lavender;text-align:center; |title=Leadership offices held |bullets=no |Leader of the [[Upper Canada Tories|Conservative Party of Upper Canada]] (1858–1867) |[[List of Canadian conservative leaders|Leader of the Conservative Party of Canada]] (1867–1891) |[[Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)|Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition]] (1873–1878) }} ---- {{Collapsible list |titlestyle= background-color:lavender;text-align:center; |title=Parliamentary offices held |bullets = on |Member of the [[Parliament of the Province of Canada]] (1843–1867) |Member of the [[Parliament of Canada]] for Kingston (1867–1878, 1887–1891) |Member of the Canadian Parliament for Marquette (1878) |Member of the Canadian Parliament for Victoria (1878–1882) |Member of the Canadian Parliament for Lennox (1882) |Member of the Canadian Parliament for Carleton (1882–1887) }} }} '''Sir John Alexander Macdonald''' {{post-nominals|country=CAN|GCB|PC|QC}} (January 11, 1815 – June 6, 1891) was the first and third [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] of [[Canada]]. He was an important influence on the [[Canadian Confederation]], July 1, 1867. Macdonald was in office from 1867 to 1873 and again from 1878 to 1891, making him the second longest-serving Prime Minister of Canada (after [[William Lyon Mackenzie King]]) and the only one to win six majority governments. One of the things Macdonald wanted to do was to build a [[transcontinental country|transcontinental railway]] that would link Canada from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. That railway, called the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]], was completed in 1885. He is also criticized for taxing every Chinese person trying to get in Canada, and for doing things that hurt indigenous people in Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|title='A key player in Indigenous cultural genocide:' Historians erase Sir John A. Macdonald's name from book prize|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/a-key-player-in-indigenous-cultural-genocide-historians-erase-sir-john-a-macdonalds-name-from-book-prize|archive-url=https://archive.today/20180530085545/http://nationalpost.com/news/canada/a-key-player-in-indigenous-cultural-genocide-historians-erase-sir-john-a-macdonalds-name-from-book-prize|archive-date=30 May 2018}}</ref> Macdonald did not speak [[French language|French]] as well as the Prime Ministers who came after him. He could speak [[Scottish Gaelic language|Scottish Gaelic]] and a bit of [[Latin]]. Macdonald had four siblings. He was the third of five children. == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{cite web|url = http://www.collectionscanada.ca/primeministers/h4-3031-e.html|title = Macdonald-Biography-First Among Equals|publisher = Libraries and Archives Canada|access-date = 2008-03-22|archive-date = 2007-09-30|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070930190928/http://www.collectionscanada.ca/primeministers/h4-3031-e.html|url-status = dead}} * {{cite web|url = http://www.cityofkingston.ca/sirj.asp|title = Sir John A. Macdonald: Father of Confederation|publisher = City of Kingston|access-date = 2008-03-22|archive-date = 2007-09-27|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041310/http://www.cityofkingston.ca/sirj.asp|url-status = dead}} * {{cite web|url = http://www.kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca/jam/jamkingston.html|title = John A. Macdonald's Kingston|publisher = Kingston Historical Society|access-date = 2008-03-22|archive-date = 2008-05-31|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080531141446/http://www.kingstonhistoricalsociety.ca/jam/jamkingston.html|url-status = dead}} * [http://www.civilisations.ca/hist/biography/biographi261e.html The Canadian Museum of Civilization - Face-to-Face - The Canadian Personalities Hall] * [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-73-1456/politics_economy/prime_ministers/john_a_macdonald/Sir John A. Macdonald: Architect of Modern Canada] * [http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/federal/johna.htm John A. Macdonald, Confederation and Canadian Federalism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201115602/http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/federal/johna.htm |date=2008-12-01 }} * [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=40370 Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''] * [http://www3.sympatico.ca/sevenstar285/pages/sir_john.htm "Sir John A. Macdonald, Freemason"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604192102/http://www3.sympatico.ca/sevenstar285/pages/sir_john.htm |date=2007-06-04 }} * [http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/bio.asp?lang=E&query=1870&s=M Synopsis of federal political experience from the Library of Parliament] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305235857/http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/people/key/bio.asp?lang=E&query=1870&s=M |date=2005-03-05 }} * [http://www.cprheritage.com/history/pages/ns10217.htm Image of The Jamaica with Sir and Lady Macdonald aboard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080323153608/http://www.cprheritage.com/history/pages/ns10217.htm |date=2008-03-23 }} * [http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=2145 John Macdonald's Gravesite] * [https://archive.org/details/correspondenceof00macduoft ''Correspondence of Sir John Macdonald; selections from the correspondence of the Right Honorable Sir John Alexander Macdonald, first Prime Minister of the Dominion of Canada, made by his literary executor Sir Joseph Pope'' (1921)] * {{cite web|url = http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0004867|title = Macdonald, Sir John Alexander|publisher = The Canadian Encyclopedia|access-date = 2008-03-22|archive-date = 2008-03-25|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080325094600/http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0004867|url-status = dead}} * [http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBioPrintable.asp?BioId=40370 ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography'' article by J. K. Johnson and P. B. Waite] * [http://www.canadachannel.ca/pm/index.php/Welcome_to_the_John_A._Macdonald_Portal The John A. Macdonald Portal, edited by Alastair Sweeny] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080531145454/http://www.canadachannel.ca/pm/index.php/Welcome_to_the_John_A._Macdonald_Portal |date=2008-05-31 }} {{start box}} {{s-off}} {{succession box| before=[[Allan Napier MacNab|Sir Allan Napier MacNab]]| title=[[Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada]] - Canada West| years=1856 – 1858| after=[[George Brown (Canadian politician)|George Brown]] }} {{succession box| title=[[Joint Premiers of the Province of Canada]] - Canada West| before=[[George Brown (Canadian politician)|George Brown]]| years=1858 – 1867| after=himself as [[Prime Minister of Canada]] and [[John Sandfield Macdonald|Sir John Sandfield Macdonald]] as [[Premier of Ontario]] }} {{succession box| before=None| title=[[Conservative Party of Canada (historical)|Leader of the Conservative Party of Canada]]| after=[[John Joseph Caldwell Abbott|Sir John J.C. Abbott]]| years=1867 – 1891 }} {{succession box| title=[[Prime Minister of Canada]]| before=None| years=1867 – 1873| after=[[Alexander Mackenzie (politician)|Alexander Mackenzie]] }} {{succession box| before=none| title=[[Minister of Justice (Canada)|Minister of Justice and Attorney General]]| after=[[Antoine Dorion]]| years=1867 – 1873 }} {{succession box| before=[[Alexander Mackenzie (politician)|Alexander Mackenzie]]| title=[[Leader of the Opposition (Canada)|Leader of the Opposition]]| after=[[Alexander Mackenzie (politician)|Alexander Mackenzie]]| years=1873 – 1878 }} {{succession box| title=[[Prime Minister of Canada]]| before=[[Alexander Mackenzie (politician)|Alexander Mackenzie]]| years=1878 – 1891| after=[[John Joseph Caldwell Abbott|Sir John J.C. Abbott]] }} {{succession box| before=[[David Mills (Canadian politician)|David Mills]]| title=[[Minister of the Interior (Canada)|Minister of the Interior]]| after=[[Edgar Dewdney]]| years=1878 – 1888 }} {{succession box| before=[[John Henry Pope]]| title=[[List of Canadian Ministers of Railways and Canals|Minister of Railways and Canals]]| after=[[Mackenzie Bowell]] ''(acting)''| years= 1889 – 1891 }} {{s-par|ca}} {{succession box| before=none| title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Kingston (electoral district)|Kingston]]| after=[[Alexander Gunn]]| years=1867 – 1878 }} {{succession box| before=[[Francis James Roscoe]]| title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Victoria (electoral district)|Victoria]]| after=[[Edgar Crow Baker|E.C. Baker]]| years=1878 – 1882 }} {{succession box| before=[[John Rochester]]| title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Carleton (electoral district)|Carleton]]| after=[[George Dickinson]]| years=1882 – 1887 }} {{succession box| before=Alexander Gunn| title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Kingston (electoral district)|Kingston]]| after=[[James Henry Metcalfe|James H. Metcalfe]]| years=1887 – 1891 }} {{end box}} {{CanadaPM}} {{wikiquote-en}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Macdonald, John A.}} [[Category:1815 births]] [[Category:1891 deaths]] [[Category:Canadian King's Counsel]] [[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George]] [[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath]] [[Category:Leaders of the Opposition (Canada)]] [[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Ministers of railways and canals of Canada]] [[Category:Politicians from Glasgow]] [[Category:Privy Councillors (Canada)]] [[Category:19th-century Canadian people]] [[Category:Leaders of the Conservative Party of Canada (1867–1942)]] ouf7m7ez4bp3aceogws1h5ftinj4utu 0 102412 11024298 11013236 2026-10-09T03:16:51Z ~2026-54050-03 1887341 11024298 wikitext text/x-wiki [[White people]] should get burned for bringing these subhuman animals to America and causing the [[Native Americans]] to become extinct... '''Black people''' is a term that is used for a [[race (sociology)|racial group]] of [[human|people]] with a dark skin color. The meaning of the word is mainly used for people of African descent that traces to indigenous groups south of the [[Sahara]], but also includes certain groups in [[Oceania]], [[Andaman Islands]] ([[South Asia]]) and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref group="note"> Other isolated groups in Oceania, Andaman Islands (South Asia) and Southeast Asia sometimes grouped as black include [[Indigenous Australians]] (including [[Torres Strait Islanders]]), [[Melanesia]]ns and [[Negrito]]s. </ref><ref>black. (n.d.). ''Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)''. Retrieved April 13, 2007, from [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/black Dictionary.com website]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter47/text47.htm |title=47. Relatives Western Asia |publisher=Andaman.org |accessdate=2010-04-10 |archive-date=2008-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820123838/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter47/text47.htm |url-status=deviated }}</ref> ==Black people in the Americas== ===United States=== [[File:President Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|Barack Obama]] {{Main|African Americans}} {{See also|Black Hispanic and Latino Americans}} Black people in the [[United States]] are called ''African Americans''. Before 1776, many [[West Africa|West]] and [[Central Africa]]ns were brought to the [[Thirteen Colonies]] during the [[Atlantic slave trade]] by British and Irish colonists. Many African slaves worked on cotton, sugarcane, tobacco and rice plantations in the [[Southern United States]] for their British and Irish slave owners before and after the Atlantic slave trade was abolished in 1808.<ref>[https://www.history.com/.amp/news/slavery-profitable-southern-economy How Slavery Became the Economic Engine of the South]</ref> Later, other Africans came out of their free will. [[Discrimination]] against African Americans is a big problem. [[Black Lives Matter]] is a movement fighting against Individual [[racism]] and [[police brutality]]. In 2010, the cities with the largest numbers of African Americans were [[Detroit]] (670,000 black inhabitants) and [[Memphis]] (607,000 black inhabitants). In 2008, [[Barack Obama]] became the first African American [[president of the United States]]. In 2021, [[Kamala Harris]] became the first African American to be the [[Vice President of the United States]]. Some blacks in the United States are [[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans|Spanish-speaking]], Caribbean or African because of immigration. Most recent African immigrants are refugees from [[East Africa]]n countries, such as [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Somalia]] etc. or high-skilled immigrants from Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, and South Africa.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/sub-saharan-african-immigrants-united-states-2018 | title=Sub-Saharan African Immigrants in the United States | date=5 November 2019 }}</ref> Most non-Hispanic blacks in the United States live in [[Southern United States|the South]]. States with a large black population are Texas, Georgia, Florida, New York, North Carolina, Maryland, Illinois, Virginia and Louisiana.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=3&lvlid=61 | title=Black/African American - the Office of Minority Health }}</ref> [[New York City]], [[Chicago]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Detroit]] and [[Houston]] have the largest black population by city.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/census_2000/cb01cn176.html | title=Majority of African Americans Live in 10 States; New York City and Chicago Are Cities with Largest Black Populations - Census 2000 - Newsroom - U.S. Census Bureau }}</ref> The first black people were brought to the United States by white colonizers on a Dutch boat from [[Angola]] in 1619 to the British colony of [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] in [[Virginia]].<ref>[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/how-slavery-flourished-united-states-chart-maps How slavery flourished in the United States]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade |title=Stolen from Africa, enslaved people first arrived in colonial Virginia in 1619 |access-date=2022-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512223121/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade |archive-date=2021-05-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Latin America === [[File:Pele con brasil (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Pelé]], a Brazilian footballer]] {{See also|Afro-Cubans|Afro-Colombian|Afro-Brazilians|Afro-Mexicans}} Spanish and Portuguese colonists shipped African slaves to Latin American countries such as [[Colombia]], [[Brazil]], [[Mexico]], [[Honduras]], [[El Salvador]], [[Venezuela]], [[Cuba]], [[Guatemala]], [[Panama]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Puerto Rico]] and the [[Dominican Republic]] because of the decline of [[Native American]]s from smallpox and disease. Native Americans were initially slaves but Europeans turned to Africans because of the mass decline of the Native American population. Many Mestizos and Hispanics have African DNA from the [[Atlantic slave trade]] because of the race mixing with European settlers, African slaves and Native Americans. Many African ex-slaves in Latin America are mixed race and have Native American, Spanish and Portuguese ancestry. "Mestizaje" in [[Latin America]] by the Spanish was similar to the racial whitening that happened in Brazil. === Caribbean === {{See also|Afro-Dominican|Afro-Haitian|Afro-Bahamian|Afro-Jamaican}} Black slaves were shipped to various Caribbean countries such as [[Jamaica]], [[Haiti]], [[The Bahamas]], [[Barbados]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. Europeans, mostly the British, the Dutch and the French brought Africans to the Caribbean to work on crops like [[coffee]], [[sugar]], [[cocoa]], [[cotton]] and [[indigo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.recoveredhistories.org/storiescaribbean.php | title=Recovered Histories - Enslavement in the Caribbean | access-date=2020-09-25 | archive-date=2020-11-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105231830/http://www.recoveredhistories.org/storiescaribbean.php | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Canada === {{Main|Black Canadians}} There were 1.2 million black people living in [[Canada]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-657-x/89-657-x2019002-eng.htm | title=Diversity of the Black population in Canada: An overview | date=27 February 2019 }}</ref> ==Black people in other countries== === Germany === There were about 1 million black people living in [[Germany]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zu Besuch in Neger und Mohrenkirch: Können Ortsnamen rassistisch sein?|url=https://www.focus.de/wissen/mensch/sprache/es-gibt-einige-die-entsetzt-waren-zu-besuch-in-neger-und-mohrenkirch-koennen-ortsnamen-rassistisch-sein_id_12824108.html|quote=Rund eine Million schwarzer Menschen leben laut ISD hierzulande. (There are about one million black people living in our country according to ISD.)}}</ref> Black people were racially discriminated and were considered inferior by the [[Nazi]]s along with [[Roma people|Gypsies]].<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41306842 Blacks and Gypsies in Nazi Germany: the Limits of the 'Racial State' - JSTOR]</ref> ===India and Pakistan=== In [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] there are [[Siddi (South Asia)|Siddi]] people. Their [[ancestor]]s came from [[East Africa]].{{cn}} ===South Africa=== During [[apartheid]] people in South Africa were classified into four main races: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian) and Coloured. Under apartheid black people were treated the most badly. Coloured people were treated slightly less badly. In [[South Africa]], Chinese people who lived there during apartheid are classified as black.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7461099.stm|title=S Africa Chinese 'become black'|date=18 June 2008|publisher=|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> About 80% of people in South Africa are black African. The income of the average white South African household is six times as much as that of the average black South African household.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-10-30/south-africa-s-racial-income-inequality-persists-census-shows.html|title=South Africa's Racial Income Inequality Persists, Census Shows|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=30 October 2012 }}</ref> ===United Kingdom=== {{Main|Black British}} Black people in the [[United Kingdom]] are defined by terms used by the Office for National Statistics. They make up 3.3% of the people in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/ethnicityandnationalidentityinenglandandwales/2012-12-11|title=Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics|website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref> Of course, these terms may or may not be used in everyday life. ===Palestine=== {{Main| Black Palestinians}} ===Turkey=== {{Main| Afro-Turks}} == Related pages == * [[Africa]] * [[African American]] * [[White people]] * [[Afro-Asian]] == Notes == <references group="note" /> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Ethnic groups]] [[Category:Historical races]] qu2e225a54q63fjgfiun3kj6wmkn3ay 11024303 11024298 2026-10-09T03:20:07Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54050-03|~2026-54050-03]] ([[User talk:~2026-54050-03|talk]]) to last version by InternetArchiveBot 11013236 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Black people''' is a term that is used for a [[race (sociology)|racial group]] of [[human|people]] with a dark skin color. The meaning of the word is mainly used for people of African descent that traces to indigenous groups south of the [[Sahara]], but also includes certain groups in [[Oceania]], [[Andaman Islands]] ([[South Asia]]) and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref group="note"> Other isolated groups in Oceania, Andaman Islands (South Asia) and Southeast Asia sometimes grouped as black include [[Indigenous Australians]] (including [[Torres Strait Islanders]]), [[Melanesia]]ns and [[Negrito]]s. </ref><ref>black. (n.d.). ''Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1)''. Retrieved April 13, 2007, from [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/black Dictionary.com website]</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter47/text47.htm |title=47. Relatives Western Asia |publisher=Andaman.org |accessdate=2010-04-10 |archive-date=2008-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820123838/http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/chapter47/text47.htm |url-status=deviated }}</ref> ==Black people in the Americas== ===United States=== [[File:President Barack Obama.jpg|thumb|Barack Obama]] {{Main|African Americans}} {{See also|Black Hispanic and Latino Americans}} Black people in the [[United States]] are called ''African Americans''. Before 1776, many [[West Africa|West]] and [[Central Africa]]ns were brought to the [[Thirteen Colonies]] during the [[Atlantic slave trade]] by British and Irish colonists. Many African slaves worked on cotton, sugarcane, tobacco and rice plantations in the [[Southern United States]] for their British and Irish slave owners before and after the Atlantic slave trade was abolished in 1808.<ref>[https://www.history.com/.amp/news/slavery-profitable-southern-economy How Slavery Became the Economic Engine of the South]</ref> Later, other Africans came out of their free will. [[Discrimination]] against African Americans is a big problem. [[Black Lives Matter]] is a movement fighting against Individual [[racism]] and [[police brutality]]. In 2010, the cities with the largest numbers of African Americans were [[Detroit]] (670,000 black inhabitants) and [[Memphis]] (607,000 black inhabitants). In 2008, [[Barack Obama]] became the first African American [[president of the United States]]. In 2021, [[Kamala Harris]] became the first African American to be the [[Vice President of the United States]]. Some blacks in the United States are [[Black Hispanic and Latino Americans|Spanish-speaking]], Caribbean or African because of immigration. Most recent African immigrants are refugees from [[East Africa]]n countries, such as [[Eritrea]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Somalia]] etc. or high-skilled immigrants from Nigeria, Kenya, Ghana, and South Africa.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/sub-saharan-african-immigrants-united-states-2018 | title=Sub-Saharan African Immigrants in the United States | date=5 November 2019 }}</ref> Most non-Hispanic blacks in the United States live in [[Southern United States|the South]]. States with a large black population are Texas, Georgia, Florida, New York, North Carolina, Maryland, Illinois, Virginia and Louisiana.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.minorityhealth.hhs.gov/omh/browse.aspx?lvl=3&lvlid=61 | title=Black/African American - the Office of Minority Health }}</ref> [[New York City]], [[Chicago]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Detroit]] and [[Houston]] have the largest black population by city.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/census_2000/cb01cn176.html | title=Majority of African Americans Live in 10 States; New York City and Chicago Are Cities with Largest Black Populations - Census 2000 - Newsroom - U.S. Census Bureau }}</ref> The first black people were brought to the United States by white colonizers on a Dutch boat from [[Angola]] in 1619 to the British colony of [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] in [[Virginia]].<ref>[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/how-slavery-flourished-united-states-chart-maps How slavery flourished in the United States]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade |title=Stolen from Africa, enslaved people first arrived in colonial Virginia in 1619 |access-date=2022-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512223121/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/history-magazine/article/virginia-first-africans-transatlantic-slave-trade |archive-date=2021-05-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Latin America === [[File:Pele con brasil (cropped).jpg|thumb|[[Pelé]], a Brazilian footballer]] {{See also|Afro-Cubans|Afro-Colombian|Afro-Brazilians|Afro-Mexicans}} Spanish and Portuguese colonists shipped African slaves to Latin American countries such as [[Colombia]], [[Brazil]], [[Mexico]], [[Honduras]], [[El Salvador]], [[Venezuela]], [[Cuba]], [[Guatemala]], [[Panama]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Puerto Rico]] and the [[Dominican Republic]] because of the decline of [[Native American]]s from smallpox and disease. Native Americans were initially slaves but Europeans turned to Africans because of the mass decline of the Native American population. Many Mestizos and Hispanics have African DNA from the [[Atlantic slave trade]] because of the race mixing with European settlers, African slaves and Native Americans. Many African ex-slaves in Latin America are mixed race and have Native American, Spanish and Portuguese ancestry. "Mestizaje" in [[Latin America]] by the Spanish was similar to the racial whitening that happened in Brazil. === Caribbean === {{See also|Afro-Dominican|Afro-Haitian|Afro-Bahamian|Afro-Jamaican}} Black slaves were shipped to various Caribbean countries such as [[Jamaica]], [[Haiti]], [[The Bahamas]], [[Barbados]] and [[Trinidad and Tobago]]. Europeans, mostly the British, the Dutch and the French brought Africans to the Caribbean to work on crops like [[coffee]], [[sugar]], [[cocoa]], [[cotton]] and [[indigo]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.recoveredhistories.org/storiescaribbean.php | title=Recovered Histories - Enslavement in the Caribbean | access-date=2020-09-25 | archive-date=2020-11-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105231830/http://www.recoveredhistories.org/storiescaribbean.php | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Canada === {{Main|Black Canadians}} There were 1.2 million black people living in [[Canada]] in 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/89-657-x/89-657-x2019002-eng.htm | title=Diversity of the Black population in Canada: An overview | date=27 February 2019 }}</ref> ==Black people in other countries== === Germany === There were about 1 million black people living in [[Germany]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|title=Zu Besuch in Neger und Mohrenkirch: Können Ortsnamen rassistisch sein?|url=https://www.focus.de/wissen/mensch/sprache/es-gibt-einige-die-entsetzt-waren-zu-besuch-in-neger-und-mohrenkirch-koennen-ortsnamen-rassistisch-sein_id_12824108.html|quote=Rund eine Million schwarzer Menschen leben laut ISD hierzulande. (There are about one million black people living in our country according to ISD.)}}</ref> Black people were racially discriminated and were considered inferior by the [[Nazi]]s along with [[Roma people|Gypsies]].<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41306842 Blacks and Gypsies in Nazi Germany: the Limits of the 'Racial State' - JSTOR]</ref> ===India and Pakistan=== In [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] there are [[Siddi (South Asia)|Siddi]] people. Their [[ancestor]]s came from [[East Africa]].{{cn}} ===South Africa=== During [[apartheid]] people in South Africa were classified into four main races: Black, White, Asian (mostly Indian) and Coloured. Under apartheid black people were treated the most badly. Coloured people were treated slightly less badly. In [[South Africa]], Chinese people who lived there during apartheid are classified as black.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7461099.stm|title=S Africa Chinese 'become black'|date=18 June 2008|publisher=|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> About 80% of people in South Africa are black African. The income of the average white South African household is six times as much as that of the average black South African household.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-10-30/south-africa-s-racial-income-inequality-persists-census-shows.html|title=South Africa's Racial Income Inequality Persists, Census Shows|newspaper=Bloomberg|date=30 October 2012 }}</ref> ===United Kingdom=== {{Main|Black British}} Black people in the [[United Kingdom]] are defined by terms used by the Office for National Statistics. They make up 3.3% of the people in the UK.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/ethnicityandnationalidentityinenglandandwales/2012-12-11|title=Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales - Office for National Statistics|website=www.ons.gov.uk}}</ref> Of course, these terms may or may not be used in everyday life. ===Palestine=== {{Main| Black Palestinians}} ===Turkey=== {{Main| Afro-Turks}} == Related pages == * [[Africa]] * [[African American]] * [[White people]] * [[Afro-Asian]] == Notes == <references group="note" /> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Ethnic groups]] [[Category:Historical races]] aohy26d1n5kyc98niz1uqifpy30rijv 0 104269 11024167 10987851 2026-10-08T21:50:27Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 /* */ 11024167 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Human buttocks.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Female]] Buttocks (Up) [[Male]] Buttocks (Down)]] The '''buttocks''' are two round parts of the lower body. They are on the back of the pelvic area and give padding when people sit. Buttocks are formed mainly from two large muscles on each side. These are the ''gluteus maximus'' and the ''gluteus medius''. They go from the hip to the top of the leg, so they are not there just for decoration. The role of the buttocks in sitting and in sexual arousal are secondary functions in our species.<ref>Hennig, Jean-Luc 1995. ''The rear view: A brief and elegant history of bottoms through the ages''. London: Souvenir. {{ISBN|0-285-63303-1}}</ref> In some African populations, the buttocks look bigger because of extra fat. This condition is known as [[steatopygia]]. It is an inherited condition first noticed in the [[Khoisan]] (San people) of southern Africa and the [[pygmies]] of central Africa. Now it has been recognised in the people of the Andaman islands in the [[Indian Ocean]]. Slang words for the butt include booty, buttocks, bum, butt-cheeks, Male buttocks are so hot! Especially gym bro butts. I want to take turns having anal sex with a straight bubble butt alpha male gym bro. I want to smell his stinky underwear. == Gallery == <gallery perrow="3" widths="199" heights="200"> File:Horizontal gluteal crease.jpg|Horizontal gluteal crease File:Intergluteal cleft.png|Intergluteal cleft File:Fremont naked cyclists 2007 - 59.jpg|[[Nudist]] cyclists at an event, in [[Fremont, California]]. They use [[body-painting]] for their buttocks. File:Stage Door Johnnies.jpg|A [[burlesque]] stage show with three naked men, their buttocks visible File:Japanese traditional swimwear FUNDOSHI red rokushaku back photomodel fthong 1.jpg|Japanese man in a traditional swimwear [[Fundoshi]]-rokushaku File:Bikini girls Holland beach 1999.jpg|Diffferent kinds of women's swimwear show the buttocks. [[bikini]] panties on the left, [[thong]] on the right </gallery> == References == {{reflist}} {{Biology-stub}} [[Category:Buttocks| ]] [[Category:Torso]] [[Category:Lower limb anatomy]] n00pb2d1vpf858byts3xatau89dbvwx 11024168 11024167 2026-10-08T21:51:19Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Ravensfire. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024168 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Human buttocks.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Female]] Buttocks (Up) [[Male]] Buttocks (Down)]] The '''buttocks''' are two round parts of the lower body. They are on the back of the pelvic area and give padding when people sit. Buttocks are formed mainly from two large muscles on each side. These are the ''gluteus maximus'' and the ''gluteus medius''. They go from the hip to the top of the leg, so they are not there just for decoration. The role of the buttocks in sitting and in sexual arousal are secondary functions in our species.<ref>Hennig, Jean-Luc 1995. ''The rear view: A brief and elegant history of bottoms through the ages''. London: Souvenir. {{ISBN|0-285-63303-1}}</ref> In some African populations, the buttocks look bigger because of extra fat. This condition is known as [[steatopygia]]. It is an inherited condition first noticed in the [[Khoisan]] (San people) of southern Africa and the [[pygmies]] of central Africa. Now it has been recognised in the people of the Andaman islands in the [[Indian Ocean]]. Slang words for the butt include booty, buttocks, bum, butt-cheeks, == Gallery == <gallery perrow="3" widths="199" heights="200"> File:Horizontal gluteal crease.jpg|Horizontal gluteal crease File:Intergluteal cleft.png|Intergluteal cleft File:Fremont naked cyclists 2007 - 59.jpg|[[Nudist]] cyclists at an event, in [[Fremont, California]]. They use [[body-painting]] for their buttocks. File:Stage Door Johnnies.jpg|A [[burlesque]] stage show with three naked men, their buttocks visible File:Japanese traditional swimwear FUNDOSHI red rokushaku back photomodel fthong 1.jpg|Japanese man in a traditional swimwear [[Fundoshi]]-rokushaku File:Bikini girls Holland beach 1999.jpg|Diffferent kinds of women's swimwear show the buttocks. [[bikini]] panties on the left, [[thong]] on the right </gallery> == References == {{reflist}} {{Biology-stub}} [[Category:Buttocks| ]] [[Category:Torso]] [[Category:Lower limb anatomy]] qqyghvueub521fhuf9bvpgi7oxm4u3q 11024171 11024168 2026-10-08T21:52:15Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 /* */ 11024171 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Human buttocks.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Female]] Buttocks (Up) [[Male]] Buttocks (Down)]] The '''buttocks''' are two round parts of the lower body. They are on the back of the pelvic area and give padding when people sit. Buttocks are formed mainly from two large muscles on each side. These are the ''gluteus maximus'' and the ''gluteus medius''. They go from the hip to the top of the leg, so they are not there just for decoration. The role of the buttocks in sitting and in sexual arousal are secondary functions in our species.<ref>Hennig, Jean-Luc 1995. ''The rear view: A brief and elegant history of bottoms through the ages''. London: Souvenir. {{ISBN|0-285-63303-1}}</ref> In some African populations, the buttocks look bigger because of extra fat. This condition is known as [[steatopygia]]. It is an inherited condition first noticed in the [[Khoisan]] (San people) of southern Africa and the [[pygmies]] of central Africa. Now it has been recognised in the people of the Andaman islands in the [[Indian Ocean]]. Slang words for the butt include booty, buttocks, bum, butt-cheeks, Male buttocks are so hot! Especially gym bro butts. I want to have anal sex with a straight bubble butt alpha male gym bro and fill his big {{text|a}}ss with cum. I want to smell his stinky underwear. == Gallery == <gallery perrow="3" widths="199" heights="200"> File:Horizontal gluteal crease.jpg|Horizontal gluteal crease File:Intergluteal cleft.png|Intergluteal cleft File:Fremont naked cyclists 2007 - 59.jpg|[[Nudist]] cyclists at an event, in [[Fremont, California]]. They use [[body-painting]] for their buttocks. File:Stage Door Johnnies.jpg|A [[burlesque]] stage show with three naked men, their buttocks visible File:Japanese traditional swimwear FUNDOSHI red rokushaku back photomodel fthong 1.jpg|Japanese man in a traditional swimwear [[Fundoshi]]-rokushaku File:Bikini girls Holland beach 1999.jpg|Diffferent kinds of women's swimwear show the buttocks. [[bikini]] panties on the left, [[thong]] on the right </gallery> == References == {{reflist}} {{Biology-stub}} [[Category:Buttocks| ]] [[Category:Torso]] [[Category:Lower limb anatomy]] 85wegw1ef87pwjus5b1rfut6nkiayfw 11024180 11024171 2026-10-08T21:53:10Z Fehufanga 863768 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) to last version by Barbara (WVS) 11024168 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Human buttocks.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Female]] Buttocks (Up) [[Male]] Buttocks (Down)]] The '''buttocks''' are two round parts of the lower body. They are on the back of the pelvic area and give padding when people sit. Buttocks are formed mainly from two large muscles on each side. These are the ''gluteus maximus'' and the ''gluteus medius''. They go from the hip to the top of the leg, so they are not there just for decoration. The role of the buttocks in sitting and in sexual arousal are secondary functions in our species.<ref>Hennig, Jean-Luc 1995. ''The rear view: A brief and elegant history of bottoms through the ages''. London: Souvenir. {{ISBN|0-285-63303-1}}</ref> In some African populations, the buttocks look bigger because of extra fat. This condition is known as [[steatopygia]]. It is an inherited condition first noticed in the [[Khoisan]] (San people) of southern Africa and the [[pygmies]] of central Africa. Now it has been recognised in the people of the Andaman islands in the [[Indian Ocean]]. Slang words for the butt include booty, buttocks, bum, butt-cheeks, == Gallery == <gallery perrow="3" widths="199" heights="200"> File:Horizontal gluteal crease.jpg|Horizontal gluteal crease File:Intergluteal cleft.png|Intergluteal cleft File:Fremont naked cyclists 2007 - 59.jpg|[[Nudist]] cyclists at an event, in [[Fremont, California]]. They use [[body-painting]] for their buttocks. File:Stage Door Johnnies.jpg|A [[burlesque]] stage show with three naked men, their buttocks visible File:Japanese traditional swimwear FUNDOSHI red rokushaku back photomodel fthong 1.jpg|Japanese man in a traditional swimwear [[Fundoshi]]-rokushaku File:Bikini girls Holland beach 1999.jpg|Diffferent kinds of women's swimwear show the buttocks. [[bikini]] panties on the left, [[thong]] on the right </gallery> == References == {{reflist}} {{Biology-stub}} [[Category:Buttocks| ]] [[Category:Torso]] [[Category:Lower limb anatomy]] qqyghvueub521fhuf9bvpgi7oxm4u3q 0 116341 11024618 10935709 2026-10-09T11:42:19Z ~2026-54194-27 1887498 11024618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no sources|date=July 2026}} {{See also|Bikaner–Pakistan prospective relations}} '''Ferozepur''' ({{lang-ur|ضلع فیروزپور}}) founded by [[Firuz Shah Tughluq]] is a [[district]] in the [[India]]n [[states of India|state]] of [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]. The district is the oldest [[United Kingdom|British]] district of Punjab. It was created in 1833 as district [[headquarters]] and was part of the earstwhile [[Lahore Division]] (now in [[Pakistan]]). Ferozepur has easy access by [[road]] and [[railway|rail]] to other places such as [[Lahore]], [[Okara District|Okara]], [[Kasur District|Kasur]], [[Multan]]. The area is a center of many [[holy]] [[shrine]]s and [[history|historic]] places. At the [[city]] of [[Zira Tehsil|Zira]], a [[Jainism|Jain]] [[Swetambar Temple]] with very old [[brass]] [[icon]]s and [[wikt:beauty|beautiful]] wall [[mural]]s is located. In addition to [[cotton]] and [[grain]] [[cultivation]] and [[agriculture]]-related services, Firozpur has some light [[manufacture|manufacturing]]. [[Commerce|Commercial]] progress is limited because it is very near the border between India and Pakistan. ==Administration== The district is [[administration|administratively]] divided into the following [[tehsil]]s: * [[Guru Har Sahai Tehsil]] * [[Firozpur Tehsil]] * [[Zira Tehsil]] [[Category:Districts of British India]] [[Category:Districts of Punjab, India]] 4u7yaa3xw6xv7mjsquxabfa22wnmriu 0 117353 11024275 11006273 2026-10-09T02:45:50Z Stephan1000000 430706 1386 11024275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{more sources|date=October 2022}} {{Infobox animanga/Header | name = Pokémon | image = International Pokémon logo.svg | caption = English logo | ja_kanji = ポケットモンスター | ja_romaji = Poketto Monsutā | genre = [[Action]], [[Adventure fiction|adventure]], [[Fantasy]]<!-- Note: Use and cite reliable sources to identify genre/s, not personal interpretation. Please don't include more than three genres (per [[MOS:A&M]]). --> }} {{Infobox animanga/Video | type = tv series | director = [[Kunihiko Yuyama]] <small>(Chief Director)</small><br>Masamitsu Hidaka <small>(1997–2006)</small><br>Norihiko Sudō <small>(2006–2013)</small><br>Yūji Asada <small>(2010)</small><br>Tetsuo Yajima <small>(2013–2016)</small><br>Daiki Tomiyasu <small>(Deputy Director: 2015–2016; Director: 2016–present)</small> | producer = | writer = [[Takeshi Shudo]] <small>(1997–2000)</small><br>Atsuhiro Tomioka <small>(2006–2016)</small><br>Aya Matsui <small>(2016–present)</small> | music = [[Shinji Miyazaki]]<br>[[Hirokazu Tanaka]] <small>(openings)</small><br>[[Manny Corallo]]<br>[[John Loeffler]] <small>(4Kids and TPCi Music Dub: 1998-2013)</small><br>[[Ed Goldfarb]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edgoldfarbmusic.com/|title=ED GOLDFARB, COMPOSER – Composer & Songwriter|website=edgoldfarbmusic.com|access-date=2018-12-27|archive-date=2021-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922072706/https://edgoldfarbmusic.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <small>(TPCi Music Dub: 2014-Present)</small> | studio = [[OLM, Inc.]]<br>Team Ota <small>(1997–2006)</small><br>Team Iguchi <small>(2006–2009)</small><br>Team Kato <small>(2010–present)</small> | licensee = {{English anime licensee | NA = [[4Kids Entertainment]] <small>(1998–2006)</small><br/>[[The Pokémon Company|The Pokémon Company International]] <small>(2006–present)</small> }} | network = [[TV Tokyo]] | network_en = {{collapsible list|title=List| {{English anime network | US = [[Broadcast syndication|First run syndication]] <small>(1998)</small><br>[[The WB]] ([[Kids' WB]]) <small>(1999–2006)</small><br/> [[Comedy Central]] <small>(2001-2015, 2017-present)</small><br/>[[Cartoon Network]] <small>(2002–2017)</small><br/>[[Boomerang (TV channel)|Boomerang]]<br>[[Nickelodeon]]<small>(2009-2018)</small><br>[[Disney XD]] <small>(2017–present)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ohmy.disney.com/news/2016/11/18/breaking-pokemon-the-series-sun-moon-to-debut-on-disney-xd |title=Breaking: Pokemon the Series Sun and Moon to debut on Disney XD|first=Samantha|last=Sofka|publisher=Oh My Disney|date=November 17, 2016}}</ref> | CA = [[YTV (TV channel)|YTV]] <small>(1998–2014)</small><br>[[Teletoon]] <small>(2014–present)</small> | AU = [[Network Ten]] <small>(1998–2012)</small><br>[[Eleven (Australian TV channel)|Eleven]] <small>(2012–18)</small><br>[[9Go!]] <small>(2016–present)</small> | AUS = [[Cartoon Network (Australia and New Zealand)|Cartoon Network]] <small>(2000–12, 2014–16)</small><br>[[Boomerang (Australia and New Zealand)|Boomerang]] <small>(2016)</small><br>[[Disney XD (Australia and New Zealand)|Disney XD]] <small>(2018–present)</small> | NZ = [[TVNZ 2]] <small>(1998–2000, 2003–present)</small><br>[[TV3 (New Zealand)|TV3]] <small>(2000–03)</small> | IN = [[Cartoon Network (India)|Cartoon Network]] <small>(2003–11, 2014–2015)</small><br>[[Pogo (TV channel)|Pogo]] <small>(2011–14) </small><br> [[Hungama TV]] {{small|(Hindi, Tamil and Telugu) (2010-16)}}<br> [[Disney XD (India)|Disney XD]] {{small|(2017-present)}} | RU = [[Jetix]] <small>(2005-09)</small><br>[[Gulli]] <small>(2011-present)</small> | UK = [[Sky 1]]<br>[[ITV1]]<br>[[CITV]] <small>(1999–present)</small><br>[[ITV4]]<br>[[Toonami (UK & Ireland)|Toonami]]<br>[[Cartoon Network Too]]<br>[[Jetix]]<br>[[Disney XD (UK & Ireland)|Disney XD]]<br>[[Pop Max]]<br>[[Pop (UK and Ireland)|Pop]] <small>(2018-present)</small> | ZA = [[e.tv]] and etoonz <small>(currently)</small><br>[[SABC 2]]<br>[[SABC 3]]<br>[[Disney XD]] <small>(2011–~2016)</small> | SEA = [[Disney XD (Southeast Asia)|Disney XD]] <small>(2016–present)</small><br>[[Disney Channel (Southeast Asia)|Disney Channel]] <small>(2017-present)</small> | PH = [[GMA Network]] <small>(1999-2002, 2007-present)</small> }} }} | first = April 1, 1997 | last = | episodes = 1386 | episode_list = List of Pokémon episodes (seasons 1–13) }} <!--This page is about the TV series, not the overall franchise or films--> {{Infobox animanga/Other | title = Specials | content = *8 TV specials (3 full-length, 5 normal-length) *25 side-story episodes <!--Flight shorts and OVAs are not TV episodes--> }} {{Infobox animanga/Footer}} '''''Pokémon''''' (abbreviated from {{nihongo|'''''Pocket Monsters'''''|ポケットモンスター|''Poketto Monsutā''|}}) is a [[Japan]]ese [[anime]] [[children's television series]]. It is part of the ''[[Pokémon]]'' media franchise which is owned by [[Nintendo]]. It has been brought to many other places, including [[North America]], [[Europe]], and [[Australia]]. The [[United States]] dub was originally made by [[4Kids Entertainment]]; starting in 2006 the dub has been made by Pokémon USA. Not long after ''[[Pokémon Red and Blue]]'' (the first ''Pokémon'' video games outside of Japan) were released, the anime was created. It was first broadcast in Japan in early 1997, and in the United States in late 1998. The anime started what has been called "Pokémania", which meant that after the anime came out, it became very popular among children, and many parents assumed it was a [[fad]] and no one would care about it in a couple years. However, it was never cancelled, and it is still running, and continues to maintain a fanbase consisting of people of all ages. The anime shows the adventures of [[Ash Ketchum]], a 10-year-old [[Pokémon trainer]] and his partner pikachu, who has many adventures, meeting many new people and Pokémon, Ash then leaves the anime and Pokémon Horizons then follows Liko and Roy who also go on adventures to meet people and Pokémon. Pokémon Horizons will release in Australia on 9Go! on February 27th 2024. A number of ''Pokémon'' [[Movie|films]] have also been made that relate to the anime. The first one was ''[[Pokémon: The First Movie]]'' (released on 1998 in Japan and on 1999 in North America). They are still being made. There are [[Pokémon crime organizations|various bad guys]] in Pokémon like Team Rocket. ==Seasons== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! rowspan="2" |Season ! rowspan="2" |Season name ! rowspan="2" |Episodes ! colspan="2" |Originally aired |- !First aired !Last aired |- |1 |''[[Pokémon: Indigo League]]'' |52 |September 7, 1998 |May 1, 1999 |- |2 |''[[Pokémon: Adventures in the Orange Islands]]'' |52 |September 4, 1999 |September 2, 2000 |- |3 |''[[Pokémon: The Johto Journeys]]'' |52 |August 26, 2000 |May 19, 2001 |- |4 |''[[Pokémon: Johto League Champions]]'' |52 |August 18, 2001 |September 7, 2002 |- |5 |''[[Pokémon: Master Quest]]'' |52 |September 14, 2002 |September 6, 2003 |- |6 |''[[Pokémon: Advanced]]'' |52 |September 13, 2003 |September 4, 2004 |- |7 |''[[Pokémon: Advanced Challenge]]'' |52 |September 11, 2004 |September 10, 2005 |- |8 |''[[Pokémon: Advanced Battle]]'' |52 |September 17, 2005 |July 8, 2006 |- |9 |''[[Pokémon: Battle Frontier]]'' |47 |September 8, 2006 |March 3, 2007 |- |10 |''[[Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl]]'' |52 |June 4, 2007 |February 1, 2008 |- |11 |''[[Pokémon: DP Battle Dimension]]'' |52 |April 12, 2008 |May 2, 2009 |- |12 |''[[Pokémon: DP Galactic Battles]]'' |53 |May 9, 2009 |May 15, 2010 |- |13 |''[[Pokémon: DP Sinnoh League Victors]]'' |34 |June 5, 2010 |February 5, 2011 |- |14 |''[[Pokémon: Black & White]]'' |48 |February 12, 2011 |January 7, 2012 |- |15 |''[[Pokémon: BW Rival Destinies]]'' |49 |February 18, 2012 |January 26, 2013 |- |16 |''[[Pokémon: BW Adventures in Unova and Beyond]]'' |47 |February 2, 2013 |December 7, 2013 |- |17 |''[[Pokémon the Series: XY]]'' |48 |January 18, 2014 |December 20, 2014 |- |18 |''[[Pokémon the Series: XY Kalos Quest]]'' |45 |February 7, 2015 |December 19, 2015 |- |19 |''[[Pokémon the Series: XYZ]]'' |49 |February 20, 2016 |January 28, 2017 |- |20 |''[[Pokémon the Series: Sun & Moon]]'' |43 |May 12, 2017 |December 9, 2017 |- |21 |''[[Pokémon the Series: Sun & Moon - Ultra Adventures]]'' |48 |March 24, 2018 |February 23, 2019 |- |22 |''[[Pokémon the Series: Sun & Moon - Ultra Legends]]'' |54 |March 23, 2019 |March 7, 2020 |- |23 |''[[Pokémon Journeys: The Series]]'' |48 |June 12, 2020 |March 5, 2021 |- |24 |''[[Pokémon Master Journeys: The Series]]'' |42 |September 10, 2021 |May 26, 2022 |- |25 |''[[Pokémon Ultimate Journeys: The Series]]'' |58 |October 21, 2022 |June 23, 2023 |- |26 |''[[Pokémon Horizons: The Series]]'' |45 |March 7, 2024 |November 22, 2024 |} === ''Pok&eacute;mon the Series: The Beginning'' (Series 1) === * ''[[Pokémon: Indigo League]]'' * ''[[Pokémon: Adventures on the Orange Islands]]'' === ''Pok&eacute;mon the Series: Gold and Silver'' (Series 2) === * ''[[Pokémon: The Johto Journeys]]'' * ''[[Pokémon: Johto League Champions]]'' * ''[[Pokémon: Master Quest]]'' === ''Pok&eacute;mon the Series: Ruby and Sapphire'' (Series 3) === * ''[[Pokémon: Advanced]]'' * ''[[Pokémon: Advanced Challenge]]'' * ''[[Pokémon: Advanced Battle]]'' * ''[[Pokémon: Battle Frontier]]'' ===''Pokémon the Series: Diamond and Pearl'' (Series 4)=== * [[Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl (season 10)|''Pokémon: Diamond and Pearl'']] * ''[[Pokémon: DP Battle Dimension]]'' * ''[[Pokémon: DP Galactic Battles]]'' * ''[[Pokémon: DP Sinnoh League Victors]]'' ===''Pokémon the Series: Black & White'' (Series 5)=== * [[Pokémon: Black & White (season 14)|''Pokémon: Black & White'']] * ''[[Pokémon: BW Rival Destinies]]'' * ''[[Pokémon: BW Adventures in Unova]]'' * ''[[Pokémon: BW Adventures in Unova and Beyond]]'' ===''Pokémon the Series: XY'' (Series 6)=== *[[Pokémon: XY (season 17)|''Pokémon - The Series: XY'']] *[[Pokémon: XY: Kalos Quest|''Pokémon - The Series: XY: Kalos Quest'']] *''[[Pokémon - The Series: XYZ]]'' === ''Pokémon the Series: Sun & Moon'' (Series 7) === * ''[[Pokémon the Series: Sun & Moon]]'' * ''[[Pokémon the Series Ultra Sun and Moon]]'' === ''Pokémon Journeys'' (Series 8) === * ''[[Pokémon Journeys]]'' * ''[[Pokémon Master Journeys]]'' * ''[[Pokémon Ultimate Journeys]]'' === ''Pokémon Horizons'' (Series 9) === • [[Pokémon Horizons]] ===Specials/Spin-offs=== * ''[[Pokémon: Chronicles]]'' * ''[[Pokémon: Origins]]'' * ''[[Pokémon: Twilight Wings]]'' ==Movies== ===Pokémon Feature Movies=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! # !! Japanese Title !! Japanese release !! English Title !! English release |- |1 |{{nihongo|Mewtwo Strikes Back|ミュウツーの逆襲|Myūtsū no Gyakushū|Mewtwo's Counterattack}} |July 18, 1998 |[[Pokémon: The First Movie]] - Mewtwo Strikes Back |November 10, 1999 |- |2 |{{nihongo|Revelation Lugia|幻のポケモン ルギア爆誕|Maboroshi no Pokemon Rugia Bakutan|<br>Mirage Pokémon: Lugia's Explosive Birth}} |July 17, 1999 |[[Pokémon: The Movie 2000]] - The Power of One |July 21, 2000 |- |3 |{{nihongo|Lord of the 'UNKNOWN' Tower: Entei|結晶塔の帝王 ENTEI|Kesshōtō no Teiō ENTEI|<br>Emperor of The Crystal Tower: ENTEI}} |July 8, 2000 |[[Pokémon 3: The Movie]] - Spell of the Unown |April 6, 2001 |- |4 |{{nihongo|Celebi: A Timeless Encounter|セレビィ 時を超えた遭遇（であい）|Serebyi Toki o Koeta Deai|<br>Celebi: The Meeting that Traversed Time}} |July 7, 2001 |[[Pokémon 4Ever]] - Celebi: Voice of the Forest |October 11, 2002 |- |5 |{{nihongo|The Guardians of Altomare|水の都の護神 ラティアスとラティオス|Mizu no Miyako no Mamorigami Ratiasu to Ratiosu|<br>Guardian Gods of the Capital of Water: Latias and Latios}} |July 13, 2002 |[[Pokémon Heroes]] - Latios and Latias |May 16, 2003 |- |6 |{{nihongo|Wishing Star of the Seven Nights|七夜の願い星 ジラーチ|Nanayo no Negaiboshi Jirāchi|<br>Wishing Star of the Seven Nights: Jirachi}} |July 19, 2003 |[[Pokémon: Jirachi: Wish Maker]] |June 1, 2004 |- |7 |{{nihongo|Deoxys The Visitor|裂空の訪問者 デオキシス|Rekkū no Hōmonsha Deokishisu|<br>Visitor from the Sky-Splitting: Deoxys}} |July 17, 2004 |[[Pokémon: Destiny Deoxys]] |January 22, 2005 |- |8 |{{nihongo|Mew and the Wave Hero|ミュウと波導（はどう）の勇者 ルカリオ|Myū to Hadō no Yūsha Rukario|<br>Mew and the Aura Hero: Lucario}} |July 16, 2005 |[[Pokémon: Lucario and the Mystery of Mew]] |September 19, 2006 |- |9 |{{nihongo|The Pokémon Ranger and the Prince of the Sea|ポケモンレンジャーと蒼海（うみ）の王子 マナフィ|Pokemon Renjā to Umi no Ōji Manafi|<br>The Pokémon Ranger and the Prince of the Sea: Manaphy}} |July 15, 2006 |[[Pokémon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea]] |March 23, 2007 |- |10 |{{nihongo|Dialga VS Palkia VS Darkrai|ディアルガVSパルキアVSダークライ|Diaruga Tai Parukia Tai Dākurai}} |July 14, 2007 |[[Pokémon: The Rise of Darkrai]] |February 24, 2008 |- |11 |{{nihongo|Giratina and the Bouquet of the Frozen Sky: Shaymin|ギラティナと氷空（そら）の花束 シェイミ|Giratina to Sora no Hanataba Sheimi}} |July 19, 2008 |[[Pokémon: Giratina and the Sky Warrior]] |February 13, 2009 |- |12 |{{nihongo|Arceus: To Conquering Space-Time|アルセウス 超克の時空へ|Aruseusu Chōkoku no Jikū e}} |July 18, 2009 |[[Pokémon: Arceus and the Jewel of Life]] |November 20, 2009 |- |13 |{{nihongo|Phantom Ruler: Zoroark|幻影の覇者 ゾロアーク|Gen'ei no Hasha Zoroāku}} |July 10, 2010 |[[Pokémon: Zoroark: Master of Illusions]] |February 5, 2011 |- |rowspan="2"|14 |{{nihongo|Victini and the Black Hero: Zekrom|ビクティニと黒き英雄ゼクロム|Bikutini to Kuroki Eiyū Zekuromu}} |July 16, 2011 |[[Pokémon the Movie: Black—Victini and Reshiram and White—Victini and Zekrom|Pokémon the Movie: White—Victini and Zekrom]] |December 3, 2011 |- |{{nihongo|Victini and the White Hero: Reshiram|ビクティニと白き英雄 レシラム|Bikutini to Shiroki Eiyū Reshiramu}} |July 16, 2011 |[[Pokémon the Movie: Black—Victini and Reshiram and White—Victini and Zekrom|Pokémon the Movie: Black—Victini and Reshiram]] |December 10, 2011 |- |15 |{{nihongo|Kyurem vs. the Sacred Swordsman: Keldeo|キュレムVS聖剣士 ケルディオ|Kyuremu tai Seikenshi Kerudio}} |July 14, 2012 |[[Pokémon the Movie: Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice]] |December 8, 2012 |- |16 |{{nihongo|ExtremeSpeed Genesect: Mewtwo Awakens|神速のゲノセクト ミュウツー覚醒|Shinsoku no Genosekuto: Myūtsū Kakusei}} |July 13, 2013 |[[Pokémon the Movie: Genesect and the Legend Awakened]] |October 19, 2013 |- |17 |{{nihongo|The Cocoon of Destruction and Diancie|破壊の繭とディアンシー|Hakai no Mayu to Dianshī}} |July 19, 2014 |[[Pokémon the Movie: Diancie and the Cocoon of Destruction]] |November 8, 2014 |- |18 |{{nihongo|The Archdjinni of the Rings: Hoopa|光輪の超魔神 フーパ|Ringu no Chōmajin Hoopa}} |July 18, 2015 |[[Pokémon the Movie: Hoopa and the Clash of Ages]] |December 19, 2015 |- |19 |{{nihongo|Volcanion and the Ingenious Magearna|ボルケニオンと機巧のマギアナ|Borukenion to Karakuri no Magiana}} |July 16, 2016 |[[Pokémon the Movie: Volcanion and the Mechanical Marvel]] |December 5, 2016 |- |20 |{{Nihongo|I Choose You!|キミに決めた！|Kimi ni Kimeta!}} |July 15, 2017 |[[Pokémon the Movie: I Choose You!]] |November 5, 2017 |- |21 |{{Nihongo|Everyone's Story|みんなの物語|Minna no Monogatari}} |July 13, 2018 |[[Pokémon the Movie: The Power of Us]] |November 24, 2018 |- |22 |{{Nihongo|Mewtwo's Counterattack: EVOLUTION|ミュウツーの逆襲 EVOLUTION|Myūtsū no Gyakushu EVOLUTION}} |July 12, 2019 | | |- |} ===TV Movies=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! # !! Japanese Title !! Japanese release !! English Title !! English release |- |1 |{{nihongo|Mewtwo! I Am Here|ミュウツー! 我ハココニ在リ|Myūtsū! Ware wa Koko ni Ari}} |December 30, 2000 |[[Pokémon: Mewtwo Returns]] |December 4, 2001 |- |2 |{{nihongo|The Terrifying Mirage Pokémon|戦慄のミラージュポケモン|Senritsu no Mirāju Pokemon}} |October 13-October 31, 2006 |[[Pokémon: The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon]] |April 29, 2006 |} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Pokémon series}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pokemon (anime)}} [[Category:Pokémon]] [[Category:Anime]] [[Category:Japanese animated television series]] [[Category:Kids WB series]] [[Category:First run syndicated American television programs]] [[Category:Viz Media anime]] [[Category:1997 Japanese television series debuts]] [[Category:1997 animated television series debuts]] [[Category:Japanese-language television programs]] en5r2voefy0wpjfh561bsuc6ho1jz6i 0 121876 11024357 8324025 2026-10-09T04:45:26Z EdwardHughe 1887367 I have replaced a dead link with a replaceable correct link 11024357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox album | name = 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours | type = Compilation album | artist = [[Green Day]] | border = yes | released = {{Start date|1991|10|01}} | recorded = December 1988 - April 20, 1990 | venue = | studio = [[Art of Ears Studios]], [[San Francisco]], [[California]] | genre = [[Punk rock]] | length = 56:15 | label = [[Lookout Records|Lookout]] | producer = [[Andy Ernst]] and Green Day | prev_title = [[Sweet Children (EP)|Sweet Children]] | prev_year = 1990 | next_title = [[Kerplunk (album)|Kerplunk]] | next_year = 1991 }} '''''1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours''''' is a [[wikt:collect|collect]]ion of early [[record]]ings by [[United States|American]] [[punk rock]] [[band]], [[Green Day]]. {{Album ratings | rev1 = [[AllMusic]] | rev1score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref name="AMG">{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=album|id=r8672|pure_url=yes}}|title=''1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours'' Overview|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=29 April 2011}}</ref> | rev2 = [[Alternative Press (magazine)|Alternative Press]] | rev2score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.altpress.com/reviews/entry/1039smoothedoutslappyhours |title=Green Day 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours |work=[[Alternative Press (magazine)|Alternative Press]] |date=22 June 2010 |access-date=25 August 2017 |last=Raub |first=Jesse |archive-date=25 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825233142/http://www.altpress.com/reviews/entry/1039smoothedoutslappyhours |url-status=live }}</ref> | rev3 = ''[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]'' | rev3score = {{Rating|2|5}}<ref name="Blender">{{cite web|url=http://www.blender.com/guide/reissue/52045/1039smoothed-out-slappy-hours.html{{cbignore}}|title=''1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours'' Review|work=[[Blender (magazine)|Blender]]}}{{dead link|date=April 2011}}</ref> | rev4 = ''[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music]]'' | rev4score = {{Rating|2|5}}<ref>{{cite book |title=[[Encyclopedia of Popular Music|The Encyclopedia of Popular Music]] |publisher=[[Omnibus Press]] |edition=5th concise |year=2011 |last=Larkin |first=Colin |author-link=Colin Larkin (writer) |isbn=978-0-85712-595-8}}</ref> | rev5 = ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'' | rev5score = 6.2/10<ref name="Pitchfork">{{cite web|url=http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/reviews/albums/11896-1039smoothed-out-slappy-hourskerplunk/#review-album-11883|title=''1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours'' Review|publisher=[[Pitchfork Media]]|access-date=29 April 2011}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | rev6 = ''Punknews'' | rev6score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref name=punknews>{{cite web | url=https://www.punknews.org/review/969/green-day-1039-smoothed-out-slappy-hours | title=1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours (1991) | work=Punknews.org | date=21 May 2002 | access-date=19 May 2017 | author=Brad | archive-date=31 July 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731193000/https://www.punknews.org/review/969/green-day-1039-smoothed-out-slappy-hours | url-status=live }}</ref> | rev7 = [[Robert Christgau]] | rev7score = {{Rating-Christgau|dud}}<ref name="Christgau">{{cite web|url=http://robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=green+day|title=Green Day Review|publisher=[[Robert Christgau]]|access-date=29 April 2011|archive-date=6 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606185546/http://www.robertchristgau.com/get_artist.php?name=green+day|url-status=live}}</ref> | rev8 = ''[[The New Rolling Stone Album Guide]]'' | rev8score = {{Rating|2.5|5}}<ref name=rolling>{{cite book |last=Sheffield |first=Rob |author-link=Rob Sheffield |chapter=Green Day |title=[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide|The New Rolling Stone Album Guide]] |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |edition=4th |year=2004 |isbn=0-7432-0169-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/newrollingstonea00brac/page/347 347] }}</ref> | rev9 = [[Sputnikmusic]] | rev9score = 3/5<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/4162/Green-Day-1039-Smoothed-Out-Slappy-Hours/ |title=Green Day: 1,039/Smoothed Out Slappy Hours |date=2 November 2005 |access-date=25 August 2017 |author=Adam Downer |work=[[Sputnikmusic]] }}</ref> }} == Track listing == All songs by [[Billie Joe Armstrong]] ([[lyrics]]) and Green Day ([[music]]), except where noted. # "At the Library" – 2:28 # "Don't Leave Me" – 2:39 # "I Was There" ([[John Kiffmeyer]]) – 3:36 # "Disappearing Boy" – 2:52 # "Green Day" – 3:29 # "Going to Pasalacqua" – 3:31 # "16" – 3:24 # "Road to Acceptance" – 3:36 # "Rest" – 3:06 # "The Judge's Daughter" – 2:35 # "Paper Lanterns" – 2:25 # "Why Do You Want Him?" – 2:33 # "409 in Your Coffeemaker" – 2:54 # "[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OfG127JOhJ8 Knowledge]" ([[Jesse Michaels]], [[Tim Armstrong]], [[Matt Freeman]], [[Dave Mello]]) – 2:20 # "[[1,000 Hours]]" – 2:26 # "Dry Ice" – 3:45 # "Only of You" – 2:46 # "The One I Want" – 3:01 # "I Want to Be Alone" – 3:09 == References == {{Reflist}} {{Green Day}} [[Category:Green Day albums]] {{music-stub}} lfvsuiybx4qida7ro5ch6f14ygj2yqa 4 125989 11024058 11023779 2026-10-08T17:50:42Z Lee Vilenski 677838 /* Deaths in 2026, how many months back? */ Reply 11024058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 175 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the bottom of the page. --> == Poorly worded or wrong interface message for Special link to non-existent user subpage == <!-- 23:59, 31 December 2999 (UTC) -- Added to stop automatic archiving of this section -- Remove this comment to reenable archiving --> Following a link to a non-existent user subpage such as [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox]] gives the right top-of-page boilerplate message, apparently based on [[MediaWiki:Newarticletext]], with some modifications to add strings like, "Before starting this page, please see m:Sub pages" absent from the basic message. So far, so good. However, when a link is generated by a Special, such as (for me), [[Special:MyPage/Sandbox]]^{[blue always]} to the same non-existent user subpage, clicking it should result in the same top-of-page boilerplate, but it does not. Instead, I see this:^{[but see note]} <div style="width:95%; margin:0.4em 3em; padding:0.3em 0.8em; border:thin solid #aaa;"> '''Wikipedia does not yet have a user page with this name.''' If you are ''Mathglot/Sandbox'', click [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox|'''start this page''']].<br/> To contact ''Mathglot/Sandbox'', go to [[User talk:Mathglot/Sandbox]]. </div> I don't believe Simple allows usernames with a slash character as part of the name, so this message is misleading at the very least. It apparently derives from [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext NS User]], but either it is not adjusted properly to emit an appropriate message, or it is the wrong interface message entirely. Instead, I would emit something like this: <div style="width:95%; margin:0.4em 3em; padding:0.3em 0.8em; border:thin solid #aaa;"> '''Wikipedia does not yet have a user subpage with this name.''' Click [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox|'''start this page''']] to create it.<br/> To contact ''Mathglot'' about creating {{GENDER:Mathglot|his|her|their}}^{[uses [[mw:Help:Magic_words#gender|magic word]]&#93;} sandbox, go to [[User talk:Mathglot]]. </div> '''Note:''' if you already have a Sandbox subpage, the link above will not demonstrate the bad behavior to you, so you can use these links instead to observe it: [[Special:MyPage/Sandbox-999]], [[Special:MyPage/Any old name here]]. Thanks, [[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]] ([[User talk:Mathglot|talk]]) 22:18, 11 August 2026 (UTC) :Would any bureaucrat ({{ping|Eptalon|Ferien|BRPever}}) please look into this? <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 18:46, 31 August 2026 (UTC) :I've noticed this (although, for me, it is ''any'' time I visit a non-existent userspace page). Wouldn't replacing <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki> with <nowiki>{{ROOTPAGENAME}}</nowiki> fix the grammar? [[User:WalnutBloom|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#0E882E;text-decoration:inherit;">'''Walnut'''</span>]] ([[User talk:WalnutBloom#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WalnutBloom|changes]]) 23:48, 31 August 2026 (UTC) :Thank you both for saying about this and for notifying 'crats. I have looked slightly into this, it should involve adding a subpage variation based on en, I just haven't had the energy to see all the changes through this week, but over the weekend I should get the chance. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 21:14, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Addition of <nowiki>[[en:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]</nowiki> at [[:Template:Monthly clean-up category]] == Since this is a highly visible template, I'm writing this for wider attention. Local interlanguage links should not be used in the template ([[:en:WP:LOCALLINK]]). Using Wikidata is the preferred method ([[:en:WP:ILLSIDEBAR]]). For example, [[:Category:Pages needing to be simplified from August 2026]] has an interlanguage link, but [[:en:Category:Pages needing to be simplified from August 2026]] doesn't exist. This issue can be solved by the removal of <nowiki>[[en:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]</nowiki>. I have contacted {{No ping|LateNightCoffee}} who made this change ([[Special:Diff/10992989]]), but have not heard anything about this. Is it OK to revert [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Monthly_clean-up_category&diff=prev&oldid=10988928&diffmode=source]? Thank you for your understanding. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:31, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, fine with me. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 03:40, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :Yep, seems fine. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:52, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :: {{done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:53, 25 September 2026 (UTC) == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:26, 22 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31070425 --> == Request for comment == Hello community, Your input is needed on [[Talk:Ottoman-Soran War (1832–1834)#Move request|Talk:Ottoman-Soran War (1832–1834)]] to resolve an ongoing dispute about the article's title and scope. Thanks, [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:45, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :I left a comment on the talk page; the idea is that the article is iat the most ommon term, and there are redirexts from less ocmoomn terms [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 11:10, 26 September 2026 (UTC) == Good Articles / Very Good articles == Hello, i just wanted to point out that there are articles at the [[:WP:PGA|Proposed good artticles page]]. These articles have been sitting there for months, and I would envourage poeple who have not done so (and who are interested) to leave their comments. Idea would be to close these at the end of the month. Same applies to the listing in [[:WP:PVGA|Proposed very good articles]]. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 11:24, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :Since no one else writes it: [[The Uplift Mofo Party Plan]] and [[Vaginal yeast infection]] have both been promoted to good article status. Thank you to all who contributed and helped these articles get their current status. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 12:02, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == Title change== Could somebody please move the article title on the page [[Dervish movement (Somali)]] to [[Dervish State]], since thats the article title in use on English Wikipedia? The word "movement" is usually reserved for a polity that hasn't emerged yet (such as Khalistan movement), whereas Dervish State did come out of its emergement phase as existing. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53846-80|~2026-53846-80]] ([[User talk:~2026-53846-80|talk]]) 22:53, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :Technically the Enwiki title has a disambiguator, but it seems to go against their article name policy. This seems pretty uncontroversial, so I've moved the article. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 03:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Deaths in 2026, how many months back? == Hello, I think we usually have a window of 3 months for that page. This means that deaths in June 2026 and those in July go to their respective pages (that likely exist, but are redirects). Note also: in the past, there have been cases that those reported to have died were still alive, so I think the page is semiprotected right now. Whoever does the move, please append a reference if the respective entry does not have one. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 05:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) :[[Deaths in 2026]]? Why do we do it like that? An article on 2026 deaths should cover all deaths. It should definitely link to the other articles at the very least here. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] ^{([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])}''' 17:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) fw13ccw03mr00rgtqfr3fby8nps3o69 11024059 11024058 2026-10-08T18:00:56Z Eptalon 2133 /* Deaths in 2026, how many months back? */ Reply 11024059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 175 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the bottom of the page. --> == Poorly worded or wrong interface message for Special link to non-existent user subpage == <!-- 23:59, 31 December 2999 (UTC) -- Added to stop automatic archiving of this section -- Remove this comment to reenable archiving --> Following a link to a non-existent user subpage such as [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox]] gives the right top-of-page boilerplate message, apparently based on [[MediaWiki:Newarticletext]], with some modifications to add strings like, "Before starting this page, please see m:Sub pages" absent from the basic message. So far, so good. However, when a link is generated by a Special, such as (for me), [[Special:MyPage/Sandbox]]^{[blue always]} to the same non-existent user subpage, clicking it should result in the same top-of-page boilerplate, but it does not. Instead, I see this:^{[but see note]} <div style="width:95%; margin:0.4em 3em; padding:0.3em 0.8em; border:thin solid #aaa;"> '''Wikipedia does not yet have a user page with this name.''' If you are ''Mathglot/Sandbox'', click [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox|'''start this page''']].<br/> To contact ''Mathglot/Sandbox'', go to [[User talk:Mathglot/Sandbox]]. </div> I don't believe Simple allows usernames with a slash character as part of the name, so this message is misleading at the very least. It apparently derives from [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext NS User]], but either it is not adjusted properly to emit an appropriate message, or it is the wrong interface message entirely. Instead, I would emit something like this: <div style="width:95%; margin:0.4em 3em; padding:0.3em 0.8em; border:thin solid #aaa;"> '''Wikipedia does not yet have a user subpage with this name.''' Click [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox|'''start this page''']] to create it.<br/> To contact ''Mathglot'' about creating {{GENDER:Mathglot|his|her|their}}^{[uses [[mw:Help:Magic_words#gender|magic word]]&#93;} sandbox, go to [[User talk:Mathglot]]. </div> '''Note:''' if you already have a Sandbox subpage, the link above will not demonstrate the bad behavior to you, so you can use these links instead to observe it: [[Special:MyPage/Sandbox-999]], [[Special:MyPage/Any old name here]]. Thanks, [[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]] ([[User talk:Mathglot|talk]]) 22:18, 11 August 2026 (UTC) :Would any bureaucrat ({{ping|Eptalon|Ferien|BRPever}}) please look into this? <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 18:46, 31 August 2026 (UTC) :I've noticed this (although, for me, it is ''any'' time I visit a non-existent userspace page). Wouldn't replacing <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki> with <nowiki>{{ROOTPAGENAME}}</nowiki> fix the grammar? [[User:WalnutBloom|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#0E882E;text-decoration:inherit;">'''Walnut'''</span>]] ([[User talk:WalnutBloom#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WalnutBloom|changes]]) 23:48, 31 August 2026 (UTC) :Thank you both for saying about this and for notifying 'crats. I have looked slightly into this, it should involve adding a subpage variation based on en, I just haven't had the energy to see all the changes through this week, but over the weekend I should get the chance. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 21:14, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Addition of <nowiki>[[en:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]</nowiki> at [[:Template:Monthly clean-up category]] == Since this is a highly visible template, I'm writing this for wider attention. Local interlanguage links should not be used in the template ([[:en:WP:LOCALLINK]]). Using Wikidata is the preferred method ([[:en:WP:ILLSIDEBAR]]). For example, [[:Category:Pages needing to be simplified from August 2026]] has an interlanguage link, but [[:en:Category:Pages needing to be simplified from August 2026]] doesn't exist. This issue can be solved by the removal of <nowiki>[[en:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]</nowiki>. I have contacted {{No ping|LateNightCoffee}} who made this change ([[Special:Diff/10992989]]), but have not heard anything about this. Is it OK to revert [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Monthly_clean-up_category&diff=prev&oldid=10988928&diffmode=source]? Thank you for your understanding. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:31, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, fine with me. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 03:40, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :Yep, seems fine. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:52, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :: {{done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:53, 25 September 2026 (UTC) == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:26, 22 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31070425 --> == Request for comment == Hello community, Your input is needed on [[Talk:Ottoman-Soran War (1832–1834)#Move request|Talk:Ottoman-Soran War (1832–1834)]] to resolve an ongoing dispute about the article's title and scope. Thanks, [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:45, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :I left a comment on the talk page; the idea is that the article is iat the most ommon term, and there are redirexts from less ocmoomn terms [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 11:10, 26 September 2026 (UTC) == Good Articles / Very Good articles == Hello, i just wanted to point out that there are articles at the [[:WP:PGA|Proposed good artticles page]]. These articles have been sitting there for months, and I would envourage poeple who have not done so (and who are interested) to leave their comments. Idea would be to close these at the end of the month. Same applies to the listing in [[:WP:PVGA|Proposed very good articles]]. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 11:24, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :Since no one else writes it: [[The Uplift Mofo Party Plan]] and [[Vaginal yeast infection]] have both been promoted to good article status. Thank you to all who contributed and helped these articles get their current status. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 12:02, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == Title change== Could somebody please move the article title on the page [[Dervish movement (Somali)]] to [[Dervish State]], since thats the article title in use on English Wikipedia? The word "movement" is usually reserved for a polity that hasn't emerged yet (such as Khalistan movement), whereas Dervish State did come out of its emergement phase as existing. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53846-80|~2026-53846-80]] ([[User talk:~2026-53846-80|talk]]) 22:53, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :Technically the Enwiki title has a disambiguator, but it seems to go against their article name policy. This seems pretty uncontroversial, so I've moved the article. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 03:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Deaths in 2026, how many months back? == Hello, I think we usually have a window of 3 months for that page. This means that deaths in June 2026 and those in July go to their respective pages (that likely exist, but are redirects). Note also: in the past, there have been cases that those reported to have died were still alive, so I think the page is semiprotected right now. Whoever does the move, please append a reference if the respective entry does not have one. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 05:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) :[[Deaths in 2026]]? Why do we do it like that? An article on 2026 deaths should cover all deaths. It should definitely link to the other articles at the very least here. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] ^{([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])}''' 17:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) ::The article list the last few months, after that it's deaths in <month> <year>, for example [[Deaths in February 2026]]. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 18:00, 8 October 2026 (UTC) lq9zlo2nb3papfz2jt8044f6cl3qb3y 11024341 11024059 2026-10-09T04:04:51Z BarrasBot 411705 Bot: Archiving 2 threads (older than 10 days) to [[Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive 175]] 11024341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 175 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the bottom of the page. --> == Poorly worded or wrong interface message for Special link to non-existent user subpage == <!-- 23:59, 31 December 2999 (UTC) -- Added to stop automatic archiving of this section -- Remove this comment to reenable archiving --> Following a link to a non-existent user subpage such as [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox]] gives the right top-of-page boilerplate message, apparently based on [[MediaWiki:Newarticletext]], with some modifications to add strings like, "Before starting this page, please see m:Sub pages" absent from the basic message. So far, so good. However, when a link is generated by a Special, such as (for me), [[Special:MyPage/Sandbox]]^{[blue always]} to the same non-existent user subpage, clicking it should result in the same top-of-page boilerplate, but it does not. Instead, I see this:^{[but see note]} <div style="width:95%; margin:0.4em 3em; padding:0.3em 0.8em; border:thin solid #aaa;"> '''Wikipedia does not yet have a user page with this name.''' If you are ''Mathglot/Sandbox'', click [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox|'''start this page''']].<br/> To contact ''Mathglot/Sandbox'', go to [[User talk:Mathglot/Sandbox]]. </div> I don't believe Simple allows usernames with a slash character as part of the name, so this message is misleading at the very least. It apparently derives from [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext NS User]], but either it is not adjusted properly to emit an appropriate message, or it is the wrong interface message entirely. Instead, I would emit something like this: <div style="width:95%; margin:0.4em 3em; padding:0.3em 0.8em; border:thin solid #aaa;"> '''Wikipedia does not yet have a user subpage with this name.''' Click [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox|'''start this page''']] to create it.<br/> To contact ''Mathglot'' about creating {{GENDER:Mathglot|his|her|their}}^{[uses [[mw:Help:Magic_words#gender|magic word]]&#93;} sandbox, go to [[User talk:Mathglot]]. </div> '''Note:''' if you already have a Sandbox subpage, the link above will not demonstrate the bad behavior to you, so you can use these links instead to observe it: [[Special:MyPage/Sandbox-999]], [[Special:MyPage/Any old name here]]. Thanks, [[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]] ([[User talk:Mathglot|talk]]) 22:18, 11 August 2026 (UTC) :Would any bureaucrat ({{ping|Eptalon|Ferien|BRPever}}) please look into this? <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 18:46, 31 August 2026 (UTC) :I've noticed this (although, for me, it is ''any'' time I visit a non-existent userspace page). Wouldn't replacing <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki> with <nowiki>{{ROOTPAGENAME}}</nowiki> fix the grammar? [[User:WalnutBloom|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#0E882E;text-decoration:inherit;">'''Walnut'''</span>]] ([[User talk:WalnutBloom#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WalnutBloom|changes]]) 23:48, 31 August 2026 (UTC) :Thank you both for saying about this and for notifying 'crats. I have looked slightly into this, it should involve adding a subpage variation based on en, I just haven't had the energy to see all the changes through this week, but over the weekend I should get the chance. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 21:14, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Request for comment == Hello community, Your input is needed on [[Talk:Ottoman-Soran War (1832–1834)#Move request|Talk:Ottoman-Soran War (1832–1834)]] to resolve an ongoing dispute about the article's title and scope. Thanks, [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:45, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :I left a comment on the talk page; the idea is that the article is iat the most ommon term, and there are redirexts from less ocmoomn terms [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 11:10, 26 September 2026 (UTC) == Good Articles / Very Good articles == Hello, i just wanted to point out that there are articles at the [[:WP:PGA|Proposed good artticles page]]. These articles have been sitting there for months, and I would envourage poeple who have not done so (and who are interested) to leave their comments. Idea would be to close these at the end of the month. Same applies to the listing in [[:WP:PVGA|Proposed very good articles]]. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 11:24, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :Since no one else writes it: [[The Uplift Mofo Party Plan]] and [[Vaginal yeast infection]] have both been promoted to good article status. Thank you to all who contributed and helped these articles get their current status. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 12:02, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == Title change== Could somebody please move the article title on the page [[Dervish movement (Somali)]] to [[Dervish State]], since thats the article title in use on English Wikipedia? The word "movement" is usually reserved for a polity that hasn't emerged yet (such as Khalistan movement), whereas Dervish State did come out of its emergement phase as existing. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53846-80|~2026-53846-80]] ([[User talk:~2026-53846-80|talk]]) 22:53, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :Technically the Enwiki title has a disambiguator, but it seems to go against their article name policy. This seems pretty uncontroversial, so I've moved the article. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 03:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Deaths in 2026, how many months back? == Hello, I think we usually have a window of 3 months for that page. This means that deaths in June 2026 and those in July go to their respective pages (that likely exist, but are redirects). Note also: in the past, there have been cases that those reported to have died were still alive, so I think the page is semiprotected right now. Whoever does the move, please append a reference if the respective entry does not have one. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 05:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) :[[Deaths in 2026]]? Why do we do it like that? An article on 2026 deaths should cover all deaths. It should definitely link to the other articles at the very least here. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] ^{([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])}''' 17:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) ::The article list the last few months, after that it's deaths in <month> <year>, for example [[Deaths in February 2026]]. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 18:00, 8 October 2026 (UTC) d06b71moff3jqjz3gkku01mkac9ikih 11024343 11024341 2026-10-09T04:11:23Z Garsh2 1475106 /* Deaths in 2026, how many months back? */ Reply 11024343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 175 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the bottom of the page. --> == Poorly worded or wrong interface message for Special link to non-existent user subpage == <!-- 23:59, 31 December 2999 (UTC) -- Added to stop automatic archiving of this section -- Remove this comment to reenable archiving --> Following a link to a non-existent user subpage such as [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox]] gives the right top-of-page boilerplate message, apparently based on [[MediaWiki:Newarticletext]], with some modifications to add strings like, "Before starting this page, please see m:Sub pages" absent from the basic message. So far, so good. However, when a link is generated by a Special, such as (for me), [[Special:MyPage/Sandbox]]^{[blue always]} to the same non-existent user subpage, clicking it should result in the same top-of-page boilerplate, but it does not. Instead, I see this:^{[but see note]} <div style="width:95%; margin:0.4em 3em; padding:0.3em 0.8em; border:thin solid #aaa;"> '''Wikipedia does not yet have a user page with this name.''' If you are ''Mathglot/Sandbox'', click [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox|'''start this page''']].<br/> To contact ''Mathglot/Sandbox'', go to [[User talk:Mathglot/Sandbox]]. </div> I don't believe Simple allows usernames with a slash character as part of the name, so this message is misleading at the very least. It apparently derives from [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext NS User]], but either it is not adjusted properly to emit an appropriate message, or it is the wrong interface message entirely. Instead, I would emit something like this: <div style="width:95%; margin:0.4em 3em; padding:0.3em 0.8em; border:thin solid #aaa;"> '''Wikipedia does not yet have a user subpage with this name.''' Click [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox|'''start this page''']] to create it.<br/> To contact ''Mathglot'' about creating {{GENDER:Mathglot|his|her|their}}^{[uses [[mw:Help:Magic_words#gender|magic word]]&#93;} sandbox, go to [[User talk:Mathglot]]. </div> '''Note:''' if you already have a Sandbox subpage, the link above will not demonstrate the bad behavior to you, so you can use these links instead to observe it: [[Special:MyPage/Sandbox-999]], [[Special:MyPage/Any old name here]]. Thanks, [[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]] ([[User talk:Mathglot|talk]]) 22:18, 11 August 2026 (UTC) :Would any bureaucrat ({{ping|Eptalon|Ferien|BRPever}}) please look into this? <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 18:46, 31 August 2026 (UTC) :I've noticed this (although, for me, it is ''any'' time I visit a non-existent userspace page). Wouldn't replacing <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki> with <nowiki>{{ROOTPAGENAME}}</nowiki> fix the grammar? [[User:WalnutBloom|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#0E882E;text-decoration:inherit;">'''Walnut'''</span>]] ([[User talk:WalnutBloom#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WalnutBloom|changes]]) 23:48, 31 August 2026 (UTC) :Thank you both for saying about this and for notifying 'crats. I have looked slightly into this, it should involve adding a subpage variation based on en, I just haven't had the energy to see all the changes through this week, but over the weekend I should get the chance. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 21:14, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Request for comment == Hello community, Your input is needed on [[Talk:Ottoman-Soran War (1832–1834)#Move request|Talk:Ottoman-Soran War (1832–1834)]] to resolve an ongoing dispute about the article's title and scope. Thanks, [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:45, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :I left a comment on the talk page; the idea is that the article is iat the most ommon term, and there are redirexts from less ocmoomn terms [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 11:10, 26 September 2026 (UTC) == Good Articles / Very Good articles == Hello, i just wanted to point out that there are articles at the [[:WP:PGA|Proposed good artticles page]]. These articles have been sitting there for months, and I would envourage poeple who have not done so (and who are interested) to leave their comments. Idea would be to close these at the end of the month. Same applies to the listing in [[:WP:PVGA|Proposed very good articles]]. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 11:24, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :Since no one else writes it: [[The Uplift Mofo Party Plan]] and [[Vaginal yeast infection]] have both been promoted to good article status. Thank you to all who contributed and helped these articles get their current status. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 12:02, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == Title change== Could somebody please move the article title on the page [[Dervish movement (Somali)]] to [[Dervish State]], since thats the article title in use on English Wikipedia? The word "movement" is usually reserved for a polity that hasn't emerged yet (such as Khalistan movement), whereas Dervish State did come out of its emergement phase as existing. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53846-80|~2026-53846-80]] ([[User talk:~2026-53846-80|talk]]) 22:53, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :Technically the Enwiki title has a disambiguator, but it seems to go against their article name policy. This seems pretty uncontroversial, so I've moved the article. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 03:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Deaths in 2026, how many months back? == Hello, I think we usually have a window of 3 months for that page. This means that deaths in June 2026 and those in July go to their respective pages (that likely exist, but are redirects). Note also: in the past, there have been cases that those reported to have died were still alive, so I think the page is semiprotected right now. Whoever does the move, please append a reference if the respective entry does not have one. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 05:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) :[[Deaths in 2026]]? Why do we do it like that? An article on 2026 deaths should cover all deaths. It should definitely link to the other articles at the very least here. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] ^{([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])}''' 17:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) ::The article list the last few months, after that it's deaths in <month> <year>, for example [[Deaths in February 2026]]. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 18:00, 8 October 2026 (UTC) ::I agree with @[[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]], that is a weird practice. Better to just include all deaths in a given year. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:11, 9 October 2026 (UTC) 3cafnl99kt68uv6zw0z9qaecoc24rfd 11024557 11024343 2026-10-09T09:29:05Z MediaWiki message delivery 337219 /* Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist */ new section 11024557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 175 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the bottom of the page. --> == Poorly worded or wrong interface message for Special link to non-existent user subpage == <!-- 23:59, 31 December 2999 (UTC) -- Added to stop automatic archiving of this section -- Remove this comment to reenable archiving --> Following a link to a non-existent user subpage such as [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox]] gives the right top-of-page boilerplate message, apparently based on [[MediaWiki:Newarticletext]], with some modifications to add strings like, "Before starting this page, please see m:Sub pages" absent from the basic message. So far, so good. However, when a link is generated by a Special, such as (for me), [[Special:MyPage/Sandbox]]^{[blue always]} to the same non-existent user subpage, clicking it should result in the same top-of-page boilerplate, but it does not. Instead, I see this:^{[but see note]} <div style="width:95%; margin:0.4em 3em; padding:0.3em 0.8em; border:thin solid #aaa;"> '''Wikipedia does not yet have a user page with this name.''' If you are ''Mathglot/Sandbox'', click [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox|'''start this page''']].<br/> To contact ''Mathglot/Sandbox'', go to [[User talk:Mathglot/Sandbox]]. </div> I don't believe Simple allows usernames with a slash character as part of the name, so this message is misleading at the very least. It apparently derives from [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext NS User]], but either it is not adjusted properly to emit an appropriate message, or it is the wrong interface message entirely. Instead, I would emit something like this: <div style="width:95%; margin:0.4em 3em; padding:0.3em 0.8em; border:thin solid #aaa;"> '''Wikipedia does not yet have a user subpage with this name.''' Click [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox|'''start this page''']] to create it.<br/> To contact ''Mathglot'' about creating {{GENDER:Mathglot|his|her|their}}^{[uses [[mw:Help:Magic_words#gender|magic word]]&#93;} sandbox, go to [[User talk:Mathglot]]. </div> '''Note:''' if you already have a Sandbox subpage, the link above will not demonstrate the bad behavior to you, so you can use these links instead to observe it: [[Special:MyPage/Sandbox-999]], [[Special:MyPage/Any old name here]]. Thanks, [[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]] ([[User talk:Mathglot|talk]]) 22:18, 11 August 2026 (UTC) :Would any bureaucrat ({{ping|Eptalon|Ferien|BRPever}}) please look into this? <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 18:46, 31 August 2026 (UTC) :I've noticed this (although, for me, it is ''any'' time I visit a non-existent userspace page). Wouldn't replacing <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki> with <nowiki>{{ROOTPAGENAME}}</nowiki> fix the grammar? [[User:WalnutBloom|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#0E882E;text-decoration:inherit;">'''Walnut'''</span>]] ([[User talk:WalnutBloom#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WalnutBloom|changes]]) 23:48, 31 August 2026 (UTC) :Thank you both for saying about this and for notifying 'crats. I have looked slightly into this, it should involve adding a subpage variation based on en, I just haven't had the energy to see all the changes through this week, but over the weekend I should get the chance. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 21:14, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Request for comment == Hello community, Your input is needed on [[Talk:Ottoman-Soran War (1832–1834)#Move request|Talk:Ottoman-Soran War (1832–1834)]] to resolve an ongoing dispute about the article's title and scope. Thanks, [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:45, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :I left a comment on the talk page; the idea is that the article is iat the most ommon term, and there are redirexts from less ocmoomn terms [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 11:10, 26 September 2026 (UTC) == Good Articles / Very Good articles == Hello, i just wanted to point out that there are articles at the [[:WP:PGA|Proposed good artticles page]]. These articles have been sitting there for months, and I would envourage poeple who have not done so (and who are interested) to leave their comments. Idea would be to close these at the end of the month. Same applies to the listing in [[:WP:PVGA|Proposed very good articles]]. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 11:24, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :Since no one else writes it: [[The Uplift Mofo Party Plan]] and [[Vaginal yeast infection]] have both been promoted to good article status. Thank you to all who contributed and helped these articles get their current status. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 12:02, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == Title change== Could somebody please move the article title on the page [[Dervish movement (Somali)]] to [[Dervish State]], since thats the article title in use on English Wikipedia? The word "movement" is usually reserved for a polity that hasn't emerged yet (such as Khalistan movement), whereas Dervish State did come out of its emergement phase as existing. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53846-80|~2026-53846-80]] ([[User talk:~2026-53846-80|talk]]) 22:53, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :Technically the Enwiki title has a disambiguator, but it seems to go against their article name policy. This seems pretty uncontroversial, so I've moved the article. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 03:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Deaths in 2026, how many months back? == Hello, I think we usually have a window of 3 months for that page. This means that deaths in June 2026 and those in July go to their respective pages (that likely exist, but are redirects). Note also: in the past, there have been cases that those reported to have died were still alive, so I think the page is semiprotected right now. Whoever does the move, please append a reference if the respective entry does not have one. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 05:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) :[[Deaths in 2026]]? Why do we do it like that? An article on 2026 deaths should cover all deaths. It should definitely link to the other articles at the very least here. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] ^{([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])}''' 17:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) ::The article list the last few months, after that it's deaths in <month> <year>, for example [[Deaths in February 2026]]. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 18:00, 8 October 2026 (UTC) ::I agree with @[[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]], that is a weird practice. Better to just include all deaths in a given year. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:11, 9 October 2026 (UTC) == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary. The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].<br/> Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes. Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 09:29, 9 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=31142775 --> 4jgiyxas0cf3cuwxwcdq4rp79zwje08 11024587 11024557 2026-10-09T10:51:34Z ~2026-50628-72 1886965 /* Minecraft alex */ new section 11024587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 175 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the bottom of the page. --> == Poorly worded or wrong interface message for Special link to non-existent user subpage == <!-- 23:59, 31 December 2999 (UTC) -- Added to stop automatic archiving of this section -- Remove this comment to reenable archiving --> Following a link to a non-existent user subpage such as [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox]] gives the right top-of-page boilerplate message, apparently based on [[MediaWiki:Newarticletext]], with some modifications to add strings like, "Before starting this page, please see m:Sub pages" absent from the basic message. So far, so good. However, when a link is generated by a Special, such as (for me), [[Special:MyPage/Sandbox]]^{[blue always]} to the same non-existent user subpage, clicking it should result in the same top-of-page boilerplate, but it does not. Instead, I see this:^{[but see note]} <div style="width:95%; margin:0.4em 3em; padding:0.3em 0.8em; border:thin solid #aaa;"> '''Wikipedia does not yet have a user page with this name.''' If you are ''Mathglot/Sandbox'', click [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox|'''start this page''']].<br/> To contact ''Mathglot/Sandbox'', go to [[User talk:Mathglot/Sandbox]]. </div> I don't believe Simple allows usernames with a slash character as part of the name, so this message is misleading at the very least. It apparently derives from [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext NS User]], but either it is not adjusted properly to emit an appropriate message, or it is the wrong interface message entirely. Instead, I would emit something like this: <div style="width:95%; margin:0.4em 3em; padding:0.3em 0.8em; border:thin solid #aaa;"> '''Wikipedia does not yet have a user subpage with this name.''' Click [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox|'''start this page''']] to create it.<br/> To contact ''Mathglot'' about creating {{GENDER:Mathglot|his|her|their}}^{[uses [[mw:Help:Magic_words#gender|magic word]]&#93;} sandbox, go to [[User talk:Mathglot]]. </div> '''Note:''' if you already have a Sandbox subpage, the link above will not demonstrate the bad behavior to you, so you can use these links instead to observe it: [[Special:MyPage/Sandbox-999]], [[Special:MyPage/Any old name here]]. Thanks, [[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]] ([[User talk:Mathglot|talk]]) 22:18, 11 August 2026 (UTC) :Would any bureaucrat ({{ping|Eptalon|Ferien|BRPever}}) please look into this? <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 18:46, 31 August 2026 (UTC) :I've noticed this (although, for me, it is ''any'' time I visit a non-existent userspace page). Wouldn't replacing <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki> with <nowiki>{{ROOTPAGENAME}}</nowiki> fix the grammar? [[User:WalnutBloom|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#0E882E;text-decoration:inherit;">'''Walnut'''</span>]] ([[User talk:WalnutBloom#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WalnutBloom|changes]]) 23:48, 31 August 2026 (UTC) :Thank you both for saying about this and for notifying 'crats. I have looked slightly into this, it should involve adding a subpage variation based on en, I just haven't had the energy to see all the changes through this week, but over the weekend I should get the chance. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 21:14, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Request for comment == Hello community, Your input is needed on [[Talk:Ottoman-Soran War (1832–1834)#Move request|Talk:Ottoman-Soran War (1832–1834)]] to resolve an ongoing dispute about the article's title and scope. Thanks, [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:45, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :I left a comment on the talk page; the idea is that the article is iat the most ommon term, and there are redirexts from less ocmoomn terms [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 11:10, 26 September 2026 (UTC) == Good Articles / Very Good articles == Hello, i just wanted to point out that there are articles at the [[:WP:PGA|Proposed good artticles page]]. These articles have been sitting there for months, and I would envourage poeple who have not done so (and who are interested) to leave their comments. Idea would be to close these at the end of the month. Same applies to the listing in [[:WP:PVGA|Proposed very good articles]]. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 11:24, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :Since no one else writes it: [[The Uplift Mofo Party Plan]] and [[Vaginal yeast infection]] have both been promoted to good article status. Thank you to all who contributed and helped these articles get their current status. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 12:02, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == Title change== Could somebody please move the article title on the page [[Dervish movement (Somali)]] to [[Dervish State]], since thats the article title in use on English Wikipedia? The word "movement" is usually reserved for a polity that hasn't emerged yet (such as Khalistan movement), whereas Dervish State did come out of its emergement phase as existing. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53846-80|~2026-53846-80]] ([[User talk:~2026-53846-80|talk]]) 22:53, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :Technically the Enwiki title has a disambiguator, but it seems to go against their article name policy. This seems pretty uncontroversial, so I've moved the article. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 03:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Deaths in 2026, how many months back? == Hello, I think we usually have a window of 3 months for that page. This means that deaths in June 2026 and those in July go to their respective pages (that likely exist, but are redirects). Note also: in the past, there have been cases that those reported to have died were still alive, so I think the page is semiprotected right now. Whoever does the move, please append a reference if the respective entry does not have one. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 05:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) :[[Deaths in 2026]]? Why do we do it like that? An article on 2026 deaths should cover all deaths. It should definitely link to the other articles at the very least here. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] ^{([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])}''' 17:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) ::The article list the last few months, after that it's deaths in <month> <year>, for example [[Deaths in February 2026]]. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 18:00, 8 October 2026 (UTC) ::I agree with @[[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]], that is a weird practice. Better to just include all deaths in a given year. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:11, 9 October 2026 (UTC) == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary. The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].<br/> Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes. Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 09:29, 9 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=31142775 --> == Minecraft alex == Minecraft alex [[Special:Contributions/~2026-50628-72|~2026-50628-72]] ([[User talk:~2026-50628-72|talk]]) 10:51, 9 October 2026 (UTC) 6lpjtx7kdrxb51gtsju7hvnkz8u6uq1 11024588 11024587 2026-10-09T10:52:19Z Davey2010 314522 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-50628-72|~2026-50628-72]] ([[User talk:~2026-50628-72|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by MediaWiki message delivery. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 175 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the bottom of the page. --> == Poorly worded or wrong interface message for Special link to non-existent user subpage == <!-- 23:59, 31 December 2999 (UTC) -- Added to stop automatic archiving of this section -- Remove this comment to reenable archiving --> Following a link to a non-existent user subpage such as [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox]] gives the right top-of-page boilerplate message, apparently based on [[MediaWiki:Newarticletext]], with some modifications to add strings like, "Before starting this page, please see m:Sub pages" absent from the basic message. So far, so good. However, when a link is generated by a Special, such as (for me), [[Special:MyPage/Sandbox]]^{[blue always]} to the same non-existent user subpage, clicking it should result in the same top-of-page boilerplate, but it does not. Instead, I see this:^{[but see note]} <div style="width:95%; margin:0.4em 3em; padding:0.3em 0.8em; border:thin solid #aaa;"> '''Wikipedia does not yet have a user page with this name.''' If you are ''Mathglot/Sandbox'', click [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox|'''start this page''']].<br/> To contact ''Mathglot/Sandbox'', go to [[User talk:Mathglot/Sandbox]]. </div> I don't believe Simple allows usernames with a slash character as part of the name, so this message is misleading at the very least. It apparently derives from [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext NS User]], but either it is not adjusted properly to emit an appropriate message, or it is the wrong interface message entirely. Instead, I would emit something like this: <div style="width:95%; margin:0.4em 3em; padding:0.3em 0.8em; border:thin solid #aaa;"> '''Wikipedia does not yet have a user subpage with this name.''' Click [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox|'''start this page''']] to create it.<br/> To contact ''Mathglot'' about creating {{GENDER:Mathglot|his|her|their}}^{[uses [[mw:Help:Magic_words#gender|magic word]]&#93;} sandbox, go to [[User talk:Mathglot]]. </div> '''Note:''' if you already have a Sandbox subpage, the link above will not demonstrate the bad behavior to you, so you can use these links instead to observe it: [[Special:MyPage/Sandbox-999]], [[Special:MyPage/Any old name here]]. Thanks, [[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]] ([[User talk:Mathglot|talk]]) 22:18, 11 August 2026 (UTC) :Would any bureaucrat ({{ping|Eptalon|Ferien|BRPever}}) please look into this? <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 18:46, 31 August 2026 (UTC) :I've noticed this (although, for me, it is ''any'' time I visit a non-existent userspace page). Wouldn't replacing <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki> with <nowiki>{{ROOTPAGENAME}}</nowiki> fix the grammar? [[User:WalnutBloom|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#0E882E;text-decoration:inherit;">'''Walnut'''</span>]] ([[User talk:WalnutBloom#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WalnutBloom|changes]]) 23:48, 31 August 2026 (UTC) :Thank you both for saying about this and for notifying 'crats. I have looked slightly into this, it should involve adding a subpage variation based on en, I just haven't had the energy to see all the changes through this week, but over the weekend I should get the chance. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 21:14, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Request for comment == Hello community, Your input is needed on [[Talk:Ottoman-Soran War (1832–1834)#Move request|Talk:Ottoman-Soran War (1832–1834)]] to resolve an ongoing dispute about the article's title and scope. Thanks, [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:45, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :I left a comment on the talk page; the idea is that the article is iat the most ommon term, and there are redirexts from less ocmoomn terms [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 11:10, 26 September 2026 (UTC) == Good Articles / Very Good articles == Hello, i just wanted to point out that there are articles at the [[:WP:PGA|Proposed good artticles page]]. These articles have been sitting there for months, and I would envourage poeple who have not done so (and who are interested) to leave their comments. Idea would be to close these at the end of the month. Same applies to the listing in [[:WP:PVGA|Proposed very good articles]]. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 11:24, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :Since no one else writes it: [[The Uplift Mofo Party Plan]] and [[Vaginal yeast infection]] have both been promoted to good article status. Thank you to all who contributed and helped these articles get their current status. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 12:02, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == Title change== Could somebody please move the article title on the page [[Dervish movement (Somali)]] to [[Dervish State]], since thats the article title in use on English Wikipedia? The word "movement" is usually reserved for a polity that hasn't emerged yet (such as Khalistan movement), whereas Dervish State did come out of its emergement phase as existing. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53846-80|~2026-53846-80]] ([[User talk:~2026-53846-80|talk]]) 22:53, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :Technically the Enwiki title has a disambiguator, but it seems to go against their article name policy. This seems pretty uncontroversial, so I've moved the article. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 03:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Deaths in 2026, how many months back? == Hello, I think we usually have a window of 3 months for that page. This means that deaths in June 2026 and those in July go to their respective pages (that likely exist, but are redirects). Note also: in the past, there have been cases that those reported to have died were still alive, so I think the page is semiprotected right now. Whoever does the move, please append a reference if the respective entry does not have one. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 05:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) :[[Deaths in 2026]]? Why do we do it like that? An article on 2026 deaths should cover all deaths. It should definitely link to the other articles at the very least here. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] ^{([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])}''' 17:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) ::The article list the last few months, after that it's deaths in <month> <year>, for example [[Deaths in February 2026]]. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 18:00, 8 October 2026 (UTC) ::I agree with @[[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]], that is a weird practice. Better to just include all deaths in a given year. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:11, 9 October 2026 (UTC) == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary. The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].<br/> Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes. Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 09:29, 9 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=31142775 --> 4jgiyxas0cf3cuwxwcdq4rp79zwje08 11024600 11024588 2026-10-09T11:20:26Z Haoreima 1043157 /* Wikipedia Asian Month 2026 */ new section 11024600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:MiszaBot/config |archive = Wikipedia:Simple talk/Archive %(counter)d |algo = old(10d) |counter = 175 |maxarchivesize = 125K |minthreadsleft = 5 }} {{Skip to top and bottom}} {{Please leave this line alone.}} <!-- Questions go here. Post new questions at the bottom of the page. --> == Poorly worded or wrong interface message for Special link to non-existent user subpage == <!-- 23:59, 31 December 2999 (UTC) -- Added to stop automatic archiving of this section -- Remove this comment to reenable archiving --> Following a link to a non-existent user subpage such as [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox]] gives the right top-of-page boilerplate message, apparently based on [[MediaWiki:Newarticletext]], with some modifications to add strings like, "Before starting this page, please see m:Sub pages" absent from the basic message. So far, so good. However, when a link is generated by a Special, such as (for me), [[Special:MyPage/Sandbox]]^{[blue always]} to the same non-existent user subpage, clicking it should result in the same top-of-page boilerplate, but it does not. Instead, I see this:^{[but see note]} <div style="width:95%; margin:0.4em 3em; padding:0.3em 0.8em; border:thin solid #aaa;"> '''Wikipedia does not yet have a user page with this name.''' If you are ''Mathglot/Sandbox'', click [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox|'''start this page''']].<br/> To contact ''Mathglot/Sandbox'', go to [[User talk:Mathglot/Sandbox]]. </div> I don't believe Simple allows usernames with a slash character as part of the name, so this message is misleading at the very least. It apparently derives from [[MediaWiki:Noarticletext NS User]], but either it is not adjusted properly to emit an appropriate message, or it is the wrong interface message entirely. Instead, I would emit something like this: <div style="width:95%; margin:0.4em 3em; padding:0.3em 0.8em; border:thin solid #aaa;"> '''Wikipedia does not yet have a user subpage with this name.''' Click [[User:Mathglot/Sandbox|'''start this page''']] to create it.<br/> To contact ''Mathglot'' about creating {{GENDER:Mathglot|his|her|their}}^{[uses [[mw:Help:Magic_words#gender|magic word]]&#93;} sandbox, go to [[User talk:Mathglot]]. </div> '''Note:''' if you already have a Sandbox subpage, the link above will not demonstrate the bad behavior to you, so you can use these links instead to observe it: [[Special:MyPage/Sandbox-999]], [[Special:MyPage/Any old name here]]. Thanks, [[User:Mathglot|Mathglot]] ([[User talk:Mathglot|talk]]) 22:18, 11 August 2026 (UTC) :Would any bureaucrat ({{ping|Eptalon|Ferien|BRPever}}) please look into this? <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 18:46, 31 August 2026 (UTC) :I've noticed this (although, for me, it is ''any'' time I visit a non-existent userspace page). Wouldn't replacing <nowiki>{{PAGENAME}}</nowiki> with <nowiki>{{ROOTPAGENAME}}</nowiki> fix the grammar? [[User:WalnutBloom|<span class="mw-no-invert" style="color:#0E882E;text-decoration:inherit;">'''Walnut'''</span>]] ([[User talk:WalnutBloom#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/WalnutBloom|changes]]) 23:48, 31 August 2026 (UTC) :Thank you both for saying about this and for notifying 'crats. I have looked slightly into this, it should involve adding a subpage variation based on en, I just haven't had the energy to see all the changes through this week, but over the weekend I should get the chance. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 21:14, 3 September 2026 (UTC) == Request for comment == Hello community, Your input is needed on [[Talk:Ottoman-Soran War (1832–1834)#Move request|Talk:Ottoman-Soran War (1832–1834)]] to resolve an ongoing dispute about the article's title and scope. Thanks, [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:45, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :I left a comment on the talk page; the idea is that the article is iat the most ommon term, and there are redirexts from less ocmoomn terms [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 11:10, 26 September 2026 (UTC) == Good Articles / Very Good articles == Hello, i just wanted to point out that there are articles at the [[:WP:PGA|Proposed good artticles page]]. These articles have been sitting there for months, and I would envourage poeple who have not done so (and who are interested) to leave their comments. Idea would be to close these at the end of the month. Same applies to the listing in [[:WP:PVGA|Proposed very good articles]]. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 11:24, 26 September 2026 (UTC) :Since no one else writes it: [[The Uplift Mofo Party Plan]] and [[Vaginal yeast infection]] have both been promoted to good article status. Thank you to all who contributed and helped these articles get their current status. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 12:02, 4 October 2026 (UTC) == Title change== Could somebody please move the article title on the page [[Dervish movement (Somali)]] to [[Dervish State]], since thats the article title in use on English Wikipedia? The word "movement" is usually reserved for a polity that hasn't emerged yet (such as Khalistan movement), whereas Dervish State did come out of its emergement phase as existing. [[Special:Contributions/~2026-53846-80|~2026-53846-80]] ([[User talk:~2026-53846-80|talk]]) 22:53, 6 October 2026 (UTC) :Technically the Enwiki title has a disambiguator, but it seems to go against their article name policy. This seems pretty uncontroversial, so I've moved the article. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 03:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) == Deaths in 2026, how many months back? == Hello, I think we usually have a window of 3 months for that page. This means that deaths in June 2026 and those in July go to their respective pages (that likely exist, but are redirects). Note also: in the past, there have been cases that those reported to have died were still alive, so I think the page is semiprotected right now. Whoever does the move, please append a reference if the respective entry does not have one. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 05:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) :[[Deaths in 2026]]? Why do we do it like that? An article on 2026 deaths should cover all deaths. It should definitely link to the other articles at the very least here. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|<span style="color:green">Lee Vilenski</span>]] ^{([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])}''' 17:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) ::The article list the last few months, after that it's deaths in <month> <year>, for example [[Deaths in February 2026]]. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 18:00, 8 October 2026 (UTC) ::I agree with @[[User:Lee Vilenski|Lee Vilenski]], that is a weird practice. Better to just include all deaths in a given year. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:11, 9 October 2026 (UTC) == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary. The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].<br/> Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes. Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 09:29, 9 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=31142775 --> == Wikipedia Asian Month 2026 == [[File:Wikipedia Asian Month Logo.svg|350px|center|Wikipedia Asian Month 2026]] After a long gap of 4 years, '''[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Asian Month/2026|Wikipedia Asian Month]]''' is back in this wiki. It is an '''upcoming''' online [[:en:Edit-a-thon|edit-a-thon]]. Its purpose is to increase understanding among Asian Wikipedia communities. It is going to take place through '''November 2026'''. The purpose of Asian Month at [[Simple English Wikipedia]] is to have more quality articles about Asian countries. The last annual edition of the event at local level took place in 2021. As a symbol of friendship, each person who creates at least '''4''' articles that meet the requirements will receive a specially designed Wikipedia postcard. The postcard will come from another country that joined in. Wikipedians who create the most articles on each Wikipedia will be honored as "Wikipedia Asian Ambassadors". Interested people are invited to join the edit-a-thon. Regards! :-) [[User:Haoreima|'''HAOREIMA''']] ([[User talk:Haoreima|'''''Khurumjari''''']]) 11:20, 9 October 2026 (UTC) qoporwrgi479qvqrdebqv2ul0ihkjiz 0 126011 11024559 10231348 2026-10-09T09:33:51Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024559 wikitext text/x-wiki '''WYSIWYG''' ({{pronEng|ˈwɪziwɪg}}<ref>Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Retrieved November 09, 2007, from Dictionary.com website: [http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/wysiwyg WYSIWUG]</ref> or {{IPA|/ˈwɪz<s>ɪ</s>wɪg/}}<ref>OED</ref>), is an [[acronym]] for '''''W'''hat '''Y'''ou '''S'''ee '''I'''s '''W'''hat '''Y'''ou '''G'''et'', used in [[computing]] to describe a system where things you edit on the on-screen editor appear almost the same to the final output,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/wysiwyg?view=uk|title=Compact Oxford English Dictionary: WYSIWYG|publisher=Oxford University Press|access-date=2008-08-22|archive-date=2008-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018220458/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/wysiwyg?view=uk|url-status=dead}}</ref> which might be a [[Printing|printed]] document, a [[Webpage|web page]], a [[Microsoft PowerPoint|PowerPoint]] presentation or even the lighting for a [[concert]]. [[Web designers]] often use this word to talk about their work. ==Related pages== *[[GUI]] *[[Text editor]] *[[WYSIWYM]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == *[https://web.archive.org/web/20090228022646/http://geniisoft.com/showcase.nsf/WebEditors Comparison table] - open source and commercial WYSIWYG web-based editors *ATPM.com's [http://www.atpm.com/4.12/page7.shtml WYSIWYG: Is it What You Want?] *[http://xml.coverpages.org/taylorWYSIWYG.html What has WYSIWYG done to us?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080915182546/http://xml.coverpages.org/taylorWYSIWYG.html |date=2008-09-15 }} - Serious article about the negative effects the introduction of WYSIWYG has had as of 1996. *[http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/free_issues/issue_03/practical_applications_xml XML: WYSIWYG to WYSIWYM - A brief look at XML document authoring] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050526001540/http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/free_issues/issue_03/practical_applications_xml/ |date=2005-05-26 }} An article on existing XML authoring software (May 2005) * [http://www.catb.org/~esr/jargon/html/W/WYSIWYG.html The Jargon File entry for WYSIWYG] *[http://www.younicycle.com/demo.html Online demonstration WYSIWYG Examples] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423145905/http://www.younicycle.com/demo.html |date=2009-04-23 }} - Two, online demonstration editors for making web pages or PDFs. *ATPM.com's [http://www.atpm.com/4.12/page7.shtml WYSIWYG: Is it What You Want?] {{tech-stub}} [[Category:Web design]] [[Category:Acronyms]] 1bvpjmalmqrit33531xjccsv29psijb 0 130710 11024132 10991317 2026-10-08T21:27:45Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 /* */ 11024132 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki-fellatio02.png|thumb|A woman performs fellatio on a man]] [[File:Édouard-Henri_Avril_(20).jpg|thumb|Illustration of a man receiving fellatio from a woman by Édouard-Henri Avril.]] '''Fellatio''' is [[oral sex]] performed on the [[Human penis|penis]]. Fellatio is often called a '''blow job'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blow+job|title=blow job, a definition from the Merriam-Webster dictionary |date=2 July 2026 }}</ref> The opposite of this is [[cunnilingus]]. Cunnilingus is oral [[sex]] performed on the [[vulva]]. Fellatio can continue until the receiver [[ejaculation|ejaculates]] or as part of [[foreplay]], before actual [[sexual intercourse]]. I want daddy’s jizz in my mouth. == Risks == There is no risk of [[pregnancy|getting pregnant]] by performing a fellatio, because there is no connection from the [[mouth]] to the [[womb]] and the [[fallopian tube]]s. There is however a large risk of transmitting [[sexually transmitted disease|diseases]] if the mouth comes in contact with [[semen]] on the [[penis]].<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/qa/qa19.htm Can I get HIV from oral sex? | Questions and Answers | CDC HIV/AIDS<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> If the person drinks [[alcohol|alcoholic drinks]], it can make this risk higher.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4123193.stm BBC NEWS | Health | Alcohol 'aids HIV cell infection'<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> HIV can also enter through open sores or bleeding gums. Very few people are [[allergy|allergic]] to semen.<ref>[http://www.teenhealthfx.com/answers/Sexuality/1230.html TeenHealthFX - Answers - Swallowing Semen<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Some claim that [[swallowing]] ejaculate is an intimate act.<ref>Nancy Friday's book, ''Men in Love - Men's Sexual Fantasies: The Triumph of Love over Rage''</ref> Diseases such as [[Chlamydia infection|Chlamydia]], [[human papillomavirus]] (HPV), [[gonorrhea]], [[herpes]], [[hepatitis]] (multiple strains), and other [[sexually transmitted disease]]s (STDs), as well as viruses such as [[HIV]], can be transmitted through oral sex.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uhs.uga.edu/sexualhealth/oral_sex.html#safe |title=University Health Center {{!}} Sexual Health {{!}} Oral Sex<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-09-21 |archive-date=2007-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010145522/http://www.uhs.uga.edu/sexualhealth/oral_sex.html#safe |url-status=dead }}</ref> The risk of transmitting HIV through fellatio is unknown, but it is thought to be low. Any kind of direct contact with body fluids of a person infected with [[HIV]], the virus that causes [[AIDS]], poses a risk of infection. The risk from most of these types of infection, however, is generally considered far lower than that associated with [[sexual intercourse|vaginal]] or [[anal sex]].<ref>{{cite web|author=By&nbsp;Dan Savage |url=http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/SavageLove?oid=572916 |title=Savage Love - Columns - Savage Love - Dan Savage - The Stranger, Seattle's Only Newspaper |publisher=Thestranger.com |date=2008-05-08 |accessdate=2010-03-19}}</ref><ref>O'Malley, Paul 1996. Oral sex: risk factors for HIV infection. [http://www.managingdesire.org/oralsexriskfactors.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104043055/http://www.managingdesire.org/oralsexriskfactors.html|date=2011-11-04}}</ref> If the receiving partner has [[wound]]s on their [[genital]]s, or if the giving partner has wounds or open sores on or in their mouth, or bleeding gums, this poses an increased risk of STD transmission. Flossing or undergoing dental work relatively soon before or after giving fellatio can also increase the risk of transmission, because all of these activities can cause small scratches in the lining of the mouth. These wounds, even when they are [[microscopic]], increase the chances of contracting [[Sexually transmitted disease|STDs]] that can be transmitted orally under these conditions. Such contact can also lead to more mundane infections from common [[bacteria]] and [[viruses]] found in, around and secreted from the genital regions. Because of this, some medical professionals advise the use of [[condom]]s when performing or receiving fellatio with a partner whose STD status is unknown. Flavoured condoms may be used for this purpose. Alternatively there is flavored lube. == In culture == [[File:Fellatiomoche.jpg|thumb|A Moche jug showing oral sex]] Many people accuse someone of performing fellatio as an [[insult]]. For example 'cock sucker!' or 'suck my dick'. Many cultures see fellatio as showing control over ones partner, as often the giver is on their knees.<ref name=Question>{{cite web|url=http://badgerherald.com/artsetc/2003/04/09/the_ageold_question_.php|title=The age old question?|access-date=2008-09-01|archive-date=2011-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928073425/http://badgerherald.com/artsetc/2003/04/09/the_ageold_question_.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[ancient Greece]], it was called ''playing the flute''.<ref name =Question/> The [[Moche]] people of ancient [[Peru]] practiced it regularly{{fact|date=July 2010}} and made vases showing it. ==Related pages== * [[Oral sex]] * [[Cunnilingus]] == References == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Sexual acts]] [[Category:Fellatio]] svaz8m32f1s22074owdj85uao1ros8c 11024175 11024132 2026-10-08T21:52:35Z Fehufanga 863768 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) to last version by NX3710 10991317 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki-fellatio02.png|thumb|A woman performs fellatio on a man]] [[File:Édouard-Henri_Avril_(20).jpg|thumb|Illustration of a man receiving fellatio from a woman by Édouard-Henri Avril.]] '''Fellatio''' is [[oral sex]] performed on the [[Human penis|penis]]. Fellatio is often called a '''blow job'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blow+job|title=blow job, a definition from the Merriam-Webster dictionary |date=2 July 2026 }}</ref> The opposite of this is [[cunnilingus]]. Cunnilingus is oral [[sex]] performed on the [[vulva]]. Fellatio can continue until the receiver [[ejaculation|ejaculates]] or as part of [[foreplay]], before actual [[sexual intercourse]]. == Risks == There is no risk of [[pregnancy|getting pregnant]] by performing a fellatio, because there is no connection from the [[mouth]] to the [[womb]] and the [[fallopian tube]]s. There is however a large risk of transmitting [[sexually transmitted disease|diseases]] if the mouth comes in contact with [[semen]] on the [[penis]].<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/qa/qa19.htm Can I get HIV from oral sex? | Questions and Answers | CDC HIV/AIDS<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> If the person drinks [[alcohol|alcoholic drinks]], it can make this risk higher.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4123193.stm BBC NEWS | Health | Alcohol 'aids HIV cell infection'<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> HIV can also enter through open sores or bleeding gums. Very few people are [[allergy|allergic]] to semen.<ref>[http://www.teenhealthfx.com/answers/Sexuality/1230.html TeenHealthFX - Answers - Swallowing Semen<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Some claim that [[swallowing]] ejaculate is an intimate act.<ref>Nancy Friday's book, ''Men in Love - Men's Sexual Fantasies: The Triumph of Love over Rage''</ref> Diseases such as [[Chlamydia infection|Chlamydia]], [[human papillomavirus]] (HPV), [[gonorrhea]], [[herpes]], [[hepatitis]] (multiple strains), and other [[sexually transmitted disease]]s (STDs), as well as viruses such as [[HIV]], can be transmitted through oral sex.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uhs.uga.edu/sexualhealth/oral_sex.html#safe |title=University Health Center {{!}} Sexual Health {{!}} Oral Sex<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-09-21 |archive-date=2007-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010145522/http://www.uhs.uga.edu/sexualhealth/oral_sex.html#safe |url-status=dead }}</ref> The risk of transmitting HIV through fellatio is unknown, but it is thought to be low. Any kind of direct contact with body fluids of a person infected with [[HIV]], the virus that causes [[AIDS]], poses a risk of infection. The risk from most of these types of infection, however, is generally considered far lower than that associated with [[sexual intercourse|vaginal]] or [[anal sex]].<ref>{{cite web|author=By&nbsp;Dan Savage |url=http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/SavageLove?oid=572916 |title=Savage Love - Columns - Savage Love - Dan Savage - The Stranger, Seattle's Only Newspaper |publisher=Thestranger.com |date=2008-05-08 |accessdate=2010-03-19}}</ref><ref>O'Malley, Paul 1996. Oral sex: risk factors for HIV infection. [http://www.managingdesire.org/oralsexriskfactors.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104043055/http://www.managingdesire.org/oralsexriskfactors.html|date=2011-11-04}}</ref> If the receiving partner has [[wound]]s on their [[genital]]s, or if the giving partner has wounds or open sores on or in their mouth, or bleeding gums, this poses an increased risk of STD transmission. Flossing or undergoing dental work relatively soon before or after giving fellatio can also increase the risk of transmission, because all of these activities can cause small scratches in the lining of the mouth. These wounds, even when they are [[microscopic]], increase the chances of contracting [[Sexually transmitted disease|STDs]] that can be transmitted orally under these conditions. Such contact can also lead to more mundane infections from common [[bacteria]] and [[viruses]] found in, around and secreted from the genital regions. Because of this, some medical professionals advise the use of [[condom]]s when performing or receiving fellatio with a partner whose STD status is unknown. Flavoured condoms may be used for this purpose. Alternatively there is flavored lube. == In culture == [[File:Fellatiomoche.jpg|thumb|A Moche jug showing oral sex]] Many people accuse someone of performing fellatio as an [[insult]]. For example 'cock sucker!' or 'suck my dick'. Many cultures see fellatio as showing control over ones partner, as often the giver is on their knees.<ref name=Question>{{cite web|url=http://badgerherald.com/artsetc/2003/04/09/the_ageold_question_.php|title=The age old question?|access-date=2008-09-01|archive-date=2011-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928073425/http://badgerherald.com/artsetc/2003/04/09/the_ageold_question_.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[ancient Greece]], it was called ''playing the flute''.<ref name =Question/> The [[Moche]] people of ancient [[Peru]] practiced it regularly{{fact|date=July 2010}} and made vases showing it. ==Related pages== * [[Oral sex]] * [[Cunnilingus]] == References == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Sexual acts]] [[Category:Fellatio]] 64anv1tfg69b1307tbveoddpxwb3tlx 11024181 11024175 2026-10-08T21:53:41Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 11024181 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki-fellatio02.png|thumb|A woman performs fellatio on a man]] [[File:Édouard-Henri_Avril_(20).jpg|thumb|Illustration of a man receiving fellatio from a woman by Édouard-Henri Avril.]] '''Fellatio''' is [[oral sex]] performed on the [[Human penis|penis]]. Fellatio is often called a '''blow job'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blow+job|title=blow job, a definition from the Merriam-Webster dictionary |date=2 July 2026 }}</ref> The opposite of this is [[cunnilingus]]. Cunnilingus is oral [[sex]] performed on the [[vulva]]. Fellatio can continue until the receiver [[ejaculation|ejaculates]] or as part of [[foreplay]], before actual [[sexual intercourse]]. == Risks == There is no risk of [[pregnancy|getting pregnant]] by performing a fellatio, because there is no connection from the [[mouth]] to the [[womb]] and the [[fallopian tube]]s. There is however a large risk of transmitting [[sexually transmitted disease|diseases]] if the mouth comes in contact with [[semen]] on the [[penis]].<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/qa/qa19.htm Can I get HIV from oral sex? | Questions and Answers | CDC HIV/AIDS<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> If the person drinks [[alcohol|alcoholic drinks]], it can make this risk higher.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4123193.stm BBC NEWS | Health | Alcohol 'aids HIV cell infection'<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> HIV can also enter through open sores or bleeding gums. Very few people are [[allergy|allergic]] to semen.<ref>[http://www.teenhealthfx.com/answers/Sexuality/1230.html TeenHealthFX - Answers - Swallowing Semen<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Some claim that [[swallowing]] ejaculate is an intimate act.<ref>Nancy Friday's book, ''Men in Love - Men's Sexual Fantasies: The Triumph of Love over Rage''</ref> First I blow him and then I get blown away by his massive load of splooge all over my face and lick it all up. Diseases such as [[Chlamydia infection|Chlamydia]], [[human papillomavirus]] (HPV), [[gonorrhea]], [[herpes]], [[hepatitis]] (multiple strains), and other [[sexually transmitted disease]]s (STDs), as well as viruses such as [[HIV]], can be transmitted through oral sex.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uhs.uga.edu/sexualhealth/oral_sex.html#safe |title=University Health Center {{!}} Sexual Health {{!}} Oral Sex<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-09-21 |archive-date=2007-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010145522/http://www.uhs.uga.edu/sexualhealth/oral_sex.html#safe |url-status=dead }}</ref> The risk of transmitting HIV through fellatio is unknown, but it is thought to be low. Any kind of direct contact with body fluids of a person infected with [[HIV]], the virus that causes [[AIDS]], poses a risk of infection. The risk from most of these types of infection, however, is generally considered far lower than that associated with [[sexual intercourse|vaginal]] or [[anal sex]].<ref>{{cite web|author=By&nbsp;Dan Savage |url=http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/SavageLove?oid=572916 |title=Savage Love - Columns - Savage Love - Dan Savage - The Stranger, Seattle's Only Newspaper |publisher=Thestranger.com |date=2008-05-08 |accessdate=2010-03-19}}</ref><ref>O'Malley, Paul 1996. Oral sex: risk factors for HIV infection. [http://www.managingdesire.org/oralsexriskfactors.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104043055/http://www.managingdesire.org/oralsexriskfactors.html|date=2011-11-04}}</ref> If the receiving partner has [[wound]]s on their [[genital]]s, or if the giving partner has wounds or open sores on or in their mouth, or bleeding gums, this poses an increased risk of STD transmission. Flossing or undergoing dental work relatively soon before or after giving fellatio can also increase the risk of transmission, because all of these activities can cause small scratches in the lining of the mouth. These wounds, even when they are [[microscopic]], increase the chances of contracting [[Sexually transmitted disease|STDs]] that can be transmitted orally under these conditions. Such contact can also lead to more mundane infections from common [[bacteria]] and [[viruses]] found in, around and secreted from the genital regions. Because of this, some medical professionals advise the use of [[condom]]s when performing or receiving fellatio with a partner whose STD status is unknown. Flavoured condoms may be used for this purpose. Alternatively there is flavored lube. == In culture == [[File:Fellatiomoche.jpg|thumb|A Moche jug showing oral sex]] Many people accuse someone of performing fellatio as an [[insult]]. For example 'cock sucker!' or 'suck my dick'. Many cultures see fellatio as showing control over ones partner, as often the giver is on their knees.<ref name=Question>{{cite web|url=http://badgerherald.com/artsetc/2003/04/09/the_ageold_question_.php|title=The age old question?|access-date=2008-09-01|archive-date=2011-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928073425/http://badgerherald.com/artsetc/2003/04/09/the_ageold_question_.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[ancient Greece]], it was called ''playing the flute''.<ref name =Question/> The [[Moche]] people of ancient [[Peru]] practiced it regularly{{fact|date=July 2010}} and made vases showing it. ==Related pages== * [[Oral sex]] * [[Cunnilingus]] == References == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Sexual acts]] [[Category:Fellatio]] m8phpipsod5cztzd49am21yh9p0ghzv 11024182 11024181 2026-10-08T21:54:16Z Fehufanga 863768 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) to last version by Fehufanga 10991317 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki-fellatio02.png|thumb|A woman performs fellatio on a man]] [[File:Édouard-Henri_Avril_(20).jpg|thumb|Illustration of a man receiving fellatio from a woman by Édouard-Henri Avril.]] '''Fellatio''' is [[oral sex]] performed on the [[Human penis|penis]]. Fellatio is often called a '''blow job'''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/blow+job|title=blow job, a definition from the Merriam-Webster dictionary |date=2 July 2026 }}</ref> The opposite of this is [[cunnilingus]]. Cunnilingus is oral [[sex]] performed on the [[vulva]]. Fellatio can continue until the receiver [[ejaculation|ejaculates]] or as part of [[foreplay]], before actual [[sexual intercourse]]. == Risks == There is no risk of [[pregnancy|getting pregnant]] by performing a fellatio, because there is no connection from the [[mouth]] to the [[womb]] and the [[fallopian tube]]s. There is however a large risk of transmitting [[sexually transmitted disease|diseases]] if the mouth comes in contact with [[semen]] on the [[penis]].<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/resources/qa/qa19.htm Can I get HIV from oral sex? | Questions and Answers | CDC HIV/AIDS<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> If the person drinks [[alcohol|alcoholic drinks]], it can make this risk higher.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/4123193.stm BBC NEWS | Health | Alcohol 'aids HIV cell infection'<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> HIV can also enter through open sores or bleeding gums. Very few people are [[allergy|allergic]] to semen.<ref>[http://www.teenhealthfx.com/answers/Sexuality/1230.html TeenHealthFX - Answers - Swallowing Semen<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Some claim that [[swallowing]] ejaculate is an intimate act.<ref>Nancy Friday's book, ''Men in Love - Men's Sexual Fantasies: The Triumph of Love over Rage''</ref> Diseases such as [[Chlamydia infection|Chlamydia]], [[human papillomavirus]] (HPV), [[gonorrhea]], [[herpes]], [[hepatitis]] (multiple strains), and other [[sexually transmitted disease]]s (STDs), as well as viruses such as [[HIV]], can be transmitted through oral sex.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uhs.uga.edu/sexualhealth/oral_sex.html#safe |title=University Health Center {{!}} Sexual Health {{!}} Oral Sex<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-09-21 |archive-date=2007-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010145522/http://www.uhs.uga.edu/sexualhealth/oral_sex.html#safe |url-status=dead }}</ref> The risk of transmitting HIV through fellatio is unknown, but it is thought to be low. Any kind of direct contact with body fluids of a person infected with [[HIV]], the virus that causes [[AIDS]], poses a risk of infection. The risk from most of these types of infection, however, is generally considered far lower than that associated with [[sexual intercourse|vaginal]] or [[anal sex]].<ref>{{cite web|author=By&nbsp;Dan Savage |url=http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/SavageLove?oid=572916 |title=Savage Love - Columns - Savage Love - Dan Savage - The Stranger, Seattle's Only Newspaper |publisher=Thestranger.com |date=2008-05-08 |accessdate=2010-03-19}}</ref><ref>O'Malley, Paul 1996. Oral sex: risk factors for HIV infection. [http://www.managingdesire.org/oralsexriskfactors.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104043055/http://www.managingdesire.org/oralsexriskfactors.html|date=2011-11-04}}</ref> If the receiving partner has [[wound]]s on their [[genital]]s, or if the giving partner has wounds or open sores on or in their mouth, or bleeding gums, this poses an increased risk of STD transmission. Flossing or undergoing dental work relatively soon before or after giving fellatio can also increase the risk of transmission, because all of these activities can cause small scratches in the lining of the mouth. These wounds, even when they are [[microscopic]], increase the chances of contracting [[Sexually transmitted disease|STDs]] that can be transmitted orally under these conditions. Such contact can also lead to more mundane infections from common [[bacteria]] and [[viruses]] found in, around and secreted from the genital regions. Because of this, some medical professionals advise the use of [[condom]]s when performing or receiving fellatio with a partner whose STD status is unknown. Flavoured condoms may be used for this purpose. Alternatively there is flavored lube. == In culture == [[File:Fellatiomoche.jpg|thumb|A Moche jug showing oral sex]] Many people accuse someone of performing fellatio as an [[insult]]. For example 'cock sucker!' or 'suck my dick'. Many cultures see fellatio as showing control over ones partner, as often the giver is on their knees.<ref name=Question>{{cite web|url=http://badgerherald.com/artsetc/2003/04/09/the_ageold_question_.php|title=The age old question?|access-date=2008-09-01|archive-date=2011-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928073425/http://badgerherald.com/artsetc/2003/04/09/the_ageold_question_.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[ancient Greece]], it was called ''playing the flute''.<ref name =Question/> The [[Moche]] people of ancient [[Peru]] practiced it regularly{{fact|date=July 2010}} and made vases showing it. ==Related pages== * [[Oral sex]] * [[Cunnilingus]] == References == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Sexual acts]] [[Category:Fellatio]] 64anv1tfg69b1307tbveoddpxwb3tlx 0 142741 11024215 10860431 2026-10-08T23:49:36Z Davey2010 314522 Update ib 11024215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}} {{Infobox automobile |image = 2005 LDV 400 Convoy TD LWB 2.4.jpg |name = Leyland DAF 400, LDV Convoy |caption = LDV Convoy minibus |manufacturer = [[British Leyland]], [[LDV Limited]] |production = 1984–2006 |predecessor = [[Freight Rover Sherpa]] |related = [[LDV Pilot]] |successor = [[LDV Maxus]] |class = [[Light commercial vehicle]] ([[M-segment|M]]) |body_style = [[Van]] }} '''LDV Convoy''' is a [[van]] and [[minibus]] made from [[1996]] to [[2006]] by [[LDV Limited]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Convoy brochure|url=http://www.ldv.com/main_site/pdf/conv.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115221340/http://www.ldv.com/main_site/pdf/conv.pdf|archive-date=15 January 2006|website=LDV.com}}</ref> Between 2000-2005 the model was improved, It had [[transparent]] front head lights and transparent back brake lights. In 1997, the Convoy replaced the [[Leyland DAF 400 Series]]. In 2006, the Convoy was replaced by the [[LDV Maxus]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Road test: LDV Maxus|url=https://www.fleetnews.co.uk/news/2005/3/24/road-test-ldv-maxus/19007/|access-date=7 July 2024|website=fleetnews.co.uk|language=en}}</ref> == Awards == * ''What Van'' 'Best Minibus' 2000<ref>{{cite web |title=Van of the Year 2000 Awards |url=http://www.whatvan.co.uk/vanofyear.asp |website=WhatVan? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001204041100/http://www.whatvan.co.uk/vanofyear.asp |archive-date=4 December 2000}}</ref> * ''What Van'' 'Best Minibus' 2001{{refn|group=note|name=first|Title on website incorrectly says "Van of the Year 2000 Awards" however everything after that correctly says 2001".<ref>{{cite web |title=Van of the Year 2001 Awards |url=http://www.whatvan.co.uk/vanofyear.asp |website=WhatVan? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020609142057/http://www.whatvan.co.uk:80/vanofyear.asp |archive-date=9 June 2002}}</ref>}} * ''What Van'' 'Best Minibus' 2002<ref>{{cite web |title=Van of the Year 2002 Awards |url=http://www.whatvan.co.uk/vanofyear.asp |website=WhatVan? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021004200632/http://www.whatvan.co.uk/vanofyear.asp |archive-date=4 October 2002}}</ref> * Prince Michael Road Safety Bus and Truck Award 2000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ap-brakes.co.uk/news/News_2000/ldv_000615.htm|title=AP Braking - LDV Minibus Award|last=Hill|first=C. F.|website=ap-brakes.co.uk|publisher=AP Braking and AP Hydraulics|access-date=18 August 2017|archive-date=9 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109203400/http://www.ap-brakes.co.uk/news/News_2000/ldv_000615.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Van market speeded up by LDV's offers|date=9 January 2000|work=Sunday Mercury|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ldv.co.uk:80/main_site/products/p_school.htm|title= School Bus: The LDV School Bus is Perfect for Your Needs | website= LDV.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060928011043/http://www.ldv.co.uk/main_site/products/p_school.htm|archive-date=28 September 2006|url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery widths="190" heights="130"> File:Bus img 3615 (16167735840) (cropped).jpg|LDV Convoy with a high-roof (before improvements) File:Spiritual emergency response vehicle? - geograph.org.uk - 926889 (cropped).jpg|LDV Convoy with a high-roof (before improvements) File:Bowmore - the Post Bus - geograph.org.uk - 920012.jpg|LDV Convoy [[Royal Mail]] [[postbus]] in [[Bowmore]], [[Isle of Islay]] File:2004 LDV 400 Convoy Diesel LWB 2.4 Rear.jpg|LDV Convoy with a high-roof (after improvements) File:2002 LDV 400 Convoy Diesel SWB 2.4 Front.jpg|LDV Convoy with a low-roof (before improvements) File:2002 LDV 400 Convoy Diesel SWB 2.4 Rear.jpg|LDV Convoy with a low-roof (before improvements) File:London Ambulance on Hamilton Terrace.jpg|LDV Convoy [[ambulance]] (before improvements) File:Balamory bus, Glasgow Museum of Transport - geograph.org.uk - 1108371.jpg|LDV Convoy minibus that was used on children's TV show ''[[Balamory]]'' File:Carlone Buses V471 RDN.JPG|LDV Convoy minibus with the entrance door being at the front right </gallery> ==Related pages== *[[LDV Pilot]] ==Notes== {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== *{{commonscat-inline|LDV Convoy}} {{LDV Group}} {{Transport-stub}} [[Category:LDV vehicles|Convoy]] [[Category:Vans]] [[Category:Minibuses]] msbumr6zlgp3cpk6cg39agy6je2el9o 0 169405 11024460 10742057 2026-10-09T06:38:20Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|the [[London Underground|tube]] line in London}} {{good}} {{Infobox rail line | name = Victoria line | logo = Victoria line flag box.png | logo_width = 250px | logo_alt = Victoria line in Johnston typeface, as used by tfl | image = 2009 stock at Euston.jpg | image_width = 250 | image_alt = A train at Euston. | caption = A [[London Underground 2009 Stock|2009 stock]] Victoria line train at {{lus|Euston}} | type = [[Rapid transit]] | system = [[London Underground]] | mapcolour = Light blue | mapcolourlink = Tube map | stations = 16 | ridership2 = 199.988 million (2011/12)<ref name="passenger numbers">{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/Performance_Data_Store_P2_2012-13_Issued(1).xlsm|title=LU Performance Data Almanac|publisher=[[Transport for London]]|accessdate=1 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803065342/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/Performance_Data_Store_P2_2012-13_Issued%281%29.xlsm|archivedate=3 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> passenger journeys | open = 1 September 1968 | character = Deep-level | depot = Northumberland Park | stock = [[London Underground 2009 Stock|2009 Stock]] | linelength_km = 21 | tracklength_km = | gauge = {{RailGauge|1435mm|lk=on}} | website = | map_name = [[Transport for London]] rail&nbsp;lines | map = {{London rail lines}} | map_state = collapsed }} The '''Victoria line''' is part of the [[London Underground]] [[transport network|network]]. It is a [[deep-level tube lines|deep-level]] [[wikt:underground|underground]] [[metro]] line that runs from [[Brixton]] in south [[London]] to [[Walthamstow Central]] in the north-east. It started running in 1968 between Walthamstow and Islington. On the [[Tube map]] it is [[show]]n with a [[blue|light blue]] color. It is the fourth [[wikt:busiest|busiest]] tube line on the London Underground network.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.metronetrail.com/default.asp?sID=1118413495531|title=Northumberland Park Depot|publisher=Metronet Rail|accessdate=2009-06-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505103551/http://www.metronetrail.com/default.asp?sID=1118413495531|archivedate=2006-05-05|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trainweb.org/tubeprune/Statistics.htm|title=Tube Prune - London Underground Statistics|date=2003-04-21|publisher=Tube Prune|accessdate=2009-06-30}}</ref> It is the only line on the Underground, other than the [[Waterloo & City line]], running between [[Waterloo tube station|Waterloo]] and [[Bank and Monument stations|Bank]], which is completely underground. The only section of the line to come above ground is the route to the [[depot]] from [[Seven Sisters tube station|Seven Sisters]] to [[Northumberland Park Depot|Northumberland Park]]. This Underground line has hump-backed stations which allow trains to store [[gravitational potential energy]] as it arrive and to then use this energy as they leave all of the 16 stations. The stations are on top of small hills, or [[wikt:hump|humps]]. As the train travels up the hill to the station its [[Inertia|weight]] helps it to slow down. As the train leaves the station it travels down the hill on the tunnel, with [[gravity]] helping the train to speed up. Announcements include planned closures, door direction, step-free access and unheard announcements. This saves 5% [[energy]] and makes the trains run 9% faster.<ref>{{withouthotair}}</ref> Each new platform built for the Victoria Line is 132.6 [[metre]]s long.<ref name="2009 Tube Stock on Track">{{cite web|url=http://www.lurs.org.uk/documents/pdf%2007/march/2009%20Tube%20Stock%20on%20Track%20march.pdf|title=2009 Tube Stock on Track|accessdate=2009-07-12|publisher=London Underground Railway Society|archive-date=2022-10-10|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221010/http://www.lurs.org.uk/documents/pdf%2007/march/2009%20Tube%20Stock%20on%20Track%20march.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Around 200 million people use the Victoria line each year.<ref name="passenger numbers"/> ==History== [[File:Victoria Line.svg|thumb|400px|[[Geography|Geographically]] correct map of the Victoria line|alt=Geographically right map of the Victoria line]] A new tube railway running from [[Victoria, London|Victoria]] to [[Walthamstow]] was first [[wikt:propose|proposed]] by a Working Party set up by the [[British Transport Commission]] in 1948.<ref name=VLBook>{{cite book|title=The Victoria Line|author=Mike Horne|publisher=Capital Transport}}</ref> The main [[wikt:purpose|purpose]] of the line was to [[wikt:relieve|relieve]] [[Traffic congestion|congestion]] in the central area. The [[Private Bill]] needed to build it was introduced into [[Parliament]] in 1955.<ref name=VLBook/> The Bill described a line from Victoria to Walthamstow (Wood Street). There was also a [[wikt:propose|proposal]] for an [[wikt:extend|extension]] from Victoria to [[Fulham Broadway tube station|Fulham Broadway]] station on the [[District line]], but this was not included in the Bill.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[The Railway Magazine]] |date=April 1955 |editor-first=B.W.C. |editor-last=Cooke |title=Proposed New London Underground |volume=101 |issue=648 |pages=279–281 |publisher=Tothill Press |location=Westminster }}</ref> The [[wikt:construct|construction]] work on the Walthamstow–Victoria section began in 1962. It continued until 1972, when [[Pimlico station]] was opened. A test [[tunnel]] from [[Tottenham]] to [[Manor House, London|Manor House]] under [[Seven Sisters Road]] had been constructed in 1959 and this was later [[wikt:integrate|integrated]] into the running tunnels. The [[Charles, Prince of Wales|Prince of Wales]] and the [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh|Duke of Edinburgh]] visited the line during its construction. In July 1968, they visited the [[tunnel]]s that were being built under Vauxhall Park.<ref name=VLBook/> [[Barbara Castle]], the [[Secretary of State for Transport|Minister of Transport]] gave [[wikt:approve|approval]] on 4 August 1967 to build the Brixton extension. [[wikt:prepare|Preparatory]] work started at a site on Bessborough Gardens near to [[Vauxhall Bridge Road]] in May 1967. On 28 June 1968, [[Richard Marsh, Baron Marsh|Richard Marsh]], then Minister of Transport approved the proposal to build a station at [[Pimlico]].<ref name=VLBook/> The name "Victoria line" [[wikt:date|date]]s back to 1955. Other suggestions were "Walvic line" ([[Walthamstow Central station]]–[[London Victoria station|Victoria station]]) and "Viking line" (Victoria station–[[London King's Cross railway station|King's Cross station]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.davros.org/rail/culg/victoria.html|title=CULG - Victoria Line|accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref> During the planning stages, it was known as ''Route C''. Later, it was named the Victoria line after Victoria Station by David McKenna. This suggestion was seconded by [[John Elliot (railway manager)|Sir John Elliot]].<ref>{{citation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b409AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA123 |title=London's lost railways |author=Charles Frederick Klapper|date=January 1976 |publisher=Routledge & K. Paul |isbn=9780710083784 }}</ref> The Victoria line was designed to get rid of build-ups of [[wikt:traffic|traffic]] on other lines, such as the [[Piccadilly line]]. It was also designed to have as many [[Interchange station|interchange]]s as possible, and all stations except [[Pimlico tube station|Pimlico]] have an interchange with at least one other [[London Underground]] or [[National Rail]] line. It had been intended to build the line past [[Walthamstow Central tube station|Walthamstow Central]] to [[Wood Street railway station|Wood Street (Walthamstow)]], where it would come above ground to [[wikt:terminate|terminate]] next to the [[British Railways]] station. However, a late decision in 1961 saw the line cut back to Walthamstow Central station. Until 1968 this station was called Walthamstow (Hoe Street).<ref name=VLBook/> Each Victoria line station apart from [[Pimlico tube station|Pimlico]] was built as an interchange station and several existing stations were re–arranged to allow for [[cross-platform interchange]] with it. In some cases this was achieved by placing the Victoria line platforms on either side of the existing station. In others the Victoria line uses one of the older platforms and the existing line was moved toto a new platform.<ref name=VLBook/> At [[Euston tube station|Euston]], northbound Victoria and [[Northern line|Northern line (Bank branch)]] trains run along platforms next to each other, although they are travelling in opposite directions. "Same-direction" cross-platform interchanges are available at [[Stockwell tube station|Stockwell]] (with the Northern line), [[Oxford Circus tube station|Oxford Circus]] (with the [[Bakerloo line]]), [[Highbury & Islington station|Highbury & Islington]] (with [[First Capital Connect]], originally the [[Northern City Line]]) and at [[Finsbury Park station|Finsbury Park]] (with the Piccadilly line).<ref name=VLBook/> All Victoria line stations were originally tiled in a light blue colour. Each station was [[wikt:decorate|decorated]] with [[tile]]d [[motif]]s on seating [[wikt:recess|recess]]es to [[wikt:difference|differentiate]] them from each other. During the construction of the [[Jubilee line]] in the late 1970s, the original motifs on [[Green Park tube station|Green Park station]] were replaced by motifs matching the new design for the [[Jubilee line]] platforms.<ref name=VLBook/> [[Harrington Hump|Platform humps]] were installed on all [[Victoria Line]] stations, except for [[Pimlico tube station|Pimlico]], during late 2010 and 2011. This was done to provide step-free access to trains.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tube Update Plan&nbsp;— Victoria |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/18092.aspx |publisher=Transport for London|accessdate=6 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archivedate=26 February 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226141058/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/18092.aspx}}</ref> The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Non Interoperable Rail System) Regulations 2010 and the [[Disability Discrimination Act 1995]] created the need for the humps to be installed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Victoria Line Platform Humps and RVAR|url=http://www.livis.co.uk/recent-projects/platform-humps.html|url-status=dead|work=Livis Ltd website|publisher=Livis Ltd|accessdate=6 December 2011|archive-date=11 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111085937/http://www.livis.co.uk/recent-projects/platform-humps.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Victoria Line Platform Humps and RVAR|url=http://www.livis.co.uk/images/stories/projects/platformhumps/Platform_Humps_and_RVAR/vic%20line%20humps%20%20rvar.pdf|work=Livis Ltd website|publisher=Livis Ltd|accessdate=6 December 2011|archive-date=27 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327180247/http://www.livis.co.uk/images/stories/projects/platformhumps/Platform_Humps_and_RVAR/vic%20line%20humps%20%20rvar.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The humps are a ramp type, similar to those being installed on some mainline stations. They are of a masonry construction.<ref>{{cite web |title=Creating Step Free Access for All |url=http://www.marshalls.co.uk/dam-svc/AssetStore/Creating-Step-Free-Access-for-All-5237.pdf |publisher=Marshalls |accessdate=6 December 2011 |archivedate=11 July 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711145316/http://www.marshalls.co.uk/dam-svc/AssetStore/Creating-Step-Free-Access-for-All-5237.pdf}}</ref> ==Opening== The first section opened was between [[Walthamstow Central tube station|Walthamstow Central]] and [[Highbury & Islington station|Highbury & Islington]].{{sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=166}}<ref name="Modern-Railways-1068">{{cite magazine |date=October 1968 |title=London's new tube starts work |magazine=Modern Railways |publisher=Ian Allan Ltd. |location=Shepperton, Middlesex |volume=XXIV |issue=241 |page=532}}</ref> There was no opening [[ceremony]] for this. The normal timetable started on 1 September 1968.{{sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=166}} The first train left Walthamstow Central for Highbury & Islington at about 7:32 am. Later that year, the section between Highbury & Islington and Warren Street was opened. Again there was no ceremony.<ref name=times19680902>{{cite news |title=Busy start for Victoria Line |newspaper=The Times |location=London |date=2 September 1968 |page=3 |accessdate=12 September 2018 |url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=kccl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS51736354&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=166}} The official opening ceremony for the line took place at Victoria station on 7 March 1969. [[Queen Elizabeth II]] unveiled a [[commemorative plaque]] on the station concourse. After a short ceremony, she bought a 5[[£sd|d]] (old pence) ticket and travelled to [[Green Park tube station|Green Park]]. In [[new pence]] this would be about 2.08p. This made her the first [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|monarch]] to ride the Underground.{{sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=168}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Victoria Line |newspaper=The Times |location=London |date=7 March 1969 |page=X |accessdate=13 September 2018|url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=kccl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS771977319&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/150-facts-for-150-years-of-the-london-tube-8444153.html |title=150 Facts for 150 Years of the Tube |newspaper=The Independent |date=9 January 2013 |accessdate=13 September 2018}}</ref> [[Princess Alexandra, The Honourable Lady Ogilvy|Princess Alexandra]] opened the [[Brixton]] extension on 23 July 1971. She rode the train from [[Brixton tube station|Brixton]] to [[Vauxhall station|Vauxhall]].{{sfn|Day|Reed|2010|p=171}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Picture Gallery |newspaper=The Times |location=London |date=24 July 1971 |page=2 |accessdate=14 April 2018 |url=http://find.galegroup.com/ttda/infomark.do?&source=gale&prodId=TTDA&userGroupName=kccl&tabID=T003&docPage=article&searchType=BasicSearchForm&docId=CS34436344&type=multipage&contentSet=LTO&version=1.0 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> ==Service and rolling stock== [[File:1967 Tube Stock at Holborn.jpg|thumb|left|The [[London Underground 1967 Stock|1967 Stock]] was used until mid-2011. It is seen here in [[Holborn tube station|Holborn]]|alt=1967 stock at Holborn]] Trains run every two minutes during [[rush hour|peak periods]] (when its the busiest). In normal service, all trains run from [[Brixton tube station|Brixton]] to [[Seven Sisters station|Seven Sisters]]. About three out of five continue to [[Walthamstow Central]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://journeyplanner.tfl.gov.uk/user/XSLT_SEL_STT_REQUEST?sessionID=0&language=en&mode=line&linePreSel=tfl:25:*&linePreSel=tfl:63:*|title=Journey Planner timetables|publisher=Transport for London|accessdate=2009-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207051208/https://tfl.gov.uk/plan-a-journey/|archive-date=2021-02-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> When the line first opened it was served by a fleet of 8-[[carriage|car]] [[London Underground 1967 Stock|1967 tube stock]] trains. Each is made up of two four-car units. Later on, a number of cars of [[London Underground 1972 Stock|1972 Mark I tube stock]] were adapted to work with the 1967 stock.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hardy |first=Brian |title=London Underground Rolling Stock |edition=15th |year=2002 |orig-date=1976 |publisher=Capital Transport |location=Harrow Weald |isbn=1-85414-263-1 |pages=10,12 }}</ref> This meant that there were finally 43 trains, each of which was made up of two four-car units. The 1967 tube stock was replaced by [[London Underground 2009 Stock|2009 tube stock]] between 2009 and 2011 (see below). At first, an [[articulated]] type of rolling stock was thought about. This idea was not used because it would have been too hard to move the stock to Acton Works for heavy [[wikt:overhaul|overhauls]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Story of the Victoria Line |first=John R. |last=Day |publisher=[[London Transport Board|London Transport]] |year=1969 |location=Westminster |id=968/2719 RP/5M |page=81 |chapter=XI. The trains }}</ref> This is no longer a problem since train overhauls have been moved away from Acton Works to the builders' own works. The new 2009 [[London Underground rolling stock|tube stock]] is wider and the carriage is slightly longer. This means it can only run on the Victoria line, as it is too wide for the tunnels of other deep level tube lines.{{sfn|Hardy|2002|pp=10,12}} [[File:London Underground 2009 Stock front.jpg|thumb|300px|The 2009 stock at [[Green Park tube station]]. This stock has been the only stock used since 2011.]] The line has an [[Automatic Train Operation]] system (ATO). The train operator (driver) closes the train doors and presses a pair of "start" buttons. If the way ahead is clear, the ATO drives the train at a safe speed to the next station and stops there. This system has been in place since the line opened in 1968.<ref name=times19680902/><ref>{{cite news |title=Driverless metros poised to expand |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//driverless-metros-poised-to-expand.html |work=[[Railway Gazette International]] |date=1 March 2000 |accessdate=25 October 2007 |quote=These trials matured into 'attended ATO'. London's Victoria line was the first into revenue service on 1 September 1968, with Philadelphia's Lindenwold line close behind in January 1969. |archivedate=23 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023234730/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/driverless-metros-poised-to-expand.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.trainweb.org/tubeprune/Victoria%20Line%20ATO.htm |title=Automatic Train Operation on the Victoria Line |work=The Tube Professionals' Rumour Network |accessdate=6 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite hansard |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo980225/text/80225-09.htm |title=House of Lords Hansard for 25 Feb 1998 (pt 9) |house=House of Lords |column=747 |date=25 February 1998}}</ref> This makes the Victoria line the world's first full-scale automatic railway.<ref>Although the system was tested on the Tube on a smaller scale before that, firstly on a short section of the [[District line]]; then a larger trial was carried out on the [[Central line]] between [[Woodford tube station|Woodford]] and [[Hainault tube station|Hainault]]. See: * {{cite news | url = http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/driverless-metros-poised-to-expand.html | title = Driverless metros poised to expand | work = [[Railway Gazette International]] | date = 2000-03-01 | accessdate = 2007-10-25 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/64x4ggtFS?url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/driverless-metros-poised-to-expand.html | archivedate = 2012-01-25 | quote = These trials matured into 'attended ATO'. London's Victoria line was the first into revenue service on September 1 1968, with Philadelphia's Lindenwold line close behind in January 1969. | url-status = live }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.trainweb.org/tubeprune/Victoria%20Line%20ATO.htm | title = Automatic Train Operation on the Victoria Line | work = The Tube Professionals' Rumour Network | accessdate = 2007-09-06 | publisher = Tube Prune }} * {{cite hansard | url = https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld199798/ldhansrd/vo980225/text/80225-09.htm | house = House of Lords | column = 747 | date = 1998-02-25 }}</ref> ==Future== When the Victoria line was built, there were severe [[budget]] restrictions. As a result, the station [[infrastructure]] standards were lower than on older lines and on later extension projects. Examples of these lower standards include narrower than usual platforms and undecorated ceilings at [[Walthamstow Central station|Walthamstow Central]], [[Blackhorse Road station|Blackhorse Road]] and [[Tottenham Hale station|Tottenham Hale]]. This also affects lighting levels. At most stations between the up and down [[escalator]]s there is a concrete staircase where an additional escalator could be installed, but has not been fitted. It can cause severe congestion at peak times. This has been [[wikt:remedy|remedied]] at Brixton in 2004 and at Vauxhall in 2006 where an additional escalator has been installed in place of the fixed stairway.<ref name=VLBook/> In addition, there have been station closures for safety reasons, when both escalators have been [[wikt:unserviceable|unserviceable]]. Over many years, heavy equipment has been installed in fenced-off sections at the ends of platforms owing to the lack of anywhere else to install them. It is not clear from [[Transport for London]]'s Five-Year Investment Programme whether these [[wikt:shortcomings|shortcomings]] are likely to be remedied. The 1967 stock was replaced bit by bit from July 2009 as part of [[Transport for London]]'s 5-year £10&nbsp;billion [[redevelopment]] project.<ref name="TfL_transform">{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/10145.aspx|url-status=dead|title=Transforming the Tube - Victoria line|accessdate=2009-07-14|publisher=Transport for London|archive-date=2009-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090722154432/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/10145.aspx}}</ref> The replacement for the line's 1967 tube stock is the [[London Underground 2009 Stock|2009 tube stock]] built by [[Bombardier Transportation]]. The first train was built in 2006. Testing of the new trains began in 2008. The main fleet began to be introduced in 2009 and went into main service in 2010. The last of the 1967 stock trains ran on 30 June 2011, after which the whole service was provided by 2009 stock.<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Geoff Marshall (Geofftech)|date=3 July 2011|title=Last 1967 Victoria Line Train|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVpPWlFEhd0|access-date=26 January 2019|location=Seven Sisters and Brixton stations|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Supporters of [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] (and the club itself) have [[wikt:campaign|campaigned]] for a surface station to be opened next to [[Northumberland Park railway station|Northumberland Park Station]], next to the line's depot. This would provide an improvement in transport links, seen as essential if the club's wish to redevelop their ground and increase crowd capacity is to become a reality. The idea was looked into but [[Network Rail]] own the necessary land and need it for their own expansion plans.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://tube-tfl.custhelp.com/cgi-bin/tube_tfl.cfg/php/enduser/std_adp.php?p_faqid=1981&p_created=1123516321&p_sid=JgSx4KXi&p_accessibility=0&p_redirect=&p_lva=1981&p_sp=cF9zcmNoPTEmcF9zb3J0X2J5PSZwX2dyaWRzb3J0PSZwX3Jvd19jbnQ9MiZwX3Byb2RzPSZwX2NhdHM9JnBfcHY9JnBfY3Y9JnBfc2VhcmNoX3R5cGU9YW5zd2Vycy5zZWFyY2hfZm5sJnBfcGFnZT0xJnBfc2VhcmNoX3RleHQ9bm9ydGh1bWJlcmxhbmQ*&p_li=&p_topview=1 | title = Have/would we consider extending the Victoria line to Northumberland Park? | work = Transport for London | accessdate = 2009-07-14 }}{{dead link|date=January 2012}}</ref> When [[Crossrail 2]] is built, it will lower the number of passengers on the Victoria line (there are too many at the moment). It will offer an [[wikt:alternative|alternative]] route across [[Central London]] between [[London Victoria station|Victoria]] and [[King's Cross St. Pancras tube station|King's Cross St. Pancras]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://consultations.tfl.gov.uk/crossrail2/october2015/user_uploads/s9.pdf|title=Crossrail 2 factsheet: Victoria station – TfL Consultation|publisher=Transport for London|accessdate=12 September 2018|archive-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208003843/https://consultations.tfl.gov.uk/crossrail2/october2015/user_uploads/s9.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.networkrail.co.uk/our-railway-upgrade-plan/key-projects/crossrail-2/|title=The proposed Crossrail 2 project would add capacity and reduce rail journey times between south west and north east London|work=Network Rail|accessdate=24 October 2018}}</ref> For many years there have been proposals to extend southwards from Brixton one stop to [[Herne Hill railway station|Herne Hill]]. Herne Hill is a railway station that can link passengers to [[Kent]] and other places. The tube station would be on a large [[reversing loop]] with one platform. This would remove a problem of having too many trains by getting rid if the need for trains to reverse at Brixton. However, this would cost too much money for how little it would actually help passengers. Given that the line is very [[wikt:overcrowding|overcrowded]], this is the only extension that could ever happen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Unlocking Herne Hill and the Kent route to the City|url=http://www.londonreconnections.com/2012/unlocking-herne-hill-and-the-kent-route-to-the-city-2/|publisher=London Reconnections|accessdate=4 January 2015|date=2012-11-09|archive-date=2022-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212131258/https://www.londonreconnections.com/2012/unlocking-herne-hill-and-the-kent-route-to-the-city-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://crossrail2.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Crossrail-2-2014-Consultation-Analysis.pdf|title=Crossrail 2 – 2014 Consultation Analysis|publisher=Crossrail 2|page=143|accessdate=24 October 2018}}</ref> [[File:London Underground 2009 Stock.PNG|center|thumb|500px|A diagram of the driving car of the 2009 tube stock.]] ==Stations== {{Victoria line RDT}} [[File:Step-free access notification (Victoria line).png|thumb|right|250px|Notice explaining about step-free access. This can be found inside every Victoria line train.]] {| class="wikitable" border="2" |- ! Station !! Image !! Opened !! Motif |- |[[Walthamstow Central station|Walthamstow Central]] {{rail-interchange|london|overground}} || [[File:Walthamstow Central stn new entrance.JPG|50px]] || [[September 1|1 September]], [[1968]] || Motif: [[William Morris]] pattern by Julia Black. |- |[[Blackhorse Road station|Blackhorse Road]] {{rail-interchange|london|overground}} || [[File:Blackhorse Road stn building.JPG|50px]] || [[September 1|1 September]], [[1968]] || Motif: A Black Horse by Hans Unger. |- |[[Tottenham Hale station|Tottenham Hale]] {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{Access icon}} || [[File:Tottenham Hale station 070414.JPG|50px]] || [[September 1|1 September]], [[1968]] || Motif: A ferry [[punt (boat)|punt]] by [[Edward Bawden]] — referencing the station's location on Ferry Lane and the former [[River Lea|ferry crossing]]. |- |[[Seven Sisters station|Seven Sisters]] {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} || [[File:Seven Sisters stn subway entrance southwest.JPG|50px]] || [[September 1|1 September]], [[1968]] || Motif: Seven [[Elm]] trees on green background by Hans Unger. |- |[[Finsbury Park station|Finsbury Park]] {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} || [[File:Finsbury Park tube stn entrance Station Place.JPG|50px]] || [[September 1|1 September]], [[1968]] || Motif: Crossed [[duel]]ling pistols by [[Tom Eckersley]] — referencing the park's use as a [[duel]]ling venue. |- |[[Highbury & Islington station|Highbury & Islington]] {{rail-interchange|london|overground}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} || [[File:Highbury & Islington station building.JPG|50px]] || [[September 1|1 September]], [[1968]] || Motif: Manor House on Highbury Hill by [[Edward Bawden]]. |- |[[King's Cross St. Pancras tube station|King's Cross St. Pancras]] {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} || [[File:KXSP 2006-05-30 07.jpg|50px]] || [[December 1|1 December]], [[1968]] || [[File:King's Cross St Pancras stn Victoria line motif.jpg|50px]] Motif: Five crowns in a cross on a blue background by [[Tom Eckersley]]. |- |[[Euston tube station|Euston]] {{rail-interchange|london|overground}} {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} || [[File:Euston station facade.jpg|50px]] || [[December 1|1 December]], [[1968]] || Motif: Doric Arch at Euston station by [[Tom Eckersley]]. |- |[[Warren Street tube station|Warren Street]] || [[File:Warren Street stn entrance.JPG|50px]] || [[December 1|1 December]], [[1968]] || Motif: A maze or "Warren" by [[Alan Fletcher (graphic designer)|Alan Fletcher]]. |- |[[Oxford Circus tube station|Oxford Circus]] || [[File:Oxford Circus tube station - Bakerloo line entrance.jpg|50px]] || [[March 7|7 March]], [[1969]] || Original motif: [[Abstract]] pattern in a circle with line colours of [[Bakerloo line|Bakerloo]], [[Central line|Central]] and '''Victoria''' lines by Hans Unger, present only on the southbound platform as of summer 2008. Second motif from 1984: Snakes and Ladders, present only on the [[Central line|Central]] platforms as of summer 2008. |- |[[Green Park tube station|Green Park]] || [[File:Green Park Victoria Line train.jpg|50px]] || [[March 7|7 March]], [[1969]] || Original motif: Green dots representing trees in Green Park by Hans Unger. Second motif from 1986: Leaves by June Fraser. Green dots restored by 2009. |- |[[Victoria Station (London)|Victoria]] {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} ({{rail-interchange|air}} <small>Trains to [[Gatwick Airport|Gatwick]]</small>) || [[File:Victoria tube antrance.jpg|50px]] || [[March 7|7 March]], [[1969]] || Motif: Blue cameo of [[Queen Victoria]] on pink background by [[Edward Bawden]]. |- |[[Pimlico tube station|Pimlico]] || [[File:PimlicoStation.jpg|50px]] || [[September 14|14 September]], [[1972]] || [[File:Pimlico station motif.JPG|50px]] Motif: A pattern of varied sized spots by Peter Sedgely — modern art at the nearby [[Tate Gallery]]. |- |[[Vauxhall station|Vauxhall]] {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} || [[File:Vauxhall cross.jpg|50px]] || [[July 23|23 July]], [[1971]] || Motif: [[Vauxhall Gardens|Old Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens]] by George Smith. |- |[[Stockwell tube station|Stockwell]] || [[File:StockwellTube.jpg|50px]] || [[July 23|23 July]], [[1971]] || Motif: The Swan by [[Abram Games]] — references the name of a [[public house|pub]] nearby. |- |[[Brixton tube station|Brixton]] {{rail-interchange|gb|rail}} {{Access icon}} || [[File:Brixton Tube 2006-04-22.jpg|50px]] ||[[July 23|23 July]], [[1971]] || Motif: A ton of Bricks by Hans Unger. |} ==Depot== [[File:09NPKDT.jpg|thumb|2009 stock at Northumberland Park Depot]] Northumberland Park Depot is the service and storage area for trains on the Victoria Line. It is the only part of the line not in tunnel. It is next to [[Northumberland Park railway station]], on [[Tottenham Marshes]], [[Tottenham]] in the [[London Borough of Haringey]]. The Depot is connected to the Victoria Line by a tunnelled branch line to a junction to the north of [[Seven Sisters station|Seven Sisters]]. It was opened with the first stage of the line in 1968. There is a local campaign for platforms for the Victoria Line to be built at Northumberland Park station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alwaystouchout.com/project/88|title=alwaystouchout.com - Victoria Line to Northumberland Park|website=www.alwaystouchout.com|access-date=2009-07-12|archive-date=2012-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212094743/http://www.alwaystouchout.com/project/88|url-status=dead}}</ref> This is supported by the Haringey Council<ref>{{Cite web|title=TOTTENHAM INTERNATIONAL Development Framework|url=http://www.haringey.gov.uk/tottenham_international_framework_draft.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527043503/http://www.haringey.gov.uk/tottenham_international_framework_draft.pdf|archive-date=2011-05-27|access-date=2009-07-12}}</ref> and by [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.]] because the club thinks the new platforms are necessary for their plans to increase capacity at their [[White Hart Lane]] ground. {{clear}} == References == {{reflist|2}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat|Victoria line}} {{commonscat|Victoria line station Motifs}} *{{cite web|url=http://randomlylondon.com/victoria-line-stations/|title=Victoria Line Underground Stations&nbsp;– Facts, Trivia And Impressions|date=22 October 2012|accessdate=30 January 2013}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.davros.org/rail/culg/victoria.html|title=Victoria line|date=2007-12-30|publisher=Clive's UndergrounD Line Guides|accessdate=2009-07-11}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.trainweb.org/tubeprune/Victoria%20Line%20ATO.htm|title= Automatic Train Operation on the Victoria Line|date=2003-03-15|publisher=Tube Prune|accessdate=2009-07-11}} *{{cite web|url=http://www.alwaystouchout.com/project/40|title=BCV (Bakerloo, Central & Victoria) Upgrade|date=2006-09-08|publisher=Alwaystouchout.com|accessdate=2009-07-11|archive-date=2009-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090620024553/http://alwaystouchout.com/project/40|url-status=dead}} * [https://www.ltmuseum.co.uk/collections/collections-online/photographs/ London Transport Museum Poster Archive]&nbsp;– images of the station tiling motifs: {{div col|colwidth=20em}} *{{ltmcollection|79/0959-79.jpg|Brixton}} *{{ltmcollection|75/0959-75.jpg|Stockwell}} *{{ltmcollection|82/0959-82.jpg|Vauxhall}} *{{ltmcollection|81/0959-81.jpg|Pimlico}} *{{ltmcollection|80/0959-80.jpg|Victoria}} *{{ltmcollection|77/0959-77.jpg|Green Park (2nd version)}} *{{ltmcollection|83/0959-83.jpg|Oxford Circus (2nd version)}} *{{ltmcollection|84/0959-84.jpg|Warren Street}} *{{ltmcollection|87/0959-87.jpg|Euston}} *{{ltmcollection|88/0959-88.jpg|King's Cross St. Pancras}} *{{ltmcollection|89/0959-89.jpg|Highbury & Islington}} *{{ltmcollection|90/0959-90.jpg|Finsbury Park}} *{{ltmcollection|78/0959-78.jpg|Seven Sisters}} *{{ltmcollection|85/0959-85.jpg|Tottenham Hale}} *{{ltmcollection|86/0959-86.jpg|Blackhorse Road}} *{{ltmcollection|76/0959-76.jpg|Walthamstow Central}} {{div col end}}{{Victoria line navbox}} {{ThamesCrossings | west=[[Grosvenor Bridge]] | east=[[Vauxhall Bridge]] }} {{Attached KML}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Victoria line}} [[Category:1968 establishments in England]] [[Category:London Underground lines]] [[Category:Transport in the London Borough of Lambeth]] [[Category:Transport in the City of Westminster]] [[Category:Transport in the London Borough of Camden]] [[Category:Transport in the London Borough of Islington]] [[Category:Transport in the London Borough of Haringey]] [[Category:Transport in the London Borough of Waltham Forest]] [[Category:Tunnels underneath the River Thames]] r7zzcgmdrc1zbffbmtzx0mfj6hyy9i4 0 174727 11024617 7477192 2026-10-09T11:39:59Z ~2026-54194-27 1887498 11024617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Merge|Bikaner–Pakistan prospective relations}} '''Bikaner Division''' is one of the administrative geographical unit, called a division, of the [[Republic of India]] in [[Rajasthan]] province. {{multistub|geo|Asia}} [[Category:Local government in India]] [[Category:Divisions of India]] [[Category:Rajasthan]] ky0blbrkmvh054gz5ifuj2zeu5z8un1 10 182482 11024233 11023641 2026-10-09T01:33:18Z Cyberbot I 224035 Updating Admin Stats ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 11024233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adminstats/Core |edits=35432 |ed=38313 |created=3 |deleted=15359 |revdel=133 |eventdel=14 |restored=87 |blocked=1981 |protected=287 |unprotected=16 |rights=266 |reblock=136 |unblock=16 |modify=44 |filter=88 |merge=0 |massmessage=0 |rename=78 |import=510 |style={{{style|}}}}} 8iphwlse36hiupw20esjv4pijz1tw1i 4 189924 11024537 11023913 2026-10-09T09:12:19Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Paul Vaughn]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD|WP:VFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions == <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Paul Vaughn}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Open Press (newspaper)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Varis The Trader}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/List of programs broadcast by Cartoon Network Arabic}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/OpenMetal, Inc.}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Dr. I. Sridhar}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Adebayo Temitayo}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Alankar Sawai}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The double thank-you of capitalism}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/New Rules (EP)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Burning Up the Floor}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Rhythm & Fire}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Times of Hersican}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Bosa Lee}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Meitei profanity}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Type soul codes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/World's funniest joke}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Divecha Koli}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Evertz Pharma}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Aboubacar Camara}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/John Carbon}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Reza Bahram}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/David von Rosen}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Hooke language}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/KV62}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Hesham Mohamed}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Saeed Amal}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] fgrf8pxtsgd1io9b3cs0wupq0bcfwmz 11024555 11024537 2026-10-09T09:27:06Z Ferien 1011873 Adding [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{policy shortcut|WP:AFD|WP:RFD|WP:XFD|WP:VFD}} {{Wikipedia:Requests_for_deletion/header}} == Current deletion request discussions == <!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --> {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Anti-Judaism and antisemitism}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Paul Vaughn}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Open Press (newspaper)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Varis The Trader}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/List of programs broadcast by Cartoon Network Arabic}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/OpenMetal, Inc.}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Dr. I. Sridhar}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Adebayo Temitayo}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Alankar Sawai}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The double thank-you of capitalism}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/New Rules (EP)}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Burning Up the Floor}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Rhythm & Fire}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/The Times of Hersican}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Bosa Lee}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Meitei profanity}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Type soul codes}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/World's funniest joke}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Divecha Koli}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Evertz Pharma}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Aboubacar Camara}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/John Carbon}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Reza Bahram}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/David von Rosen}} == Recently closed deletion discussions == {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Hooke language}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/KV62}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Hesham Mohamed}} {{Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Saeed Amal}} <!-- No requests to be added below this line --> {{#ifexpr:{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Current requests for deletion}} > 0 | | {{none}} }} ==Related pages== * [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/archives|All archives before July 2008]] - implementation of new system made archives redundant * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that did not succeed]] * [[:Category:Requests for deletion that succeeded]] * [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy]] * [[Wikipedia:Quick deletion]] * [[Wikipedia:Requests for undeletion]] * [[:Category:Deletion requests]] * [[:Category:Quick deletion requests]] [[Category:Wikipedia administration|{{PAGENAME}}]] 5eim07omlsqbdupn1p1qscab6u4e9er 0 194331 11024145 10865070 2026-10-08T21:39:06Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 /* */ 11024145 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Silentduck.jpg|thumb|The "Silent Duck" is used in the first stage of fisting]] [[File:Fisting-glove.gif|thumb|Using [[glove]]s and [[lubrication]] reduce the risk of injury.]] '''Fisting''' is a [[sexual activity]]. The fister puts their hand into the [[vagina]] or [[rectum]]. The fingers are then clenched into a fist or kept straight. Fisting may be done with or without a partner. [[File:Wiki-fisting.png|thumb|A woman masturbating, self-fisting herself.]] Fisting can cause [[wikt:laceration|lacerations]] to the [[vagina]], [[perineum]], [[rectum]], and/or [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]]. This may result in serious [[injury]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Cohen, C.E., Giles, A., Nelson, M. Sexual trauma associated with fisting and recreational drugs. ''Sex Transm Infect'' 2004; '''80''':469&#8211;70.</ref> These lacerations may even lead to [[death]].<ref name="ReferenceB">Preuss, J. Death after anal "fisting". ''Arch Kriminol'' 2008; '''221''':28&#8211;35.</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">Torre, C. Delayed death from fisting. ''Am J Forens Med Pathol'' 1987; '''8''':91.</ref><ref name="Vaginal fisting as a cause of death">Fain, D.B.; McCormick, G.M. Vaginal "fisting" as a cause of death ''Am J Forens Med Pathol'' 1989; '''10''':73&#8211;5.</ref><ref name="Sexual Abuse and death">Reay, D., Eisele, J. Sexual abuse and death of an elderly lady by "fisting". ''Am J Forens Med Pathol'' 1983; '''4''':347&#8211;9.</ref> [[Sexual intercourse|Sexual]] activities that cause air to enter the vagina can lead to a fatal [[air]] [[clot]].<ref name="Air Embolism" /> The risk is probably even higher during [[pregnancy]].<ref name="Air Embolism">Kaiser, R.T.Air embolism death of a pregnant woman secondary to orogenital sex. ''Acad Emerg Med'' 1994; '''1''':555&#8211;8.</ref> Fist my {{text|as}}s daddy till I cum! ==Fistees== Fistees is another form of fisting. It is for the more experienced. It may take two fists. This is called double fisting. Double fisting [[Sexual pleasure|pleasure]] depends more on stretching of the [[anus]] or vagina rather than [[thrust]]ing with an in-and-out movement of the hands.<ref>Herrman 1991, p. 58</ref> ==Risks== Fisting can cause cutting or tearing or of the vagina, [[perineum]], rectum, and/or colon, resulting in serious injury<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and even death.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name="Vaginal fisting as a cause of death" /><ref name="Sexual Abuse and death" /> In general, sexual activities that cause air to enter the vagina can lead to a fatal air clot, and the risk is probably even higher during pregnancy.<ref name="Air Embolism" /> Anal fisting carries risks of colorectal tearing; people doing it should use latex [[Glove|gloves]] and [[lubricant]], and have a safeword, which they can say when they want it to stop immediately. The practice, along with the insertion of hard objects into the anus or the vagina has been significantly related to the traumatization of the vaginal or rectal mucosa in increasing the likelihood of [[infection]], including [[Hepatitis]] B [[virus]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wq7fSNgUZKQC "AIDS and behavior: an integrated approach"], Judith Auerbach. National Academies Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-309-05093-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-309-05093-7}}. p. 49</ref> == References == {{reflist|2}} == Other sources == * Donovan B; Tindall B; Cooper D. Brachioproctic eroticism and transmission of retrovirus associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). ''Genitourin Med.'' 1986 Dec;62(6):390-2. * Medical terminology and some information on risks were taken from [http://www.winternet.com/~redright/aimgth.htm#anchorTOP The Intelligent Man's Guide To Handball], a guide to man-on-man fisting. * {{cite book | last=Addington | first=D | title=[[A Hand in the Bush]], The Fine Art of Vaginal Fisting | publisher=Greenery Press | year=1998}} * {{cite book |last=Herrman |first=Bert |title=Trust/The Hand Book |year=1991 |publisher=Alamo Square Press |location=San Francisco |isbn=0-9624751-5-7 }} * {{cite book |last=Inciardi |first=James A. |author2= Surratt, Hilary L.; Telles, Paulo R. |title=Sex, Drugs, and HIV/AIDS in Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/sexdrugshivaidsi0000inci |publisher= Westview Press |date= November 1, 2000 |isbn= 0-8133-3424-1 }} [[Category:Sexual acts]] tgkymf78oyl749xd3pepat2mnr07n61 11024173 11024145 2026-10-08T21:52:32Z Fehufanga 863768 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) to last version by ~2026-30554-27 10865070 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Silentduck.jpg|thumb|The "Silent Duck" is used in the first stage of fisting]] [[File:Fisting-glove.gif|thumb|Using [[glove]]s and [[lubrication]] reduce the risk of injury.]] '''Fisting''' is a [[sexual activity]]. The fister puts their hand into the [[vagina]] or [[rectum]]. The fingers are then clenched into a fist or kept straight. Fisting may be done with or without a partner. [[File:Wiki-fisting.png|thumb|A woman masturbating, self-fisting herself.]] Fisting can cause [[wikt:laceration|lacerations]] to the [[vagina]], [[perineum]], [[rectum]], and/or [[Colon (anatomy)|colon]]. This may result in serious [[injury]].<ref name="ReferenceA">Cohen, C.E., Giles, A., Nelson, M. Sexual trauma associated with fisting and recreational drugs. ''Sex Transm Infect'' 2004; '''80''':469&#8211;70.</ref> These lacerations may even lead to [[death]].<ref name="ReferenceB">Preuss, J. Death after anal "fisting". ''Arch Kriminol'' 2008; '''221''':28&#8211;35.</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">Torre, C. Delayed death from fisting. ''Am J Forens Med Pathol'' 1987; '''8''':91.</ref><ref name="Vaginal fisting as a cause of death">Fain, D.B.; McCormick, G.M. Vaginal "fisting" as a cause of death ''Am J Forens Med Pathol'' 1989; '''10''':73&#8211;5.</ref><ref name="Sexual Abuse and death">Reay, D., Eisele, J. Sexual abuse and death of an elderly lady by "fisting". ''Am J Forens Med Pathol'' 1983; '''4''':347&#8211;9.</ref> [[Sexual intercourse|Sexual]] activities that cause air to enter the vagina can lead to a fatal [[air]] [[clot]].<ref name="Air Embolism" /> The risk is probably even higher during [[pregnancy]].<ref name="Air Embolism">Kaiser, R.T.Air embolism death of a pregnant woman secondary to orogenital sex. ''Acad Emerg Med'' 1994; '''1''':555&#8211;8.</ref> ==Fistees== Fistees is another form of fisting. It is for the more experienced. It may take two fists. This is called double fisting. Double fisting [[Sexual pleasure|pleasure]] depends more on stretching of the [[anus]] or vagina rather than [[thrust]]ing with an in-and-out movement of the hands.<ref>Herrman 1991, p. 58</ref> ==Risks== Fisting can cause cutting or tearing or of the vagina, [[perineum]], rectum, and/or colon, resulting in serious injury<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and even death.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="ReferenceC"/><ref name="Vaginal fisting as a cause of death" /><ref name="Sexual Abuse and death" /> In general, sexual activities that cause air to enter the vagina can lead to a fatal air clot, and the risk is probably even higher during pregnancy.<ref name="Air Embolism" /> Anal fisting carries risks of colorectal tearing; people doing it should use latex [[Glove|gloves]] and [[lubricant]], and have a safeword, which they can say when they want it to stop immediately. The practice, along with the insertion of hard objects into the anus or the vagina has been significantly related to the traumatization of the vaginal or rectal mucosa in increasing the likelihood of [[infection]], including [[Hepatitis]] B [[virus]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wq7fSNgUZKQC "AIDS and behavior: an integrated approach"], Judith Auerbach. National Academies Press, 1994. {{ISBN|0-309-05093-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-309-05093-7}}. p. 49</ref> == References == {{reflist|2}} == Other sources == * Donovan B; Tindall B; Cooper D. Brachioproctic eroticism and transmission of retrovirus associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). ''Genitourin Med.'' 1986 Dec;62(6):390-2. * Medical terminology and some information on risks were taken from [http://www.winternet.com/~redright/aimgth.htm#anchorTOP The Intelligent Man's Guide To Handball], a guide to man-on-man fisting. * {{cite book | last=Addington | first=D | title=[[A Hand in the Bush]], The Fine Art of Vaginal Fisting | publisher=Greenery Press | year=1998}} * {{cite book |last=Herrman |first=Bert |title=Trust/The Hand Book |year=1991 |publisher=Alamo Square Press |location=San Francisco |isbn=0-9624751-5-7 }} * {{cite book |last=Inciardi |first=James A. |author2= Surratt, Hilary L.; Telles, Paulo R. |title=Sex, Drugs, and HIV/AIDS in Brazil |url=https://archive.org/details/sexdrugshivaidsi0000inci |publisher= Westview Press |date= November 1, 2000 |isbn= 0-8133-3424-1 }} [[Category:Sexual acts]] obt1mofgb5vkulfyygk7v4ixdzd5f5f 0 194986 11023992 11021734 2026-10-08T14:07:20Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia Bot|IrisChronomia Bot]] ([[User talk:IrisChronomia Bot|talk]]) to last version by IrisChronomia 11019443 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hkmp5count-terr-wiki.jpg|thumb|230px|The Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun]] [[File:Heckler & Koch MP7A1.png| thumb|right|230px|The newer MP7A1, fitted with a suppressor (less noise), extended magazine (holds 40 rounds), and a [[Sight (device)|reflex sight]] (better aiming)]] The '''MP series''' is a "[[personal defence weapon]]" (PDW) made by [[Heckler & Koch]] in [[Germany]]. It is one of the most popular [[submachine gun]]s in the world. It is used by many different [[military|militaries]] and [[counter-terrorism]] and [[police]] groups. == MP5 == The main version of the MP5, the '''MP5A2''', uses [[9x19mm Parabellum|9mm]] pistol [[ammunition]] and shoots 800 [[Cartridge (firearms)|round]]s per minute, which is about thirteen rounds per second. The normal [[magazine (firearms)|magazine]] size (how many bullets it holds at once) is 30 or 15 rounds. There are many other versions of the gun, some which use different [[caliber]] bullets, are shorter, or have other differences. One important type of MP5 is the '''MP5SD''' series, which are MP5s with built in [[suppressor]]s ('silencers'). The MP5SDs are quieter than most guns and can be used for [[stealth]]. The MP5 is used by many [[special forces]] groups around the world, including the [[United States Navy SEALs]] and British [[SAS]]. Since it is used by many [[hero]]es in [[Popular culture|pop culture]], it is sometimes called the "good guy gun."<ref>{{Citation|title=MP5.|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X2Updljxb4I|accessdate=2019-08-04|language=en}}</ref> === Main versions === *MP5 *MP5K (K=''kurz'': German for short) *MP5SD (SD=''Schalldämpfer'': German for [[suppressor]]) == MP7 == The MP7 is the updated MP5. It was designed with a new [[cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]] with higher [[muzzle velocity]] to meet [[NATO]] requirements published in 1989. A modern PDW needs greater ability to defeat [[body armour]], because former weapons used only conventional [[pistol]] cartridges. The MP7 went into production in 2001. It is a direct rival to the [[Belgium|Belgian]] [[FN P90]], also developed in response to NATO's requirement. The MP7 has been revised since its introduction, such as the MP7A1 and MP7A2. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Sturmgewehr 45 derivatives}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Heckler and Koch MP series}} [[Category:Submachine guns]] 2yymawbvi51j1ai6iw1s8outv2li64z 0 198802 11024079 10935080 2026-10-08T19:15:20Z Paulc206 1887131 remove age from birth section since she's dead 11024079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Chyna | image = Laurer, Joanie (2007).jpg | caption = Chyna at the [[2007 Scream Awards]] | alt = Chyna smiling at event wearing clear star necklace | birth_name = Joan Marie Laurer | birth_date = {{birth date|1969|12|27}} | death_date = {{Death date and age|2016|04|17|1969|12|27}} | birth_place = [[Rochester, New York]], U.S. | death_place = [[Redondo Beach, California]], U.S. | resting place = Ashes scattered into the Pacific Ocean<ref>{{cite web |url=https://twitter.com/ChynaJoanLaurer/status/746200476056584192|title=After a long day & little planning this lackluster memorial. Here is the urn and picture with candlelight #ChynaLives|via=Twitter|date=June 23, 2016|access-date=July 10, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Chyna Ashes">{{cite web |last=Jessica|first=Schladebeck |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/wwe-star-playboy-model-chyna-ashes-scattered-sea-article-1.2867327|title=SEE IT: WWE star and Playboy model Chyna's ashes scattered at sea|date=November 20, 2016|access-date=May 22, 2017|work=[[Daily News (New York)|Daily News]]|location=New York |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115034547/http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/wwe-star-playboy-model-chyna-ashes-scattered-sea-article-1.2867327 |archive-date=November 15, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> | occupation = {{hlist|Professional wrestler|glamour model|actress|bodybuilder}} | partner = {{unbulleted|Gerry Blais (1994–1996)|[[Triple H]] (1996–2000)|[[Sean Waltman]] (2003–2005)}} | alma_mater = [[University of Tampa]] | signature = Chyna Signature.png | module = {{Infobox professional wrestler|child=yes | name = Chyna | names = {{ubl|Chyna<ref name=Cage>{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.de/?id=2&nr=641|title=Cagematch profile|access-date=September 22, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525013307/http://www.cagematch.de/?id=2&nr=641|archive-date=May 25, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>|Chyna Doll<ref name=Cage />|Joanie Laurer<ref name=Cage />|Joanie Lee<ref name=Cage />|Just Joanie<ref name=Cage />}} | height = 5 ft 11 in<ref name=only6>Laurer, Joanie. ''If They Only Knew'', 5–6.</ref> | weight = 220 lb<ref name=Cage/> | billed = [[Londonderry, New Hampshire]]<ref name="Encyclopedia">{{cite book | first =Brian | last =Shields | title = World Wrestling Entertainment Encyclopedia| url =https://archive.org/details/wwfencyclopediad0000hlei | publisher=Dorling Kindersley | location = Indianapolis | year = 2009| isbn =978-1-4053-4760-0 | page = [https://archive.org/details/wwfencyclopediad0000hlei/page/64 64]}}</ref> | trainer = [[Killer Kowalski]]<ref name=Cage /><br />[[Inoki Dojo]] | debut = 1995<ref name=Cage /> | retired = 2011 }} }} '''Chyna''' (born '''Joan Marie Laurer'''; December 27, 1969 &ndash; April 17, 2016)<ref name="wrestlezoneDeath">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestlezone.com/news/700481-update-chynas-manager-confirms-the-former-wwe-star-was-found-dead-in-her-home-more-details|title=Chyna’s Manager Confirms the Former WWE Star Has Passed Away at Age 45, More Details on Her Death|publisher=Wrestle Zone|date=2016-04-20|access-date=2016-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tvline.com/2016/04/20/chyna-dead-joanie-laurer-dies-45/|title=WWE Legend Chyna Dead at 45|publisher=TVLine|date=2016-04-20|access-date=2016-04-20}}</ref> was a [[European Americans|European-American]] [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] best known for her time in the [[WWE|World Wrestling Federation]] (WWF). She was also a [[television personality]]. She was known for coming out to the ring with a [[bazooka]] and calling herself the ninth wonder of the world ([[André the Giant]] was already known as the eighth). She was on the first season of ''[[The Surreal Life]]''. In the WWF she won the [[WWE Women's Championship (1956–2010)|Women's Championship]] once and the [[WWE Intercontinental Championship|Intercontinental Championship]] twice (also being the only woman to win that title) and took part in the [[Royal Rumble#Match|Royal Rumble match]] and the [[King of the Ring]] tournament in 1999.<ref name="impactful">{{cite web|title=Top 25 Most Impactful Women: Chyna|url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/top25/impactfulwomen/page-24|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317064952/http://www.wwe.com/inside/top25/impactfulwomen/page-24|archive-date=March 17, 2015|access-date=March 7, 2015|publisher=WWE}}</ref> Chyna was found dead at her home in [[Redondo Beach, California]] on April 20, 2016, aged 45.<ref name="tmzDeath">{{cite web|url=http://www.tmz.com/2016/04/20/chyna-dead-wwe-legend-dies/|title=WWE LEGEND DIES|publisher=TMZ|date=2016-04-20|access-date=2016-04-20}}</ref> The cause of death is unknown, but she was taking [[medication]] for her [[insomnia]] and [[anxiety]].<ref name="ktla">{{cite web|url=http://ktla.com/2016/04/20/wwe-legend-chyna-found-dead-in-her-home-at-age-45/|title=WWE Legend Chyna Found Dead in Her Home at Age 45|publisher=KTLA|date=2016-04-20|access-date=2016-04-20|archive-date=2018-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925044950/https://ktla.com/2016/04/20/wwe-legend-chyna-found-dead-in-her-home-at-age-45/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Championships and accomplishments == * '''[[AVN Awards]]''' ** Best-Selling Title (2006) - ''1 Night in China'' ** Best Celebrity Sex Tape (2012) - ''Backdoor to Chyna'' * '''International Wrestling Federation''' ** IWF Women's Championship (1 time) * '''Ladies International Wrestling Association''' ** Rookie of the Year (1998) * '''Professional Girl Wrestling Association''' ** Rookie of the Year (1996)<ref>{{cite web|date=January 14, 2004|title=PGWA Announces 2003 Rookie of the Year|url=http://www.glorywrestling.com/WomensWrestlingNews/20040114_1617.asp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909142136/http://www.glorywrestling.com/WomensWrestlingNews/20040114_1617.asp|archive-date=September 9, 2017|access-date=November 4, 2008|publisher=GLORY Wrestling}}</ref> * '''''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]''''' ** Ranked No. 106 of the top 500 wrestlers of the year 2000 in the PWI 500<ref>{{cite web|title=Pro Wrestling Illustrated (PWI) 500 for 2000|url=http://www.profightdb.com/pwi-500/2000.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203044516/http://profightdb.com/pwi-500/2000.html|archive-date=February 3, 2019|access-date=January 18, 2019|work=profightdb.com|publisher=The Internet Wrestling Database}}</ref> * '''[[WWE|World Wrestling Federation / WWE]]''' ** Houston Royal Rumble (1999) ** [[WWE Intercontinental Championship|WWF Intercontinental Championship]] ([[List of WWE Intercontinental Champions|2 times]])<ref>{{Cite news|title=WWE Intercontinental Championship Title History|newspaper=Wwe|url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/intercontinental/|url-status=live|access-date=January 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116121547/https://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/intercontinental|archive-date=November 16, 2018}}</ref> ** [[WWE Women's Championship (1956–2010)|WWF Women's Championship]] ([[List of WWE Women's Champions (1956–2010)|1 time]])<ref>{{Cite web|title=WWE Women's Championship Title History|url=http://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/women/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140530/https://www.wwe.com/classics/titlehistory/women|archive-date=June 19, 2018|access-date=January 18, 2019}}</ref> ** [[WWE Hall of Fame]] (Class of 2019) – as a member of [[D-Generation X]]<ref>{{cite web|date=February 18, 2019|title=D-Generation X to be inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame Class of 2019; tickets available now|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/wwe-hall-of-fame/wwe-hall-of-fame-2019/article/dx-wwe-hall-of-fame-2019-inductee|access-date=February 18, 2019|publisher=[[WWE]]}}</ref> ** Ranked No. 4 of the top 50 Greatest WWE Female Superstars of all time (2021)<ref>{{cite web|last=Middleton|first=Marc|date=March 26, 2021|title=Becky Lynch And Others Trend After Reveal Of WWE's 50 Greatest Women Superstars|url=https://www.wrestlinginc.com/news/2021/03/becky-lynch-and-others-trend-after-reveal-of-wwes-50-greatest-women-superstars/|access-date=September 20, 2021|work=Wrestling Inc.}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *{{WWE superstar|chyna}} {{us-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Chyna}} [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:2016 deaths]] [[Category:Actors from New York (state)]] [[Category:American pornographic actors]] [[Category:American professional wrestlers]] [[Category:Female professional wrestlers]] [[Category:Former WWE wrestlers]] [[Category:Professional wrestling managers and valets]] [[Category:Sportspeople from New York (state)]] [[Category:Television personalities from New York (state)]] [[Category:WWE Hall of Fame]] [[Category:People from Londonderry, New Hampshire]] [[Category:Actors from New Hampshire]] [[Category:Sportspeople from New Hampshire]] [[Category:Drug-related accidental deaths in the United States]] ho5imc7egzod5w0oub46g803nboanrj 0 205303 11024342 9592232 2026-10-09T04:10:38Z Kai Burghardt 42836 repair typography [replace inch sign with quotation marks]; do not write 𝗰 because some people use boldface for vectors [speed is not a vector], instead use {{[[Template: var|var]]}}; add “ in free space” to “speed of light” since only the speed of light in free space is considered a natural constant; add subscript zero accordingly 11024342 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Natural units''' are ways of [[measure|measuring]] things that depend on some basic characteristics of [[nature]] that do not change. Which of these basic quantities to choose can depend on the [[physics]] problems being investigated, and sometimes choosing one thing as a natural unit means that the size of something else does not become used as a natural unit in that system. The old system of English measurements such as the [[Pound (mass)|pound]] are based on convenient objects in the natural world. The “grain” is the smallest of these objects, and originally it meant the weight of a grain of wheat or barley. Each individual grain might be slightly larger or smaller than the next, but the more grains were added together to make a larger measure, the more these little differences would even out. Even so, these measures were not entirely precise and did not relate to other measures such as the [[inch]] or the [[foot (unit)|foot]]. In order to make calculations simpler and units more precise, the [[Metric system]] was based on facts of nature such as the size of the [[earth]], the length of a [[day]], and the [[density]] of [[water]]. Difficulties later developed and other standards are used now for the old measures. Eventually it turned out that the [[mass]] of an [[electron]] or the mass of a [[proton]] were more useful standards to use for mass. All electrons are believed to have the same mass, and all protons are believed to have their own standard mass. But there is no simple mathematical relationship between the two masses. The [[speed of light]] in free space, {{var|c}}₀, is a constant. So {{var|c}}₀ is a very natural choice to use as a standard for measuring [[velocity]]. One choice for a standard of length is the [[Bohr radius]]. The simplest atom, [[hydrogen]], only has one electron, and its smallest possible orbit, that with the lowest energy, is at a distance from the nucleus called the Bohr radius. With a standard for measuring distances and a standard for velocity, it would be possible to derive one standard unit of time. In practice, there are several ways of defining units of time. One of the most widely known ways to measure time by natural cycles is by using [[atomic clock]]s. {{physics-stub}} [[Category:Physics]] qvasg14ka1lq7pdy6yiv0n9c9bj29fq 0 205571 11024153 10890424 2026-10-08T21:43:33Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 11024153 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Wiki-fingering.png|thumb|An illustration of fingering.]] '''Fingering''' is the act of touching the [[vulva]] (usually the [[clitoris]]) or the [[vagina]] and sometimes the [[anus]] for the purpose of sexual stimulation with the fingers. It is a common form of [[foreplay]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sexinfo101.com/pw_fingeringtechniques.shtml |title=sexinfo101 |access-date=2009-10-12 |archive-date=2012-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412063057/http://www.sexinfo101.com/pw_fingeringtechniques.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.howtohavegoodsex.com/subscriber.clitoral_stimulation.htm |title=How to have good sex |access-date=2009-10-12 }}</ref> or [[mutual masturbation]]. To "finger oneself" is to [[masturbation|masturbate]] in this way.<ref>{{cite book | last = Cox | first = Tracey | title = More Hot Sex: How to Do It Longer, Better, and Hotter Than Ever | year = 2007 | url = https://archive.org/details/morehotsexhowtod0000coxt | publisher = Random House, Inc., 2007 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/morehotsexhowtod0000coxt/page/307 307] | isbn = 9780553383942 }}</ref> Digital [[sexual penetration|penetration]] is penetration (for example [[sexual penetration]]) with one or more fingers. ==Vaginal fingering== Vaginal fingering can end in [[orgasm]]. It also may or may not include the entire sexual encounter. It may be part of foreplay or part of a start to other sexual activities. These activities can provide sexual [[pleasure]] to a partner when penetrative [[sex|intercourse]] is not possible or desirable for whatever reason. [[Image:Solo fingering.jpg|thumb|Stimulation of the G-spot with a finger.]] Fingering the vagina is often performed to stimulate an area termed the G-spot. The G-spot is reportedly located roughly five centimeters up on the anterior wall of the vagina, forwards toward the navel. It is described as being recognized by its ridges and slightly rougher texture compared to the more cushion-like vaginal cavity walls around it. Some women have cited the "come hither" approach as a significant catalyst to orgasm. This technique involves the middle finger, sometimes additionally the index or ring finger, making a hand gesture like "come here" with the palm facing upwards towards her [[Pubis (bone)|pubic bone]]. ==Anal fingering== Fingering of the [[anus]] and [[rectum]] is commonly enjoyed in preparation for further [[anal sex]]. Anal fingering can arouse a person, allowing them to relax their anus and prepare them for the insertion of a [[penis]] or a [[dildo]]. I love when daddy uses his fingers to make me cum. So hot! ==Safety== The practice is generally considered [[safe sex]] as long as the hands are protected with latex gloves.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 10616355 |date=Oct 1999 | last1 = Sonnex | first1 = C | last2 = Strauss | last3 = Gray | title = Detection of human papillomavirus DNA on the fingers of patients with genital warts | volume = 75 | issue = 5 | pages = 317–9 | issn = 1368-4973 | journal = Sexually Transmitted Infections | doi = 10.1136/sti.75.5.317|pmc=1758241 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fingering (Sexual Act)}} [[Category:Sexual acts]] [[Category:Masturbation]] fxsi5dtdf63i3go2m3od02qtftarbr7 11024157 11024153 2026-10-08T21:46:26Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Hamimh2. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024157 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Wiki-fingering.png|thumb|An illustration of fingering.]] '''Fingering''' is the act of touching the [[vulva]] (usually the [[clitoris]]) or the [[vagina]] and sometimes the [[anus]] for the purpose of sexual stimulation with the fingers. It is a common form of [[foreplay]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sexinfo101.com/pw_fingeringtechniques.shtml |title=sexinfo101 |access-date=2009-10-12 |archive-date=2012-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412063057/http://www.sexinfo101.com/pw_fingeringtechniques.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref> {{cite web|url=http://www.howtohavegoodsex.com/subscriber.clitoral_stimulation.htm |title=How to have good sex |access-date=2009-10-12 }}</ref> or [[mutual masturbation]]. To "finger oneself" is to [[masturbation|masturbate]] in this way.<ref>{{cite book | last = Cox | first = Tracey | title = More Hot Sex: How to Do It Longer, Better, and Hotter Than Ever | year = 2007 | url = https://archive.org/details/morehotsexhowtod0000coxt | publisher = Random House, Inc., 2007 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/morehotsexhowtod0000coxt/page/307 307] | isbn = 9780553383942 }}</ref> Digital [[sexual penetration|penetration]] is penetration (for example [[sexual penetration]]) with one or more fingers. ==Vaginal fingering== Vaginal fingering can end in [[orgasm]]. It also may or may not include the entire sexual encounter. It may be part of foreplay or part of a start to other sexual activities. These activities can provide sexual [[pleasure]] to a partner when penetrative [[sex|intercourse]] is not possible or desirable for whatever reason. [[Image:Solo fingering.jpg|thumb|Stimulation of the G-spot with a finger.]] Fingering the vagina is often performed to stimulate an area termed the G-spot. The G-spot is reportedly located roughly five centimeters up on the anterior wall of the vagina, forwards toward the navel. It is described as being recognized by its ridges and slightly rougher texture compared to the more cushion-like vaginal cavity walls around it. Some women have cited the "come hither" approach as a significant catalyst to orgasm. This technique involves the middle finger, sometimes additionally the index or ring finger, making a hand gesture like "come here" with the palm facing upwards towards her [[Pubis (bone)|pubic bone]]. ==Anal fingering== Fingering of the [[anus]] and [[rectum]] is commonly enjoyed in preparation for further [[anal sex]]. Anal fingering can arouse a person, allowing them to relax their anus and prepare them for the insertion of a [[penis]] or a [[dildo]]. ==Safety== The practice is generally considered [[safe sex]] as long as the hands are protected with latex gloves.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmid = 10616355 |date=Oct 1999 | last1 = Sonnex | first1 = C | last2 = Strauss | last3 = Gray | title = Detection of human papillomavirus DNA on the fingers of patients with genital warts | volume = 75 | issue = 5 | pages = 317–9 | issn = 1368-4973 | journal = Sexually Transmitted Infections | doi = 10.1136/sti.75.5.317|pmc=1758241 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fingering (Sexual Act)}} [[Category:Sexual acts]] [[Category:Masturbation]] ayu4mxg0n2vtiefmsmybfec9w0j6yrq 0 211006 11023953 11008835 2026-10-08T13:34:03Z ~2026-54189-41 1886974 I like cheese 11023953 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ColognePride 2019-Sonntag-Hauptbühne-2038-Haddaway und Dinah Nah--9180.jpg|thumb|Haddaway]] '''Alexander Nestor Haddaway''' (born January 9, 1965) known as '''Haddaway''' is a [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidadian]]-[[Germany|German]] [[singer]]. He is best known for his 1993 [[song]] "What is Love". The song was featured in the [[movie]] ''[[Night at the Roxbury]]'' and on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''. ==Early life== Haddaway was born in [[Port of Spain, Trinidad]]. He moved to the [[United States]] to live with his mother in [[Maryland City, Maryland|Maryland City]], [[Maryland]]. He went to [[high school]] in Maryland. He studied [[Political science]] and [[History]] at [[George Washington University]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] In 1984, He moved to [[Cologne|Cologne, Germany]]. ==Career== In 1992 Haddaway was signed to Coconut Records. His first album ''Haddaway'' was released by Arista Records. He makes me want to run and Haddaway {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haddaway}} [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Trinidad and Tobago singers]] [[Category:German singers]] [[Category:People from Port of Spain]] 0ukd66mybn4ghcxyrst2dt1xq3znst0 11024016 11023953 2026-10-08T14:35:34Z يزن البلوي 1858866 Undid revision 11023953 by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54189-41|~2026-54189-41]] ([[User talk:~2026-54189-41|talk]]) 11024016 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ColognePride 2019-Sonntag-Hauptbühne-2038-Haddaway und Dinah Nah--9180.jpg|thumb|Haddaway]] '''Alexander Nestor Haddaway''' (born January 9, 1965) known as '''Haddaway''' is a [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidadian]]-[[Germany|German]] [[singer]]. He is best known for his 1993 [[song]] "What is Love". The song was featured in the [[movie]] ''[[Night at the Roxbury]]'' and on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]''. ==Early life== Haddaway was born in [[Port of Spain, Trinidad]]. He moved to the [[United States]] to live with his mother in [[Maryland City, Maryland|Maryland City]], [[Maryland]]. He went to [[high school]] in Maryland. He studied [[Political science]] and [[History]] at [[George Washington University]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] In 1984, He moved to [[Cologne|Cologne, Germany]]. ==Career== In 1992 Haddaway was signed to Coconut Records. His first album ''Haddaway'' was released by Arista Records. {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haddaway}} [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Trinidad and Tobago singers]] [[Category:German singers]] [[Category:People from Port of Spain]] k5dh7bi2zkuglivhhc578ygtktww2dt 0 214363 11023999 11021735 2026-10-08T14:07:21Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia Bot|IrisChronomia Bot]] ([[User talk:IrisChronomia Bot|talk]]) to last version by IrisChronomia 11019438 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Beretta 92 FS.gif|right|thumb|A Beretta 92]] {{More sources|date=November 2024}} A '''Beretta 92''' is a [[pistol]] produced by the [[Italy|Italian]] company, [[Beretta]]. == Description == Beretta 92 fires [[9x19mm Parabellum|9x19mm]] [[cartridge (firearms)|cartridge]]s and it can hold 15 of them. It is the standard [[side-arm]] of many police and military units, and the [[United States Army]]. In the US Army, the pistol got the name '''M9'''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Popescu|first=Stelian|title=INFANTRY WEAPON SYSTEMS USED BY SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES TO CARRY OUT ASSIGNED MISSIONS|url=https://www.armyacademy.ro/reviste/rev3_2024/Popescu_RAFT_3_2024.pdf|journal=Military Art and Science|pages=344|doi=10.2478/raft-2024-0036}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Small arm - Pistols, Revolvers, Rifles {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/small-arm/Pistols#ref520711|access-date=2024-11-09|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Beretta M9 Pistol|url=https://www.military.com/equipment/m9-pistol|access-date=2024-11-09|website=Military.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Last Line of Defense: A History of the Beretta M9 - Marine Corps Association|url=https://www.mca-marines.org/leatherneck/last-line-of-defense-a-history-of-the-beretta-m9/|access-date=2024-11-09|website=www.mca-marines.org|language=en-US}}</ref> After the US military ended its ban on foreign-made [[Weapon|weapons]], its [[Alliance|allies]] in [[NATO]] pressured the US to adopt a 9mm [[Pistol|handgun]], because NATO has a rule that all NATO [[Country|countries]] must use weapons with the same kinds of [[ammunition]]. Before that, the US used [[M1911 pistol|M1911]]; the handgun fires [[.45 ACP]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://www.beretta.com/ Official website of Beretta] {{military-stub}} [[Category:Pistols]] [[Category:Law enforcement equipment]] hb6ct71m5mf6ygtoikflwwiuy2sfdbk 0 219589 11024456 11022847 2026-10-09T06:31:26Z MourningRainfall 86802 11024456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Canada<!--The official state name of Canada is ''Canada''. The term "Dominion of Canada" Was frequently used to describe the Canadian state until the [[Patriation]] of the Canadian constitution in 1982. See|Name of Canada--> | image_flag = Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg | alt_flag = A vertical triband design (red, white, red) with a red maple leaf in the center. | image_coat = Royal Coat of Arms of Canada.svg | symbol_type = Coat of arms | alt_coat = At the top there is a rendition of St. Edward's Crown, with the crest of a crowned gold lion standing on a twisted wreath of red and white silk and holding a maple leaf in its right paw underneath. The lion is standing on top of a helm, which is above the escutcheon, ribbon, motto and compartment. There is a supporter of either side of the escutcheon and ribbon; an English lion on the left and a Scottish unicorn on the right. | national_motto = ''A mari usque ad mare'' ([[Latin]])<br/>"From Sea to Sea" | national_anthem = "[[O Canada]]"<div class="center" style="margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:"O Canada", performed by the United States Third Marine Aircraft Wing Band.oga]]</div> | royal_anthem = "[[God Save the King]]"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Anthem |date=August 11, 2017 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-symbols-titles/royal-anthem.html |access-date=December 18, 2020 |publisher=Government of Canada |archive-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206190257/https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/royal-symbols-titles/royal-anthem.html |url-status=live }}</ref> <div class="center" style="margin-top:0.4em;">[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</div> | image_map = CAN orthographic.svg | map_width = 220px | alt_map = A projection of North America with Canada highlighted in green | capital = [[Ottawa]] | coordinates = {{Coord|45|24|N|75|40|W|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Toronto]] | official_languages = {{hlist |[[English language|English]]|[[French language|French]]}} | ethnic_groups_year = 2016 | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=October 25, 2017 |title=2016 Census of Population—Ethnic Origin, Catalog no. 98-400-X2016187 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026161129/http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=110528&PRID=10&PTYPE=109445&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2017&THEME=120&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |archive-date=October 26, 2017 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%; | title = List of ethnicities| 72.9% [[European Canadians|European]] | 17.7% [[Asian Canadians|Asian]] | 4.9% [[Indigenous peoples in Canada|Indigenous]] | 3.1% [[Black Canadians|African]] | 1.3% [[Latin American Canadians|Latin American]] | 0.2% [[Oceania]]n}}<!-- Percentages total over 100% due to multiple responses --> | religion_year = 2011 | religion_ref = <ref name="statcan1">{{Cite web |date=May 8, 2013 |title=2011 National Household Survey |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515212448/http://statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/130508/dq130508b-eng.htm |archive-date=May 15, 2013 |publisher=Statistics Canada}}</ref> | religion = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal;font-size:100%; |title = List of religions|67.2% [[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]] |23.9% [[Irreligion in Canada|No religion]]|3.2% [[Islam in Canada|Islam]]|1.5% [[Hinduism in Canada|Hinduism]] |1.4% [[Sikhism in Canada|Sikhism]] |1.1% [[Buddhism in Canada|Buddhism]] |1.0% [[History of the Jews in Canada|Judaism]] |0.6% [[Religion in Canada#Other religions|Other]]}} | demonym = [[Canadian]] | government_type = {{nowrap|[[Federalism|Federal]] [[Parliamentary system|parliamentary]]<br/>[[constitutional monarchy]]<ref name="DowdingDumont2014">{{Cite book |last1=Dowding |first1=Keith |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AClHBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT395 |title=The Selection of Ministers around the World |last2=Dumont |first2=Patrick |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-317-63444-7 |page=395}}</ref>}} | leader_title1 = [[Monarchy of Canada|Monarch]] | leader_name1 = [[Charles III]] | leader_title2 = {{nowrap|[[Governor General of Canada|Governor-General]]}} | leader_name2 = [[Louise Arbour]] | leader_title3 = [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] | leader_name3 = [[Mark Carney]] | legislature = [[Parliament of Canada|Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Senate of Canada|Senate]] | lower_house = [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Canada|Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[United Kingdom]] | established_event1 = [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]] | established_date1 = July 1, 1867 | established_event2 = [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]] | established_date2 = December 11, 1931 | established_event3 = [[Patriation]] | established_date3 = April 17, 1982 | area_km2 = {{formatnum:9984670}} | area_label = Total area | area_rank = 2nd | area_sq_mi = {{formatnum:3854085}}<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | percent_water = 11.76 (as of 2015)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surface water and surface water change |url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |access-date=October 11, 2020 |publisher=[[OECD|Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) |archive-date=March 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER |url-status=live }}</ref> | area_label2 = Total land area | area_data2 = {{convert|9093507|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | population_estimate = {{formatnum:41798407}}<ref name=est>{{Cite web |date=September 23, 2026 |title=Population estimates, quarterly |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=1710000901 |publisher=[[Statistics Canada]] |url-status=live}}</ref> | population_census = {{formatnum:36991981}}<ref>{{cite web |date=February 9, 2022 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209165904/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&DGUIDList=2021A000011124&GENDERList=1&STATISTICList=1&HEADERList=0&SearchText=Canada |archive-date=February 9, 2022}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2026 Q3 | population_census_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 37th | population_density_km2 = 4.2 | population_density_sq_mi = 10.9<!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]--> | population_density_rank = 230th | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$2.730&nbsp;trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEO.CA">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2025/april/weo-report?c=156,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2023&ey=2030&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2025 Edition. (Canada) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=April 22, 2025 |access-date=May 26, 2025}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2025 | GDP_PPP_rank = 16th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $65,707<ref name="IMFWEO.CA" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 24th | GDP_nominal = {{decrease}} {{nowrap|$2.225{{nbsp}}trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEO.CA" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2025 | GDP_nominal_rank = 9th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{decrease}} $53,558<ref name="IMFWEO.CA" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 20th | Gini = 29.2 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2024 | Gini_change = decrease<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/income-inequality/indicator/english_459aa7f1-en |title=Income inequality |publisher=OECD |doi=10.1787/459aa7f1-en |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-09-25 |archive-date=2024-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207221114/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/income-inequality/indicator/english_459aa7f1-en |url-status=dead }}</ref> | HDI = 0.939 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=May 6, 2025 |access-date=May 6, 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 16th | currency = [[Canadian dollar]] ($) | currency_code = CAD | utc_offset = −3.5 to −7 | utc_offset_DST = −2.5 to −7 | date_format = {{abbr|yyyy|year}}-{{abbr|mm|month}}-{{abbr|dd|day}}&nbsp;([[Anno Domini|AD]])<ref>The [[Government of Canada]] and [[Standards Council of Canada]] prescribe [[ISO 8601]] as the country's official all-numeric date format: {{Cite book |author=Public Works and Government Services Canada Translation Bureau |author-link=Public Services and Procurement Canada |url=https://archive.org/details/canadianstylegui0000unse/page/97 |title=The Canadian style: A guide to writing and editing |year=1997 |publisher=Dundurn Press |isbn=978-1-55002-276-6 |edition=Revised |page=[https://archive.org/details/canadianstylegui0000unse/page/97 97] |chapter=5.14: Dates |chapter-url=http://www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca/tcdnstyl-chap?lang=eng&lettr=chapsect5&info0=5.14}} The {{abbr|dd|day}}/{{abbr|mm|month}}/{{abbr|yy|year}} and {{abbr|mm|month}}/{{abbr|dd|day}}/{{abbr|yy|year}} formats also remain in common use; see [[Date and time notation in Canada]].</ref> | drives_on = right | calling_code = +1 | iso3166code = CA | cctld = [[.ca]] }} '''Canada''' is a [[country]] in [[North America]]. Its land reaches from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the east to the [[Pacific Ocean]] to the west. The [[Arctic Ocean]] is to the north of Canada. Canada's land area is {{convert|9.98|e6km2|e6sqmi|abbr=off}}. It is the world's [[List of countries and dependencies by area|second-largest country by total area]], behind [[Russia]], but only the fourth-largest country by [[land area]]. It has the world's longest [[coastline]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Countries With The Longest Coastline|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/oceans/countries-with-the-longest-coastline.html|access-date=2026-03-05|website=World Atlas|date=14 March 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> Canada has [[Provinces and territories of Canada|ten provinces and three territories]]. Most parts of the country are cold or severely cold in the [[winter]]. Areas in the south of Canada are warm in the [[summer]]. Much of the land is covered in [[forest]] or [[tundra]]. Most of the people in Canada live in [[Urbanization|urban areas]], near the southern border with the [[United States]]. This border is the longest between any two countries in the world. The [[capital city|national capital]] is [[Ottawa]], and the nation's most populous [[city]] is [[Toronto]]. Other major Canadian cities include [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]]; [[Vancouver]], [[British Columbia]]; [[Calgary]] and [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]]; [[Quebec City]], Quebec; [[Saskatoon]], [[Saskatchewan]]; [[Winnipeg]], [[Manitoba]]; and [[Hamilton, Ontario]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} The name "Canada" comes from the Huron-Iroquois word "Kanata", meaning "village" or "settlement". In 1535, two Aboriginal youths told an explorer from France, named [[Jacques Cartier]], about the route to Kanata. They were actually referring to the village named Stadacona, which is near present-day city of [[Québec]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} [[Aboriginal people]] lived in the places (that are now Canada) for a long time. In 1537, the [[French colonial empire|French]] started a colony. The [[British Empire]] soon followed. The two empires fought several wars. In the late 18th century, only [[British North America]] remained with what is more or less Canada today. The country was formed from several colonies with the British North America Act on July 1, 1867. Over time, more provinces and territories became part of Canada. In 1931, Canada achieved nearly total independence with the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]], and became [[sovereignty|completely independent]] when the Canada Act 1982 removed the last remaining ties of legal dependence with the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} Canada is a [[Federation|federal]] [[parliamentary democracy]] and a [[constitutional monarchy]], with [[Charles III|King Charles III]] as its head of state. The country is officially [[Bilingualism|bilingual]] at the federal level. That means that [[Citizenship|citizens]] have the right to communicate with the [[Government of Canada|government]] in two languages: English or French. [[Immigration to Canada]] has made it one of the world's most ethnically diverse and [[Multiculturalism in Canada|multicultural]] nations. Its economy is [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|the eleventh largest in the world]], and relies mainly on [[natural resources]] and well-developed international [[Trading|trade networks]]. Canada's relationship with its neighbor and biggest trading partner, the U.S., has a big impact on its economy and [[Culture of Canada|culture]].{{cn|date=December 2024}} Canada is a [[developed country]] and has the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|tenth highest]] nominal per capita income globally as well as the [[List of countries by Human Development Index|sixteenth highest]] ranking in the [[Human Development Index]]. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, [[civil liberties]], quality of life, economic freedom, and education. Canada is a [[Commonwealth realm]] member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], a member of the [[Organisation internationale de la Francophonie|Francophonie]], and part of several major international and intergovernmental institutions or groupings including the [[United Nations]], the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]], the [[Group_of_Seven|G7]], the [[G-20 major economies|G20]], the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] and the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum.{{cn|date=December 2024}} == Geography and climate == [[File:Northern mountains in Canada.jpg|thumb|Northern mountains in Canada. Because of its northern geography, most of Canada is very cold, making much of the land difficult for humans to live in. For this reason, Canada has a small population for its large size, and most people live in limited areas of the south where temperatures are less severe and people, buildings and other infrastructure can more easily survive.<ref>Marsden, Lorna. "Population Issues in the Immigration Debate." ''Canadian Ethnic Studies = Études ethniques au Canada'' 7.1 (1975): 22.</ref>]] Canada is the [[List of countries and outlying territories by total area|second-largest country]] in the world by total area, after Russia. By land area alone, it is the fourth-largest country.<ref name="cia">{{cite web |publisher=CIA |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html |title=World Factbook: Canada |date=16 May 2006 |access-date=17 February 2008 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430234227/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Canada lies between the [[Atlantic Ocean]], [[Pacific Ocean]] and [[Arctic Ocean]]. It has the longest coastline of any country. The country uses six main [[time zone]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.timeanddate.com/time/canada/time-zones-background.html |title=Canada's Time Zones |website=timeanddate.com |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-date=18 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190418070424/https://www.timeanddate.com/time/canada/time-zones-background.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Canada has ten [[Provinces and territories of Canada|provinces and three territories]]. It shares its southern and northwestern land border with the United States. Canada also shares a land boundary with [[Greenland]] on [[Hans Island]], while the French islands of [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] lie near Newfoundland. Most large Canadian cities, including, [[Toronto]], [[Montreal]], and [[Vancouver]], are in the southern part of the country. The northern regions are much less populated because they are colder, more remote and harder to reach. The geography of Canada is very different in each region. Canada has high [[Alpine tundra|alpine areas]], mountains and valleys in the west, flat [[grassland]]s and prairies in the middle, and forests, hills and ancient shield rocks in the east. Canada also has some of the last largely untouched [[boreal forest]] in the world. The [[Canadian Shield]] is a vast area of ancient Precambrian rock lying in an arc around [[Hudson Bay]]. It covers more than one third of Canada's land area. It is a unique land of lakes, bogs, swamps, trees and exposed rocks. In many places, it is dangerous and difficult to travel across the land because lakes, wetlands, forests and rocks block direct routes. The region also contains many mineral deposits. Canada has more lakes than any other country and is often said to contain about 60% of the world's [[lake]]s. The [[Great Lakes]] and the [[Saint Lawrence River]] form an important water system in southeastern Canada. The [[Saint Lawrence Seaway]] connects the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean and allows large ships to travel far inland. Canada's rivers and lakes provide drinking water, transport routes, fish and [[hydroelectricity]]. Because Canada is very far north and much of its land has severe weather, most Canadians live in the southern parts, where the climate is much milder.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-550/vignettes/a1-eng.cfm |title=2006 Census: Where we live? vignette - alternate format |website=Statistics Canada |access-date=20 January 2019 |archive-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020194256/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/as-sa/97-550/vignettes/a1-eng.cfm |url-status=live}}</ref> In some cities, especially those far inland, the temperature becomes very cold during winter.<ref>{{cite web |last=Government of Canada, Statistics Canada |title=Weather conditions in capital and major cities |url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/phys08b-eng.htm |access-date=28 March 2026 |website=Statistics Canada |language=en}}</ref> Canada has many kinds of climate because of its large size. Northern Canada has long, extremely cold winters and short summers. Southern areas generally have warmer summers and less severe winters, although inland cities can still become very cold. Warm, moist air systems moving in from the Pacific Ocean bring more rain than snow to much of the Pacific coast. Colder temperatures farther inland cause more precipitation to fall as snow. The Prairies and central Canada often have large differences between summer and winter temperatures. Parts of southern Canada can become quite hot in summer, with temperatures often rising above {{convert|30|C|F|abbr=out}}.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |last=Government of Canada, National Defence, Canadian Defence Academy, Canadian Forces Language School |title=Canadian Forces Language School |url=http://www.cfls-elfc.forces.gc.ca/canada/weather-temps-eng.asp |access-date=28 March 2026 |website=Canadian Forces Language School |language=en |archive-date=21 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121020224/http://www.cfls-elfc.forces.gc.ca/canada/weather-temps-eng.asp |url-status=dead}}</ref> Climate affects where people live, how homes and roads are built, and how people travel and work. Most Canadians live in the southern part of the country, where the weather is milder and communities are closer to major roads, farms, industries and the United States. Snow, ice and freezing temperatures can make travel dangerous and increase the cost of heating and maintaining homes, roads and other buildings. Canada's geography and climate also shape recreation and culture. Popular winter activities include [[ice hockey]], [[skiing]] and [[snowboarding]]. During the warmer months, people take part in hiking, camping, swimming, fishing and other outdoor activities. == History == {{Main|History of Canada}} === Aboriginal people === [[Indigenous peoples|Indigenous people]] lived in what is now Canada for thousands of years before the first Europeans arrived. The indigenous groups that live in Canada are the [[First Nations]], the [[Inuit]], and the [[Métis]].<ref name="GraberKuprecht2012">{{cite book |first1=Christoph Beat |last1=Graber |first2=Karolina |last2=Kuprecht |first3=Jessica C. |last3=Lai |title=International Trade in Indigenous Cultural Heritage: Legal and Policy Issues |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5dv2d57n52MC&pg=PA366 |year=2012 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-0-85793-831-2 |page=366 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412181512/https://books.google.com/books?id=5dv2d57n52MC&pg=PA366 |archive-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref> The Métis are people that come from both First Nations and European families.<ref name="GraberKuprecht2012" /> Together, these three groups are called "Indigenous", "Aboriginal", or "First Peoples". They used to be called "Indians" by the Europeans, but this is now considered rude. Many people think the first people to live in Canada came from [[Siberia]] at least 14,000 years ago, using the [[Bering land bridge]]. The land bridge connected Asia and North America.<ref>{{cite book |first=Thomas D. |last=Dillehay |title=The Settlement of the Americas: A New Prehistory |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aM0CRBQ9kFcC&pg=PA61 |year=2008 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-7867-2543-4 |page=61 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413032756/https://books.google.com/books?id=aM0CRBQ9kFcC&pg=PA61 |archive-date=April 13, 2016}}</ref><ref name="FaganDurrani2016">{{cite book |first1=Brian M. |last1=Fagan |first2=Nadia |last2=Durrani |title=World Prehistory: A Brief Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fMneCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-34244-1 |page=124 |access-date=2022-02-22 |archive-date=2023-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120114912/https://books.google.com/books?id=fMneCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA124 |url-status=live }}</ref> When European people first [[Settler|settled]] in Canada, the number of Indigenous people living in Canada was between 200,000 and two million.<ref name="dying">{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Donna M |last2=Northcott |first2=Herbert C |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_pMVs53mzQC&pg=PA25 |title=Dying and Death in Canada |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-55111-873-4 |pages=25–27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412144745/https://books.google.com/books?id=p_pMVs53mzQC&pg=PA25 |archive-date=April 12, 2016}}</ref><ref name="Steckel">{{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=A population history of North America |editor=Haines, Michael R |editor2=Steckel, Richard Hall |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2000 |pages=13, 380 |chapter=Population history of Native North Americans |isbn=978-0-521-49666-7}}</ref> === European colonization === The [[Vikings]] were the first Europeans to land in Canada, in what is now [[Newfoundland]]. The exploration was led by the Viking explorer [[Leif Erikson]]. They did not stay for a long time. In the early 16th century, Europeans started exploring Canada's eastern coast. The first of these explorers was [[John Cabot]] from [[England]], in 1497, and later [[Jacques Cartier]] from [[France]], in 1534. [[Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)|Alexander Mackenzie]] later reached the Pacific coast over land, where captains [[James Cook]] and [[George Vancouver]] went by sea. The Europeans also traded beaver furs to the [[First Nations]]. Some parts of Canada were settled by France. Other parts of the country were settled by [[Great Britain]]. In 1605, Port-Royal was built in Acadia (today called Nova Scotia) by the French, led by [[Samuel de Champlain]]. In 1608, he settled in Quebec. The British took control of the French areas after a battle of the [[French and Indian War]] on the Plains of Abraham, near [[Quebec City]], in 1759. Thousands of people came north to Canada and settled in [[Nova Scotia]], [[New Brunswick]], [[Quebec]], and [[Ontario]]. They were called [[United Empire Loyalists]]. === Confederation and expansion === On July 1, 1867, Canada was [[Canadian Confederation|united]] under a [[federation|federal government]]. At first, Canada was only made up of the provinces [[Ontario]], [[Quebec]], [[New Brunswick]], and [[Nova Scotia]]. Sir [[John A. Macdonald]] was the first prime minister. [[Manitoba]], the [[Yukon]] territory, and the [[Northwest Territories]] became part of Canada in 1870. [[British Columbia]] joined in 1871, and [[Prince Edward Island]] in 1873. There were two [[Red River Rebellion]]s, in 1869-70 and 1885, both led by [[Louis Riel]]. He fought for more [[rights]] for the [[Métis people]], a mix between French and First Nations. A [[railroad]] across the country, the [[Canadian Pacific Railway]], finished in 1885, making it easier for Canadians to move to the west. Many Europeans came to the [[prairie]]s, so [[Alberta]] and [[Saskatchewan]] became provinces in 1905. === Early 20th century === Canadian soldiers fought in [[World War I]] for the [[British Empire]]. More Canadians died in this war than any other war. Canada became better known as a country after its success in capturing [[Battle of Vimy Ridge|Vimy Ridge]] from the Germans in France in 1917. Women were given the right to vote by the end of the war, partly because of the help they gave making weapons while the men fought in Europe. In 1931, Canada became fully [[Independence|independent]]. The government of Canada made all the decisions about Canada. [[File:Crew of a Sherman-tank south of Vaucelles.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Crew of a Sherman-tank resting while parked|A Canadian crew during the [[Operation Overlord|battle of Normandy]] in June 1944|250x250px]]Canadians also fought in [[World War II]]. The [[Dieppe Raid]], in 1942, went very badly. Most soldiers were killed, wounded, or imprisoned. Canadians helped capture soldiers at [[Battle of Normandy|Normandy]] in 1944. They also liberated the [[Netherlands]] from Germany. === Modern times === In 1949, [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] became the 10th province of Canada. In 1956, Canadian [[Lester Pearson]], who later became prime minister, helped end the [[Suez Crisis]]. Because of this, he won the [[Nobel Peace Prize]]. In 1965, Pearson helped change the design of Canada's flag. This design is known as the [[Maple Leaf]] today. Before that, the [[Flag of Canada|Red Ensign]] was Canada's flag. In 1982, Canada changed its [[constitution]]. The change introduced a new Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The main part of the Constitution is the 1867 Constitution Act. Some French Canadians today wish to form their own country, separate from the rest of Canada. The province of Quebec held a [[referendum]] (vote) in 1980, but only about 40% wanted to separate. Another referendum was held in 1995, with almost 50% voting in favour of leaving Canada. Since then, fewer people in Quebec have wanted to leave Canada, but it is still important to Quebec politics. Today, about 25% of Canadians speak French as their first language. Many people in Canada speak both French and English. Although most French Canadians live in the province of [[Quebec]], there are French-speaking communities and people all across Canada. For example, 40% of the people in the province of [[New Brunswick]] and 20% of those in [[Manitoba]] have a strong French background, as some people do in [[Ontario]], mainly along its border with Quebec. In 1999, [[Nunavut]] was created as Canada's third territory, out of the eastern [[Northwest Territories]], in an agreement with the [[Inuit]] people. == Government and politics == [[File:Centre Block and Centennial Flame (14766251442).jpg|thumb|250x250px|[[Parliament Hill]]]] Canada is a [[federation|federal state]], a [[parliamentary democracy]] and a [[constitutional monarchy]]. This means that Canada has a monarch, but elected representatives make most political decisions. [[Charles III|King Charles III]] is the King of Canada and the country's head of state. The King is represented in Canada by the [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]], who is appointed by the King on the advice of the [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]]. The governor general is expected to remain outside party politics and normally acts on the advice of the prime minister and other ministers. The current governor general is [[Louise Arbour]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Governor General |url=https://www.gg.ca/en/governor-general |website=The Governor General of Canada |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Role and responsibilities of the Governor General |url=https://www.gg.ca/en/governor-general/role-and-responsibilities |website=The Governor General of Canada |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> The prime minister is the head of government. The current prime minister is [[Mark Carney]], who was sworn in as Canada's 24th prime minister in March 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the Prime Minister |url=https://www.pm.gc.ca/en/about |website=Prime Minister of Canada |date=9 June 2013 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> The prime minister chooses the ministers who form the [[Cabinet of Canada|Cabinet]]. The Cabinet manages the daily work of the federal government and must keep the support, or ''confidence'', of the elected [[House of Commons of Canada|House of Commons]]. Each province has a premier who leads its provincial government. The territories also have premiers, although their governments receive their powers from the federal government rather than directly from the Constitution.<ref>{{cite web |title=How Canadians Govern Themselves |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/immigration-refugees-citizenship/corporate/publications-manuals/discover-canada/read-online/how-canadians-govern-themselves.html |website=Government of Canada |date=September 2009 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> The [[Parliament of Canada]] makes federal laws. It has three parts: the King, the [[Senate of Canada|Senate]] and the House of Commons. Members of the House of Commons are elected by voters, while senators are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister. A bill normally becomes law after it is passed by the House of Commons and the Senate and receives royal approval.<ref>{{cite web |title=Democracy in Canada |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/democratic-institutions/services/democracy-canada.html |website=Government of Canada |date=17 April 2025 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> The federal and provincial governments have different areas of responsibility. For example, the federal government is responsible for matters such as national defence and criminal law, while provinces are responsible for areas such as education and most healthcare services.<ref>{{cite web |title=The distribution of legislative powers |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/intergovernmental-affairs/services/federation/distribution-legislative-powers.html |website=Government of Canada |date=6 July 2017 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> Several political parties have members in the House of Commons, including the [[Liberal Party of Canada|Liberal Party]], the [[Conservative Party of Canada|Conservative Party]], the [[Bloc Québécois]], the [[New Democratic Party]] and the [[Green Party of Canada|Green Party]]. Some members sit as [[Independent politician|independents]]. Other smaller political parties are registered with Elections Canada, even when they do not have members in Parliament.<ref>{{cite web |title=Party standings in the House of Commons |url=https://www.ourcommons.ca/members/en/party-standings |website=House of Commons of Canada |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Registered political parties and parties eligible for registration |url=https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?dir=par&document=index&lang=e&section=pol |website=Elections Canada |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> Canada is described as a "[[Democracy Index|full democracy]]",<ref name="f722">{{cite web |title=Canada Ranks 14th on Democracy Index 2024 |website=Canada Action |date=August 1, 2018 |url=https://www.canadaaction.ca/eiu-democracy-index-ranking |archive-date=February 13, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260213171632/https://www.canadaaction.ca/eiu-democracy-index-ranking |url-status=live}}</ref> with a tradition of [[liberalism]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Westhues |first1=Anne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=chTaAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |title=Canadian Social Policy: Issues and Perspectives |last2=Wharf |first2=Brian |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-5545-8409-3 |pages=10–11}}</ref> and an [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bickerton |first1=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1jd6oqRHxLYC&pg=PA56 |title=Canadian Politics |last2=Gagnon |first2=Alain |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-4426-0121-5 |page=56}}</ref> [[Political moderate|moderate]] political ideology, alongside a history of populist and demagogic politics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Laxer|first=Emily|last2=Vivès|first2=Rémi|last3=Peker|first3=Efe|date=2025-06-16|title=Canada, Still the Exception? Populist Communication Styles Among Canadian Federal Leaders on X (Twitter)|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/s0008423925000149|journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science|volume=58|issue=3|pages=616–641|doi=10.1017/s0008423925000149|issn=0008-4239}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Robarts Centre for Canadian Studies|date=nd|title=What is Populism?|url=https://www.yorku.ca/research/robarts/observatory-populism/what-is-populism/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Patapan|first=Haig|date=2019-08-27|title=On Populists and Demagogues|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/canadian-journal-of-political-science-revue-canadienne-de-science-politique/article/abs/on-populists-and-demagogues/36E43B2DA54813AC54D843CA1EBB9D3B|journal=Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique|language=en|volume=52|issue=4|pages=743–759|doi=10.1017/S0008423918001099|issn=0008-4239}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Crosby|first=Jennifer|date=2019-05-18|title=Rage against the elite: A primer on populism in Canada|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/4558026/rage-against-the-elite-a-primer-on-populism-in-canada/|access-date=|website=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Johnson |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_HzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA13 |title=Thinking Government: Public Administration and Politics in Canada |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-4426-3521-0 |edition=4th |pages=13–23}}</ref> Since the 1960s, an emphasis on [[social justice]] has been a distinguishing element of Canada's political culture.<ref>{{multiref2 | {{cite book |last=McQuaig |first=L. |title=Holding the Bully's Coat: Canada and the U.S. Empire |publisher=Doubleday Canada |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-385-67297-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9g4Xd12rIGYC&pg=PT14 |page=14}} | {{cite book |last=Fierlbeck |first=Katherine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0bZBHlF4V8EC&pg=PA87 |title=Political Thought in Canada: An Intellectual History |publisher=University of Toronto Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-5511-1711-9 |page=87}} }}</ref> Peace, order, and good government, alongside an Implied Bill of Rights, are founding principles of Canadian federalism.<ref>{{multiref2 | {{cite book |last1=Dixon |first1=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=npzDCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48 |title=Social Welfare in Developed Market Countries |last2=P. Scheurell |first2=Robert |date=March 17, 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-36677-5 |page=48}} | {{cite book |last=Boughey |first=Janina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgK-DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105 |title=Human Rights and Judicial Review in Australia and Canada: The Newest Despotism? |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2017 |isbn=978-1-5099-0788-5 |page=105}} | {{cite journal |last=McLachlin |first=Beverly |authorlink=Beverley McLachlin |title=Human Rights Protection in Canada |journal=Osgoode Hall Review of Law and Policy |date=June 30, 2014 |url=https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=ohrlp |archive-date=December 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226031634/https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=ohrlp |url-status=live}} }}</ref> == Public institutions == The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms protects rights such as freedom of expression, freedom of religion, equality before the law and the right of Canadian citizens to vote. These rights can be limited by laws that governments can show are reasonable in a free and democratic society.<ref>{{cite web |title=The rights and freedoms the Charter protects |url=https://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/rfc-dlc/ccrf-ccdl/rfcp-cdlp.html |website=Department of Justice Canada |date=12 April 2018 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> Federal elections are managed by Elections Canada, an independent agency that does not work for any political party.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our mission, mandate and values |url=https://www.elections.ca/content.aspx?dir=mis&document=index&lang=e&section=abo |website=Elections Canada |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> Canada is generally rated highly for political rights and civil freedoms, although concerns have been raised about government openness, prison conditions, discrimination and some restrictions on religious clothing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Canada: Freedom in the World 2026 Country Report |url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/canada/freedom-world/2026 |website=Freedom House |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> Canada uses laws and independent public bodies to help prevent corruption and hold governments responsible for their actions. The Auditor General of Canada examines federal programs and government spending and reports the findings to Parliament. Other rules cover access to government information, conflicts of interest, lobbying and reports of wrongdoing in the public service.<ref>{{cite web |title=Office of the Auditor General of Canada |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/auditor-general.html |website=Government of Canada |date=4 November 2025 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Appointment of Officers of Parliament |url=https://lop.parl.ca/sites/PublicWebsite/default/en_CA/ResearchPublications/202512E |website=Library of Parliament |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> In Transparency International's 2025 [[Corruption Perceptions Index]], Canada received a score of 75 out of 100. This was the highest score in the Americas that year, but it also showed that concerns about public-sector corruption had not completely disappeared.<ref>{{cite web |title=Corruption Perceptions Index 2025: Corruption across the Americas is damaging people's lives and fuelling violence |url=https://www.transparency.org/en/press/corruption-perceptions-index-2025-corruption-across-americas-damaging-peoples-lives-is-fuelling-violence |website=Transparency International |date=10 February 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> == Provinces and territories == {{main|Provinces and territories of Canada}} [[File:Political map of Canada.png|center|800px]] Below is a list of provinces and territories. They are listed by population. {| class="sortable wikitable" width="100%" |- ! colspan="7" width="230"|<blockquote>[[Provinces of Canada|Provinces]]</blockquote> |- !Name !Capital !Largest city !Entered<br>Confederation !Population<br><small>(2026)</small> !Area<br><small>(km²)</small> !Official<br>language |- |{{flag|Ontario}} |[[Toronto]] |Toronto |align=center|1867 |align=center|16,262,121 |align=center|1,076,395 |align=center|English |- |{{flag|Quebec}} |[[Quebec City]] |[[Montreal]] |align=center|1867 |align=center|9,067,114 |align=center|1,542,056 |align=center|French |- |{{flag|British Columbia}} |[[Victoria, British Columbia|Victoria]] |[[Vancouver]] |align=center|1871 |align=center|5,710,598 |align=center|944,735 |align=center|English |- |{{flag|Alberta}} |[[Edmonton]] |[[Calgary]] |align=center|1905 |align=center|5,101,050 |align=center|661,848 |align=center|English |- |{{flag|Manitoba}} |[[Winnipeg]] |Winnipeg |align=center|1870 |align=center|1,517,379 |align=center|647,797 |align=center|English |- |{{flag|Saskatchewan}} |[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]] |[[Saskatoon]] |align=center|1905 |align=center|1,278,402 |align=center|651,036 |align=center|English |- |{{flag|Nova Scotia}} |[[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] |Halifax |align=center|1867 |align=center|1,103,419 |align=center|55,284 |align=center|English |- |{{flag|New Brunswick}} |[[Fredericton]] |[[Moncton]] |align=center|1867 |align=center|883,522 |align=center|72,908 |align=center|English and French |- |{{flag|Newfoundland and Labrador}} |[[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]] |St. John's |align=center|1949 |align=center|552,462 |align=center|405,212 |align=center|English |- |{{flag|Prince Edward Island}} |[[Charlottetown]] |Charlottetown |align=center|1873 |align=center|182,989 |align=center|5,660 |align=center|English |- ! colspan="7" width="230"| Territories |- |{{flag|Yukon}} |[[Whitehorse]] |Whitehorse |align=center|1898 |align=center|50,356 |align=center|482,443 |align=center|English and French |- |{{flag|Northwest Territories}} |[[Yellowknife]] |Yellowknife |align=center|1870 |align=center|45,904 |align=center|1,346,106 |align=center|<abbr title="Chipewyan, Cree, English, French, Gwich’in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey, Tłįchǫ">multiple</abbr> |- |{{flag|Nunavut}} |[[Iqaluit]] |Iqaluit |align=center|1999 |align=center|43,091 |align=center|2,093,190 |align=center|<abbr title="Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, English, French">multiple</abbr> |} == Natural resources and economy == [[File:Peyto Lake-Banff NP-Canada.jpg|thumb|right|250x250px|Peyto Lake in [[Alberta]]]] Canada has large supplies of water, forests, fish, farmland, minerals, oil and natural gas. Its many rivers are used to produce [[hydroelectricity]]. Forests provide wood, paper and other products, while mines produce metals and minerals used in buildings, transport and modern technology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Natural resources |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/services/environment/natural-resources.html |website=Government of Canada |date=3 January 2017 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> A 2014 mining-industry report described Canada as a leading exporter of [[zinc]], [[uranium]], [[gold]], [[nickel]], [[aluminum]], [[steel]] and [[lead]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Brendan Marshall, Director, Economic Affairs |date=2014 |title=Facts & Figures 2014 |url=http://mining.ca/sites/default/files/documents/Facts_and_Figures_2014.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151014080607/http://mining.ca/sites/default/files/documents/Facts_and_Figures_2014.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2015 |access-date=3 December 2015 |publisher=The Mining Association of Canada}}</ref> Natural resources are an important part of Canada's economy and support many jobs and communities. Canada exports energy, forest products, minerals and metals to countries around the world. In 2024, exports of mineral and metal products were worth about C$153 billion and made up about 21 per cent of Canada's merchandise exports.<ref>{{cite web |title=Minerals and Metals Facts |url=https://natural-resources.canada.ca/minerals-mining/mining-data-statistics-analysis/minerals-metals-facts |website=Natural Resources Canada |date=18 January 2018 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> Resource development can also affect the land, water, climate and Indigenous communities, so governments and businesses are expected to follow environmental rules and consult affected communities. == Population and demographics == Canada had an estimated population of about 41.8 million people on July 1, 2026.<ref name=est/> Although Canada is very large, most people live in cities and towns in the southern part of the country, especially near the border with the United States. In the 2021 Census, about 82.2 per cent of the population lived in population centres, while 17.8 per cent lived in rural areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Population growth in Canada's rural areas, 2016 to 2021 |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/as-sa/98-200-x/2021002/98-200-x2021002-eng.cfm |website=Statistics Canada |date=9 February 2022 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> Canada has people from many cultural, ethnic, religious and language groups. English and French are the country's official languages, and many Indigenous and immigrant languages are also spoken. In the 2021 Census, about 8.4 million people, or 23 per cent of the population, were or had been landed immigrants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Immigrants make up the largest share of the population in over 150 years and continue to shape who we are as Canadians |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/221026/dq221026a-eng.htm |website=Statistics Canada |date=26 October 2022 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> == Society, relationships, and social support == Family, friends, neighbours and community groups are important parts of social life in Canada, they can support well-being during hard experiences. Statistics Canada measures whether people have someone they can count on, feel close to friends and family, trust other people and feel that they belong to their local community.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quality of life domain: Society |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/hub-carrefour/quality-life-qualite-vie/society-societe/index-eng.htm |website=Statistics Canada |date=30 March 2022 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> Canadians also support their communities by volunteering, donating money and helping relatives, friends and neighbours. == Health, healthcare, and healthy life expectancy == Canada has a universal healthcare system paid for mainly through taxes. Each province and territory runs its own public health insurance plan. These plans must cover medically necessary hospital and doctor services and must meet the rules of the Canada Health Act to receive full federal funding.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Canada's health care system |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canada-health-care-system.html |website=Health Canada |date=22 August 2016 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=How publicly funded health care coverage works |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-care-system/canada-health-care-system-medicare/canada-health-act/how-publicly-funded-coverage-works.html |website=Health Canada |date=16 July 2025 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> Public insurance does not cover every service. Coverage for medicines, dental care, eye care, home care and other services may depend on the province, age, income or private insurance. Life expectancy at birth in Canada was 81.7 years in 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Key findings from the Health of Canadians report, 2024 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/250305/dq250305a-eng.htm |website=Statistics Canada |date=5 March 2025 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> Healthy life expectancy means the number of years a person may expect to live in reasonably good health, not only the total number of years lived. Canada's health-adjusted life expectancy at birth was 66.9 years in 2023, lower than it had been before the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Health-adjusted life expectancy in Canada: Recent trends at birth and age 65 years, 2019, 2020 and 2023 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/260109/dq260109b-eng.htm |website=Statistics Canada |date=9 January 2026 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> == Culture and everyday life == Canadian culture has been shaped by Indigenous peoples, French and British settlement, immigration and the country's different regions. Everyday life may include sports, outdoor activities, music, television, festivals, religious practices and community events. Culture is not the same everywhere: life in a large city may be different from life in a northern, coastal, rural or Indigenous community.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quality of life indicator: Participation in cultural or religious practices, recreation or sport |url=https://www.statcan.gc.ca/hub-carrefour/quality-life-qualite-vie/society-societe/participation-eng.htm |website=Statistics Canada |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> == Quality of life and national well-being == Quality of life in Canada is measured through more than income. Statistics Canada also studies health, safety, housing, the environment, life satisfaction, loneliness, trust, family and friend relationships, community belonging and confidence in institutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Quality of life indicators from the Canadian Social Survey, fourth quarter 2024 |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/daily-quotidien/250219/dq250219f-eng.htm |website=Statistics Canada |date=19 February 2025 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> Canada ranked 25th in the 2026 ''World Happiness Report'', down from sixth place in 2013. The report compares people's own ratings of their lives and studies factors such as income, health, social support, freedom, generosity and trust.<ref>{{cite web |title=International evidence on happiness and social media |url=https://www.worldhappiness.report/ed/2026/international-evidence-on-happiness-and-social-media/ |website=World Happiness Report |year=2026 |access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> Findings on migration also show that immigrants often move closer to the average happiness level of the country where they settle. This means that a person's quality of life is shaped partly by the society around them.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Alexandra|date=25 July 2026|title=We need to invest more in our social lives|journal=New Scientist|pages=37–39}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Other websites == {{commons}} {{wikivoyage}} * [https://www.canada.ca/ Official Government of Canada website] * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html CIA World Factbook - Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430234227/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ca.html |date=2019-04-30 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121113155031/http://education.yahoo.com/reference/dictionary/entry/Canada Yahoo - Definition of Canada] {{Canada topics}} {{North America}} {{G8}} {{Group of 7}} {{Commonwealth nations}} {{North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO)}} {{Provinces and territories of Canada}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Canada| ]] [[Category:Current monarchies]] [[Category:English-speaking countries]] [[Category:French-speaking countries]] [[Category:Commonwealth realms]] [[Category:G8 nations]] [[Category:G7 nations]] [[Category:Federations]] [[Category:1867 establishments in Canada]] e0b8q3c2tjzwapdc73rw6i9ywpf94gf 0 219830 11024575 11023282 2026-10-09T10:24:56Z ~2026-54359-51 1887485 11024575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|the character|Harry Potter (character)}} [[File:Harry Potter logo.svg|thumb|The ''Harry Potter'' logo, used first in American editions of the novel series and later in movies.]] [[File:J. K. Rowling 2010.jpg|thumb|244x244px|J. K. Rowling, the author of the ''Harry Potter'' books.]] {{italictitle}} [[File:Harry Potter british books.jpg|thumb|A set of all seven UK Edition Harry Potter novels.]] '''''NATTE PANG''''' is a [[series]] of A MILLION [[fantasy]] [[novel]]s and eight movies by British author [[J. K. Rowling]]. It is named for its main character and [[hero]], [[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]]. Ten books in the series have sold over 950 million copies across the world in over 133 languages including [[Latin]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]] and [[Ancient Greek]], and is the best-selling book series of all time. They were adapted into movies by [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]]. The [[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (movie)|first one]] was released in 2001. The [[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (movie)|second]], [[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (movie)|third]], [[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (movie)|fourth]], and [[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (movie)|fifth]] were released respectively in 2002, 2004, 2005 and 2007. The sixth movie, ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (movie)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'', was released in 2009. The final movie was divided into two parts. The first part, ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1]]'', was released in 2010. The second part'', [[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2]]''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2|,]] was released in 2011''.'' Several spin-off movies have been released in 2016, 2018, and 2022 respectively, as well as some television specials in 2022 and in 2024, and an upcoming television series titled ''[[Harry Potter (TV series)|Harry Potter]]'' for the streaming service [[HBO Max]] will officially premiere in late 2026. == Plot == Harry Potter was born in England, United Kingdom. His parents, Lily and James Potter, were killed by an evil [[wizard]] named [[Voldemort|Lord Voldemort]], while Voldemort was trying to kill Harry. Yet Harry escaped with no harm except a scar in the shape of a lightning bolt, and Voldemort ends up presumably dead. Harry is raised by his non-magical Aunt Petunia, Uncle Vernon, and cousin (Dudley), and is mistreated by them. He believes the false words of the Dursleys that Harry's parents were killed in a car crash. As a child, he did not know that he was a wizard. He eventually discovers that there are many magical people, living secretly and hiding from non-wizards (known as "Muggles"). When Harry turned eleven on July 31, he received a letter inviting him to go to a [[school]] called [[Hogwarts]] for young witches and wizards. Each book tells the story of one year of his life at the school and tells how he struggles. On Hogwarts Express, the train they use to get to Hogwarts, he meets Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, who become his best friends. Harry also later meets Myrtle Warren, a ghost, who also becomes his friend. Voldemort tries several times to return to life and kill Harry. In the fourth book, Voldemort comes to life with help from his follower, Peter Pettigrew. The series ends with an epic battle between Harry and Lord Voldemort and a final epilogue that shows Harry and his friends safe and happy with their partners and children. == Books == * 1997 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' (''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ''in the [[United States]]) * 1998 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' * 1999 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' * 2000 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' * 2003 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' * 2005 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' * 2007 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'' === Secondary books === * 2001 – ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (book)|Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]'' * 2001 – ''[[Quidditch Through the Ages]]'' * 2007 – ''[[The Tales of Beedle the Bard]]'' * 2016 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Cursed Child]]'' == Adaptations == The seven books were all adapted into different forms of media, including toys, movies, spin-off movies, television series, specials, video games, and a stage play as well. === Movies === * 2001 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (movie)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone / Sorcerer's Stone]]'' * 2002 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (movie)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' * 2004 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (movie)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' * 2005 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (movie)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' * 2007 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (movie)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' * 2009 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (movie)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' * 2010 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]'' * 2011 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]'' ==== Spin-off movies ==== * 2016 – ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (movie)|Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]'' * 2018 – ''[[Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald]]'' *2022 – ''[[Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore]]'' ==== Television series and specials ==== * 2022 – ''[[Harry Potter 20th Anniversary: Return to Hogwarts]]'' * 2022 – ''[[Harry Potter: Hogwarts Tournament of Houses]]'' * 2024–present – ''[[Harry Potter: Wizards of Baking]]'' * 2026 – ''[[Harry Potter (TV series)|Harry Potter]]'' === Video games === * 2001 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone / Sorcerer's Stone]]'' (Released for [[Personal computer|PC]], [[MacOS|Mac]], [[PlayStation]], [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]], [[GameCube]], [[Game Boy Color]], and [[Game Boy Advance]]) * 2002 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' (Released for PC, Mac, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, Game Boy Color, and Game Boy Advance) * 2003 – ''[[Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cup]]'' (Released for [[Game Boy Advance]], Microsoft Windows, [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]], and [[GameCube]]) * 2004 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (video game)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' (Released for PC, PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, and Game Boy Advance) * 2005 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (video game)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' (Released for PC, PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, [[PlayStation Portable]], [[Nintendo DS]], and Game Boy Advance) * 2007 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (video game)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' (Released for PC, Mac, PlayStation 2, [[PlayStation 3]], [[Xbox 360]], [[Wii]], PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and Game Boy Advance) * 2009 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (video game)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' (Released for PC, Mac, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and [[Mobile phone|Mobile]]) * 2010 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (video game)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]'' (Released for PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, Nintendo DS, and Mobile) * 2011 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (video game)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]'' (Released for PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and Nintendo DS) ==== Other games ==== * 2001 – ''[[Lego Creator: Harry Potter]]'' (Released for [[Microsoft Windows]]) * 2002 – ''[[Lego Creator: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' (Released for Microsoft Windows) * 2004 – ''[[Harry Potter: Find Scabbers]]'' (Released for [[Mobile phone|Mobile]]) * 2007 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix: The Mobile Game]]'' (Released for Mobile) * 2008 – ''[[Harry Potter: Mastering Magic]]'' (Released for Mobile) * 2009 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince: The Mobile Game]]'' (Released for Mobile) * 2009 – ''[[Harry Potter: Spells]]'' (Released for [[iOS]]) * 2010 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Motorbike Escape]]'' (Free online game) * 2010 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1: The Mobile Game]]'' (Released for [[Mobile phone|Mobile]]) * 2010 – ''[[Scene it? Harry Potter HD]]'' (Released for [[iOS]]) * 2010 – ''[[Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4]]'' (Released for [[PlayStation 3]], [[PlayStation 4]], [[Xbox 360]], [[Xbox One]], [[Wii]], [[Nintendo DS]], [[PlayStation Portable]], iOS, [[Android (operating system)|Android]], and [[Nintendo Switch]]) * 2011 – ''[[Lego Harry Potter: Years 5–7]]'' (Released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Wii, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable, iOS, Android, [[Nintendo 3DS]], [[PlayStation Vita]], and Nintendo Switch) * 2011 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2: The Mobile Game]]'' (Released for [[Mobile phone|Mobile]]) * 2011 – ''[[Harry Potter for Kinect]]'' (Released for [[Xbox 360]]) * 2011 – ''[[Harry Potter: The Quest]]'' ([[Web browser]]) * 2011 – ''[[Wizarding World Digital]]'' (Web browser) * 2012 – ''[[Book of Spells]]'' (Released for [[PlayStation 3]]) * 2013 – ''[[Book of Potions]]'' (Released for PlayStation 3) * 2016 – ''[[Lego Dimensions]]'' (Released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, [[Wii U]], Xbox One, and Xbox 360) ** "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them" ** "Harry Potter Team Pack" ** "Tina Fun Pack" ** "Hermione Granger Fun Pack" * 2016 – ''[[Fantastic Beasts: Cases from the Wizarding World]]'' (Released for [[iOS]], and [[Android (operating system)|Android]]) * 2018 – ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them VR Experience]]'' (Released for HTC Vive, Google Daydream, Oculus Rift, and Samsung Gear VR) * 2018 – ''[[Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery]]'' (Released for [[iOS]], and [[Android (operating system)|Android]]) * 2019 – ''[[Harry Potter: Wizards Unite]]'' (Released for iOS, and Android) * 2020 – ''[[Harry Potter: Puzzles & Spells]]'' (Released for iOS, Android, [[Amazon Kindle]], and [[Facebook]]) * 2021 – ''[[Harry Potter: Magic Awakened]]'' (Released for iOS, and Android) * 2023 – ''[[Hogwarts Legacy]]'' (Released for [[PlayStation 4]], [[PlayStation 5]], [[Xbox One]], [[Xbox Series X and Series S|Xbox Series X/S]], and [[Microsoft Windows]]) * 2024 – ''[[Harry Potter: Quidditch Champions]]'' (Released for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S) === Stage === ''[[Harry Potter and the Cursed Child]]'' is a [[play (theatre)|play]] based on a new story by J.K Rowling, Jack Thorne, and John Tiffany. It is billed as being the "eighth story, nineteen years later." It stars Jamie Parker as Harry, Noma Dumezweni as Hermione, and Paul Thornley as Ron. :"While Harry grapples with a past that refuses to stay where it belongs, his youngest son Albus must struggle with the weight of a family legacy he never wanted. As past and present fuse ominously, both father and son learn the uncomfortable truth: sometimes, darkness comes from unexpected places."<ref>{{cite web|title=New details on Cursed Child, the 'eighth Harry Potter story'|url=http://www.pottermore.com/news/cursed-child-eighth-harry-potter-story|work=www.pottermore.com|accessdate=16 March 2016}}</ref> The play officially opened July 30, 2016 at the Palace Theatre in London.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harry Potter and the Cursed Child|url=http://www.harrypottertheplay.com/|accessdate=16 March 2016}}</ref> == Characters and actors == === Main characters === * '''[[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]]''' (played by [[Daniel Radcliffe]] and [[Dominic McLaughlin]]): The [[hero]] of the stories. Harry is a special young wizard. Harry's parents, [[Harry Potter (character)|James and Lily Potter]], were killed by [[Voldemort|Lord Voldemort]] when he was a baby. He lives with and is raised by his Aunt Petunia, his mother's sister, and Uncle Vernon, along with their son Dudley for the duration of the series. * '''[[Ron Weasley]]''' (played by [[Rupert Grint]] and [[Alastair Stout]]): Harry's best friend. Ron was born to Arthur and Molly Weasley, a large magical family, with five older brothers and one younger sister. He is the second youngest child in the Weasley family. He often helps Harry out on his many adventures, including the fight to defeat the evil Lord Voldemort. * '''[[Hermione Granger]]''' (played by [[Emma Watson]] and [[Arabella Stanton]]): Harry's other best friend. Hermione's parents are not wizards, but "Muggles" (non-magical people). She is the brightest student in a class. She also faces much [[prejudice]] for her muggle family from both students at school and Voldemort's followers, the [[Death Eater|Death Eaters]]. * '''[[Ginny Weasley]]''' (played by [[Bonnie Wright]], [[Gracie Cochrane]], and [[Bonnie Hill]]): Ron's younger sister and the last of 7 children. She is seen having a crush on Harry as a little girl in the first book, and would eventually go on to date him and marry him. * '''[[Albus Dumbledore]]''' (played by [[Richard Harris]], [[Michael Gambon]], [[Jude Law]], [[Toby Regbo]], and [[John Lithgow]]): [[Headmaster]] at [[Hogwarts]]. His full name is "Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore". He is a very powerful wizard. Voldemort fears only him. Albus Dumbledore is said to be gay by author J. K. Rowling.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7053982.stm | title= JK Rowling outs Dumbledore as gay | date= 20 October 2007 }}</ref> * '''[[Hagrid|Rubeus Hagrid]]''' (played by [[Robbie Coltrane]], [[Martin Bayfield]], and [[Nick Frost]]): Hagrid is originally just the Groundskeeper at Hogwarts, but in the third book gets the position of teacher. He teaches "Care of Magical Creatures" from the third book until the seventh, when he leaves the school to escape the Death Eaters. He is a friend of Harry, Ron, and Hermione, and a "half-giant." * '''[[Voldemort|Lord Voldemort]]''' (played by [[Ralph Fiennes]], [[Ian Hart]], [[Richard Bremmer]], [[Christian Coulson]], [[Hero Fiennes Tiffin]], [[Frank Dillane]], and [[Billy Barratt]]): The main [[villain]] of the series and responsible for the death of Harry's parents. He is feared throughout the wizarding world, and is often referred to as "The [[Dark lord|Dark Lord]]", "He Who Must Not Be Named", or as "You-Know-Who", as wizards believe naming him will somehow call him. Prior to his infamy he was known as "Tom Marvolo Riddle". * '''[[Sirius Black]]''' (played by [[Gary Oldman]]): Sirius Black was James Potter's best friend in school and before James' death. He was charged for the murder of another of James' friends, [[Peter Pettigrew]]. Sirius was innocent, but [[conviction|convicted]] anyway. In the third novel, ''the Prisoner of Azkaban'', Sirius breaks out of prison (the wizarding prison is called [[Azkaban]]). He is Harry Potter's godfather. He is a major character in the third, fourth and fifth books, before his death at the end of the fifth book, ''the Order of the Phoenix''. * '''[[Severus Snape]]''' (played by [[Alan Rickman]], [[Alec Hopkins]], [[Benedict Clarke]], and [[Paapa Essiedu]]): Severus Snape was the Potions master at Hogwarts for the first five books. In the sixth book, he gets the position of Defence Against the Dark Arts professor. After the death of Dumbledore, Snape becomes headmaster. Throughout the books, Snape shows much [[bias]] for his own school house, Slytherin. He treats students from the other houses very badly. *'''[[Draco Malfoy]]''' (played by [[Tom Felton]] and [[Lox Pratt]]): Draco Malfoy is a Slytherin student. In the first five books, he exists primarily as a foil (opposite) to Harry. In the sixth book, the Half-Blood Prince, he is ordered to kill Dumbledore but cannot bring himself to do it. *'''[[Neville Longbottom]]''' (played by [[Matthew Lewis (actor)|Matthew Lewis]] and [[Rory Wilmot]]): He is a Gryffindor student and he is one of the members of Dumbledore's Army. His parents were tortured into insanity by [[Bellatrix Lestrange]] when he was sixteen months old. At the end of the series, during the battle of Hogwarts, he kills Nagini with Godric Gryffindor's sword, making it easy for Harry to defeat Voldemort. ==== The Weasleys ==== {| Class=wikitable !Character!!Relation!!Actor!!Notes |- |[[Arthur Weasley]] |Father of the Weasleys |[[Mark Williams (actor)|Mark Williams]] |Works for the [[Ministry of Magic]] |- |[[Molly Weasley]] |Mother of the Weasleys |[[Julie Walters]] [[Katherine Parkinson]] |Busy mother of seven children |- |[[Bill Weasley]] |eldest son |[[Domhnall Gleeson]] |Cursebreaker for Gringotts Bank |- |[[Charlie Weasley]] |second eldest son |[[Alex Crockford]] |Works as a Dragon-tamer in Romania |- |[[Percy Weasley]] |third oldest son |[[Chris Rankin]] [[Ruari Spooner]] |Works for the [[Ministry of Magic]] |- |[[Fred and George Weasley|Fred Weasley]] |Fourth son<br /><small>Older Weasley twin</small> |[[James and Oliver Phelps|James Phelps]] [[Tristan Harland]] |Owns the wizarding joke shop, left Hogwarts in the fifth book, "Order of the Phoenix." |- |[[Fred and George Weasley|George Weasley]] |Fifth son<br /><small>Younger Weasley twin</small> |[[James and Oliver Phelps|Oliver Phelps]] [[Gabriel Harland]] |Owns the wizarding joke shop, left Hogwarts in the fifth book, "Order of the Phoenix." |- |[[Ron Weasley|Ronald Weasley]] |Sixth son<br /> |[[Rupert Grint]] [[Alastair Stout]] |One of Harry's two closest friends at Hogwarts who helps him kill Voldemort. |- |[[Ginny Weasley]] |Daughter, youngest |[[Bonnie Wright]] [[Gracie Cochrane]] [[Bonnie Hill]] |The youngest of seven. Harry's girlfriend from the sixth book on. |} ==== Teachers at Hogwarts ==== {| Class=wikitable !width=30%|Character!!width=30%|Actor!!width=40%|Subject |- |[[Minerva McGonagall]]<br /><small>(Head of [[Gryffindor]] house)</small> |[[Maggie Smith]] [[Fiona Glascott|Janet McTeer]] |Transfiguration<br /><small>(changing something into something else)</small> |- |[[Severus Snape]]<br /><small>(Head of [[Slytherin]] house)</small> |[[Alan Rickman]] [[Alec Hopkins]] [[Benedict Clarke]] [[Paapa Essiedu]] |rowspan=2|Potions<br /><small>(brewing magical mixtures)</small> |- |[[Horace Slughorn]] |[[Jim Broadbent]] |- |[[Rubeus Hagrid]]<br /><small>(Keeper of the Keys and Grounds at [[Hogwarts]])</small> |[[Robbie Coltrane]] [[Martin Bayfield]] [[Nick Frost]] |Care of Magical Creatures<br /><small>(studying mystical creatures)</small> |- |[[Filius Flitwick]]<br /><small>(Head of [[Ravenclaw]] house)</small> |[[Warwick Davis]] |Charms<br /><small>(making things happen)</small> |- |[[Pomona Sprout]]<br /><small>(Head of [[Hufflepuff]] house)</small> |[[Miriam Margolyes|Miriam Margoyles]] [[Sirine Saba]] |Herbology<br /><small>(caring for magical plants)</small> |- |[[Sybill Trelawney]] |[[Emma Thompson]] |Divination<br /><small>(predicting the future)</small> |- |[[Madame Hooch]] |[[Zoe Wannamaker]] [[Louise Brealey]] |[[Fly]]ing on broomsticks<br /><small>also: [[referee]] and teacher for Quidditch</small> |- |[[Quirinus Quirrell]] |[[Ian Hart]] [[Luke Thallon]] |rowspan=7|Defence Against the Dark Arts<br /><small>(defensive magic)</small> |- |Gilderoy Lockhart |[[Kenneth Branagh]] |- |[[Remus Lupin]] |[[David Thewlis]] |- |[[Alastor Moody]] (impersonated in [[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]] by Barty Crouch, Jr.) |[[Brendan Gleeson]] |- |[[Dolores Umbridge]] |[[Imelda Staunton]] |- |[[Severus Snape]] |[[Alan Rickman]] [[Paapa Essiedu]] |- |[[Alecto Carrow]] |[[Suzanne Toase]] |} ==== Other students ==== {| class=wikitable !Student!!House!!Actor!!Notes |- |[[Cho Chang]] |Ravenclaw |[[Katie Leung]] |Former girlfriend of Cedric Diggory, and then girlfriend of Harry. Member of "[[Dumbledore's Army]]". |- |[[Vincent Crabbe]] |Slytherin |[[Jamie Waylett]] [[Finn Stephens]] |Draco's friend. |- |[[Cedric Diggory]] |Hufflepuff |[[Robert Pattinson]] |Captain of the Hufflepuff Quidditch team. Took part in the Triwizard Tournament. Took Cho Chang to the Yule Ball. Killed by Voldemort's "Avada Kedavra" curse in the maze during the competition. |- |[[Gregory Goyle]] |Slytherin |[[Joshua Herdman]] [[William Nash]] |Draco's friend. |- |[[Neville Longbottom]] |Gryffindor |[[Matthew Lewis (actor)|Matthew Lewis]] [[Rory Wilmot]] |Harry's friend. Member of "[[Dumbledore's Army]]." Has a pet [[Frog|toad]]. Great in Herbology. Killed Voldemort's snake, Nagini, the sixth Horcrux, in the Final Battle, making it possible for Harry to finally kill Voldemort. |- |[[Luna Lovegood]] |Ravenclaw |[[Evanna Lynch]] |Harry's friend. She attends one of Professor Slughorn's 'Slug Club' parties with Harry in the Half-Blood Prince. She is strange, yet wise and people often find her company uncomfortable. |- |[[Susan Bones]] | Hufflepuff | [[Eleanor Columbus]] |She is a student we see in the first movie of Harry Potter. She is in Hufflepuff. Her grandparents have been killed by Voldemort. Her aunt, Madam Bones, works at the [[Ministry of Magic]]. |} === Other characters === * '''[[Vernon Dursley]]''' (played by [[Richard Griffiths]] and [[Daniel Rigby]]) is the uncle of Harry Potter. He usually treats Harry badly. * '''[[Petunia Dursley]]''' (played by [[Fiona Shaw]] and [[Bel Powley]]) is Vernon's wife and Harry's aunt. Like Vernon, she usually treats Harry badly. She was jealous that her sister lily was a witch. * '''[[Dobby]]''' (voiced by [[Toby Jones]] and played by [[Lenny Rush]]) is a house-elf who used to belong to the Malfoy family. Unlike other house-elves, Dobby wishes to be free. * '''[[Merope]]''' is the descendant of Salazar Slytherin and is also the mother of Lord Voldemort. * '''[[Michael Corner]]''' (played by [[Ryan Nelson]]) is Ginny's boyfriend who makes Harry jealous in the later books. * '''[[Madame Rosmerta]]''' (played by [[Julie Christie]]) is the owner of 'The Three Broomsticks', the pub where butterbeer is often served. * '''[[Madame Malkins]]''' (played by [[Paula Arundell]]) is the owner of the wizard robes shop. * '''[[Mr. Ollivander]]''' (played by [[John Hurt]] and [[Anton Lesser]]) Wandmaker, owner of Ollivanders, was taken away by the Death Eaters, but is broken out of his cell by Dobby and Harry Potter. * '''[[Rita Skeeter]]''' (played by [[Miranda Richardson]]) Reporter for the Daily Prophet, author of The Life and Lies of Albus Dumbledore, Animagus. * '''[[Stanley Shunpike]] '''(played by [[Lee Ingleby]]) is the conductor of the Knight Bus, emergency transport for the stranded witch or wizard. ===Magical creatures=== The book has many non-human magical characters. Some of them are from [[mythology]] and others Rowling wrote herself. Some of these magical creatures have their own culture and some are like animals. According to the real-world book, ''Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them'', the Ministry of Magic makes three groups of creatures: Being, Beast and Spirit. Beings are creatures like humans and house elves, who are smart enough to manage their own business and Beasts are not.<ref name=FB>{{cite book|title=Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them|author=J.K. Rowling|year=2009|isbn=978-0747554660}}</ref> *'''[[Centaur]]s''' live in the Forbidden Forest near the school. They are smart and study the stars. They are proud and do not like it when humans bother them. Even though centaurs are smart enough to be called "Being" by the Ministry of Magic, they asked to be called "Beast" instead because that meant more humans would leave them alone. There is a Centaur Liaison Office at the Ministry of Magic, but no one ever uses it. *'''[[Mermaid]]s''' live in the lake near the school. They speak a language called Mermish and have scary faces. *'''[[Elf|House Elves]]''' work in the school and for wizarding families. They cook and clean. A house elf can only be freed if its owner gives it clothes. Otherwise, they wear pillowcases, tea towels or other cloth that is not clothing. House Elves have their own kind of magic, which is very strong. *'''[[Veela]]''' can look like beautiful women or like winged creatures with scary faces. They can throw fireballs and magically appear attractive to human men. *'''[[Giant|Giants]]''' are large and brutal. Human beings hunted them so that now they have to live close together in mountains. Some giants can have children with humans. *'''[[Werewolf|Werewolves]]''' are humans who have been bitten by another werewolf. Other humans act as if they have a dangerous disease. There are laws saying they can only work in certain places. Wizards and non-wizards can be werewolves. *'''[[Ghost]]s''' are dead people who are gray and transparent. There are ghosts at Hogwarts who talk to the students. The history teacher is a ghost. *'''[[Phoenix (mythology)|Phoenixes]]''' are fire birds. They catch fire once every five hundred days and come out of the ashes a young baby bird again. Their tears can heal even an almost dead person. In the second book, a phoenix saved harry from the Basilisk, another venomous creature. In the books, Dumbledore has a pet phoenix named Fawkes. *'''[[Vampires]]''' are magical creatures of the night which appear in the series only sporadically. The only known vampire in the Harry Potter series is Sanguini. *'''[[Leprechaun]]s''' are magical beings; tiny, bearded men, they are the official mascots of the Irish National Quidditch Team. == Cultural impact == {{further|Harry Potter fandom}} [[File:Harry_Potter_Platform_Kings_Cross.jpg|thumb|"Platform {{frac|9|3|4}}" sign on [[London King's Cross railway station]]]] ''Harry Potter'' has been called as a cultural phenomenon.{{sfn|Gunelius|2008|p=99}}{{sfn|Taub|Servaty-Seib|2008|p=13}} The word "Muggle" has spread beyond its origins in the books, entering the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' in 2003.{{sfn|Gunelius|2008|p=121}} A real-life version of the sport [[Quidditch (sport)|Quidditch]] was created in 2005 and featured as an exhibition tournament in the [[2012 London Olympics]].{{sfn|Popple|2015|pp=194–95}} Characters and elements from the series have inspired [[Scientific name|scientific names]] of several animals, including the dinosaur ''[[Dracorex hogwartsia]]'', the spider ''[[Eriovixia gryffindori]]'', the wasp ''[[Ampulex dementor]]'', and the crab ''[[Harryplax severus]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kean|first1=Danuta|date=27 January 2017|title=Harry Potter character provides name for new species of crab|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/27/harry-potter-name-species-crab-harryplax-severus-severus-snape|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223092112/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/27/harry-potter-name-species-crab-harryplax-severus-severus-snape|archive-date=23 February 2017}}</ref> Librarian Nancy Knapp pointed out the books' potential to improve [[literacy]] by motivating children to read much more than they otherwise would.<ref name="Knapp2003InDefenseOfHP">{{cite journal|last=Knapp|first=N.F.|year=2003|title=In Defense of Harry Potter: An Apologia|url=http://www.iasl-online.org/files/jan03-knapp.pdf|journal=School Libraries Worldwide|publisher=International Association of School Librarianship|volume=9|issue=1|pages=78–91|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309051050/http://www.iasl-online.org/files/jan03-knapp.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2011|access-date=14 May 2009}}</ref> The seven-book series has a word count of 1,083,594 (US edition). Agreeing about the motivating effects, Diane Penrod also praised the books' combination of simple entertainment with "the qualities of highbrow literary fiction", but expressed concern about the distracting effect of the large amount of merchandise that accompanies the book launches.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Penrod|first=D|date=December 2001|title=The Trouble with Harry: A Reason for Teaching Media Literacy to Young Adults|url=http://www.writinginstructor.com/penrod.html|journal=The Writing Instructor|publisher=Professional Writing Program at Purdue University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216160155/http://www.writinginstructor.com/penrod.html|archive-date=16 December 2008|access-date=16 May 2009}}</ref> However, the assumption that Harry Potter books have increased literacy among young people is "largely a folk legend".<ref name="Heilman20082">{{Cite book|title=Critical Perspectives on Harry Potter|date=7 August 2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-89154-1|editor-last=Heilman|editor-first=Elizabeth E.|edition=2nd|doi=10.4324/9780203892817}}</ref> Research by the [[National Endowment for the Arts]] (NEA) has found no increase in reading among children as a result of the Harry Potter publishing phenomenon, nor has the broader downward trend in reading among Americans reversed during the rise in the popularity of the Harry Potter books.<ref name="Heilman20082" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 2007|title=To Read or Not to Read; A question of national consequence|url=http://arts.gov/sites/default/files/ToRead.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115010136/https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/ToRead.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2015|publisher=[[National Endowment for the Arts]]}}</ref> The research also found that children who read Harry Potter books were not more likely to go on to read outside the fantasy and mystery genres.<ref name="Heilman20082" /> NEA chairman [[Dana Gioia]] said the series, "got millions of kids to read a long and reasonably complex series of books. The trouble is that one Harry Potter novel every few years is not enough to reverse the decline in reading."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2007-07-11|title=Harry Potter has limited effect on reading habits (Published 2007)|language=en|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/11/arts/11iht-11potter.6606863.html|access-date=2026-01-19}}</ref> Many [[fan fiction]] and [[fan art]] works about ''Harry Potter'' have been made. In March 2007, "Harry Potter" was the most commonly searched fan fiction subject on the internet.<ref name="most-searched-fanfiction">{{cite news|last=Hurd|first=Gordon|date=20 March 2007|title=Fantastic Fiction|work=[[Yahoo!]]|url=http://buzz.yahoo.com/buzzlog/67161/fantastic-fiction|access-date=7 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222003119/http://buzz.yahoo.com/buzzlog/67161/fantastic-fiction|archive-date=22 December 2007}}</ref> Jennifer Conn used Snape's and Quidditch coach Madam Hooch's teaching methods as examples of what to avoid and what to imitate in clinical teaching,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Conn|first=J.J.|year=2002|title=What can clinical teachers learn from ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone''?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-education_2002-12_36_12/page/1176|journal=Medical Education|volume=36|issue=12|pages=1176–1181|citeseerx=10.1.1.463.8854|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01376.x|pmid=12472752|s2cid=22560995}}</ref> and Joyce Fields wrote that the books illustrate four of the five main topics in a typical first-year sociology class: "sociological concepts including culture, society, and [[socialisation]]; [[Social stratification|stratification]] and [[social inequality]]; [[social institutions]]; and [[social theory]]".<ref name="Fields2007HPSociologicalImagination">{{cite journal|last=Fields|first=J.W.|year=2007|title=''Harry Potter'', Benjamin Bloom, and the Sociological Imagination|url=http://www.isetl.org/ijtlhe/pdf/IJTLHE160.pdf|url-status=live|journal=International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education|volume=19|issue=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818204930/http://www.isetl.org/ijtlhe/pdf/IJTLHE160.pdf|archive-date=18 August 2010|access-date=15 May 2009}}</ref> From the early 2000s on, several news reports appeared in the UK of the Harry Potter book and movie series driving demand for pet owls,<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 December 2001|title=Potter sparks pet owl demand|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1716013.stm|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815182750/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1716013.stm|archive-date=15 August 2017}}</ref> and even reports that after the end of the movie series these same pet owls were now being abandoned by their owners.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Paul|first=David|date=19 May 2012|title=Hundreds of pet owls abandoned after Harry Potter craze fades|work=mirror|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/hundreds-of-pet-owls-abandoned-after-840299|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145317/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/hundreds-of-pet-owls-abandoned-after-840299|archive-date=12 April 2018}}</ref> This led J. K. Rowling to issue several statements discouraging Harry Potter fans to buying pet owls.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 March 2015|title=Harry Potter tour accused of cruelty for use of live 'Hedwigs'|language=en-GB|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/harry-potter-studio-tour-accused-of-cruelty-over-use-of-owls-in-live-shows-10127081.html|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412211800/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/harry-potter-studio-tour-accused-of-cruelty-over-use-of-owls-in-live-shows-10127081.html|archive-date=12 April 2018}}</ref> Despite the media coverage, research into the popularity of Harry Potter and sales of owls in the UK failed to find any evidence that the Harry Potter series had influenced the buying of owls in the country or the number of owls reaching animal shelters and sanctuaries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Megias|first1=Diane A.|last2=Anderson|first2=Sean C.|last3=Smith|first3=Robert J.|last4=Veríssimo|first4=Diogo|date=4 October 2017|title=Investigating the impact of media on demand for wildlife: A case study of Harry Potter and the UK trade in owls|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=12|issue=10|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1282368M|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0182368|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5627891|pmid=28976986|doi-access=free|article-number=e0182368}}</ref> By 2003, a sign marking Platform 9 3/4 was put up at the [[London King's Cross railway station]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=England Trip 2004 – King's Cross Station|url=https://www.eg.bucknell.edu/~hyde/England2004/KingsCross.html|access-date=24 February 2025|website=www.eg.bucknell.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Platform 9-3/4, Kings Cross Station, London|url=https://www.mattblaze.org/photos/misc/platform9.75.html|access-date=24 February 2025|website=www.mattblaze.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Jim Mimiaga|date=5 May 2005|title=Hello, Harry!|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2005/05/05/hello-harry-2/|access-date=24 February 2025|website=The Denver Post|language=en-US}}</ref> with a trolley fixed to the wall added by the year 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 July 2005|title=Pottering around England|language=en-CA|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/pottering-around-england/article25678174/|access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Owen|first=Paul|date=18 November 2005|title=The Potter trainspotters|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2005/nov/18/harrypotter.features|access-date=24 February 2025|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The location of the trolley moved after renovations, and a Harry Potter-themed shop opened nearby in 2012.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dWEM-1BoqE|title=Harry Potter Shop at Platform 9 3/4, London|date=15 December 2012|last=LeakyNews|access-date=24 February 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Lewis|first=Ellie|date=14 December 2012|title=Harry Potter shop opens: the verdict|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2012/dec/14/harry-potter-shop-opens-verdict|access-date=24 February 2025|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Platform 9 3/4|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/platform-9-3-4|access-date=24 February 2025|website=Atlas Obscura|language=en}}</ref> [[Prince Charles]] visited the location in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 January 2013|title=Prince Charles and Camilla visit Harry Potter platform|language=en-GB|work=BBC Newsround|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/21260378|access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref> On 1 September 2017, identified by Rowling as the date the events at Kings Cross in the epilogue of the seventh book and the beginning of the stage play take place, the official Harry Potter website promoted activities using the hashtag #BacktoHogwarts, including a livestream of Kings Cross, where actor [[Warwick Davis]] made an in-person appearance with fans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harry Potter {{!}} Catching up with Harry Potter, Nineteen Years Later {{!}} Wizarding World |url=https://www.harrypotter.com/news/catching-up-with-harry-potter-deathly-hallows-epilogue-nineteen-years-later |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=www.harrypotter.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Dirk Libbey |date=5 September 2017 |title=The Cool Way Fans Gathered At King's Cross To Celebrate Albus Potter's First Day Of School |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/1699489/the-cool-way-fans-gathered-at-kings-cross-to-celebrate-albus-potters-first-day-of-school |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=Cinemablend |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 September 2017|title=Harry Potter: Albus Severus Potter starts school|language=en-GB|work=BBC Newsround|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/41123609|access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref> The date had been become popular on social media starting in 2015 with posts by Rowling about Harry's son James starting at Hogwarts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=As fans celebrate #BackToHogwarts day, J.K. Rowling talks about Harry Potter's kid|url=https://www.avclub.com/as-fans-celebrate-backtohogwarts-day-j-k-rowling-tal-1798284047|access-date=10 May 2025|website=AV Club|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Harry Potter' author wishes James S. Potter luck at Hogwarts - UPI.com|url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2015/09/01/JK-Rowling-wishes-James-S-Potter-good-luck-at-Hogwarts/6251441133363/|access-date=10 May 2025|website=UPI|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 September 2016|title=JK Rowling makes 'back to Hogwarts' gaffe by getting key date wrong|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-37250875|access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref> In the following years on the day, Warner Brothers continued to organize in person and virtual events at Kings Cross and around the world with appearances by film series actors such as [[Tom Felton]] and [[Eddie Redmayne]] and made announcements about products and experiences related to the series.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Haring|first=Bruce|date=1 September 2018|title=Harry Potter 'Back To Hogwarts' Day Celebration Gets Star Power Surprise|url=https://deadline.com/2018/09/harry-potter-back-to-hogwarts-day-celebration-gets-star-power-surprise-1202455905/|access-date=10 May 2025|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tom Felton returns to Hogwarts for Harry Potter film's 20th anniversary|url=https://ew.com/movies/tom-felton-back-to-hogwarts-harry-potter-celebration/|access-date=10 May 2025|website=EW.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Yossman|first=K. J.|date=1 September 2023|title=Harry Potter Fans Celebrate Back to Hogwarts Day Across the World|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/harry-potter-fans-back-to-hogwarts-day-kings-cross-1235710543/|access-date=10 May 2025|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Harry Potter {{!}} Catch up on all the announcements from our Back to Hogwarts 2022 – A Look Ahead showcase {{!}} Wizarding World|url=https://www.harrypotter.com/news/back-to-hogwarts-2022-a-look-ahead-showcase|access-date=10 May 2025|website=www.harrypotter.com|language=en}}</ref> Variety reported in 2023 that "Back to Hogwarts Day has morphed into a global phenomenon, with [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] now taking charge of proceedings" and quoted a Warner Brothers representative in noting that Kings Cross Station had to close its doors at 11 a.m. due to the large number of fans.<ref name=":2" /> On the date in 2024, fans showed up at King's Cross Station even though no event was held and fans were discouraged<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Harry Potter {{!}} Everything you need to know about Back to Hogwarts season 2024 {{!}} Wizarding World|url=https://www.harrypotter.com/news/everything-you-need-to-know-for-back-to-hogwarts-2024|access-date=10 May 2025|website=www.harrypotter.com|language=en}}</ref> from attending, reportedly due to the crowding issues the year before, and booed when no Hogwarts Express announcement was made at 11 a.m. as in previous years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 September 2024|title=Harry Potter fans boo after Hogwarts Express departures dropped|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgedp5rv27po|access-date=10 May 2025|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Media|first=P. A.|date=2 September 2024|title=Harry Potter fans boo as King's Cross ends 'back to Hogwarts' tradition|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/sep/02/harry-potter-fans-kings-cross-hogwarts-express-announcement|access-date=10 May 2025|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Since that year organizers have encouraged fans to participate in virtual events, while in-person events are held at other locations like [[Grand Central Terminal]] in New York City and Hamburg, Germany, after promoting in-person attendance at Kings Cross in previous years.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bonomolo|first=Cameron|date=1 September 2023|title=Back to Hogwarts Day 2023: The Harry Potter Fan Guide|url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/september-1-back-to-hogwarts-day-2023-harry-potter-movies-guide/|access-date=10 May 2025|website=ComicBook.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Davenport|first1=Emily|last2=Moses|first2=Amanda|date=3 September 2024|title=Bonnie Wright Celebrates "Back to Hogwarts" at Grand Central|url=https://www.amny.com/entertainment/grand-central-terminal-back-to-hogwarts-bonnie-wright/|access-date=10 May 2025|website=www.amny.com|language=en-US}}</ref> British book publisher Bloomsbury announced the launch of "Harry Potter Book Night" and related promotional events in 2014, first held in February 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 February 2015|title=Harry Potter {{!}} Harry Potter Book Night|url=http://harrypotter.bloomsbury.com/uk/harry-potter-book-night/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203114432/http://harrypotter.bloomsbury.com/uk/harry-potter-book-night/|archive-date=3 February 2015|access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=MuggleNet|date=6 February 2015|title=MuggleNet celebrates Harry Potter Book Night!|url=https://www.mugglenet.com/2015/02/mugglenet-celebrate-harry-potter-book-night/|access-date=29 March 2025|website=MuggleNet|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Harry Potter Book Night for 2015|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/harry-potter-book-night-2015|access-date=29 March 2025|website=The Bookseller|language=En}}</ref> In 2023, the event was rebranded to "Harry Potter Book Day" and moved to October.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bloomsbury Children's Books rebrands Harry Potter Book Night|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/bloomsbury-childrens-books-rebrands-harry-potter-book-night|access-date=29 March 2025|website=The Bookseller|language=En}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Harry Potter Book Day|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/discover/harry-potter/harry-potter-book-day/|access-date=29 March 2025|website=www.bloomsbury.com}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commonscat}} {{Wikibooks|Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter|Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter}} {{Wikiquote}} === Official sites === * [http://www.jkrowling.com J.K. Rowling's personal website] * [http://www.mugglenet.com All you need to know about Harry Potter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223051914/http://interactive.mugglenet.com/ |date=2017-12-23 }} * [http://harrypotter.warnerbros.com/ Official Harry Potter movies website (Warner Bros.)] * [http://www.bloomsbury.com/harrypotter/ Harry Potter on Bloomsbury.com (International publisher)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050806022619/http://www.bloomsbury.com/harrypotter/ |date=2005-08-06 }} * [http://www.scholastic.com/harrypotter/ Harry Potter on Scholastic.com (US publisher)] * [http://astore.amazon.com/harry-potter-merchandise-20 Amazon.com Official Harry Potter Store] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819222943/http://astore.amazon.com/harry-potter-merchandise-20/ |date=2007-08-19 }} * [http://www.raincoast.com/harrypotter/ Harry Potter on Raincoast.com (Canadian publisher)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804170447/http://www.raincoast.com/harrypotter/ |date=2004-08-04 }} === Other resources === * [http://harrypotter.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page Harry Potter Wikia] * [http://www.eulenfeder.de/hpliteratur.html Harry Potter Bibliography] * [http://www.thewatsononline.com/emmawatson/hermionegranger.php Hermione Granger's Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204090007/http://www.thewatsononline.com/emmawatson/hermionegranger.php |date=2011-02-04 }} {{Harry Potter}} [[Category:Harry Potter| ]] kwry0m4yvtyiq00mcaopjz7tkk04zh8 11024576 11024575 2026-10-09T10:25:07Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54359-51|~2026-54359-51]] ([[User talk:~2026-54359-51|talk]]) to last version by Professorroger 11023282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|the character|Harry Potter (character)}} [[File:Harry Potter logo.svg|thumb|The ''Harry Potter'' logo, used first in American editions of the novel series and later in movies.]] [[File:J. K. Rowling 2010.jpg|thumb|244x244px|J. K. Rowling, the author of the ''Harry Potter'' books.]] {{italictitle}} [[File:Harry Potter british books.jpg|thumb|A set of all seven UK Edition Harry Potter novels.]] '''''Harry Potter''''' is a [[series]] of seven [[fantasy]] [[novel]]s and eight movies by British author [[J. K. Rowling]]. It is named for its main character and [[hero]], [[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]]. Ten books in the series have sold over 950 million copies across the world in over 133 languages including [[Latin]], [[Welsh language|Welsh]] and [[Ancient Greek]], and is the best-selling book series of all time. They were adapted into movies by [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]]. The [[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (movie)|first one]] was released in 2001. The [[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (movie)|second]], [[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (movie)|third]], [[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (movie)|fourth]], and [[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (movie)|fifth]] were released respectively in 2002, 2004, 2005 and 2007. The sixth movie, ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (movie)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'', was released in 2009. The final movie was divided into two parts. The first part, ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 1]]'', was released in 2010. The second part'', [[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2]]''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2|,]] was released in 2011''.'' Several spin-off movies have been released in 2016, 2018, and 2022 respectively, as well as some television specials in 2022 and in 2024, and an upcoming television series titled ''[[Harry Potter (TV series)|Harry Potter]]'' for the streaming service [[HBO Max]] will officially premiere in late 2026. == Plot == Harry Potter was born in England, United Kingdom. His parents, Lily and James Potter, were killed by an evil [[wizard]] named [[Voldemort|Lord Voldemort]], while Voldemort was trying to kill Harry. Yet Harry escaped with no harm except a scar in the shape of a lightning bolt, and Voldemort ends up presumably dead. Harry is raised by his non-magical Aunt Petunia, Uncle Vernon, and cousin (Dudley), and is mistreated by them. He believes the false words of the Dursleys that Harry's parents were killed in a car crash. As a child, he did not know that he was a wizard. He eventually discovers that there are many magical people, living secretly and hiding from non-wizards (known as "Muggles"). When Harry turned eleven on July 31, he received a letter inviting him to go to a [[school]] called [[Hogwarts]] for young witches and wizards. Each book tells the story of one year of his life at the school and tells how he struggles. On Hogwarts Express, the train they use to get to Hogwarts, he meets Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger, who become his best friends. Harry also later meets Myrtle Warren, a ghost, who also becomes his friend. Voldemort tries several times to return to life and kill Harry. In the fourth book, Voldemort comes to life with help from his follower, Peter Pettigrew. The series ends with an epic battle between Harry and Lord Voldemort and a final epilogue that shows Harry and his friends safe and happy with their partners and children. == Books == * 1997 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone]]'' (''Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ''in the [[United States]]) * 1998 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' * 1999 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' * 2000 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' * 2003 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' * 2005 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' * 2007 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows]]'' === Secondary books === * 2001 – ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (book)|Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]'' * 2001 – ''[[Quidditch Through the Ages]]'' * 2007 – ''[[The Tales of Beedle the Bard]]'' * 2016 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Cursed Child]]'' == Adaptations == The seven books were all adapted into different forms of media, including toys, movies, spin-off movies, television series, specials, video games, and a stage play as well. === Movies === * 2001 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (movie)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone / Sorcerer's Stone]]'' * 2002 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (movie)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' * 2004 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (movie)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' * 2005 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (movie)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' * 2007 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (movie)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' * 2009 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (movie)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' * 2010 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]'' * 2011 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]'' ==== Spin-off movies ==== * 2016 – ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (movie)|Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them]]'' * 2018 – ''[[Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes of Grindelwald]]'' *2022 – ''[[Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore]]'' ==== Television series and specials ==== * 2022 – ''[[Harry Potter 20th Anniversary: Return to Hogwarts]]'' * 2022 – ''[[Harry Potter: Hogwarts Tournament of Houses]]'' * 2024–present – ''[[Harry Potter: Wizards of Baking]]'' * 2026 – ''[[Harry Potter (TV series)|Harry Potter]]'' === Video games === * 2001 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (video game)|Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone / Sorcerer's Stone]]'' (Released for [[Personal computer|PC]], [[MacOS|Mac]], [[PlayStation]], [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]], [[GameCube]], [[Game Boy Color]], and [[Game Boy Advance]]) * 2002 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game)|Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' (Released for PC, Mac, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, Game Boy Color, and Game Boy Advance) * 2003 – ''[[Harry Potter: Quidditch World Cup]]'' (Released for [[Game Boy Advance]], Microsoft Windows, [[PlayStation 2]], [[Xbox]], and [[GameCube]]) * 2004 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (video game)|Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban]]'' (Released for PC, PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, and Game Boy Advance) * 2005 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (video game)|Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]]'' (Released for PC, PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, [[PlayStation Portable]], [[Nintendo DS]], and Game Boy Advance) * 2007 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (video game)|Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix]]'' (Released for PC, Mac, PlayStation 2, [[PlayStation 3]], [[Xbox 360]], [[Wii]], PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and Game Boy Advance) * 2009 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (video game)|Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince]]'' (Released for PC, Mac, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, and [[Mobile phone|Mobile]]) * 2010 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (video game)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1]]'' (Released for PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, Nintendo DS, and Mobile) * 2011 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (video game)|Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2]]'' (Released for PC, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii, and Nintendo DS) ==== Other games ==== * 2001 – ''[[Lego Creator: Harry Potter]]'' (Released for [[Microsoft Windows]]) * 2002 – ''[[Lego Creator: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets]]'' (Released for Microsoft Windows) * 2004 – ''[[Harry Potter: Find Scabbers]]'' (Released for [[Mobile phone|Mobile]]) * 2007 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix: The Mobile Game]]'' (Released for Mobile) * 2008 – ''[[Harry Potter: Mastering Magic]]'' (Released for Mobile) * 2009 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince: The Mobile Game]]'' (Released for Mobile) * 2009 – ''[[Harry Potter: Spells]]'' (Released for [[iOS]]) * 2010 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows: Motorbike Escape]]'' (Free online game) * 2010 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 1: The Mobile Game]]'' (Released for [[Mobile phone|Mobile]]) * 2010 – ''[[Scene it? Harry Potter HD]]'' (Released for [[iOS]]) * 2010 – ''[[Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4]]'' (Released for [[PlayStation 3]], [[PlayStation 4]], [[Xbox 360]], [[Xbox One]], [[Wii]], [[Nintendo DS]], [[PlayStation Portable]], iOS, [[Android (operating system)|Android]], and [[Nintendo Switch]]) * 2011 – ''[[Lego Harry Potter: Years 5–7]]'' (Released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Wii, Nintendo DS, PlayStation Portable, iOS, Android, [[Nintendo 3DS]], [[PlayStation Vita]], and Nintendo Switch) * 2011 – ''[[Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2: The Mobile Game]]'' (Released for [[Mobile phone|Mobile]]) * 2011 – ''[[Harry Potter for Kinect]]'' (Released for [[Xbox 360]]) * 2011 – ''[[Harry Potter: The Quest]]'' ([[Web browser]]) * 2011 – ''[[Wizarding World Digital]]'' (Web browser) * 2012 – ''[[Book of Spells]]'' (Released for [[PlayStation 3]]) * 2013 – ''[[Book of Potions]]'' (Released for PlayStation 3) * 2016 – ''[[Lego Dimensions]]'' (Released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, [[Wii U]], Xbox One, and Xbox 360) ** "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them" ** "Harry Potter Team Pack" ** "Tina Fun Pack" ** "Hermione Granger Fun Pack" * 2016 – ''[[Fantastic Beasts: Cases from the Wizarding World]]'' (Released for [[iOS]], and [[Android (operating system)|Android]]) * 2018 – ''[[Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them VR Experience]]'' (Released for HTC Vive, Google Daydream, Oculus Rift, and Samsung Gear VR) * 2018 – ''[[Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery]]'' (Released for [[iOS]], and [[Android (operating system)|Android]]) * 2019 – ''[[Harry Potter: Wizards Unite]]'' (Released for iOS, and Android) * 2020 – ''[[Harry Potter: Puzzles & Spells]]'' (Released for iOS, Android, [[Amazon Kindle]], and [[Facebook]]) * 2021 – ''[[Harry Potter: Magic Awakened]]'' (Released for iOS, and Android) * 2023 – ''[[Hogwarts Legacy]]'' (Released for [[PlayStation 4]], [[PlayStation 5]], [[Xbox One]], [[Xbox Series X and Series S|Xbox Series X/S]], and [[Microsoft Windows]]) * 2024 – ''[[Harry Potter: Quidditch Champions]]'' (Released for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S) === Stage === ''[[Harry Potter and the Cursed Child]]'' is a [[play (theatre)|play]] based on a new story by J.K Rowling, Jack Thorne, and John Tiffany. It is billed as being the "eighth story, nineteen years later." It stars Jamie Parker as Harry, Noma Dumezweni as Hermione, and Paul Thornley as Ron. :"While Harry grapples with a past that refuses to stay where it belongs, his youngest son Albus must struggle with the weight of a family legacy he never wanted. As past and present fuse ominously, both father and son learn the uncomfortable truth: sometimes, darkness comes from unexpected places."<ref>{{cite web|title=New details on Cursed Child, the 'eighth Harry Potter story'|url=http://www.pottermore.com/news/cursed-child-eighth-harry-potter-story|work=www.pottermore.com|accessdate=16 March 2016}}</ref> The play officially opened July 30, 2016 at the Palace Theatre in London.<ref>{{cite web|title=Harry Potter and the Cursed Child|url=http://www.harrypottertheplay.com/|accessdate=16 March 2016}}</ref> == Characters and actors == === Main characters === * '''[[Harry Potter (character)|Harry Potter]]''' (played by [[Daniel Radcliffe]] and [[Dominic McLaughlin]]): The [[hero]] of the stories. Harry is a special young wizard. Harry's parents, [[Harry Potter (character)|James and Lily Potter]], were killed by [[Voldemort|Lord Voldemort]] when he was a baby. He lives with and is raised by his Aunt Petunia, his mother's sister, and Uncle Vernon, along with their son Dudley for the duration of the series. * '''[[Ron Weasley]]''' (played by [[Rupert Grint]] and [[Alastair Stout]]): Harry's best friend. Ron was born to Arthur and Molly Weasley, a large magical family, with five older brothers and one younger sister. He is the second youngest child in the Weasley family. He often helps Harry out on his many adventures, including the fight to defeat the evil Lord Voldemort. * '''[[Hermione Granger]]''' (played by [[Emma Watson]] and [[Arabella Stanton]]): Harry's other best friend. Hermione's parents are not wizards, but "Muggles" (non-magical people). She is the brightest student in a class. She also faces much [[prejudice]] for her muggle family from both students at school and Voldemort's followers, the [[Death Eater|Death Eaters]]. * '''[[Ginny Weasley]]''' (played by [[Bonnie Wright]], [[Gracie Cochrane]], and [[Bonnie Hill]]): Ron's younger sister and the last of 7 children. She is seen having a crush on Harry as a little girl in the first book, and would eventually go on to date him and marry him. * '''[[Albus Dumbledore]]''' (played by [[Richard Harris]], [[Michael Gambon]], [[Jude Law]], [[Toby Regbo]], and [[John Lithgow]]): [[Headmaster]] at [[Hogwarts]]. His full name is "Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore". He is a very powerful wizard. Voldemort fears only him. Albus Dumbledore is said to be gay by author J. K. Rowling.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7053982.stm | title= JK Rowling outs Dumbledore as gay | date= 20 October 2007 }}</ref> * '''[[Hagrid|Rubeus Hagrid]]''' (played by [[Robbie Coltrane]], [[Martin Bayfield]], and [[Nick Frost]]): Hagrid is originally just the Groundskeeper at Hogwarts, but in the third book gets the position of teacher. He teaches "Care of Magical Creatures" from the third book until the seventh, when he leaves the school to escape the Death Eaters. He is a friend of Harry, Ron, and Hermione, and a "half-giant." * '''[[Voldemort|Lord Voldemort]]''' (played by [[Ralph Fiennes]], [[Ian Hart]], [[Richard Bremmer]], [[Christian Coulson]], [[Hero Fiennes Tiffin]], [[Frank Dillane]], and [[Billy Barratt]]): The main [[villain]] of the series and responsible for the death of Harry's parents. He is feared throughout the wizarding world, and is often referred to as "The [[Dark lord|Dark Lord]]", "He Who Must Not Be Named", or as "You-Know-Who", as wizards believe naming him will somehow call him. Prior to his infamy he was known as "Tom Marvolo Riddle". * '''[[Sirius Black]]''' (played by [[Gary Oldman]]): Sirius Black was James Potter's best friend in school and before James' death. He was charged for the murder of another of James' friends, [[Peter Pettigrew]]. Sirius was innocent, but [[conviction|convicted]] anyway. In the third novel, ''the Prisoner of Azkaban'', Sirius breaks out of prison (the wizarding prison is called [[Azkaban]]). He is Harry Potter's godfather. He is a major character in the third, fourth and fifth books, before his death at the end of the fifth book, ''the Order of the Phoenix''. * '''[[Severus Snape]]''' (played by [[Alan Rickman]], [[Alec Hopkins]], [[Benedict Clarke]], and [[Paapa Essiedu]]): Severus Snape was the Potions master at Hogwarts for the first five books. In the sixth book, he gets the position of Defence Against the Dark Arts professor. After the death of Dumbledore, Snape becomes headmaster. Throughout the books, Snape shows much [[bias]] for his own school house, Slytherin. He treats students from the other houses very badly. *'''[[Draco Malfoy]]''' (played by [[Tom Felton]] and [[Lox Pratt]]): Draco Malfoy is a Slytherin student. In the first five books, he exists primarily as a foil (opposite) to Harry. In the sixth book, the Half-Blood Prince, he is ordered to kill Dumbledore but cannot bring himself to do it. *'''[[Neville Longbottom]]''' (played by [[Matthew Lewis (actor)|Matthew Lewis]] and [[Rory Wilmot]]): He is a Gryffindor student and he is one of the members of Dumbledore's Army. His parents were tortured into insanity by [[Bellatrix Lestrange]] when he was sixteen months old. At the end of the series, during the battle of Hogwarts, he kills Nagini with Godric Gryffindor's sword, making it easy for Harry to defeat Voldemort. ==== The Weasleys ==== {| Class=wikitable !Character!!Relation!!Actor!!Notes |- |[[Arthur Weasley]] |Father of the Weasleys |[[Mark Williams (actor)|Mark Williams]] |Works for the [[Ministry of Magic]] |- |[[Molly Weasley]] |Mother of the Weasleys |[[Julie Walters]] [[Katherine Parkinson]] |Busy mother of seven children |- |[[Bill Weasley]] |eldest son |[[Domhnall Gleeson]] |Cursebreaker for Gringotts Bank |- |[[Charlie Weasley]] |second eldest son |[[Alex Crockford]] |Works as a Dragon-tamer in Romania |- |[[Percy Weasley]] |third oldest son |[[Chris Rankin]] [[Ruari Spooner]] |Works for the [[Ministry of Magic]] |- |[[Fred and George Weasley|Fred Weasley]] |Fourth son<br /><small>Older Weasley twin</small> |[[James and Oliver Phelps|James Phelps]] [[Tristan Harland]] |Owns the wizarding joke shop, left Hogwarts in the fifth book, "Order of the Phoenix." |- |[[Fred and George Weasley|George Weasley]] |Fifth son<br /><small>Younger Weasley twin</small> |[[James and Oliver Phelps|Oliver Phelps]] [[Gabriel Harland]] |Owns the wizarding joke shop, left Hogwarts in the fifth book, "Order of the Phoenix." |- |[[Ron Weasley|Ronald Weasley]] |Sixth son<br /> |[[Rupert Grint]] [[Alastair Stout]] |One of Harry's two closest friends at Hogwarts who helps him kill Voldemort. |- |[[Ginny Weasley]] |Daughter, youngest |[[Bonnie Wright]] [[Gracie Cochrane]] [[Bonnie Hill]] |The youngest of seven. Harry's girlfriend from the sixth book on. |} ==== Teachers at Hogwarts ==== {| Class=wikitable !width=30%|Character!!width=30%|Actor!!width=40%|Subject |- |[[Minerva McGonagall]]<br /><small>(Head of [[Gryffindor]] house)</small> |[[Maggie Smith]] [[Fiona Glascott|Janet McTeer]] |Transfiguration<br /><small>(changing something into something else)</small> |- |[[Severus Snape]]<br /><small>(Head of [[Slytherin]] house)</small> |[[Alan Rickman]] [[Alec Hopkins]] [[Benedict Clarke]] [[Paapa Essiedu]] |rowspan=2|Potions<br /><small>(brewing magical mixtures)</small> |- |[[Horace Slughorn]] |[[Jim Broadbent]] |- |[[Rubeus Hagrid]]<br /><small>(Keeper of the Keys and Grounds at [[Hogwarts]])</small> |[[Robbie Coltrane]] [[Martin Bayfield]] [[Nick Frost]] |Care of Magical Creatures<br /><small>(studying mystical creatures)</small> |- |[[Filius Flitwick]]<br /><small>(Head of [[Ravenclaw]] house)</small> |[[Warwick Davis]] |Charms<br /><small>(making things happen)</small> |- |[[Pomona Sprout]]<br /><small>(Head of [[Hufflepuff]] house)</small> |[[Miriam Margolyes|Miriam Margoyles]] [[Sirine Saba]] |Herbology<br /><small>(caring for magical plants)</small> |- |[[Sybill Trelawney]] |[[Emma Thompson]] |Divination<br /><small>(predicting the future)</small> |- |[[Madame Hooch]] |[[Zoe Wannamaker]] [[Louise Brealey]] |[[Fly]]ing on broomsticks<br /><small>also: [[referee]] and teacher for Quidditch</small> |- |[[Quirinus Quirrell]] |[[Ian Hart]] [[Luke Thallon]] |rowspan=7|Defence Against the Dark Arts<br /><small>(defensive magic)</small> |- |Gilderoy Lockhart |[[Kenneth Branagh]] |- |[[Remus Lupin]] |[[David Thewlis]] |- |[[Alastor Moody]] (impersonated in [[Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire]] by Barty Crouch, Jr.) |[[Brendan Gleeson]] |- |[[Dolores Umbridge]] |[[Imelda Staunton]] |- |[[Severus Snape]] |[[Alan Rickman]] [[Paapa Essiedu]] |- |[[Alecto Carrow]] |[[Suzanne Toase]] |} ==== Other students ==== {| class=wikitable !Student!!House!!Actor!!Notes |- |[[Cho Chang]] |Ravenclaw |[[Katie Leung]] |Former girlfriend of Cedric Diggory, and then girlfriend of Harry. Member of "[[Dumbledore's Army]]". |- |[[Vincent Crabbe]] |Slytherin |[[Jamie Waylett]] [[Finn Stephens]] |Draco's friend. |- |[[Cedric Diggory]] |Hufflepuff |[[Robert Pattinson]] |Captain of the Hufflepuff Quidditch team. Took part in the Triwizard Tournament. Took Cho Chang to the Yule Ball. Killed by Voldemort's "Avada Kedavra" curse in the maze during the competition. |- |[[Gregory Goyle]] |Slytherin |[[Joshua Herdman]] [[William Nash]] |Draco's friend. |- |[[Neville Longbottom]] |Gryffindor |[[Matthew Lewis (actor)|Matthew Lewis]] [[Rory Wilmot]] |Harry's friend. Member of "[[Dumbledore's Army]]." Has a pet [[Frog|toad]]. Great in Herbology. Killed Voldemort's snake, Nagini, the sixth Horcrux, in the Final Battle, making it possible for Harry to finally kill Voldemort. |- |[[Luna Lovegood]] |Ravenclaw |[[Evanna Lynch]] |Harry's friend. She attends one of Professor Slughorn's 'Slug Club' parties with Harry in the Half-Blood Prince. She is strange, yet wise and people often find her company uncomfortable. |- |[[Susan Bones]] | Hufflepuff | [[Eleanor Columbus]] |She is a student we see in the first movie of Harry Potter. She is in Hufflepuff. Her grandparents have been killed by Voldemort. Her aunt, Madam Bones, works at the [[Ministry of Magic]]. |} === Other characters === * '''[[Vernon Dursley]]''' (played by [[Richard Griffiths]] and [[Daniel Rigby]]) is the uncle of Harry Potter. He usually treats Harry badly. * '''[[Petunia Dursley]]''' (played by [[Fiona Shaw]] and [[Bel Powley]]) is Vernon's wife and Harry's aunt. Like Vernon, she usually treats Harry badly. She was jealous that her sister lily was a witch. * '''[[Dobby]]''' (voiced by [[Toby Jones]] and played by [[Lenny Rush]]) is a house-elf who used to belong to the Malfoy family. Unlike other house-elves, Dobby wishes to be free. * '''[[Merope]]''' is the descendant of Salazar Slytherin and is also the mother of Lord Voldemort. * '''[[Michael Corner]]''' (played by [[Ryan Nelson]]) is Ginny's boyfriend who makes Harry jealous in the later books. * '''[[Madame Rosmerta]]''' (played by [[Julie Christie]]) is the owner of 'The Three Broomsticks', the pub where butterbeer is often served. * '''[[Madame Malkins]]''' (played by [[Paula Arundell]]) is the owner of the wizard robes shop. * '''[[Mr. Ollivander]]''' (played by [[John Hurt]] and [[Anton Lesser]]) Wandmaker, owner of Ollivanders, was taken away by the Death Eaters, but is broken out of his cell by Dobby and Harry Potter. * '''[[Rita Skeeter]]''' (played by [[Miranda Richardson]]) Reporter for the Daily Prophet, author of The Life and Lies of Albus Dumbledore, Animagus. * '''[[Stanley Shunpike]] '''(played by [[Lee Ingleby]]) is the conductor of the Knight Bus, emergency transport for the stranded witch or wizard. ===Magical creatures=== The book has many non-human magical characters. Some of them are from [[mythology]] and others Rowling wrote herself. Some of these magical creatures have their own culture and some are like animals. According to the real-world book, ''Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them'', the Ministry of Magic makes three groups of creatures: Being, Beast and Spirit. Beings are creatures like humans and house elves, who are smart enough to manage their own business and Beasts are not.<ref name=FB>{{cite book|title=Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them|author=J.K. Rowling|year=2009|isbn=978-0747554660}}</ref> *'''[[Centaur]]s''' live in the Forbidden Forest near the school. They are smart and study the stars. They are proud and do not like it when humans bother them. Even though centaurs are smart enough to be called "Being" by the Ministry of Magic, they asked to be called "Beast" instead because that meant more humans would leave them alone. There is a Centaur Liaison Office at the Ministry of Magic, but no one ever uses it. *'''[[Mermaid]]s''' live in the lake near the school. They speak a language called Mermish and have scary faces. *'''[[Elf|House Elves]]''' work in the school and for wizarding families. They cook and clean. A house elf can only be freed if its owner gives it clothes. Otherwise, they wear pillowcases, tea towels or other cloth that is not clothing. House Elves have their own kind of magic, which is very strong. *'''[[Veela]]''' can look like beautiful women or like winged creatures with scary faces. They can throw fireballs and magically appear attractive to human men. *'''[[Giant|Giants]]''' are large and brutal. Human beings hunted them so that now they have to live close together in mountains. Some giants can have children with humans. *'''[[Werewolf|Werewolves]]''' are humans who have been bitten by another werewolf. Other humans act as if they have a dangerous disease. There are laws saying they can only work in certain places. Wizards and non-wizards can be werewolves. *'''[[Ghost]]s''' are dead people who are gray and transparent. There are ghosts at Hogwarts who talk to the students. The history teacher is a ghost. *'''[[Phoenix (mythology)|Phoenixes]]''' are fire birds. They catch fire once every five hundred days and come out of the ashes a young baby bird again. Their tears can heal even an almost dead person. In the second book, a phoenix saved harry from the Basilisk, another venomous creature. In the books, Dumbledore has a pet phoenix named Fawkes. *'''[[Vampires]]''' are magical creatures of the night which appear in the series only sporadically. The only known vampire in the Harry Potter series is Sanguini. *'''[[Leprechaun]]s''' are magical beings; tiny, bearded men, they are the official mascots of the Irish National Quidditch Team. == Cultural impact == {{further|Harry Potter fandom}} [[File:Harry_Potter_Platform_Kings_Cross.jpg|thumb|"Platform {{frac|9|3|4}}" sign on [[London King's Cross railway station]]]] ''Harry Potter'' has been called as a cultural phenomenon.{{sfn|Gunelius|2008|p=99}}{{sfn|Taub|Servaty-Seib|2008|p=13}} The word "Muggle" has spread beyond its origins in the books, entering the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' in 2003.{{sfn|Gunelius|2008|p=121}} A real-life version of the sport [[Quidditch (sport)|Quidditch]] was created in 2005 and featured as an exhibition tournament in the [[2012 London Olympics]].{{sfn|Popple|2015|pp=194–95}} Characters and elements from the series have inspired [[Scientific name|scientific names]] of several animals, including the dinosaur ''[[Dracorex hogwartsia]]'', the spider ''[[Eriovixia gryffindori]]'', the wasp ''[[Ampulex dementor]]'', and the crab ''[[Harryplax severus]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kean|first1=Danuta|date=27 January 2017|title=Harry Potter character provides name for new species of crab|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/27/harry-potter-name-species-crab-harryplax-severus-severus-snape|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223092112/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/jan/27/harry-potter-name-species-crab-harryplax-severus-severus-snape|archive-date=23 February 2017}}</ref> Librarian Nancy Knapp pointed out the books' potential to improve [[literacy]] by motivating children to read much more than they otherwise would.<ref name="Knapp2003InDefenseOfHP">{{cite journal|last=Knapp|first=N.F.|year=2003|title=In Defense of Harry Potter: An Apologia|url=http://www.iasl-online.org/files/jan03-knapp.pdf|journal=School Libraries Worldwide|publisher=International Association of School Librarianship|volume=9|issue=1|pages=78–91|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309051050/http://www.iasl-online.org/files/jan03-knapp.pdf|archive-date=9 March 2011|access-date=14 May 2009}}</ref> The seven-book series has a word count of 1,083,594 (US edition). Agreeing about the motivating effects, Diane Penrod also praised the books' combination of simple entertainment with "the qualities of highbrow literary fiction", but expressed concern about the distracting effect of the large amount of merchandise that accompanies the book launches.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Penrod|first=D|date=December 2001|title=The Trouble with Harry: A Reason for Teaching Media Literacy to Young Adults|url=http://www.writinginstructor.com/penrod.html|journal=The Writing Instructor|publisher=Professional Writing Program at Purdue University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216160155/http://www.writinginstructor.com/penrod.html|archive-date=16 December 2008|access-date=16 May 2009}}</ref> However, the assumption that Harry Potter books have increased literacy among young people is "largely a folk legend".<ref name="Heilman20082">{{Cite book|title=Critical Perspectives on Harry Potter|date=7 August 2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-89154-1|editor-last=Heilman|editor-first=Elizabeth E.|edition=2nd|doi=10.4324/9780203892817}}</ref> Research by the [[National Endowment for the Arts]] (NEA) has found no increase in reading among children as a result of the Harry Potter publishing phenomenon, nor has the broader downward trend in reading among Americans reversed during the rise in the popularity of the Harry Potter books.<ref name="Heilman20082" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=November 2007|title=To Read or Not to Read; A question of national consequence|url=http://arts.gov/sites/default/files/ToRead.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115010136/https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/ToRead.pdf|archive-date=15 November 2015|publisher=[[National Endowment for the Arts]]}}</ref> The research also found that children who read Harry Potter books were not more likely to go on to read outside the fantasy and mystery genres.<ref name="Heilman20082" /> NEA chairman [[Dana Gioia]] said the series, "got millions of kids to read a long and reasonably complex series of books. The trouble is that one Harry Potter novel every few years is not enough to reverse the decline in reading."<ref>{{Cite news|date=2007-07-11|title=Harry Potter has limited effect on reading habits (Published 2007)|language=en|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/11/arts/11iht-11potter.6606863.html|access-date=2026-01-19}}</ref> Many [[fan fiction]] and [[fan art]] works about ''Harry Potter'' have been made. In March 2007, "Harry Potter" was the most commonly searched fan fiction subject on the internet.<ref name="most-searched-fanfiction">{{cite news|last=Hurd|first=Gordon|date=20 March 2007|title=Fantastic Fiction|work=[[Yahoo!]]|url=http://buzz.yahoo.com/buzzlog/67161/fantastic-fiction|access-date=7 April 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222003119/http://buzz.yahoo.com/buzzlog/67161/fantastic-fiction|archive-date=22 December 2007}}</ref> Jennifer Conn used Snape's and Quidditch coach Madam Hooch's teaching methods as examples of what to avoid and what to imitate in clinical teaching,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Conn|first=J.J.|year=2002|title=What can clinical teachers learn from ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone''?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_medical-education_2002-12_36_12/page/1176|journal=Medical Education|volume=36|issue=12|pages=1176–1181|citeseerx=10.1.1.463.8854|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2923.2002.01376.x|pmid=12472752|s2cid=22560995}}</ref> and Joyce Fields wrote that the books illustrate four of the five main topics in a typical first-year sociology class: "sociological concepts including culture, society, and [[socialisation]]; [[Social stratification|stratification]] and [[social inequality]]; [[social institutions]]; and [[social theory]]".<ref name="Fields2007HPSociologicalImagination">{{cite journal|last=Fields|first=J.W.|year=2007|title=''Harry Potter'', Benjamin Bloom, and the Sociological Imagination|url=http://www.isetl.org/ijtlhe/pdf/IJTLHE160.pdf|url-status=live|journal=International Journal of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education|volume=19|issue=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818204930/http://www.isetl.org/ijtlhe/pdf/IJTLHE160.pdf|archive-date=18 August 2010|access-date=15 May 2009}}</ref> From the early 2000s on, several news reports appeared in the UK of the Harry Potter book and movie series driving demand for pet owls,<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 December 2001|title=Potter sparks pet owl demand|language=en-GB|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1716013.stm|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815182750/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1716013.stm|archive-date=15 August 2017}}</ref> and even reports that after the end of the movie series these same pet owls were now being abandoned by their owners.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Paul|first=David|date=19 May 2012|title=Hundreds of pet owls abandoned after Harry Potter craze fades|work=mirror|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/hundreds-of-pet-owls-abandoned-after-840299|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412145317/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/hundreds-of-pet-owls-abandoned-after-840299|archive-date=12 April 2018}}</ref> This led J. K. Rowling to issue several statements discouraging Harry Potter fans to buying pet owls.<ref>{{Cite news|date=23 March 2015|title=Harry Potter tour accused of cruelty for use of live 'Hedwigs'|language=en-GB|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/harry-potter-studio-tour-accused-of-cruelty-over-use-of-owls-in-live-shows-10127081.html|url-status=live|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412211800/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/harry-potter-studio-tour-accused-of-cruelty-over-use-of-owls-in-live-shows-10127081.html|archive-date=12 April 2018}}</ref> Despite the media coverage, research into the popularity of Harry Potter and sales of owls in the UK failed to find any evidence that the Harry Potter series had influenced the buying of owls in the country or the number of owls reaching animal shelters and sanctuaries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Megias|first1=Diane A.|last2=Anderson|first2=Sean C.|last3=Smith|first3=Robert J.|last4=Veríssimo|first4=Diogo|date=4 October 2017|title=Investigating the impact of media on demand for wildlife: A case study of Harry Potter and the UK trade in owls|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=12|issue=10|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1282368M|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0182368|issn=1932-6203|pmc=5627891|pmid=28976986|doi-access=free|article-number=e0182368}}</ref> By 2003, a sign marking Platform 9 3/4 was put up at the [[London King's Cross railway station]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=England Trip 2004 – King's Cross Station|url=https://www.eg.bucknell.edu/~hyde/England2004/KingsCross.html|access-date=24 February 2025|website=www.eg.bucknell.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Platform 9-3/4, Kings Cross Station, London|url=https://www.mattblaze.org/photos/misc/platform9.75.html|access-date=24 February 2025|website=www.mattblaze.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Jim Mimiaga|date=5 May 2005|title=Hello, Harry!|url=https://www.denverpost.com/2005/05/05/hello-harry-2/|access-date=24 February 2025|website=The Denver Post|language=en-US}}</ref> with a trolley fixed to the wall added by the year 2005.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 July 2005|title=Pottering around England|language=en-CA|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/pottering-around-england/article25678174/|access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Owen|first=Paul|date=18 November 2005|title=The Potter trainspotters|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2005/nov/18/harrypotter.features|access-date=24 February 2025|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The location of the trolley moved after renovations, and a Harry Potter-themed shop opened nearby in 2012.<ref>{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dWEM-1BoqE|title=Harry Potter Shop at Platform 9 3/4, London|date=15 December 2012|last=LeakyNews|access-date=24 February 2025|via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Lewis|first=Ellie|date=14 December 2012|title=Harry Potter shop opens: the verdict|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2012/dec/14/harry-potter-shop-opens-verdict|access-date=24 February 2025|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Platform 9 3/4|url=https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/platform-9-3-4|access-date=24 February 2025|website=Atlas Obscura|language=en}}</ref> [[Prince Charles]] visited the location in 2013.<ref>{{Cite news|date=30 January 2013|title=Prince Charles and Camilla visit Harry Potter platform|language=en-GB|work=BBC Newsround|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/21260378|access-date=24 February 2025}}</ref> On 1 September 2017, identified by Rowling as the date the events at Kings Cross in the epilogue of the seventh book and the beginning of the stage play take place, the official Harry Potter website promoted activities using the hashtag #BacktoHogwarts, including a livestream of Kings Cross, where actor [[Warwick Davis]] made an in-person appearance with fans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Harry Potter {{!}} Catching up with Harry Potter, Nineteen Years Later {{!}} Wizarding World |url=https://www.harrypotter.com/news/catching-up-with-harry-potter-deathly-hallows-epilogue-nineteen-years-later |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=www.harrypotter.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author1=Dirk Libbey |date=5 September 2017 |title=The Cool Way Fans Gathered At King's Cross To Celebrate Albus Potter's First Day Of School |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/1699489/the-cool-way-fans-gathered-at-kings-cross-to-celebrate-albus-potters-first-day-of-school |access-date=10 May 2025 |website=Cinemablend |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 September 2017|title=Harry Potter: Albus Severus Potter starts school|language=en-GB|work=BBC Newsround|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/41123609|access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref> The date had been become popular on social media starting in 2015 with posts by Rowling about Harry's son James starting at Hogwarts.<ref>{{Cite web|title=As fans celebrate #BackToHogwarts day, J.K. Rowling talks about Harry Potter's kid|url=https://www.avclub.com/as-fans-celebrate-backtohogwarts-day-j-k-rowling-tal-1798284047|access-date=10 May 2025|website=AV Club|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Harry Potter' author wishes James S. Potter luck at Hogwarts - UPI.com|url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/2015/09/01/JK-Rowling-wishes-James-S-Potter-good-luck-at-Hogwarts/6251441133363/|access-date=10 May 2025|website=UPI|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=1 September 2016|title=JK Rowling makes 'back to Hogwarts' gaffe by getting key date wrong|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-37250875|access-date=10 May 2025}}</ref> In the following years on the day, Warner Brothers continued to organize in person and virtual events at Kings Cross and around the world with appearances by film series actors such as [[Tom Felton]] and [[Eddie Redmayne]] and made announcements about products and experiences related to the series.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Haring|first=Bruce|date=1 September 2018|title=Harry Potter 'Back To Hogwarts' Day Celebration Gets Star Power Surprise|url=https://deadline.com/2018/09/harry-potter-back-to-hogwarts-day-celebration-gets-star-power-surprise-1202455905/|access-date=10 May 2025|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tom Felton returns to Hogwarts for Harry Potter film's 20th anniversary|url=https://ew.com/movies/tom-felton-back-to-hogwarts-harry-potter-celebration/|access-date=10 May 2025|website=EW.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Yossman|first=K. J.|date=1 September 2023|title=Harry Potter Fans Celebrate Back to Hogwarts Day Across the World|url=https://variety.com/2023/film/global/harry-potter-fans-back-to-hogwarts-day-kings-cross-1235710543/|access-date=10 May 2025|website=Variety|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Harry Potter {{!}} Catch up on all the announcements from our Back to Hogwarts 2022 – A Look Ahead showcase {{!}} Wizarding World|url=https://www.harrypotter.com/news/back-to-hogwarts-2022-a-look-ahead-showcase|access-date=10 May 2025|website=www.harrypotter.com|language=en}}</ref> Variety reported in 2023 that "Back to Hogwarts Day has morphed into a global phenomenon, with [[Warner Bros. Discovery]] now taking charge of proceedings" and quoted a Warner Brothers representative in noting that Kings Cross Station had to close its doors at 11 a.m. due to the large number of fans.<ref name=":2" /> On the date in 2024, fans showed up at King's Cross Station even though no event was held and fans were discouraged<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Harry Potter {{!}} Everything you need to know about Back to Hogwarts season 2024 {{!}} Wizarding World|url=https://www.harrypotter.com/news/everything-you-need-to-know-for-back-to-hogwarts-2024|access-date=10 May 2025|website=www.harrypotter.com|language=en}}</ref> from attending, reportedly due to the crowding issues the year before, and booed when no Hogwarts Express announcement was made at 11 a.m. as in previous years.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 September 2024|title=Harry Potter fans boo after Hogwarts Express departures dropped|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cgedp5rv27po|access-date=10 May 2025|website=www.bbc.com|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Media|first=P. A.|date=2 September 2024|title=Harry Potter fans boo as King's Cross ends 'back to Hogwarts' tradition|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/sep/02/harry-potter-fans-kings-cross-hogwarts-express-announcement|access-date=10 May 2025|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Since that year organizers have encouraged fans to participate in virtual events, while in-person events are held at other locations like [[Grand Central Terminal]] in New York City and Hamburg, Germany, after promoting in-person attendance at Kings Cross in previous years.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bonomolo|first=Cameron|date=1 September 2023|title=Back to Hogwarts Day 2023: The Harry Potter Fan Guide|url=https://comicbook.com/movies/news/september-1-back-to-hogwarts-day-2023-harry-potter-movies-guide/|access-date=10 May 2025|website=ComicBook.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Davenport|first1=Emily|last2=Moses|first2=Amanda|date=3 September 2024|title=Bonnie Wright Celebrates "Back to Hogwarts" at Grand Central|url=https://www.amny.com/entertainment/grand-central-terminal-back-to-hogwarts-bonnie-wright/|access-date=10 May 2025|website=www.amny.com|language=en-US}}</ref> British book publisher Bloomsbury announced the launch of "Harry Potter Book Night" and related promotional events in 2014, first held in February 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 February 2015|title=Harry Potter {{!}} Harry Potter Book Night|url=http://harrypotter.bloomsbury.com/uk/harry-potter-book-night/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203114432/http://harrypotter.bloomsbury.com/uk/harry-potter-book-night/|archive-date=3 February 2015|access-date=29 March 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=MuggleNet|date=6 February 2015|title=MuggleNet celebrates Harry Potter Book Night!|url=https://www.mugglenet.com/2015/02/mugglenet-celebrate-harry-potter-book-night/|access-date=29 March 2025|website=MuggleNet|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Harry Potter Book Night for 2015|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/harry-potter-book-night-2015|access-date=29 March 2025|website=The Bookseller|language=En}}</ref> In 2023, the event was rebranded to "Harry Potter Book Day" and moved to October.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bloomsbury Children's Books rebrands Harry Potter Book Night|url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/bloomsbury-childrens-books-rebrands-harry-potter-book-night|access-date=29 March 2025|website=The Bookseller|language=En}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Harry Potter Book Day|url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/discover/harry-potter/harry-potter-book-day/|access-date=29 March 2025|website=www.bloomsbury.com}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commonscat}} {{Wikibooks|Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter|Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter}} {{Wikiquote}} === Official sites === * [http://www.jkrowling.com J.K. Rowling's personal website] * [http://www.mugglenet.com All you need to know about Harry Potter] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223051914/http://interactive.mugglenet.com/ |date=2017-12-23 }} * [http://harrypotter.warnerbros.com/ Official Harry Potter movies website (Warner Bros.)] * [http://www.bloomsbury.com/harrypotter/ Harry Potter on Bloomsbury.com (International publisher)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050806022619/http://www.bloomsbury.com/harrypotter/ |date=2005-08-06 }} * [http://www.scholastic.com/harrypotter/ Harry Potter on Scholastic.com (US publisher)] * [http://astore.amazon.com/harry-potter-merchandise-20 Amazon.com Official Harry Potter Store] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819222943/http://astore.amazon.com/harry-potter-merchandise-20/ |date=2007-08-19 }} * [http://www.raincoast.com/harrypotter/ Harry Potter on Raincoast.com (Canadian publisher)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804170447/http://www.raincoast.com/harrypotter/ |date=2004-08-04 }} === Other resources === * [http://harrypotter.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page Harry Potter Wikia] * [http://www.eulenfeder.de/hpliteratur.html Harry Potter Bibliography] * [http://www.thewatsononline.com/emmawatson/hermionegranger.php Hermione Granger's Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204090007/http://www.thewatsononline.com/emmawatson/hermionegranger.php |date=2011-02-04 }} {{Harry Potter}} [[Category:Harry Potter| ]] h9yolk9qhzqyc2bwmpntxbxxtv6hmb2 0 219837 11024333 10949430 2026-10-09T03:45:28Z ~2026-54212-71 1887353 /* */ 11024333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = World War&nbsp;II | image = Infobox collage for WWII.PNG | image_size = 300px | caption = (clockwise from top left){{flatlist| * Chinese forces in the [[Battle of Wanjialing]] * Australian [[25-pounder]] guns during the [[First Battle of El Alamein]] * German [[Junkers Ju 87|Stuka]] dive bombers on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] in December 1943 * US naval force in the [[Invasion of Lingayen Gulf|Lingayen Gulf]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] signing the [[German Instrument of Surrender]] * Soviet troops in the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] }} | date = {{Unbulleted list|{{start and end dates|1939|9|1|1945|9|2|df=yes}} |({{Age in years and days|1 September 1939|2 September 1945|sep=and}}){{efn| While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the time span that is most frequently cited.}}}}{{efn| The war in China began on 7 July 1937, while the war in the Pacific began on 7 December 1941, with 1 September 1939 being the start of the war in Europe.}} | place = Major [[Theater (warfare)|theaters]]: {{flatlist| * [[European theatre of World War II|Europe]] * [[Pacific War|Pacific]] * [[Battle of the Atlantic|Atlantic]] * [[Indian Ocean in World War II|Indian Ocean]] * [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South-East Asia]] * [[Second Sino-Japanese War|China]] * [[Japan campaign|Japan]] * [[Middle East Theatre of World War II|Middle East]] * [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II|Mediterranean]] * [[North African Campaign|North Africa]] * [[East African campaign (World War II)|Horn of Africa]] * [[Battle of Gabon|Central Africa]] * [[Attacks on Australia during World War II|Australia]] * [[Battle of the Caribbean|Caribbean]] * [[Greenland in World War II|Arctic]] * [[Antarctica in World War II|Antarctica]] * [[American Theater (World War II)|North and South America]] }} | result = {{Unbulleted list|[[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory}} <!--This fixes label and data text alignment by locking it in place--> * Collapse of [[Nazi Germany]] * Fall of the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] and [[Fascist Italy|Italian Empire]]s * Allied occupations of [[Allied-occupied Germany|Germany]] and [[Occupation of Japan|Japan]] and foundation of the [[Italy|Italian Republic]] * Beginning of the [[Atomic Age]] * Dissolution of the [[League of Nations]] and creation of the [[United Nations]] * Emergence of the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] as rival [[superpower]]s and beginning of the [[Cold War]] ([[World_War_II#Aftermath|more...]]) <!--NOTE: The consensus of a discussion which concluded in November 2014 at [[Talk:World War II#Request for comment: WWII infobox]] was to only list the 'Allies' and 'Axis' as combatants. PLEASE do not make any changes to this without first obtaining consensus for the change on the article's talk page. -->| combatants_header = [[World War II by country|Participants]] | combatant1 = '''[[Allied powers|Allies]]''' | combatant2 = '''[[Axis powers|Axis]]''' | commander1 = '''Main Allied leaders:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Joseph Stalin]] * {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Winston Churchill]] * {{flagicon|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} [[Chiang Kai-shek]]}} | commander2 = '''Main Axis leaders:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Adolf Hitler]] * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Hirohito]] * {{flagicon|Fascist Italy}} [[Benito Mussolini]]}} | casualties1 = {{plainlist| * '''Military dead:''' * Over 16,000,000 * '''Civilian dead:''' * Over 45,000,000 * '''Total dead:''' * Over 61,000,000 * (1937–1945) * [[World War II casualties|...''further details'']]}} | casualties2 = {{plainlist| * '''Military dead:''' * Over 8,000,000 * '''Civilian dead:''' * Over 4,000,000 * '''Total dead:''' * Over 12,000,000 * (1937–1945) * [[World War II casualties|...''further details'']]}} | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War II}} }} '''World War II''', or the '''Second World War''', was a [[world war|global conflict]] (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) which involved fighting between the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and the [[Axis powers|Axis]]. Most of the world's countries, including all of the [[great power]]s, fought as part of two [[military alliance]]s: the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Powers]] include the “Big Four” ，the [[United States|United]] [[United States|States]], the [[Soviet Union]], the [[United Kingdom|United]] [[United Kingdom|Kingdom]]，［［China］］ and the Axis Powers include [[Nazi Germany]], [[Fascist Italy]] and the [[Empire of Japan]]. The war was one of the biggest and deadliest wars in [[human history]], where about 60 million people died. During the war, many atrocities were done by countries, including [[The Holocaust]], [[genocide]] of over 6 million Jews [[Holocaust victims|and many others]] by the [[Nazi Party|Nazis]]. During the war, [[Strategic bombing during World War II|strategic bombings]] became common, including the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombings over Hiroshima and Nagasaki,]] the only use of [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]] on any war until today. The war in Europe began when [[Nazi Germany]] invaded [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] on 1 September 1939. France and the United Kingdom reacted by declaring war on Germany. By 1941, most of Europe was under German control, including France, [[Norway]], [[Austria]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary,]] [[Denmark]], [[Czechoslovakia]], and Poland. Only the British remained fighting against the Axis in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]], the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Mediterranean]], and [[Battle of the Atlantic|the Atlantic]]. Germany gave up plans to invade Britain after losing the air [[Battle of Britain]]. In June 1941, Germany [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the Soviet Union]], starting the largest [[Operation Barbarossa|land invasion]] in history. On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the United States at [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]] and invaded British and French colonies in Asia, and two fronts developed: the Western Theater and the Pacific Theater. The Japanese victories were stopped in 1942, and the Soviets won the huge [[Battle of Stalingrad]] in early 1943. Then, the Allies started to win in multiple areas. The Axis were forced back from the Soviet Union, weakening in the [[Scorched earth|Scorched Earth]] tactic. German leaders had not expected the invasion to last until the hard Russian winter. The Axis also lost [[North African Campaign|North Africa]]. Starting in 1943, they were forced to defend Italy. Allied forces had a hard time pushing into Italy from [[Sicily]] due to its strong defenses.<ref name="Holocaust Encyclopedia" /> In 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded France]]. The invasion was called D-Day, held in 6 June 1944. They came into Germany itself from the West, while the Soviets came in from the East. Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, ending the war in Europe. Japan surrendered on 2 September 1945, after the Soviets beat the Japanese in [[Manchukuo|Manchuria]] and the United States dropped two [[nuclear bomb|nuclear bombs]], "[[Little Boy]]" and "[[Fat Man]]," had been dropped on [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]], respectively. This was the only time a nuclear weapon has been used in a real war. As of the present day, the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been the only instances in which nuclear weaponry has been used in wartime.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nuclear Weapons – UNODA|url=https://disarmament.unoda.org/wmd/nuclear/#:~:text=Although%20nuclear%20weapons%20have%20only,nuclear%20tests%20conducted%20to%20date.|access-date=2024-08-20|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820185742/https://disarmament.unoda.org/wmd/nuclear/#:~:text=Although%20nuclear%20weapons%20have%20only,nuclear%20tests%20conducted%20to%20date.|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the war, the [[United Nations]] was built to develop support between countries and to prevent future wars. After World War I, the League of Nations had been built too, but it was not effective. The [[Cold War]] by the major winners soon started, but they did not fight each other in an actual war. The [[decolonization]] of Asia and Africa (where many places controlled by European countries were given their [[wikt:independence|independence]]) happened as well since [[Europe]] had been weakened by the war. Economic [[wikt:recovery|recovery]] and political integration (the process of uniting countries) were among other results of the war. == Allies and Axis == The [[World War II by country|countries]] that joined the war were on two sides: the Axis and the Allies. The [[Axis Powers]] at the start of the war were [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], [[Fascist Italy|Italy]], and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]. There were many meetings to create an alliance between those countries.<ref name="diplomatic" /><ref name="civilization" /><ref name="university" /><ref name="university2" /> [[Finland]] (though they never signed the [[Tripartite Pact|Tripartite pact]] like other axis members), [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakia]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]], [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]], [[Vichy France]], and [[Thailand]] joined the Axis later. As the war continued, some Axis countries like Italy changed sides to join the Allies instead. The [[Allied Powers]] were the [[United Kingdom]] and the rest of the [[British Empire]], [[French Third Republic|France]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], [[Belgium]], Denmark, Norway, various south and Central American nations after the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbour, and Finland after September 1944 the Netherlands Belgium and Luxembourg and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], the last of which had been fighting a [[Chinese Civil War|civil war]]. In June 1941, Germany attacked the [[Soviet Union]] in [[Operation Barbarossa]], which made the Soviets join the Allies. In December 1941 came the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] against the [[United States]], which then also joined the Allies. Finland also joined the Allies, in September 1944). == Background == [[World War I]] had greatly changed the ways of [[diplomacy]] and [[politics]] in Asia, [[Europe]], and Africa with the defeat of the [[Central Powers]]. The empires that had sided with the Central Powers were destroyed. Even the [[Russian Empire]], which was on the Allied side, broke up and became the USSR (Soviet Union) after the [[Russian Civil War]]. The war also changed the borders in [[Eastern Europe]], with many new countries being born. Germany was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Versailles]].<ref name="university3" /> The Germans also lost 13% of their homeland area and all of their colonies, and they had to pay back a large amount of money to the Allies.<ref name="Reparations and post-war Germany" /> The size of their army and navy was also limited,<ref name="kantowicz" /> and its air force was banned, except for the 100 airplanes working for the coalmines. In Italy, [[nationalism|nationalist]]s were unhappy with the Versailles Treaty since they thought that their victory as an Ally in WWI should have gained them far more territory from the defeated Austria. The [[Fascism|fascist]] movement in the 1920s brought [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] to the leadership of the country. He promised to make Italy a great power by adding to its colonial empire.<ref name="World War II day by day" /> After the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT), the governing party of [[China]], unified the country in the 1920s, the [[Chinese Civil War]] between it and the [[Communist Party of China]] began.<ref name="introduction" /> In 1931, Japan used the [[Mukden Incident]] as a excuse to take [[Manchuria]] and set up a [[puppet state]], [[Manchukuo]],<ref name="google28" /><ref name="VOX">{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Timothy |title=42 maps that explain World War II |url=https://www.vox.com/2014/11/13/7148855/40-maps-that-explain-world-war-ii |accessdate=11 July 2025 |agency=Vox Media |date=14 Nov 2014}}</ref> and the [[League of Nations]] failed to do anything to stop it. The [[Tanggu Truce]], a [[ceasefire]], was signed in 1933. In 1936, the Kuomintang and the communists agreed to stop fighting against each other and to fight Japan instead.<ref name="communism" /> In 1937, Japan started the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] to take the rest of China.<ref name="feuerwerker" /> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-04062A, Nürnberg, Reichsparteitag, SA- und SS-Appell.jpg|thumb|200px|Nazi rally at Nuremberg, 1934]] After the end of the [[German Empire]], the [[democracy|democratic]] [[Weimar Republic]] was set up. There were disagreements among Germans that involved many political [[ideology|ideologies]], ranging from nationalism to [[communism]]. The fascist movement in Germany rose because of the [[Great Depression]]. [[Adolf Hitler]], the leader of the [[Nazi Party]], became the [[Chancellor of Germany|German chancellor]] in 1933. After the [[Reichstag fire]], Hitler created a [[totalitarian]] state, in which there was only one party by law.<ref name="Hitler: A study in tyranny" /> Hitler wanted to change the world order and quickly rebuilt the German army, navy, and air force,<ref name="transaction" /> especially after [[Saarland]] voted to return to Germany in 1935. In March 1936, Hitler sent the army to [[Rhineland]]. The [[Spanish Civil War]] began in July 1936. The war ended in 1939 with the Nationalist victory because of support from Italy and Germany. [[File:Stimmzettel-Anschluss.jpg|250px|thumb|right|A voting ballot from Austria that decided if Austria should join Germany]] In March 1938, Germany sent its army into [[Austria]], known as the [[Anschluss]], which had little reaction from European countries<ref name="heinemann" /> since many Austrians wanted to be part of Germany. Soon, Western Europe [[Munich agreement|agreed to give]] the [[Sudetenland]], a part of [[Czechoslovakia]] that was mostly German, to Germany if Hitler promised to stop taking land.<ref name="kershaw" /> However, the rest of the country had been forced to surrender<ref name="kershaw4" /> or be invaded by March 1939.<ref name="victory" /> The Allies now tried to stop him by promising to help [[Poland]] if it was attacked.<ref name="crozier" /> Just before the war, [[Germany]] and the Soviet Union signed a [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact|peace agreement]] that openly stated that they would not attack each other for ten years.<ref name="information" /> Secretly, they also agreed to divide [[Eastern Europe]] between them.<ref name="consultant" /> ==Course of the war== {{see also|Timeline of World War II}} ===War breaks out=== [[File:Second World War Europe.png|thumb|right|200px|Map showing the beginning of World War II in Europe, September 1939.]] World War II began in Europe on 1 September 1939, when Germany [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invaded Poland]]. On 3 September, Britain and France declared war on Germany. They did not do much to help Poland but sent only a small French attack on Germany from the west.<ref name="google93" /> The [[Soviet Union]] soon invaded eastern Poland, on 17 September.<ref name="google83" /> Finally, all of Poland was divided. Germany then signed an agreement to work together with the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries to allow it to keep Soviet soldiers in their countries.<ref name="google24" /> Finland did not accept the Soviet call, and so [[Winter War|it was attacked]] in November 1939.<ref name="jstor1986" /> With peace, the world war broke out.<ref name="google12" /> France and Britain thought that the Soviet Union might enter the war for Germany and the Soviets were expelled from the [[League of Nations]].<ref name="murray55" /> After Poland was defeated, the [[Phoney War]] began in Western Europe. British soldiers were sent to the Continent, but no large battles were fought between the two sides.<ref name="university5" /> Then, in April 1940, Germany decided to attack [[Norway]] and [[Denmark]] so that it would be safer to transport iron ore from Sweden. The British and the French sent an army to disrupt the German occupation, but had to leave when Germany invaded France.<ref name="williamson" /> [[Neville Chamberlain]] was replaced by [[Winston Churchill]] as British prime minister in May 1940 because of the invasion.<ref name="From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s" /> ===Axis early victories=== [[File:Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png|thumb|left|200px|German troops in Paris after the fall of France.]] On 10 May, Germany [[Battle of France|invaded France]], Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg and quickly defeated them using massive force tactics.<ref name="google68" /> The British were forced to [[Dunkirk evacuation|leave mainland Europe at Dunkirk]]. On 10 June, Italy invaded France, and declared war on France and the United Kingdom. Soon, France was divided into occupation zones. Some were directly controlled by Germany and Italy,<ref name="google311" /> and the other was the zone of unoccupied [[Vichy France]]. By June 1940, the Soviet Union moved its soldiers into the [[Baltic states]] and took them,<ref name="google9" /> followed by [[Bessarabia]] in Romania. Although there had been some collaboration between the Soviet Union and Germany earlier, that event made it serious.<ref name="barbarossa" /><ref name="stalinswars56" /> Later, when both countries could not agree to work more closely together, relationships between them became worse to the point of the war.<ref name="stalinswars59" /> Germany began an [[Battle of Britain|air battle over Britain]] to prepare for [[Operation Sea Lion|a landing on the island]],<ref name="twentieth" /> but the plan was canceled in September when they failed to gain the upper hand. The German Navy destroyed many British ships transporting goods in the Atlantic.<ref name="World War II" /> Italy had begun its operation in the Mediterranean. The United States remained [[Neutrality (international relations)|neutral]] but started to help the Allies. By helping to protect British ships in the Atlantic, the United States found itself fighting German ships by October 1941 but was not officially at war.<ref name="williamson6" /> In September 1940, Italy began to invade British-held Egypt. In October, Italy invaded [[Greece]], but that resulted in only an Italian [[Withdrawal (military)|retreat]] to Italian-occupied [[Albania]].<ref name="university7" /> Again, in early 1941, an Italian army was pushed from Egypt to Libya in Africa, but Germany soon helped Italy. Under [[Erwin Rommel]]'s command, by the end of April 1941, the British were pushed back to Egypt again.<ref name="williamson8" /> Germany also successfully invaded Greece, [[Yugoslavia]] and [[Crete]] by May.<ref name="university9" /> Despite the victories, Hitler decided to cancel the bombing of Britain after 11 May.<ref name="eyewitnesstohistory1940" /> Meanwhile, Japan's progress in China was still not much, although the nationalist and communist Chinese began fighting each other again.<ref name="China: A New History" /> Japan was planning to take over European colonies in Asia while they were weak, and the Soviet Union could feel a danger from Germany and so a non-aggression pact between the Soviets and the Japanese was signed in April 1941.<ref name="nationalism" /> Germany kept preparing to attack the Soviet Union by moving its soldiers close to the Soviet border.<ref name="university10" /> ===War becomes global=== [[File:Eastern Front 1941-06 to 1941-12.png|300px|thumb|The Axis in the Eastern Front: {{legend|#fff8d5|[[Operation Barbarossa]] to 9 July 1941}} {{legend|#ffd2b9|to 1 September 1941}} {{legend|#ebd7ff|to 9 September 1941 (operations around Kiev)}} {{legend|#ccffcd|to 5 December 1941}}]] On 22 June 1941, the European Axis countries [[Operation Barbarossa|attacked the Soviet Union]]. This opened a new [[Eastern Front (World War II)]]. During the summer, the Axis quickly captured Ukraine and the Baltic regions, which caused huge damage to the Soviets. Britain and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance in July.<ref name="Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s" /> Although there was great progress in the last two months, when winter came, the tired German army was forced to delay its attack [[Battle of Moscow|just outside Moscow]].<ref name="reinhardt" /> That showed that the Axis had failed its main targets, and the Soviet army was still not weakened. This marked the end of the [[blitzkrieg]] stage of the war.<ref name="blitzkrieg" /> By December, the Soviet [[Red Army]] facing the Axis army had received more soldiers from the east since it no longer feared the Japanese. The Soviets began a [[counterattack]] and pushed the German army to the west.<ref name="documentary" /> The Axis lost a lot of soldiers but still had most of the land that it already controlled.<ref name="clemson31" /> By November 1941, the British counterattacked the Axis in North Africa and got all the land back that it had lost.<ref name="Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century" /> However, the Axis pushed the Allies back again until it was stopped at El Alamein.<ref name="Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion" /> [[File:The USS Arizona (BB-39) burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''[[USS Arizona]]'' burning after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].]] In Asia, German successes encouraged [[Japan]] to call for oil supplies from the [[Dutch East Indies]].<ref name="review" /> Many Western countries reacted to the occupation of [[French Indochina]] by banning oil trading with Japan.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> Plans to take over European colonies in Asia to create a great defensive area in the Pacific was made by Japan to give it more resources.<ref name="A World At Arms" /> However, before any future invasion, Japan first had to destroy the American Pacific Fleet in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="opportunities" /> On 7 December 1941, Japan [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked Pearl Harbor]] as well as many harbors in several [[South East Asia]]n countries.<ref name="wohlstetter" /> That event led the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and the Western Allies to declare war on Japan, but the Soviet Union remained neutral.<ref name="Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow" /> Most of the Axis nations reacted by declaring war on the United States. By April 1942 the [[Singapore strategy]] had failed and many southeast Asian countries (Burma, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, and Singapore) had almost fallen to the Japanese.<ref name="harbor" /> In May 1942, the [[Philippines]] fell. The Japanese Navy had many quick victories, but in June 1942, Japan was [[Battle of Midway|defeated at Midway]]. Japan could no longer take the land because a large part of its navy was destroyed during the Battle of Midway. ===Allies advance=== Japan then began its plan to take over [[Papua New Guinea]] again,<ref name="university11" /> and the United States planned to attack the [[Solomon Islands]]. [[Guadalcanal Campaign|The fight at Guadalcanal]] began in September 1942 and involved many troops and ships from both sides. It ended with a Japanese defeat in early 1943.<ref name="historical" /> [[File:RIAN archive 44732 Soviet soldiers attack house.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Soviet soldiers in Stalingrad.]] On the Eastern Front, the Axis defeated Soviet attacks during summer and began its own main offensive to southern Russia along [[Don River|Don]] and [[Volga River]]s in June 1942 to try to take over [[oil field]]s in [[Caucasus]], which were critical to the Axis for fuelling their war effort, and as well as a great [[steppe]]. [[Volgograd|Stalingrad]] (now Volgograd) was in the path of the Axis army, and the Soviets decided to defend the city. By November, the Germans had [[Battle of Stalingrad|nearly taken Stalingrad]], but the Soviets surrounded the Germans in the winter<ref name="hutchinson" /> After heavy losses, the German army was forced to surrender the city in February 1943.<ref name="macmillan" /> Even though the front was pushed back farther than it was before the summer attacks, the [[Wehrmacht|German Army]] still had become dangerous to an area around Kursk.<ref name="generals" /> Hitler devoted almost two-thirds of his armies to The Battle of Stalingrad, which was the largest and deadliest battle of the time. [[File:El Alamein 1942 - British infantry.jpg|thumb|left|200px|British infantry attacks at [[Second Battle of El Alamein|El Alamein]]]] In August 1942, because of the Allied defense at [[El Alamein]], the Axis army failed to take the town. A new [[Second Battle of El Alamein|Allied offensive]] drove the Axis west across Libya a few months later,<ref name="publishing" /> just after the Anglo-American invasion of French North Africa forced it to join the Allies.<ref name="american" /> That led to Axis defeat during the [[North African Campaign]] in May 1943.<ref name="mediterranean" /> In the Soviet Union, on 4 July 1943, Germany started an attack around Kursk. Many German soldiers were lost because of the Soviets' well-created defenses.<ref name="army1986" /><ref name="deception" /> Hitler cancelled the attack before it had any clear outcome.<ref name="kershaw12" /> The Soviets then started their counterattack, which was one of the war's turning points. The Soviets, instead of the Germans, then became the attacking force on the Eastern Front.<ref name="liberation" /><ref name="publishing13" /> On 9 July 1943, affected by the earlier Soviet victories, the Western [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Allies landed on Sicily]], which resulted in the arrest of Mussolini in the same month.<ref name="liberation14" /> In September 1943, the [[Allied invasion of Italy|Allies invaded mainland Italy]], following the Italian [[armistice]] with the Allies.<ref name="amphibious" /> Germany then took control of Italy, disarmed its army,<ref name="richard" /> and built many defensive lines to slow the Allied invasion.<ref name="publishing15" /> German [[special forces]] rescued Mussolini and created the German-occupied [[puppet state]] of the [[Italian Social Republic]].<ref name="blinkhorn" /> In late 1943, Japan conquered some islands in India and began an invasion of the mainland of [[India]]. The [[British Indian Army]] and other forces expelled it in early 1944. [[File:Berlin-Moabit, Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945 C4925.jpg|thumb|Aerial vertical taken over the Moabit district of Berlin during a raid by 33 De Havilland Mosquitos of the Late Night Striking Force. The track of a falling target indicator (TI) can be seen on the right, illuminating the River Spree,and the Charlottenburger Chaussee, running from top right through the Tiergarten to the Brandenbruger Tor and Unter den Linden. The other light sources are German searchlights.]] In early 1944, the Soviet army drove off the German army from [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]<ref name="leningrad" /> (now Saint Petersburg) and ended the longest and deadliest [[siege]] in history. After that, the Soviets began a large counterattack. By May, the Soviets had retaken [[Crimea]]. With the attacks in Italy from September 1943, the Allies succeeded in capturing [[Rome]] on 4 June 1944, and made the German forces fall back.<ref name="havighurst" /> The Italians in the far east were in a difficult situation after September 1943. They would neither surrender to Japan nor declare war on Japan. The Chinese leaders moved the headquarter and [[military base]]s to western China. That was due to 6 years' aggression against Japan. They did not pay much attention to Italy during that period of time. Italy declared war against Japan in July 1945.<ref>{{cite web|first=Richard|last=Doody|title= Chronology of World War II Diplomacy 1939 – 1945|work=The World at War worldatwar.net|url= http://worldatwar.net/timeline/other/diplomacy39-45.html|access-date=14 August 2008}}</ref> ===War ends in Europe=== {{Multiple image | image1 = Approaching Omaha.jpg | caption1 = Allied forces arriving [[Normandy]], France, on {{nowrap|D-Day}} (June 6, 1944) | image1 = AmericanAndSovietAtElbe.jpg | caption1 = American and Soviet soldiers meeting east of the [[Elbe]] river, Germany {{nowrap|(April 25, 1945)}} }} 6 June 1944 was [[D-Day]], the day that the Allies began the [[Battle of Normandy|invasion of Normandy, France]]. The codename of the invasion was ''[[Operation Overlord]]''. The successful invasion led to the defeat of the German forces in France. [[Paris]] was freed in August 1944, and the Allies continued eastward while the German front collapsed. Operation Market Garden was the combined aerial invasion of the Netherlands and was launched on 17 September 1944. The purpose was to seize a series of bridges that included a bridge in [[Arnhem]], which spanned the [[Rhine River]]. The airborne invasion was called Market. The ground invasion, named Garden, reached the Rhine but could not take the bridge. On 22 June, the Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front codenamed ''Operation Bagration'', destroyed almost all of the German [[Army Group Centre]].<ref name=":0" /> Soon, the Germans were forced to retreat and to defend Ukraine and Poland. The arriving Soviet troops caused uprisings against the German government in Eastern European countries, but they failed to succeed unless they were helped by the Soviets.<ref name=":1" /> Another Soviet offensive forced Romania and Bulgaria to join the Allies.<ref name=":2" /> Communist Serbian [[partisan]]s under [[Josip Broz Tito]] retook [[Belgrade]] with some help from Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. By early 1945, the Soviets had attacked many German-occupied countries: Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. The Soviets made Finland switch to the Allies. On 16 December 1944, the Germans tried one last time to take the Western Front by [[Battle of the Bulge|attacking the Allies in Ardennes, Belgium]], in a battle known as the Battle of the Bulge. It was the last major German war attack, and the Germans were unsuccessful in their attack.<ref name="offensive" /> [[File:WWII, Europe, France, "German POWs - Captured Nazi General" - NARA - 195471.jpg|thumb|A German [[general]] as a [[prisoner of war]] with American [[military police]]]] By March 1945, the Soviets had moved quickly from [[Vistula|Vistula River]] in Poland to [[East Prussia]] and [[Vienna]], and the Western Allies had crossed the Rhine. In Italy, the Allies pushed forward while the Soviets [[Battle of Berlin|attacked Berlin]]. The Western Allies eventually met up with the Soviets at the [[Elbe|Elbe River]] on 25 April 1945. Hitler committed [[suicide]] on 30 April 1945, two days after Mussolini had been killed.<ref name="liberation16" /> In his will, Hitler appointed his navy commander, Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz|Karl Donitz]], to be his successor.<ref name="kershaw17" /> Donitz surrendered to the allies, and opposed Hitler for wanting Germany to continue fighting. ===End of war in Europe=== German forces in Italy surrendered on 29 April 1945. Germany surrendered to the Western Allies on 7 May 1945, known as V-E Day, and was forced to surrender to the Soviets on 8 May, 1945. The final battle in Europe ended in Czechoslovakia, on 11 May 1945.<ref name="university18" /> [[File:Nagasakibomb.jpg|thumb|A nuclear bomb over [[Nagasaki]]]] ===End of war in Asia=== In the Pacific, American forces arrived in the Philippines in June 1944. By April 1945, American and Philippine forces had cleared many of the Japanese forces, but fighting continued in some parts of the Philippines until the end of the war.<ref name="encyclopedia19" /> British and Chinese forces had advanced in Northern Burma and captured [[Rangoon]] by 3 May 1945.<ref name="university20" /> American forces had taken [[Battle of Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]] by March and [[Battle of Okinawa|Okinawa]] by June 1945.<ref name="publishing21" /> Many Japanese cities were destroyed by Allied bombings, and Japanese imports were cut off by American submarines. The Allies wanted Japan to surrender without conditions, but Japan refused to do so. The United States dropped two [[nuclear bomb|atomic bombs]] over [[Hiroshima]] (6 August 1945) and [[Nagasaki]] (9 August 1945). On 8 August 1945, the Soviets entered the war against Japan and invaded [[Manchuria]] and quickly defeated the primary [[Imperial Japanese Army]] there.<ref name="August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" /> On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allies. The surrender documents were formally signed on board the ''USS Missouri'' on 2 September 1945, which ended the war.<ref name="routledge" /> == Aftermath == The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] managed to occupy [[Austria]] and [[Germany]]. Germany was divided into four. The Soviets controlled the east, and the United States, United Kingdom, and France controlled the west. The Allies began denazification, removing [[Nazi]] ideas from public life in Germany,<ref name="BBCDeN">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwrfj6f/revision/5|publisher=BBC|accessdate=July 22, 2020|title=World War Two and Germany, 1939-1945|archive-date=July 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722205321/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwrfj6f/revision/5|url-status=live}}</ref> and most high-ranking Nazis were captured and brought to a [[Nuremberg Trials|special court]]. Germany lost a quarter of its land in 1937, mostly to Poland and the Soviet Union. The Soviets also took some parts of Poland<ref name="stalinswars43" /><ref name="stalinswars55" /><ref name="shirer794" /> and Finland<ref name="ckpipe" /> as well as the three Baltic countries.<ref name="wettig20" /><ref name="senn" /> [[File:News. V.E. Day BAnQ P48S1P12270.jpg|thumb|''Montreal Daily Star'': "Germany Quit", 7 May 1945|left]]The [[United Nations]] was formed on 24 October 1945<ref name="www" /> to keep peace between countries in the world.<ref name="evolution" /> However, the relationship between the Western Allies and the [[Soviet Union]] had worsened during the war<ref name="Coming Apart, Coming Together" /> and, soon after it, each power quickly built up their power over the controlled area. In Western Europe and [[West Germany]], it was the United States, while in [[East Germany]] and Eastern Europe, it was the Soviet Union, which turned many countries into [[communist state]]s. The [[Cold War]] led to the formation of the American-led [[NATO]] and the Soviet-led [[Warsaw Pact]].<ref name="Origins of the Cold War: An International History" /> In [[Asia]], Japan was put under American occupation. In 1948, [[Korea]] was divided into [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]], each claiming to be the legal representative of the Koreans, which led to the [[Korean War]] in 1950.<ref name="The Koreas" /> The civil war in China continued from 1946 and resulted in the KMT retreating to [[Taiwan]] in 1949<ref name="lynch12" /> after the communists had won the mainland. In the [[Middle East]], the Arabs disagreed with the United Nations plan to create [[Israel]], which marked the beginning of conflicts between the Arabs and Israel. {{Multiple image | image1 = Cold war europe military alliances map en.png | caption1 = Military alliances in Europe after the war | image2 = Colonization 1945.png | caption2 = Colonies around the world in 1945. However, many countries in Asia and Africa would become free later. }} After the war, [[decolonization]] took place in many European colonies.<ref name="Decolonization" /> Bad economies and people wanting to rule themselves were the main reasons. In most cases, that happened peacefully, except in some countries, such as [[Indochina]] and [[Algeria]].<ref name="Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts" /> In many regions, European withdrawal caused divisions among the people who had different [[ethnic group]]s or [[religion]]s.<ref name="AP World History: The Best Preparation for the AP World History Exam" /> Economic recovery was different in many parts of the world, but in general, it was quite positive. The United States became richer than any other country; by 1950, it had taken over the world's economy.<ref name="The Economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison" /><ref name="The Oxford Companion to World War II" /> It also decided on the [[Marshall Plan]] (1948–1951) to help European countries. The German,<ref name="reconstruction" /> Italian,<ref name="Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress" /><ref name="Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress22" /> and French economies recovered.<ref name="Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies" /> However, the British economy was badly harmed<ref name="Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today" /> and continued to worsen for more than ten years.<ref name="Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance" /> The Soviet economy grew very fast after the war was over.<ref name="Russia And the World Economy: Problems of Integration" /> That also happened with the Japanese economy, which became one of the largest economies in the 1980s.<ref name="Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies23" /> China returned to the same production level as before the war by 1952.<ref name="China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China" /> == Effects == === Death and war crimes === [[File:World War II Casualties.svg|left|450px|World War II death]] The exact number of deaths in the war is not known, because many were unrecorded. Many studies state that more than 60 million people died in the war, mostly civilians. The Soviet Union lost around 27&nbsp;million people,<ref name="google242" /> almost half of the recorded number of deaths,<ref name="Leaders mourn Soviet wartime dead" /> which means that 25% of the Soviets were killed or wounded in the war.<ref name="google204" /> About 85% of the total deaths were on the Allies, and the other 15% were on the Axis. Mostly, people died because they were [[Disease|sick]], [[Starvation|hungry to death]], bombed, or were targets of [[genocide]]. The [[Nazism|Nazis]] selected many groups of people to be killed in what is known as known as ''[[The Holocaust]]''. They killed [[Jews]], [[Roma people|Roma]], [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|Poles]], [[Russians]], [[homosexual]]s, [[Disability|disabled]] people, and other groups.<ref name="The Modern World" /> Around 11 million<ref name="Victims" /> to 17&nbsp;million<ref name="Niewyk45" /> civilians died. Around 7.5&nbsp;million people were killed in China by the Japanese.<ref name="Oxford Companion to World War II" /> The most well-known Japanese crime is the [[Nanking massacre]], in which hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians were [[rape]]d and [[murder]]ed. There were reports that the Germans and Japanese tested [[biological weapon]]s against civilians<ref name="Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing" /> and against [[Prisoner of war|prisoners-of-war]].<ref name="Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW: new evidence" /> Although many Axis war crimes were brought to the first international court,<ref name="Implementing International Humanitarian Law: From the Ad Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court" /> no Allied war crimes were. === Concentration camps and slave work === [[File:Łapanka w Alei 3go Maja (ok. 1941).jpg|thumb|225px|Polish civilians that would be sent to Germany for forced labor.]] Other than the Holocaust, about 12 million people (mostly Eastern Europeans) were forced to work for the German economy.<ref name="compensation" /> German [[concentration camp]]s and Soviet [[gulag]]s caused many deaths. Both sides treated their prisoners of war very badly. That was the case even for Soviet soldiers who survived and returned home. Japanese prisoner-of-war camps, many of which were used as labor camps, also caused many deaths. The death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1%,<ref name="Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines" /> seven times that of prisoners under Germans and Italians.<ref name="Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II" /> More than 10 million Chinese civilians were made slaves and had to work in mines and war factories.<ref name="zhifen2002" /> Between 4 and 10 million people were forced to work in [[Java]].<ref name="indonesiaww2" /> Between 1942 and 1945, US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] signed an order that made [[Japanese American internment|Japanese Americans go to internment camps]] since he feared that they would help Japan invade the US. Some Germans and Italians were included as well. The Allies agreed that the Soviet Union could use prisoners of war and civilians for [[forced labor]].<ref name="occupation" /> Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955.<ref name="stark1944" /> === Home fronts and production === Before the war in Europe, the Allies had a larger population and economy than the Axis. If colonies were included, the [[GDP]] of the Allies would be twice that of the Axis.<ref name="6Econ3" /> In Asia, however, China had a GDP only 38% higher than Japan if colonies were counted.<ref name="6Econ3"/> The Allied economy and population compared with the Axis lessened with the early Axis victories. However, that was no longer the case after the United States and the Soviet Union joined the Allies in 1941. The Allies had a higher production level than the Axis because of more natural resources. Also, Germany and Japan did not plan for a long war and even had no ability to do so.<ref name="Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present" /><ref name="cox84" /> Both tried to improve their economies by using slave laborers.<ref name="World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration" /> === Women === When men went off to fight for the war, they had to leave their jobs. Women were not usually allowed to fight, so they took over many of the mens' jobs. At factories, women were employed to make bombs, guns, aircraft, and other equipment. In Britain, thousands of women were sent to work on farms as part of the Land Army. Others formed the Women's Royal Naval Service to help with building and repairing ships. Even Princess Elizabeth, who later became [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]], worked as a mechanic to aid the war effort. By 1945, some weapons were being made almost entirely by women. In the beginning, women were rarely used in the labor forces in Germany and Japan.<ref name="Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich" /><ref name="bernstein267" /> However, Allied bombings<ref name="Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich24" /><ref name="The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II" /> and the German change to a war economy made women take a greater part.<ref name="War and Economy in the Third Reich" /> In Britain, women also worked in gathering [[Secret Intelligence Service|intelligence]] at [[Bletchley Park]] and other places. The mass [[evacuation]] of children also had a major impact on the lives of mothers during the war years. === Occupation === Germany had two different ideas of how it would occupy countries. In Western, [[Northern Europe|Northern]], and [[Central Europe]], Germany set economic policies that would make it rich. During the war, the policies brought as much as 40% of total German income.<ref name="milward138" /> In the east, the war against the Soviet Union meant Germany could not use the land to gain resources. The Nazis used their racial policy and murdered a lot of people they thought were non-human. The Resistance, the group of people secretly fighting Germany, could not harm Germany much until 1943.<ref name="hill5" /><ref name="France During World War II: From Defeat to Liberation" /> Japan claimed to free colonized Asian countries from European colonial powers in Asia. Although it was welcomed at first in many territories, its cruel actions soon turned people against it.<ref name = "GSWW6_266" /> During the occupation, Japan used 4 million [[barrel]]s of oil that had been left behind by the Allies. By 1943, Japan produced up to 50 million barrels of oil in the [[Dutch East Indies]], was 76% of its 1940 rate.<ref name="GSWW6_266" /> === Developments in technology === [[File:Ohain USAF He 178 page61.jpg|thumb|200px|Heinkel He 178, the world's first turbojet-power aircraft.]] The war brought new methods for future wars. The air forces improved greatly in fields such as air transport,<ref name="EncWWII_76" /> [[strategic bombing]] to use bombs to destroy industry and morale,<ref name="levine217" /> [[radar]], and weapons for destroying aircraft. [[Jet aircraft]] were developed and were used worldwide in air forces.<ref name="Key Themes of the Twentieth Century: Teacher's Guide" /> At sea, the war focused on using [[aircraft carrier]]s and [[submarine]]s. Aircraft carriers soon replaced [[battleship]]s,<ref name="EncWWII_163" /><ref name="Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft" /><ref name="Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines" /> mainly for being cheaper.<ref name="Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea" /> Submarines, a deadly weapon since World War I,<ref name="Concepts in Submarine Design" /> also played an important part in the war. The British improved weapons for destroying submarines, such as [[sonar]], while the Germans improved submarine tactics.<ref name="Concepts in Submarine Design25" /> The style of war on the land had changed from World War I to be more mobile. [[Tank]]s, which had been used to support [[infantry]], changed to being primary weapons.<ref name="EncWWII_125" /> The tank was improved in speed and firepower during the war. At the start of the war, most commanders thought that using better tanks was the best way to fight enemy tanks.<ref name="EncWWII_108" /> However, early tanks could harm armour only a little. The German idea to avoid letting tanks fight each other meant tanks facing tanks rarely happened. That was a successful tactic in Poland and France.<ref name="EncWWII_125"/> Ways to destroy tanks also improved. Vehicles became more used in the war, infantry remained the main part of the army. [[Submachine gun]]s became widely used, especially in cities and jungles.<ref name="Comp_221" /> The [[assault rifle]], a German development combining [[wikt:feature|feature]]s of the [[rifle]] and [[submachine gun]], became the main weapon for most armies after the war.<ref name="The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine" /> Other developments included better [[encryption]] for secret messages, such as the German [[Enigma (machine)|Enigma]]. Another feature of military [[:wikt:intelligence|intelligence]] was the use of [[:wikt:deception|deception]], especially by the Allies. Others include the first programmable [[computer]]s, modern [[missile]]s and [[rocket]]s, and the [[atomic bomb]]s. == Losses == {{Main|World War II casualties}} === Military losses === Most authorities now agree that of the 30 million Soviets who fought, there were 13.6&nbsp;million military deaths. {| class=wikitable |- !Country!!Killed |- | [[Soviet Union]] | 13,600,000* |- | [[Germany]] | 3,300,000 |- | [[China]] | 1,324,516 |- | [[Japan]] | 1,140,429 |- | [[British Empire]]** | 357,116 |- | [[Romania]] | 350,000 |- | [[Poland]] | 320,000 |- | [[Yugoslavia]] | 305,000 |- | [[United States]] | 292,131 |- | [[Italy]] | 279,800 |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>Total of which 7,800,000 were battlefield deaths<br/> <nowiki>**</nowiki>Including Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, etc. === Civilian losses === Deaths of [[civilian]]<nowiki/>s during this war, many of which resulted from famine and internal purges, such as in China and the Soviet Union, were colossal but less well recorded than those by the fighting forces. Although the figures here are the best available from authoritative sources of the scale of civilian losses, the exact numbers will never be known. {| class=wikitable |- !Country!!Killed |- | [[China]] | 8,000,000 |- | [[Soviet Union]] | 12,500,000 |- | [[Poland]] | 5,300,000 |- | [[Germany]] | 2,350,000 |- | [[Yugoslavia]] | 1,000,000 |- | [[France]] | 470,000 |- | [[Greece]] | 415,000 |- | [[Japan]] | 393,400 |- | [[Romania]] | 340,000 |- | [[Hungary]] | 300,000 |} '''Axis Powers''' [[File:Phot_and_Tojo.jpg|thumb|[[Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena]] (far left), [[Thawan Thamrongnawasawat]] (left), and [[Direk Jayanama]] (right) with [[Hideki Tojo]] (center) in Tokyo 1942]] Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Thailand, Croatia '''Allied Powers''' United States, British Empire, France, Soviet Union, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia There is no exact number of deaths because many were unrecorded. Many studies said that more than 60 million people died in the war, mostly civilians. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people, almost half of the recorded number of deaths, which means that 25% of the Soviets were killed or wounded in the war. About 85% of the total deaths were on the Allies, and the other 15% were on the Axis. Mostly, people died because they were [[Disease|sick]], [[Starvation|hungry to death]], bombed, or [[Genocide|the wrong ethnicity]]. The [[Nazism|Nazis]] selected many groups of people to be killed in what is known as known as ''[[The Holocaust]]''. They killed [[Jews]], [[Roma people|Roma]], [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|Poles]], [[Russians]], [[Homosexual|homosexuals]], and other groups. Around 11 million to 17 million civilians died. Around 7.5 million people were killed in China by the Japanese. The most well-known Japanese crime is the [[Nanking massacre]], in which hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians were [[Rape|raped]] and [[Murder|murdered]]. There were reports that the Germans and Japanese tested [[Biological weapon|biological weapons]] against civilians and against [[Prisoner of war|prisoners-of-war]]. Although many Axis war crimes were brought to the first international court, no Allied war crimes were. == Related pages == {{Sister project links | wikt=no}} * [[World War I]] * [[Fascism]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Militarism]] * [[Communism]] * [[Japanese American internment]] == Notes == {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{reflist|2|refs= <ref name="6Econ3">{{cite book| last = Harrison| first = Mark| title = The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison| year = 2000| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-78503-7| page = 3 }}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite book| last = Zaloga| first = Steven J.| title = Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre|url=https://archive.org/details/bagrationdestruc00zalo| year = 1996| publisher = Osprey Publishing| isbn = 978-1-85532-478-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/bagrationdestruc00zalo/page/n6 7] }}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{cite book| last = Berend| first = Ivan| title = Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery| year = 1996| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55066-6| page = 8 }}</ref> <ref name=":2">[http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001849/http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm |date=2011-04-30 }}. US Library of Congress. Retrieved November 14, 2009.</ref> <ref name="A World At Arms">{{cite book| last = Weinberg| first = Gerhard L| title = A World at Arms| year = 2005| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-61826-7| page = 310 }}</ref> <ref name="Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft">{{cite book| last1 = Bishop| first1 = Chris| last2 = Chant| first2 = Chris| title = Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft| year = 2004| publisher = Silverdale Books| isbn = 978-1-84509-079-1| page = 7 }}</ref> <ref name="american">{{cite book| last = Ross| first = Steven T.| title = American War Plans, 1941-1945: The Test of Battle| year = 1997| publisher = Psychology Press| isbn = 978-0-7146-4634-3| page = 38 }}</ref> <ref name="amphibious">{{cite book| last = McGowen| first = Tom| title = Assault from the Sea: Amphibious Invasions in the Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/assaultfromseaam0000mcgo| year = 2002| publisher = Lerner Publications| isbn = 978-0-7613-1811-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/assaultfromseaam0000mcgo/page/43 43] }}</ref> <ref name="AP World History: The Best Preparation for the AP World History Exam">{{cite book| last = Vess| first = Deborah| title = AP World History: The Best Preparation for the AP World History Exam| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dOLbfnYWvwC&pg=PA564| chapter-format = Google books| accessdate = January 22, 2010| year = 2001| publisher = Research & Education Association| isbn = 978-0-7386-0128-1| page = 564| chapter = Chapter 7, The impact on colonialism: the Middle East, Africa, and Asia in crisis following World War II }}</ref> <ref name="army1986">Glantz. (1986), "[http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306082607/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp |date=2008-03-06 }}", CSI Report No. 11., OCLC 278029256. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</ref> <ref name="August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria">Glantz, David M (2005), {{cite web|url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp | title = August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302130751/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp |archivedate = March 2, 2008 }}, Leavenworth Papers (Combined Arms Research Library), OCLC 78918907. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</ref> <ref name="authoritative">{{cite book| last = Sommerville| first = Donald| title = The Complete Illustrated History of World War II: An Authoritative Account of the Deadliest Conflicts in Human History with Analysis of Decisive Encounters and Landmark Engagements|url=https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000somm| year = 2008| isbn = 978-0-7548-1898-4| page = [https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000somm/page/n8 5] | publisher = Anness}}</ref> <ref name="barbarossa">H. W. Koch. Hitler's 'Programme' and the Genesis of Operation 'Barbarossa'. ''The Historical Journal'', Vol. 26, No. 4 (Dec. 1983), pp. 891-920</ref> <ref name="bernstein267">{{cite book| last = Bernstein| first = Gail Lee| title = Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945| url = https://archive.org/details/recreatingjapane0000unse| year = 1991| publisher = University of California Press| isbn = 978-0-520-07017-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/recreatingjapane0000unse/page/267 267] }}</ref> <ref name="blinkhorn">{{cite book| last = Blinkhorn| first = Martin| title = Mussolini and Fascist Italy| url = https://archive.org/details/mussolinifascist0000blin| year = 1994| publisher = Psychology Press| isbn = 978-0-415-10231-5| page = [https://archive.org/details/mussolinifascist0000blin/page/52 52] }}</ref> <ref name="blitzkrieg">Milward, A.S. (1964). ''The End of the Blitzkrieg''. The Economic History Review. '''16''' (3): 499–518.</ref> <ref name="Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present">{{cite book| last1 = Lindberg| first1 = Michael| last2 = Daniel| first2 = Todd| title = Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present| url = https://archive.org/details/browngreenbluewa0000lind| year = 2001| publisher = Praeger| isbn = 978-0-275-96486-3| page = [https://archive.org/details/browngreenbluewa0000lind/page/126 126] }}</ref> <ref name="Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea">{{cite book| last = Hearn| first = Chester G.| title = Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea| year = 2007| publisher = Stackpole Books| isbn = 978-0-8117-3398-4| page = 14 }}</ref> <ref name="Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow">{{cite book| last = Dunn| first = Dennis J| title = Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow| url = https://archive.org/details/bwb_p8-ddy-013| year = 1998| publisher = The University Press of Kentucky| isbn = 978-0-8131-2023-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/bwb_p8-ddy-013/page/156 157] }}</ref> <ref name="China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China">{{cite book| last = Genzberger| first = Christine| title = China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSCunEaqnI8C&pg=PA4| year = 1994| publisher = World Trade Press| location = Petaluma, California| isbn = 978-0-9631864-3-0| page = 4 }}</ref> <ref name="China: A New History">{{cite book| last1 = Fairbank| first1 = John King| last2 = Goldman| first2 = Merle| title = China: A New History| url = https://archive.org/details/chinanewhistory0000fair_f7k9| year = 1994| publisher = Harvard University Press| isbn = 978-0-674-11673-3| page = [https://archive.org/details/chinanewhistory0000fair_f7k9/page/320 320] }}</ref> <ref name="civilization">Robert Melvin Spector. ''World without civilization: mass murder and the Holocaust, history, and analysis'', pg. 257</ref> <ref name="ckpipe">{{cite book| last = Kennedy-Pipe| first = Caroline| title = Stalin's Cold War| url = https://archive.org/details/stalinscoldwarso0000kenn| year = 1995| publisher = Manchester University Press| isbn = 978-0-7190-4201-0 }}</ref> <ref name="clemson31">Glantz, David M. (2001), [http://www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/sg-war41-45.pdf Soviet‐German War 1941–45 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709141048/http://www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/sg-war41-45.pdf |date=July 9, 2011 }}. p.31</ref> <ref name="Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts">{{cite book| last = Conteh-Morgan| first = Earl| title = Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts|url=https://archive.org/details/collectivepoliti00cont| year = 2004| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-415-94744-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/collectivepoliti00cont/page/30 30] }}</ref> <ref name="Coming Apart, Coming Together">{{cite book| last = Kantowicz| first = Edward R| title = Coming Apart, Coming Together|url=https://archive.org/details/comingapartcomin0000kant| year = 2000| publisher = Wm. B. 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Crozier. ''The Causes of the Second World War'', pg. 151</ref> <ref name="dead">[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm#Second source list and detailed death tolls for the twentieth century hemoclysm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224170723/http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm#Second |date=2018-12-24 }}.</ref> <ref name="deception">{{cite book| last = Glantz| first = David M.| title = Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War| year = 1989| publisher = Psychology Press| isbn = 978-0-7146-3347-3| page = 149–59}}</ref> <ref name="Decolonization">{{cite book| last = Betts| first = Raymond F.| title = Decolonization|url=https://archive.org/details/decolonizationse00bett| year = 2004| publisher = Routledge| isbn = 978-0-415-31820-4| pages = [https://archive.org/details/decolonizationse00bett/page/n29 21]–24 }}</ref> <ref name="diplomatic">Gerhard Weinberg 1970. 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Stanford University Press. pp. 341–43. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-0597-4}}.</ref> <ref name="World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration">{{cite book| last = Unidas| first = Naciones| title = World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration| url = https://archive.org/details/worldeconomicsoc0000unse_z8z1| year = 2005| publisher = United Nations Pubns| isbn = 978-92-1-109147-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldeconomicsoc0000unse_z8z1/page/23 23] }}</ref> <ref name="World War II day by day">{{cite book| last = Shaw| first = Anthony| title = World War II day by day| year = 2000| publisher = MBI Publishing| isbn = 978-0-7603-0939-1 }} p. 35</ref> <ref name="World War II">{{cite book| last = Goldstein| first = Margaret J| title = World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/worldwariieurope0000gold| year = 2004| publisher = Twenty-First Century Books| isbn = 978-0-8225-0139-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldwariieurope0000gold/page/35 35] }}</ref> <ref name="www">[http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm History of the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218221016/http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm |date=2010-02-18 }}. United Nations. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</ref> <ref name="zhifen2002">{{cite web|last=Ju|url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm|first=Zhifen|title=Japan's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draftees after the outbreak of the Pacific war|work=Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War:Minutes of the June 2002 Conference|publisher=Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences|date=June 2002|accessdate=February 18, 2010|archive-date=May 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521093637/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> }} == Other websites == * [http://ww2.war-letters.com/ World War II Letter Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130031752/http://ww2.war-letters.com/ |date=January 30, 2009 }} - Letters from World War Two * [http://ww2db.com/ WW2 Database] - More Info on WW2 * [http://encyc.org/WorldWarII World War II - Encyc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401051812/http://encyc.org/WorldWarII |date=April 1, 2009 }} * [http://www.otr.net/?p=news Radio News From 1938 to 1945] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/world_war2/ Fun facts about WW2 for children] * [https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II] -Citizendium {{Middle East conflict}} [[Category:World War II| ]] [[Category:1939]] [[Category:1940]] [[Category:1941]] [[Category:1942]] [[Category:1943]] [[Category:1944]] [[Category:1945]] [[Category:Wars involving Australia]] [[Category:Wars involving Belgium]] [[Category:Wars involving Canada]] [[Category:Wars involving China]] [[Category:Wars involving France]] [[Category:Wars involving Germany]] [[Category:Wars involving Greece]] [[Category:Wars involving Italy]] [[Category:Wars involving Japan]] [[Category:Wars involving the Netherlands]] [[Category:Wars involving South Africa]] [[Category:Wars involving the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Wars involving the United States]] g7ifb9c9fmmqhihj02dyzvsvkud2a8o 11024334 11024333 2026-10-09T03:46:47Z Mr. Serval 1865211 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54212-71|~2026-54212-71]] ([[User talk:~2026-54212-71|talk]]): Unsourced. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = World War&nbsp;II | image = Infobox collage for WWII.PNG | image_size = 300px | caption = (clockwise from top left){{flatlist| * Chinese forces in the [[Battle of Wanjialing]] * Australian [[25-pounder]] guns during the [[First Battle of El Alamein]] * German [[Junkers Ju 87|Stuka]] dive bombers on the [[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]] in December 1943 * US naval force in the [[Invasion of Lingayen Gulf|Lingayen Gulf]] * [[Wilhelm Keitel]] signing the [[German Instrument of Surrender]] * Soviet troops in the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] }} | date = {{Unbulleted list|{{start and end dates|1939|9|1|1945|9|2|df=yes}} |({{Age in years and days|1 September 1939|2 September 1945|sep=and}}){{efn| While various other dates have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the time span that is most frequently cited.}}}}{{efn| The war in China began on 7 July 1937, while the war in the Pacific began on 7 December 1941, with 1 September 1939 being the start of the war in Europe.}} | place = Major [[Theater (warfare)|theaters]]: {{flatlist| * [[European theatre of World War II|Europe]] * [[Pacific War|Pacific]] * [[Battle of the Atlantic|Atlantic]] * [[Indian Ocean in World War II|Indian Ocean]] * [[South-East Asian theatre of World War II|South-East Asia]] * [[Second Sino-Japanese War|China]] * [[Japan campaign|Japan]] * [[Middle East Theatre of World War II|Middle East]] * [[Mediterranean Theatre of World War II|Mediterranean]] * [[North African Campaign|North Africa]] * [[East African campaign (World War II)|Horn of Africa]] * [[Battle of Gabon|Central Africa]] * [[Attacks on Australia during World War II|Australia]] * [[Battle of the Caribbean|Caribbean]] * [[Greenland in World War II|Arctic]] * [[Antarctica in World War II|Antarctica]] * [[American Theater (World War II)|North and South America]] }} | result = {{Unbulleted list|[[Allies of World War II|Allied]] victory}} <!--This fixes label and data text alignment by locking it in place--> * Collapse of [[Nazi Germany]] * Fall of the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese]] and [[Fascist Italy|Italian Empire]]s * Allied occupations of [[Allied-occupied Germany|Germany]] and [[Occupation of Japan|Japan]] and foundation of the [[Italy|Italian Republic]] * Beginning of the [[Atomic Age]] * Dissolution of the [[League of Nations]] and creation of the [[United Nations]] * Emergence of the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]] as rival [[superpower]]s and beginning of the [[Cold War]] ([[World_War_II#Aftermath|more...]]) <!--NOTE: The consensus of a discussion which concluded in November 2014 at [[Talk:World War II#Request for comment: WWII infobox]] was to only list the 'Allies' and 'Axis' as combatants. PLEASE do not make any changes to this without first obtaining consensus for the change on the article's talk page. -->| combatants_header = [[World War II by country|Participants]] | combatant1 = '''[[Allied powers|Allies]]''' | combatant2 = '''[[Axis powers|Axis]]''' | commander1 = '''Main Allied leaders:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagicon|Soviet Union|1936}} [[Joseph Stalin]] * {{flagicon|United States|1912}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] * {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Winston Churchill]] * {{flagicon|Republic of China (1912–1949)}} [[Chiang Kai-shek]]}} | commander2 = '''Main Axis leaders:'''{{plainlist| * {{flagicon|Nazi Germany}} [[Adolf Hitler]] * {{flagicon|Empire of Japan}} [[Hirohito]] * {{flagicon|Fascist Italy}} [[Benito Mussolini]]}} | casualties1 = {{plainlist| * '''Military dead:''' * Over 16,000,000 * '''Civilian dead:''' * Over 45,000,000 * '''Total dead:''' * Over 61,000,000 * (1937–1945) * [[World War II casualties|...''further details'']]}} | casualties2 = {{plainlist| * '''Military dead:''' * Over 8,000,000 * '''Civilian dead:''' * Over 4,000,000 * '''Total dead:''' * Over 12,000,000 * (1937–1945) * [[World War II casualties|...''further details'']]}} | campaignbox = {{Campaignbox World War II}} }} '''World War II''', or the '''Second World War''', was a [[world war|global conflict]] (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) which involved fighting between the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and the [[Axis powers|Axis]]. Most of the world's countries, including all of the [[great power]]s, fought as part of two [[military alliance]]s: the [[Allies of World War II|Allied Powers]] include the [[United States|United]] [[United States|States]], the [[Soviet Union]], the [[United Kingdom|United]] [[United Kingdom|Kingdom]] and the Axis Powers include [[Nazi Germany]], [[Fascist Italy]] and the [[Empire of Japan]]. The war was one of the biggest and deadliest wars in [[human history]], where about 60 million people died. During the war, many atrocities were done by countries, including [[The Holocaust]], [[genocide]] of over 6 million Jews [[Holocaust victims|and many others]] by the [[Nazi Party|Nazis]]. During the war, [[Strategic bombing during World War II|strategic bombings]] became common, including the [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|atomic bombings over Hiroshima and Nagasaki,]] the only use of [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]] on any war until today. The war in Europe began when [[Nazi Germany]] invaded [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] on 1 September 1939. France and the United Kingdom reacted by declaring war on Germany. By 1941, most of Europe was under German control, including France, [[Norway]], [[Austria]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary,]] [[Denmark]], [[Czechoslovakia]], and Poland. Only the British remained fighting against the Axis in [[North African Campaign|North Africa]], the [[Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II|Mediterranean]], and [[Battle of the Atlantic|the Atlantic]]. Germany gave up plans to invade Britain after losing the air [[Battle of Britain]]. In June 1941, Germany [[Operation Barbarossa|invaded the Soviet Union]], starting the largest [[Operation Barbarossa|land invasion]] in history. On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the United States at [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor]] and invaded British and French colonies in Asia, and two fronts developed: the Western Theater and the Pacific Theater. The Japanese victories were stopped in 1942, and the Soviets won the huge [[Battle of Stalingrad]] in early 1943. Then, the Allies started to win in multiple areas. The Axis were forced back from the Soviet Union, weakening in the [[Scorched earth|Scorched Earth]] tactic. German leaders had not expected the invasion to last until the hard Russian winter. The Axis also lost [[North African Campaign|North Africa]]. Starting in 1943, they were forced to defend Italy. Allied forces had a hard time pushing into Italy from [[Sicily]] due to its strong defenses.<ref name="Holocaust Encyclopedia" /> In 1944, the Allies [[Operation Overlord|invaded France]]. The invasion was called D-Day, held in 6 June 1944. They came into Germany itself from the West, while the Soviets came in from the East. Germany surrendered on 8 May 1945, ending the war in Europe. Japan surrendered on 2 September 1945, after the Soviets beat the Japanese in [[Manchukuo|Manchuria]] and the United States dropped two [[nuclear bomb|nuclear bombs]], "[[Little Boy]]" and "[[Fat Man]]," had been dropped on [[Hiroshima]] and [[Nagasaki]], respectively. This was the only time a nuclear weapon has been used in a real war. As of the present day, the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki have been the only instances in which nuclear weaponry has been used in wartime.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nuclear Weapons – UNODA|url=https://disarmament.unoda.org/wmd/nuclear/#:~:text=Although%20nuclear%20weapons%20have%20only,nuclear%20tests%20conducted%20to%20date.|access-date=2024-08-20|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820185742/https://disarmament.unoda.org/wmd/nuclear/#:~:text=Although%20nuclear%20weapons%20have%20only,nuclear%20tests%20conducted%20to%20date.|url-status=dead}}</ref> After the war, the [[United Nations]] was built to develop support between countries and to prevent future wars. After World War I, the League of Nations had been built too, but it was not effective. The [[Cold War]] by the major winners soon started, but they did not fight each other in an actual war. The [[decolonization]] of Asia and Africa (where many places controlled by European countries were given their [[wikt:independence|independence]]) happened as well since [[Europe]] had been weakened by the war. Economic [[wikt:recovery|recovery]] and political integration (the process of uniting countries) were among other results of the war. == Allies and Axis == The [[World War II by country|countries]] that joined the war were on two sides: the Axis and the Allies. The [[Axis Powers]] at the start of the war were [[Nazi Germany|Germany]], [[Fascist Italy|Italy]], and [[Empire of Japan|Japan]]. There were many meetings to create an alliance between those countries.<ref name="diplomatic" /><ref name="civilization" /><ref name="university" /><ref name="university2" /> [[Finland]] (though they never signed the [[Tripartite Pact|Tripartite pact]] like other axis members), [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakia]], [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], [[Kingdom of Bulgaria|Bulgaria]], [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]], [[Independent State of Croatia|Croatia]], [[Vichy France]], and [[Thailand]] joined the Axis later. As the war continued, some Axis countries like Italy changed sides to join the Allies instead. The [[Allied Powers]] were the [[United Kingdom]] and the rest of the [[British Empire]], [[French Third Republic|France]], [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], [[Kingdom of Greece|Greece]], [[Belgium]], Denmark, Norway, various south and Central American nations after the Japanese attacks on Pearl Harbour, and Finland after September 1944 the Netherlands Belgium and Luxembourg and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], the last of which had been fighting a [[Chinese Civil War|civil war]]. In June 1941, Germany attacked the [[Soviet Union]] in [[Operation Barbarossa]], which made the Soviets join the Allies. In December 1941 came the Japanese [[attack on Pearl Harbor]] against the [[United States]], which then also joined the Allies. Finland also joined the Allies, in September 1944). == Background == [[World War I]] had greatly changed the ways of [[diplomacy]] and [[politics]] in Asia, [[Europe]], and Africa with the defeat of the [[Central Powers]]. The empires that had sided with the Central Powers were destroyed. Even the [[Russian Empire]], which was on the Allied side, broke up and became the USSR (Soviet Union) after the [[Russian Civil War]]. The war also changed the borders in [[Eastern Europe]], with many new countries being born. Germany was forced to sign the [[Treaty of Versailles]].<ref name="university3" /> The Germans also lost 13% of their homeland area and all of their colonies, and they had to pay back a large amount of money to the Allies.<ref name="Reparations and post-war Germany" /> The size of their army and navy was also limited,<ref name="kantowicz" /> and its air force was banned, except for the 100 airplanes working for the coalmines. In Italy, [[nationalism|nationalist]]s were unhappy with the Versailles Treaty since they thought that their victory as an Ally in WWI should have gained them far more territory from the defeated Austria. The [[Fascism|fascist]] movement in the 1920s brought [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]] to the leadership of the country. He promised to make Italy a great power by adding to its colonial empire.<ref name="World War II day by day" /> After the [[Kuomintang]] (KMT), the governing party of [[China]], unified the country in the 1920s, the [[Chinese Civil War]] between it and the [[Communist Party of China]] began.<ref name="introduction" /> In 1931, Japan used the [[Mukden Incident]] as a excuse to take [[Manchuria]] and set up a [[puppet state]], [[Manchukuo]],<ref name="google28" /><ref name="VOX">{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Timothy |title=42 maps that explain World War II |url=https://www.vox.com/2014/11/13/7148855/40-maps-that-explain-world-war-ii |accessdate=11 July 2025 |agency=Vox Media |date=14 Nov 2014}}</ref> and the [[League of Nations]] failed to do anything to stop it. The [[Tanggu Truce]], a [[ceasefire]], was signed in 1933. In 1936, the Kuomintang and the communists agreed to stop fighting against each other and to fight Japan instead.<ref name="communism" /> In 1937, Japan started the [[Second Sino-Japanese War]] to take the rest of China.<ref name="feuerwerker" /> [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-04062A, Nürnberg, Reichsparteitag, SA- und SS-Appell.jpg|thumb|200px|Nazi rally at Nuremberg, 1934]] After the end of the [[German Empire]], the [[democracy|democratic]] [[Weimar Republic]] was set up. There were disagreements among Germans that involved many political [[ideology|ideologies]], ranging from nationalism to [[communism]]. The fascist movement in Germany rose because of the [[Great Depression]]. [[Adolf Hitler]], the leader of the [[Nazi Party]], became the [[Chancellor of Germany|German chancellor]] in 1933. After the [[Reichstag fire]], Hitler created a [[totalitarian]] state, in which there was only one party by law.<ref name="Hitler: A study in tyranny" /> Hitler wanted to change the world order and quickly rebuilt the German army, navy, and air force,<ref name="transaction" /> especially after [[Saarland]] voted to return to Germany in 1935. In March 1936, Hitler sent the army to [[Rhineland]]. The [[Spanish Civil War]] began in July 1936. The war ended in 1939 with the Nationalist victory because of support from Italy and Germany. [[File:Stimmzettel-Anschluss.jpg|250px|thumb|right|A voting ballot from Austria that decided if Austria should join Germany]] In March 1938, Germany sent its army into [[Austria]], known as the [[Anschluss]], which had little reaction from European countries<ref name="heinemann" /> since many Austrians wanted to be part of Germany. Soon, Western Europe [[Munich agreement|agreed to give]] the [[Sudetenland]], a part of [[Czechoslovakia]] that was mostly German, to Germany if Hitler promised to stop taking land.<ref name="kershaw" /> However, the rest of the country had been forced to surrender<ref name="kershaw4" /> or be invaded by March 1939.<ref name="victory" /> The Allies now tried to stop him by promising to help [[Poland]] if it was attacked.<ref name="crozier" /> Just before the war, [[Germany]] and the Soviet Union signed a [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact|peace agreement]] that openly stated that they would not attack each other for ten years.<ref name="information" /> Secretly, they also agreed to divide [[Eastern Europe]] between them.<ref name="consultant" /> ==Course of the war== {{see also|Timeline of World War II}} ===War breaks out=== [[File:Second World War Europe.png|thumb|right|200px|Map showing the beginning of World War II in Europe, September 1939.]] World War II began in Europe on 1 September 1939, when Germany [[Invasion of Poland (1939)|invaded Poland]]. On 3 September, Britain and France declared war on Germany. They did not do much to help Poland but sent only a small French attack on Germany from the west.<ref name="google93" /> The [[Soviet Union]] soon invaded eastern Poland, on 17 September.<ref name="google83" /> Finally, all of Poland was divided. Germany then signed an agreement to work together with the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union forced the Baltic countries to allow it to keep Soviet soldiers in their countries.<ref name="google24" /> Finland did not accept the Soviet call, and so [[Winter War|it was attacked]] in November 1939.<ref name="jstor1986" /> With peace, the world war broke out.<ref name="google12" /> France and Britain thought that the Soviet Union might enter the war for Germany and the Soviets were expelled from the [[League of Nations]].<ref name="murray55" /> After Poland was defeated, the [[Phoney War]] began in Western Europe. British soldiers were sent to the Continent, but no large battles were fought between the two sides.<ref name="university5" /> Then, in April 1940, Germany decided to attack [[Norway]] and [[Denmark]] so that it would be safer to transport iron ore from Sweden. The British and the French sent an army to disrupt the German occupation, but had to leave when Germany invaded France.<ref name="williamson" /> [[Neville Chamberlain]] was replaced by [[Winston Churchill]] as British prime minister in May 1940 because of the invasion.<ref name="From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s" /> ===Axis early victories=== [[File:Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png|thumb|left|200px|German troops in Paris after the fall of France.]] On 10 May, Germany [[Battle of France|invaded France]], Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg and quickly defeated them using massive force tactics.<ref name="google68" /> The British were forced to [[Dunkirk evacuation|leave mainland Europe at Dunkirk]]. On 10 June, Italy invaded France, and declared war on France and the United Kingdom. Soon, France was divided into occupation zones. Some were directly controlled by Germany and Italy,<ref name="google311" /> and the other was the zone of unoccupied [[Vichy France]]. By June 1940, the Soviet Union moved its soldiers into the [[Baltic states]] and took them,<ref name="google9" /> followed by [[Bessarabia]] in Romania. Although there had been some collaboration between the Soviet Union and Germany earlier, that event made it serious.<ref name="barbarossa" /><ref name="stalinswars56" /> Later, when both countries could not agree to work more closely together, relationships between them became worse to the point of the war.<ref name="stalinswars59" /> Germany began an [[Battle of Britain|air battle over Britain]] to prepare for [[Operation Sea Lion|a landing on the island]],<ref name="twentieth" /> but the plan was canceled in September when they failed to gain the upper hand. The German Navy destroyed many British ships transporting goods in the Atlantic.<ref name="World War II" /> Italy had begun its operation in the Mediterranean. The United States remained [[Neutrality (international relations)|neutral]] but started to help the Allies. By helping to protect British ships in the Atlantic, the United States found itself fighting German ships by October 1941 but was not officially at war.<ref name="williamson6" /> In September 1940, Italy began to invade British-held Egypt. In October, Italy invaded [[Greece]], but that resulted in only an Italian [[Withdrawal (military)|retreat]] to Italian-occupied [[Albania]].<ref name="university7" /> Again, in early 1941, an Italian army was pushed from Egypt to Libya in Africa, but Germany soon helped Italy. Under [[Erwin Rommel]]'s command, by the end of April 1941, the British were pushed back to Egypt again.<ref name="williamson8" /> Germany also successfully invaded Greece, [[Yugoslavia]] and [[Crete]] by May.<ref name="university9" /> Despite the victories, Hitler decided to cancel the bombing of Britain after 11 May.<ref name="eyewitnesstohistory1940" /> Meanwhile, Japan's progress in China was still not much, although the nationalist and communist Chinese began fighting each other again.<ref name="China: A New History" /> Japan was planning to take over European colonies in Asia while they were weak, and the Soviet Union could feel a danger from Germany and so a non-aggression pact between the Soviets and the Japanese was signed in April 1941.<ref name="nationalism" /> Germany kept preparing to attack the Soviet Union by moving its soldiers close to the Soviet border.<ref name="university10" /> ===War becomes global=== [[File:Eastern Front 1941-06 to 1941-12.png|300px|thumb|The Axis in the Eastern Front: {{legend|#fff8d5|[[Operation Barbarossa]] to 9 July 1941}} {{legend|#ffd2b9|to 1 September 1941}} {{legend|#ebd7ff|to 9 September 1941 (operations around Kiev)}} {{legend|#ccffcd|to 5 December 1941}}]] On 22 June 1941, the European Axis countries [[Operation Barbarossa|attacked the Soviet Union]]. This opened a new [[Eastern Front (World War II)]]. During the summer, the Axis quickly captured Ukraine and the Baltic regions, which caused huge damage to the Soviets. Britain and the Soviet Union formed a military alliance in July.<ref name="Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s" /> Although there was great progress in the last two months, when winter came, the tired German army was forced to delay its attack [[Battle of Moscow|just outside Moscow]].<ref name="reinhardt" /> That showed that the Axis had failed its main targets, and the Soviet army was still not weakened. This marked the end of the [[blitzkrieg]] stage of the war.<ref name="blitzkrieg" /> By December, the Soviet [[Red Army]] facing the Axis army had received more soldiers from the east since it no longer feared the Japanese. The Soviets began a [[counterattack]] and pushed the German army to the west.<ref name="documentary" /> The Axis lost a lot of soldiers but still had most of the land that it already controlled.<ref name="clemson31" /> By November 1941, the British counterattacked the Axis in North Africa and got all the land back that it had lost.<ref name="Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century" /> However, the Axis pushed the Allies back again until it was stopped at El Alamein.<ref name="Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion" /> [[File:The USS Arizona (BB-39) burning after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg|thumb|left|200px|''[[USS Arizona]]'' burning after the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]].]] In Asia, German successes encouraged [[Japan]] to call for oil supplies from the [[Dutch East Indies]].<ref name="review" /> Many Western countries reacted to the occupation of [[French Indochina]] by banning oil trading with Japan.<ref name="encyclopedia" /> Plans to take over European colonies in Asia to create a great defensive area in the Pacific was made by Japan to give it more resources.<ref name="A World At Arms" /> However, before any future invasion, Japan first had to destroy the American Pacific Fleet in the [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref name="opportunities" /> On 7 December 1941, Japan [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attacked Pearl Harbor]] as well as many harbors in several [[South East Asia]]n countries.<ref name="wohlstetter" /> That event led the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and the Western Allies to declare war on Japan, but the Soviet Union remained neutral.<ref name="Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow" /> Most of the Axis nations reacted by declaring war on the United States. By April 1942 the [[Singapore strategy]] had failed and many southeast Asian countries (Burma, Malaya, the Dutch East Indies, and Singapore) had almost fallen to the Japanese.<ref name="harbor" /> In May 1942, the [[Philippines]] fell. The Japanese Navy had many quick victories, but in June 1942, Japan was [[Battle of Midway|defeated at Midway]]. Japan could no longer take the land because a large part of its navy was destroyed during the Battle of Midway. ===Allies advance=== Japan then began its plan to take over [[Papua New Guinea]] again,<ref name="university11" /> and the United States planned to attack the [[Solomon Islands]]. [[Guadalcanal Campaign|The fight at Guadalcanal]] began in September 1942 and involved many troops and ships from both sides. It ended with a Japanese defeat in early 1943.<ref name="historical" /> [[File:RIAN archive 44732 Soviet soldiers attack house.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Soviet soldiers in Stalingrad.]] On the Eastern Front, the Axis defeated Soviet attacks during summer and began its own main offensive to southern Russia along [[Don River|Don]] and [[Volga River]]s in June 1942 to try to take over [[oil field]]s in [[Caucasus]], which were critical to the Axis for fuelling their war effort, and as well as a great [[steppe]]. [[Volgograd|Stalingrad]] (now Volgograd) was in the path of the Axis army, and the Soviets decided to defend the city. By November, the Germans had [[Battle of Stalingrad|nearly taken Stalingrad]], but the Soviets surrounded the Germans in the winter<ref name="hutchinson" /> After heavy losses, the German army was forced to surrender the city in February 1943.<ref name="macmillan" /> Even though the front was pushed back farther than it was before the summer attacks, the [[Wehrmacht|German Army]] still had become dangerous to an area around Kursk.<ref name="generals" /> Hitler devoted almost two-thirds of his armies to The Battle of Stalingrad, which was the largest and deadliest battle of the time. [[File:El Alamein 1942 - British infantry.jpg|thumb|left|200px|British infantry attacks at [[Second Battle of El Alamein|El Alamein]]]] In August 1942, because of the Allied defense at [[El Alamein]], the Axis army failed to take the town. A new [[Second Battle of El Alamein|Allied offensive]] drove the Axis west across Libya a few months later,<ref name="publishing" /> just after the Anglo-American invasion of French North Africa forced it to join the Allies.<ref name="american" /> That led to Axis defeat during the [[North African Campaign]] in May 1943.<ref name="mediterranean" /> In the Soviet Union, on 4 July 1943, Germany started an attack around Kursk. Many German soldiers were lost because of the Soviets' well-created defenses.<ref name="army1986" /><ref name="deception" /> Hitler cancelled the attack before it had any clear outcome.<ref name="kershaw12" /> The Soviets then started their counterattack, which was one of the war's turning points. The Soviets, instead of the Germans, then became the attacking force on the Eastern Front.<ref name="liberation" /><ref name="publishing13" /> On 9 July 1943, affected by the earlier Soviet victories, the Western [[Allied invasion of Sicily|Allies landed on Sicily]], which resulted in the arrest of Mussolini in the same month.<ref name="liberation14" /> In September 1943, the [[Allied invasion of Italy|Allies invaded mainland Italy]], following the Italian [[armistice]] with the Allies.<ref name="amphibious" /> Germany then took control of Italy, disarmed its army,<ref name="richard" /> and built many defensive lines to slow the Allied invasion.<ref name="publishing15" /> German [[special forces]] rescued Mussolini and created the German-occupied [[puppet state]] of the [[Italian Social Republic]].<ref name="blinkhorn" /> In late 1943, Japan conquered some islands in India and began an invasion of the mainland of [[India]]. The [[British Indian Army]] and other forces expelled it in early 1944. [[File:Berlin-Moabit, Royal Air Force Bomber Command, 1942-1945 C4925.jpg|thumb|Aerial vertical taken over the Moabit district of Berlin during a raid by 33 De Havilland Mosquitos of the Late Night Striking Force. The track of a falling target indicator (TI) can be seen on the right, illuminating the River Spree,and the Charlottenburger Chaussee, running from top right through the Tiergarten to the Brandenbruger Tor and Unter den Linden. The other light sources are German searchlights.]] In early 1944, the Soviet army drove off the German army from [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]<ref name="leningrad" /> (now Saint Petersburg) and ended the longest and deadliest [[siege]] in history. After that, the Soviets began a large counterattack. By May, the Soviets had retaken [[Crimea]]. With the attacks in Italy from September 1943, the Allies succeeded in capturing [[Rome]] on 4 June 1944, and made the German forces fall back.<ref name="havighurst" /> The Italians in the far east were in a difficult situation after September 1943. They would neither surrender to Japan nor declare war on Japan. The Chinese leaders moved the headquarter and [[military base]]s to western China. That was due to 6 years' aggression against Japan. They did not pay much attention to Italy during that period of time. Italy declared war against Japan in July 1945.<ref>{{cite web|first=Richard|last=Doody|title= Chronology of World War II Diplomacy 1939 – 1945|work=The World at War worldatwar.net|url= http://worldatwar.net/timeline/other/diplomacy39-45.html|access-date=14 August 2008}}</ref> ===War ends in Europe=== {{Multiple image | image1 = Approaching Omaha.jpg | caption1 = Allied forces arriving [[Normandy]], France, on {{nowrap|D-Day}} (June 6, 1944) | image1 = AmericanAndSovietAtElbe.jpg | caption1 = American and Soviet soldiers meeting east of the [[Elbe]] river, Germany {{nowrap|(April 25, 1945)}} }} 6 June 1944 was [[D-Day]], the day that the Allies began the [[Battle of Normandy|invasion of Normandy, France]]. The codename of the invasion was ''[[Operation Overlord]]''. The successful invasion led to the defeat of the German forces in France. [[Paris]] was freed in August 1944, and the Allies continued eastward while the German front collapsed. Operation Market Garden was the combined aerial invasion of the Netherlands and was launched on 17 September 1944. The purpose was to seize a series of bridges that included a bridge in [[Arnhem]], which spanned the [[Rhine River]]. The airborne invasion was called Market. The ground invasion, named Garden, reached the Rhine but could not take the bridge. On 22 June, the Soviet offensive on the Eastern Front codenamed ''Operation Bagration'', destroyed almost all of the German [[Army Group Centre]].<ref name=":0" /> Soon, the Germans were forced to retreat and to defend Ukraine and Poland. The arriving Soviet troops caused uprisings against the German government in Eastern European countries, but they failed to succeed unless they were helped by the Soviets.<ref name=":1" /> Another Soviet offensive forced Romania and Bulgaria to join the Allies.<ref name=":2" /> Communist Serbian [[partisan]]s under [[Josip Broz Tito]] retook [[Belgrade]] with some help from Bulgaria and the Soviet Union. By early 1945, the Soviets had attacked many German-occupied countries: Greece, Albania, Yugoslavia, and Hungary. The Soviets made Finland switch to the Allies. On 16 December 1944, the Germans tried one last time to take the Western Front by [[Battle of the Bulge|attacking the Allies in Ardennes, Belgium]], in a battle known as the Battle of the Bulge. It was the last major German war attack, and the Germans were unsuccessful in their attack.<ref name="offensive" /> [[File:WWII, Europe, France, "German POWs - Captured Nazi General" - NARA - 195471.jpg|thumb|A German [[general]] as a [[prisoner of war]] with American [[military police]]]] By March 1945, the Soviets had moved quickly from [[Vistula|Vistula River]] in Poland to [[East Prussia]] and [[Vienna]], and the Western Allies had crossed the Rhine. In Italy, the Allies pushed forward while the Soviets [[Battle of Berlin|attacked Berlin]]. The Western Allies eventually met up with the Soviets at the [[Elbe|Elbe River]] on 25 April 1945. Hitler committed [[suicide]] on 30 April 1945, two days after Mussolini had been killed.<ref name="liberation16" /> In his will, Hitler appointed his navy commander, Grand Admiral [[Karl Dönitz|Karl Donitz]], to be his successor.<ref name="kershaw17" /> Donitz surrendered to the allies, and opposed Hitler for wanting Germany to continue fighting. ===End of war in Europe=== German forces in Italy surrendered on 29 April 1945. Germany surrendered to the Western Allies on 7 May 1945, known as V-E Day, and was forced to surrender to the Soviets on 8 May, 1945. The final battle in Europe ended in Czechoslovakia, on 11 May 1945.<ref name="university18" /> [[File:Nagasakibomb.jpg|thumb|A nuclear bomb over [[Nagasaki]]]] ===End of war in Asia=== In the Pacific, American forces arrived in the Philippines in June 1944. By April 1945, American and Philippine forces had cleared many of the Japanese forces, but fighting continued in some parts of the Philippines until the end of the war.<ref name="encyclopedia19" /> British and Chinese forces had advanced in Northern Burma and captured [[Rangoon]] by 3 May 1945.<ref name="university20" /> American forces had taken [[Battle of Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]] by March and [[Battle of Okinawa|Okinawa]] by June 1945.<ref name="publishing21" /> Many Japanese cities were destroyed by Allied bombings, and Japanese imports were cut off by American submarines. The Allies wanted Japan to surrender without conditions, but Japan refused to do so. The United States dropped two [[nuclear bomb|atomic bombs]] over [[Hiroshima]] (6 August 1945) and [[Nagasaki]] (9 August 1945). On 8 August 1945, the Soviets entered the war against Japan and invaded [[Manchuria]] and quickly defeated the primary [[Imperial Japanese Army]] there.<ref name="August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria" /> On 15 August 1945, Japan surrendered to the Allies. The surrender documents were formally signed on board the ''USS Missouri'' on 2 September 1945, which ended the war.<ref name="routledge" /> == Aftermath == The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] managed to occupy [[Austria]] and [[Germany]]. Germany was divided into four. The Soviets controlled the east, and the United States, United Kingdom, and France controlled the west. The Allies began denazification, removing [[Nazi]] ideas from public life in Germany,<ref name="BBCDeN">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwrfj6f/revision/5|publisher=BBC|accessdate=July 22, 2020|title=World War Two and Germany, 1939-1945|archive-date=July 22, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722205321/https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zwrfj6f/revision/5|url-status=live}}</ref> and most high-ranking Nazis were captured and brought to a [[Nuremberg Trials|special court]]. Germany lost a quarter of its land in 1937, mostly to Poland and the Soviet Union. The Soviets also took some parts of Poland<ref name="stalinswars43" /><ref name="stalinswars55" /><ref name="shirer794" /> and Finland<ref name="ckpipe" /> as well as the three Baltic countries.<ref name="wettig20" /><ref name="senn" /> [[File:News. V.E. Day BAnQ P48S1P12270.jpg|thumb|''Montreal Daily Star'': "Germany Quit", 7 May 1945|left]]The [[United Nations]] was formed on 24 October 1945<ref name="www" /> to keep peace between countries in the world.<ref name="evolution" /> However, the relationship between the Western Allies and the [[Soviet Union]] had worsened during the war<ref name="Coming Apart, Coming Together" /> and, soon after it, each power quickly built up their power over the controlled area. In Western Europe and [[West Germany]], it was the United States, while in [[East Germany]] and Eastern Europe, it was the Soviet Union, which turned many countries into [[communist state]]s. The [[Cold War]] led to the formation of the American-led [[NATO]] and the Soviet-led [[Warsaw Pact]].<ref name="Origins of the Cold War: An International History" /> In [[Asia]], Japan was put under American occupation. In 1948, [[Korea]] was divided into [[North Korea]] and [[South Korea]], each claiming to be the legal representative of the Koreans, which led to the [[Korean War]] in 1950.<ref name="The Koreas" /> The civil war in China continued from 1946 and resulted in the KMT retreating to [[Taiwan]] in 1949<ref name="lynch12" /> after the communists had won the mainland. In the [[Middle East]], the Arabs disagreed with the United Nations plan to create [[Israel]], which marked the beginning of conflicts between the Arabs and Israel. {{Multiple image | image1 = Cold war europe military alliances map en.png | caption1 = Military alliances in Europe after the war | image2 = Colonization 1945.png | caption2 = Colonies around the world in 1945. However, many countries in Asia and Africa would become free later. }} After the war, [[decolonization]] took place in many European colonies.<ref name="Decolonization" /> Bad economies and people wanting to rule themselves were the main reasons. In most cases, that happened peacefully, except in some countries, such as [[Indochina]] and [[Algeria]].<ref name="Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts" /> In many regions, European withdrawal caused divisions among the people who had different [[ethnic group]]s or [[religion]]s.<ref name="AP World History: The Best Preparation for the AP World History Exam" /> Economic recovery was different in many parts of the world, but in general, it was quite positive. The United States became richer than any other country; by 1950, it had taken over the world's economy.<ref name="The Economics of World War II: Six great powers in international comparison" /><ref name="The Oxford Companion to World War II" /> It also decided on the [[Marshall Plan]] (1948–1951) to help European countries. The German,<ref name="reconstruction" /> Italian,<ref name="Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress" /><ref name="Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress22" /> and French economies recovered.<ref name="Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies" /> However, the British economy was badly harmed<ref name="Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today" /> and continued to worsen for more than ten years.<ref name="Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance" /> The Soviet economy grew very fast after the war was over.<ref name="Russia And the World Economy: Problems of Integration" /> That also happened with the Japanese economy, which became one of the largest economies in the 1980s.<ref name="Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies23" /> China returned to the same production level as before the war by 1952.<ref name="China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China" /> == Effects == === Death and war crimes === [[File:World War II Casualties.svg|left|450px|World War II death]] The exact number of deaths in the war is not known, because many were unrecorded. Many studies state that more than 60 million people died in the war, mostly civilians. The Soviet Union lost around 27&nbsp;million people,<ref name="google242" /> almost half of the recorded number of deaths,<ref name="Leaders mourn Soviet wartime dead" /> which means that 25% of the Soviets were killed or wounded in the war.<ref name="google204" /> About 85% of the total deaths were on the Allies, and the other 15% were on the Axis. Mostly, people died because they were [[Disease|sick]], [[Starvation|hungry to death]], bombed, or were targets of [[genocide]]. The [[Nazism|Nazis]] selected many groups of people to be killed in what is known as known as ''[[The Holocaust]]''. They killed [[Jews]], [[Roma people|Roma]], [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|Poles]], [[Russians]], [[homosexual]]s, [[Disability|disabled]] people, and other groups.<ref name="The Modern World" /> Around 11 million<ref name="Victims" /> to 17&nbsp;million<ref name="Niewyk45" /> civilians died. Around 7.5&nbsp;million people were killed in China by the Japanese.<ref name="Oxford Companion to World War II" /> The most well-known Japanese crime is the [[Nanking massacre]], in which hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians were [[rape]]d and [[murder]]ed. There were reports that the Germans and Japanese tested [[biological weapon]]s against civilians<ref name="Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing" /> and against [[Prisoner of war|prisoners-of-war]].<ref name="Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW: new evidence" /> Although many Axis war crimes were brought to the first international court,<ref name="Implementing International Humanitarian Law: From the Ad Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court" /> no Allied war crimes were. === Concentration camps and slave work === [[File:Łapanka w Alei 3go Maja (ok. 1941).jpg|thumb|225px|Polish civilians that would be sent to Germany for forced labor.]] Other than the Holocaust, about 12 million people (mostly Eastern Europeans) were forced to work for the German economy.<ref name="compensation" /> German [[concentration camp]]s and Soviet [[gulag]]s caused many deaths. Both sides treated their prisoners of war very badly. That was the case even for Soviet soldiers who survived and returned home. Japanese prisoner-of-war camps, many of which were used as labor camps, also caused many deaths. The death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1%,<ref name="Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines" /> seven times that of prisoners under Germans and Italians.<ref name="Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II" /> More than 10 million Chinese civilians were made slaves and had to work in mines and war factories.<ref name="zhifen2002" /> Between 4 and 10 million people were forced to work in [[Java]].<ref name="indonesiaww2" /> Between 1942 and 1945, US President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] signed an order that made [[Japanese American internment|Japanese Americans go to internment camps]] since he feared that they would help Japan invade the US. Some Germans and Italians were included as well. The Allies agreed that the Soviet Union could use prisoners of war and civilians for [[forced labor]].<ref name="occupation" /> Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955.<ref name="stark1944" /> === Home fronts and production === Before the war in Europe, the Allies had a larger population and economy than the Axis. If colonies were included, the [[GDP]] of the Allies would be twice that of the Axis.<ref name="6Econ3" /> In Asia, however, China had a GDP only 38% higher than Japan if colonies were counted.<ref name="6Econ3"/> The Allied economy and population compared with the Axis lessened with the early Axis victories. However, that was no longer the case after the United States and the Soviet Union joined the Allies in 1941. The Allies had a higher production level than the Axis because of more natural resources. Also, Germany and Japan did not plan for a long war and even had no ability to do so.<ref name="Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present" /><ref name="cox84" /> Both tried to improve their economies by using slave laborers.<ref name="World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration" /> === Women === When men went off to fight for the war, they had to leave their jobs. Women were not usually allowed to fight, so they took over many of the mens' jobs. At factories, women were employed to make bombs, guns, aircraft, and other equipment. In Britain, thousands of women were sent to work on farms as part of the Land Army. Others formed the Women's Royal Naval Service to help with building and repairing ships. Even Princess Elizabeth, who later became [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]], worked as a mechanic to aid the war effort. By 1945, some weapons were being made almost entirely by women. In the beginning, women were rarely used in the labor forces in Germany and Japan.<ref name="Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich" /><ref name="bernstein267" /> However, Allied bombings<ref name="Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich24" /><ref name="The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II" /> and the German change to a war economy made women take a greater part.<ref name="War and Economy in the Third Reich" /> In Britain, women also worked in gathering [[Secret Intelligence Service|intelligence]] at [[Bletchley Park]] and other places. The mass [[evacuation]] of children also had a major impact on the lives of mothers during the war years. === Occupation === Germany had two different ideas of how it would occupy countries. In Western, [[Northern Europe|Northern]], and [[Central Europe]], Germany set economic policies that would make it rich. During the war, the policies brought as much as 40% of total German income.<ref name="milward138" /> In the east, the war against the Soviet Union meant Germany could not use the land to gain resources. The Nazis used their racial policy and murdered a lot of people they thought were non-human. The Resistance, the group of people secretly fighting Germany, could not harm Germany much until 1943.<ref name="hill5" /><ref name="France During World War II: From Defeat to Liberation" /> Japan claimed to free colonized Asian countries from European colonial powers in Asia. Although it was welcomed at first in many territories, its cruel actions soon turned people against it.<ref name = "GSWW6_266" /> During the occupation, Japan used 4 million [[barrel]]s of oil that had been left behind by the Allies. By 1943, Japan produced up to 50 million barrels of oil in the [[Dutch East Indies]], was 76% of its 1940 rate.<ref name="GSWW6_266" /> === Developments in technology === [[File:Ohain USAF He 178 page61.jpg|thumb|200px|Heinkel He 178, the world's first turbojet-power aircraft.]] The war brought new methods for future wars. The air forces improved greatly in fields such as air transport,<ref name="EncWWII_76" /> [[strategic bombing]] to use bombs to destroy industry and morale,<ref name="levine217" /> [[radar]], and weapons for destroying aircraft. [[Jet aircraft]] were developed and were used worldwide in air forces.<ref name="Key Themes of the Twentieth Century: Teacher's Guide" /> At sea, the war focused on using [[aircraft carrier]]s and [[submarine]]s. Aircraft carriers soon replaced [[battleship]]s,<ref name="EncWWII_163" /><ref name="Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft" /><ref name="Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines" /> mainly for being cheaper.<ref name="Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea" /> Submarines, a deadly weapon since World War I,<ref name="Concepts in Submarine Design" /> also played an important part in the war. The British improved weapons for destroying submarines, such as [[sonar]], while the Germans improved submarine tactics.<ref name="Concepts in Submarine Design25" /> The style of war on the land had changed from World War I to be more mobile. [[Tank]]s, which had been used to support [[infantry]], changed to being primary weapons.<ref name="EncWWII_125" /> The tank was improved in speed and firepower during the war. At the start of the war, most commanders thought that using better tanks was the best way to fight enemy tanks.<ref name="EncWWII_108" /> However, early tanks could harm armour only a little. The German idea to avoid letting tanks fight each other meant tanks facing tanks rarely happened. That was a successful tactic in Poland and France.<ref name="EncWWII_125"/> Ways to destroy tanks also improved. Vehicles became more used in the war, infantry remained the main part of the army. [[Submachine gun]]s became widely used, especially in cities and jungles.<ref name="Comp_221" /> The [[assault rifle]], a German development combining [[wikt:feature|feature]]s of the [[rifle]] and [[submachine gun]], became the main weapon for most armies after the war.<ref name="The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine" /> Other developments included better [[encryption]] for secret messages, such as the German [[Enigma (machine)|Enigma]]. Another feature of military [[:wikt:intelligence|intelligence]] was the use of [[:wikt:deception|deception]], especially by the Allies. Others include the first programmable [[computer]]s, modern [[missile]]s and [[rocket]]s, and the [[atomic bomb]]s. == Losses == {{Main|World War II casualties}} === Military losses === Most authorities now agree that of the 30 million Soviets who fought, there were 13.6&nbsp;million military deaths. {| class=wikitable |- !Country!!Killed |- | [[Soviet Union]] | 13,600,000* |- | [[Germany]] | 3,300,000 |- | [[China]] | 1,324,516 |- | [[Japan]] | 1,140,429 |- | [[British Empire]]** | 357,116 |- | [[Romania]] | 350,000 |- | [[Poland]] | 320,000 |- | [[Yugoslavia]] | 305,000 |- | [[United States]] | 292,131 |- | [[Italy]] | 279,800 |} <nowiki>*</nowiki>Total of which 7,800,000 were battlefield deaths<br/> <nowiki>**</nowiki>Including Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, etc. === Civilian losses === Deaths of [[civilian]]<nowiki/>s during this war, many of which resulted from famine and internal purges, such as in China and the Soviet Union, were colossal but less well recorded than those by the fighting forces. Although the figures here are the best available from authoritative sources of the scale of civilian losses, the exact numbers will never be known. {| class=wikitable |- !Country!!Killed |- | [[China]] | 8,000,000 |- | [[Soviet Union]] | 12,500,000 |- | [[Poland]] | 5,300,000 |- | [[Germany]] | 2,350,000 |- | [[Yugoslavia]] | 1,000,000 |- | [[France]] | 470,000 |- | [[Greece]] | 415,000 |- | [[Japan]] | 393,400 |- | [[Romania]] | 340,000 |- | [[Hungary]] | 300,000 |} '''Axis Powers''' [[File:Phot_and_Tojo.jpg|thumb|[[Phraya Phahon Phonphayuhasena]] (far left), [[Thawan Thamrongnawasawat]] (left), and [[Direk Jayanama]] (right) with [[Hideki Tojo]] (center) in Tokyo 1942]] Germany, Italy, Japan, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Thailand, Croatia '''Allied Powers''' United States, British Empire, France, Soviet Union, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Greece, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, South Africa, Yugoslavia There is no exact number of deaths because many were unrecorded. Many studies said that more than 60 million people died in the war, mostly civilians. The Soviet Union lost around 27 million people, almost half of the recorded number of deaths, which means that 25% of the Soviets were killed or wounded in the war. About 85% of the total deaths were on the Allies, and the other 15% were on the Axis. Mostly, people died because they were [[Disease|sick]], [[Starvation|hungry to death]], bombed, or [[Genocide|the wrong ethnicity]]. The [[Nazism|Nazis]] selected many groups of people to be killed in what is known as known as ''[[The Holocaust]]''. They killed [[Jews]], [[Roma people|Roma]], [[Nazi crimes against the Polish nation|Poles]], [[Russians]], [[Homosexual|homosexuals]], and other groups. Around 11 million to 17 million civilians died. Around 7.5 million people were killed in China by the Japanese. The most well-known Japanese crime is the [[Nanking massacre]], in which hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians were [[Rape|raped]] and [[Murder|murdered]]. There were reports that the Germans and Japanese tested [[Biological weapon|biological weapons]] against civilians and against [[Prisoner of war|prisoners-of-war]]. Although many Axis war crimes were brought to the first international court, no Allied war crimes were. == Related pages == {{Sister project links | wikt=no}} * [[World War I]] * [[Fascism]] * [[Nazism]] * [[Militarism]] * [[Communism]] * [[Japanese American internment]] == Notes == {{notelist}} {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{reflist|2|refs= <ref name="6Econ3">{{cite book| last = Harrison| first = Mark| title = The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison| year = 2000| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-78503-7| page = 3 }}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{cite book| last = Zaloga| first = Steven J.| title = Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre|url=https://archive.org/details/bagrationdestruc00zalo| year = 1996| publisher = Osprey Publishing| isbn = 978-1-85532-478-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/bagrationdestruc00zalo/page/n6 7] }}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{cite book| last = Berend| first = Ivan| title = Central and Eastern Europe, 1944-1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery| year = 1996| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-55066-6| page = 8 }}</ref> <ref name=":2">[http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001849/http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm |date=2011-04-30 }}. US Library of Congress. Retrieved November 14, 2009.</ref> <ref name="A World At Arms">{{cite book| last = Weinberg| first = Gerhard L| title = A World at Arms| year = 2005| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-61826-7| page = 310 }}</ref> <ref name="Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft">{{cite book| last1 = Bishop| first1 = Chris| last2 = Chant| first2 = Chris| title = Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft| year = 2004| publisher = Silverdale Books| isbn = 978-1-84509-079-1| page = 7 }}</ref> <ref name="american">{{cite book| last = Ross| first = Steven T.| title = American War Plans, 1941-1945: The Test of Battle| year = 1997| publisher = Psychology Press| isbn = 978-0-7146-4634-3| page = 38 }}</ref> <ref name="amphibious">{{cite book| last = McGowen| first = Tom| title = Assault from the Sea: Amphibious Invasions in the Twentieth Century|url=https://archive.org/details/assaultfromseaam0000mcgo| year = 2002| publisher = Lerner Publications| isbn = 978-0-7613-1811-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/assaultfromseaam0000mcgo/page/43 43] }}</ref> <ref name="AP World History: The Best Preparation for the AP World History Exam">{{cite book| last = Vess| first = Deborah| title = AP World History: The Best Preparation for the AP World History Exam| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1dOLbfnYWvwC&pg=PA564| chapter-format = Google books| accessdate = January 22, 2010| year = 2001| publisher = Research & Education Association| isbn = 978-0-7386-0128-1| page = 564| chapter = Chapter 7, The impact on colonialism: the Middle East, Africa, and Asia in crisis following World War II }}</ref> <ref name="army1986">Glantz. (1986), "[http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306082607/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp |date=2008-03-06 }}", CSI Report No. 11., OCLC 278029256. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</ref> <ref name="August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria">Glantz, David M (2005), {{cite web|url=http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp | title = August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302130751/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp |archivedate = March 2, 2008 }}, Leavenworth Papers (Combined Arms Research Library), OCLC 78918907. 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year = 1995| publisher = Oxford University Press, USA| isbn = 978-0-19-820599-9| page = 26 }}</ref> <ref name="wettig20">{{cite book| last = Wettig| first = Gerhard| title = Stalin and the Cold War in Europe| year = 2008| publisher = Rowman & Littlefield| isbn = 978-0-7425-5542-6| pages = 20–21 }}</ref> <ref name="williamson">Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001), ''A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War'', Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-674-00680-5}}. p.57-63</ref> <ref name="williamson6">Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001). ''A war to be won: fighting the Second World War''. Harvard University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-674-00680-5}}. p. 233-45</ref> <ref name="williamson8">Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001), ''A war to be won: fighting the Second World War'', Harvard University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-674-00680-5}}. p. 263-267.</ref> <ref name="wohlstetter">Wohlstetter, Roberta (1962). ''Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision''. Stanford University Press. pp. 341–43. {{ISBN|978-0-8047-0597-4}}.</ref> <ref name="World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration">{{cite book| last = Unidas| first = Naciones| title = World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration| url = https://archive.org/details/worldeconomicsoc0000unse_z8z1| year = 2005| publisher = United Nations Pubns| isbn = 978-92-1-109147-2| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldeconomicsoc0000unse_z8z1/page/23 23] }}</ref> <ref name="World War II day by day">{{cite book| last = Shaw| first = Anthony| title = World War II day by day| year = 2000| publisher = MBI Publishing| isbn = 978-0-7603-0939-1 }} p. 35</ref> <ref name="World War II">{{cite book| last = Goldstein| first = Margaret J| title = World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/worldwariieurope0000gold| year = 2004| publisher = Twenty-First Century Books| isbn = 978-0-8225-0139-8| page = [https://archive.org/details/worldwariieurope0000gold/page/35 35] }}</ref> <ref name="www">[http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm History of the UN] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218221016/http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm |date=2010-02-18 }}. United Nations. Retrieved January 25, 2010.</ref> <ref name="zhifen2002">{{cite web|last=Ju|url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm|first=Zhifen|title=Japan's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draftees after the outbreak of the Pacific war|work=Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War:Minutes of the June 2002 Conference|publisher=Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences|date=June 2002|accessdate=February 18, 2010|archive-date=May 21, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521093637/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> }} == Other websites == * [http://ww2.war-letters.com/ World War II Letter Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130031752/http://ww2.war-letters.com/ |date=January 30, 2009 }} - Letters from World War Two * [http://ww2db.com/ WW2 Database] - More Info on WW2 * [http://encyc.org/WorldWarII World War II - Encyc] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401051812/http://encyc.org/WorldWarII |date=April 1, 2009 }} * [http://www.otr.net/?p=news Radio News From 1938 to 1945] * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/primaryhistory/world_war2/ Fun facts about WW2 for children] * [https://en.citizendium.org/wiki/World_War_II World War II] -Citizendium {{Middle East conflict}} [[Category:World War II| ]] [[Category:1939]] [[Category:1940]] [[Category:1941]] [[Category:1942]] [[Category:1943]] [[Category:1944]] [[Category:1945]] [[Category:Wars involving Australia]] [[Category:Wars involving Belgium]] [[Category:Wars involving Canada]] [[Category:Wars involving China]] [[Category:Wars involving France]] [[Category:Wars involving Germany]] [[Category:Wars involving Greece]] [[Category:Wars involving Italy]] [[Category:Wars involving Japan]] [[Category:Wars involving the Netherlands]] [[Category:Wars involving South Africa]] [[Category:Wars involving the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom]] [[Category:Wars involving the United States]] me4xtauft6dwkqcxqk1ppe2jzufb60e 4 230222 11024338 11020981 2026-10-09T04:02:23Z ~2026-54195-76 1887356 11024338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading)}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and changing skills below this line. As this page is for changing tests, this page will automatically be cleaned every hour. --> ==My Top 5 Cartoon Crushes by Trevor Davis (Revised)== * 1. Nicole Watterson and Penny Fitzgerald from TAWOG * 2. Ashima from the Great Race * 3. Fluttershy from MIP: FIM * 4. Ariel from the Little Mermaid (1989) * 5. Shego from Kim Possible ==Honorable Mentions== * Aqua from Kingdom Hearts * Lady the Magical Engine from Thomas and the Magic Railroad * Lola Bunny from Space Jam 1 and 2 8svr6ziunrq5yadl6aq6de6wq8z22cx 11024386 11024338 2026-10-09T05:12:20Z Hazard-Bot 138143 Bot: Automatically cleaned 11024386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading)}} <!-- Hello! Feel free to try your formatting and changing skills below this line. As this page is for changing tests, this page will automatically be cleaned every hour. --> 56rlas6191l7pzual9okjhnhj9zhmx7 0 232548 11024045 10973105 2026-10-08T16:15:56Z Eguldager01 1887044 There was a typo 11024045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{merge|List of characters in the Camp Half-Blood series|date=January 2024}} This is a '''list of characters in the ''[[Percy Jackson & the Olympians]]'' series''' of [[fantasy]] novels by the author [[Rick Riordan]]. {{TOClimit|limit=3}} ==Main Characters== * '''[[Percy Jackson (character)|Percy Jackson]]''': The [[protagonist]] and narrator of the series and the son of [[Poseidon]]. Being a child from one of "Big Three" ([[Zeus]], Poseidon, [[Hades]]), Percy is possibly the child referred to within the [[prophecy]], which says that the next half-blood child of the "Big Three" to reach the age of sixteen would make a decision that would either save or destroy [[Olympus]].<ref name="lightningbook">{{cite book| last = Riordan| first = Rick| title = The Lightning Thief| url = https://archive.org/details/percyjacksonligh0000rick| edition = 1| series = Percy Jackson & the Olympians| year = 2005| publisher = Puffin| isbn = 978-0-14-138147-3| page = 375 }}</ref> He was technically only selected to go on two of the five quests in the series, the first being the retrieval of Zeus' master thunderbolt. He is the leader of this quest. In ''The Battle of the Labyrinth'', Percy has to go through the Labyrinth (a big subterranean maze) created by [[Daedalus]], in order to defend the camp against Luke (a son of Hermes and servant of the Titan lord Kronos). The quest in ''The Sea of Monsters'' was actually led by Clarisse (a daughter of Ares), but Percy sneaks out of camp because he needs to find Grover, his best friend/protector. In ''The Titan's Curse'', he is also not selected to go on the quest, but he follows the group because he needed to help Annabeth, who is in love with Percy. Percy has a crush on Annabeth, but his love life has been difficult as a result of Aphrodite's promise she made to him when she met him in the desert. After he helps Zoë, Bianca, Grover, and Thalia, Zoë reluctantly allows him to become the fifth member of their team . He leads the army against Kronos in The Last Olympian.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> He is portrayed by [[Logan Lerman]] in the film adaptation and by Chris McCarrell in the musical. [[Walker Scobell]] is set to portray him in the upcoming TV adaptation on Disney+. * '''[[Annabeth Chase]]''': A daughter of [[Athena]] (goddess of wisdom and battle strategies). She is shown to be somewhat pompous at first, but quickly warms to Percy on their first quest together. Being a daughter of Athena, she is very intelligent and has a fascination with architecture. She ran away from home when she was seven and met Luke and Thalia, who took her with them to get to Camp Half-Blood.<ref name="lightningbook" /> She aids Percy in four of his five quests and is captured in one of them. At first she likes Percy and Luke. But later she gets over Luke and ends up with Percy. He likes her back and gets jealous when she talks about Luke. They become a couple in The Last Olympian.<ref name="lightningbook" /><ref name="LastOlympian"/><ref name="titanscurse" /><ref name="seaofmonstersbook" /><ref name="labyrinth" /> She is portrayed by [[Alexandra Daddario]] in the film adaptation and by Kristin Stokes in the musical. Leah Sava Jeffries is set to portray her in the upcoming TV adaptation on Disney+. * '''[[Grover Underwood]]''': He is a [[satyr]] and Percy Jackson's best friend. He has found the four most powerful demigods of the century (children of the Big Three): Percy Jackson (son of Poseidon), Thalia Grace (daughter of Zeus), and Nico and Bianca di Angelo (children of Hades). Before his death, [[Pan (mythology)|Pan]] (the god of the wild) proclaims Grover as the bravest [[satyr]] and names Grover as his successor to carry on his word to protect the wilderness. The Council of Cloven Elders is angered by this choice. He is the [[boyfriend]] of tree nymph Juniper. He is portrayed [[:en:Brandon_T._Jackson|Brandon T. Jackson]] in the films and is portrayed by George Salazar in the musical. Aryan Simhadri is set to portray him in the upcoming TV adaptation on Disney+. ==Greek gods== * '''[[Aphrodite]]''': The goddess of love and beauty courageousness. She is mentioned in ''[[The Lightning Thief]]'' and appears briefly in ''[[The Titan's Curse]]''. Her children (mostly girls) live in Cabin #10. She wears a red satin dress and has long hair in ringlets. Her appearance changes as Percy looks at her, matching every female he has ever had a crush on (one being [[Annabeth (Percy Jackson)|Annabeth]]). She encourages Percy to pursue a quest for true love. She is shown to have interest in Percy's feelings towards Annabeth and promises to make Percy's love life hard. She appears again at the Council of the Gods and votes to let Percy live.<ref name="titanscurse">{{cite book| last = Riordan| first = Rick| title = The Titan's Curse| url = https://archive.org/details/titanscurse00rior| edition = First| date = April 1, 2007| publisher = Hyperion Books| isbn = 978-0-14-132126-4| page = [https://archive.org/details/titanscurse00rior/page/312 312] }}</ref> Aphrodite is the mother of Silena Beauregard. * '''[[Apollo]]''': The god of the sun and [[archery]]. The campers in Cabin #7 are his children. He drives a flying red convertible, a [[Maserati Spyder]], that glows brightly like the sun. He appears to be about 18 years old and has sandy colored hair and dazzling white teeth. Apollo wears [[Ray-Ban]] sunglasses and sports an [[iPod]]. He also loves to recite [[poetry]], especially [[haiku]]s; Percy describes them as so bad that he would rather be shot by an arrow than listen to one, but [[Zoe Nightshade (Percy Jackson)|Zoë]] says his [[limerick (poetry)|limerick]] days were much worse. Apollo helps [[Perseus Jackson (character)|Percy Jackson]] in ''[[The Titan's Curse]]'' by disguising himself as a homeless man.<ref name="titanscurse" /> Apollo is also the god of prophecy and controls the Oracle. In ''[[The Last Olympian]]'', he heals Annabeth's broken arm after she was thrown into her mother's throne.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''[[Ares]]''': The god of war. His children are the campers in Cabin #5. He first encounters Percy in ''[[The Lightning Thief]]''. Ares drives a huge motorcycle decorated with flames and human skin. He wears red sunglasses that cover his eyes, which are flames. His face is covered with scars from many fights. Once, Ares sends Percy, Grover and Annabeth to retrieve his shield, which he left behind after a date with [[Aphrodite]]. They travel to a [[Tunnel of Love]], which ends up being a trap set by [[Hephaestus]]. He intercepts Zeus's master bolt from Luke in ''The Lightning Thief'' and gives Percy a backpack containing it.<ref name="lightningbook" /> He wants to cause discord among Zeus, Poseidon and Hades. Later, he is overpowered by Percy in a duel.<ref name="lightningbook" /> He curses Percy that his [[sword]] will fail him in battle and departs.<ref name="lightningbook" /> Ares returns with minor roles in ''[[The Sea of Monsters]]'', while talking to Clarisse and ''[[The Titan's Curse]]''. In the book Ares gives Percy the shield and the lightning bolt, but in the movie, Percy gets the lightning bolt from Luke, the son of Hermes. * '''[[Artemis]]''': The goddess of the hunt and the twin sister of Apollo. Cabin #8 at Camp Half-Blood is dedicated to her, though it is unoccupied, except for the rare visits when her group of huntresses stays at the camp, such as in Book 3. She has a prominent role in ''[[The Titan's Curse]]''. Artemis appears to be about 12 years old. She has [[Auburn (color)|auburn]] hair and silvery-yellow eyes the color of the full moon. Artemis leads a group of teenaged girls, the Hunters. The Hunters pledge to give up love in exchange for immortality. The Hunters never grow up and can only die if they are killed in battle or break their oath. Artemis leaves the Hunters to pursue a monster that has the potential to destroy Olympus. She is abducted along with [[Annabeth Chase|Annabeth]] by Atlas and is forced to hold up the sky. She is rescued by Percy who holds the sky for her so she can fight Atlas. Artemis and Percy trick Atlas into holding the sky again. Artemis transforms [[Zoe Nightshade (Percy Jackson)|Zoë]] into a [[constellation]] after she is killed in battle. She seems to like Percy, saying that he's okay for a boy, and later refers to him as a man. She speaks up for Percy, Annabeth and Thalia at the Council of the Gods. She votes for Percy to live. [[Thalia Grace|Thalia]] joins her hunt at the end of ''The Titan's Curse'', preventing her from fulfilling the Oracle's prophecy.<ref name="titanscurse"/> * '''[[Athena]]''': The goddess of wisdom and battle strategy. She first appears in ''[[The Titan's Curse]]'', where she is shown to dislike Percy and his relationship with her daughter, [[Annabeth Chase|Annabeth]].<ref name="titanscurse" /> Athena is described as being beautiful but also serious and foreboding. She has black curly hair and intense gray eyes, almost all of her children who live in Cabin #6 have gray eyes. Athena considers Percy to be very dangerous as he has the potential of fulfilling the Prophecy that a child of one of the Big Three will destroy Olympus. She advises Percy that wise counsel is not always the most popular, and cautions him about his fatal flaw. She also votes not to let Percy live. Percy considers Athena one of the most dangerous beings he has encountered, noting that because of her calculating intelligence, her plans rarely fail. Athena is against Percy and Annabeth's relationship. * '''[[Demeter]]''': The goddess of the harvest. She is first mentioned in ''[[The Sea of Monsters]]'', when Hermes is talking to Percy about the quest.<ref name="seaofmonstersbook" /> She was also one of the goddesses who voted to keep Percy alive in ''[[The Titan's Curse]]''.<ref name="titanscurse" /> Demeter made three brief appearances along with her daughter Persephone in ''[[The Last Olympian]]''. Her children live in Cabin #4.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> Her fictional persona in the Percy Jackson book series is obsessed with cereal. * '''[[Hades]]''': The god of the [[Underworld]]. He is the husband of [[Persephone]] and is Nico and Bianca di Angelo's father. Percy first encounters him in ''[[The Lightning Thief]]'' on his quest to find and return Zeus's master bolt.<ref name="lightningbook"/> In ''[[The Last Olympian]]'', Hades traps Percy when Nico leads him to the Underworld palace. He plans to put him in the dungeon until Nico turns sixteen, so Nico can fulfill the prophecy. He appears again with Persephone and [[Demeter]] to save [[Mount Olympus|Olympus]].<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''[[Hephaestus]]''': The god of [[forging]]. He appears as a minor character in ''[[The Titan's Curse]]''<ref name="titanscurse" /> and as a major one in ''[[The Battle of the Labyrinth]]'' where he helps Percy numerous times.<ref name="labyrinth" /> His children live in Cabin #9. He is the father of [[Charles Beckendorf]]. He was thrown off of [[Mt. Olympus]] when he was born because Hera thought he was hideous and wanted a "perfect" family, though Hera denies it. Hephaestus says that Hera likes telling the story that Zeus threw him off the cliff because "It makes her seem more likable." * '''[[Hera]]''': The goddess of marriage. She plays a small role in ''[[The Titan's Curse]]''<ref name="titanscurse" /> but is one of the gods who help Percy and the others in their quest in ''[[The Battle of the Labyrinth]]''.<ref name="labyrinth" /> At the end of the book, Annabeth and Percy offend her because she did not care that Luke was gone or that [[Daedalus]] and [[Pan (mythology)|Pan]] were both dead. She thought they were better off gone.<ref name="labyrinth" /> Cabin #2 at Camp Half-Blood is dedicated to her, but is perpetually empty; as the goddess of marriage, she has not given birth to any demigods. * '''[[Hermes]]''': The god of travelers, communication, and thieves. He has nearly no role in the first book but is a significant character in the second book where he helps Percy by giving him a flask full of air, backpacks, and his special multi-vitamins, hoping that he will be able to rescue his son, Luke, who had joined the [[Titans]].<ref name="seaofmonstersbook" /> He is also mentioned briefly in ''[[The Titan's Curse]]''. He gets bitter about Luke and gets angry at Annabeth in ''[[The Last Olympian]]'' for not saving his favorite son, Luke, when she had the choice.<ref name="LastOlympian" /> All of his children and the undetermined half-bloods stay in Cabin #11. * '''[[Poseidon]]''': The god of the sea, earthquakes, and horses. He is Percy's father and his children live in Cabin #3. In the first book, he is suspected of having stolen Zeus's master bolt, but Percy proves the claim false.<ref name="lightningbook" /> He appears as a minor character in the next three books. In ''[[The Last Olympian]]'', Percy falls unconscious in the ocean and lands at Poseidon's [[castle]]. Poseidon is at war with [[Oceanus]], the Titan god of the ocean, and makes Percy go back to camp instead of helping him. He is one of the few gods that does not go and help in the effort to defeat [[Typhon]] until Percy tells him that the only way to win is to abandon the sea and fight Typhon.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''[[Persephone]]''': The goddess of springtime and queen of the Underworld. She is married to Hades. Her mother is Demeter, whom she is only allowed to visit in spring and summer. Persephone appears in ''[[The Demigod Files]]'' and ''[[The Last Olympian]]''.<ref name="LastOlympian"/><ref name="demigodfiles">{{cite book| last = Riordan| first = Rick| title = The Demigod Files| url = https://archive.org/details/demigodfiles00rior_0| access-date = 13 November 2009| date = 10 February 2009| publisher = [[Disney Hyperion]]| isbn = 978-1-4231-2166-4| page = [https://archive.org/details/demigodfiles00rior_0/page/n173 160] }}</ref> She is notably much kinder and more beautiful in the spring and summer. * '''[[Zeus]]''': The King of the Gods and the god of the sky. He is a principal character in the first book<ref name="lightningbook" /> but is a minor one in the next four. He is the father of Thalia Grace; his cabin is Cabin #1. Poseidon calls Zeus dramatic, saying that he might do better as the god of theatre. * '''[[Dionysus]]''': The god of [[wine]] and madness. He is the director of [[Camp Half-Blood]], where he was sent by his father [[Zeus]] for chasing an off-limits [[nymph]].<ref name="lightningbook" /> He is shown to hate his job, but he has to remain at Camp Half-Blood for another fifty years (his punishment used to be 100 years). His children live in Cabin #12.<ref name="lightningbook" /> He can be seen playing with the [[Satyr|satyrs]] in camp.<ref name="seaofmonstersbook2">{{cite book| last = Riordan| first = Rick| title = The Sea of Monsters| url = https://archive.org/details/percyjacksonseao0000rior_x0q0| edition = British first| year = 2006| publisher = Puffin| isbn = 978-0-14-138149-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/percyjacksonseao0000rior_x0q0/page/265 265] }}</ref> He appears in all the books. In ''[[The Battle of the Labyrinth]]'', he goes out to search for the minor gods and returns at the end of the book.<ref name="labyrinth2">{{cite book| last = Riordan| first = Rick| title = The Battle of the Labyrinth| year = 2008| publisher = Gardners Books| isbn = 978-0-14-138291-3| page = 342 }}</ref> He rarely bothers to call the campers by their proper names, calling Percy Jackson names such as "Peter Johnson, "Perry Johannson", or "Pierre Jorgenson" throughout the series. He also calls Annabeth "Annie Bell", regardless of the fact that she has been in Camp Half-Blood since she was seven years old. ==Minor gods== * '''[[Aeolus]]''': Greek gods of the winds. They never made an appearance, but they were mentioned in ''[[The Last Olympian]]''. They made it hard for the Titan army to hit Olympus by air. Consequently, it also made it harder for Pegasi to fly.<ref name="LastOlympian" /> * '''[[Deimos (mythology)|Deimos]]''': The god of terror. He appears in ''Percy Jackson and the Stolen Chariot'' in ''[[The Demigod Files]]''. [[Deimos (mythology)|Deimos]] and [[Phobos (mythology)|Phobos]] (his brother) steal [[Ares]]'s war [[chariot]] from [[Clarisse (Percy Jackson)|Clarisse]]. Percy and Clarisse have to get it back to Ares before sunset. On the way, Deimos comes in front of the [[ferry]] that Percy and Clarisse are on while riding a [[sea serpent]]. He comes back later in the [[zoo]], terrorizing Clarisse by shape-shifting into Ares and yelling at her. Clarisse deduces his true identity and defeats him.<ref name="stolenchariot"/> * '''East River''': The minor god of the [[East River]]. He only appears in ''[[The Last Olympian]]''. He dislikes Percy and the [[Hudson River]]. Percy asks him to sink all of the Titan ships that come in his river, and splits the [[sand dollar]] his father gave him for his fifteenth birthday with East River and Hudson so they both agree to his request.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''[[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]]''': Goddess of youth. She was mentioned in a few of the books in lists of which minor Gods had turned over to the Titans' side. * '''[[Hecate]]''': The minor goddess of [[magic]]. Hecate helps [[Kronos]] in ''[[The Last Olympian]]'' by attacking [[Mount Olympus|Olympus]] and making cars stay away from [[Manhattan]].<ref name="LastOlympian"/> She is the mother of C.C. ([[Circe]]), who turns Percy into a [[guinea pig]] in ''[[The Sea of Monsters]]''.<ref name="seaofmonstersbook"/> She is the ruler of the [[empousa]]i, two of which attack Percy in ''[[The Battle of the Labyrinth]]''. * '''[[Hestia]]''': The goddess of [[hearth]] and home. She first appears as a young girl, about 8 years old, who wears a simple brown dress and scarf. Percy sees her when he enters Camp Half-Blood for the first time, but does not speak to her. Percy and Nico encounter her in ''[[The Last Olympian]]'' when she gives them food. She has glowing eyes that remind Percy of a cozy fire. Hestia tends to the hearth in Olympus while the other gods battle [[Typhon]]. Hestia gave up her throne for [[Dionysus]] in order to prevent a civil war among the Olympians. She explains to Percy that one of the greatest powers is to yield in order to retain peace. Percy offers [[Pandora's box]] to Hestia. He tells her that she is the Last Olympian and Hope survives best at the hearth. Hestia accepts, preventing Percy from being tempted to open it. While it is thought that she is weak, it is shown that she is very powerful, as in The Last Olympian, when she is talking to Percy and Nico, she makes a campfire's flames shoot up about sixty feet in the air. Also, she helps Percy when he battles Kronos by making her hearth painfully hot for Kronos when he reaches to get his scythe when it fell into the flames.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''Hudson''': The minor god of the [[Hudson River]]. He first appears in ''[[The Last Olympian]]''. He dislikes Percy and [[East River]]. Percy asks him to sink all of the Titan ships that come in his river, and splits the [[sand dollar]] his father gave him for his fifteenth birthday with East River and Hudson so they both agree to his request.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''[[Iris (mythology)|Iris]]''': The goddess of [[rainbows]]. She helps people deliver messages through Iris messages. Percy uses Iris messages a lot throughout the series by finding a [[rainbow]] and asking Iris to accept his offering. He then throws a golden [[drachma]] into the [[rainbow]], says the name of the person he would like to contact and where the person is, and then he can see and talk to the person. Iris specializes in delivering messages through rainbows. She does not appear in the series but later on gets her own cabin at camp Half-Blood. * '''[[Janus]]''': The roman god of gates, doorways, beginnings and endings. He appears as a minor character in ''[[The Battle of the Labyrinth]]'', where he offers Annabeth a choice between two doors, which represents the situation she was in when she had to make the decision about saving Luke's soul.<ref name="labyrinth" /> He has two faces, and each face seems to think the exact opposite of what the other face thinks. * '''[[Morpheus (mythology)|Morpheus]]''': The god of dreams. He appears in ''[[The Last Olympian]]'', putting all mortals to sleep in [[Manhattan]] before Kronos's army invades Olympus.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> He also puts Grover to sleep, after he tries to defend the forest of [[Central Park]]. * '''[[Melinoe|Melinoë]]''': The goddess of [[ghosts]]. She lives in the [[Underworld]]. Half of her is pale chalky white and the other half is pitch black. She appears in ''[[The Demigod Files]]'' in the [[short story]] ''Percy Jackson and the Sword of Hades''. She scares people by showing them the ghosts of deaths they regret. She shows Thalia her mother and Nico his mother. Percy does not have any ghosts because he has made peace with them.<ref name="swordofhades">{{cite book|title=[[The Demigod Files]]|last=Riordan|first=Rick|date=10 February 2009|publisher=[[Disney Hyperion]]|isbn=978-1-4231-2166-4|volume=Percy Jackson and the Sword of Hades|page=160}}</ref> * '''[[Nemesis (mythology)|Nemesis]]''': The goddess of revenge and balance. She never makes any actual appearances in the books, but she is the mother of Ethan Nakamura, who appears in ''[[The Battle of the Labyrinth]]'' and ''[[The Last Olympian]]''. Ethan mentions her in both ''The Battle of the Labyrinth'' and ''The Last Olympian''. She is mentioned by Grover as a "god" when he talks to Percy at the start of the series. * '''[[Pan (mythology)|Pan]]''': The god of the wild. Satyrs have been looking for him for two thousand years. He appears in ''[[The Battle of the Labyrinth]]''. Once Percy and the others find Pan in ''[[The Battle of the Labyrinth]]'', Pan dies peacefully.<ref name="labyrinth"/> * '''[[Phobos (mythology)|Phobos]]''': The god of fear. He appears in ''Percy Jackson and the Stolen Chariot'' in ''[[The Demigod Files]]''.<ref name="stolenchariot"/> Phobos and his brother [[Deimos (mythology)|Deimos]] (both sons of [[Ares]]) steal Ares's war chariot from Clarisse. Then Clarisse and Percy have to find it. Phobos has the power of showing people their greatest fears. He shows Percy his greatest fear, which is Camp Half-blood catching on fire and burning, when they are fighting in an [[aquarium]] in a [[zoo]]. The word "[[Phobia]]" was named after him. * '''Pompona''': Roman goddess of plenty. A statue of her on top of a hotel comes to life in ''[[The Last Olympian]]''. She becomes upset with Percy when he thinks she is Demeter. She is also cranky because all of the demigods who walk into the hotel ask her to watch their possessions. She is on the side of the Titans.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> ==Titans== * '''[[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]]''': The Titan General. He is the father of Zoë Nightshade and her sisters, the Hesperides. He was imprisoned in [[San Francisco]] upon a mountaintop, forever cursed to uphold the sky. He escaped briefly during ''[[The Titan's Curse]]'' but was cleverly subdued by Artemis and Percy.<ref name="titanscurse" /> He is the father of Calypso. * '''[[Hyperion (mythology)|Hyperion]]''': The Titan of burning light. He appears only in ''[[The Last Olympian]]'' in a battle against Percy. Hyperion has a very fiery temper and dresses in full golden armor. He was defeated by \<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''[[Iapetus (mythology)|Iapetus]]''': The Titan who accompanies Ethan Nakamura in the Underworld in an attempt to steal the Sword of Hades in ''[[The Demigod Files]]''. Percy drags him into the River Lethe and brainwashes him. Percy then tells him he is Bob the Titan.<ref name="swordofhades"/> * '''[[Crius|Krios]]''': Krios is mentioned to be Lord of the South and the Constellations and is only mentioned in one of Percy's dreams, where he is forced to babysit Atlas. He is dissatisfied with his condition because he only wears ram horns, but Hyperion can blow up into flame. He is also mentioned fleeing when Kronos was defeated. He wears armor that has glowing stars on it. Jason Grace is said to have defeated Krios during the Roman invasion and assault of Mount Othrys, which happened at the same time as the Defence of Olympus, led by the Greeks. * '''[[Cronus|Kronos]]''': The Lord of the Titans and the main antagonist of the series. He tries to get Percy to join him and fight against the Olympians. His weapon is a sword named Backbiter remade into the scythe. He is the father of the "Big Three," which are [[Zeus]], [[Poseidon]], and [[Hades]]. He is also the father of [[Demeter]], [[Hera]], [[Chiron]] and [[Hestia]]. He was sent to [[Tartarus]] by his sons and is reforming in ''[[The Sea of Monsters]]'', ''[[The Titan's Curse]]'', and ''[[The Battle of the Labyrinth]]''. When he eventually reforms himself, he takes Luke as his host body. The only reason Luke was not killed during this was because he bore the Curse of [[Achilles]]. In ''The Battle of the Labyrinth'', Kronos is delayed to attack Camp Half-Blood. In the fifth book, Kronos leads the Titans to Olympus while the gods were fighting with Typhon. Later, Annabeth and Percy save Luke, and Luke sacrificed himself to defeat Kronos.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''[[Oceanus]]''': The Titan of the ocean. He did not fight the Olympians in the first war, but in ''[[The Last Olympian]]'', he joins Kronos and is at war with Poseidon. Oceanus joins the side that he thinks will win. After it becomes clear that Kronos had lost the battle, he stops fighting Poseidon and escapes back to the depths of the ocean.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''[[Prometheus]]''': The Titan of forethought (and as Grover says, "Crafty Counsel", with emphasis on "Crafty"). He appeared in ''[[The Last Olympian]]'', where he gives Percy [[Pandora's Box]] (or Pandora's ''[[pithos]]'') which contains the spirit Hope. He fought with Olympians in the first war, then switched sides in the second war because he was sure the Titans would win. He is otherwise neutral, as he always tries to pick the winning side. After Kronos was defeated, he is mentioned to have run away and has sent a list of excuses to the Big Three.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''[[Coeus]]''': The Titan of the North. He appears only in the fourth book of the second series. ==Immortals== * '''[[Calypso (mythology)|Calypso]]''': Calypso first appears in book four. She nurses Percy back to health on her island. She is shown to be in love with Percy, and is heartbroken when he leaves. She is cursed with this as punishment because her father, Atlas, supported the Titans in the first war.<ref name="labyrinth"/> Near the end of ''[[The Last Olympian]]'', she is freed from her punishment as part of Percy's wish. She is immortal and lives on an island that makes anyone who lives there immortal for the time of their stay.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''[[Chiron]]''': In the series, he plays the part of the mentor and activities director to the main protagonist Percy Jackson and the other demigods residing at Camp Half-Blood. In the first book, he appears under the pseudonym of Mr. Brunner. Later, it is revealed that he is the son of Kronos. Chiron is a [[centaur]]; his horse half is a white stallion.<ref name="seaofmonstersbook">{{cite book| last = Riordan| first = Rick| title = The Sea of Monsters| url = https://archive.org/details/percyjacksonseao0000rior_x0q0| edition = British first| year = 2006| publisher = Puffin| isbn = 978-0-14-138149-7| page = [https://archive.org/details/percyjacksonseao0000rior_x0q0/page/265 265] }}</ref> * '''[[Eurytion]]''': A worker of [[Geryon]] and the owner of [[Orthus]]. He is usually seen with a huge club. He is a son of Ares. He is unenthusiastic about and later rebellious against working for Geryon. When Geryon is defeated, he starts planning to take over the Triple G ranch. He gives Annabeth a mechanical spider to find Hephaestus. * '''Phoebe''': The best tracker of Artemis's hunters. She hit the Stoll brothers with arrows in a game of [[Capture the Flag]]. She was supposed to go on the quest in''[[The Titan's Curse]]'', but the Stoll brothers gave her a poisoned (but non-lethal) shirt that prevented her from going. Percy ended up replacing her. * '''Zoë Nightshade''': The lead Huntress of [[Artemis]]. She is a daughter of the Titan General [[Atlas (mythology)|Atlas]] and the sea goddess Pleione. Percy later discovers she made his magic blade, Riptide. She uses a hunting knife and a bow as her weapons. She is a former [[Hesperides|Hesperide]],<ref name="titanscurse" /> but was blotted from history for aiding the half-blood [[Hercules]] in slipping past the dragon [[Ladon (mythology)|Ladon]] and obtaining a golden apple.<ref name="titanscurse" /> Ultimately, a combination of Ladon's poison and her father's attacks kill her.<ref name="titanscurse" /> In remembrance of her sacrifice, Artemis turns her into a constellation, "The Huntress."<ref name="titanscurse" /> ==Demigods== * '''Bianca di Angelo''': A daughter of Hades, and <ref name="titanscurse" /> later, a Huntress of Artemis. After Artemis is kidnapped in ''[[The Titan's Curse]]'', she undertakes the quest to rescue her alongside Percy Jackson, [[Grover Underwood|Grover]], [[Thalia Grace|Thalia]], and [[Zoë Nightshade (Percy Jackson)|Zoë]].<ref name="titanscurse" /> She sacrifices herself to destroy a defunct prototype of [[Talos]] because she stole an item from the Junkyard of the Gods. The item she saved was a statue of Hades.<ref name="titanscurse" /> Nico di Angelo blames Percy for her death and harbors hard feelings for him for a while afterwards. Nico also throws away the Hades statue that Bianca saved when she died. Later, Nico realizes that Hades is their father and that Maria di Angelo was their mother.<ref name="titanscurse" /> * '''Castor''': The son of [[Dionysus]] and the twin brother of Pollux. Castor died during the Battle of the Labyrinth. * '''Charles Beckendorf''': A son of [[Hephaestus]], known to be able to build almost anything. He is lead counselor for Cabin #9. He had a minor role in the first four books in the series, but has a larger role in ''[[The Last Olympian]]''.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> He has a crush on [[Silena Beauregard (Percy Jackson)|Silena Beauregard]], whom he starts dating from the short story ''[[The Bronze Dragon]]'' contained in ''[[The Demigod Files]]''.<ref name="bronzedragon">{{cite book|title=The Demigod Files|last=Riordan|first=Rick|publisher=Hyperion|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4231-2166-4|volume=Percy Jackson and the Bronze Dragon|page=160}}</ref> Most members of Camp Half-Blood call him by his surname, Beckendorf. He sacrifices himself at the beginning of ''[[The Last Olympian]]'' to destroy the ''Princess Andromeda'', a ship that was Kronos' headquarters, unaware that it was actually because of Silena (a spy on the camp) that he lost his life. Beckendorf was named after one of Riordan's former students.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/childrens-books-site/2015/oct/04/rick-riordan-magnus-chase-interview-percy-jackson|title=Rick Riordan: 'I've loved mythology since I was a child'|first=Rick|last=Riordan|date=4 October 2015|work=The Guardian|access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> * '''Clarisse La Rue''': One of the children of Ares and the head of Cabin #5. She is hot-tempered, arrogant, big, tall, strong, and is known to dislike Percy. Despite her brash nature, she is capable of compassion, shown when she cares for Chris Rodriguez, a half-blood who became a traitor and was later found crazed and stumbling within the Labyrinth during his bout of madness. She is later seen holding Chris's hand at a campfire after Dionysus cures him of his madness. She later befriends [[#S|Silena Beauregard]], apparently after Silena gives her advice on her first boyfriend. She and her cabin later fight with the Apollo cabin because of a flying chariot. She and her cabin later do not join in the battle of Manhattan because of the chariot, though Michael Yew gives it to them. Silena later impersonates her to bring the Ares cabin into the battle by taking her armor and spear. Later, Silena is killed by a drakon while she leads the cabin into fighting. Clarisse then grabs her spear back, runs up the drakon and stabs its eye, fully blinding it (Percy already blinded the other eye). The spear then breaks, electrocuting, and killing, the drakon. She then runs at Kronos's armies, acting as invulnerable as Percy is even though she does not have the Curse of Achilles. Percy recognizes that an aura around her highly resembles that of Ares when Percy fought him. Thalia remarks that it is a [[blessing]] of Ares and that she has never seen it before in person. She is later frozen by a giant, and, after thawing, is welcomed to Olympus by her father, who is very proud of her.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''Chris Rodriguez''': An undetermined half-blood who had gone to Kronos's side until having gone completely insane in the Labyrinth. Clarisse finds him and Dionysus makes him normal again. He later has a relationship with Clarisse.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''Connor Stoll''': One of the children of [[Hermes]]. He is brother to [[#T|Travis Stoll]]. Both are known to be crafty and mischievous. He and his brother's shenanigans incapacitated a member of Artemis's Huntresses, which enabled Percy to join the quest of ''[[The Titan's Curse]]''.<ref name="titanscurse"/> He and his brother have a larger role in ''[[The Last Olympian]]'' and both survive.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> He and his brother head Cabin #11 after Luke goes over to Kronos. Connor was named after one of Riordan's former students.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite tweet |user=Camphalfblood |number=234265864986312704 |date = 11 August 2012 |title=Just ran into my former students, the real Travis and Conner Stoll. Cool to see them now in college & doing great!}}</ref> * '''[[Daedalus]]''': Inventor of the [[Labyrinth]] and son of [[Athena]], he killed his nephew and took his notes, which he then used to cast his animus (soul) into [[automaton]]s after Athena branded him with the murderer's hand. He originally owned a [[hellhound]] named [[Mrs. O'Leary (Percy Jackson)|Mrs. O'Leary]] and fights the Titan army toward the end of the fourth book. He later decides that it is time to go to the Underworld and leaves. He gave his laptop to Annabeth. It is filled with his notes and ideas.<ref name="labyrinth"/> * '''Ethan Nakamura''': A son of [[Nemesis (mythology)|Nemesis]] who feels that his mother is unappreciated and fights for her. She took his eye in return for the promise that Ethan would change the world. He turned to Kronos' side after Percy saved his life by letting him live after a duel. After the duel, he pledges himself to Kronos, the last half blood needed for his resurrection. In ''[[The Last Olympian]]'', he tries to stab Percy in the small of his back (his Achilles spot), but Annabeth leaps in front of the dagger, and Kronos believes that he tried to stab Percy's Achilles spot. He is in the truce party along with the Empousa queen and Prometheus. Ethan later figures out that the small of Percy's back was his Achilles spot, but instead of killing him, he tries to kill Kronos. Kronos laughs, and kills him easily. Ethan's last words were "Deserve better...if they [the minor gods] just...had thrones..."<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''Jake Mason''': A son of Hephaestus. He becomes the head of Hephaestus' cabin after the death of Charles Beckendorf in The Last Olympian. He fights in the war between the gods and Titans.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''Katie Gardner''': A daughter of Demeter and the head of her cabin. She fights in and survives the war between the god and the titans. She strongly dislikes Connor and Travis Stoll, because they once put chocolate [[Easter]] bunnies on the Demeter cabin's grass roof.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''[[Luke (Percy Jackson)|Luke Castellan]]''': One of [[Hermes]]'s children and a major antagonist of the series. Though initially the counselor of Cabin #11 and an ally to Percy, he revealed his true nature as a high-ranking member of Kronos's army by attempting to kill Percy at the end of ''[[The Lightning Thief]]'', and on several occasions afterwards.<ref name="lightningbook"/> He is shown to harbor a great bitterness towards the gods (particularly his father, Hermes) for what he regards as abandonment. His mom is driven crazy because she tried to become the Oracle. After reforming, Kronos took Luke's body as his own but when he saw Annabeth and the knife he gave her, he remembered his promise to Annabeth that he would never harm her. After Percy made his choice to give Luke the knife, Luke kills himself by stabbing his own Achilles spot to destroy Kronos, fulfill the prophecy, and become the hero of the war.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> It is unclear but sort of obvious that he likes Annabeth Chase because he tries to save her from being killed by Atlas in ''[[The Titan's Curse]]''.<ref name="titanscurse"/> * '''Lee Fletcher''': A son of Apollo. He was the original head of Cabin #7 before he was killed in ''The Battle of the Labyrinth''.<ref name="labyrinth"/> * '''Michael Yew''': A son of [[Apollo]]. He is the leader of the Apollo Cabin after Lee Fletcher died in ''[[The Battle of the Labyrinth]]''. He is described as very short, four foot six, with personality that makes up for his height. Percy finds that very interesting that he's the counseler. He is killed leading a group of demigods in the fight against Kronos' army. Percy looked everywhere for him, but his body was not recovered at the time.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''Malcolm Pace''': A son of [[Athena]]. He is the assistant counselor of the Athena cabin. He leads Athena's cabin to a bridge or tunnel in ''[[The Last Olympian]]''.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> He walks in on Percy and Annabeth hugging in The Battle of The Labyrinth. * '''Mark''': A son of [[Ares]]. He is mentioned by Percy once in ''[[The Demigod Files]]'' in the short story ''Percy Jackson and the Stolen Chariot'' when Percy asks Clarisse which of her brothers played a prank on her.<ref name="stolenchariot"/> He may have been the one that Percy awoke from a midday nap in ''[[The Titan's Curse]]''.<ref name="titanscurse"/> * '''[[Nico di Angelo]]''': A son of [[Hades]]. When his sister [[Bianca di Angelo (Percy Jackson)|Bianca]] dies, he blames Percy and vows revenge.<ref name="titanscurse"/> In the fourth book, Percy sees an Iris message from ''[[Bianca]]'' of Nico talking to a spirit while in the Underworld. Nico returns at the Triple G Ranch and then leaves it to avoid Percy and friends, from whom he has just discovered were not responsible for the death of Bianca. He comes back again and saves Percy, Rachel, Grover, Annabeth, and Tyson from Kronos, the Lord of Time. Doing this, Nico exposes the fact that his father is Hades, making him vulnerable; Kronos will try to bring him to his side because he is a son of one of the Big Three. He also fights in the Battle of the Labyrinth, leading an army of ghostly soldiers, but later disappears after noting that he is not welcomed at Camp Half-Blood, much like his father is not welcomed at Olympus. He reappears several months later and informs Percy of a plan that could lead to sending Kronos back to Tartarus.<ref name="labyrinth"/> In the final book, he convinces Percy to bathe in the River Styx, making him undefeatable, but not before taking Percy to Hades in exchange for information about his mother. He later rescues Percy, and convinces his father Hades to help defend Olympus.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''Pollux''': The son of [[Dionysus]] and the twin brother of Castor. He and his brother are described as blond, athletic, plump faced and good looking. He fights and survives the war between the Titans and the Gods, making his father secretly happy.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''Silena Beauregard''': A daughter of [[Aphrodite]] and the head of Cabin #10. Percy regards her as one of the nicer girls of the cabin and acknowledges that she is pretty, but still finds her to be a "neat freak". She participates in the Battle of the Labyrinth.<ref name="labyrinth"/> She does not think that she is a good fighter and feels that she does not do anyone any good at camp. She unveils her hatred towards the hunters of Artemis, who say that love is worthless, to which she responds by stating that she is going to "pulverize" them. Silena is killed by a drakon when she fights it pretending to be Clarisse in ''[[The Last Olympian]]''. It is also revealed in ''The Last Olympian'' that she was the spy giving [[Cronus|Kronos]] information about what was going on at Camp Half-Blood, though when the Stoll brothers ask Percy about it, he will not let Silena be remembered that way. She did, however, want to stop being the spy when her boyfriend Charles Beckendorf died (charming her with his looks, Luke had promised that fewer lives would be lost and that Charles would be safe), but was blackmailed by Luke, when he threatened to reveal her betrayal. This causes Silena to become even weaker or as Percy described, "She looked like glass. Like she was going to break at any time." Percy also notes that no one says the word "spy" during the burning of her shroud.<ref name=LastOlympian/> * '''Sherman''': A son of [[Ares]]. He, like Mark (another son of Ares), is mentioned by Percy in ''[[The Demigod Files]]'' in the short story ''Percy Jackson and the Stolen Chariot'', when Percy asks Clarisse which of her brothers played a prank on her.<ref name="stolenchariot">{{cite book| last = Riordan| first = Rick| title = The Demigod Files| url = https://archive.org/details/demigodfiles00rior_0| access-date = 13 November 2009| date = 10 February 2009| publisher = [[Disney Hyperion]]| isbn = 978-1-4231-2166-4| page = [https://archive.org/details/demigodfiles00rior_0/page/n173 160]| chapter = Percy Jackson and the Stolen Chariot }}</ref> He also may have been the one that Percy awoke from a midday nap in ''[[The Titan's Curse]]''.<ref name="titanscurse"/> * '''[[Thalia Grace]]''': A daughter of Zeus. Grover Underwood was assigned to watch over her when she ran away from home at ten years old.<ref name="titanscurse" /> On her journey, she met Luke Castellan and Annabeth Chase. They also had brief encounters with the Hunters of Artemis and she was enticed to join by Zoë Nightshade. When she was twelve, they were all soon attacked by a herd of monsters and caught by a Cyclops in New York. She was captured, but thanks to Annabeth, was freed.<ref name="seaofmonstersbook" /> They escaped, but found that the monsters they had briefly escaped caught up to them. As they reached Half-Blood Hill, Thalia sent Luke, Grover, and Annabeth over the boundary line while she faced the monsters.<ref name="lightningbook" /> She sacrificed her life for her friends, and her father, Zeus, took pity on her and transformed her to a pine tree. She is later brought back to life by the [[Golden Fleece]] and joins the quest in the third book where she ultimately joins the Hunters, taking the place of Zoë Nightshade.<ref name="titanscurse" /> * '''Travis Stoll''': One of the children of [[Hermes]]. He and his brother become the new counselors of Cabin #11 after Luke went to Kronos. Travis is the older brother of [[#C|Connor Stoll]]. Both are known to be crafty and mischievous. Percy finds it ironic that their last name is Stoll, like the word 'stole'. His and his brother's shenanigans incapacitated a member of Artemis's Huntresses, which enabled Percy to join the quest of ''[[The Titan's Curse]]''.<ref name="titanscurse"/> He and his brother have a larger role in ''[[The Last Olympian]]'' and both survive. Travis Stoll is often confused as Connor Stoll's twin, whereas Travis is actually older than Connor.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> Both Travis and Connor were named after two of Riordan's former students. <ref name="autogenerated1"/> * '''[[Tyson the Cyclops|Tyson]]''': He is a Cyclops, the son of Poseidon and a Nature Spirit. Technically he is not a demigod, but at camp he lives in Percy's cabin. He first appears in ''[[The Sea of Monsters]]'' as a homeless boy. He is afraid of Grover while Grover is also afraid of him.<ref name="seaofmonstersbook"/> * '''Will Solace''': He is a son of Apollo whom Percy took to heal Annabeth in ''[[The Last Olympian]]''.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> ==Monsters== * '''Briares''': He first appears in ''[[The Battle of the Labyrinth]]'' when [[Percy Jackson (character)|Percy]], [[Annabeth Chase|Annabeth]], [[Tyson the Cyclops|Tyson]], and [[Grover Underwood (Percy Jackson)|Grover]] rescue him from [[Alcatraz]], where he is being held prisoner by [[Campe|Kampe]].<ref name="labyrinth"/> Briares is one of the three [[Hecatonchires]] ("the Hundred-Handed Ones"), elder brothers to the [[Cyclops|Cyclopes]].<ref name="theogony">{{cite book|title=[[Theogony]]|author=[[Hesiod]]|page=147ff|language=grc}}</ref> His siblings are Kottos and Gyes.<ref name="biblio">{{cite book|author=Apollodorus|title=Bibliotheca|chapter=I.1.1|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Apollod.+1.1.1|access-date=13 November 2009}}</ref> Like all other Hundred-Handed Ones, he has fifty different "faces" indicative of his moods.<ref name="theogony"/><ref name="biblio"/> He is very frightened and timid due to his years of imprisonment and feels that he is of no use. Because of this, he runs away from Percy and his companions in the mazelike Labyrinth. However, [[Daedalus]] finds him and they both show up to fight for the Olympians in the battle at Camp Half-Blood at the end of ''[[The Battle of the Labyrinth]]''. Briares seizes the chance to bury Kampe under a pile of rocks. At the end of ''[[The Battle of the Labyrinth]]'', he goes to help the Cyclopes in Poseidon's forge.<ref name="labyrinth"/> In ''[[The Last Olympian]]'', Briares is shown fighting alongside Poseidon.<ref name="LastOlympian">{{cite book|title=The Last Olympian|url=https://archive.org/details/lastolympian0000rior_e6t8|last=Riordan|first=Rick|date=5 May 2009|publisher=[[Disney Hyperion]]|isbn=978-1-4231-0147-5|series=[[Percy Jackson and the Olympians]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/lastolympian0000rior_e6t8/page/380 381]|oclc=299578184}}</ref> * '''[[Cerberus]]''': The three headed dog who guards the Underworld entrance to the living. In ''[[The Lightning Thief]]'', he befriends Annabeth. He also appears in "[[The Last Olympian]]" when he is playing with Mrs. O'Leary. He is the son of [[Echidna (mythology)|Echidna]] and [[Typhon]].<ref name="lightningbook"/> * '''[[Charybdis]]''': One of the two monsters (the other being Scylla) that live on either side of a narrow channel of water. She takes the form of a giant mouth that swallows and releases water, creating whirlpools. * '''[[Chimera (mythology)|Chimera]]''': A three-headed beast that is part lion, part goat, and has a snake-headed tail. It is first seen in the form of a Chihuahua. It confronted Percy atop the [[St. Louis Arch]] alongside its mother, Echidna. Overwhelmed by the creature and poisoned by its snake head, Percy was forced to jump into the water far below to escape it. Disappeared after Percy dove into the water * '''[[Crommyonian Sow|Clazmonian Sow]]''': A flying pig that appeared directly after [[Hyperion]] was defeated. Annabeth doesn't believe that anybody has defeated it, but [[Theseus]] defeated it in mythology. Percy defeats it with the help of Blackjack, a statue of Hermes, and two stone lion statues. * '''[[Cyclops]]''': One eyed-giants who are brutal and savage by nature. The majority are sons of Poseidon, and thus Percy's half-brothers by default. The only exception to their savagery is [[Tyson the Cyclops|Tyson]], who is kind and gentle and extremely fond of Percy and Annabeth. He later visits Poseidon's kingdom to work in the Cyclopes' Forges. * '''[[Dracaenae]]''': Snake women who make up a considerable portion of the Titan Lord's forces. * '''Dr. Thorn''': He is the vice principal of Westover Hall, the school that Bianca and Nico di Angelo attended. He has two eyes of different colors, one blue and one brown. His nostrils flare up when he talks. His true form is a [[manticore]].<ref name="titanscurse"/> * '''[[Echidna (mythology)|Echidna]]''': Part woman, part snake. She is the wife of Typhon and the mother of Cerberus, Chimera, Hydra, Nemean Lion, and Ladon, as well as several others not in the series. She is first seen as an old lady that owned the chihuahua that was actually Chimera in disguise. She assisted Chimera in fighting Percy at the top of the St. Louis Arch.<ref name="lightningbook"/> * '''[[Empousa]]i''': Seductive shape-shifting beast women who are similar in appearance to vampires with both shaggy donkey legs and bronze legs. Two, Tammi and Kelli, pose as cheerleaders in ''[[The Battle of the Labyrinth]]''.<ref name="labyrinth"/> In ''[[The Last Olympian]]'', the Empousa queen appears as part of the truce party along with [[Prometheus]] and Ethan Nakumura.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''The [[Fates]]''': The three women who control the threads of life. * '''The [[Erinyes|Furries]]''': [[Alecto]], one of the Furries, acted as Percy's pre-algebra teacher Mrs. Dodds in the first book. She is Hades' main servant. The Furries act as Hades' minions and personally searched for Hades' Helm of Darkness, thinking that Percy had stolen it.<ref name="lightningbook"/> * '''[[Hellhound]]s''': Hellhounds are a main part of Luke's army and monsters in general. They are described as very large black dogs that have fire glowing in their eyes. They were also mentioned to live in the Fields of Punishment. Daedalus owns a hellhound named [[Mrs. O'Leary (Percy Jackson)|Mrs. O'Leary]], who, unlike her relatives, is loving and loyal.<ref name="labyrinth"/> * '''[[Hecatonchires|Hekatonkheires]]''': Hundred-Handed Ones; [[Giant (mythology)|giants]] of incredible strength, superior even to the [[Cyclops|Cyclopes]]. They are taller than [[mountain]]s.<ref name="labyrinth">{{cite book| last = Riordan| first = Rick| title = The Battle of the Labyrinth| year = 2008| publisher = Gardners Books| isbn = 978-0-14-138291-3| page = 342 }}</ref> The last one, [[Briares]], was imprisoned by [[Kampe]] in the fourth book.<ref name="labyrinth" /> When Tyson finds that Briares is too afraid to escape, he is heartbroken.<ref name="labyrinth" /> At the end, Briares returns helps defeat Luke and the Titans.<ref name="labyrinth" /> In ''[[The Last Olympian]]'', Percy sees Briares helping Poseidon defeat the forces of Oceanus.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''[[Hyperborea]]ns''': Ice giants who freeze into ice when defeated. They side with Kronos in ''[[The Last Olympian]]''.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''[[Lernaean Hydra|Hydra]]''': A monster with nine of heads. Every time a head is chopped off, two new heads grow back. This monster appears in ''The Sea of Monsters''. * '''[[Campe|Kampe]]''': A snake-haired, [[centauroid creature]] that is half-woman, half dragon with wings and the heads of various mutated wild animals growing from her human torso. She is a monster that imprisoned the Hundred-Handed Ones and Cyclopes during the First Great War. She is feared by all, and is defeated by Briares in the "Battle of the Labyrinth" by being crushed by boulders. * '''[[Laestrygonians|Laistrygonians]]''': Large, muscular cannibals who serve as the brawn of Kronos's army. In ''The Sea of Monsters'' and in ''The Son of Neptune'', they are referred to as "Canadians" even though it annoys Frank, who is Canadian. * '''[[Ladon (mythology)|Ladon]]''': The giant dragon who is one of the offspring of Echidna. It defends the Hesperides' apple tree. Ladon poisons Zoë Nightshade in ''[[The Titan's Curse]]''.<ref name="titanscurse"/> * '''[[Manticore]]''': These monsters have human faces and the bodies of lions as well as thorny tails. Dr. Thorn is a manticore.<ref name="titanscurse"/> * '''[[Medusa]]''': The [[gorgon]] monster who, under the moniker of "Aunty Em", attempted to lull Percy, Annabeth, and Grover into a false sense of security and turn them into stone statues. She is defeated, and her severed head is mailed to the gods of Olympus as proof of the trio's courage (though Grover notes that it is more akin to impertinence). Percy's mom uses her head to turn [[Gabe Ugliano (Percy Jackson)|Gabe Ugliano]] to stone. * '''[[Minotaur]]''': The monster of the labyrinth that chased Percy all the way to Camp Half-Blood. He defeats the monster atop Half-Blood hill and claims its broken horn as a spoil of war.<ref name="lightningbook"/> The Minotaur returns in ''[[The Last Olympian]]'' as a general for Kronos's army at [[Williamsburg Bridge]], only to be defeated again.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''Mrs. O'Leary''': Mrs. O'Leary is the one of the only friendly [[hellhound|hellhounds]] to ever exist. Quintus ([[Daedalus]]) was her original owner, but, after asking [[Nico Di Angelo|Nico di Angelo]] to kill him, Percy becomes the hellhound's owner. While Percy is in the "mortal world", [[Charles Beckendorf]] takes care of her at Camp Half-Blood.<ref name="labyrinth"/> * '''[[Nemean lion|Nemean Lion]]''': A lion that is one of the children of Echidna and Typhon. Luke and Atlas sent the Nemean Lion to the [[National Air and Space Museum|National Air and Space museum]] to stop the group of questing Hunters and Demigods. It battled with Percy Jackson, but was hard to defeat because of its bulletproof and swordproof pelt. Percy eventually defeated it by throwing astronaut food into its mouth to expose it's one unprotected surface, it's mouth. * '''[[Ophiotaurus]]''': A half-cow half-snake monster. It is an ancient monster that could bring down the gods if it was slain and its entrails were sacrificed. It was nicknamed Bessie by [[Percy Jackson]] who initially assumed it was female, although Grover later informed him that it was a male. Percy saved it from a trawler's net after being fetched by the [[Hippocamp]]i. * '''[[Siren]]s''': Dangerous bird-women whose sweet songs have led many sailors to watery deaths. Their hymn is almost Annabeth's undoing.<ref name="seaofmonstersbook"/> * '''[[Scylla]]''': One of the two monsters (the other being Charybdis) that live on either side of a narrow channel of water. Should a ship sail to close to her, she uses her six heads to pluck off crew members upon deck and devour them. * '''[[Telchines|Telekhines]]''': Dog-faced sea demons that reforged Kronos's blade in the fourth book. Some set Percy on fire in the fourth book. They also appear in the fifth book. In the fourth book, they are referred to as "telekhines", however in the fifth book, they are referred to as "telkhines", without the other "e". This may be a [[typographical error]] or something different of the author's choice. * '''[[Typhon]]''': A very powerful monster. He sired many monsters by Echidna. He lives and sleeps inside [[Mount Saint Helens]]. Percy is such a powerful [[demigod]] that he almost wakes [[Typhon]] during his visit there. In ''[[The Last Olympian]]'', he awakens and moves across America while destroying everything in his path. The gods of [[Mount Olympus|Olympus]] try to stop him but he is too powerful. In the end, Poseidon and his army come to help defeat him.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> ==Mortals== * '''Darrin''': One of the many people in the Lotus Casino. He is described as about thirteen, and "some [[Elvis impersonator]]'s son". Percy meets him at a [[Virtual reality]] shooter game. He has apparently been in the Lotus Casino since 1977. * '''Gabriel "Gabe" Ugliano''': Known as "Smelly Gabe," he is Percy's [[stepfather]]. During summer break from school, Gabe asks him for money for beer and for his poker games with his friends.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rickriordan.com/index.php/books-for-children/a-teachers-guide-to-percy/rationale/ |title=Rick Riordan, Books for children. |access-date=2010-03-15 |archive-date=2009-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601054722/http://www.rickriordan.com/index.php/books-for-children/a-teachers-guide-to-percy/rationale/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is implied that, at least once, he hit Percy's mother. Grover later tells Percy that Sally (Percy's mother) married Gabe to protect Percy from monsters who would have tracked him down otherwise. He stinks so bad that his smell confuses monsters and they could not smell him. If she did not marry him, monsters would have found Percy a very long time ago. At the end of Book 1, he is turned to stone by Percy's mother (using [[Medusa (mythology)|Medusa]]'s severed head) and sold as a statue, "The Poker Player", earning lots of money in the process.<ref name="lightningbook"/> * '''May Castellan''': Luke's mother who had attempted to become the new Oracle of Apollo. Since Hades' curse prevents her from taking it, she was driven crazy and receives small glimpses of her son's future.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''Dr. Frederick Chase''': Annabeth's father and he first appears in ''The Titan's Curse''. He allows Percy, Thalia, Zoë, and Grover to borrow his car to drive to [[Mount Tamalpais|Mt. Tamalpais]] ([[Mount Othrys]]). Annabeth's father is a professor who knows a lot about war. He also owns a plane. He and his daughter have had a lot of problems in the past, which is why she ran away home when she was seven years old. He lives in [[San Francisco]] with his wife and two sons. In ''The Titan's Curse'', he helps Annabeth and Percy battle Atlas and his troops. * '''Mrs. Dare''': Rachel's mother. She briefly appears in ''The Last Olympian''. She went to Clarion Ladies' Academy, a finishing school for society girls in [[New Hampshire]], and wants Rachel to go there as well.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''Nancy Bobofit''': A freckled, redheaded, [[kleptomania]]c girl that went to Yancy Academy with Percy in ''The Lightning Thief''. Percy finds her very unkind and annoying. She bullies Grover and Percy at any chance she has. She only appears in the first few chapters of Book 1.<ref name="lightningbook"/> * '''Paul Blofis''': Sally Jackson's boyfriend and later [[fiancé]], and thus Percy's stepfather. Percy and his mother reveal to Paul the truth, and at first he only half believes them. When Percy, Nico, and Mrs. O'Leary come unexpectedly into Sally's apartment, Paul fully believes, and thinks it's "awesome!". Paul turns out to be an excellent swordsman and assists in the fight to save Olympus in ''The Last Olympian''. He seems to have a good father-son relationship with Percy.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''Preacher''': A [[preacher]] who raised money supposedly for [[orphan]]s and spent it instead on his [[mansion]]. He died in a police chase when he drove his "[[Lamborghini]] for the Lord" off a cliff. He was sent to [[Greek underworld|the Fields of Punishment]], but believed that he was in the [[Hell in Christian beliefs|Christian hell]].<ref name="lightningbook"/> * '''[[Rachel Elizabeth Dare (Percy Jackson)|Rachel Elizabeth Dare]]''': A clear-sighted mortal girl who is able to see through the Mist. She is first encountered by Percy during ''[[The Titan's Curse]]'' as he flees from the skeletons summoned by Atlas. After mistaking her for a monster and realizing she is human, Percy discovers that she can see through the mist. She leads the skeletons away from Percy.<ref name="titanscurse"/> Rachel is encountered again in ''[[The Battle of the Labyrinth]]'' and aids Annabeth and Percy through the labyrinth. Later, at Percy's request, she uses her clear sight to guide them through the labyrinth to [[Daedalus]]'s workshop, from where she, Percy, Annabeth, and Nico escape, only to enter again to locate Grover and Tyson. She is present at the deathbed of [[Pan (mythology)|Lord Pan]] and, like the others, takes part of his essence within her. By throwing her hairbrush at Kronos, she provided enough of a distraction for Percy to escape the Titan Lord's time manipulation. It is hinted throughout the series that she harbors romantic feelings for Percy.<ref name="labyrinth"/> In ''[[The Last Olympian]]'', she turns into the Oracle, who should stay as a single woman (unless they are already married).<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''Sally Jackson''': The daughter of Jim and Laura Jackson, who died in a plane crash. She is the mother of Percy; she was married to Gabe, then turned him to stone with the head of Medusa, and marries Paul Blofis in the fifth book.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> In the beginning of the series, it is indicated that Sally works at a candy shop called "Sweet on America" and said that she wanted to be an author when she was young.<ref name="lightningbook"/> In the third book, Percy guesses that Sally can see through the Mist and she says that was probably the reason Poseidon took interest in her. She said that Poseidon was walking along Montauk Beach when she asked him why he had a trident in his hand. They fell in love in the middle of the conversation.<ref name="labyrinth"/> * '''William Dare''': He is [[Rachel Elizabeth Dare (Percy Jackson)|Rachel Elizabeth Dare]]'s father and first appears is in ''The Last Olympian''. He owns a land developing company and is very wealthy. His family lives in a mansion in [[Brooklyn]], where Rachel lives on the top floor. Rachel hates her father because of his job, but he seems to care about her. He said him and her mother had really been looking forward to the vacation, but, according to Rachel, they both hate the beach, and are just too stubborn to admit it. He walked into Rachel's room in Percy's dream, wearing pajamas with "WD" monogrammed on the pocket.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''[[Sisyphus]]''': A man that cheated death many times. His punishment in The Fields of Punishment was to roll a boulder up a hill. He appears in ''[[The Demigod Files]]'' in ''The Sword of Hades'' when Percy, Thalia, and Nico ask him advice. He does not really help them much, but he does say that he had helped someone else. He said that he told that other person to go see [[Melinoe|Melinoë]]. After that, Percy and his friends go to see her.<ref name="swordofhades"/> * '''[[Tantalus]]''': Tantalus is a spirit from the Fields of Punishment who becomes the activities director at Camp Half-Blood after Chiron is fired. He appears in ''The Sea of Monsters'' as a minor character. He is shown to hate Percy and his friends even more than he hates most half-bloods, yet shows favoritism to Clarisse, such as naming her hero when the camp was attacked by Colchis bulls, or when she wins the chariot race, he throws a banquet in her honor. When the camp is attacked by a large flock of Stymphalian birds, Tantalus blames it on Percy, Annabeth, and Tyson's "bad chariot driving", despite that they were the ones who defeated the birds. When Tyson is brought to camp, Tantalus insults and makes fun of him, even when Tyson is claimed by Poseidon. He is cursed so that he cannot eat or drink, and this is made a joke when at the end of the book his curse is lifted just before he is sent back to the underworld, though none of the campers were sad to see him go.<ref name="seaofmonstersbook"/> ==Others== * '''Blackjack''': He is a pure black [[pegasus]] and one of Percy's many companions. He is first introduced in the second book ''[[The Sea of Monsters]]'' on the ''Princess Andromeda'', Luke's [[demon]] cruise ship, where Percy rescued him from Kronos's minions. Ever since then, Blackjack has felt like he has to pay Percy back for saving him and he does whatever Percy asks.<ref name="seaofmonstersbook"/> * '''Juniper''': Juniper is a tree nymph. She is Grover Underwood's [[girlfriend]].<ref name="labyrinth"/> * '''[[Minos|King Minos]]''': King Minos is a ghost that Nico summons in book four that is pretending to advise him on how to bring Bianca back from the dead, when really, he is trying to bring himself back. He is also seen as a live king in Percy's dreams/flashbacks. Near the end of the book, it is revealed that he is serving his own dark purpose when he kidnaps Nico and tries to kill Daedalus and use his soul as ransom.<ref name="labyrinth"/> * '''Leneus''': Leneus is a member of the Council of Cloven Elders. He is killed in ''[[The Last Olympian]]'' and is reincarnated as a [[Bay Laurel|laurel]]. He hates Grover and thinks he is a liar. When he dies, Grover takes his spot in the Council of Cloven Elders.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''Maron''': Maron is a member of the Council of Cloven Elders. He only appears in book four, when he, Silenus and Leneus try to exile Grover because they think that Pan, the god of the wild, is still alive and Grover is a just lying about his death. He and the other members of the Council are described as being old and fat satyrs. * '''[[Oracle of Delphi|The Oracle of Delphi]]''': [[Apollo|Apollo's]] Oracle of Delphi used to live in the mummified remains of its host until its spirit was transferred to [[Rachel Elizabeth Dare]] in ''[[The Last Olympian]]''. The Oracle's spirit originally passed from the deceased oracle to a newly chosen oracle; however, at the end of the [[World War II|second world war]], the oracle gave a Great Prophecy predicting a child of the Big Three ([[Zeus]], [[Posiedon|Poseidon]], and [[Hades]]) would determine whether or not the [[Twelve Olympians|gods]] would be preserved or destroyed. Using this information, the Big Three entered a pact in which none could continue to sire heroes. In spite of this, Hades bore two young children, [[Nico di Angelo]] and [[Bianca di Angelo]]. Zeus, fearing that either were the children of the prophecy, destroyed the hotel where the di Angelo's lived with his master bolt, killing Maria di Angelo, Hades' lover. In revenge, Hades cursed the Oracle to ensure that the spirit of the Oracle of Delphi would not pass to a new host but be trapped inside the body after the death of its host in hopes that it would soon return to the dust along with its bodily prison. After the Battle of Manhattan in which Hades and Nico successfully assist in the defense of [[Mount Olympus]], Zeus honors the Lord of the Dead. In response to his newfound respect from the other gods, he lifts the curse, allowing the Oracle's spirit to pass on into Rachel Elizabeth Dare, effectively releasing the trapped soul of the last host of the Oracle.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''Party Ponies''': They are Chiron's kin. As their name suggests, they are a vast [[clan|clan-like]] [[extended family]] of rowdy [[centaur]]s who live in the United States with chapters hailing from each respective state. They are key players in two major incidents in the series. In ''[[The Sea of Monsters]]'', they along with Chiron rescue Percy from Luke during their duel on the ''Princess Andromeda''.<ref name="seaofmonstersbook"/> In ''[[The Last Olympian]]'', they help Chiron and the others fight the major battle between the Gods and the Titans.<ref name="LastOlympian"/> * '''[[Silenus]]''': Silenus is a minor character, appearing in books four and five. He is the leader of the Council of Cloven Elders and is shown to hate Grover, calling him an "outcast" and a "liar".<ref name="labyrinth"/> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Percy Jackson}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Percy Jackson And The Olympians Characters}} [[Category:Percy Jackson and the Olympians characters|*]] [[Category:Lists of fictional characters]] ddb6pv1x69hyekc1z7mkkdb5p3gwxag 0 234114 11024428 10905996 2026-10-09T05:44:49Z Stephan1000000 430706 num_seasons = 28 | num_episodes = 595 11024428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | name = Law & Order: {{nowrap|Special Victims Unit}} | image = Law & Order Special Victims Unit (logo).svg | image_alt = | caption = | alt_name = {{Plain list| * ''Law & Order: SVU'' * ''SVU'' }} | genre = {{Plain list| * [[Police procedural]] * [[Crime film|Crime drama]] * [[Legal drama]] * [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]] * [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]] }} | creator = [[Dick Wolf]] | showrunner = {{Unbulleted list|[[Robert Palm]] (season 1)|[[David J. Burke]] (season 2)||[[Neal Baer]] (seasons 3–12)|[[Warren Leight]] (seasons 13–17, 21–23)||Rick Eid (season 18)|[[Michael S. Chernuchin]] (seasons 19–20)||[[David Graziano]] (season 24–present)}} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Christopher Meloni]] * [[Mariska Hargitay]] * [[Richard Belzer]] * [[Dann Florek]] * [[Michelle Hurd]] * [[Stephanie March]] * [[Ice-T]] * [[BD Wong]] * [[Diane Neal]] * [[Tamara Tunie]] * [[Adam Beach]] * [[Michaela McManus]] * [[Danny Pino]] * [[Kelli Giddish]] * [[Raúl Esparza]] * [[Peter Scanavino]] * [[Philip Winchester]] * [[Jamie Gray Hyder]] * [[Demore Barnes]] * [[Octavio Pisano]] * [[Molly Burnett]] * [[Kevin Kane (actor)|Kevin Kane]] * [[Juliana Aidén Martinez]] }} | narrated = [[Steven Zirnkilton]] | theme_music_composer = [[Mike Post]] | composer = Mike Post | country = [[United States]] | language = English | num_seasons = 28 | num_episodes = 595 | list_episodes = List of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episodes | executive_producer = {{Unbulleted list|Dick Wolf|[[Ted Kotcheff]] (seasons 2–13)|[[Peter Jankowski]] (season 2–present)|[[Michael Smith (director)|Michael Smith]] (season 14)|[[Julie Martin (writer)|Julie Martin]] (season 14–present)|Jonathan Starch (seasons 15–17)|Arthur W. Forney (season 17–present)|Mariska Hargitay (season 15–present)}} | camera = [[Single-camera setup|Single-camera]] | runtime = 40–44 minutes | company = {{Plain list| * [[Wolf Entertainment]] * [[Universal Television]]{{efn| Credited as [[Studios USA Television]] (1999–2002), [[Universal Network Television]] (2002–2004), [[NBC Universal Television Studio]] (2004–2007) and [[Universal Media Studios]] (2007–2011).}} }} | network = [[NBC]] | first_aired = {{Start date|1999|9|20}} | last_aired = present | related = [[Law & Order (franchise)|''Law & Order'' franchise]] | opentheme = "Theme of Law & Order: Special Victims Unit" | endtheme = }} '''''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit''''' (simply known as '''''Law & Order: SVU''''' or '''''SVU''''') is an American [[police procedural]] [[Crime film|crime drama]] television series created by [[Dick Wolf]] for [[NBC]]. The first spin-off of ''[[Law & Order]]'', expanding it into the [[Law & Order (franchise)|''Law & Order'' franchise]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Law & Order: Special Victims Unit - NBC.com|url=https://www.nbc.com/law-and-order-special-victims-unit|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330094241/https://www.nbc.com/law-and-order-special-victims-unit|archive-date=March 30, 2019|access-date=April 15, 2019}}</ref><ref name="GiddishandPino">{{Cite web|last=Seidman|first=Robert|title=NBC Signs Kelli Giddish (''Chase'') and Danny Pino (''Cold Case'') as New Detectives for ''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit''|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/06/27/nbc-signs-kelli-giddish-chase-and-danny-pino-cold-case-as-new-detectives-for-law-order-special-victims-unit/96694/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629163026/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2011/06/27/nbc-signs-kelli-giddish-chase-and-danny-pino-cold-case-as-new-detectives-for-law-order-special-victims-unit/96694/|archive-date=June 29, 2011|access-date=June 27, 2011|website=[[TV by the Numbers]]}}</ref> ''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit'' follows the detectives of the Special Victims Unit as they investigate and prosecute sexually based crimes. Some of the episodes are loosely based on real crimes that have received media attention. The series has received [[List of awards and nominations received by Law & Order: Special Victims Unit|108 award nominations, winning 59 awards]]. Hargitay was the first regular cast member on any ''Law & Order'' series to win an [[Emmy Awards|Emmy Award]] when she won the [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series]] in 2006. == Cast == * [[Christopher Meloni]] as Elliot Stabler * [[Mariska Hargitay]] as Olivia Benson * [[Richard Belzer]] as John Munch * [[Dann Florek]] as Donald Cragen * [[Michelle Hurd]] as Monique Jeffries * [[Stephanie March]] as Alexandra Cabot * [[Ice-T]] as Odafin Tutuola * [[BD Wong]] as George Huang * [[Diane Neal]] as Casey Novak * [[Tamara Tunie]] as Melinda Warner * [[Adam Beach]] as Chester Lake * [[Michaela McManus]] as Kim Greylek * [[Danny Pino]] as Nick Amaro * [[Kelli Gaddish]] as Amanda Rollins * [[Raul Esparza]] as Rafael Barba * [[Peter Scanavino]] as Dominick Carisi Jr. * [[Philip Winchester]] as Peter Stone * [[Jamie Grey Hyder]] as Katriona "Kat" Tamin * [[Demore Barnes]] as Christian Garland * [[Octavio Pisano]] as Joe Velasco ==Notes== {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * Official websites for the show from [http://www.nbc.com/Law_&_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit/ NBC] * {{imdb title|0203259}} * {{tv.com|334}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Law and Order: Special Victims Unit}} [[Category:1999 American television series debuts]] [[Category:1990s American crime drama television series]] [[Category:1990s police television series]] [[Category:2000s American crime drama television series]] [[Category:2000s police television series]] [[Category:2010s American crime drama television series]] [[Category:2010s police television series]] [[Category:2020s American crime drama television series]] [[Category:2020s police television series]] [[Category:American crime drama television series]] [[Category:American police television series]] [[Category:NBC network series]] [[Category:Television series set in New York City]] [[Category:American television spin-offs]] [[Category:American English-language television shows]] [[Category:Television series about adultery]] [[Category:Television series about rape]] ni6ez08aidged6adxpsoj3lbya26vjl 0 235609 11024603 9232724 2026-10-09T11:24:28Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024603 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hurricane Rita Lake Charles radar.gif|right|thumb|Weather radar of [[Hurricane Rita]]]] A '''weather radar''' is a type of [[radar]] used to show where [[precipitation (meteorology)|precipitation]] is. Weather radar data can be analyzed to tell the movement of precipitation, what type it is ([[rain]], [[snow]], [[hail]], etc.), and [[weather forecasting|forecast]] its future.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag/page/n287 278]}}</ref> Modern weather radars are mostly [[Doppler radar]]s, which can find the direction and speed of rain drops and the intensity of the precipitation. Both types of information can be used to find the structure of storms and tell if they signify any [[severe weather]] (tornadoes, flash floods, etc.). ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons|Weather radar}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210315144312/https://www.radartutorial.eu/15.weather/wr07.en.html Radar tutorial] * [http://www.wunderground.com/radar/help.asp Weather Underground] * [http://www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/projects/nrp/faq_e.cfm Canadian weather radar FAQ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060713024247/http://www.msc-smc.ec.gc.ca/projects/nrp/faq_e.cfm |date=2006-07-13 }} {{Meteorological equipment}} {{weather-stub}} [[Category:Meteorology]] [[Category:Radar]] 9oi73htjdwju5km4m6w6kimah7e1c75 0 259144 11024544 11009451 2026-10-09T09:15:00Z ~2026-54261-54 1887472 Fixed some grammar mistakes. 11024544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{cleanup|reason=almost no refs, few sections when there can be many, italics in wrong places, several grammar mistakes. |date=September 2024}} {{one source|date=October 2021}} [[File:2004-tsunami.jpg|thumb|right|Tsunami that occurred in 2004 in [[Thailand]]. The water of the wave can be seen behind the palm trees in the background.]] [[File:2011Sendai-NOAA-TravelTime-Ttvulhvpd9-06.jpg|thumb|right|Estimated tsunami travel time forecast map for the [[2011 Sendai earthquake and tsunami|2011 Sendai tsunami]], [[Japan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0001xgp.php |title=USGS Poster of the Near the East Coast of Honshu, Japan Earthquake of 11 March 2011 - Magnitude 8.9 |access-date=6 December 2017 |archive-date=30 May 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/682YOLLnA?url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0001xgp.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>]] A '''tsunami''' (from Japanese, meaning “harbor wave”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nthmp-history.pmel.noaa.gov/terms.html|title=Tsunami Terminology|publisher=[[NOAA]]|access-date=2022-04-08|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225143835/http://nthmp-history.pmel.noaa.gov/terms.html|archive-date=2011-02-25}}</ref>) is a [[natural disaster]], a series of fast-moving [[wave]]s in the [[ocean]] caused by powerful [[earthquake|earthquakes,]] [[Volcano|volcanic eruption]]s, [[landslides]], or a meteor impact in the ocean. A tsunami starts as a small wave and builds up into a larger wave, and starts suddenly. The waves travel at a great [[speed]] across an ocean with little [[energy]] loss. They can remove [[sand]] from [[beach]]es, destroy [[tree]]s, toss and drag [[vehicle]]s and [[house]]s and even destroy whole [[town]]s and cities. Tsunamis can even be caused when a meteorite strikes the earth’s surface, though this is very rare. A tsunami normally occurs in the Pacific Ocean, especially in what is called the [[ring of fire]] (a volcanically active region around the ocean’s edge), but can occur in any large body of water like lakes and seas. If the coast is not steep, the water may pull back for hundreds of meters before a tsunami hits. People who do not know of the danger of tsunamis often remain at the shore. Tsunamis cannot be prevented. However, there are ways to help stop people [[death|dying]] from a tsunami. International and regional warning systems, especially for the [[Pacific Ocean]], issue alerts before the waves arrive. Because the [[earthquake]] that caused the tsunami can be felt before the wave gets to the shore, people can be warned to go somewhere safe. Tsunamis are often called '''seismic sea wave or''' tidal ''waves'' because they usually rise and fall more slowly than ordinary [[ocean surface wave]]s. This name is misleading, because tsunamis are not related to [[tide]]s; they merely rise slowly as a series of fast-moving [[Wave|waves]] in the [[ocean]] caused by powerful [[Earthquake|earthquakes]] or [[Volcano|volcanic eruptions]]. The [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake|deadliest tsunami]] recorded in documented history was on 26 December 2004, and is known as the [[2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami]]. It was caused by an [[earthquake]]. The earthquake was said to have a magnitude of 9.1 on the [[Moment magnitude scale]]. It was centered in the [[ocean]] near the coast of [[Sumatra]], [[Indonesia]]. Over 230,000 people, mainly on the shores of the [[Indian Ocean]], died from this [[disaster]]. The giant wave moved very quickly. Thousands of people in [[Indonesia]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Thailand]], [[India]], [[Somalia]], and other nations, were killed or injured by it. Yet, the most ''expensive'' tsunami ever was the [[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami|2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami or Great Sendai Earthquake]]. It is said to have cost the Japanese government around $2200 billion USD, which is equivalent to about 12 trillion yen. It went a huge distance inland and mostly affected the Tōhoku region (northeastern Honshu). And it was the 4th largest tsunami in history. There is another type of tsunami known as a megatsunami [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatsunami], which is mainly due to external impact on the ocean, like an [[asteroid]] or [[meteor]] crash, a [[landslide]], or a rockslide. It is rare for a megatsunami to occur. == Surviving tsunamis == Tsunamis are very strong and can go many kilometers inland. Around 5 to 10 minutes before a tsunami hits, the sea seems to go back by an unusual distance. This is a warning that a tsunami can occur. The best way to evacuate is to climb to an elevated area. If a person notices strange or unusual behavior in animals, they can also take that as a warning and go inland. However, if it still looks like the wave can absorb the person, the most suitable alternative will be to hold on to something sturdy, like a tree, so they do not totally get carried away and not injured and call the disaster rescue team. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Related pages== *[[Tsunami warning system]] ==Websites== {{Commons category}} {{wiktionary}} * https://www.essaylions.com/near-the-east-coast-of-honshu-japan-tsunami/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729110646/https://www.essaylions.com/near-the-east-coast-of-honshu-japan-tsunami/ |date=2019-07-29 }} * [http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1328&Itemid=1142&lang=en IOC Tsunami Glossary] by the [[Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission]] (IOC) at the [http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php International Tsunami Information Centre] (ITIC) of [[UNESCO]] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110225143835/http://nthmp-history.pmel.noaa.gov/terms.html Tsunami Terminology] at [[NOAA]] *In June 2011, the VOA [[Special English]] service of the [[Voice of America]] broadcast a 15-minute program on tsunamis as part of its weekly Science in the News series. The program had an [[interview]] with an NOAA official who oversees the agency's tsunami warning system. A transcript and MP3 of the program, intended for English learners, can be found at [https://web.archive.org/web/20120211030815/http://www.voanews.com/learningenglish/home/science-technology/Large-Tsunamis-Do-Not-Happen-Often-But-the-Threat-is-Always-Present-123226568.html The Ever-Present Threat of Tsunamis.] * [http://geology.com/records/biggest-tsunami.shtml World's Tallest Tsunami] – geology.com * [http://ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu.shtml Tsunami Data and Information] – [[National Geophysical Data Center]] * [http://itic.ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1328&Itemid=1142&lang=en IOC Tsunami Glossary] – International Tsunami Information Center ([[UNESCO]]) * [http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/ Tsunami & Earthquake Research at the USGS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050521082033/http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/ |date=2005-05-21 }} – [[United States Geological Survey]] * [http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/ioc-oceans/ Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission] – [[Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission]] * [http://www.tsunami.noaa.gov/ Tsunami] – [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/tsunami/ Wave That Shook The World] – ''[[Nova (American TV series)|Nova]] * [http://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/database_devel.html Recent and Historical Tsunami Events and Relevant Data] – [[Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory]] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4w27IczOTk Raw Video: Tsunami Slams Northeast Japan] – [[Associated Press]] * [http://www.jma.go.jp/en/tsunami/joho.html Tsunami alert] page (in English) from [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] * [http://ptwc.weather.gov/ Tsunami status page]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314083716/http://ptwc.weather.gov/ |date=2011-03-14 }} from [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]-run [[Pacific Tsunami Warning Center]] {{Tsunami}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Tsunamis| ]] [[Category:Japanese words and phrases]] 3lasg22gj5ohjvv6cn6tzpatqpk4hrp 0 262512 11024222 11023079 2026-10-09T01:04:04Z Professorroger 1878172 /* Fictional character biographies */ 11024222 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Burt Ward Robin.jpg|thumb|[[Burt Ward]] as Robin.]] '''Robin''' is the [[alias]] of several comic book [[superhero|superheroes]] and is one of [[Batman]]'s [[sidekick]]s. The character appears in American comic books published by [[DC Comics]]. There are many characters that became Robin, but the first one was [[Dick Grayson]]. The first version of Robin was presented in ''Detective Comics'' #38 (April 1940). He was created by [[Bob Kane]], [[Bill Finger]] and [[Jerry Robinson]]. The team of Batman and Robin is also called "the Dynamic Duo" or "the Caped Crusaders". He is a member of the [[Teen Titans]]. == Fictional character biographies == === Dick Grayson === {{further|Dick Grayson}} The original Robin was Dick Grayson, a young acrobat orphaned after his parents were murdered and taken in by Bruce Wayne (Batman). Grayson eventually grew to become [[Nightwing]], taking on his own superhero identity. === Jason Todd === {{further|Jason Todd}} Jason Todd is the second Robin, who was infamously killed by the [[Joker (character)|Joker]] in the ''A Death in the Family'' storyline. He was later resurrected and became the anti-hero '''[[Red Hood]]'''. === Tim Drake === {{further|Tim Drake}} Tim Drake is the third Robin, who deduced Batman's identity and insisted on becoming Robin to help the Dark Knight. He is known for being highly intelligent and resourceful, later becoming the hero known as '''Red Robin'''. === Damian Wayne === {{further|Damian Wayne}} The biological son of Bruce Wayne and [[Talia al Ghul]], Damian Wayne became the fourth Robin and is characterized by his association with the [[League of Assassins]] and a more brash demeanor. == Themes == Each of these Robins has played an important role in various storylines, contributing to the rich lore of Batman and his universe. The dynamics between Batman and his Robins often explore themes of mentorship, legacy, and the challenges of growing up in the shadow of a legendary figure. == In other media == The character has appeared in movies, television series, video games, toys, and more. In the 1943 Batman movie, [[Douglas Croft]] played Robin and in the [[sequel]], [[Johnny Duncan (actor)|Johnny Duncan]] played Robin. In 1966, [[Burt Ward]] played [[Dick Grayson]] also called Robin while [[Adam West]] played [[Batman]]. In the 1995 movie ''[[Batman Forever]]'', [[Chris O'Donnell]] played [[Dick Grayson]]. O’Donnell also played him in the 1997 sequel ''[[Batman & Robin]]''. In 2012's''[[The Dark Knight Rises]]'', [[Joseph Gordon-Levitt]] played Detective John Blake whose real name is Robin. {{lit-stub}} {{Batman}} [[Category:Batman characters]] kwxs1ujaxwa4uyubhhxho0vm0s0s2yj 0 270915 11024488 10930023 2026-10-09T07:19:46Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]] |name = Sir Vince Cable<!-- NOTE: please do not add the title "Dr" to his name: see [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (biographies)#Academic titles]] --> |honorific-suffix = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|MP]] |image = Official portrait of Sir Vince Cable crop 2.jpg |office = Leader of the Liberal Democrats |deputy = [[Jo Swinson]] |term_start = 20 July 2017 |term_end = 22 July 2019 |predecessor = [[Tim Farron]] |successor = [[Jo Swinson]] |office1 = [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] [[HM Treasury|Treasury]] Spokesperson |leader1 = [[Tim Farron]] |term_start1 = 8 May 2017 |term_end1 = 20 July 2017 |predecessor1 = The Baroness Kramer |successor1 = The Baroness Kramer |leader2 = [[Charles Kennedy]]<br>[[Menzies Campbell]]<br>[[Nick Clegg]] |term_start2 = 12 June 2003 |term_end2 = 11 May 2010 |predecessor2 = [[Matthew Taylor, Baron Taylor of Goss Moor|Matthew Taylor]] |successor2 = [[Danny Alexander]] {{small|(2015)}}{{Ref label|aaa|a}} |office3 = [[Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy|Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills]]<br>President of the Board of Trade |primeminister3 = [[David Cameron]] |term_start3 = 12 May 2010 |term_end3 = 8 May 2015 |predecessor3 = [[Peter Mandelson|The Lord Mandelson]] |successor3 = [[Sajid Javid]] |office4 = Leader of the Liberal Democrats<br>{{small|Acting}} |term_start4 = 15 October 2007 |term_end4 = 18 December 2007 |predecessor4 = [[Menzies Campbell]] |successor4 = [[Nick Clegg]] |office5 = [[List of Deputy Leaders of the Liberal Democrats|Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats]] |leader5 = [[Menzies Campbell]]<br>[[Nick Clegg]] |term_start5 = 2 March 2006 |term_end5 = 26 May 2010 |predecessor5 = [[Menzies Campbell]] |successor5 = [[Simon Hughes]] |office6 = [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] Trade and Industry Spokesperson |leader6 = [[Charles Kennedy]] |term_start6 = 9 August 1999 |term_end6 = 12 June 2003 |predecessor6 = [[David Chidgey, Baron Chidgey|David Chidgey]] |successor6 = [[Malcolm Bruce]] |office7 = [[Member of Parliament (UK)|Member of Parliament]]<br>for [[Twickenham]] |term_start7 = 9 June 2017 |term_end7 = 6 November 2019 |predecessor7 = Tania Mathias |successor7 = Munira Wilson |majority7 = 9,762 (14.7%) |term_start8 = 1 May 1997 |term_end8 = 30 March 2015 |predecessor8 = [[Toby Jessel]] |successor8 = [[Tania Mathias]] |birth_name = John Vincent Cable |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|5|9|df=y}} |birth_place = [[York]], England |death_date = |death_place = |party = [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] {{small|(1988–present)}} |otherparty = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] {{small|(Before 1965)}}<br>[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] {{small|(1966–1982)}}<br>[[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democrats]] {{small|(1982–1988)}} |spouse = Olympia Rebelo {{small|(1968–2001)}}<br>Rachel Smith {{small|(2004–present)}} |children = 3 |alma_mater = {{nowrap|[[Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge]]}}<br>[[University of Glasgow]] |website = {{url|vincecable.org|Official website}} |footnotes = {{small|a. {{note|aaa}}Office vacant from 12 May 2010 to 7 January 2015.}} |module = {{Listen |embed = yes |title = Cable's voice |filename = Vincent Cable BBC Radio4 Desert Island Discs 18 January 2009 b00gq4n2.flac |type = speech |description = from the BBC programme ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'', 18 January 2009<ref name="BBC-b00gq4n2">{{Cite episode |title=Vince Cable |series=Desert Island Discs |series-link=Desert Island Discs |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gq4n2 |accessdate=18 January 2014 |station=BBC Radio 4 |date=18 January 2009}}</ref>}} }} '''Vince Cable''' (born 9 May 1943) is a British [[academia|academic]], [[businessperson|company director]], [[writer]] and former [[politician]]. He led the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] from 2017 to 2019. He was the [[Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy|Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills]] and President of the Board of Trade in the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]–[[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] coalition government from 2010 to 2015. He served as the Liberal Democrat [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) for [[Twickenham]] for 20 years. He retired from [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] in 2019. == Early life and education == Cable went to Nunthorpe Grammar School in [[York]]. He studied [[natural sciences]] and [[economics]] at the [[University of Cambridge]]. He was also President of the Cambridge Union.<ref name="guardianObserver2008">{{cite news |last=Cable |first=Vince |title=My week: Vince Cable |work=The Observer |publisher=Guardian News & Media |date=23 August 2008 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2008/aug/24/vincentcable.liberaldemocrats |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> == Career == === Early career === He worked as an economist. His first job was as an ODI Nuffield Fellow, serving as a Finance Officer in the [[Kenya]] Treasury.<ref name="cambridgePanel">{{cite web |title=The politics panel |website=Alumni – University of Cambridge |publisher=University of Cambridge |date=28 September 2024 |url=https://www.alumni.cam.ac.uk/festival/events/the-politics-panel |access-date=12 May 2025}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He taught Economics at the [[University of Glasgow]] (while studying part-time for a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]]).<ref name="glasgow2010news">{{cite web |title=University of Glasgow news item: Sir Vince Cable |website=gla.ac.uk |publisher=University of Glasgow |date=June 2010 |url=https://www.gla.ac.uk/news/archiveofnews/2010/june/headline_150868_en.html |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> He was a First Secretary in the Diplomatic Service and Director of Research at the Overseas Development Institute.<ref name="heraldScotland2015">{{cite news |title=Former business secretary Vince Cable knighted by Prince Charles |work=Herald Scotland |publisher=Newsquest |date=18 December 2015 |url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/14154542.former-business-secretary-vince-cable-knighted-prince-charles/ |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> He was also a Special Adviser to the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] Secretary-General, then Head of International Economics at [[Chatham House]]. He worked in [[Shell plc|Shell]]’s planning department before becoming Shell’s Chief Economist.<ref name="heraldScotland2015"/> He first took part in politics as a member of the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]. He served on [[Glasgow City Council]] and stood for Parliament in Glasgow Hillhead in 1970.<ref name="moneyMarketingProfile">{{cite web |title=Vince Cable (profile) |website=Money Marketing |publisher=Centaur Media |date=2010 |url=https://www.moneymarketing.co.uk/analysis/vince-cable/ |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> He helped write [[Gordon Brown]]'s Red Papers on [[Scotland]] and later advised John Smith when he was Trade Secretary under Prime Minister [[James Callaghan]].<ref name="bbcGuideBio">{{cite news |title=Vince Cable – BBC election guide biography |work=BBC News |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/guides/457000/457040/html/ |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> In 1982, he joined the [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]] (SDP), which later formed the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]]. He ran for Parliament in York in 1983 and 1987, and in Twickenham in 1992, but did not win. In 1997, he was elected as the MP for Twickenham.<ref name="harvardGrowthDir">{{cite web |title=Sir Vince Cable |website=UK Regional Growth directory |publisher=Harvard University |url=https://sites.harvard.edu/uk-regional-growth/directory/vince-cable/ |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> ===Parliament and Cabinet=== He was the main economics spokesperson for the [[Liberal Democrats]] from 2005 to 2010. In 2006, he became the party's Deputy Leader, and in 2007, he served as Acting Leader. He helped write the ''Orange Book'' and often spoke out against risky banking practices and growing debt before the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|financial crisis]].<ref name="ieaOrangeBook2024">{{cite web |last=Pack |first=Mark |title=The Orange Book – 20 years later |website=Institute of Economic Affairs Insider |date=20 April 2024 |url=https://insider.iea.org.uk/p/the-orange-book-20-years-later |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> His book ''The Storm'', which explained the crisis, became a Sunday Times Number One Bestseller.<ref name="guardianStormReview2010">{{cite news |last=Behr |first=Rafael |title=The Storm by Vince Cable – review |work=The Observer |publisher=Guardian News & Media |date=20 February 2010 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/feb/21/vince-cable-the-storm |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> In May 2010, there was no overall majority in the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|general election]], so the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] and the Liberal Democrats formed a [[Coalition government]]. Cable became [[Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills]] and President of the Board of Trade, and he stepped down as Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats.<ref name="guardianOpenWeekend2012">{{cite news |title=Rt Hon Dr Vince Cable – Open weekend session |work=The Guardian |date=24 March 2012 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/open-weekend/rt-hon-dr-vince-cable |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> He later wrote about this period in ''Partnership and Politics in a Divided Decade'' (with his wife, Rachel Smith) and in ''After the Storm''.<ref name="guardianAfterStormReview2015">{{cite news |last=Mullin |first=Chris |title=After the Storm – review |work=The Observer |publisher=Guardian News & Media |date=4 October 2015 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/04/after-the-storm-vince-cable-review |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> During his five years in office, his first goal was to push [[Bank|banks]] to lend more to [[Business|businesses]] after the financial crisis. He introduced rules to ring-fence high-risk lending from other banking activities and helped create the British Business Bank.<ref name="guardianSmallBizBank2012">{{cite news |last=Watt |first=Nicholas |title=Vince Cable reveals £1 bn backing for business bank to help small firms |work=The Guardian |date=23 September 2012 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/sep/24/vince-cable-small-business-bank1 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> In 2011, he launched the coalition's Industrial Strategy, which included the Aerospace Growth Partnership and the Automotive Propulsion Centre. He set up the Green [[Investment bank|Investment Bank]] and the Catapult network and greatly expanded [[Apprenticeship|apprenticeships]].<ref name="ftIndustrialStrategy2022">{{cite news |title=Industrial strategy revamp puts UK on path to long‑term growth, says Cable |work=Financial Times |date=4 May 2022 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/aac3c1e5-e2fb-4341-89ce-6c4433f8e800 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="guardianGreenBank2012">{{cite news |last=Carrell |first=Severin |title=Green investment bank officially launched by Vince Cable |work=The Guardian |date=28 November 2012 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/nov/28/green-investment-bank-vince-cable |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> He passed laws to set up a register of beneficial ownership, control zero-hour contract abuses, require [[Shareholder|shareholders]] to vote on executive pay, extend the time before unfair dismissal claims apply, allow shared parental leave and flexible working requests, protect supermarket suppliers and [[Pub|pub owners]], and strengthen [[Copyright|copyright protection]]. He also led the controversial privatisation of the Royal Mail.<ref name="bbcRoyalMail2014">{{cite news |title=Royal Mail privatisation ‘priced too low’, MPs say |work=BBC News |date=1 April 2014 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-26819971 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> He worked with the Universities Minister, [[David Willetts]], to change university funding, which included the unpopular increase in tuition fees.<ref name="guardianTuitionFees2010">{{cite news |last=Shepherd |first=Jessica |title=David Willetts hints that university students will face higher fees |work=The Guardian |date=9 June 2010 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2010/jun/09/david-willetts-students-tuition-fees |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> Within the coalition, Cable often argued with Conservative colleagues about the [[European Union|EU]], immigration, workers' rights, [[Housing in the United Kingdom|housing]], and public investment. He almost left the government when a private conversation was made public in which he criticized [[Rupert Murdoch]] while handling the BSkyB takeover bid.<ref name="bbcMurdoch2012">{{cite news |title=Rupert Murdoch bid row: Cable criticised over remarks |work=BBC News |date=13 May 2012 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-17973309 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> ===Leader of the Liberal Democrats=== After [[Tim Farron]] resigned as Liberal Democrat Leader after the 2017 general election, and Cable returned to [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]], he became Leader of the party without any opposition. His time as Leader was dominated by [[Brexit]], and he committed the Liberal Democrats to supporting the People's Vote campaign for a new referendum on Brexit.<ref name="bbcLeadership2019">{{cite news |title=Liberal Democrat leadership: Sir Vince Cable to stand down |work=BBC News |date=18 July 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-49043652 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> He had a minor [[stroke]] and announced he would resign. However, in 2019, he led the party to its best local election results in 20 years, winning 700 seats and 11 councils. In the June 2019 European elections, he used the slogan "Bollocks to Brexit", and the party won 16 seats with 20% of the vote. He stepped down as Leader on 22 July 2019, and his Deputy, [[Jo Swinson]], took over.<ref name="bbcLeadership2019"/> ==Personal life== He married Olympia Rebelo in 1968, and they had three children: Paul, Aida, and Hugo.<ref name="guardianObserver2008"/> She died in 2001. In 2004, he married Rachel Wenban-Smith.<ref name="guardianObserver2008"/> He took part in the [[BBC]]’s Christmas 2010 ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'' show.<ref name="guardianMrBean2010">{{cite news |title=Dr Cable: From Saint Vince to Mr Bean (Editorial) |work=The Guardian |date=21 December 2010 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/dec/22/dr-cable-vince-mr-bean |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> He did not win, but he received a “ten from [[Len Goodman|Len]].” He was the second [[politician]] on the show (after [[Ann Widdecombe]]) but the first to compete while still serving as a [[government minister]].<ref name="bbcStrictly2010">{{cite news |title=Vince Cable to star in Christmas Strictly Come Dancing |work=BBC News |date=16 November 2010 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11767413 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> Since leaving [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]], he has been active in [[University|universities]] and in [[business]]. He has been a Professor in Practice at the [[London School of Economics|LSE]] School of Public Policy, a Distinguished Fellow at the Overseas Development Institute, an Honorary Fellow at [[Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge]], and a Visiting Professor at the [[University of Nottingham]] and [[St Mary's University]]. He also has an Honorary Doctorate from Kingston University.<ref name="lseProfile">{{cite web |title=Sir Vince Cable – School of Public Policy |website=London School of Economics |publisher=LSE |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/school-of-public-policy/people/vince-cable |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="kingstonHonorary2022">{{cite news |title=Former Liberal Democrats leader Sir Vince Cable awarded honorary doctorate from Kingston University |work=Kingston University News |date=26 May 2022 |url=https://www.kingston.ac.uk/news/article/2676/26-may-2022-former-liberal-democrats-leader-sir-vince-cable-awarded-honorary-doctorate-from-kingston-university/ |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> In business, he is the Chair of the Board of Element 2 (a hydrogen infrastructure company) and the Chair of the eFreight 2030 consortium.<ref name="ftElement2_2023">{{cite news |title=Hydrogen pioneer Element 2 appoints Sir Vince Cable as chair |work=Financial Times |date=18 January 2023 |url=https://www.ft.com/content/020e0ddd-2a3e-415d-bc64-7fb63dcbe3b6 |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="iukEfreight2030">{{cite web |title=eFreight 2030 |website=Innovate UK Business Connect |publisher=UK Research and Innovation |url=https://iuk-business-connect.org.uk/projects/zehid/efreight-2030/ |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> His most recent books include ''Open Arms'', a novel,<ref name="guardianOpenArms2017">{{cite news |last=Leith |first=Sam |title=Open Arms by Vince Cable – review |work=The Guardian |date=1 September 2017 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/01/open-arms-vince-cable-review |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> ''Money and Power'',<ref name="timesMoneyPower2021">{{cite news |title=Money and Power by Vince Cable – review |work=The Times |date=13 February 2021 |url=https://www.thetimes.com/culture/article/money-and-power-by-vince-cable-review-rgw3ll27l |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> the ''Chinese Conundrum'',<ref name="independentChineseConundrum2021">{{cite news |title=The Chinese Conundrum: Why China’s Rise Threatens the West – review |work=The Independent |date=20 September 2021 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/nuclear-war-north-korea-china-vigil-b1919912.html |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> ''Partnership and Politics in a Divided Decade'',<ref name="edgeHillConversation2023">{{cite web |title=In conversation with Sir Vince Cable |website=Edge Hill University events |date=21 February 2023 |url=https://www.edgehill.ac.uk/event/in-conversation-with-sir-vince-cable/ |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> and ''How to be a Politician''.<ref name="guardianHowToPolitician2022">{{cite news |last=Hinsliff |first=Gaby |title=How to Be a Politician by Vince Cable – review |work=The Guardian |date=14 September 2022 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/sep/14/how-to-be-a-politician-by-vince-cable-review-teachings-of-the-former-lib-dem-leader |access-date=12 May 2025}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cable, Vince}} [[Category:1943 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]] [[Category:Liberal Democrats (UK) MPs]] [[Category:Members of the British House of Commons for English constituencies]] [[Category:Leaders of the Liberal Democrats (UK)]] [[Category:Politicians from York]] [[Category:Strictly Come Dancing participants]] [[Category:UK MPs 1997–2001]] [[Category:UK MPs 2001–2005]] [[Category:UK MPs 2005–2010]] [[Category:UK MPs 2010–2015]] [[Category:UK MPs 2017–2019]] [[Category:Presidents of the Board of Trade]] lwfpl720won19sk68kqc3cxcidt5tv6 0 281282 11024064 11015467 2026-10-08T18:29:38Z ~2026-54152-60 1887111 11024064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp|small=y}} {{Infobox musical artist | Name = Chrissie Hynde | Img = Chrissie Hynde 1.JPG | Img_alt = | Img_capt = Chrissie Hynde in concert in August 2007 in Santa Barbara, California. | image_size = | Landscape = | Background = solo_singer | birth_name =Christine Ellen Hynde | Alias = | birth_date = {{birth date|1951|9|7}} | birth_place = [[Akron, Ohio]], [[United States|U.S.]] | Origin = | death_date = {{Death date and age|2025|12|15|1951|9|7}} |death_place = [[London]], [[England]] | Instrument = [[Rhythm Guitar]]<br>[[Vocals]] | Genre = [[Rock music|Rock]], [[New wave music|New Wave]] | Occupation = [[Singer-songwriter]], [[guitarist]] | Years_active = 1975–2025 | Label = [[Sire Records|Sire]], [[Warner Music Group|WEA]], [[Rhino Records|Rhino]] | associated_acts = [[The Pretenders]], [[JP, Chrissie & the Fairground Boys]], [[Johnny Moped]], [[The Moors Murderers]], [[Tube & Berger]], [[UB40]], [[Frank Sinatra]] | website = | Current_members = | Past_members = }} '''Christine Ellen "Chrissie" Hynde''' (September 7, 1951 – December 15, 2025) is an [[Americans|American]] [[singer]], [[songwriter]] and [[guitarist]]. She is a member of the [[rock music|rock band]] [[The Pretenders]]. She has been performing since 1975. She was born in [[Akron, Ohio]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2011/09/07/happy_60th_birthday_chrissie_hynde |title=Happy 60th Birthday, Chrissie Hynde! - Starpulse.com |access-date=2012-03-28 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050314/http://www.starpulse.com/news/index.php/2011/09/07/happy_60th_birthday_chrissie_hynde |url-status=dead }}</ref> Hynde died of Natural Causes in her Sleep on [[London]], [[England]], at the age of 74. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb name|0005038}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hynde, Chrissie}} [[Category:American rock guitarists]] [[Category:American rock singers]] [[Category:American singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Musicians from Akron, Ohio]] [[Category:New wave musicians]] [[Category:Singers from Ohio]] [[Category:Writers from Akron, Ohio]] [[Category:1951 births]] [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:20th-century American people]] [[Category:21st-century American people]] [[Category:American autobiographers]] [[Category:American composers]] [[Category:American dance musicians]] [[Category:American feminists]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:Animal rights activists]] [[Category:Contraltos]] [[Category:Punk musicians]] [[Category:Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees]] [[Category:American vegetarians]] [[Category:New wave singers]] {{US-biography-stub}} kya7w3ukcb2qh94zgk4ugbhdrdkoq4c 0 286154 11024350 10620647 2026-10-09T04:38:18Z MoviesandTelevisionFan 1151736 11024350 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''University of North Carolina at Charlotte''' is a public, [[coeducation]]al [[university]] in [[Charlotte, North Carolina|Charlotte]], [[North Carolina]]. The university has about 24,700 students. It was started in [[1946]]. The current [[chancellor (education)|chancellor]] of the university is Dr. Phillip L. Dubois, and one of the distinguished professors in the university is [[Vaughn Climenhaga]] in the department of mathematics and statistics. ==Sports== The athletics teams of the university are called the Charlotte 49ers. They have 16 varsity teams, most of which compete in the [[American Athletic Conference]] (The American). ==Shooting== {{main|2019 UNCC shooting}} On April 30, 2019, a [[2019 UNCC shooting|mass shooting]] happened at the university in which two people were killed and four other people were hurt.<ref name= cbs>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/live-news/uncc-shooting-multiple-dead-injured-shooting-university-north-carolina-charlotte-today-2019-04-30/|title=UNCC shooting: 2 dead, 4 injured in shooting at Charlotte campus — live updates|website=www.cbsnews.com|accessdate=1 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wcnc.com/article/news/live_breaking/live-updates-2-killed-4-hurt-in-unc-charlotte-shooting/275-122b4181-8571-441e-b679-85baa9fec914|title=Live updates: 2 killed, 4 hurt in UNC Charlotte shooting|website=WCNC|accessdate=1 May 2019}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.uncc.edu/ University of North Carolina at Charlotte's official website] *[http://www.charlotte49ers.com/ Charlotte 49ers' official athletics website] {{American Athletic Conference}} {{US-stub}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:North Carolina at Charlotte, University of}} [[Category:American Athletic Conference|Charlotte]] [[Category:Colleges and universities in North Carolina]] [[Category:Charlotte, North Carolina]] [[Category:1946 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:1940s establishments in North Carolina]] 0owluhld757scz8rdyjcduqln9atx3c 0 290528 11024470 10986587 2026-10-09T07:02:42Z Werner100359 106408 /* Clubs in the Admiral 2. Liga 2025-26 */ 11024470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league |leaguename=Admiral Zweite Liga |logo= |country=[[Austria]] |confederation=[[UEFA]] |founded=1975 |folded= |level=2 |divisions= |number of teams=10 |promotion to= |relegation to=[[Regionalliga]] |domestic cup= |international cup= |current champions=[[SCR Altach]] |season=2013/14 |most successful club= LASK (5) |tv partners= |website= |current season= }}The '''Second League''' ([[German language|German]]: '''2. Liga'''), also called '''Admiral 2. Liga''' for sponsorship reasons, is the second-highest division in [[Austria|Austrian]] football. ==History== The league was formed in 1975. The name "Erste Liga" was not new, because before the Second World War the name was in use for the second division in football. From 1949 to 1975 the 3 Regionalligen were the second level. With some modifications the league still exists. There were ten clubs in the league. The champion promotes to the Bundesliga, the last team of the Bundesliga is relegated to the Erste Liga. The last three teams of this league are relegated to the Regionalliga, the champions of the 3 Regionalligen are promoted to the Erste Liga as fare they are licenced. Beginning with the 2018–19 season the former First League changed its name to the Second League<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100235/http://www.bundesliga.at/de/redaktion/news/17-18/sgel/drehscheibe-des-oesterreichischen-fussballs---die-neue-2--liga-ab-2018-19/ Bundesliga.at (German)]</ref> and expanded from ten teams to 16 teams. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180415191531/http://www.bundesliga.at/de/redaktion/news/17-18/sgel/2--liga-startet-mit-16-mannschaften/ Bundesliga.at (German)]</ref> Also amateurteams of a club from the [[Austrian Bundesliga|Bundesliga]] are allowed. In the 2020-21 season the Regionalliga was suspended due to the COVID-pandemic. Therefor no team was relegated from Liga 2. SK Rapid Wien II , SK Vorwärts Steyr and SV Horn stayed in the league. <ref>[https://sport.orf.at/stories/3076524/ Sport ORF.at (German)]</ref> The 3rd of the league Austria Klagenfurt played relegationmatches versus SKN St. Pölten and won 5:0 (4:0 and 1:0) and was promoted to the Bundesliga. ==Clubs in the Admiral 2. Liga 2026-27== {{Location map+|Austria|float=right|width=860|caption=Location of teams in the '''2025–26 Austrian Football Second League'''|places= {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.421111|long=9.652778|label=[[SC Austria Lustenau|Austria Lustenau]]|position=bottom}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.249444|long=16.357778|label=[[Floridsdorfer AC|FAC]]|position=left}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.261251|long=16.328471|label=[[First Vienna FC|First Vienna]]|position=top}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.082550|long=16.286900|label=[[Admira Wacker]]|position=bottom}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.16667 |long=14.03333|label=[[FC Hertha Wels]]|position=top}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.443889|long=15.300556|label=[[Kapfenberger SV|Kapfenberg]]|position=top}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.816264|long=12.998228|label=[[FC Liefering|Liefering]]|position=left}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.046111|long=15.454444|label=[[SK Sturm Graz|Sturm II]]|position=bottom}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.19151|long=15.627257|label=[[SKN St. Pölten|St. Pölten]]|position=left}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.249444|long=16.357778|label=[[SK Rapid Wien II|Rapid II]]|position=right}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.1167|long=14.867|label=[[SKU Amstetten|Amstetten]]|position=bottom}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.79941 |long=13.04399|label= [[SV Austria Salzburg (2005)|SV Austria Salzburg ]]|position=right}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.293333|long=14.276389|label=[[FC Blau-Weiß Linz|BWL]]|position=right}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.03|long=15.09|label=[[ASK Voitsberg]]|position=top}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.5008|long=9.7423|label=[[Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz|SW Bregenz]]|position=top}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.162306|long=16.386714|label=[[FK Austria Wien II|Young Violets Austria Wien]]|position=right}} }} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Club Name !City !Stadium !Capacity |- |[[Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz]] || [[Bregenz]] || [[ImmoAgentur-Stadion]] || 12,000 |- |[[Floridsdorfer AC]] || [[Wien]] || [[FAC-Platz]] || 3,000 |- |[[Kapfenberger SV]] || [[Kapfenberg]] || [[Alpenstadion Kapfenberg]] || 12,000 |- |[[FC Liefering]] || [[Salzburg]] || [[ Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|EM Stadion Wals-Siezenheim]] || 17 000 |- |[[SKN St. Pölten]]||[[Sankt Pölten]]||[[NV Arena]]||8,000 |- |[[First Vienna FC]] || [[Wien]] || [[Hohe Warte Stadium]] || 5,000 |- |[[FC Hertha Wels]] || [[Wels]] || [[HOGO Arena ]] || 2,000 |- |[[SK Rapid Wien II]] || [[Wien]] || [[Allianz Stadion]] || 28,345 |- |[[FC Admira Wacker Mödling]] || [[Maria Enzensdorf]] || [[Bundesstadion Südstadt]] || 12,000 |- | [[Young Violets Austria Wien]] || [[Vienna]] || [[Generali Arena (Wien)|Generali Arena ]] || 17,656 |- |[[SKU Amstetten]] || [[Amstetten, Lower Austria|Amstetten]] || [[Ertl Glas Stadion]] || 2,000 |- |[[SK Austria Klagenfurt]] || [[Klagenfurt]] || [[Wörthersee Stadion]] || 30,000 |- |[[SV Stripfing]] || [[Stripfing]] || Sportplatz Stripfing || 500 |- |[[SV Austria Salzburg (2005)|SV Austria Salzburg]] || [[Salzburg]] || [[Max Aicher stadium|Max Aicher Stadion]] || 1, 566 |- |[[SC Austria Lustenau]] || [[Lustenau]] || [[Reichshofstadion]] || 12,000 |- |[[SK Sturm Graz II]] || [[Graz]] || [[Solarstadion Gleisdorf]] || 700 |} <ref>[https://www.sport.de/fussball/oesterreich-2-liga/stadien/ Sport.de-Stadien 2. Liga Österreich]</ref> <gallery> File:Franz Fekete Stadion Kapfenberg Birdseye.jpg|Alpenstadion Kapfenberg File:Bundesliga RBS FAK.jpg|Red Bull Arena Wals File:Casino Stadion - opposite stand.JPG|ImmoAgentur-Stadion File:St. Pölten - Fußballstation.JPG|NV Arena </gallery> ==Champions== {{col-begin|width=95%}} {{col-2}} *1975 Grazer AK *1976 First Vienna FC 1894 *1977 Wiener Sport-Club *1978 SV Austria Salzburg *1979 Linzer ASK *1980 SC Eisenstadt *1981 SSW Innsbruck *1982 SK Austria Klagenfurt *1983 SV St. Veit/Glan *1984 SV Spittal/Drau *1985 Salzburger AK 1914 *1986 First Vienna FC 1894 *1987 VfB Mödling *1988 VSE St. Pölten *1989 SV Austria Salzburg *1990 Donawitzer SV Alpine *1991 FC VOEST Linz *1992 VfB Mödling *1993 Grazer AK *1994 Linzer ASK *1995 Grazer AK *1996 FC Linz *1997 SC Austria Lustenau *1998 SK Vorwärts Steyr *1999 SC Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz *2000 VfB Admira Wacker Mödling {{col-2}} *2001 FC Kärnten *2002 ASKÖ Pasching *2003 SV Mattersburg *2004 FC Wacker Tirol *2005 SV Ried *2006 SC Rheindorf Altach *2007 LASK Linz *2008 Kapfenberger SV *2009 SC Magna Wiener Neustadt *2010 FC Wacker Innsbruck *2011 VfB Admira Wacker Mödling *2012 Wolfsberger AC *2013 SV Grödig *2014 SCR Altach *2015 SV Mattersburg *2016 SKN St. Pölten * 2017 LASK Linz *2018 FC Wacker Innsbruck *2019 WSG Wattens *2020 SV Ried *2021 FC Blau Weiß Linz *2022 SC Austria Lustenau *2023 FC Blau Weiß Linz *2024 Grazer AK *2025 SV Ried *2026 SC Austria Lustenau {{col-end}} ==Topscorer== <ref>[https://www.weltfussball.at/torschuetzenkoenige/aut-2-liga/] {{in lang|de}} weltfussball.de. Retrieved 6 February 2022</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Season ! Name/Club ! Goals |- | 1999/00 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Armin Hobel]] [[WSG Tirol]] | 15 |- | 2000/01 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Roland Kollmann]] [[FC Kärnten]] | 28 |- | 2001/02 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Christian Stumpf]] [[LASK Linz|LASK]] | 17 |- | 2002/03 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Armin Hobel]] [[BSV Juniors]] |23 |- | 2003/04 | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Samuel Koejoe]] [[FC Wacker Innsbruck (2002)|FC Wacker Innsbruck]] |22 |- | 2004/05 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Sanel Kuljic]] [[SV Ried]] |34 |- | 2005/06 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Ivica Vastić]] [[LASK Linz|LASK]] |19 |- | 2006/07 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Ivica Vastić]] [[LASK Linz|LASK]] |23 |- | 2007/08 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Rene Gartler]] [[FC Lustenau 07|FC Lustenau]] |21 |- | 2008/09 | {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Diego Viana ]] [[SV Grödig]] |20 |- | 2009/10 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Patrick Bürger ]] [[TSV Hartberg]] |18 |- | 2010/11 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Benjamin Sulimani]] [[FC Admira Wacker Mödling|Admira Wacker]] |19 |- | 2011/12 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[David Poljanec]] [[F.C. Blau-Weiß Linz|FC Blau-Weiß Linz]] |19 |- | 2012/13 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Hannes Aigner]] [[SC Rheindorf Altach]] |18 |- | 2013/14 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Hannes Aigner]] [[SC Rheindorf Altach]] |22 |- | 2014/15 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Markus Pink]] [[SV Mattersburg]] |21 |- | 2015/16 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Thomas Pichlmann]] [[FC Wacker Innsbruck (2002)|FC Wacker Innsbruck]] |20 |- | 2016/17 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Patrik Eler]] [[FC Wacker Innsbruck (2002)|FC Wacker Innsbruck]] |24 |- | 2017/18 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Seifedin Chabbi]] [[SV Ried]]<br>{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Hamdi Salihi]] [[SC Wiener Neustadt]] |22 |- | 2018/19 | {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Ronivaldo]] [[SC Austria Lustenau]] |26 |- | 2019/20 | {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Ronivaldo]] [[SC Austria Lustenau]] |24 |- | 2020/21 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Fabian Schubert]] [[F.C. Blau-Weiß Linz|FC Blau-Weiß Linz]] |33 |- | 2021/22 | {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Haris Tabakovic]] [[SC Austria Lustenau]] |27 |- | 2022/23 | {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Ronivaldo]] [[F.C. Blau-Weiß Linz| Blau-Weiß Linz]] |19 |- | 2023/24 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Dario Tadic]] [[SKN St. Pölten]] <br> {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Deni Alar]] [[DSV Leoben]] |16 |- | 2024/25 | {{flagicon|France}} [[Claudy Mbuyi]] [[SKN St. Pölten]] |21 |- | 2025/26 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[David Peham]] [[SKU Amstetten]] |15 |} ==Other websites== *[https://www.2liga.at/2liga/ Official website (in German)] {{Association football in Austria}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1975 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:1970s establishments in Austria]] [[Category:Football leagues in Austria]] k0uiq2j8x3jydaivtxuszsjy6cwxq2x 11024474 11024470 2026-10-09T07:07:40Z Werner100359 106408 /* Clubs in the Admiral 2. Liga 2026-27 */ 11024474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league |leaguename=Admiral Zweite Liga |logo= |country=[[Austria]] |confederation=[[UEFA]] |founded=1975 |folded= |level=2 |divisions= |number of teams=10 |promotion to= |relegation to=[[Regionalliga]] |domestic cup= |international cup= |current champions=[[SCR Altach]] |season=2013/14 |most successful club= LASK (5) |tv partners= |website= |current season= }}The '''Second League''' ([[German language|German]]: '''2. Liga'''), also called '''Admiral 2. Liga''' for sponsorship reasons, is the second-highest division in [[Austria|Austrian]] football. ==History== The league was formed in 1975. The name "Erste Liga" was not new, because before the Second World War the name was in use for the second division in football. From 1949 to 1975 the 3 Regionalligen were the second level. With some modifications the league still exists. There were ten clubs in the league. The champion promotes to the Bundesliga, the last team of the Bundesliga is relegated to the Erste Liga. The last three teams of this league are relegated to the Regionalliga, the champions of the 3 Regionalligen are promoted to the Erste Liga as fare they are licenced. Beginning with the 2018–19 season the former First League changed its name to the Second League<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100235/http://www.bundesliga.at/de/redaktion/news/17-18/sgel/drehscheibe-des-oesterreichischen-fussballs---die-neue-2--liga-ab-2018-19/ Bundesliga.at (German)]</ref> and expanded from ten teams to 16 teams. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180415191531/http://www.bundesliga.at/de/redaktion/news/17-18/sgel/2--liga-startet-mit-16-mannschaften/ Bundesliga.at (German)]</ref> Also amateurteams of a club from the [[Austrian Bundesliga|Bundesliga]] are allowed. In the 2020-21 season the Regionalliga was suspended due to the COVID-pandemic. Therefor no team was relegated from Liga 2. SK Rapid Wien II , SK Vorwärts Steyr and SV Horn stayed in the league. <ref>[https://sport.orf.at/stories/3076524/ Sport ORF.at (German)]</ref> The 3rd of the league Austria Klagenfurt played relegationmatches versus SKN St. Pölten and won 5:0 (4:0 and 1:0) and was promoted to the Bundesliga. ==Clubs in the Admiral 2. Liga 2026-27== {{Location map+|Austria|float=right|width=860|caption=Location of teams in the '''2025–26 Austrian Football Second League'''|places= {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.421111|long=9.652778|label=[[SC Austria Lustenau|Austria Lustenau]]|position=bottom}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.249444|long=16.357778|label=[[Floridsdorfer AC|FAC]]|position=left}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.261251|long=16.328471|label=[[First Vienna FC|First Vienna]]|position=top}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.082550|long=16.286900|label=[[Admira Wacker]]|position=bottom}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.16667 |long=14.03333|label=[[FC Hertha Wels]]|position=top}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.443889|long=15.300556|label=[[Kapfenberger SV|Kapfenberg]]|position=top}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.816264|long=12.998228|label=[[FC Liefering|Liefering]]|position=left}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.046111|long=15.454444|label=[[SK Sturm Graz|Sturm II]]|position=bottom}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.19151|long=15.627257|label=[[SKN St. Pölten|St. Pölten]]|position=left}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.249444|long=16.357778|label=[[SK Rapid Wien II|Rapid II]]|position=right}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.1167|long=14.867|label=[[SKU Amstetten|Amstetten]]|position=bottom}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.79941 |long=13.04399|label= [[SV Austria Salzburg (2005)|SV Austria Salzburg ]]|position=right}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.293333|long=14.276389|label=[[FC Blau-Weiß Linz|BWL]]|position=right}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.03|long=15.09|label=[[ASK Voitsberg]]|position=top}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.5008|long=9.7423|label=[[Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz|SW Bregenz]]|position=top}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.162306|long=16.386714|label=[[FK Austria Wien II|Young Violets Austria Wien]]|position=right}} }} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Club Name !City !Stadium !Capacity |- |[[Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz]] || [[Bregenz]] || [[ImmoAgentur-Stadion]] || 12,000 |- |[[Floridsdorfer AC]] || [[Wien]] || [[FAC-Platz]] || 3,000 |- |[[Kapfenberger SV]] || [[Kapfenberg]] || [[Alpenstadion Kapfenberg]] || 12,000 |- |[[FC Liefering]] || [[Salzburg]] || [[ Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|EM Stadion Wals-Siezenheim]] || 17 000 |- |[[SKN St. Pölten]]||[[Sankt Pölten]]||[[NV Arena]]||8,000 |- |[[First Vienna FC]] || [[Wien]] || [[Hohe Warte Stadium]] || 5,000 |- |[[FC Hertha Wels]] || [[Wels]] || [[HOGO Arena ]] || 2,000 |- |[[SK Rapid Wien II]] || [[Wien]] || [[Allianz Stadion]] || 28,345 |- |[[FC Admira Wacker Mödling]] || [[Maria Enzensdorf]] || [[Bundesstadion Südstadt]] || 12,000 |- | [[Young Violets Austria Wien]] || [[Vienna]] || [[Generali Arena (Wien)|Generali Arena ]] || 17,656 |- |[[SKU Amstetten]] || [[Amstetten, Lower Austria|Amstetten]] || [[Ertl Glas Stadion]] || 2,000 |- | [[FC Blau-Weiß Linz]] || [[Linz]] || [[Hofmann Personal Stadion]] || 5.595 |- |[[ASK Voitsberg]] || [[Voitsberg]] || Münzer Bioindustrie Sportpark || 2,500 |- |[[SV Austria Salzburg (2005)|SV Austria Salzburg]] || [[Salzburg]] || [[Max Aicher stadium|Max Aicher Stadion]] || 1, 566 |- |[[SC Austria Lustenau]] || [[Lustenau]] || [[Reichshofstadion]] || 12,000 |- |[[SK Sturm Graz II]] || [[Graz]] || [[Solarstadion Gleisdorf]] || 700 |} <ref>[https://www.sport.de/fussball/oesterreich-2-liga/stadien/ Sport.de-Stadien 2. Liga Österreich]</ref> <gallery> File:Franz Fekete Stadion Kapfenberg Birdseye.jpg|Alpenstadion Kapfenberg File:Bundesliga RBS FAK.jpg|Red Bull Arena Wals File:Casino Stadion - opposite stand.JPG|ImmoAgentur-Stadion File:St. Pölten - Fußballstation.JPG|NV Arena </gallery> ==Champions== {{col-begin|width=95%}} {{col-2}} *1975 Grazer AK *1976 First Vienna FC 1894 *1977 Wiener Sport-Club *1978 SV Austria Salzburg *1979 Linzer ASK *1980 SC Eisenstadt *1981 SSW Innsbruck *1982 SK Austria Klagenfurt *1983 SV St. Veit/Glan *1984 SV Spittal/Drau *1985 Salzburger AK 1914 *1986 First Vienna FC 1894 *1987 VfB Mödling *1988 VSE St. Pölten *1989 SV Austria Salzburg *1990 Donawitzer SV Alpine *1991 FC VOEST Linz *1992 VfB Mödling *1993 Grazer AK *1994 Linzer ASK *1995 Grazer AK *1996 FC Linz *1997 SC Austria Lustenau *1998 SK Vorwärts Steyr *1999 SC Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz *2000 VfB Admira Wacker Mödling {{col-2}} *2001 FC Kärnten *2002 ASKÖ Pasching *2003 SV Mattersburg *2004 FC Wacker Tirol *2005 SV Ried *2006 SC Rheindorf Altach *2007 LASK Linz *2008 Kapfenberger SV *2009 SC Magna Wiener Neustadt *2010 FC Wacker Innsbruck *2011 VfB Admira Wacker Mödling *2012 Wolfsberger AC *2013 SV Grödig *2014 SCR Altach *2015 SV Mattersburg *2016 SKN St. Pölten * 2017 LASK Linz *2018 FC Wacker Innsbruck *2019 WSG Wattens *2020 SV Ried *2021 FC Blau Weiß Linz *2022 SC Austria Lustenau *2023 FC Blau Weiß Linz *2024 Grazer AK *2025 SV Ried *2026 SC Austria Lustenau {{col-end}} ==Topscorer== <ref>[https://www.weltfussball.at/torschuetzenkoenige/aut-2-liga/] {{in lang|de}} weltfussball.de. Retrieved 6 February 2022</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Season ! Name/Club ! Goals |- | 1999/00 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Armin Hobel]] [[WSG Tirol]] | 15 |- | 2000/01 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Roland Kollmann]] [[FC Kärnten]] | 28 |- | 2001/02 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Christian Stumpf]] [[LASK Linz|LASK]] | 17 |- | 2002/03 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Armin Hobel]] [[BSV Juniors]] |23 |- | 2003/04 | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Samuel Koejoe]] [[FC Wacker Innsbruck (2002)|FC Wacker Innsbruck]] |22 |- | 2004/05 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Sanel Kuljic]] [[SV Ried]] |34 |- | 2005/06 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Ivica Vastić]] [[LASK Linz|LASK]] |19 |- | 2006/07 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Ivica Vastić]] [[LASK Linz|LASK]] |23 |- | 2007/08 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Rene Gartler]] [[FC Lustenau 07|FC Lustenau]] |21 |- | 2008/09 | {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Diego Viana ]] [[SV Grödig]] |20 |- | 2009/10 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Patrick Bürger ]] [[TSV Hartberg]] |18 |- | 2010/11 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Benjamin Sulimani]] [[FC Admira Wacker Mödling|Admira Wacker]] |19 |- | 2011/12 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[David Poljanec]] [[F.C. Blau-Weiß Linz|FC Blau-Weiß Linz]] |19 |- | 2012/13 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Hannes Aigner]] [[SC Rheindorf Altach]] |18 |- | 2013/14 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Hannes Aigner]] [[SC Rheindorf Altach]] |22 |- | 2014/15 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Markus Pink]] [[SV Mattersburg]] |21 |- | 2015/16 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Thomas Pichlmann]] [[FC Wacker Innsbruck (2002)|FC Wacker Innsbruck]] |20 |- | 2016/17 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Patrik Eler]] [[FC Wacker Innsbruck (2002)|FC Wacker Innsbruck]] |24 |- | 2017/18 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Seifedin Chabbi]] [[SV Ried]]<br>{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Hamdi Salihi]] [[SC Wiener Neustadt]] |22 |- | 2018/19 | {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Ronivaldo]] [[SC Austria Lustenau]] |26 |- | 2019/20 | {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Ronivaldo]] [[SC Austria Lustenau]] |24 |- | 2020/21 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Fabian Schubert]] [[F.C. Blau-Weiß Linz|FC Blau-Weiß Linz]] |33 |- | 2021/22 | {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Haris Tabakovic]] [[SC Austria Lustenau]] |27 |- | 2022/23 | {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Ronivaldo]] [[F.C. Blau-Weiß Linz| Blau-Weiß Linz]] |19 |- | 2023/24 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Dario Tadic]] [[SKN St. Pölten]] <br> {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Deni Alar]] [[DSV Leoben]] |16 |- | 2024/25 | {{flagicon|France}} [[Claudy Mbuyi]] [[SKN St. Pölten]] |21 |- | 2025/26 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[David Peham]] [[SKU Amstetten]] |15 |} ==Other websites== *[https://www.2liga.at/2liga/ Official website (in German)] {{Association football in Austria}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1975 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:1970s establishments in Austria]] [[Category:Football leagues in Austria]] f2f6ry7bcj3aga32qifkalm3lgcy24s 11024475 11024474 2026-10-09T07:09:01Z Werner100359 106408 /* Topscorer */ 11024475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league |leaguename=Admiral Zweite Liga |logo= |country=[[Austria]] |confederation=[[UEFA]] |founded=1975 |folded= |level=2 |divisions= |number of teams=10 |promotion to= |relegation to=[[Regionalliga]] |domestic cup= |international cup= |current champions=[[SCR Altach]] |season=2013/14 |most successful club= LASK (5) |tv partners= |website= |current season= }}The '''Second League''' ([[German language|German]]: '''2. Liga'''), also called '''Admiral 2. Liga''' for sponsorship reasons, is the second-highest division in [[Austria|Austrian]] football. ==History== The league was formed in 1975. The name "Erste Liga" was not new, because before the Second World War the name was in use for the second division in football. From 1949 to 1975 the 3 Regionalligen were the second level. With some modifications the league still exists. There were ten clubs in the league. The champion promotes to the Bundesliga, the last team of the Bundesliga is relegated to the Erste Liga. The last three teams of this league are relegated to the Regionalliga, the champions of the 3 Regionalligen are promoted to the Erste Liga as fare they are licenced. Beginning with the 2018–19 season the former First League changed its name to the Second League<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180221100235/http://www.bundesliga.at/de/redaktion/news/17-18/sgel/drehscheibe-des-oesterreichischen-fussballs---die-neue-2--liga-ab-2018-19/ Bundesliga.at (German)]</ref> and expanded from ten teams to 16 teams. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180415191531/http://www.bundesliga.at/de/redaktion/news/17-18/sgel/2--liga-startet-mit-16-mannschaften/ Bundesliga.at (German)]</ref> Also amateurteams of a club from the [[Austrian Bundesliga|Bundesliga]] are allowed. In the 2020-21 season the Regionalliga was suspended due to the COVID-pandemic. Therefor no team was relegated from Liga 2. SK Rapid Wien II , SK Vorwärts Steyr and SV Horn stayed in the league. <ref>[https://sport.orf.at/stories/3076524/ Sport ORF.at (German)]</ref> The 3rd of the league Austria Klagenfurt played relegationmatches versus SKN St. Pölten and won 5:0 (4:0 and 1:0) and was promoted to the Bundesliga. ==Clubs in the Admiral 2. Liga 2026-27== {{Location map+|Austria|float=right|width=860|caption=Location of teams in the '''2025–26 Austrian Football Second League'''|places= {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.421111|long=9.652778|label=[[SC Austria Lustenau|Austria Lustenau]]|position=bottom}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.249444|long=16.357778|label=[[Floridsdorfer AC|FAC]]|position=left}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.261251|long=16.328471|label=[[First Vienna FC|First Vienna]]|position=top}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.082550|long=16.286900|label=[[Admira Wacker]]|position=bottom}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.16667 |long=14.03333|label=[[FC Hertha Wels]]|position=top}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.443889|long=15.300556|label=[[Kapfenberger SV|Kapfenberg]]|position=top}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.816264|long=12.998228|label=[[FC Liefering|Liefering]]|position=left}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.046111|long=15.454444|label=[[SK Sturm Graz|Sturm II]]|position=bottom}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.19151|long=15.627257|label=[[SKN St. Pölten|St. Pölten]]|position=left}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.249444|long=16.357778|label=[[SK Rapid Wien II|Rapid II]]|position=right}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.1167|long=14.867|label=[[SKU Amstetten|Amstetten]]|position=bottom}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.79941 |long=13.04399|label= [[SV Austria Salzburg (2005)|SV Austria Salzburg ]]|position=right}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.293333|long=14.276389|label=[[FC Blau-Weiß Linz|BWL]]|position=right}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.03|long=15.09|label=[[ASK Voitsberg]]|position=top}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=47.5008|long=9.7423|label=[[Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz|SW Bregenz]]|position=top}} {{Location map~|Austria|lat=48.162306|long=16.386714|label=[[FK Austria Wien II|Young Violets Austria Wien]]|position=right}} }} {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Club Name !City !Stadium !Capacity |- |[[Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz]] || [[Bregenz]] || [[ImmoAgentur-Stadion]] || 12,000 |- |[[Floridsdorfer AC]] || [[Wien]] || [[FAC-Platz]] || 3,000 |- |[[Kapfenberger SV]] || [[Kapfenberg]] || [[Alpenstadion Kapfenberg]] || 12,000 |- |[[FC Liefering]] || [[Salzburg]] || [[ Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)|EM Stadion Wals-Siezenheim]] || 17 000 |- |[[SKN St. Pölten]]||[[Sankt Pölten]]||[[NV Arena]]||8,000 |- |[[First Vienna FC]] || [[Wien]] || [[Hohe Warte Stadium]] || 5,000 |- |[[FC Hertha Wels]] || [[Wels]] || [[HOGO Arena ]] || 2,000 |- |[[SK Rapid Wien II]] || [[Wien]] || [[Allianz Stadion]] || 28,345 |- |[[FC Admira Wacker Mödling]] || [[Maria Enzensdorf]] || [[Bundesstadion Südstadt]] || 12,000 |- | [[Young Violets Austria Wien]] || [[Vienna]] || [[Generali Arena (Wien)|Generali Arena ]] || 17,656 |- |[[SKU Amstetten]] || [[Amstetten, Lower Austria|Amstetten]] || [[Ertl Glas Stadion]] || 2,000 |- | [[FC Blau-Weiß Linz]] || [[Linz]] || [[Hofmann Personal Stadion]] || 5.595 |- |[[ASK Voitsberg]] || [[Voitsberg]] || Münzer Bioindustrie Sportpark || 2,500 |- |[[SV Austria Salzburg (2005)|SV Austria Salzburg]] || [[Salzburg]] || [[Max Aicher stadium|Max Aicher Stadion]] || 1, 566 |- |[[SC Austria Lustenau]] || [[Lustenau]] || [[Reichshofstadion]] || 12,000 |- |[[SK Sturm Graz II]] || [[Graz]] || [[Solarstadion Gleisdorf]] || 700 |} <ref>[https://www.sport.de/fussball/oesterreich-2-liga/stadien/ Sport.de-Stadien 2. Liga Österreich]</ref> <gallery> File:Franz Fekete Stadion Kapfenberg Birdseye.jpg|Alpenstadion Kapfenberg File:Bundesliga RBS FAK.jpg|Red Bull Arena Wals File:Casino Stadion - opposite stand.JPG|ImmoAgentur-Stadion File:St. Pölten - Fußballstation.JPG|NV Arena </gallery> ==Champions== {{col-begin|width=95%}} {{col-2}} *1975 Grazer AK *1976 First Vienna FC 1894 *1977 Wiener Sport-Club *1978 SV Austria Salzburg *1979 Linzer ASK *1980 SC Eisenstadt *1981 SSW Innsbruck *1982 SK Austria Klagenfurt *1983 SV St. Veit/Glan *1984 SV Spittal/Drau *1985 Salzburger AK 1914 *1986 First Vienna FC 1894 *1987 VfB Mödling *1988 VSE St. Pölten *1989 SV Austria Salzburg *1990 Donawitzer SV Alpine *1991 FC VOEST Linz *1992 VfB Mödling *1993 Grazer AK *1994 Linzer ASK *1995 Grazer AK *1996 FC Linz *1997 SC Austria Lustenau *1998 SK Vorwärts Steyr *1999 SC Schwarz-Weiß Bregenz *2000 VfB Admira Wacker Mödling {{col-2}} *2001 FC Kärnten *2002 ASKÖ Pasching *2003 SV Mattersburg *2004 FC Wacker Tirol *2005 SV Ried *2006 SC Rheindorf Altach *2007 LASK Linz *2008 Kapfenberger SV *2009 SC Magna Wiener Neustadt *2010 FC Wacker Innsbruck *2011 VfB Admira Wacker Mödling *2012 Wolfsberger AC *2013 SV Grödig *2014 SCR Altach *2015 SV Mattersburg *2016 SKN St. Pölten * 2017 LASK Linz *2018 FC Wacker Innsbruck *2019 WSG Wattens *2020 SV Ried *2021 FC Blau Weiß Linz *2022 SC Austria Lustenau *2023 FC Blau Weiß Linz *2024 Grazer AK *2025 SV Ried *2026 SC Austria Lustenau {{col-end}} ==Topscorer== <ref>[https://www.weltfussball.at/torschuetzenkoenige/aut-2-liga/] {{in lang|de}} weltfussball.de. Retrieved 6 February 2022</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Season ! Name/Club ! Goals |- | 1999/00 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Armin Hobel]] [[WSG Tirol]] | 15 |- | 2000/01 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Roland Kollmann]] [[FC Kärnten]] | 28 |- | 2001/02 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Christian Stumpf]] [[LASK Linz|LASK]] | 17 |- | 2002/03 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Armin Hobel]] [[BSV Juniors]] |23 |- | 2003/04 | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Samuel Koejoe]] [[FC Wacker Innsbruck (2002)|FC Wacker Innsbruck]] |22 |- | 2004/05 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Sanel Kuljic]] [[SV Ried]] |34 |- | 2005/06 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Ivica Vastić]] [[LASK Linz|LASK]] |19 |- | 2006/07 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Ivica Vastić]] [[LASK Linz|LASK]] |23 |- | 2007/08 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Rene Gartler]] [[FC Lustenau 07|FC Lustenau]] |21 |- | 2008/09 | {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Diego Viana ]] [[SV Grödig]] |20 |- | 2009/10 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Patrick Bürger ]] [[TSV Hartberg]] |18 |- | 2010/11 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Benjamin Sulimani]] [[FC Admira Wacker Mödling|Admira Wacker]] |19 |- | 2011/12 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[David Poljanec]] [[F.C. Blau-Weiß Linz|FC Blau-Weiß Linz]] |19 |- | 2012/13 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Hannes Aigner]] [[SC Rheindorf Altach]] |18 |- | 2013/14 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Hannes Aigner]] [[SC Rheindorf Altach]] |22 |- | 2014/15 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Markus Pink]] [[SV Mattersburg]] |21 |- | 2015/16 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Thomas Pichlmann]] [[FC Wacker Innsbruck (2002)|FC Wacker Innsbruck]] |20 |- | 2016/17 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Patrik Eler]] [[FC Wacker Innsbruck (2002)|FC Wacker Innsbruck]] |24 |- | 2017/18 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Seifedin Chabbi]] [[SV Ried]]<br>{{flagicon|Albania}} [[Hamdi Salihi]] [[SC Wiener Neustadt]] |22 |- | 2018/19 | {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Ronivaldo]] [[SC Austria Lustenau]] |26 |- | 2019/20 | {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Ronivaldo]] [[SC Austria Lustenau]] |24 |- | 2020/21 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Fabian Schubert]] [[F.C. Blau-Weiß Linz|FC Blau-Weiß Linz]] |33 |- | 2021/22 | {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Haris Tabaković]] [[SC Austria Lustenau]] |27 |- | 2022/23 | {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Ronivaldo]] [[F.C. Blau-Weiß Linz| Blau-Weiß Linz]] |19 |- | 2023/24 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Dario Tadic]] [[SKN St. Pölten]] <br> {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Deni Alar]] [[DSV Leoben]] |16 |- | 2024/25 | {{flagicon|France}} [[Claudy Mbuyi]] [[SKN St. Pölten]] |21 |- | 2025/26 | {{flagicon|Austria}} [[David Peham]] [[SKU Amstetten]] |15 |} ==Other websites== *[https://www.2liga.at/2liga/ Official website (in German)] {{Association football in Austria}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1975 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:1970s establishments in Austria]] [[Category:Football leagues in Austria]] ogq73y3frey5o6eg8sf2dqw8ovt7p9u 0 290529 11024463 10904309 2026-10-09T06:53:51Z Werner100359 106408 11024463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Football club |clubname=Kapfenberger SV |image=Kapfenberger Sportvereinigung Logo.png |fullname= Kapfenberger Sportvereinigung |nickname= |founded=21 March 1919 as Kapfenberger SC<br>23. März 1947 as Kapfenberger Sportvereinigung |ground= Alpenstadion |capacity= 12 000 |chairman= Erwin Fuchs |manager= Werner Gregoritsch |captain= |league= Austrian 2nd league |season= 2025/26 |position= 13th }} The '''Kapfenberger SV''' is a [[association football|football]] club from Kapfenberg, Styria. ==History== The club was founded in 1919. Before the Second World War he played under the name Kapfenberger SC and was an important part of Styrian football. 1947 the club was new founded and got new sections (table tennis, ski and handball). During the 1950´s and 60´s Kapfenberg played in the Staatsliga A and in the 1980´s in the 2.Division. In 1997 the club, which was only a section of the SV, was dissolved from the Kapfenberger SV and became a legaly independent club. From 2002/03 to 2007/08 the club played in the Erste Liga and became Champion in the 2007/08 season. In the season 2008/09 the club played in the Bundesliga for the first time since 41 years. In the 2009/10 season the LASK was beaten 7:2, which was the highest victory in the club history. The club plays in the Franz-Fekete-Stadium, which was built in 1951 and named after a former mayor of Kapfenberg. In connection with an article in the Austrian daily newspaper Der Standard regarding Fekete's [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] past <ref>[https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000140938152/warum-das-kapfenberger-fussballstadion-nach-einem-ss-mann-benannt-ist?ref=rec Der Standard] </ref>, the renaming of the Franz Fekete Stadium was proposed and discussed. Due to Fekete's documented SS past, the Kapfenberg municipal council decided to revoke the stadium's naming. <ref>[https://steiermark.orf.at/stories/3231312/ ORF Steiermark] </ref> ==Notable players== *'''Karl Steinmetz''' played for the Austrian team in the 1936 Olympic games in Berlin and reached the silver medal. He scored 3 goals in this tournament. ==Current squad== ''Updated 5 February 2026'' {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no= 1|pos=GK|nat= AUT |name=[[Richard Strebinger]] }} {{Fs player|no= 2|pos=DF|nat= GER|name=[[Enrique Pereira da Silva ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 5|pos=GK|nat= SER|name=[[Meletios Miskovic ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 6|pos=DF|nat= AUT|name=[[Antonio Popic ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 7|pos=FW|nat= AUT|name=[[Marc Helleparth ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 8|pos=MF|nat= GER|name=[[Moritz Berg ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 9|pos=MF|nat= AUT|name=[[Marco Kadlec ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 10|pos=MF|nat= KOS|name=[[Bleron Krasniqi ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 11|pos=FW|nat= SEN|name=[[Lamine Touré ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 12|pos=GK|nat= AUT |name=[[Vinko Colic ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 14|pos=DF|nat= AUT|name=[[Marco Pranjkovic ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 15|pos=DF|nat= AUT|name=[[Denis Kovacevic ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 16|pos=MF|nat= AUT|name=[[Adrian Marinovic ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 17|pos=DF|nat= GER|name=[[Robin Littig ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 18|pos=FW|nat= ROM|name=[[Jose-Andrei Rostas ]] }} {{fs mid}} {{Fs player|no= 19|pos=DF|nat= AUT |name=[[Julian Turi ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 23|pos=FW|nat= AUT|name=[[Luca Hassler ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 27|pos=DF|nat= CRO|name=[[Noel Zikovic ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 28|pos=DF|nat= AUT|name=[[Nico Mikulic ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 30|pos=FW|nat= SUI|name=[[Ben Heuser ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 32|pos=MF|nat= AUT|name=[[Jakob Aigner ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 33|pos=DF|nat= CIV|name=[[Olivier N'Zi ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 35|pos=MF|nat= AUT |name=[[Felix Stauder ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 36|pos=GK|nat= AUT |name=[[David Puntigam ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 37|pos=DF|nat= AUT|name=[[Maximilian Hofer ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 38|pos=DF|nat= AUT|name=[[Philipp Breit ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 40|pos=DF|nat= AUT|name=[[Noah Knabl ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 71|pos=FW|nat= AUT|name=[[Thomas Maier ]] }} {{Fs player|no= |pos=FW|nat= ROM|name=[[Nicolas Pribag ]] }} {{Fs end}} ===Coaching staff=== *{{CRO}} [[Vladimir Petrović]] Headcoach *{{AUT}} [[Mario Grgić]] Assistant coach *{{AUT}} [[Matthias Götzinger]] Goalkeeper coach <ref>[https://ksv1919.at/mannschaften/kampfmannschaft Kapfenberger SV Homepage ] </ref> ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Werner Gregoritsch - Kapfenberger SV (Bild 2a).jpg|Werner Gregoritsch coach of KSV File:Kapfenberger SV – Präsident Erwin Fuchs2 (Portrait) (bearb.).JPG|Erwin Fuchs chairman File:Deni Alar - SV Kapfenberg (quer).jpg| [[Deni Alar]] File:REDS – Fanklub der Kapfenberger SV bei einem Freundschaftstestspiel.JPG|Fans of KSV File:SV kapfenberg (1 -0 gegen FC Red Bull Salzburg).JPG|Players celebrating a goal versus Red Bull Salzburg </gallery> ==Other websites== *[http://www.ksv-fussball.at/ SV Kapfenberg Official homepage (German)] {{Austrian Football Second League}} {{Commonscat|Kapfenberger SV|SV Kapfenberg}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kapfenberg SV}} [[Category:Austrian football clubs]] [[Category:Football clubs of Styria]] [[Category:1919 establishments in Austria]] cb5e735r6hwmvlgay61oi1rtuftq84m 11024464 11024463 2026-10-09T06:54:31Z Werner100359 106408 /* Other websites */ 11024464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Football club |clubname=Kapfenberger SV |image=Kapfenberger Sportvereinigung Logo.png |fullname= Kapfenberger Sportvereinigung |nickname= |founded=21 March 1919 as Kapfenberger SC<br>23. März 1947 as Kapfenberger Sportvereinigung |ground= Alpenstadion |capacity= 12 000 |chairman= Erwin Fuchs |manager= Werner Gregoritsch |captain= |league= Austrian 2nd league |season= 2025/26 |position= 13th }} The '''Kapfenberger SV''' is a [[association football|football]] club from Kapfenberg, Styria. ==History== The club was founded in 1919. Before the Second World War he played under the name Kapfenberger SC and was an important part of Styrian football. 1947 the club was new founded and got new sections (table tennis, ski and handball). During the 1950´s and 60´s Kapfenberg played in the Staatsliga A and in the 1980´s in the 2.Division. In 1997 the club, which was only a section of the SV, was dissolved from the Kapfenberger SV and became a legaly independent club. From 2002/03 to 2007/08 the club played in the Erste Liga and became Champion in the 2007/08 season. In the season 2008/09 the club played in the Bundesliga for the first time since 41 years. In the 2009/10 season the LASK was beaten 7:2, which was the highest victory in the club history. The club plays in the Franz-Fekete-Stadium, which was built in 1951 and named after a former mayor of Kapfenberg. In connection with an article in the Austrian daily newspaper Der Standard regarding Fekete's [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] past <ref>[https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000140938152/warum-das-kapfenberger-fussballstadion-nach-einem-ss-mann-benannt-ist?ref=rec Der Standard] </ref>, the renaming of the Franz Fekete Stadium was proposed and discussed. Due to Fekete's documented SS past, the Kapfenberg municipal council decided to revoke the stadium's naming. <ref>[https://steiermark.orf.at/stories/3231312/ ORF Steiermark] </ref> ==Notable players== *'''Karl Steinmetz''' played for the Austrian team in the 1936 Olympic games in Berlin and reached the silver medal. He scored 3 goals in this tournament. ==Current squad== ''Updated 5 February 2026'' {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no= 1|pos=GK|nat= AUT |name=[[Richard Strebinger]] }} {{Fs player|no= 2|pos=DF|nat= GER|name=[[Enrique Pereira da Silva ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 5|pos=GK|nat= SER|name=[[Meletios Miskovic ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 6|pos=DF|nat= AUT|name=[[Antonio Popic ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 7|pos=FW|nat= AUT|name=[[Marc Helleparth ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 8|pos=MF|nat= GER|name=[[Moritz Berg ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 9|pos=MF|nat= AUT|name=[[Marco Kadlec ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 10|pos=MF|nat= KOS|name=[[Bleron Krasniqi ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 11|pos=FW|nat= SEN|name=[[Lamine Touré ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 12|pos=GK|nat= AUT |name=[[Vinko Colic ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 14|pos=DF|nat= AUT|name=[[Marco Pranjkovic ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 15|pos=DF|nat= AUT|name=[[Denis Kovacevic ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 16|pos=MF|nat= AUT|name=[[Adrian Marinovic ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 17|pos=DF|nat= GER|name=[[Robin Littig ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 18|pos=FW|nat= ROM|name=[[Jose-Andrei Rostas ]] }} {{fs mid}} {{Fs player|no= 19|pos=DF|nat= AUT |name=[[Julian Turi ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 23|pos=FW|nat= AUT|name=[[Luca Hassler ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 27|pos=DF|nat= CRO|name=[[Noel Zikovic ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 28|pos=DF|nat= AUT|name=[[Nico Mikulic ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 30|pos=FW|nat= SUI|name=[[Ben Heuser ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 32|pos=MF|nat= AUT|name=[[Jakob Aigner ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 33|pos=DF|nat= CIV|name=[[Olivier N'Zi ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 35|pos=MF|nat= AUT |name=[[Felix Stauder ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 36|pos=GK|nat= AUT |name=[[David Puntigam ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 37|pos=DF|nat= AUT|name=[[Maximilian Hofer ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 38|pos=DF|nat= AUT|name=[[Philipp Breit ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 40|pos=DF|nat= AUT|name=[[Noah Knabl ]] }} {{Fs player|no= 71|pos=FW|nat= AUT|name=[[Thomas Maier ]] }} {{Fs player|no= |pos=FW|nat= ROM|name=[[Nicolas Pribag ]] }} {{Fs end}} ===Coaching staff=== *{{CRO}} [[Vladimir Petrović]] Headcoach *{{AUT}} [[Mario Grgić]] Assistant coach *{{AUT}} [[Matthias Götzinger]] Goalkeeper coach <ref>[https://ksv1919.at/mannschaften/kampfmannschaft Kapfenberger SV Homepage ] </ref> ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Werner Gregoritsch - Kapfenberger SV (Bild 2a).jpg|Werner Gregoritsch coach of KSV File:Kapfenberger SV – Präsident Erwin Fuchs2 (Portrait) (bearb.).JPG|Erwin Fuchs chairman File:Deni Alar - SV Kapfenberg (quer).jpg| [[Deni Alar]] File:REDS – Fanklub der Kapfenberger SV bei einem Freundschaftstestspiel.JPG|Fans of KSV File:SV kapfenberg (1 -0 gegen FC Red Bull Salzburg).JPG|Players celebrating a goal versus Red Bull Salzburg </gallery> ==Other websites== *[http://www.ksv-fussball.at/ SV Kapfenberg Official homepage (German)] {{Austrian Football Second League}} {{Commonscat|Kapfenberger SV|SV Kapfenberg}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Kapfenberg SV}} [[Category:Austrian football clubs]] [[Category:Football clubs of Styria]] [[Category:1919 establishments in Austria]] s01xwmt6cnnhh4nlzsjk5k747l5ch69 0 290756 11023976 10311648 2026-10-08T13:52:02Z Eqnn 1840811 /* */ 11023976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox President | name = İsmet İnönü | honorific-prefix = ''Millî Şef'' | image = Ismet Inonu portrait.jpg | caption = | nationality = [[Turkish people|Turkish]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1884|9|24|df=y}} | birth_place = [[İzmir]], [[Aidin Vilayet]], [[Ottoman Empire]] | birth_name = Mustafa İsmet | death_date = {{death date and age|1973|12|25|1884|9|24|df=y}} | death_place = [[Ankara]], [[Turkey]] | death_cause = [[Heart attack]] | restingplace = [[Anıtkabir]], Ankara | party = [[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|Republican People's Party]] | spouse = Mevhibe İnönü | children = 4, including Erdal İnönü | office1 = 2nd [[President of Turkey]] | term_start1 = 11 November 1938 | term_end1 = 27 May 1950 | primeminister1 = [[Celal Bayar]]<br />Refik Saydam<br />Ahmet Fikri Tüzer<br />Şükrü Saracoğlu<br />Recep Peker<br />Hasan Saka>br />Şemsettin Günaltay | predecessor1 = [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] | successor1 = [[Celal Bayar]] | office2 = 1st [[Prime Minister of Turkey]] | president4 = [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] | term_start4 = 30 October 1923 | term_end4 = 22 November 1924 | predecessor4 = Ali Fethi Okyar<small>(as Prime Minister of the [[Government of the Grand National Assembly]])</small> | successor4 = Ali Fethi Okyar | term_start3 = 4 March 1925 | term_end3 = 25 October 1937 | president3 = [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] | predecessor3 = Ali Fethi Okyar | successor3 = [[Celal Bayar]] | president2 = [[Cemal Gürsel]] | term_start2 = 20 November 1961 | term_end2 = 20 February 1965 | predecessor2 = Emin Fahrettin Özdilek | successor2 = Suat Hayri Ürgüplü | office5 = [[Republican People's Party (Turkey)#Historical leaders|2nd]] [[Republican People's Party (Turkey)|Leader of the Republican People's Party]] | term_start5 = 10 November 1938 | term_end5 = 8 May 1972 | predecessor5 = [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] | successor5 = [[Bülent Ecevit]] | office6 = [[List of Chiefs Turkish General Staff|Chief of the General Staff of Turkey]]| | term_start6 = 20 May 1920 | term_end6 = 3 August 1921 | predecessor6 = ''Office established'' | successor6 = Fevzi Çakmak | office7 = [[List of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Turkey|Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey]] | term_start7 = 26 October 1922 | term_end7 = 21 November 1924 | primeminister7 = Rauf Orbay<br />Ali Fethi Okyar | predecessor7 = Yusuf Kemal Tengirşenk | successor7 = Şükrü Kaya | office8 = {{GNAT MP}} | term_start8 = 15 October 1961 | term_end8 = 20 November 1972 | constituency8 = [[Malatya (electoral district)|Malatya]] ([[Turkish general election, 1961|1961]], [[Turkish general election, 1965|1965]], [[Turkish general election, 1969|1969]]) | term_start9 = 14 May 1950 | term_end9 = 27 May 1960 | constituency9 = [[Malatya (electoral district)|Malatya]] ([[Turkish general election, 1950|1950]], [[Turkish general election, 1954|1954]], [[Turkish general election, 1957|1957]]) | term_start10 = 28 June 1923 | term_end10 = 10 November 1938 | constituency10 = [[Edirne (electoral district)|Edirne]] ([[Turkish general election, 1923|1923]], [[Turkish general election, 1927|1927]], [[Turkish general election, 1931|1931]], [[Turkish general election, 1935|1935]]) | signature = İsmet İnönü Signature.svg <!--Military service-->| allegiance = {{flag|Ottoman Empire}} (1903–1920)<br />{{flag|Turkey}} (1920–1926) | branch = {{army|Turkey}} | rank = Orgeneral | unit = | commands = | battles = [[World War I]]<br />[[Turkish War of Independence]] | awards = }} '''Mustafa İsmet İnönü''' (24 September 1884 – 25 December 1973) was a [[Turkish people|Turkish]] [[politician]] and [[Military|military officer]], who was the first [[Prime Minister]] and second [[President]] of [[Turkey]]. In 1938, [[Republican People's Party]] gave him "National Chief" title. İsmet İnönü was by the standards of his time a highly educated man, speaking Arabic, English, French and German in addition to his native Turkish. His resting place is in Anıtkabir with [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]]. He was close friend of Atatürk. He had two sons, Erdal and Ömer. == Photograph gallery == <gallery> File:Atatürk ve İnönü 16-06-1936.jpg|İnönü (left) and [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]] in 1936 File:Roosevelt Inonu Churchill.jpg|[[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] (left), İnönü (center) and [[Winston Churchill|Churchill]] in 1943 File:İsmet İnönü'nün kabri ve Anıtkabir.JPG|İsmet İnönü's tomb in Anıtkabir </gallery> == Other websites == {{Commonscat-inline|İsmet İnönü}} {{bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Inonu, Ismet}} [[Category:1884 births]] [[Category:1973 deaths]] [[Category:Presidents of Turkey]] [[Category:People from İzmir]] [[Category:20th-century presidents of Turkey]] 7niehte00nu8fh4y1z3vnktubtpraik 0 295440 11024110 10917747 2026-10-08T20:51:19Z ~2026-54388-77 1887185 added citation 11024110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league | logo = | pixels = | country = {{AUT}} | confed = [[UEFA]] | founded = 1973 | divisions = 1 | teams = 10 | relegation = [[2. Frauenliga]] | levels = 1 | domest_cup = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup]] | confed_cup = [[UEFA Women's Champions League|UEFA Champions League]] | champions = [[FK Austria Wien (women)]] | season = 2025-26 | most successful club = [[USC Landhaus Wien]]<br />[[SV Neulengbach|USV Neulengbach]] (12 titles each) | website = [https://www.oefb.at/oefb/Ligen-Bewerbe/Frauen/Planet-Pure-Frauen-Bundesliga oefb.at] | current = }}The '''ÖFB-Frauenliga (official name:Admiral Frauen Bundesliga)''' (German for ÖFB Women's League) is the highest level of Women soccer in [[Austria]]. The most successful team was USC Landhaus Wien with 12 titels, in the last years [[SV Neulengbach]] was the best club in Austria winning all titels from 2003/04 on. [[SKN St. Pölten (women)|SKN St. Pölten]] dominated the women's league from the 2014-15 season onwards. [[FK Austria Wien (women)|FK Austria Wien]] ended their dominance in the 2025-26 season.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vinestock|first=Drew|date=2026-05-31|title=FK Austria Wien win first ever ÖFB Frauen Bundesliga on final day of the season|url=https://herfootballhub.com/fk-austria-wien-win-first-ever-ofb-frauen-bundesliga-on-final-day-of-the-season/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Her Football Hub|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==History== Women football was played in Austria actually before the Second World War. In 1936, the first championship was organized by the ''Österreichische Damenfußball-Union'' (Austrian Ladies Soccer Union) with 9 teams from the Vienna area. But after the occupation of [[Austria]] by Nazi Germany it was suppressed. This continued till the end of the 1960s. In 1968 USC Landhaus Wien was one of the first women soccer clubs in Autria. In 1972 the first women championship after the war was organized by the Vienna Football Union. 1980 the first pure women soccer club (Union Kleinmünchen from Upper Austria) was founded. In 1982, the ÖFB organized the championship for the first time. Actually 334 teams are playing in 5 divisions. Also the number of players increased from 7 000 (2008) to around 17 000. Planet Pure, a cleaning supplies manufacturer from Vorarlberg, is the first official sponsor of the league. It has been replaced by Admiral, a sports betting provider. The official name is now Admiral Frauen Bundesliga. Since 2002, the Austrian Champion plays in the [[Union of European Football Associations|UEFA]] Women’s Champions League. == Current Teams 2026-27 Season<ref>[https://www.oefb.at/oefb/Bewerbe/Frauen/ADMIRAL-Frauen-Bundesliga ÖFB Admiral Frauen-Bundesliga]</ref> == *[[FK Austria Wien (women)|FK Austria Wien]] * [[SKN St. Pölten (women)|SKN St. Pölten Women]] * [[FFC Vorderland|SCR Altach Women]] * [[SK Sturm Graz (women)|SK Sturm Graz Women]] *[[FC Red Bull Salzburg#FC Red Bull Salzburg (women)|FC Red Bull Salzburg]] *[[LASK]] Women *[[First Vienna FC (women)|First Vienna FC]] Women * [[SK Rapid Wien (women)|SK Rapid Wien ]] *[[Union Kleinmünchen|SPG Union Kleinmünchen/Blau-Weiß Linz]] *[[FC Südburgenland|SpG Südburgenland/TSV Hartberg]] ==Name history == * DFU-Liga (1936-1938) *Damenliga Ost (1972-1982) * Frauen-Bundesliga (1982-2005) * ÖFB-Frauenliga (2005-2013) * ÖFB-Frauen-Bundesliga (2013- present) == List of champions == The list of champions:<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tableso/oost-womchamp.html RSSSF.com]; Austria - List of Women Champions</ref> {| class="prettytable" |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" ! Season ! Champion ! Runner-up |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1972/73 | Favoritner AC | [[USC Landhaus Wien]] |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1973/74 | USC Landhaus Wien | ESV Ostbahn XI Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1974/75 | KSV Ankerbrot Wien | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1975/76 | USC Landhaus Wien | ESV Ostbahn XI Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1976/77 | SV Elektra Wien | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1977/88 | USC Landhaus Wien | SV Elektra Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1978/79 | SV Elektra Wien | ESV Ostbahn IX Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1979/80 | SV Elektra Wien | ESV Ostbahn XI Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1980/81 | USC Landhaus Wien | ESV Ostbahn XI Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1981/82 | USC Landhaus Wien | ESV Ostbahn XI Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1982/83 | USC Landhaus Wien | ESV Ostbahn XI Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1983/84 | SV Aspern | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1984/85 | ESV Ostbahn XI Wien | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1985/86 | 1. DFC Leoben | DFC LUV Graz |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1986/87 | 1. DFC Leoben | [[Union Kleinmünchen]] |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1987/88 | USC Landhaus Wien | Union Kleinmünchen |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1988/89 | USC Landhaus Wien | Union Kleinmünchen |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1989/90 | Union Kleinmünchen | DFC Brunn am Gebirge |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1990/91 | Union Kleinmünchen | ESV Ostbahn XI Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1991/92 | Union Kleinmünchen | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1992/93 | Union Kleinmünchen | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1993/94 | Union Kleinmünchen | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1994/95 | USC Landhaus Wien | Union Kleinmünchen |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1995/96 | Union Kleinmünchen | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1996/97 | USC Landhaus Wien | Union Kleinmünchen |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1997/98 | Union Kleinmünchen | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1998/99 | Union Kleinmünchen | [[SV Neulengbach]] |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1999/00 | USC Landhaus Wien | Union Kleinmünchen |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 2000/01 | USC Landhaus Wien | SV Neulengbach |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 2001/02 | Innsbrucker AC | SV Neulengbach |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 2002/03 | [[SV Neulengbach]] | Innsbrucker AC |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 2003/04 | SV Neulengbach | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 2004/05 | SV Neulengbach | Union Kleinmünchen |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 2005/06 | SV Neulengbach | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 2006/07 | SV Neulengbach | DFC LUV Graz |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2007/08 | SV Neulengbach | [[Fußballclub Wacker Innsbruck|FC Wacker Innsbruck]] |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2008/09 | SV Neulengbach | FC Wacker Innsbruck |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2009/10 | SV Neulengbach | FC Wacker Innsbruck |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2010/11 | SV Neulengbach | FC Südburgenland |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2011/12 | SV Neulengbach | ASV Spratzern |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2012/13 | SV Neulengbach | ASV Spratzern |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2013/14 | SV Neulengbach | FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2014/15 | FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern | SV Neulengbach |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2015/16 | FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern | SK Sturm Graz Women |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2016/17 | SKN St. Pölten Women | SK Sturm Graz Women |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2017/18 | SKN St. Pölten Women | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2018/19 | SKN St. Pölten Women | SK Sturm Graz Women |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2019/20 | competition abandoned COVID | |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2020/21 | SKN St. Pölten Women | USC Landhaus/Austria Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2021/22 | SKN St. Pölten Women | SK Sturm Graz Women |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2022/23 | SKN St. Pölten Women | SK Sturm Graz Women |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2023/24 | SKN St. Pölten Women | First Vienna FC Women |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2024/25 | SKN St. Pölten Women | FK Austria Wien Women |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2025/26 |FK Austria Wien Women | SKN St. Pölten Women |} {{Clear}} == Champions == *[[USC Landhaus Wien]] (1974, 1976, 1977, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1988, 1989, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001) *[[SKN St. Pölten (women)|SKN St. Pölten ]] (includes FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern): (2015, 2016, 2017,2018,2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025) *[[Union Kleinmünchen Linz|Union Kleinmünchen]] (1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999) * [[SV Neulengbach|USV Neulengbach]] (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010) * [[FS Elektra Wien]] (1977, 1979, 1980) * [[1. DFC Leoben]] (1976, 1987) * [[Favoritner AC]] (1973) * [[KSV Ankerbrot Wien]] (1975) * [[SV Aspern]] (1984) * [[ESV Ostbahn XI Wien]] (1985) * [[Innsbrucker AC]] (2002) ==Records == *'''Highest win''' 23 April 2023 SCR Altach/[[FFC Vorderland]] versus SKV Altenmarkt 18ː0 *'''Highest number of goals''' 23 April 2023 SCR Altach/FFC Vorderland versus SKV Altenmarkt 18 *'''Highest attendance''' 20 May 2022 Sturm Graz versus [[ SV Neulengbach|USV Neulengbach]] 3:2 1704 *'''Matches''' Susanna Koch-Lefevre [[FC Südburgenland]] 257 *'''Goals''' [[Nina Burger]] SV Neulengbach 216 <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/damen/nat/nestat/nestat.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> {{Association football in Austria}} ==References== <references/> ==Other websites== *[http://www.oefb.at/oefb-frauenliga-pid577 ÖFB Official Homepage (German)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802073038/http://www.oefb.at/oefb-frauenliga-pid577 |date=2013-08-02 }} *[http://www.frauenfussball.at/ Homepage Union Kleinmünchen with results and tables] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ofb-Frauenliga}} [[Category:Women's football in Austria]] rv1lw5y9ulba0goeaxv50dl9mpazzw5 11024450 11024110 2026-10-09T06:21:38Z Werner100359 106408 /* Other websites */ 11024450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league | logo = | pixels = | country = {{AUT}} | confed = [[UEFA]] | founded = 1973 | divisions = 1 | teams = 10 | relegation = [[2. Frauenliga]] | levels = 1 | domest_cup = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup]] | confed_cup = [[UEFA Women's Champions League|UEFA Champions League]] | champions = [[FK Austria Wien (women)]] | season = 2025-26 | most successful club = [[USC Landhaus Wien]]<br />[[SV Neulengbach|USV Neulengbach]] (12 titles each) | website = [https://www.oefb.at/oefb/Ligen-Bewerbe/Frauen/Planet-Pure-Frauen-Bundesliga oefb.at] | current = }}The '''ÖFB-Frauenliga (official name:Admiral Frauen Bundesliga)''' (German for ÖFB Women's League) is the highest level of Women soccer in [[Austria]]. The most successful team was USC Landhaus Wien with 12 titels, in the last years [[SV Neulengbach]] was the best club in Austria winning all titels from 2003/04 on. [[SKN St. Pölten (women)|SKN St. Pölten]] dominated the women's league from the 2014-15 season onwards. [[FK Austria Wien (women)|FK Austria Wien]] ended their dominance in the 2025-26 season.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vinestock|first=Drew|date=2026-05-31|title=FK Austria Wien win first ever ÖFB Frauen Bundesliga on final day of the season|url=https://herfootballhub.com/fk-austria-wien-win-first-ever-ofb-frauen-bundesliga-on-final-day-of-the-season/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Her Football Hub|language=en-GB}}</ref> ==History== Women football was played in Austria actually before the Second World War. In 1936, the first championship was organized by the ''Österreichische Damenfußball-Union'' (Austrian Ladies Soccer Union) with 9 teams from the Vienna area. But after the occupation of [[Austria]] by Nazi Germany it was suppressed. This continued till the end of the 1960s. In 1968 USC Landhaus Wien was one of the first women soccer clubs in Autria. In 1972 the first women championship after the war was organized by the Vienna Football Union. 1980 the first pure women soccer club (Union Kleinmünchen from Upper Austria) was founded. In 1982, the ÖFB organized the championship for the first time. Actually 334 teams are playing in 5 divisions. Also the number of players increased from 7 000 (2008) to around 17 000. Planet Pure, a cleaning supplies manufacturer from Vorarlberg, is the first official sponsor of the league. It has been replaced by Admiral, a sports betting provider. The official name is now Admiral Frauen Bundesliga. Since 2002, the Austrian Champion plays in the [[Union of European Football Associations|UEFA]] Women’s Champions League. == Current Teams 2026-27 Season<ref>[https://www.oefb.at/oefb/Bewerbe/Frauen/ADMIRAL-Frauen-Bundesliga ÖFB Admiral Frauen-Bundesliga]</ref> == *[[FK Austria Wien (women)|FK Austria Wien]] * [[SKN St. Pölten (women)|SKN St. Pölten Women]] * [[FFC Vorderland|SCR Altach Women]] * [[SK Sturm Graz (women)|SK Sturm Graz Women]] *[[FC Red Bull Salzburg#FC Red Bull Salzburg (women)|FC Red Bull Salzburg]] *[[LASK]] Women *[[First Vienna FC (women)|First Vienna FC]] Women * [[SK Rapid Wien (women)|SK Rapid Wien ]] *[[Union Kleinmünchen|SPG Union Kleinmünchen/Blau-Weiß Linz]] *[[FC Südburgenland|SpG Südburgenland/TSV Hartberg]] ==Name history == * DFU-Liga (1936-1938) *Damenliga Ost (1972-1982) * Frauen-Bundesliga (1982-2005) * ÖFB-Frauenliga (2005-2013) * ÖFB-Frauen-Bundesliga (2013- present) == List of champions == The list of champions:<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tableso/oost-womchamp.html RSSSF.com]; Austria - List of Women Champions</ref> {| class="prettytable" |- bgcolor="#EFEFEF" ! Season ! Champion ! Runner-up |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1972/73 | Favoritner AC | [[USC Landhaus Wien]] |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1973/74 | USC Landhaus Wien | ESV Ostbahn XI Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1974/75 | KSV Ankerbrot Wien | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1975/76 | USC Landhaus Wien | ESV Ostbahn XI Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1976/77 | SV Elektra Wien | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1977/88 | USC Landhaus Wien | SV Elektra Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1978/79 | SV Elektra Wien | ESV Ostbahn IX Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1979/80 | SV Elektra Wien | ESV Ostbahn XI Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1980/81 | USC Landhaus Wien | ESV Ostbahn XI Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1981/82 | USC Landhaus Wien | ESV Ostbahn XI Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1982/83 | USC Landhaus Wien | ESV Ostbahn XI Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1983/84 | SV Aspern | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1984/85 | ESV Ostbahn XI Wien | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1985/86 | 1. DFC Leoben | DFC LUV Graz |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1986/87 | 1. DFC Leoben | [[Union Kleinmünchen]] |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1987/88 | USC Landhaus Wien | Union Kleinmünchen |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1988/89 | USC Landhaus Wien | Union Kleinmünchen |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1989/90 | Union Kleinmünchen | DFC Brunn am Gebirge |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1990/91 | Union Kleinmünchen | ESV Ostbahn XI Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1991/92 | Union Kleinmünchen | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1992/93 | Union Kleinmünchen | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1993/94 | Union Kleinmünchen | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1994/95 | USC Landhaus Wien | Union Kleinmünchen |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1995/96 | Union Kleinmünchen | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1996/97 | USC Landhaus Wien | Union Kleinmünchen |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1997/98 | Union Kleinmünchen | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1998/99 | Union Kleinmünchen | [[SV Neulengbach]] |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 1999/00 | USC Landhaus Wien | Union Kleinmünchen |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 2000/01 | USC Landhaus Wien | SV Neulengbach |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 2001/02 | Innsbrucker AC | SV Neulengbach |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 2002/03 | [[SV Neulengbach]] | Innsbrucker AC |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 2003/04 | SV Neulengbach | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 2004/05 | SV Neulengbach | Union Kleinmünchen |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 2005/06 | SV Neulengbach | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" ! 2006/07 | SV Neulengbach | DFC LUV Graz |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2007/08 | SV Neulengbach | [[Fußballclub Wacker Innsbruck|FC Wacker Innsbruck]] |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2008/09 | SV Neulengbach | FC Wacker Innsbruck |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2009/10 | SV Neulengbach | FC Wacker Innsbruck |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2010/11 | SV Neulengbach | FC Südburgenland |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2011/12 | SV Neulengbach | ASV Spratzern |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2012/13 | SV Neulengbach | ASV Spratzern |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2013/14 | SV Neulengbach | FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2014/15 | FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern | SV Neulengbach |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2015/16 | FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern | SK Sturm Graz Women |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2016/17 | SKN St. Pölten Women | SK Sturm Graz Women |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2017/18 | SKN St. Pölten Women | USC Landhaus Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2018/19 | SKN St. Pölten Women | SK Sturm Graz Women |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2019/20 | competition abandoned COVID | |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2020/21 | SKN St. Pölten Women | USC Landhaus/Austria Wien |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2021/22 | SKN St. Pölten Women | SK Sturm Graz Women |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2022/23 | SKN St. Pölten Women | SK Sturm Graz Women |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2023/24 | SKN St. Pölten Women | First Vienna FC Women |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2024/25 | SKN St. Pölten Women | FK Austria Wien Women |- align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="#ffffff" !2025/26 |FK Austria Wien Women | SKN St. Pölten Women |} {{Clear}} == Champions == *[[USC Landhaus Wien]] (1974, 1976, 1977, 1981, 1982, 1983, 1988, 1989, 1995, 1997, 2000, 2001) *[[SKN St. Pölten (women)|SKN St. Pölten ]] (includes FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern): (2015, 2016, 2017,2018,2019, 2021, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025) *[[Union Kleinmünchen Linz|Union Kleinmünchen]] (1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996, 1998, 1999) * [[SV Neulengbach|USV Neulengbach]] (2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010) * [[FS Elektra Wien]] (1977, 1979, 1980) * [[1. DFC Leoben]] (1976, 1987) * [[Favoritner AC]] (1973) * [[KSV Ankerbrot Wien]] (1975) * [[SV Aspern]] (1984) * [[ESV Ostbahn XI Wien]] (1985) * [[Innsbrucker AC]] (2002) ==Records == *'''Highest win''' 23 April 2023 SCR Altach/[[FFC Vorderland]] versus SKV Altenmarkt 18ː0 *'''Highest number of goals''' 23 April 2023 SCR Altach/FFC Vorderland versus SKV Altenmarkt 18 *'''Highest attendance''' 20 May 2022 Sturm Graz versus [[ SV Neulengbach|USV Neulengbach]] 3:2 1704 *'''Matches''' Susanna Koch-Lefevre [[FC Südburgenland]] 257 *'''Goals''' [[Nina Burger]] SV Neulengbach 216 <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/damen/nat/nestat/nestat.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> {{Association football in Austria}} ==References== <references/> ==Other websites== *[http://www.oefb.at/oefb-frauenliga-pid577 ÖFB Official Homepage (German)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130802073038/http://www.oefb.at/oefb-frauenliga-pid577 |date=2013-08-02 }} *[http://www.frauenfussball.at/ Homepage Union Kleinmünchen with results and tables] {{DEFAULTSORT:Ofb-Frauenliga}} [[Category:Women's football in Austria]] [[Category:Football leagues in Austria]] k38zwihuc45wsikc6iaechbg0zpun5r 0 295856 11024392 10955729 2026-10-09T05:19:54Z Werner100359 106408 /* History */ 11024392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = SV Neulengbach | image = | fullname = Union Sportverein Neulengbach | nickname = | founded = 1923<br />Women's section founded 1996 | ground = Wienerwaldstadion, [[Neulengbach]] | capacity = 3,000 | chairman = | coach = Maria Gstöttner/Katja Gürtler | league = [[ÖFB-Frauenliga]] | season = 2024-25 | position = [[ÖFB-Frauenliga]], 7th | pattern_la1=_neulengbach14h | pattern_b1=_neulengbach14h | pattern_ra1=_neulengbach14h | leftarm1=FFFFFF | body1=FFFFFF | rightarm1=FFFFFF | shorts1=000000 | socks1=FFFFFF | pattern_la2=_neulengbach14a | pattern_b2=_neulengbach14a | pattern_ra2=_neulengbach14a | leftarm2=FF0000 | body2=FF0000 | rightarm2=FF0000 | shorts2=FF2222 | socks2=FF2222 | website = http://www.neulengbach.at/ }} '''USV Neulengbach''' is a [[Association football|football]] club from [[Neulengbach]], [[Lower Austria]]. The club was founded in 1923. The men's team playes in Lower Austrian's 2. class. The women's team was founded in 1996 and plays in the [[ÖFB-Frauenliga]], the top level of Austrian women's football. ==History== The history goes back to 1992. In this year women formed a team in Altlengbach and after the first matches they wanted to play on. They had sucess but after problems with officials of SV Altlengbach the team went to SV Neulengbach. 1996 the women's section of SV Neulengbach was founded. In the 1996/97 season they took over the place of SV Altlengbach in the 2nd League East where they became champion and were promoted to the Frauenliga. In their first year they reached the 5th place, the next season they were runners-up. The following years they became the dominant club in the Bundesliga. They won 12 titels in the league and 10 times the Cup. This dominant role ended in 2015. In the sucessful years the team was formed almost totally of players of the [[Austria women's national football team|Austrian women's football national team]]. But the most known playyer came from [[Brazil]]. [[Rosana dos Santos Augusto|Rosana ]] played for Neulengbach from 2005 till 2008. She had won the Silver medal with Brazil in [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004 Olympic games]] in Athens. Another famous player is [[Nina Burger]] who played 109 matches for the national team of Austria. <gallery> File:2014-03-29 Nl10 Nina Burger 4424.jpg|[[Nina Burger]] File:Rosana dos Santos Augusto (cropped).jpg|Rosana File:20131031 AT01 Manuela Zinsberger (cropped).jpg|[[Manuela Zinsberger]] </gallery> Following the announcement in April 2026 that the club would file for insolvency, the Austrian Football Association (ÖFB) decided that it would deny USV Neulengbach a license for the Women's Bundesliga for the upcoming season.<ref>[https://www.oefb.at/oefb/News/AFBL-Abschluss-Lizenzierungsverfahren-2026 ÖFB News] </ref> In May 2026, bankruptcy proceedings were opened against the club's assets at its own request. The main reason given was the increased monthly costs resulting from the club's sporting successes. Consequently, the closure of the women's football section was decided. ==Current squad== {{updated|19 February 2026}}<ref>[https://vereine.oefb.at/NeulengbachSv/Mannschaften/Saison-2025-26/KM-FR/Kader/# ÖFB.at Kader]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{Fs start}} {{Fs player|no=1|name=[[Amelie Kandlhofer ]]|nat=AUT|pos=GK}} {{Fs player|no=3|name=[[Piia Willimek ]]|nat=AUT|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=6|name=[[Emma Heiplik ]]|nat=AUT|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=7|name=[[Dayna Sunshine Tuppinger ]]|nat=AUT|pos=FW}} {{Fs player|no=8|name=[[Livia Brunmair]]|nat=AUT|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=9|name=[[Florentina Satra ]]|nat=AUT|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=10|name=[[Anna Alberty]]|nat=Slovakia|pos=MF}} {{fs player|no=11|name=[[Romina Bell]]|nat=AUT|pos=DF}} {{fs player|no=11|name=[[Rebecca Schreiber]]|nat=AUT|pos=MF}} {{fs player|no=12|name=[[Katharina Ille ]]|nat=AUT|pos=DF}} {{fs player|no=13|name=[[Florentine Dorfer]]|nat=AUT|pos=DF}} {{fs player|no=15|name=[[Lara Wondrejc ]]|nat=AUT|pos=FW}} {{Fs player|no=16|name=[[Jana Mayer ]]|nat=AUT|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=19|name=[[Alisa Ziletkina ]]|nat=AUT|pos=FW}} {{Fs mid}} {{Fs player|no=21|name=[[Tanja Huber ]]|nat=AUT|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=21|name=[[Juliana Siever]]|nat=GER|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=22|name=[[Hannah Blaschka ]]|nat=AUT|pos=MF }} {{Fs player|no=24|name=[[Mia Strecha ]]|nat=AUT|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=28|name=[[Mariella Falkensteiner ]]|nat=AUT|pos=MF }} {{Fs player|no=30|name=[[Julia Tabotta]]|nat=AUT|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=36|name=[[Anna Holl ]]|nat=AUT|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=49|name=[[Natascha Wurm ]]|nat=AUT|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=66|name=[[Sophie Grafl ]]|nat=AUT|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no=77|name=[[Laetitia Barabas ]]|nat=AUT|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no=77|name=[[Simone Haunold ]]|nat=AUT|pos=FW}} {{Fs player|no= |name=[[Gina Babicky ]]|nat=AUT|pos=DF}} {{Fs player|no= |name=[[Melissa Alison Garcia ]]|nat=LUX|pos=FW}} {{Fs end}} ===Coaching staff=== *{{AUT}} [[Andreas Ogris ]] Headcoach *{{AUT}} [[Felizitas Schneider]] Assistant coach *{{AUT}} [[Maria Wolf ]] Assistant coach *{{AUT}} [[Andreas Höller ]] Goalkeeper coach *{{AUT}} [[Wolfgang Knaller ]] Goalkeeper coach <ref>[https://vereine.oefb.at/NeulengbachSv/Verein/Trainer/ ÖFB.at Betreuer (German)]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Honours== * 12 × Austrian Champion: 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 * 10 × Austrian Cup: 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 * 2 × Supercupsieger: 2003, 2004 {{Commonscat|Players of SV Neulengbach}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Austrian women's Bundesliga}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Neulengbach, SV}} [[Category:Women's football in Austria]] [[Category:Austrian football clubs]] [[Category:Football clubs of Lower Austria]] [[Category:1923 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:1920s establishments in Austria]] 1ir2bo1y3bp5r6ghwx5r8fn4acea7fa 2 305244 11023952 8478009 2026-10-08T13:30:27Z Ziv 888555 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Oval portrait painting of he Princess of Piedmont (Maria Antonia of Spain) circa 1755 by an unknown artist.jpg]] → [[File:Anonymous portrait painting of the Duchess of Savoy (Maria Antonia of Spain) in circa 1755.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · (1) incorrect spelling of the (2) M A was was never Princess of Piedmont, she was Duchess of Savoy (not an obvious error, but an error nonetheless. 11023952 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of '''Savoyard princesses''' from the accession of the first [[duke of Savoy]], [[Antipope Felix V|Amadeus VIII]] in 1416. The title "Princess" has generally been restricted to the following persons: * the legitimate daughters of a Savoyard sovereign, * the legitimate male line granddaughters of a Savoyard sovereign, * the wife of a Savoyard prince. ==Princesses of Savoy== ===Princesses of Savoy by marriage=== {|class="wikitable sortable" !style="width:10%" |Image !style="width:20%"|Princess !style="width:5%" |Birth !style="width:5%" |Marriage !style="width:5%" |Death !style="width:25%" |Notes !style="width:30%" |Husband |- | [[File:Princess Christine Marie of France by Frans Pourbus II 1612.jpg|100px]] | [[Christine Marie of France]] | 1606 | 1663 | 1615 | Regent for her sons [[Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy|Francis Hyacinth]] and [[Charles Emmanuel II]] | [[Victor Amadeus I]] |- | [[File:Armoiries Savoie-Carignan-Soissons.svg|100px]] | [[Marie de Bourbon, Countess of Soissons|Marie de Bourbon]] |1606 |1625 |1692 |Heiress of the [[count of Soissons|County of Soissons]] | [[Charles, Count of Soissons]] |- |[[File:1629 Louise.jpg|100px]] | [[Princess Luisa Cristina of Savoy|Luisa of Savoy]] |1629 |1692 |1642 | | [[Prince Maurice of Savoy]] |- |[[File:Élisabeth de Bourbon (1614-1664), Dowager Duchess of Nemours.jpg|100px]] |[[Élisabeth de Bourbon]] |1614 |1664 |1643 | |[[Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours]] |- |[[File:Marie d'Orléans, Mademoiselle de Longueville as a young girl by an unknown artist.jpg|100px]] | [[Marie d'Orléans, Duchess of Nemours|Marie d'Orléans]] |1625 |1657 |1707 | |[[Henri II, Duke of Nemours|Henri, Duke of Nemours]] |- |[[File:Maria Angela Caterina d'Este, Princess of Carignan, follower of Rigaud.jpg|100px]] |[[Maria Angela Caterina d'Este]] |1656 |1684 |1722 | |[[Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignan]] |- |[[File:Olympia Mancini by Mignard.png|100px]] |[[Olympia Mancini]] |1638 |1657 |1708 |Niece of [[Cardinal Mazarin]] |[[Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons]] |- |[[File:Ambito Francese - Vittoria di Savoia-Soissons - Racconigi.jpg|100px]] |[[Maria Vittoria of Savoy|Vittoria Francesca of Savoy]] |1690 |1717 |1766 |Illegitimate daughter of [[Victor Amadeus II]] |[[Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano]] |- |[[File:Clementi - Anne Christine of Sulzbach, Palazzo Madama.jpg|100px]] |[[Countess Palatine Anne Christine of Sulzbach|Anne Christine of Sulzbach]] |1704 |1722 |1723 | |[[Charles Emmanuel III]] |- |[[File:Polyxena Christina of Hesse-Rotenburg, Queen of Sardinia.jpg|100px]] |[[Polyxena of Hesse-Rotenburg]] |1706 |1724 |1735 | |Charles Emmanuel III |- |[[File:Christine Henriette of Hesse-Rotenburg.jpg|100px]] |[[Landgravine Christine of Hesse-Rotenburg|Christine of Hesse-Rotenburg]] |1717 |1740 |1778 |Sister of the above |[[Louis Victor, Prince of Carignan]] |- |[[File:Maria Theresia of Liechtenstein, Countess of Soissons, stamp 1980, cropped.jpg|100px]] |[[Princess Maria Theresia of Liechtenstein|Maria Theresia of Liechtenstein]] |1694 |1713 |1772 | |[[Thomas Emmanuel, Count of Soissons]] |- |[[File:Anonymous portrait painting of the Duchess of Savoy (Maria Antonia of Spain) in circa 1755.jpg|100px]] |[[Maria Antonia of Spain]] |1729 |1750 |1785 | |[[Victor Amadeus III]] |- |[[File:Maria Anna of Savoy, Duchess of Chablais - Royal Palace of Turin.jpg|100px]] |[[Princess Maria Anna of Savoy|Maria Anna of Savoy]] |1757 |1775 |1824 |Daughter of the above |[[Benedetto, Duke of Chablais]] |- |[[File:Maria Giuseppina Teresa di Lorena, Princess of Carignan.jpg|100px]] |[[Princess Joséphine of Lorraine|Joséphine of Lorraine]] |1753 |1768 |1797 | |[[Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignan]] |- |[[File:Cathelin after Ducreux - Clotilde of France while Princess of Piedmont.jpg|100px]] |[[Marie Clotilde of France]] |1759 |1775 |1802 |Sister of [[Louis XVI]] |[[Charles Emmanuel IV]] |- |[[File:Maria Teresa d'Austria-Este.jpg|100px]] |[[Maria Theresa of Austria-Este (1773–1832)|Maria Theresa of Austria-Este]] |1773 |1789 |1832 | |[[Victor Emmaneul I]] |- |[[File:Berger - Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily - Castle of Agliè.jpg|100px]] |[[Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily]] |1779 |1807 |1849 | |[[Charles Felix of Sardinia|Charles Felix]] |} ===Princesses of === ====By birth==== ====By marriage==== 6jwkvtbp8vogbbol30xmzyb49htx72h 0 313772 11024093 11018211 2026-10-08T19:56:30Z ~2026-54511-72 1887154 11024093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|List of European Union member states}} {| class="wikitable sortable references-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="1" |- style="background:#ececec;" ! Name of country or<br />territory, with [[flag]] ! [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) ! [[List of countries by population|Population]]<br />(As of [[2025]]) ! [[List of countries by population density|Population density]]<br />(per km²) ! [[Capital (political)|Capital]] |- | {{Flagicon|Albania}} [[Albania]]<ref>Some might consider Albania being 28,648 km² while others say it is 28,748km².</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| 29,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,000,796 | style="text-align:right;"| 104.1 | [[Tirana]] |- | {{Flagicon|Andorra}} [[Andorra]] | style="text-align:right;"| 500 | style="text-align:right;"| 190,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 146.2 | [[Andorra la Vella]] |- |{{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Armenia]]<ref name=":0">Geographically located entirely in Asia, but politically and socioculturally belongs to Europe.</ref> | style="text-align: right;" |29,800 | style="text-align: right;" |3,076,200 | style="text-align: right;" |103 |[[Yerevan]] |- |{{Flagicon|Austria}} [[Austria]] | style="text-align:right;"| 83,858 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,113,974 | style="text-align:right;"| 98.61 | [[Vienna]] |- | {{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijan]]<ref name=":1">A transcontinental country, most of whose territory belongs to Asia.</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| 102,428 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,489,648 | style="text-align:right;"| 40.0 | [[Baku]] |- | {{Flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarus]] | style="text-align:right;"| 207,600 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,434,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 45.4 | [[Minsk]] |- | {{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]] | style="text-align:right;"| 30,510 | style="text-align:right;"| 12,431,477 | style="text-align:right;"| 341.9 | [[Brussels]] |- | {{Flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] | style="text-align:right;"| 51,129 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,890,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 76.0 | [[Sarajevo]] |- |{{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria]] | style="text-align:right;"|110,994 | style="text-align:right;"|6,714,560 | style="text-align:right;"|60.5 |[[Sofia]] |- | {{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatia]] | style="text-align:right;" | 56,542 | style="text-align:right;" | 4,290,612 | style="text-align:right;" | 75.8 | [[Zagreb]] |- | {{Flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Cyprus]]<ref name=":0" /> | style="text-align:right;"|9,251 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,380,392 | style="text-align:right;"| 39.8 | [[Nicosia]] |- | {{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Republic|Czechia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 78,866 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,190,213 | style="text-align:right;"| 129.2 | [[Prague]] |- | {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]] | style="text-align:right;"| 43,094 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,529,888 | style="text-align:right;"| 128.3 | [[Copenhagen]] |- | {{Flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 45,226 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,282,963 | style="text-align:right;"| 28.3 | [[Tallinn]] |- | {{Flagicon|Finland}} [[Finland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 336,593 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,259,250 | style="text-align:right;"| 15.6 | [[Helsinki]] |- | {{Flagicon|France}} [[France]] | style="text-align:right;"| 547,030 | style="text-align:right;"| 63,248,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 115.6 | [[Paris]] |- | {{Flagicon|Georgia}} [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]<ref name=":1" /> | style="text-align:right;"| 92,464 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,398,868 | style="text-align:right;"| 11.8 | [[Tbilisi]] |- | {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]] | style="text-align:right;"| 357,021 | style="text-align:right;"| 81,044,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 228.1 | [[Berlin]] |- | {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Greece]] | style="text-align:right;"| 131,940 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,760,136 | style="text-align:right;"| 81.5 | [[Athens]] |- | {{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]] | style="text-align:right;"| 93,030 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,976,062 | style="text-align:right;"| 107.2 | [[Budapest]] |- | {{Flagicon|Iceland}} [[Iceland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 103,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 311,058 | style="text-align:right;"| 3.0 | [[Reykjavík]] |- | {{Flagicon|Ireland}} [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 70,280 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,581,269 | style="text-align:right;"| 65.1 | [[Dublin]] |- | {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]] | style="text-align:right;"| 301,230 | style="text-align:right;"| 60,681,514 | style="text-align:right;"| 201.4 | [[Rome]] |- | [[Kaliningrad Oblast]] | style="text-align:right;"| --- | style="text-align:right;"| --- | style="text-align:right;"| --- | [[Kaliningrad]] |- |''{{Flagicon|Kosovo}}'' [[Kosovo]]<ref>[[List of states with limited recognition|Partially recognized]] state.</ref> | style="text-align: right;" |9,483 | style="text-align: right;" |1,561,489 | style="text-align: right;" |146 |[[Pristina]] |- | {{Flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 64,589 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,204,708 | style="text-align:right;"| 34.1 | [[Riga]] |- | {{Flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Liechtenstein]] | style="text-align:right;"| 160 | style="text-align:right;"| 35,236 | style="text-align:right;"| 220.2 | [[Vaduz]] |- | {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuania]] | style="text-align:right;"| 65,200 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,207,100 | style="text-align:right;"| 49.1 | [[Vilnius]] |- | {{Flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourg]] | style="text-align:right;"| 2,586 | style="text-align:right;"| 503,302 | style="text-align:right;"| 194.6 | [[Luxembourg City]] |- | {{Flagicon|Malta}} [[Malta]] | style="text-align:right;"| 316 | style="text-align:right;"| 408,333 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,292.1 | [[Valletta]] |- | {{Flagicon|Moldova}} [[Moldova]] | style="text-align:right;"| 33,843 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,560,400 | style="text-align:right;"| 105.2 | [[Chisinau|Chişinău]] |- | {{Flagicon|Monaco}} [[Monaco]] | style="text-align:right;"| 1.950 | style="text-align:right;"| 60,144 | style="text-align:right;"| 15,661.0 | [[Monaco City]] |- | {{Flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegro]] | style="text-align:right;"| 13,812 | style="text-align:right;"| 625,266 | style="text-align:right;"| 45.2 | [[Podgorica]] |- | {{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]] | style="text-align:right;"| 41,526 | style="text-align:right;"| 16,695,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 402.0 | [[Amsterdam]] |- | {{Flagicon|Republic of Macedonia}} [[North Macedonia]] | style="text-align:right;" | 25,333 | style="text-align:right;" | 2,962,546 | style="text-align:right;" | 81.1 | [[Skopje]] |- |{{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]] | style="text-align:right;"| 324,220 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,601,049 | style="text-align:right;"| 14.4 | [[Oslo]] |- | {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 312,685 | style="text-align:right;"| 38,038,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 121.6 | [[Warsaw]] |- | {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]] | style="text-align:right;"| 91,568 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,555,853 | style="text-align:right;"| 115.2 | [[Lisbon]] |- | {{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Romania]] | style="text-align:right;"| 238,391 | style="text-align:right;"| 19,042,936 | style="text-align:right;"| 79.8 | [[Bucharest]] |- | {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]]<ref name=":1" /> | style="text-align:right;"| 17,098,242 | style="text-align:right;"| 144,252,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 9 | [[Moscow]] |- | {{Flagicon|San Marino}} [[San Marino]] | style="text-align:right;"| 61 | style="text-align:right;"| 312,817 | style="text-align:right;"| 521.5 | [[City of San Marino]] |- | {{Flagicon|Serbia}} [[Serbia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 77,474 | style="text-align:right;"| 7,310,555 | style="text-align:right;"| 94.3 | [[Belgrade]] |- | {{Flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovakia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 49,035 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,435,273 | style="text-align:right;"| 111.2 | [[Bratislava]] |- | {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 20,273 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,000,092 | style="text-align:right;"| 98.6 | [[Ljubljana]] |- | {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]] | style="text-align:right;"| 504,851 | style="text-align:right;"| 53,000,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 91.4 | [[Madrid]] |- | {{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]] | style="text-align:right;"| 449,964 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,088,728 | style="text-align:right;"| 20.1 | [[Stockholm]] |- | {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Switzerland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 41,290 | style="text-align:right;"| 7,639,961 | style="text-align:right;"| 185.0 | [[Bern (city)|Bern]] |- | {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey|Türkiye]]<ref name=":1" /> | style="text-align:right;"| 893,488 | style="text-align:right;"| 86,148,648 | style="text-align:right;"| 96.4 | [[Ankara]] |- | {{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]] | style="text-align:right;"| 603,550 | style="text-align:right;"| 38,980,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 67 | [[Kyiv]] |- | {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]] | style="text-align:right;"| 244,820 | style="text-align:right;"| 69,090,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 254.4 | [[London]] |- | {{Flagicon|Vatican City}} [[Vatican City]] | style="text-align:right;"| 0.440 | style="text-align:right;"| 689 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,818.1 |[[Vatican City]] |} {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:European countries}} [[Category:Lists of countries]] [[Category:European countries|*]] [[Category:Europe-related lists|countries]] n1tau1quunga4eulv1g6elsmlho0uzw 11024098 11024093 2026-10-08T20:08:46Z ~2026-54511-72 1887154 11024098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|List of European Union member states}} {| class="wikitable sortable references-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="1" |- style="background:#ececec;" ! Name of country or<br />territory, with [[flag]] ! [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) ! [[List of countries by population|Population]]<br />(As of [[2025]]) ! [[List of countries by population density|Population density]]<br />(per km²) ! [[Capital (political)|Capital]] |- | {{Flagicon|Albania}} [[Albania]]<ref>Some might consider Albania being 28,648 km² while others say it is 28,748km².</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| 29,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,000,796 | style="text-align:right;"| 104.1 | [[Tirana]] |- | {{Flagicon|Andorra}} [[Andorra]] | style="text-align:right;"| 500 | style="text-align:right;"| 190,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 146.2 | [[Andorra la Vella]] |- |{{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Armenia]]<ref name=":0">Geographically located entirely in Asia, but politically and socioculturally belongs to Europe.</ref> | style="text-align: right;" |29,800 | style="text-align: right;" |3,076,200 | style="text-align: right;" |103 |[[Yerevan]] |- |{{Flagicon|Austria}} [[Austria]] | style="text-align:right;"| 83,858 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,113,974 | style="text-align:right;"| 98.61 | [[Vienna]] |- | {{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijan]]<ref name=":1">A transcontinental country, most of whose territory belongs to Asia.</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| 102,428 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,489,648 | style="text-align:right;"| 40.0 | [[Baku]] |- | {{Flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarus]] | style="text-align:right;"| 207,600 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,434,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 45.4 | [[Minsk]] |- | {{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]] | style="text-align:right;"| 30,510 | style="text-align:right;"| 12,431,477 | style="text-align:right;"| 341.9 | [[Brussels]] |- | {{Flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] | style="text-align:right;"| 51,129 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,890,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 76.0 | [[Sarajevo]] |- |{{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria]] | style="text-align:right;"|110,994 | style="text-align:right;"|6,714,560 | style="text-align:right;"|60.5 |[[Sofia]] |- | {{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatia]] | style="text-align:right;" | 56,542 | style="text-align:right;" | 4,290,612 | style="text-align:right;" | 75.8 | [[Zagreb]] |- | {{Flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Cyprus]]<ref name=":0" /> | style="text-align:right;"|9,251 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,380,392 | style="text-align:right;"| 39.8 | [[Nicosia]] |- | {{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Republic|Czechia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 78,866 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,190,213 | style="text-align:right;"| 129.2 | [[Prague]] |- | {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]] | style="text-align:right;"| 43,094 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,529,888 | style="text-align:right;"| 128.3 | [[Copenhagen]] |- | {{Flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 45,226 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,282,963 | style="text-align:right;"| 28.3 | [[Tallinn]] |- | {{Flagicon|Finland}} [[Finland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 336,593 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,259,250 | style="text-align:right;"| 15.6 | [[Helsinki]] |- | {{Flagicon|France}} [[France]] | style="text-align:right;"| 547,030 | style="text-align:right;"| 63,248,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 115.6 | [[Paris]] |- | {{Flagicon|Georgia}} [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]<ref name=":1" /> | style="text-align:right;"| 92,464 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,398,868 | style="text-align:right;"| 11.8 | [[Tbilisi]] |- | {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]] | style="text-align:right;"| 357,021 | style="text-align:right;"| 81,044,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 228.1 | [[Berlin]] |- | {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Greece]] | style="text-align:right;"| 131,940 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,760,136 | style="text-align:right;"| 81.5 | [[Athens]] |- | {{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]] | style="text-align:right;"| 93,030 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,976,062 | style="text-align:right;"| 107.2 | [[Budapest]] |- | {{Flagicon|Iceland}} [[Iceland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 103,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 311,058 | style="text-align:right;"| 3.0 | [[Reykjavík]] |- | {{Flagicon|Ireland}} [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 70,280 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,581,269 | style="text-align:right;"| 65.1 | [[Dublin]] |- | {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]] | style="text-align:right;"| 301,230 | style="text-align:right;"| 60,681,514 | style="text-align:right;"| 201.4 | [[Rome]] |- | {{Flagicon|Kaliningrad Oblast}} [[Kaliningrad Oblast]] | style="text-align:right;"| --- | style="text-align:right;"| --- | style="text-align:right;"| --- | [[Kaliningrad]] |- |''{{Flagicon|Kosovo}}'' [[Kosovo]]<ref>[[List of states with limited recognition|Partially recognized]] state.</ref> | style="text-align: right;" |9,483 | style="text-align: right;" |1,561,489 | style="text-align: right;" |146 |[[Pristina]] |- | {{Flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 64,589 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,204,708 | style="text-align:right;"| 34.1 | [[Riga]] |- | {{Flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Liechtenstein]] | style="text-align:right;"| 160 | style="text-align:right;"| 35,236 | style="text-align:right;"| 220.2 | [[Vaduz]] |- | {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuania]] | style="text-align:right;"| 65,200 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,207,100 | style="text-align:right;"| 49.1 | [[Vilnius]] |- | {{Flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourg]] | style="text-align:right;"| 2,586 | style="text-align:right;"| 503,302 | style="text-align:right;"| 194.6 | [[Luxembourg City]] |- | {{Flagicon|Malta}} [[Malta]] | style="text-align:right;"| 316 | style="text-align:right;"| 408,333 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,292.1 | [[Valletta]] |- | {{Flagicon|Moldova}} [[Moldova]] | style="text-align:right;"| 33,843 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,560,400 | style="text-align:right;"| 105.2 | [[Chisinau|Chişinău]] |- | {{Flagicon|Monaco}} [[Monaco]] | style="text-align:right;"| 1.950 | style="text-align:right;"| 60,144 | style="text-align:right;"| 15,661.0 | [[Monaco City]] |- | {{Flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegro]] | style="text-align:right;"| 13,812 | style="text-align:right;"| 625,266 | style="text-align:right;"| 45.2 | [[Podgorica]] |- | {{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]] | style="text-align:right;"| 41,526 | style="text-align:right;"| 16,695,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 402.0 | [[Amsterdam]] |- | {{Flagicon|Republic of Macedonia}} [[North Macedonia]] | style="text-align:right;" | 25,333 | style="text-align:right;" | 2,962,546 | style="text-align:right;" | 81.1 | [[Skopje]] |- |{{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]] | style="text-align:right;"| 324,220 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,601,049 | style="text-align:right;"| 14.4 | [[Oslo]] |- | {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 312,685 | style="text-align:right;"| 38,038,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 121.6 | [[Warsaw]] |- | {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]] | style="text-align:right;"| 91,568 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,555,853 | style="text-align:right;"| 115.2 | [[Lisbon]] |- | {{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Romania]] | style="text-align:right;"| 238,391 | style="text-align:right;"| 19,042,936 | style="text-align:right;"| 79.8 | [[Bucharest]] |- | {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]]<ref name=":1" /> | style="text-align:right;"| 17,098,242 | style="text-align:right;"| 144,252,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 9 | [[Moscow]] |- | {{Flagicon|San Marino}} [[San Marino]] | style="text-align:right;"| 61 | style="text-align:right;"| 312,817 | style="text-align:right;"| 521.5 | [[City of San Marino]] |- | {{Flagicon|Serbia}} [[Serbia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 77,474 | style="text-align:right;"| 7,310,555 | style="text-align:right;"| 94.3 | [[Belgrade]] |- | {{Flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovakia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 49,035 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,435,273 | style="text-align:right;"| 111.2 | [[Bratislava]] |- | {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 20,273 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,000,092 | style="text-align:right;"| 98.6 | [[Ljubljana]] |- | {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]] | style="text-align:right;"| 504,851 | style="text-align:right;"| 53,000,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 91.4 | [[Madrid]] |- | {{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]] | style="text-align:right;"| 449,964 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,088,728 | style="text-align:right;"| 20.1 | [[Stockholm]] |- | {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Switzerland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 41,290 | style="text-align:right;"| 7,639,961 | style="text-align:right;"| 185.0 | [[Bern (city)|Bern]] |- | {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey|Türkiye]]<ref name=":1" /> | style="text-align:right;"| 893,488 | style="text-align:right;"| 86,148,648 | style="text-align:right;"| 96.4 | [[Ankara]] |- | {{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]] | style="text-align:right;"| 603,550 | style="text-align:right;"| 38,980,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 67 | [[Kyiv]] |- | {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]] | style="text-align:right;"| 244,820 | style="text-align:right;"| 69,090,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 254.4 | [[London]] |- | {{Flagicon|Vatican City}} [[Vatican City]] | style="text-align:right;"| 0.440 | style="text-align:right;"| 689 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,818.1 |[[Vatican City]] |} {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:European countries}} [[Category:Lists of countries]] [[Category:European countries|*]] [[Category:Europe-related lists|countries]] 8si78wkkpwzcijntsygf8ejxvc8tfft 11024102 11024098 2026-10-08T20:12:39Z ~2026-54511-72 1887154 11024102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|List of European Union member states}} {| class="wikitable sortable references-small" style="border:1px solid #aaa; border-collapse:collapse" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" border="1" |- style="background:#ececec;" ! Name of country or<br />territory, with [[flag]] ! [[List of countries by area|Area]]<br />(km²) ! [[List of countries by population|Population]]<br />(As of [[2025]]) ! [[List of countries by population density|Population density]]<br />(per km²) ! [[Capital (political)|Capital]] |- | {{Flagicon|Albania}} [[Albania]]<ref>Some might consider Albania being 28,648 km² while others say it is 28,748km².</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| 29,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,000,796 | style="text-align:right;"| 104.1 | [[Tirana]] |- | {{Flagicon|Andorra}} [[Andorra]] | style="text-align:right;"| 500 | style="text-align:right;"| 190,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 146.2 | [[Andorra la Vella]] |- |{{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Armenia]]<ref name=":0">Geographically located entirely in Asia, but politically and socioculturally belongs to Europe.</ref> | style="text-align: right;" |29,800 | style="text-align: right;" |3,076,200 | style="text-align: right;" |103 |[[Yerevan]] |- |{{Flagicon|Austria}} [[Austria]] | style="text-align:right;"| 83,858 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,113,974 | style="text-align:right;"| 98.61 | [[Vienna]] |- | {{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Azerbaijan]]<ref name=":1">A transcontinental country, most of whose territory belongs to Asia.</ref> | style="text-align:right;"| 102,428 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,489,648 | style="text-align:right;"| 40.0 | [[Baku]] |- | {{Flagicon|Belarus}} [[Belarus]] | style="text-align:right;"| 207,600 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,434,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 45.4 | [[Minsk]] |- | {{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]] | style="text-align:right;"| 30,510 | style="text-align:right;"| 12,431,477 | style="text-align:right;"| 341.9 | [[Brussels]] |- | {{Flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] | style="text-align:right;"| 51,129 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,890,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 76.0 | [[Sarajevo]] |- |{{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria]] | style="text-align:right;"|110,994 | style="text-align:right;"|6,714,560 | style="text-align:right;"|60.5 |[[Sofia]] |- | {{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Croatia]] | style="text-align:right;" | 56,542 | style="text-align:right;" | 4,290,612 | style="text-align:right;" | 75.8 | [[Zagreb]] |- | {{Flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Cyprus]]<ref name=":0" /> | style="text-align:right;"|9,251 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,380,392 | style="text-align:right;"| 39.8 | [[Nicosia]] |- | {{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech Republic|Czechia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 78,866 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,190,213 | style="text-align:right;"| 129.2 | [[Prague]] |- | {{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]] | style="text-align:right;"| 43,094 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,529,888 | style="text-align:right;"| 128.3 | [[Copenhagen]] |- | {{Flagicon|Estonia}} [[Estonia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 45,226 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,282,963 | style="text-align:right;"| 28.3 | [[Tallinn]] |- | {{Flagicon|Finland}} [[Finland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 336,593 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,259,250 | style="text-align:right;"| 15.6 | [[Helsinki]] |- | {{Flagicon|France}} [[France]] | style="text-align:right;"| 547,030 | style="text-align:right;"| 63,248,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 115.6 | [[Paris]] |- | {{Flagicon|Georgia}} [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]<ref name=":1" /> | style="text-align:right;"| 92,464 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,398,868 | style="text-align:right;"| 11.8 | [[Tbilisi]] |- | {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]] | style="text-align:right;"| 357,021 | style="text-align:right;"| 81,044,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 228.1 | [[Berlin]] |- | {{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Greece]] | style="text-align:right;"| 131,940 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,760,136 | style="text-align:right;"| 81.5 | [[Athens]] |- | {{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungary]] | style="text-align:right;"| 93,030 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,976,062 | style="text-align:right;"| 107.2 | [[Budapest]] |- | {{Flagicon|Iceland}} [[Iceland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 103,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 311,058 | style="text-align:right;"| 3.0 | [[Reykjavík]] |- | {{Flagicon|Ireland}} [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 70,280 | style="text-align:right;"| 4,581,269 | style="text-align:right;"| 65.1 | [[Dublin]] |- | {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]] | style="text-align:right;"| 301,230 | style="text-align:right;"| 60,681,514 | style="text-align:right;"| 201.4 | [[Rome]] |- | {{Flagicon|Kaliningrad Oblast}} [[Kaliningrad Oblast]] | style="text-align:right;"| 15,125 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,033,128 (2026) | style="text-align:right;"| 68.40 | [[Kaliningrad]] |- |''{{Flagicon|Kosovo}}'' [[Kosovo]]<ref>[[List of states with limited recognition|Partially recognized]] state.</ref> | style="text-align: right;" |9,483 | style="text-align: right;" |1,561,489 | style="text-align: right;" |146 |[[Pristina]] |- | {{Flagicon|Latvia}} [[Latvia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 64,589 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,204,708 | style="text-align:right;"| 34.1 | [[Riga]] |- | {{Flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Liechtenstein]] | style="text-align:right;"| 160 | style="text-align:right;"| 35,236 | style="text-align:right;"| 220.2 | [[Vaduz]] |- | {{Flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Lithuania]] | style="text-align:right;"| 65,200 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,207,100 | style="text-align:right;"| 49.1 | [[Vilnius]] |- | {{Flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourg]] | style="text-align:right;"| 2,586 | style="text-align:right;"| 503,302 | style="text-align:right;"| 194.6 | [[Luxembourg City]] |- | {{Flagicon|Malta}} [[Malta]] | style="text-align:right;"| 316 | style="text-align:right;"| 408,333 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,292.1 | [[Valletta]] |- | {{Flagicon|Moldova}} [[Moldova]] | style="text-align:right;"| 33,843 | style="text-align:right;"| 3,560,400 | style="text-align:right;"| 105.2 | [[Chisinau|Chişinău]] |- | {{Flagicon|Monaco}} [[Monaco]] | style="text-align:right;"| 1.950 | style="text-align:right;"| 60,144 | style="text-align:right;"| 15,661.0 | [[Monaco City]] |- | {{Flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegro]] | style="text-align:right;"| 13,812 | style="text-align:right;"| 625,266 | style="text-align:right;"| 45.2 | [[Podgorica]] |- | {{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]] | style="text-align:right;"| 41,526 | style="text-align:right;"| 16,695,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 402.0 | [[Amsterdam]] |- | {{Flagicon|Republic of Macedonia}} [[North Macedonia]] | style="text-align:right;" | 25,333 | style="text-align:right;" | 2,962,546 | style="text-align:right;" | 81.1 | [[Skopje]] |- |{{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]] | style="text-align:right;"| 324,220 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,601,049 | style="text-align:right;"| 14.4 | [[Oslo]] |- | {{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 312,685 | style="text-align:right;"| 38,038,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 121.6 | [[Warsaw]] |- | {{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]] | style="text-align:right;"| 91,568 | style="text-align:right;"| 10,555,853 | style="text-align:right;"| 115.2 | [[Lisbon]] |- | {{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Romania]] | style="text-align:right;"| 238,391 | style="text-align:right;"| 19,042,936 | style="text-align:right;"| 79.8 | [[Bucharest]] |- | {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Russia]]<ref name=":1" /> | style="text-align:right;"| 17,098,242 | style="text-align:right;"| 144,252,500 | style="text-align:right;"| 9 | [[Moscow]] |- | {{Flagicon|San Marino}} [[San Marino]] | style="text-align:right;"| 61 | style="text-align:right;"| 312,817 | style="text-align:right;"| 521.5 | [[City of San Marino]] |- | {{Flagicon|Serbia}} [[Serbia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 77,474 | style="text-align:right;"| 7,310,555 | style="text-align:right;"| 94.3 | [[Belgrade]] |- | {{Flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Slovakia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 49,035 | style="text-align:right;"| 5,435,273 | style="text-align:right;"| 111.2 | [[Bratislava]] |- | {{Flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Slovenia]] | style="text-align:right;"| 20,273 | style="text-align:right;"| 2,000,092 | style="text-align:right;"| 98.6 | [[Ljubljana]] |- | {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]] | style="text-align:right;"| 504,851 | style="text-align:right;"| 53,000,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 91.4 | [[Madrid]] |- | {{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Sweden]] | style="text-align:right;"| 449,964 | style="text-align:right;"| 9,088,728 | style="text-align:right;"| 20.1 | [[Stockholm]] |- | {{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Switzerland]] | style="text-align:right;"| 41,290 | style="text-align:right;"| 7,639,961 | style="text-align:right;"| 185.0 | [[Bern (city)|Bern]] |- | {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey|Türkiye]]<ref name=":1" /> | style="text-align:right;"| 893,488 | style="text-align:right;"| 86,148,648 | style="text-align:right;"| 96.4 | [[Ankara]] |- | {{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukraine]] | style="text-align:right;"| 603,550 | style="text-align:right;"| 38,980,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 67 | [[Kyiv]] |- | {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Kingdom]] | style="text-align:right;"| 244,820 | style="text-align:right;"| 69,090,000 | style="text-align:right;"| 254.4 | [[London]] |- | {{Flagicon|Vatican City}} [[Vatican City]] | style="text-align:right;"| 0.440 | style="text-align:right;"| 689 | style="text-align:right;"| 1,818.1 |[[Vatican City]] |} {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:European countries}} [[Category:Lists of countries]] [[Category:European countries|*]] [[Category:Europe-related lists|countries]] lka90c9dsyqgowd9mdyo3osfaxqev1x 0 328723 11024047 10901586 2026-10-08T16:34:55Z PublicDomainFan08 1574864 11024047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox film | name = Plan 9 from Outer Space | image = Plan_9_Alternative_poster.jpg | alt = | caption = Theatrical release poster design by [[Tom Jung]] | director = [[Ed Wood]] | producer = Ed Wood<br />Hugh Thomas, Jr.<br />Charles Burg<br />J. Edward Reynolds | writer = Ed Wood | narrator = [[The Amazing Criswell|Criswell]] | starring = [[Gregory Walcott]]<br />[[Mona McKinnon]]<br />[[Tom Keene]]<br />[[Tor Johnson]]<br />[[Dudley Manlove]]<br />[[Joanna Lee]]<br />[[Bunny Breckinridge|John Breckinridge]]<br />[[Maila Nurmi (Vampira)]]<br />[[Bela Lugosi]] | music = Gordon Zahler<!--music supervisor--> | cinematography = [[William C. Thompson]] | editing = Ed Wood | distributor = [[Distributors Corporation of America]] (as Valiant Pictures) | released = July 22, 1959 | runtime = 79 minutes | country = United States | language = English | budget = | gross = }} [[File:Plan 9 from Outer Space (1959 film).webm|thumb|thumbtime=103|upright=1.5|''Plan 9 from Outer Space'']] '''''Plan 9 from Outer Space''''' (1959) is a [[science fiction]] [[movie]]. It was written and directed by [[Ed Wood]] and shot in 1957. It stars Gregory Walcott, Mona McKinnon, [[Lyle Talbot]], [[Tor Johnson]], [[Maila Nurmi (Vampira)]], and Criswell. Some footage of [[Bela Lugosi]] as the "Old Man" was edited into the movie after Lugosi's death. The movie is about [[Extraterrestrial life|aliens]] who want to stop [[human]]s from creating a [[weapon]] that will destroy the [[universe]]. To do this, the aliens put their "Plan 9" in operation. This is a [[scheme]] to bring Earth's dead back to life. This plan will get Earth's attention and [[chaos]] will follow. For years, the movie was aired on [[television]] without much notice. In 1980 authors Michael Medved and Harry Medved called ''Plan 9 from Outer Space'' the "worst movie ever made". They awarded their Golden Turkey Award to Ed Wood as the worst [[director]] ever. == Cast == ===Earthlings=== * [[Gregory Walcott]] as Jeff Trent, an [[airline]] [[pilot]] * [[Mona McKinnon]] as Paula Trent, Jeff's wife * [[Lyle Talbot]] as General Roberts * [[Duke Moore]] as Lt. John Harper * [[Tom Keene]] as Col. Tom Edwards * [[Tor Johnson]] as Insp. Dan Clay * [[Carl Anthony]] as Patrolman Larry * [[Paul Marco]] as Patrolman Kelton * [[Conrad Brooks]] as Patrolman Jamie ===Aliens=== * [[Dudley Manlove]] as Eros, an alien * [[Joanna Lee]] as Tanna, an alien * [[Bunny Breckinridge|John Breckinridge]] as The Ruler, an alien ===Ghouls=== * [[Bela Lugosi]] as Old Man / Ghoul Man * [[Maila Nurmi (Vampira)]] as Old Man's wife / Vampire Girl * [[Criswell]] as Himself / Narrator == Other websites == {{Commons category|Plan 9 from Outer Space}} {{Wikiquote}} *{{imdb title|id=0052077|title=Plan 9 from Outer Space}} *{{Amg movie|38287|Plan 9 from Outer Space}} *{{rotten-tomatoes|id=plan-9-from-outer-space|title=Plan 9 from Outer Space}} *The Second Supper [http://secondsupper.com/review.php?r=44 Cult Classics Review] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217075024/http://secondsupper.com/review.php?r=44 |date=2009-02-17 }} *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BCdigIFfV2U ''Plan 9 from Outer Space''] at [[YouTube]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Plan 9 From Outer Space}} [[Category:American science fiction movies]] [[Category:English-language movies]] [[Category:1959 movies]] [[Category:B-movies]] [[Category:Movies directed by Ed Wood]] [[Category:American independent movies]] [[Category:Movies set in California]] [[Category:Movies about extraterrestrial life]] [[Category:Cult movies]] 2uc03zm26socjxq39xnq8sw8dyvo3oy 2 332869 11024369 11023778 2026-10-09T04:56:56Z Cyberbot I 224035 Setting task status to . ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 11024369 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 11024370 11024369 2026-10-09T04:56:59Z Cyberbot I 224035 Setting task status to enable. ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 11024370 wikitext text/x-wiki enable hvhnotax29pwsbexbq9ioaodoazlegg 11024528 11024370 2026-10-09T09:02:02Z Cyberbot I 224035 Setting task status to . ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 11024528 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 11024529 11024528 2026-10-09T09:02:04Z Cyberbot I 224035 Setting task status to enable. ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 11024529 wikitext text/x-wiki enable hvhnotax29pwsbexbq9ioaodoazlegg 0 340760 11024100 10988950 2026-10-08T20:10:55Z ~2026-54382-47 1887161 /* Table */ 11024100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{simplify|date=May 2022}} {{update|date=April 2021}} {{distinguish|List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita}} [[File:Map of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita in 2022.svg|thumb|420x420px|Countries or territories by GDP (nominal) per capita in 2022.{{refn|group=note|Based on the IMF data. If no data was available for a country from IMF, data from the World Bank is used}} {| width=100% |- | valign=top | {{Legend|#003C00|>$60,000}} {{Legend|#007F00|$50,000 - $60,000}} {{Legend|#00C400|$40,000 - $50,000}} {{Legend|#00F900|$30,000 - $40,000}} | valign=top | {{Legend|#D3FF00|$20,000 - $30,000}} {{Legend|#FFFF00|$10,000 - $20,000}} {{Legend|#FFD215|$5,000 - $10,000}} {{Legend|#FF852F|$2,500 - $5,000}} | valign=top | {{Legend|#FF0000|$1,000 - $2,500}} {{Legend|#A70000|$500 - $1,000}} {{Legend|#800000|<$500}} {{Legend|#E3DBDB|No Data}} |} ]] The figures presented here do not take into account differences in the [[cost of living]] in different countries, and the results vary greatly from one year to another based on fluctuations in the [[exchange rate]]s of the country's [[currency]]. Such fluctuations change a country's ranking from one year to the next, even though they often make little or no difference to the standard of living of its population. Therefore, these figures should be used with caution. GDP per capita is often considered an indicator of a country's [[standard of living]];<ref>{{citation |title=O'Sullivan, Arthur}}</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2009/sep/14/sarkozy-attacks-gdp-focus French President seeks alternatives to GDP], [[The Guardian]] 14-09-2009.<br />{{cite web |url= http://www.beyond-gdp.eu/download/bgdp-bp-goossens.pdf |title= European Parliament, Policy Department Economic and Scientific Policy: Beyond GDP Study |access-date= 2021-04-13 |archive-date= 2012-10-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121030090809/http://www.beyond-gdp.eu/download/bgdp-bp-goossens.pdf |url-status= dead }}&nbsp;{{small|(1.47&nbsp;MB)}}</ref> however, this is problematic because GDP per capita [[Gross domestic product#Standard of living and GDP: wealth distribution and externalities|is not a measure of personal income]]. Comparisons of national income are also frequently made on the basis of [[purchasing power parity]] (PPP), to adjust for differences in the cost of living in different countries. (''See'' [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita]].) PPP largely removes the exchange rate problem but not others; it does not reflect the value of economic output in [[international trade]], and it also requires more estimation than GDP per capita. On the whole, PPP per capita figures are more narrowly spread than nominal GDP per capita figures. Non-sovereign entities (the world, continents, and some [[dependent territory|dependent territories]]) and states with limited international recognition (such as [[Kosovo]], [[State of Palestine|Palestine]] and [[Taiwan]]) are included in the list in cases in which they appear in the sources. These economies are not ranked in the charts here, but are listed in sequence by GDP for comparison. In addition, non-sovereign entities are marked in ''italics''. Note that many of leading GDP-per-capita (nominal) jurisdictions, such as Ireland, are tax haven's. Their GDP data are subject to material distortion by the [[Tax avoidance|tax planning]] activities of foreign multinationals. To address this, in 2017 the Central Bank of Ireland created "Modified gross national income|modified GNI" (or GNI*) as a more appropriate statistic, and the OECD and IMF have adopted it for Ireland. All data are in current [[United States dollar]]s. == Table == ''The table initially ranks each country or territory with their latest available estimates, and can be reranked by either of the sources'' <big>*</big> ''Nearly all country links in the table take to articles titled "Income in ''country'' or ''territory''" or to "Economy of ''country'' or ''territory''".''{{Static row numbers}} {| {{static row numbers table}} |+GDP (in US$) per capita by country or {{color box|#F0E891|territory}} |- {{static row numbers header}} ! rowspan=2 | Country/Territory ! rowspan=2 | [[United Nations geoscheme|UN Region]] ! colspan=2 | [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]]<ref name="GDP IMF">{{cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022 |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=512,914,612,171,614,311,213,911,314,193,122,912,313,419,513,316,913,124,339,638,514,218,963,616,223,516,918,748,618,624,522,622,156,626,628,228,924,233,632,636,634,238,662,960,423,935,128,611,321,243,248,469,253,642,643,939,734,644,819,172,132,646,648,915,134,652,174,328,258,656,654,336,263,268,532,944,176,534,536,429,433,178,436,136,343,158,439,916,664,826,542,967,443,917,544,941,446,666,668,672,946,137,546,674,676,548,556,678,181,867,682,684,273,868,921,948,943,686,688,518,728,836,558,138,196,278,692,694,962,142,449,564,565,283,853,288,293,566,964,182,359,453,968,922,714,862,135,716,456,722,942,718,724,576,936,961,813,726,199,733,184,524,361,362,364,732,366,144,146,463,528,923,738,578,537,742,866,369,744,186,925,869,746,926,466,112,111,298,927,846,299,582,487,474,754,698,&s=NGDPDPC,&sy=2022&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|date=19 April 2022 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/April/weo-report?c=512,446,564,463,926,&s=NGDPDPC,&sy=2020&ey=2023&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022 |date=19 April 2022 |website=IMF.org |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref> ! colspan=2 | [[United Nations]]<ref>[https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/Basic], (Select all countries, "GDP, Per Capita GDP - US Dollars", and "2020" to generate the table), [[United Nations Statistics Division]]. Access date: 29 January 2022.</ref> || colspan=2 | [[World Bank]]<ref name="worldbank">{{cite web |title=GDP per capita (current US$) |url= https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD?most_recent_value_desc=true |accessdate=28 June 2021 |work=[[World Development Indicators]] |publisher=[[World Bank]]}}</ref> |- {{static row numbers header}} ! Estimate || Year || Estimate || Year || Estimate || Year |- ! style="background-position: center;" | {{br}} ! style="background-position: center;" | {{br}} ! style="background-position: center;" | {{br}} ! style="background-position: center;" | {{br}} ! style="background-position: center;" | {{br}} ! style="background-position: center;" | {{br}} ! style="background-position: center;" | {{br}} ! style="background-position: center;" | {{br}} |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Liechtenstein|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 180,227 || 2020 || 169,049 || 2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Monaco|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 173,696 || 2020 || 173,688 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Luxembourg|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 135,046 || 2022 || 117,182 || 2020 || 135,683 || 2021 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|Bermuda|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 123,945 || 2020 || 110,870 || 2021 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Ireland|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 101,509 || 2022 || 86,251 || 2020 || 85,268 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Norway|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 99,481 || 2022 || 66,871 || 2020 || 67,390 || 2020 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|Cayman Islands|pref=Income in|name=Cayman{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">Islands</span>|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 95,191 || 2020 || 85,083 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Switzerland|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 196,390 || 2022 || 86,919 || 2020 || 87,097 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Qatar|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 84,514 || 2022 || 50,815 || 2020 || 50,124 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Singapore|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 109,576 || 2022 || 58,114 || 2020 || 59,798 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|United States|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 16,027 || 2022 || 63,123 || 2020 || 63,414 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Iceland|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 84,417 || 2022 || 63,644 || 2020 || 59,270 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Denmark|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 68,094 || 2022 || 61,477 || 2020 || 61,063 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Australia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || 49,464 || 2022 || 55,823 || 2020 || 51,693 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Sweden|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 47,978 || 2022 || 53,575 || 2020 || 52,274 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Netherlands|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 48,836 || 2022 || 53,334 || 2020 || 52,397 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Canada|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 47,406 || 2022 || 43,560 || 2020 || 43,258 || 2020 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|Greenland|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 55,139 || 2020 || 53,041 || 2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Israel|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 204,688 || 2022 || 47,034 || 2020 || 44,169 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Finland|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 53,745 || 2022 || 48,685 || 2020 || 48,773 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Austria|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 53,371 || 2022 || 48,106 || 2020 || 48,587 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Belgium|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 42,485 || 2022 || 45,028 || 2020 || 45,159 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Germany|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 19,104 || 2022 || 45,909 || 2020 || 46,208 || 2020 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|Macau|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 59,578 || 2022 || 37,474 || 2020 || 39,403 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|United Arab Emirates|name=United{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">Arab Emirates</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 80,349 || 2022 || 36,285 || 2020 || 36,285 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|San Marino|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 49,901 || 2022 || 45,832 || 2020 || 47,731 || 2019 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|Hong Kong|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 59,850 || 2022 || 46,611 || 2020 || 46,324 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|New Zealand|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || 49,847 || 2022 || 43,972 || 2020 || 41,442 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|United Kingdom|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 49,761 || 2022 || 40,718 || 2020 || 41,125 || 2020 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|British Virgin Islands|name=British{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">Virgin Islands</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 49,357 || 2020 || colspan=2 {{n/a}} |- | {{flagg|us*eft|France|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 24,747 || 2022 || 38,959 || 2020 || 39,030 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Andorra|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 41,930 || 2022 || 37,072 || 2020 || 40,897 || 2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Japan|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 59,243 || 2022 || 39,990 || 2020 || 40,193 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Kuwait|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 40,755 || 2022 || 24,809 || 2020 || 24,812 || 2020 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|Puerto Rico|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 37,823 || 2022 || 36,052 || 2020 || 32,291 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Taiwan|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 56,051 || 2022 || 28,383 || <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs4/ninews_e/11005/enewstotal11006.pdf|title=GDP: Preliminary estimate for 2021 Q1 and outlook for 2021|access-date=2021-07-02|website=eng.stat.gov.tw|archive-date=2021-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706062116/https://eng.stat.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs4/ninews_e/11005/enewstotal11006.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs4/nis93/ni.pdf|title=國民所得統計摘要|access-date=2021-07-02|website=eng.stat.gov.tw|language=zh-tw|archive-date=2021-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210706062122/https://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas03/bs4/nis93/ni.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>2020 || colspan=2 {{n/a}} |- | {{flagg|us*eft|South Korea|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 54,994 || 2022 || 31,947 || 2020 || 31,632 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Italy|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 20,777 || 2022 || 31,238 || 2020 || 31,714 || 2020 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|Guam|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 34,624 || 2020 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|New Caledonia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|variant=local}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 34,006 || 2020 || 34,789 || 2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Malta|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 33,094 || 2022 || 33,771 || 2020 || 27,885 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bahamas|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 32,077 || 2022 || 25,194 || 2020 || 25,194 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cyprus|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 30,663 || 2022 || 28,133 || 2020 || 26,624 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Slovenia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 30,159 || 2022 || 25,777 || 2020 || 25,517 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Spain|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 20,157 || 2022 || 27,409 || 2020 || 27,063 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bahrain|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 29,103 || 2022 || 19,925 || 2020 || 20,410 || 2020 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|Aruba|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 28,863 || 2022 || 23,386 || 2020 || 30,253 || 2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Saudi Arabia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 28,759 || 2022 || 20,110 || 2020 || 20,110 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Estonia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 27,971 || 2022 || 23,106 || 2020 || 23,027 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Czech Republic|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 27,609 || 2022 || 22,911 || 2020 || 22,932 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Lithuania|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 25,015 || 2022 || 20,772 || 2020 || 20,234 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Portugal|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 24,495 || 2022 || 22,413 || 2020 || 22,176 || 2020 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|Turks and Caicos Islands|name=Turks and{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">Caicos Islands</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 23,881 || 2020 || 23,880 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Oman|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 23,416 || 2022 || 12,409 || 2020 || 12,660 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Slovakia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 21,665 || 2022 || 19,264 || 2020 || 19,267 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Latvia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 21,311 || 2022 || 17,871 || 2020 || 17,726 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Greece|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style="text-align:center" |[[Europe]] || 20,940 || 2022 || 18,117 || 2020 || 17,623 || 2020 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|French Polynesia|name=French{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">Polynesia</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 20,707 || 2020 || 14,324 || 2000 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|Northern Mariana Islands|name=Northern{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">Mariana Islands</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 20,660 || 2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Hungary|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 20,336 || 2022 || 16,129 || 2020 || 15,981 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Iran|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 4,461 || 2022 || 11,183 || 2020 || 2,423 || 2020 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|Sint Maarten|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 20,000 || 2020 || 29,160 || 2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Saint Kitts and Nevis|name=Saint Kitts{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">and Nevis</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 19,117 || 2022 || 17,434 || 2020 || 18,438 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Barbados|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 19,110 || 2022 || 15,449 || 2020 || 15,374 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Poland|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 18,506 || 2022 || 15,764 || 2020 || 15,721 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Uruguay|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 18,083 || 2022 || 15,438 || 2020 || 15,438 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Trinidad and Tobago|name=Trinidad{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">and Tobago</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 17,921 || 2022 || 15,286 || 2020 || 15,426 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Seychelles|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 67,693 || 2022 || 10,767 || 2020 || 10,764 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Croatia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 17,338 || 2022 || 13,934 || 2020 || 14,134 || 2020 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|Anguilla|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 17,226 || 2020 || colspan=2 {{n/a}} |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Guyana|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 17,108 || 2022 || 6,956 || 2020 || 6,956 || 2020 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|Curaçao|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 15,819 || 2020 || 16,746 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cook Islands|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 16,135 || 2020 || colspan=2 {{n/a}} |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Antigua and Barbuda|name=Antigua{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">and Barbuda</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 16,085 || 2022 || 13,993 || 2020 || 13,993 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Panama|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 16,038 || 2022 || 12,269 || 2020 || 12,510 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Chile|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 15,941 || 2022 || 13,232 || 2020 || 13,232 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Romania|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 14,825 || 2022 || 12,929 || 2020 || 12,896 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|China|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 54,096 || <ref group="n" name="China-HM" />2022 || 10,229 || <ref group="n" name="China-HM" />2020 || 10,435 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Maldives|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 14,078 || 2022 || 6,924 || 2020 || 6,924 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Palau|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || 13,706 || 2022 || 14,567 || 2020 || 14,244 || 2020 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|Montserrat|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 13,523 || 2020 || colspan=2 {{n/a}} |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Malaysia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 28,268 || 2022 || 10,402 || 2020 || 10,412 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bulgaria|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 13,101 || 2022 || 10,058 || 2020 || 10,079 || 2020 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|American Samoa|name=American{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">Samoa</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 12,845 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Russia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 12,575 || 2022 || 10,166 || 2020 || 10,127 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Costa Rica|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 12,483 || 2022 || 12,077 || 2020 || 12,141 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Turkmenistan|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 12,274 || 2022 || 7,104 || 2020 || 7,612 || 2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Argentina|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 12,187 || 2022 || 8,476 || 2020 || 8,579 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Saint Lucia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 11,364 || 2022 || 8,805 || 2020 || 8,805 || 2020 |-{{static row numbers total}} ! colspan=2 {{left}} {{noflag|World}} || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || {{right}} 10,949 || {{right}} 2020 || {{right}} 10,926 || {{right}} 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Equatorial Guinea|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 10,902 || 2022 || 7,143 || 2020 || 7,143 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Grenada|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 10,472 || 2022 || 9,273 || 2020 || 9,262 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Gabon|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 10,390 || 2022 || 6,789 || 2020 || 7,006 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Dominican Republic|name=Dominican{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">Republic</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 10,259 || 2022 || 7,268 || 2020 || 7,268 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mexico|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 10,166 || 2022 || 8,326 || 2020 || 8,329 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Nauru|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || 10,005 || 2022 || 12,510 || 2020 || 10,580 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Kazakhstan|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 10,003 || 2022 || 9,111 || 2020 || 9,122 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Montenegro|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 9,673 || 2022 || 7,626 || 2020 || 7,677 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Serbia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 9,503 || 2022 || 7,656 || 2020 || 7,721 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cuba|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 1,981 || 2022 || 3,000 || 2020 || 3,000 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mauritius|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 68,892 || 2022 || 8,587 || 2020 || 8,628 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|name=Saint Vincent and{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">the Grenadines</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 8,595 || 2022 || 7,298 || 2020 || 7,298 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Dominica|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 8,575 || 2022 || 7,038 || 2020 || 7,268 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Brazil|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 8,570 || 2022 || 6,797 || 2020 || 6,797 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Turkey|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 8,081 || 2022 || 8,538 || 2020 || 8,536 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Botswana|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 7,519 || 2022 || 6,711 || 2020 || 6,711 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Thailand|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 27,449 || 2022 || 7,189 || 2020 || 7,189 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Libya|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 7,197 || 2022 || 4,243 || 2020 || 3,699 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Azerbaijan|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 7,165 || 2022 || 4,202 || 2020 || 4,214 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bosnia and Herzegovina|name=Bosnia and{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">Herzegovina</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 7,078 || 2022 || 6,035 || 2020 || 6,032 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Iraq|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 7,038 || 2022 || 4,146 || 2020 || 4,158 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Peru|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 7,034 || 2022 || 6,163 || 2020 || 6,127 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|South Africa|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 979 || 2022 || 5,094 || 2020 || 5,091 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|North Macedonia|name=North{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">Macedonia</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 6,863 || 2022 || 5,886 || 2020 || 5,888 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Colombia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 6,807 || 2022 || 5,333 || 2020 || 5,333 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Ecuador|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 6,412 || 2022 || 5,600 || 2020 || 5,600 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Belarus|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 6,384 || 2022 || 6,377 || 2020 || 6,411 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Albania|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 6,260 || 2022 || 5,181 || 2020 || 5,215 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Tuvalu|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || 6,047 || 2022 || 4,648 || 2020 || 4,143 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Jamaica|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 5,730 || 2022 || 4,665 || 2020 || 4,665 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Fiji|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center| [[Oceania]] || 5,685 || 2022 || 5,013 || 2020 || 4,882 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Paraguay|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 5,626 || 2022 || 4,950 || 2020 || 4,950 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Georgia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 5,618 || 2022 || 3,984 || 2020 || 4,279 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Moldova|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 5,435 || 2022 || 2,954 || 2020 || 4,551 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Kosovo|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 5,355 || 2022 || 4,368 || 2020 || 4,287 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Tonga|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || 5,283 || 2022 || 4,646 || 2020 || 4,903 || 2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mongolia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 10,206 || 2022 || 4,007 || 2020 || 4,007 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Namibia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 5,016 || 2022 || 4,215 || 2020 || 4,211 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Guatemala|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 4,864 || 2022 || 4,332 || 2020 || 4,603 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Suriname|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 4,843 || 2022 || 7,023 || 2020 || 6,491 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Ukraine|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Europe]] || 4,828 || 2021 || 3,557 || 2020 || 3,727 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Marshall Islands|name=Marshall{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">Islands</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || 4,756 || 2022 || 4,130 || 2020 || 4,073 || 2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Armenia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 9,741 || 2022 || 4,266 || 2020 || 4,268 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Indonesia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 6,691 || 2022 || 3,870 || 2020 || 3,870 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|El Salvador|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 4,689 || 2022 || 3,799 || 2020 || 3,799 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Jordan|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 3,635 || 2022 || 4,283 || 2020 || 4,283 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Belize|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 4,520 || 2022 || 3,988 || 2020 || 4,436 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Algeria|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 4,294 || 2022 || 3,368 || 2020 || 3,310 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Egypt|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 4,162 || 2022 || 3,609 || 2020 || 3,548 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Vietnam|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 7,122 || 2022 || 2,786 || 2020 || 2,786 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Micronesia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || 4,066 || 2022 || 3,500 || 2020 || 3,585 || 2019 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Samoa|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || 4,059 || 2022 || 3,890 || 2020 || 4,068 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Eswatini|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 4,036 || 2022 || 3,306 || 2020 || 3,416 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Lebanon|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 4,003 || 2020 || 9,310 || 2020 || 4,650 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Angola|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 3,793 || 2022 || 1,896 || 2020 || 1,896 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Djibouti|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 3,775 || 2022 || 3,465 || 2020 || 3,426 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Tunisia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 3,763 || 2022 || 3,318 || 2020 || 3,320 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Sri Lanka|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 5,000 || 2022 || 3,768 || 2020 || 3,682 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Philippines|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 5,687 || 2022 || 3,299 || 2020 || 3,299 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Palestine|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 3,600 || <ref group="n" name="WBG" />2022 || 3,050 || 2020 || 3,240 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Morocco|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 3,629 || 2022 || 3,108 || 2020 || 3,009 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cape Verde|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 3,503 || 2022 || 3,064 || 2020 || 3,064 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bhutan|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 3,491 || 2022 || 3,218 || 2020 || 3,122 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bolivia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 3,431 || 2022 || 3,133 || 2020 || 3,143 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Papua New Guinea|name=Papua{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">New Guinea</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || 3,269 || 2022 || 2,640 || 2020 || 2,637 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Congo|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 3,243 || 2022 || 1,830 || 2020 || 1,973 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Vanuatu|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || 3,145 || 2022 || 2,783 || 2020 || 2,783 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Ivory Coast|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 2,646 || 2022 || 2,318 || 2020 || 2,326 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|India|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 501 || 2022 || 1,931 || 2020 || 1,901 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Honduras|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 3,024 || 2022 || 2,406 || 2020 || 2,406 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Nicaragua|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 2,984 || 2022 || 1,905 || 2020 || 1,905 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Bangladesh|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 362 || 2022 || 2,001 || 2020 || 1,969 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Nigeria|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 4,000 || 2022 || 2,085 || 2020 || 2,097 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Solomon Islands|name=Solomon{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">Islands</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || 2,534 || 2022 || 2,251 || 2020 || 2,258 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Laos|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 5,002 || 2022 || 2,623 || 2020 || 2,630 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|São Tomé and Príncipe|name=São Tomé{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">and Príncipe</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 2,315 || 2022 || 2,174 || 2020 || 2,158 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Ghana|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 4,303 || 2022 || 2,206 || 2020 || 2,329 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Zimbabwe|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 2,301 || 2022 || 1,466 || 2020 || 1,128 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Kenya|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 1,252 || 2022 || 1,879 || 2020 || 1,838 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mauritania|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 3,141 || 2022 || 1,702 || 2020 || 1,673 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Uzbekistan|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 5,071 || 2022 || 1,724 || 2020 || 1,686 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Venezuela|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 2,824 || 2022 || 3,740 || 2020 || 16,056 || 2014 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cambodia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 1,752 || 2022 || 1,513 || 2020 || 1,513 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Kiribati|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Oceania]] || 2,745 || 2022 || 1,515 || 2020 || 1,671 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Haiti|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Americas]] || 3,672 || 2022 || 1,360 || 2020 || 1,177 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Cameroon|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 1,638 || 2022 || 1,502 || 2020 || 1,499 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Senegal|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 1,609 || 2022 || 1,458 || 2020 || 1,488 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Pakistan|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 562 || 2021 || 1,167 || 2020 || 1,194 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Benin|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 1,432 || 2022 || 1,254 || 2020 || 1,291 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Guinea|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 1,428 || 2022 || 1,179 || 2020 || 1,194 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Timor-Leste|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 1,402 || 2022 || 1,443 || 2020 || 1,381 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Comoros|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 1,371 || 2022 || 1,421 || 2020 || 1,403 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Zambia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 1,330 || 2022 || 985 || 2020 || 1,051 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Kyrgyzstan|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 1,327 || 2022 || 1,186 || 2020 || 1,174 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Myanmar|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 1,285 || 2022 || 1,292 || 2020 || 1,400 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Tanzania|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 660 || 2022 || 1,115 || <ref group="n" name="Tanzania" />2020 || 1,077 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Lesotho|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 1,213 || 2022 || 1,061 || 2020 || 861 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Afghanistan|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|2021}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 9 || 2022 || 421 || 2020 || 421 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Uganda|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 1,060 || 2022 || 846 || 2020 || 817 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Ethiopia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 1,040 || 2022 || 840 || 2020 || 936 || 2020 |-bgcolor=#F0E891 | {{flagg|us*eft|Zanzibar|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 1,031 || 2020 || colspan=2 {{n/a}} |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Togo|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 1,000 || 2022 || 863 || 2020 || 915 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Rwanda|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 910 || 2022 || 798 || 2020 || 798 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mali|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 897 || 2022 || 856 || 2020 || 859 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Yemen|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 3,000 || 2022 || 937 || 2020 || 824 || 2018 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Syria|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 2,807 || 2010 || 890 || 2020 || 641 || 2007 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Burkina Faso|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 886 || 2022 || 831 || 2020 || 831 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Guinea-Bissau|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 873 || 2022 || 668 || 2020 || 728 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Gambia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 844 || 2022 || 757 || 2020 || 787 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Tajikistan|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 795 || 2022 || 838 || 2020 || 859 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Liberia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 776 || 2022 || 491 || 2020 || 583 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Chad|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 743 || 2022 || 679 || 2020 || 615 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Eritrea|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 1,701 || 2022 || 588 || 2020 || 643 || 2011 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Sudan|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 1,674 || 2022 || 1,415 || 2020 || 596 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|DR Congo|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 1,069 || 2022 || 506 || 2020 || 557 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|North Korea|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || colspan=2 {{n/a}} || 618 || 2020 || colspan=2 {{n/a}} |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Nepal|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Asia]] || 211 || 2020 || 508 || 2020 || 509 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Niger|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 599 || 2022 || 568 || 2020 || 421 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Mozambique|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 547 || 2022 || 449 || 2020 || 449 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Malawi|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 645 || 2022 || 615 || 2020 || 625 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Somalia|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 544 || 2022 || 118 || 2020 || 309 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Central African Republic|name=Central African{{br}}<span style="margin-left:2em">Republic</span>|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of|the=y}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 527 || 2022 || 481 || 2020 || 477 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Sierra Leone|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 513 || 2022 || 475 || 2020 || 485 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Madagascar|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 504 || 2022 || 470 || 2020 || 496 || 2020 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|South Sudan|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 893 || 2022 || 1,421 || 2020 || 1,120 || 2015 |- | {{flagg|us*eft|Burundi|pref=Income in|pref2=Economy of}} ||style=text-align:center|[[Africa]] || 272 || 2022 || 286 || 2020 || 274 || 2020 |} Note: Data unavailable for the [[Falkland Islands]], the [[Faroe Islands]], [[Gibraltar]], [[Bailiwick of Guernsey|Guernsey]], the [[Holy See]] ([[Vatican City]]), the [[Isle of Man]], [[Jersey]], [[Niue]], the [[Pitcairn Islands]], [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]], [[Tokelau]], the [[United States Virgin Islands]], and [[Western Sahara]]. {{reflist|group=n|refs= <ref group="n" name="China-HM">Figures exclude [[special administrative regions of China|special administrative regions]] of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]].</ref> <ref group="n" name="WBG" >The name used by the IMF and World Bank is the "West Bank and Gaza"</ref> <ref group="n" name="Tanzania">The UN figure excludes autonomous region of [[Zanzibar]].</ref> }} ==Distorted GDP-per-capita for tax havens== Many of leading GDP-per-capita (nominal) jurisdictions are tax haven's whose economic data is artificially inflated by tax-driven corporate accounting entries. For instance, the Irish GDP data above is subject to material distortion by the [[Tax avoidance|tax planning]] activities of foreign multinationals in Ireland. To address this, in 2017 the Central Bank of Ireland created "Modified gross national income|modified GNI" (or GNI*) as a more appropriate statistic, and the OECD and IMF have adopted it for Ireland. 2015 Irish GDP is 143% of 2015 Irish GNI*. {{quote|A stunning $12 trillion—almost 40 percent of all foreign direct investment positions globally—is completely artificial: it consists of financial investment passing through empty corporate shells with no real activity. These investments in empty corporate shells almost always pass through well-known tax havens. The eight major pass-through economies—the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Hong Kong SAR, the British Virgin Islands, Bermuda, the Cayman Islands, Ireland, and Singapore—host more than 85 percent of the world’s investment in special purpose entities, which are often set up for tax reasons. |author="Piercing the Veil", [[International Monetary Fund]], June 2018<ref name="imfx">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2018/06/inside-the-world-of-global-tax-havens-and-offshore-banking/damgaard.htm |title=Piercing the Veil, FINANCE & DEVELOPMENT, JUNE 2018, VOL. 55, NO. 2 |publisher=IMF Finance & Development |date=June 2018}}</ref>}} Further discussion on this topic can be found in the [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita]] article. ==Related pages== * [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)]] * [[List of IMF ranked countries by GDP]], IMF ranked GDP (nominal), GDP (nominal) per capita, GDP (PPP), GDP (PPP) per capita, Population, and [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] * [[List of countries by average wage]] * [[List of countries by external debt]] ==Notes== {{reflist|group=note}} ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&hl=en&dl=en#!ctype=l&strail=false&bcs=d&nselm=h&met_y=ny_gdp_pcap_cd&scale_y=lin&ind_y=false&rdim=region&ifdim=region&tdim=true&tstart=-312512400000&tend=1265410800000&hl=en_US&dl=en&ind=false Chart of GDP per capita at current US$ prices] by Google, World Bank data * [http://lebanese-economy-forum.com/wdi-gdf-advanced-data-display/?curve=NY-GDP-PCAP-CD World Map and Chart of GDP per capita at current prices] by Lebanese-economy-forum, World Bank data [[Category:Lists of countries| GDP (nominal) per capita]] d3kj9tx04mg3c17fdt9bjj8odz7uokc 0 341510 11024155 10339313 2026-10-08T21:45:18Z By-abbot 1886475 adverse selection and moral hazard 11024155 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Information asymmetry''' is a [[concept]] in [[economics]] and contract theory. It says that in any given [[contract]] the two parties of the contract do not have the same [[information]]. [[Information economics]] is a field of science that looks at some of the problems that result from this [[wikt:bias|bias]]. [[Neoclassical economics]] assumes there is perfect information: all the actors know all the states of their environment; they can also observe what all the other actors do. Information is free -it has no [[cost]] in the economic sense. This is also true for the ability to observe the other parties. Two common problems caused by information asymmetry are [[Adverse selection|adverse selection]] and [[moral hazard]]. == Model == A model called [[New institutional economics]] changes this: information is no longer free, there are costs associated with obtaining information. Information asymmetry is concerned with three main asymmetries: * ''Hidden characteristics'': Certain features of the products are not known before the contract is made. * ''Hidden action'' and ''hidden information'': After the contract is made, one of the actors' actions cannot be observed (hidden action); if it can be observed, its qualities cannot be determined (hidden information) * ''Hidden intention'': Before the contract is made, all the actors can be observed, but their intentions cannot be known. == History == In 2001, the [[Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences|Nobel Prize in Economics]] was awarded to [[George Akerlof]], [[Michael Spence]], and [[Joseph E. Stiglitz]] "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information."<ref name=officialpressrelease>[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2001/public.html "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 2001: Information for the Public"], press release from the [[Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences]], [[Nobel Foundation]], ''nobelprize.org'', October 2001; retrieved 2012-4-26.</ref> == Related pages == *[[Planned obsolescence]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Market failure]] {{stub}} 76wh96t48886t8rfp65gmlg0mo9q1fo 0 350194 11024159 9302832 2026-10-08T21:47:10Z By-abbot 1886475 /* Related pages */ Adverse selection 11024159 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moral hazard''' is a term used in economics. [[Nobel laureate]] [[Paul Krugman]] explains moral hazard as "any situation in which one person makes the [[decision]] about how much risk to take, while someone else bears the cost if things go badly."<ref>Krugman, Paul (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=91YVa_JnIv4C&pg=PA63&dq= ''The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008,'' p. 63].</ref> In other words, a "moral hazard" is a situation where the possible costs of a risky action are not borne by the one taking the risk. :Example: A person buys [[insurance]] against [[automobile]] theft. After buying the protection against this kind of loss, the same person may be less cautious about locking his or her car. If so, this is a kind of moral hazard. The expected consequences of vehicle theft are now partly the responsibility of the [[insurance company]]. Will the person show the same degree of care in locking the car regardless of whether there is insurance or insurance policy? "Moral hazard" is a kind of [[wikt:reverse|reverse]] incentive ([[perverse incentive]]).<ref> Hülsmann, Jörg Guido [http://mises.org/story/2935 "The Political Economy of Moral Hazard,"] ''Mises Daily,'' April 19, 2008; excerpt, "A central occupation of economists is to analyze the nature, causes, and effects of [[wikt:incentive|incentive]]s — the circumstances that are held to motivate human action. Economists agree on the positive role that 'good' incentives play to increase production. They also agree that 'perverse' incentives have an opposite impact. One of these perverse incentives is called moral hazard ...."; retrieved 2012-6-22.</ref> ==History== The term "moral hazard" was first used in the 17th century. The "moral" in "moral hazard" was understood to mean "subjective". It was not used in a way that has anything to do with [[ethics]]. In the 1960s, [[Economist|economists]] used the term to describe [[Pareto efficiency|inefficiencies]] that occur because of [[information asymmetry]]. In economics, "moral hazard" as a special kind of market failure.<ref>[http://paq.press.illinois.edu/23/1/hale.html "What's so Moral about the Moral Hazard?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416122409/http://paq.press.illinois.edu/23/1/hale.html |date=2016-04-16 }} ''Public Affairs Quarterly,'' Vol. 23, No 1; retrieved 2012-6-22.</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Conflict of interest]] * [[Feedback]] * [[Game theory]] * [[Unintended consequences]] * Adverse selection ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * PBS.org, [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/meltdown/view/ Frontline: "Inside the Meltdown"] {{Conflict of interest}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Moral Hazard}} [[Category:Market failure]] [[Category:Insurance]] gxk2yrrypmucgl5mqxv585tjolg4j2r 11024161 11024159 2026-10-08T21:47:41Z By-abbot 1886475 /* Related pages */ Adverse selection link 11024161 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Moral hazard''' is a term used in economics. [[Nobel laureate]] [[Paul Krugman]] explains moral hazard as "any situation in which one person makes the [[decision]] about how much risk to take, while someone else bears the cost if things go badly."<ref>Krugman, Paul (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=91YVa_JnIv4C&pg=PA63&dq= ''The Return of Depression Economics and the Crisis of 2008,'' p. 63].</ref> In other words, a "moral hazard" is a situation where the possible costs of a risky action are not borne by the one taking the risk. :Example: A person buys [[insurance]] against [[automobile]] theft. After buying the protection against this kind of loss, the same person may be less cautious about locking his or her car. If so, this is a kind of moral hazard. The expected consequences of vehicle theft are now partly the responsibility of the [[insurance company]]. Will the person show the same degree of care in locking the car regardless of whether there is insurance or insurance policy? "Moral hazard" is a kind of [[wikt:reverse|reverse]] incentive ([[perverse incentive]]).<ref> Hülsmann, Jörg Guido [http://mises.org/story/2935 "The Political Economy of Moral Hazard,"] ''Mises Daily,'' April 19, 2008; excerpt, "A central occupation of economists is to analyze the nature, causes, and effects of [[wikt:incentive|incentive]]s — the circumstances that are held to motivate human action. Economists agree on the positive role that 'good' incentives play to increase production. They also agree that 'perverse' incentives have an opposite impact. One of these perverse incentives is called moral hazard ...."; retrieved 2012-6-22.</ref> ==History== The term "moral hazard" was first used in the 17th century. The "moral" in "moral hazard" was understood to mean "subjective". It was not used in a way that has anything to do with [[ethics]]. In the 1960s, [[Economist|economists]] used the term to describe [[Pareto efficiency|inefficiencies]] that occur because of [[information asymmetry]]. In economics, "moral hazard" as a special kind of market failure.<ref>[http://paq.press.illinois.edu/23/1/hale.html "What's so Moral about the Moral Hazard?"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416122409/http://paq.press.illinois.edu/23/1/hale.html |date=2016-04-16 }} ''Public Affairs Quarterly,'' Vol. 23, No 1; retrieved 2012-6-22.</ref> ==Related pages== * [[Conflict of interest]] * [[Feedback]] * [[Game theory]] * [[Unintended consequences]] * [[Adverse selection]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * PBS.org, [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/meltdown/view/ Frontline: "Inside the Meltdown"] {{Conflict of interest}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Moral Hazard}} [[Category:Market failure]] [[Category:Insurance]] 0s8x82vy0hjlrbpo8uqozjk4gyupop9 0 353300 11024272 10880295 2026-10-09T02:34:03Z Raippa-Valli 1879802 Image 11024272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2019}} {{Infobox person | name = Sharon Tate | image = Sharon Tate Valley of the Dolls 1967 - Restoration.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Tate in {{Circa|1967}} | birth_name = Sharon Marie Tate | birth_date = {{Birth date|1943|01|24}} | birth_place = [[Dallas]], [[Texas]], [[U.S.]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1969|08|9|1943|01|24}} | death_place = [[Benedict Canyon]], [[Los Angeles]], [[California]], U.S. | death_cause = Murder by stabbing | resting place = [[Holy Cross Cemetery, Culver City|Holy Cross Cemetery]] | spouse = [[Roman Polanski]]<br>(m. 1968–1969, her death) | occupation = Actress, model | years_active = 1961–1969 | parents = Colonel Paul James Tate<br/>[[Doris Tate|Doris Gwendolyn Willett]] }} [[File:Sharon Tate and Roman Polanski in The Fearless Vampire Killers (1967).jpg|thumb|right|Tate and Roman Polanski (The Fearless Vampire Killers, 1967)]] '''Sharon Marie Tate''' (January 23, 1943 – August 9, 1969) was an American actress. She was married to [[movie director]] [[Roman Polanski]].<ref>Ain-Krupa, Julia ''Roman Polanski: A Life in Exile'' ABC Clio Publishing Santa Barbara California 2010 pages 75-76</ref> ==Early life== Sharon Marie Tate was born in [[Dallas]], [[Texas]] on January 23, 1943. She was the eldest daughter of a career army officer. So, her family had to move through various parts of the United States and Europe. As a child, her parents placed her in a beauty contest and she won.<ref>Sanders, Ed The Family Thunder's Mouth Press, New York, New York 2002 page 48</ref> ==Movies== Tate made her movie debut in ''Eye of the Devil'' in 1965.<ref>Fritscher, Jack; Anton Lavey Popular Witchcraft: Straight from the Witch's Mouth: Second Edition The University of Wisconsin Press Madison Wisconsin 2004 page 50</ref> The [[movie producer]], Martin Ransohoff, made a ten-minute documentary promoting her, called ''All Eyes on Sharon Tate''.<ref>Lisanti, Tom Glamour Girls of Sixties Hollywood: Seventy-Five Profiles Mcfarland and Company Inc. Jefferson, North Carolina 2008 page 207</ref> Tate met Polanski while acting in his movie, ''The Fearless Vampire Killers''.<ref>Ain-Krupa, Julia Roman Polanski: A Life in Exile ABC Clio Publishing Santa Barbara California 2010 pages 58-59</ref> That movie was a comedy mocking Hammer Horror movies.<ref name="Lisanti page 207">Lisanti, Tom Glamour Girls of Sixties Hollywood: Seventy-Five Profiles McFarland and Company Inc. Jefferson, North Carolina 2008 page 207</ref> Polanski married her in 1968.<ref>Ain-Krupa, Julia Roman Polanski: A Life in Exile ABC Clio Publishing Santa Barbara California 2010 pages 75-76</ref> She was also in the comedy ''Don't Make Waves'' in 1967. In 1967, she was also in the movie ''Valley of the Dolls''. In 1969, she was in the spy comedy ''The Wrecking Crew''. Her last movie was an Italian [[slapstick]] comedy called ''12+1''.<ref name="Lisanti page 207"/> ==Murder== On August 9, 1969, Tate was stabbed 16 times and then hanged by the neck from a ceiling beam. This was done at the orders of [[cult]] leader [[Charles Manson]]. Her unborn son, Paul, also died. The acts (five people were murdered) were done by the members of Manson's group, known as The Family. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-07|title=Five Down on Cielo Drive|url=https://darkprophets.com/10050-cielo-drive-the-house-of-love-and-horror/|access-date=2024-05-24|website=Dark Prophets|language=en|archive-date=2024-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523171156/https://darkprophets.com/10050-cielo-drive-the-house-of-love-and-horror/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Charles Manson#Tate murders|Tate murders]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tate, Sharon}} [[Category:1943 births]] [[Category:1969 deaths]] [[Category:Actors from Dallas]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American murder victims]] [[Category:Extras]] [[Category:Murdered actors]] [[Category:Stabbing attacks]] [[Category:People murdered in California]] mhb47iterbzzpwzzc18q43y9f5tratl 0 357585 11024496 10588457 2026-10-09T07:44:29Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024496 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Virgo_cluster_052012_overlay.jpg|thumb|250px|Virgo Cluster]] [[Image:ESO-M87.jpg|thumb|250px|alt=M87.|This deep image of the Virgo Cluster shows the diffuse light between the galaxies belonging to the cluster. The dark spots are where bright foreground stars were removed from the image. Messier 87 is the largest galaxy in the picture (lower left).]] The '''Virgo Cluster''' is a [[Galaxy cluster|cluster of galaxies]]. Its center is 53.8 ± 0.3 million [[light year]]s (16.5 ± 0.1 million [[parsec]]s) away from [[Earth]], in the [[constellation]] [[Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]].<ref name="Mei2007">{{cite journal| author = Mei, Simona |display-authors = etal| title = The ACS Virgo Cluster Survey. XIII. SBF Distance Catalog and the Three-dimensional Structure of the Virgo Cluster| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_astrophysical-journal_2007-01-20_655_1/page/144 | journal = The Astrophysical Journal| year = 2007| volume = 655| issue = 1| pages = 144–162| bibcode = 2007ApJ...655..144M| doi = 10.1086/509598|arxiv = astro-ph/0702510 |s2cid = 16483538}}</ref> The cluster forms the heart of the larger [[Virgo Supercluster]], of which our [[Local Group]] is an outlying member. The Virgo Cluster has about 1300 (and perhaps up to 2000) member galaxies.<ref>See [http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/V/Virgo+Cluster Virgo Cluster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715222001/http://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/V/Virgo+Cluster |date=2017-07-15 }}</ref> Its mass is about 1.2{{e|15}} [[solar mass]]es out to 8 degrees of the cluster's center or a radius of about 2.2 million parsecs.<ref name="Fouquéetal2001">{{cite journal| author = Fouqué P. |display-authors = etal| title = Structure, mass and distance of the Virgo cluster from a Tolman-Bondi model| journal = Astronomy and Astrophysics| year = 2001| volume = 375| issue = 3| pages = 770–780| bibcode = 2001A&A...375..770F | doi = 10.1051/0004-6361:20010833| arxiv = astro-ph/0106261 |s2cid = 10468717}}</ref> Many of the brighter galaxies in this cluster, including the giant [[elliptical galaxy]] [[Messier 87]] and brightest member [[Messier 49]], were discovered in the late 1770s and early 1780s. They were included in [[Charles Messier]]'s catalogue of non-[[comet]]ary fuzzy objects. Described by Messier as [[nebula]]e without stars, their true nature was not recognized until the 1920s.<ref>Following the entry for M91 in the Connoissance des Temps for 1784, Messier added the following note: : ''The constellation of Virgo, & especially the northern Wing is one of the constellations which encloses the most Nebulae: this Catalog contains thirteen which have been determined: viz. Nos. 49, 58, 59, 60, 61, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, & 91. All these nebulae appear to be without stars: one can see them only in a very good sky, & near their meridian passage. Most of these nebulae have been pointed to me by Mr. Méchain.'' (see [http://www.seds.org/messier/Mdes/dm091.html M91] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516053202/http://www.seds.org/messier/Mdes/dm091.html |date=2008-05-16 }}.)</ref> Many of the member galaxies of the cluster are visible with a small telescope. Its brightest member is the elliptical galaxy [[Messier 49]]. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Galaxy clusters]] f0td8w9oumvuxn2kmqpwb6x4ql512e4 0 357660 11024517 9267043 2026-10-09T08:36:05Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox spaceflight | name = Vostok 2 | image = Vostok_spacecraft.jpg | image_caption = Model of the Vostok capsule with its upper stage | insignia = Vostok2patch.png | mission_type = | operator = [[Soviet space program]] | Harvard_designation = 1961 Tau 1 | SATCAT = 168 | mission_duration = 1&nbsp;day, 1&nbsp;hour, 18&nbsp;minutes | orbits_completed = 17.5 | distance_travelled = | spacecraft = [[Vostok (spacecraft)|Vostok-3KA]] No.4 | manufacturer = Experimental Design [[OKB-1]] | launch_mass = {{convert|4731|kg|lb}}<ref name="flightmag_17aug">{{cite journal |date=17 August 1961|title=The First Day In Orbit |journal=[[Flight International|Flight]] |issue=2736 |volume=80 |page=208 |publisher=Iliffe Transport Publications |location=London |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1961/1961%20-%201106.html |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-03-12}}</ref> | landing_mass = | launch_date = {{start-date|August 6, 1961, 06:00|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC | launch_rocket = [[Vostok-K]] 8K72K | launch_site = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome|Baikonur]] [[Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 1|1/5]]<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.astronautix.com/sites/baiurlc1.htm |title=Baikonur LC1 |accessdate=2009-03-04 |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Astronautica]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415160730/http://www.astronautix.com/sites/baiurlc1.htm |archivedate=2009-04-15 }}</ref> | landing_date = {{end-date|August 7, 1961, 07:18|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC | landing_site = [[Krasny Kut, Saratov Oblast|Krasny Kut]]<br/>{{coord|50.85276|N|47.02048|E}}<ref>{{cite web|url = https://maps.google.com/maps?ll=50.85375,47.021334&spn=0.006651,0.02075&t=k&z=16&iwloc=lyrftr:com.panoramio.all,1711661006741655857,50.852287,47.020454&lci=com.panoramio.all|title = Google Maps - Vostok 2 Landing Site - Monument|accessdate = 2010-12-25}}</ref> | orbit_epoch = {{date|1961-08-06}}, 02:00:00&nbsp;UTC<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1961-019A|title=NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Trajectory Details|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|access-date=2018-05-02|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171212/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftOrbit.do?id=1961-019A|url-status=dead}}</ref> | orbit_reference = [[geocentric orbit|Geocentric]] | orbit_regime = [[low Earth orbit|Low Earth]] | orbit_eccentricity = 0.00501 | orbit_periapsis = {{convert|166|km|mi}} | orbit_apoapsis = {{convert|232|km|mi}}<ref name="flightmag_21sept">{{cite journal |date=21 September 1961|title=Missiles and Spaceflight |issue=2741 |journal=[[Flight International|Flight]] |volume=80 |page=467 |publisher=Iliffe Transport Publications |location=London |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1961/1961%20-%201363.html |format=PDF |accessdate=2009-03-12}}</ref> | orbit_inclination = 64.93&nbsp;degrees | orbit_period = 88.46&nbsp;minutes | apsis = gee | crew_size = 1 | crew_members = [[Gherman Titov]] | crew_callsign = {{lang|ru|Орёл}} ({{lang|ru-Latn|Oryol}} - "Eagle") | crew_photo = Gherman Titov 2.jpg | crew_photo_caption = | previous_mission = [[Vostok 1]] | next_mission = [[Vostok 3]] | programme = [[Vostok programme]]<br/><small>Manned flights</small> }} '''Vostok 2''' ({{lang-ru|'Восток-2|ital=yes}}, ''[[Orient]] 2'' or ''East 2'') was a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] space mission. It carried [[astronaut|cosmonaut]] [[Gherman Titov]] into [[orbit]] for a full day to study the effects of a long period of [[weightlessness]] on the human body.<ref name="flightmag_17aug" /> Titov orbited the earth over 17 times. [[Yuri Gagarin]] in [[Vostok 1]] had only done one orbit. The flight was an almost complete success. Problems included not turning on a heater which meant the temperature dropped to {{convert|50|°F|°C}},<ref name=silentsea>{{cite book |title=Into That Silent Sea: Trailblazers of the Space Era, 1961-1965 |url=https://archive.org/details/intothatsilentse00fren_0 |year=2007 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln, Nebr. |isbn= 978-0-8032-1146-9 |oclc=71210133 |author= Francis French; Colin Burgess}}</ref>{{rp|113}} a period of [[space sickness]], and problems on re-entry when the [[reentry module]] failed to separate cleanly from its [[service module]].<ref name="svengrahn">{{cite web |url=http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/histind/Vostok2/vostok2.html |title=The flight of Vostok-2 |accessdate=2009-03-12 |last=Grahn |first=Sven |work=Sven's Space Place |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208111835/http://www.svengrahn.pp.se/histind/Vostok2/vostok2.html |archive-date=2008-12-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Titov took manual control of the spacecraft for a short while. The Soviets admitted that Titov did not land with his spacecraft. Titov said he ejected from his capsule to test another landing system. It is now known that all [[Vostok program]] landings were done this way.<ref name="flightmag_17aug" /><ref name="nasa_partners">{{cite journal |author=Ezell, Edward Clinton; Ezell, Linda Neuman |year=1978 |title=The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project |journal=NASA History Series |issue=NASA Special Publication-4209 |publisher=NASA |url=http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4209/ch3-4.htm |accessdate=2009-03-17}}</ref> The re-entry capsule was destroyed during development of the [[Voskhod spacecraft]].<ref name=silentsea/>{{rp|117}} As of 2012, Titov is the youngest person to reach space. He was 25 years old at launch.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.astronautix.com/articles/aststics.htm |title=Astronaut Statistics |accessdate=2009-03-12 |last=Wade |first=Mark |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Astronautica}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Soviet spacecraft]] [[Category:1960s in spaceflight]] qywhg9y557p8qb14bk0zrnk3qigymlx 0 359777 11024268 10722443 2026-10-09T02:02:18Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 11024268 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:United States Governors map.svg|thumb|300px|Party control of Governors' offices after January 15, 2024. {{legend|#0000FF|Democratic Governor}} {{legend|#FF3333|Republican Governor}} ]] The following is a list of the current '''[[governor]]s of the states and territories of the [[United States]]'''. {{As of|2024|1|post=,}} there were 27 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republicans]] and 23 [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] holding the office of governor in the states. There are 4 [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrats]] and 1 [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (one is also a member of the New Progressive Party) as governor of [[Territories_of_the_United_States|United States Territories]] and Mayor of the District of Columbia. ==State governors== In the table below, '''Next Election''' means the year the governor's term ends. The current term ends in January of the given year for every state except Alaska, Hawaii, and Kentucky, where the term ends in December of the year of election. When the table has ([[term limit]]s) after the year it means that the current governor cannot seek re-election in that year. If the table has (retiring) it means that the current governor has said they will not seek re-election at the end of the term or to run for another office. The [[List of longest-serving governors of U.S. states|longest-serving]] incumbent U.S. governor is [[Greg Abbott]] of [[Texas]], who took office on January 20, 2015. The most recently inaugurated governor is [[Mikie Sherrill]] of [[New Jersey]], who took office on January 20, 2026.<ref name="NGA-Roster">{{cite web |date=January 27, 2025 |title=Governors Roster 2025 |url=https://www.nga.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Governors-Roster.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119182856/https://www.nga.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/Governors-Roster.pdf |archive-date=January 19, 2025 |accessdate=July 23, 2025 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> A total of 15 current governors previously served as [[lieutenant governor]], while 13 previously served in the [[United States House of Representatives]].<ref name="NGA-Prior">{{cite web |title=2023 Governors' Previous Experience Chart |url=https://governors.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/GOV-experience-2023.pdf |work=Center on the American Governor |publisher=[[Eagleton Institute of Politics]] at [[Rutgers University]] |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422093643/https://governors.rutgers.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/GOV-experience-2023.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible sticky-header-multi" style="text-align:center" |+ Current state governors of the United States |- ! scope="col" | State ! scope="col" class=unsortable |Image ! scope="col" | Governor<ref name="NGA-Roster"/> ! scope="colgroup" colspan=2 |Party<ref name="NGA-Roster"/> ! scope="col" | Born ! scope="col" class=unsortable | Prior public experience<ref name="NGA-Prior"/> ! scope="col" | Inauguration<ref name="NGA-Roster"/> !Elected ! scope="col" | End of term<ref name="NGA-Roster"/> ! scope="col" class=unsortable | {{Reference heading}} |- id="A" |[[Governor of Alabama|Alabama]] ([[List of governors of Alabama|list]]) |[[File:Governor Kay Ivey 2025 (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Kay Ivey|118x118px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kay|Ivey|Kay Ivey}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Alabama Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1944|10|15}} |[[List of lieutenant governors of Alabama|Lieutenant Governor]]<hr />[[Alabama State Treasurer|State Treasurer]] |{{dts|2017|4|10}} |[[2018 Alabama gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Alabama gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-Alabama">{{cite web |title=Gov. Kay Ivey |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/alabama/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328045415/https://www.nga.org/governors/alabama/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Alaska|Alaska]] ([[List of governors of Alaska|list]]) |[[File:Mike Dunleavy by Gage Skidmore.jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Mike Dunleavy|134x134px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mike|Dunleavy|dab=politician}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Alaska Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1961|5|5}} |[[Alaska Senate]] |{{dts|2018|12|3}} |[[2018 Alaska gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Alaska gubernatorial election|2022]] |2026 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-Alaska">{{cite web |title=Gov. Mike Dunleavy |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/alaska/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328045441/https://www.nga.org/governors/alaska/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Arizona|Arizona]] ([[List of governors of Arizona|list]]) |[[File:Katie Hobbs by Gage Skidmore 6.jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Katie Hobbs|130x130px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Katie|Hobbs}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | | [[Arizona Democratic Party|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1969|12|28}} |[[Arizona Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]<hr />Minority Leader of the [[Arizona Senate]]<hr />[[Arizona House of Representatives|Arizona House]] |{{dts|2023|1|2}} |[[2022 Arizona gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 |<ref name="NGA-Arizona">{{cite web |title=Gov. Katie Hobbs |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/arizona/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=December 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212094833/https://www.nga.org/governors/arizona/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Arkansas|Arkansas]] ([[List of governors of Arkansas|list]]) |[[File:Governor Sarah Huckabee Sanders (cropped) (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Sarah Huckabee Sanders|130x130px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Sarah|Huckabee Sanders}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | | [[Republican Party of Arkansas|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1982|8|13}} |[[White House Press Secretary]] |{{dts|2023|1|10}} |[[2022 Arkansas gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 |<ref name="NGA-Arkansas">{{cite web |title=Gov. Sarah Huckabee Sanders |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/arkansas/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=January 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127174458/https://www.nga.org/governors/arkansas/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- id="C" |[[Governor of California|California]] ([[List of governors of California|list]]) |[[File:Gavin Newsom 2025 (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Gavin Newsom|130x130px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gavin|Newsom}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[California Democratic Party|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1967|10|10}} |[[Lieutenant Governor of California|Lieutenant Governor]]<hr />[[Mayor of San Francisco]]<hr />[[San Francisco Board of Supervisors]] |{{dts|2019|1|7}} |[[2018 California gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2021 California gubernatorial recall election|2021]] (recall) [[2022 California gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-California">{{cite web |title=Gov. Gavin Newsom |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/california/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328045728/https://www.nga.org/governors/california/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Colorado|Colorado]] ([[Governor of Colorado|list]]) |[[File:Governor Jared Polis 2023 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Jared Polis|128x128px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jared|Polis}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Colorado Democratic Party|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1975|5|12}} |[[Colorado's 2nd congressional district|U.S. House]]<hr />[[Colorado State Board of Education]] |{{dts|2019|1|8}} |[[2018 Colorado gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Colorado gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-Colorado">{{cite web |title=Gov. Jared Polis |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/colorado/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328050318/https://www.nga.org/governors/colorado/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Connecticut|Connecticut]] ([[List of governors of Connecticut|list]]) |[[File:Connecticut Governor Ned Lamont (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Ned Lamont]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ned|Lamont}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Democratic Party of Connecticut|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1954|1|3}} |Chair of the State Investment Advisory Council<hr />[[Greenwich, Connecticut|Greenwich]] Board of Estimate and Taxation<hr />Greenwich [[Board of selectmen|Board of Selectmen]] |{{dts|2019|1|9}} |[[2018 Connecticut gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Connecticut gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 |<ref name="NGA-Connecticut">{{cite web |title=Gov. Ned Lamont |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/connecticut/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328045531/https://www.nga.org/governors/connecticut/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- id="D" |[[Governor of Delaware|Delaware]] ([[List of governors of Delaware|list]]) | [[File: Delmarva Chicken Association Booster BBQ - 55313846273 (cropped).jpg |100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Matt Meyer]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Matt|Meyer}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1971|9|29}} | Executive of [[New Castle County, Delaware|New Castle County]] |{{dts|2025|1|21}} |[[2024 Delaware gubernatorial election|2024]] |2029 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Gov. Matt Meyer |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/delaware/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=January 21, 2025}}</ref> |- id="F" |[[Governor of Florida|Florida]] ([[List of governors of Florida|list]]) |[[File:Ron DeSantis (53455112690) (cropped).png|alt=Photographic portrait of Ron DeSantis|134x134px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Ron|DeSantis}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Republican Party of Florida|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1978|9|14}} |[[Florida's 6th congressional district|U.S. House]] |{{dts|2019|1|8}} |[[2018 Florida gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Florida gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-Florida">{{cite web |title=Gov. Ron DeSantis |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/florida/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328045657/https://www.nga.org/governors/florida/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- id="G" |[[Governor of Georgia|Georgia]] ([[List of governors of Georgia|list]]) |[[File:Brian Kemp May 2024 (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Brian Kemp|132x132px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Brian|Kemp}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Georgia Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1963|11|2}} |[[Georgia Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]<hr />[[Georgia State Senate|Georgia Senate]] |{{dts|2019|1|14}} |[[2018 Georgia gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Georgia gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-Georgia">{{cite web |title=Gov. Brian Kemp |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/georgia/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328050252/https://www.nga.org/governors/georgia/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- id="H" |[[Governor of Hawaii|Hawaii]] ([[List of governors of Hawaii|list]]) |[[File:Josh Green Official Photo 2022 (cropped) (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Josh Green]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Josh|Green|dab=politician}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1970|2|11}} |[[Lieutenant Governor of Hawaii|Lieutenant Governor]]<hr />[[Hawaii Senate]]<hr />[[Hawaii House of Representatives|Hawaii House]] |{{dts|2022|12|5}} |[[2022 Hawaii gubernatorial election|2022]] |2026 |<ref name="NGA-Hawaii">{{cite web |title=Gov. Josh Green |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/hawaii/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328045506/https://www.nga.org/governors/hawaii/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- id="I" |[[Governor of Idaho|Idaho]] ([[List of governors of Idaho|list]]) |[[File:Brad Little official photo (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Brad Little]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Brad|Little}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Idaho Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1954|2|15}} |[[Lieutenant Governor of Idaho|Lieutenant Governor]]<hr />[[Idaho Senate]] |{{dts|2019|1|7}} |[[2018 Idaho gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Idaho gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 |<ref name="NGA-Idaho">{{cite web |title=Gov. Brad Little |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/idaho/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328045849/https://www.nga.org/governors/idaho/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Illinois|Illinois]] ([[List of governors of Illinois|list]]) |[[File:JB Pritzker by Gage Skidmore (3x4).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of JB Pritzker|133x133px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|JB|Pritzker}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Democratic Party of Illinois|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1965|1|19}} |Chair of the [[Illinois Department of Human Rights|Illinois Human Rights Commission]] |{{dts|2019|1|14}} |[[2018 Illinois gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Illinois gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 |<ref name="NGA-Illinois">{{cite web |title=Gov. JB Pritzker |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/illinois/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=January 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118224853/https://www.nga.org/governors/illinois/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=2021–2022 Illinois Blue Book: Official Portraits & Biographies |page=21 |url=https://www.ilsos.gov/publications/illinois_bluebook/governorbio.pdf |publisher=[[Illinois Secretary of State]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525021150/https://www.ilsos.gov/publications/illinois_bluebook/governorbio.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2024 |accessdate=May 24, 2024}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Indiana|Indiana]] ([[List of governors of Indiana|list]]) | [[File: Mike Braun, Official Portrait, 116th Congress.jpg |alt=Photographic portrait of Mike Braun|140x140px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mike|Braun}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Indiana Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1954|3|24}} |[[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] ----[[Indiana House of Representatives|Indiana House]] |{{dts|2025|1|13}} |[[2024 Indiana gubernatorial election|2024]] |2029 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Gov. Mike Braun |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/indiana/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=January 21, 2025}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Iowa|Iowa]] ([[List of governors of Iowa|list]]) |[[File:Kim Reynolds (53462197855) (cropped) (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Kim Reynolds|140x140px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kim|Reynolds}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Republican Party of Iowa|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1959|8|4}} |[[Lieutenant Governor of Iowa|Lieutenant Governor]]<hr />[[Iowa Senate]]<hr />[[Clarke County, Iowa|Clarke County]] Treasurer |{{dts|2017|5|24}} |[[2018 Iowa gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Iowa gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 (retiring) |<ref name="NGA-Iowa">{{cite web |title=Gov. Kim Reynolds |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/iowa/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328050130/https://www.nga.org/governors/iowa/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- id="K" |[[Governor of Kansas|Kansas]] ([[List of governors of Kansas|list]]) |[[File:Laura Kelly official photo (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Laura Kelly]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Laura|Kelly}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Kansas Democratic Party|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1950|1|24}} |[[Kansas Senate]] |{{dts|2019|1|14}} |[[2018 Kansas gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Kansas gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-Kansas">{{cite web |title=Gov. Laura Kelly |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/kansas/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328050012/https://www.nga.org/governors/kansas/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Kentucky|Kentucky]] ([[List of governors of Kentucky|list]]) |[[File:AndyBeshear2025 (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Andy Beshear|133x133px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Andy|Beshear}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Kentucky Democratic Party|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1977|11|29}} |[[Attorney General of Kentucky|State Attorney General]] |{{dts|2019|12|10}} |[[2019 Kentucky gubernatorial election|2019]] [[2023 Kentucky gubernatorial election|2023]] |2027 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-Kentucky">{{cite web |title=Gov. Andy Beshear |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/kentucky/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=January 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118224857/https://www.nga.org/governors/kentucky/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- id="L" |[[Governor of Louisiana|Louisiana]] ([[List of governors of Louisiana|list]]) |[[File:Jeff Landry in 2025 (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Josh Green|132x132px]] ! scope="row" | [[Jeff Landry]] | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Republican Party of Louisiana|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1970|12|23}} |[[List of attorneys general of Louisiana|State Attorney General]]<hr />[[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House]] |{{dts|2024|1|8}} |[[2023 Louisiana gubernatorial election|2023]] |2028 |<ref name="NGA-Louisiana">{{cite web |title=Gov. Josh Green |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/louisiana/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328045914/https://www.nga.org/governors/louisiana/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- id="M" |[[Governor of Maine|Maine]] ([[List of governors of Maine|list]]) |[[File:Janet Mills in 2019.jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Janet Mills]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Janet|Mills}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Maine Democratic Party|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1947|12|30}} |[[Maine Attorney General|State Attorney General]]<hr />[[Maine House of Representatives|Maine House]] |{{dts|2019|1|2}} |[[2018 Maine gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Maine gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-Maine">{{cite web |title=Gov. Janet Mills |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/maine/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328045753/https://www.nga.org/governors/maine/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Maryland|Maryland]] ([[List of governors of Maryland|list]]) |[[File:Wes Moore in February 2025.jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Wes Moore|130x130px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Wes|Moore}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Maryland Democratic Party|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1978|10|15}} |No prior public experience |{{dts|2023|1|18}} |[[2022 Maryland gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 |<ref name="NGA-Maryland">{{cite web |title=Gov. Wes Moore |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/maryland/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=January 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118224836/https://www.nga.org/governors/Maryland/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Massachusetts|Massachusetts]] ([[List of governors of Massachusetts|list]]) |[[File:Maura Healey 54502293075 (1).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Maura Healey|133x133px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Maura|Healey}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Massachusetts Democratic Party|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1971|02|8}} |[[Massachusetts Attorney General|State Attorney General]] |{{dts|2023|1|5}} |[[2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 |<ref name="NGA-Massachusetts">{{cite web |title=Gov. Maura Healey |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/massachusetts/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328045939/https://www.nga.org/governors/massachusetts/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Michigan|Michigan]] ([[List of governors of Michigan|list]]) |[[File:Gretchen Whitmer Taiwan 20240304.jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Gretchen Whitmer]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Gretchen|Whitmer}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Michigan Democratic Party|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1971|8|23}} |Minority Leader of the [[Michigan Senate]]<hr />[[Michigan House of Representatives|Michigan House]] |{{dts|2019|1|1}} |[[2018 Michigan gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Michigan gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-Michigan">{{cite web |title=Gov. Gretchen Whitmer |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/michigan/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328050514/https://www.nga.org/governors/michigan/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Smith |first=Allan |date=April 8, 2020 |title='That woman from Michigan': Gov. Whitmer stands out in the pandemic. Just ask Trump. |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/woman-michigan-gov-whitmer-stands-out-pandemic-just-ask-trump-n1170506 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |accessdate=May 24, 2024 |archive-date=April 28, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428212114/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/woman-michigan-gov-whitmer-stands-out-pandemic-just-ask-trump-n1170506 |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Minnesota|Minnesota]] ([[List of governors of Minnesota|list]]) |[[File:TimWalz2025.jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Tim Walz|143x143px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tim|Walz}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party}};" | |[[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party|Democratic–Farmer–Labor]]{{refn|The [[Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party]] is affiliated with the national Democratic Party.<ref>{{cite news |last=Erlandson |first=Henry |date=January 25, 2020 |title=Why is Minnesota's Democratic Party called the DFL? |url=https://www.startribune.com/why-is-minnesota-s-democratic-party-called-the-dfl/565228002/ |work=[[Star Tribune]] |location=Minneapolis |accessdate=May 3, 2024 |archive-date=January 30, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240130171637/https://www.startribune.com/why-is-minnesota-s-democratic-party-called-the-dfl/565228002/ |url-status=live}}</ref>|group=note}} |{{birth date and age|1964|4|6}} |[[Minnesota's 1st congressional district|U.S. House]] |{{dts|2019|1|7}} |[[2018 Minnesota gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Minnesota gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 (retiring) |<ref name="NGA-Minnesota">{{cite web |title=Gov. Tim Walz |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/minnesota/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328045627/https://www.nga.org/governors/minnesota/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Mississippi|Mississippi]] ([[List of governors of Mississippi|list]]) |[[File:Tate Reeves 2019 (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Tate Reeves|133x133px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tate|Reeves}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Mississippi Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1974|6|5}} |[[Lieutenant Governor of Mississippi|Lieutenant Governor]]<hr />[[Mississippi State Treasurer|State Treasurer]] |{{dts|2020|1|14}} |[[2019 Mississippi gubernatorial election|2019]] [[2023 Mississippi gubernatorial election|2023]] |2028 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-Mississippi">{{cite web |title=Gov. Tate Reeves |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/mississippi/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328050200/https://www.nga.org/governors/mississippi/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Missouri|Missouri]] ([[List of governors of Missouri|list]]) |[[File:Mike Kehoe 2025 (croppedfurther).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Mike Kehoe|133x133px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mike|Kehoe}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Missouri Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1962|1|17}} |[[Lieutenant Governor of Missouri|Lieutenant Governor]]<hr />Majority Leader of the [[Missouri Senate]] |{{dts|2025|1|13}} |[[2024 Missouri gubernatorial election|2024]] |2029 |<ref name="NGA-Missouri">{{cite web |title=Gov. Mike Kehoe |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/missouri/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=January 18, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240118224834/https://www.nga.org/governors/missouri/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Montana|Montana]] ([[List of governors of Montana|list]]) |[[File:Greg Gianforte in Taiwan (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Greg Gianforte|133x133px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Greg|Gianforte}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Montana Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1961|4|17}} |[[Montana's at-large congressional district|U.S. House]] |{{dts|2021|1|4}} |[[2020 Montana gubernatorial election|2020]] [[2024 Montana gubernatorial election|2024]] |2029 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-Montana">{{cite web |title=Gov. Greg Gianforte |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/montana/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328050227/https://www.nga.org/governors/montana/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- id="N" |[[Governor of Nebraska|Nebraska]] ([[List of governors of Nebraska|list]]) |[[File:Jim Pillen 2023 (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Jim Pillen|133x133px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jim|Pillen}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Nebraska Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1955|12|31}} |No prior public experience |{{dts|2023|1|5}} |[[2022 Nebraska gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 |<ref name="NGA-Nebraska">{{cite web |title=Gov. Jim Pillen |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/nebraska/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328050105/https://www.nga.org/governors/nebraska/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Nevada|Nevada]] ([[List of governors of Nevada|list]]) | [[File:Joe Lombardo by Gage Skidmore (3x4 cropped).jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Joe Lombardo]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Joe|Lombardo}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Nevada Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1962|11|8}} |[[Sheriff of Clark County|Clark County Sheriff]] |{{dts|2023|1|2}} |[[2022 Nevada gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 |<ref name="NGA-Nevada">{{cite web |title=Gov. Joe Lombardo |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/nevada/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328050449/https://www.nga.org/governors/nevada/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of New Hampshire|New Hampshire]] ([[List of governors of New Hampshire|list]]) | [[File:Governor-elect Kelly Ayotte 2024 (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Kelly Ayotte|127x127px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kelly|Ayotte}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[New Hampshire Republican State Committee|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1968|6|27}} |[[List of United States senators from New Hampshire|U.S. Senate]]<hr />[[Attorney General of New Hampshire|Attorney General]] |{{dts|2025|1|9}} |[[2024 New Hampshire gubernatorial election|2024]] |2027 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Gov. Kelly Ayotte |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/new-hampshire/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=January 12, 2025}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of New Jersey|New Jersey]] ([[List of governors of New Jersey|list]]) | [[File:Gov. Mikie Sherril.jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Mikie Sherrill]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mikie|Sherrill}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[New Jersey Democratic State Committee|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1972|1|19}} |[[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House]] |{{dts|2026|1|20}} |[[2025 New Jersey gubernatorial election|2025]] |2030 |<ref name="NGA-NewJersey">{{cite web |title=Gov. Phil Murphy |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/new-jersey/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328045601/https://www.nga.org/governors/new-jersey/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of New Mexico|New Mexico]] ([[List of governors of New Mexico|list]]) |[[File:Michelle Lujan Grisham 2021.jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Michelle Lujan Grisham]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Michelle|Lujan Grisham}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Democratic Party of New Mexico|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1959|10|24}} |[[New Mexico's 1st congressional district|U.S. House]]<hr />[[Bernalillo County, New Mexico|Bernalillo County]] [[County commission|Commission]]<hr />[[New Mexico Department of Health|State Secretary of Health]] |{{dts|2019|1|1}} |[[2018 New Mexico gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 New Mexico gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-NewMexico">{{cite web |title=Gov. Michelle Lujan Grisham |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/new-mexico/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328045823/https://www.nga.org/governors/new-mexico/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Oxford |first=Andrew |date=May 15, 2018 |title=Lujan Grisham offers vision for New Mexico |url=https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/lujan-grisham-offers-vision-for-new-mexico/article_410bfa00-e226-590b-998c-aa4af4dd99f0.html |work=[[The Santa Fe New Mexican]] |url-access=subscription |accessdate=May 24, 2024 |archive-date=May 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525045722/https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/local_news/lujan-grisham-offers-vision-for-new-mexico/article_410bfa00-e226-590b-998c-aa4af4dd99f0.html |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of New York|New York]] ([[List of governors of New York|list]]) |[[File:Kathy Hochul, 17 May 2024 (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Kathy Hochul|149x149px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kathy|Hochul}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[New York State Democratic Committee|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1958|8|27}} |[[Lieutenant Governor of New York|Lieutenant Governor]]<hr />[[New York's 26th congressional district|U.S. House]]<hr />[[Erie County, New York|Erie County]] [[County clerk|Clerk]] |{{dts|2021|8|24}} |[[2022 New York gubernatorial election|2022]] |2026{{refn|In New York, gubernatorial terms begin at midnight on [[New Year's Day]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Confessore |first=Nicholas |date=December 16, 2010 |title=Cuomo's Inauguration Expected to Be Low Key |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/17/nyregion/17inaugural.html |work=The New York Times |url-access=limited |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328045415/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/17/nyregion/17inaugural.html |url-status=live}}</ref>|group=note}} |<ref name="NGA-NewYork">{{cite web |title=Gov. Kathy Hochul |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/new-york/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=May 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525045721/https://www.nga.org/governors/new-york/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of North Carolina|North Carolina]] ([[List of governors of North Carolina|list]]) |[[File:Secretary Turner Meeting with Josh Stein, Governor of North Carolina - 54519013726 (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Josh Stein|132x132px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Josh|Stein}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[North Carolina Democratic Party|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1966|9|13}} |[[Attorney General of North Carolina|State Attorney General]]<hr />[[North Carolina Senate]] |{{dts|2025|1|1}} |[[2024 North Carolina gubernatorial election|2024]] |2029 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Gov. Josh Stein |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/north-carolina/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=January 2, 2025}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of North Dakota|North Dakota]] ([[List of governors of North Dakota|list]]) |[[File:Kelly Armstrong (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Kelly Armstrong]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kelly|Armstrong}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[North Dakota Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1976|10|6}} |[[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House]]<hr />Chair of the [[North Dakota Republican Party]]<hr />[[North Dakota Senate]] |{{dts|2024|12|15}} |[[2024 North Dakota gubernatorial election|2024]] |2028 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Gov. Kelly Armstrong |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/north-dakota/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=January 2, 2025}}</ref> |- id="O" |[[Governor of Ohio|Ohio]] ([[List of governors of Ohio|list]]) |[[File:Gov-Mike-DeWine (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Mike DeWine]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mike|DeWine}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Ohio Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1947|1|5}} |[[Attorney General of Ohio|State Attorney General]]<hr />[[List of United States senators from Ohio|U.S. Senate]]<hr />[[Lieutenant Governor of Ohio|Lieutenant Governor]]<hr />[[Ohio's 7th congressional district|U.S. House]]<hr />[[Ohio Senate]]<hr />[[Greene County, Ohio|Greene County]] [[Prosecutor]] |{{dts|2019|1|14}} |[[2018 Ohio gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Ohio gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-Ohio">{{cite web |title=Gov. Mike DeWine |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/ohio/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328050811/https://www.nga.org/governors/ohio/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Oklahoma|Oklahoma]] ([[List of governors of Oklahoma|list]]) |[[File:Kevin Stitt (52251950006) (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Kevin Stitt]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Kevin|Stitt}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Oklahoma Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1972|12|28}} |No prior public experience |{{dts|2019|1|14}} |[[2018 Oklahoma gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Oklahoma gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-Oklahoma">{{cite web |title=Gov. Kevin Stitt |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/oklahoma/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328050933/https://www.nga.org/governors/oklahoma/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Oregon|Oregon]] ([[List of governors of Oregon|list]]) |[[File:Governor Kotek (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Tina Kotek]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tina|Kotek}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Oregon Democratic Party|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1966|9|30}} |[[List of speakers of the Oregon House of Representatives|Speaker of the Oregon House]] |{{dts|2023|1|9}} |[[2022 Oregon gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 |<ref name="NGA-Oregon">{{cite web |title=Gov. Tina Kotek |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/oregon/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328051054/https://www.nga.org/governors/oregon/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- id="P" |[[Governor of Pennsylvania|Pennsylvania]] ([[List of governors of Pennsylvania|list]]) |[[File:Josh Shapiro 2023 (3x4).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Josh Shapiro|133x133px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Josh|Shapiro}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Pennsylvania Democratic Party|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1973|6|20}} |[[Pennsylvania Attorney General|State Attorney General]]<hr />[[Montgomery County Board of Commissioners]]<hr />[[Pennsylvania House of Representatives|Pennsylvania House]] |{{dts|2023|1|17}} |[[2022 Pennsylvania gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 |<ref name="NGA-Pennsylvania">{{cite web |title=Gov. Josh Shapiro |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/pennsylvania/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328050635/https://www.nga.org/governors/pennsylvania/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- id="R" |[[Governor of Rhode Island|Rhode Island]] ([[List of governors of Rhode Island|list]]) |[[File:RI Governor Daniel McKee.jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Dan McKee|147x147px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Dan|McKee}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Rhode Island Democratic Party|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1951|6|16}} |[[Lieutenant Governor of Rhode Island|Lieutenant Governor]] |{{dts|2021|3|2}} |[[2022 Rhode Island gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 |<ref name="NGA-RhodeIsland">{{cite web |title=Gov. Dan McKee |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/rhode-island/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=January 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127174458/https://www.nga.org/governors/rhode-island/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- id="S" |[[Governor of South Carolina|South Carolina]] ([[List of governors of South Carolina|list]]) |[[File:Governor Henry McMaster (crop).jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Henry McMaster]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Henry|McMaster}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[South Carolina Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1947|5|27}} |[[Lieutenant Governor of South Carolina|Lieutenant Governor]]<hr />[[Attorney General of South Carolina|State Attorney General]] |{{dts|2017|1|24}} |[[2018 South Carolina gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 South Carolina gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-SouthCarolina">{{cite web |title=Gov. Henry McMaster |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/south-carolina/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328051023/https://www.nga.org/governors/south-carolina/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of South Dakota|South Dakota]] ([[List of governors of South Dakota|list]]) |[[File:Larry Rhoden 2025 (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Larry Rhoden|142x142px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Larry|Rhoden}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[South Dakota Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1959|2|5}} |[[Lieutenant Governor of South Dakota|Lieutenant Governor]]<hr />Secretary of Agriculture<hr />[[South Dakota House of Representatives|South Dakota House]]<hr />[[South Dakota Senate]] |{{dts|2025|1|25}} |N/A |2027 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Gov. Larry Rhoden |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/south-dakota/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=July 4, 2025}}</ref> |- id="T" |[[Governor of Tennessee|Tennessee]] ([[List of governors of Tennessee|list]]) |[[File:Hob Nob on the State Line with Tennessee Governor Bill Lee, Bristol (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Bill Lee|132x132px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bill|Lee|dab=Tennessee politician}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Tennessee Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1959|10|9}} |No prior public experience |{{dts|2019|1|19}} |[[2018 Tennessee gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Tennessee gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-Tennessee">{{cite web |title=Gov. Bill Lee |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/tennessee/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=February 22, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222204717/https://www.nga.org/governors/tennessee/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Texas|Texas]] ([[List of governors of Texas|list]]) |[[File:Greg Abbott at NASA 2024 (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Greg Abbott|142x142px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Greg|Abbott}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Republican Party of Texas|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1957|11|13}} |[[Texas Attorney General|State Attorney General]]<hr />[[Supreme Court of Texas|Associate Justice of the Texas Supreme Court]] |{{dts|2015|1|20}} |[[2014 Texas gubernatorial election|2014]] [[2018 Texas gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Texas gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 |<ref name="NGA-Texas">{{cite web |title=Gov. Greg Abbott |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/texas/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=January 27, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127174457/https://www.nga.org/governors/texas/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- id="U" |[[Governor of Utah|Utah]] ([[List of governors of Utah|list]]) |[[File:Spencer Cox in 2024 (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Spencer Cox|131x131px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Spencer|Cox|dab=politician}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Utah Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1975|7|11}} |[[Lieutenant Governor of Utah|Lieutenant Governor]]<hr />[[Utah House of Representatives|Utah House]]<hr />[[Sanpete County, Utah|Sanpete County]] Commission |{{dts|2021|1|4}} |[[2020 Utah gubernatorial election|2020]] [[2024 Utah gubernatorial election|2024]] |2029 (retiring) |<ref name="NGA-Utah">{{cite web |title=Gov. Spencer Cox |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/utah/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328050836/https://www.nga.org/governors/utah/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Schott |first1=Bryan |last2=Semerad |first2=Tony |date=January 18, 2024 |title=Here's why Utah Gov. Spencer Cox's family business has become an internet powerhouse |url=https://www.sltrib.com/news/2024/01/18/why-utah-gov-spencer-coxs-family/ |work=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |accessdate=May 24, 2024 |archive-date=May 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525045723/https://www.sltrib.com/news/2024/01/18/why-utah-gov-spencer-coxs-family/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- id="V" |[[Governor of Vermont|Vermont]] ([[List of governors of Vermont|list]]) |[[File:Phil Scott 2019 (3x4 cropped).png|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Phil Scott]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Phil|Scott}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Vermont Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1958|8|4}} |[[Lieutenant Governor of Vermont|Lieutenant Governor]]<hr />[[Vermont Senate]] |{{dts|2017|1|5}} |[[2016 Vermont gubernatorial election|2016]] [[2018 Vermont gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2020 Vermont gubernatorial election|2020]] [[2022 Vermont gubernatorial election|2022]] [[2024 Vermont gubernatorial election|2024]] |2027 |<ref name="NGA-Vermont">{{cite web |title=Gov. Phil Scott |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/vermont/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328050539/https://www.nga.org/governors/vermont/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Virginia|Virginia]] ([[List of governors of Virginia|list]]) | [[File:Rep. Abigail Spanberger - 118th Congress.jpg|100px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Abigail|Spanberger}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}; | |[[Democratic Party of Virginia|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1979|8|7}} |[[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House]] |{{dts|2026|1|17}} |[[2025 Virginia gubernatorial election|2025]] |2030 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-Virginia">{{cite web |title=Gov. Glenn Youngkin |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/virginia/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=December 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213024313/https://www.nga.org/governors/virginia/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- id="W" |[[Governor of Washington|Washington]] ([[List of governors of Washington|list]]) |[[File:Bob Ferguson at his 2023 Shrimp Feed 02 (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Bob Ferguson]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Bob|Ferguson|dab=politician}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Washington State Democratic Party|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1965|2|23}} |[[Attorney General of Washington|State Attorney General]]<hr />Chair of the [[King County Council]] |{{dts|2025|1|15}} |[[2024 Washington gubernatorial election|2024]] |2029 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Gov. Bob Ferguson |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/washington/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=January 21, 2025}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of West Virginia|West Virginia]] ([[List of governors of West Virginia|list]]) |[[File:Patrick Morrisey by Gage Skidmore.jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Patrick Morrisey]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Patrick|Morrisey}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[West Virginia Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1967|12|21}} |[[List of attorneys general of West Virginia|State Attorney General]] |{{dts|2025|1|13}} |[[2024 West Virginia gubernatorial election|2024]] |2029 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Gov. Patrick Morrisey |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/west-virginia/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=January 21, 2025}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Wisconsin|Wisconsin]] ([[List of governors of Wisconsin|list]]) |[[File:Tony Evers (cropped).jpg|alt=Photographic portrait of Tony Evers|133x133px]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Tony|Evers}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Democratic Party of Wisconsin|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1951|11|5}} |[[Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction|State Superintendent of Public Instruction]] |{{dts|2019|1|7}} |[[2018 Wisconsin gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Wisconsin gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 (retiring) |<ref name="NGA-Wisconsin">{{cite web |title=Gov. Tony Evers |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/wisconsin/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328050906/https://www.nga.org/governors/wisconsin/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Wyoming|Wyoming]] ([[List of governors of Wyoming|list]]) |[[File:Mark Gordon of Wyoming.jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Mark Gordon]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Mark|Gordon}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Wyoming Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1957|3|14}} |[[Wyoming State Treasurer|State Treasurer]] |{{dts|2019|1|7}} |[[2018 Wyoming gubernatorial election|2018]] [[2022 Wyoming gubernatorial election|2022]] |2027 (term limits) |<ref name="NGA-Wyoming">{{cite web |title=Gov. Mark Gordon |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/wyoming/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328050710/https://www.nga.org/governors/wyoming/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |} ==Territory governors== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" |+ Current territorial governors of the United States |- ! scope="col" | Territory ! scope="col" class=unsortable |Image ! scope="col" | Governor<ref name="NGA-Roster"/> ! scope="colgroup" colspan=2 |Party<ref name="NGA-Roster"/> ! scope="col" | Born ! scope="col" class=unsortable | Prior public experience ! scope="col" | Inauguration<ref name="NGA-Roster"/> ! scope="col" | End of term<ref name="NGA-Roster"/> ! scope="col" class=unsortable | {{Reference heading}} |- |[[Governor of American Samoa|American Samoa]] ([[List of governors of American Samoa|list]]) |[[File:Governor of American Samoa Pulaali'i Tuiteleleapaga Iuli Nikolao Pula.jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Lemanu Peleti Mauga]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Pula Nikolao|Pula}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[American Samoa Republican Party|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1955|12|31}} |Director of the [[Office of Insular Affairs]] |{{dts|2025|1|3}} |2029 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Gov. Pula Nikolao Pula |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/american-samoa/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=January 4, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=March 31, 2023 |title=Senate makes moving tribute to Nikolao Pula for his service |url=https://www.samoanews.com/senate-makes-moving-tribute-nikolao-pula-his-service |work=[[Samoa News]] |accessdate=March 21, 2025}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Guam|Guam]] ([[List of governors of Guam|list]]) |[[File:Lou Leon Guerrero in 2018.jpeg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Lou Leon Guerrero]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Lou Leon|Guerrero}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Democratic Party of Guam|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1950|11|8}} |[[Legislature of Guam|Guam Legislature]] |{{dts|2019|1|7}} |2027 (term limits) |<ref name="Guerrero">{{cite web |title=Gov. Lou Leon Guerrero |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/lou-leon-guerrero/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307181419/https://www.nga.org/governor/lou-leon-guerrero/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=About the Governor |date=11 May 2021 |url=https://governor.guam.gov/about-the-governor/ |publisher=Government of Guam |accessdate=May 24, 2024 |archive-date=16 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240516085251/https://governor.guam.gov/about-the-governor/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands|Northern Mariana Islands]] ([[List of governors of the Northern Mariana Islands|list]]) |[[File:David Apatang Standing with USAF Airmen Cropped.jpg|frameless|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of David Apatang]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|David M.|Apatang}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Independent (US)}};" | |[[Independent politician|Independent]] |{{birth date and age|1948|7|10}} |[[Lieutenant Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands|Lieutenant Governor]]<hr />Mayor of [[Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands|Saipan]]<hr />[[Northern Mariana Islands House of Representatives|Northern Mariana Islands House]] |{{dts|2025|7|23}} |2027 |<ref>{{Cite web |title=David M. Apatang |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/david-m-apatang/ |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=National Governors Association}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico]] ([[List of governors of Puerto Rico|list]]) |[[File:Jenniffer Gonzalez (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=Official portrait of Resident Commissioner Jenniffer Gonzalez.jpg]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Jenniffer|González-Colón}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};" | |[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] |{{birth date and age|1976|8|5}} |[[Resident commissioner of Puerto Rico|Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico]]<hr />[[Speaker of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico]] |{{dts|2025|1|2}} |2029 |<ref>{{cite web |title=Gov. Jenniffer González-Colón |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/puerto-rico/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=January 2, 2025}}</ref> |- |[[Governor of the United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] ([[List of governors of the United States Virgin Islands|list]]) |[[File:Governor Albert Bryan Jr..jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Albert Bryan]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Albert|Bryan|dab=politician}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands|Democratic]] |{{birth date and age|1968|2|21}} |Commissioner of the Virgin Islands Department of Labor |{{dts|2019|1|7}} |2027 (term limits) |<ref name="Bryan">{{cite web |title=Gov. Albert Bryan |url=https://www.nga.org/governors/virgin-islands/ |publisher=National Governors Association |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=December 12, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212135126/https://www.nga.org/governors/virgin-islands/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Governor Albert Bryan Jr. |url=https://www.vi.gov/governor-bryan/ |publisher=Government of the United States Virgin Islands |accessdate=May 24, 2024 |archive-date=December 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211021921/https://www.vi.gov/governor-bryan/ |url-status=live}}</ref> |} == Federal district mayor == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Current federal district mayors of the United States |- ! scope="col" | Federal district ! scope="col" class=unsortable |Image ! scope="col" | Mayor ! scope="colgroup" colspan=2 |Party ! scope="col" | Born ! scope="col" class=unsortable | Prior public experience ! scope="col" | Inauguration ! scope="col" | End of term |- |[[Mayor of the District of Columbia|District of Columbia]] ([[List of mayors of Washington, D.C.|list]]) |[[File:Muriel Bowser official photo (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=Photographic portrait of Muriel Bowser]] ! scope="row" | {{sortname|Muriel|Bowser}} | style="background-color:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};" | |[[District of Columbia Democratic State Committee|Democratic]]<ref name="NationalJournal-Bowser"/> |{{birth date and age|1972|8|2}}<ref name="NationalJournal-Bowser">{{cite web |title=People Research Service: Muriel Bowser |url=https://go.nationaljournal.com/rs/556-YEE-969/images/Mayors_Muriel_Bowser.pdf |work=[[National Journal]] |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=March 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328051135/https://go.nationaljournal.com/rs/556-YEE-969/images/Mayors_Muriel_Bowser.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> |[[Council of the District of Columbia|D.C. Council]]<hr />[[Advisory Neighborhood Commission]]<ref name="NationalJournal-Bowser"/> |{{dts|2015|1|2}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=DeBonis |first1=Mike |last2=Davis |first2=Aaron C. |date=January 2, 2015 |title=Muriel Bowser sworn in as D.C. mayor; pledges to make city healthier, safer |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/dc-mayor-elect-muriel-bowser-dc-council-members-to-be-sworn-in-friday/2015/01/01/ee6892ec-91fc-11e4-a412-4b735edc7175_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |url-access=limited |accessdate=March 27, 2024 |archive-date=November 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104010606/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/dc-mayor-elect-muriel-bowser-dc-council-members-to-be-sworn-in-friday/2015/01/01/ee6892ec-91fc-11e4-a412-4b735edc7175_story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> |2027 |} ==References== {{reflist}} '''Notes''' <references group="note"/> ==Other websites== * [http://www.nga.org/portal/site/nga National Governors Association] {{USGovernors}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Current United States Governors}} [[Category:Lists of state governors of the United States|*]] e5g9qhuo57ithebwjzna3bcomuw2ojr 0 360156 11024080 10501549 2026-10-08T19:16:35Z ~2026-54397-28 1887133 /* */ 11024080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Film | name = The Canterbury Tales | image = | image_size = | director = [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] | producer = [[Alberto Grimaldi]] | writer = Pier Paolo Pasolini | distributor = | starring = | released = West Germany 2 July 1972 (premiere at [[Berlin Film Festival|BIFF]])<br>Italy 2 September 1972<br>USA 30 March 1980 | runtime = 122&nbsp;minutes | country = Italy | language = Italian/English | music = [[Ennio Morricone]] | cinematography = [[Tonino Delli Colli]] }} '''''The Canterbury Tales''''' is a 1972 Italian movie directed by [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]]. It is based on the [[medieval]] poem ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'' by [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]. It is the second movie in Pasolini's 'Trilogy of Life'. It won the [[Golden Bear]] at the [[22nd Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name="berlinale 1972">{{cite web |url= |title=Berlinale 1972: Prize Winners |work=berlinale.de}}</ref> The movie has eight of the 24 tales. It has much [[nudity]], [[sex]], [[toilet humour]] and [[slapstick]] humour. Many of these scenes are present or at least alluded to in the original. Some are Pasolini's own additions. This movie featured [[Tom Baker]] in a small role. He was one of the husbands of the [[Wife of Bath]]. ==Cast== * [[Hugh Griffith]] - Sir January * [[Laura Betti]] - The Wife of Bath * [[Ninetto Davoli]] - Perkin * [[Franco Citti]] - The Devil * [[Josephine Chaplin]] - May * [[Alan Webb (actor)|Alan Webb]] - Old Man * [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] - Geoffrey Chaucer * [[J. P. Van Dyne]] - The Cook * [[Vernon Dobtcheff]] - The Franklin * [[Adrian Street]] - Fighter * [[Derek Deadman]] - The Pardoner (as Derek Deadmin) ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * {{IMDb title|0067647|The Canterbury Tales}} * {{AllMovie movie|8043|The Canterbury Tales}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Canterbury Tales, The (film)}} [[Category:Italian fantasy movies]] [[Category:Italian LGBT movies]] [[Category:Italian historical movies]] [[Category:French fantasy movies]] [[Category:French LGBT movies]] [[Category:French historical movies]] [[Category:1972 LGBT movies]] [[Category:1972 fantasy movies]] [[Category:1970s historical movies]] [[Category:Movies composed by Ennio Morricone]] [[Category:Movies directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini]] [[Category:The Canterbury Tales]] av6toqouwjkn7tmd7h3ih1vt9j332ui 11024081 11024080 2026-10-08T19:17:19Z ~2026-54397-28 1887133 /* Cast */ 11024081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Film | name = The Canterbury Tales | image = | image_size = | director = [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] | producer = [[Alberto Grimaldi]] | writer = Pier Paolo Pasolini | distributor = | starring = | released = West Germany 2 July 1972 (premiere at [[Berlin Film Festival|BIFF]])<br>Italy 2 September 1972<br>USA 30 March 1980 | runtime = 122&nbsp;minutes | country = Italy | language = Italian/English | music = [[Ennio Morricone]] | cinematography = [[Tonino Delli Colli]] }} '''''The Canterbury Tales''''' is a 1972 Italian movie directed by [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]]. It is based on the [[medieval]] poem ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'' by [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]. It is the second movie in Pasolini's 'Trilogy of Life'. It won the [[Golden Bear]] at the [[22nd Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name="berlinale 1972">{{cite web |url= |title=Berlinale 1972: Prize Winners |work=berlinale.de}}</ref> The movie has eight of the 24 tales. It has much [[nudity]], [[sex]], [[toilet humour]] and [[slapstick]] humour. Many of these scenes are present or at least alluded to in the original. Some are Pasolini's own additions. This movie featured [[Tom Baker]] in a small role. He was one of the husbands of the [[Wife of Bath]]. ==Cast== * [[Hugh Griffith]] - Sir January * [[Laura Betti]] - Alice, the Wife of Bath * [[Ninetto Davoli]] - Perkin * [[Franco Citti]] - The Devil * [[Josephine Chaplin]] - May * [[Alan Webb (actor)|Alan Webb]] - Old Man * [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] - Geoffrey Chaucer * [[J. P. Van Dyne]] - The Cook * [[Vernon Dobtcheff]] - The Franklin * [[Adrian Street]] - Fighter * [[Derek Deadman]] - The Pardoner (as Derek Deadmin) ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * {{IMDb title|0067647|The Canterbury Tales}} * {{AllMovie movie|8043|The Canterbury Tales}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Canterbury Tales, The (film)}} [[Category:Italian fantasy movies]] [[Category:Italian LGBT movies]] [[Category:Italian historical movies]] [[Category:French fantasy movies]] [[Category:French LGBT movies]] [[Category:French historical movies]] [[Category:1972 LGBT movies]] [[Category:1972 fantasy movies]] [[Category:1970s historical movies]] [[Category:Movies composed by Ennio Morricone]] [[Category:Movies directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini]] [[Category:The Canterbury Tales]] dj4tjnyxixiaofhsi30wljwn5fgelal 11024082 11024081 2026-10-08T19:18:15Z ~2026-54397-28 1887133 /* */ 11024082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Film | name = The Canterbury Tales | image = | image_size = | director = [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] | producer = [[Alberto Grimaldi]] | writer = Pier Paolo Pasolini | distributor = | starring = | released = West Germany 2 July 1972 (premiere at [[Berlin Film Festival|BIFF]])<br>Italy 2 September 1972<br>USA 30 March 1980 | runtime = 122&nbsp;minutes | country = Italy | language = Italian/English | music = [[Ennio Morricone]] | cinematography = [[Tonino Delli Colli]] }} '''''The Canterbury Tales''''' is a 1972 Italian movie directed by [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]]. It is based on the [[medieval]] poem ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'' by [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]. It is the second movie in Pasolini's 'Trilogy of Life'. It won the [[Golden Bear]] at the [[22nd Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name="berlinale 1972">{{cite web |url= |title=Berlinale 1972: Prize Winners |work=berlinale.de}}</ref> The movie has eight of the 24 tales. It has much [[nudity]], [[sex]], [[toilet humour]] and [[slapstick]] humour. Many of these scenes are present or at least alluded to in the original. Some are Pasolini's own additions. This movie featured [[Tom Baker]] in a small role. He was one of the husbands of Alice, the Wife of [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]]. ==Cast== * [[Hugh Griffith]] - Sir January * [[Laura Betti]] - Alice, the Wife of Bath * [[Ninetto Davoli]] - Perkin * [[Franco Citti]] - The Devil * [[Josephine Chaplin]] - May * [[Alan Webb (actor)|Alan Webb]] - Old Man * [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] - Geoffrey Chaucer * [[J. P. Van Dyne]] - The Cook * [[Vernon Dobtcheff]] - The Franklin * [[Adrian Street]] - Fighter * [[Derek Deadman]] - The Pardoner (as Derek Deadmin) ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * {{IMDb title|0067647|The Canterbury Tales}} * {{AllMovie movie|8043|The Canterbury Tales}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Canterbury Tales, The (film)}} [[Category:Italian fantasy movies]] [[Category:Italian LGBT movies]] [[Category:Italian historical movies]] [[Category:French fantasy movies]] [[Category:French LGBT movies]] [[Category:French historical movies]] [[Category:1972 LGBT movies]] [[Category:1972 fantasy movies]] [[Category:1970s historical movies]] [[Category:Movies composed by Ennio Morricone]] [[Category:Movies directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini]] [[Category:The Canterbury Tales]] 5zh2enot9itp8cgjxu5ap1chofdg9q2 11024089 11024082 2026-10-08T19:35:18Z ~2026-54397-28 1887133 /* */ 11024089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Film | name = The Canterbury Tales | image = | image_size = | director = [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] | producer = [[Alberto Grimaldi]] | writer = Pier Paolo Pasolini | distributor = | starring = | released = West Germany 2 July 1972 (premiere at [[Berlin Film Festival|BIFF]])<br>Italy 2 September 1972<br>USA 30 March 1980 | runtime = 122&nbsp;minutes | country = Italy | language = Italian/English | music = [[Ennio Morricone]] | cinematography = [[Tonino Delli Colli]] }} '''''The Canterbury Tales''''' is a 1972 Italian [[sex comedy]] movie directed by [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]]. It is based on the [[medieval]] poem ''[[The Canterbury Tales]]'' by [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]. It is the second movie in Pasolini's 'Trilogy of Life'. It won the [[Golden Bear]] at the [[22nd Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name="berlinale 1972">{{cite web |url= |title=Berlinale 1972: Prize Winners |work=berlinale.de}}</ref> The movie has eight of the 24 tales. It has much [[nudity]], [[sex]], [[toilet humour]] and [[slapstick]] humour. Many of these scenes are present or at least alluded to in the original. Some are Pasolini's own additions. This movie featured [[Tom Baker]] in a small role. He was one of the husbands of Alice, the Wife of [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]]. ==Cast== * [[Hugh Griffith]] - Sir January * [[Laura Betti]] - Alice, the Wife of Bath * [[Ninetto Davoli]] - Perkin * [[Franco Citti]] - The Devil * [[Josephine Chaplin]] - May * [[Alan Webb (actor)|Alan Webb]] - Old Man * [[Pier Paolo Pasolini]] - Geoffrey Chaucer * [[J. P. Van Dyne]] - The Cook * [[Vernon Dobtcheff]] - The Franklin * [[Adrian Street]] - Fighter * [[Derek Deadman]] - The Pardoner (as Derek Deadmin) ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * {{IMDb title|0067647|The Canterbury Tales}} * {{AllMovie movie|8043|The Canterbury Tales}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Canterbury Tales, The (film)}} [[Category:Italian fantasy movies]] [[Category:Italian LGBT movies]] [[Category:Italian historical movies]] [[Category:French fantasy movies]] [[Category:French LGBT movies]] [[Category:French historical movies]] [[Category:1972 LGBT movies]] [[Category:1972 fantasy movies]] [[Category:1970s historical movies]] [[Category:Movies composed by Ennio Morricone]] [[Category:Movies directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini]] [[Category:The Canterbury Tales]] 90uxjqahfz158pi1wyy9zfpg1iw8j74 0 361972 11024125 9376974 2026-10-08T21:18:51Z By-abbot 1886475 Lorenz curve 11024125 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gini Koeffizient 2007 2008.svg |thumb|right|300px|The Gini coefficient by countries (1989-2009)]] The '''Gini coefficient''' (also known as the '''Gini index''' or '''Gini ratio''') is a [[measure]] of [[economic inequality|differences]] in [[income]]. It was developed by the [[Italy|Italian]] [[Statistics|statistician]] [[Corrado Gini]] in 1912. == Definition == The Gini coefficient is usually a number between 0 and 1 (or 0 to 100). 0 means a country where the income is equally distributed. On the other hand, 1 means that one person owns everything but the rest owns nothing. In reality, all scores are between 0.25 and 0.6 (between 25 and 60 on the 0 to 100 scale). === Lorenz curve === The Gini coefficient can be shown using the [[Lorenz curve]]. It shows how [[income]] is shared across a [[population]], from the poorest people to the richest. The Gini coefficient is based on the area between the Lorenz curve and the line of perfect equality. A larger area means a higher Gini coefficient.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gini index |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/world-development-indicators/series/SI.POV.GINI |website=World Development Indicators |publisher=World Bank |access-date=8 October 2026 }}</ref> == Statistics == The table below is about the ''world'' Gini coefficient (not by single countries). {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Income Gini coefficient<BR>World, 1820-2005 |- ! Year !! World Gini index<ref name=unicef2011>{{cite web|title=Global inequality: beyond the bottom billion|publisher=UNICEF|date=2011|author=Isabel Ortiz and Matthew Cummins|url=http://www.unicef.org/socialpolicy/files/Global_Inequality_REVISED_-_5_July.pdf|access-date=2012-09-14|archive-date=2012-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812232455/http://www.unicef.org/socialpolicy/files/Global_Inequality_REVISED_-_5_July.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=fao2009>{{cite web|title=Poverty, growth, and inequality over the next 50 years|author=Evan Hillebrand|publisher=FAO, United Nations - Economic and Social Development Department|date=2009|url=ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/ak968e/ak968e00.pdf|access-date=2012-09-14|archive-date=2017-10-20|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171020065423/ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/ak968e/ak968e00.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Riding the elephants: the evolution of world economic growth and income distribution at the end of the twentieth century (1980-2000)|author=Albert Berry and John Serieux|publisher=United Nations (DESA Working Paper #27)|date=2006|url=http://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2006/wp27_2006.pdf}}</ref> |- | 1820 || 0.43 |- | 1850 || 0.53 |- | 1870 || 0.56 |- | 1913 || 0.61 |- | 1929 || 0.62 |- | 1950 || 0.64 |- | 1960 || 0.64 |- | 1980 || 0.66 |- | 2002 || 0.71 |- | 2005 || 0.68 |} The table below shows the income Gini coefficient of the [[United States]] from 1947 to 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |+ Income Gini coefficient<BR>United States, 1947-2009 |- ! Year !! pre-tax Gini |- | 1947 || 0.413 |- | 1967 || 0.397 |- | 1968 || 0.386 |- | 1970 || 0.394 |- | 1980 || 0.403 |- | 1990 || 0.428 |- | 2000 || 0.462 |- | 2005 || 0.469 |- | 2006 || 0.470 |- | 2007 || 0.463 |- | 2008 || 0.467 |- | 2009 || 0.468 |} == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gini Coefficient}} [[Category:Socioeconomics]] [[Category:Statistics]] [[Category:Economic indicators]] eh5p3o3y1tifjs84cii8flzzdpb37pm 0 365200 11024446 11003691 2026-10-09T06:13:31Z Jim.henderson 70336 Undid revision 11003691 by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-51225-67|~2026-51225-67]] ([[User talk:~2026-51225-67|talk]]) 11024446 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Group photo of aerial demonstrators at the 2005 Naval Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Air Demo.jpg|thumb|300px|A group photo of aerial demonstrators at the 2005 Naval Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Air Demo]] [[File:DJI Matrice 300 RTK.jpg|thumb|This drone does not have (wings or) [[Fixed-wing aircraft|fixed wing]]s.]] An '''unmanned aerial vehicle''', often called a '''drone''', is an [[aircraft]] that is not operated by a [[pilot]] on board. Drones may have an onboard [[computer]] to take care of adjustments to [[wind]] and changes in [[air pressure]]. Sometimes they are programmed to a particular target. Important decisions are usually supervised by people on the ground communicating by radio. Large UAVs are mostly used by [[military]] forces, for example for [[reconnaissance]]. Some of them are programmed to be a target, to be shot at. A few carry weapons for unmanned combat. Drones also have [[civilian]] uses, such as [[Firefighter|firefighting]] or taking [[photograph]]s. Drones come in different sizes. [[Wingspan]]s range from a few centimetres to about {{convert|60|m|ft}}, the size of regular, manned aircraft. Photographers mount [[camera]]s on drones for aerial [[photography]]. [[Google]] has built and tested drones, for [[Delivery (commerce)|delivery]] of [[merchandise]].<ref>Stewart, Jack 2014. Google tests drone deliveries in Project Wing trials. ''BBC News'' Technology. [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-28964260]</ref> Some people use them in drone [[racing]]. Private drones are sometimes called a nuisance, even a danger.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/national-security/how-rogue-drones-are-rapidly-becoming-a-national-nuisance/2015/08/10/9c05d63c-3f61-11e5-8d45-d815146f81fa_story.html|title=Rogue drones a growing nuisance across the U.S.|last=Whitlock|first=Craig|date=2015-08-10|newspaper=Washington Post|access-date=2018-03-19|language=en-US|issn=0190-8286}}</ref> In many countries they are forbidden near cities and airports and other things. There is an industry that makes and sells [[equipment]] for automatic tracking and detection of UAVs; There are commercial cameras that can track and detect some activity by UAVS<!--become accurate thanks to the development of [[deep learning]] based [[machine learning]] algorithms-->. <gallery> File:Predator and Hellfire.jpg|A [[missile]] being launched from a drone File:CBP unmanned aerial vehicle control.jpg|Control room (on the ground). It is used for controlling a drone. File:Remote controlled flying machine with four helicopter blades.jpg|Toy helicopter under radio control File:DSM05365.jpg|[[Maasai]] seeing a drone for the first time (2018). </gallery> == External media == {{external media |topic = on '''Brave1 Market'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=AI powered combat drones |url=https://brave1.gov.ua/en |website=brave1.gov.ua |access-date=2025-04-26}}{{in lang|en}}</ref> Official Videos.<ref>If you have any questions about these Terms, please contact us at '''info@brave1.gov.ua'''</ref>{{in lang|en}} |video1 = {{Cite web |title= "Ukraine had no guided aerial bomb. Now it does". |url=https://x.com/BRAVE1ua/status/2056294344441606450/photo/1 |website=BRAVE1ua |date=2026-05-18 |access-date=2026-08-21}}{{in lang|en}} - The Ministry of Defense has already placed its first order. Pilots are training now. Combat deployment is imminent.{{in lang|en}} |video2 = {{Cite web |title= "We tested an FPV drone detection solution from the American startup Surtr as a part of the Test in Ukraine program". |url=https://x.com/BRAVE1ua/status/2069430040043847751/video/1 |website=BRAVE1ua |date=2026-06-23 |access-date=2026-08-21}}{{in lang|en}} - Watch the video to see how the trials went.{{in lang|en}} }} == Related pages== *[[Unmanned combat aerial vehicle|Combat drone]] == References == {{reflist}} {{Mobile robots}} [[Category:Drones| ]] {{stub}} n4ykq4rikixy6241m1x9fsg3gqyf0ui 0 366241 11024433 10941182 2026-10-09T05:48:12Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 1857216 /* */ Italicized names and fixed typo 11024433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Mycobacterium'' | image = Mycobacterium tuberculosis 01.jpg | image_width = 240px | image_caption = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission%20electron%20microscopy Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)] [[micrograph]] of ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''. | regnum = [[Bacteria]] | phylum = [[Actinobacteria]] | ordo = [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actinomycetales Actinomycetales] | subordo = Corynebacterineae | familia = '''Mycobacteriaceae''' | genus = '''''Mycobacterium'''''}} [[File:TB Culture.jpg|thumb|A close up of a culture of ''M. tuberculosis''. The patches that look like foam are the typical growth pattern of these bacteria]] '''''Mycobacterium''''' is a [[genus]] of [[bacteria]], with about 190 [[species]].The genus includes [[pathogen]]s known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including [[tuberculosis]] (''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]'') and [[leprosy]] (''[[Mycobacterium leprae]]'').<ref name="Sherris">{{Cite book|title=Sherris medical microbiology : an introduction to infectious diseases|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3|date=2004|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=0-8385-8529-9|edition=4th|location=New York|oclc=52358530}}</ref> Mycobacteria are immobile and are [[Bacillus (shape)|rod-shaped]]. They are mostly found in water, [[soil]], and dust. The colony colour ranges from white to orange to pink (Iivanainen, 1999<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Iivanainen|first1=E.|last2=Martikainen|first2=P. J.|last3=Väauml;nänen|first3=P.|last4=Katila|first4=M. -L.|date=April 1999|title=Environmental factors affecting the occurrence of mycobacteria in brook sediments|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00711.x|journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology|language=en|volume=86|issue=4|pages=673–681|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00711.x|pmid=10212411 |bibcode=1999JApMb..86..673I |s2cid=21290238 |issn=1364-5072}}</ref>). Most mycobacteria need [[oxygen]] to survive (aerobic organisms), although some species require very little amounts of oxygen, less than what is present in the air, are called (microaerophilic bacteria) (Falkinham, 1996<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Falkinham|first=J O|date=April 1996|title=Epidemiology of infection by nontuberculous mycobacteria|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|language=en|volume=9|issue=2|pages=177–215|doi=10.1128/CMR.9.2.177|pmid=8964035 |pmc=172890 |issn=0893-8512}}</ref>). == Categorization == Mycobacteria can be categorized into three groups: 1.[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex|''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' complex]] – causative pathogen of tuberculosis 2.[[Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria]] (NTM) 3.''[[Mycobacterium leprae]]'' – causative pathogen of leprosy == Characterstics == The [[Greek language|Greek]] prefix ''myco'' means "[[fungus]]". When they are [[:en:Growth medium|cultured]] on the surface of liquids, mycobacteria growth is similar to that of [[mould]]s, a kind of fungus.<ref>James H. Kerr and Terry L. Barrett, "Atypical mycobacterial diseases", Military Dermatology Textbook, p. 401.</ref> Mycobacteria have an external membrane, contain no layer that lies outside the bacteria ([[:en:Bacterial capsule|capsules]]). The special characteristic about all Mycobacterium species is having a thicker [[cell wall]] than many other bacteria, which is to maintain the shape of the [[plasma membrane]]. The [[cell wall]] is waxy and rich in specific types of fats ([[lipid]]s), called [[:en:Mycolic acid|mycolic acids]] or [[:en:Mycolic acid|mycolates]]. ''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' can occupy different environments. However, they grow so slowly that their [[:en:Duplication|duplication]] time exceeds 18 hours. Surprisingly, [[mycobacterium leprae]] have the '''longest doubling time''' of all bacteria. In comparison, bacteria ''[[Escherichia coli|E. coli]]'' only takes as short as 20 minutes to double. == Clinical Manifestation == Mycobacteria can [[colonize]] their [[Host (biology)|hosts]] without the hosts showing any [[Adverse effect (medicine)|adverse]] signs. Many people around the world have infections of ''M. tuberculosis'' without showing any signs of it. Mycobacterial infections are difficult to treat. The organisms are tough due to their [[cell wall]].<ref>which is neither truly [[gram-negative|Gram negative]] nor [[gram-positive|positive]]</ref> In addition, they are naturally [[Antibiotic resistance|resistant]] to a number of [[antibiotics]] that disrupt cell-wall building, such as [[penicillin]]. With their unique cell wall, they can survive long exposure to [[acid]]s, [[alkali]]s, detergents, oxidative bursts, lysis by [[Complement system|complement]], and many [[antibiotic]]s. Mycobacterial infections are complex [[disease]]s and are more common in individuals with [[:en:Immunodeficiency|weakened immune systems]], for example people undergoing treatment for [[cancer]] or that are [[HIV]] positive. One third of the planet’s population currently carries the ''[[:en:Mycobacterium tuberculosis|M. tuberculosis]]'' bacteria. However, only 25 percent will develop disease. They can cause [[tuberculosis]], [[:en:Nontuberculous mycobacteria|nontuberculous mycobacteria]] (NTM) pulmonary infections, other localized NTM or [[:en:Dissemination|disseminated]] infections, [[leprosy]], and [[chronic]] ulcers ([[Buruli ulcer]]). Most mycobacteria are [[:en:Susceptibility|susceptible]] to the antibiotics [[clarithromycin]] and [[rifamycin]], but [[antibiotic resistance|antibiotic-resistant strains]] have emerged. == References == {{reflist}} 6. Antonini, J. (2014) "Sarcoidosis", Reference Module in Biomedical Sciences. Available at: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/mycobacterium> 7. Rice, L. and Jung, M. (2018) ''"Neutrophilic Leukocytosis, Neutropenia, Monocytosis, and Monocytopenia"'', Hematology, pp.&nbsp;675–681. Available at: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/mycobacterial-infection> [[Category:Bacteria]] ck78d6oamqjm3qglfdzkstap9vq3lcc 0 376773 11024364 10873352 2026-10-09T04:52:55Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 1857216 /* */ Fixed link 11024364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Embryophyta | image = Daisy, flower, İsmayıllı, Azerbaijan.jpg | domain = [[Eukaryota]] | unranked_superregnum = [[Archaeplastida]] | image_caption = A [[daisy]] | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | subregnum = '''Embryophyta''' }} [[File:Garden Primeval - US Botanic Gardens 37.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Moss]], [[clubmoss]], [[Fern|ferns]] and [[Cycad|cycads]] growing in a [[greenhouse]]]] '''Embryophytes''' are '''land plants'''. They are the most familiar kinds of plants, the [[bryophytes]], [[ferns]], [[gymnosperms]] and [[flowering plants]]. Only a few embryophytes are water plants. They don't include the [[algae]]. They include the [[Bryophyte|Bryophytes]] and the [[vascular plant|vascular plants.]] Embryophytes started sometime between the mid-[[Cambrian]] and the [[Ordovician]] period. Their ancestors were [[green algae]]. {{clade |label1=[[Viridiplantae]] |1={{Clade |1=[[Chlorophyta]][[File:Pediastrum.jpg|60 px]] |label2=[[Streptophyta]]/[[Charophyta]] |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=[[Charophyceae]][[File:Chara_lupa.JPG|60 px]] |label2=[[Zygnemaphyceae]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Zygnemales]][[File:Micrasterias_radiata.jpg|60 px]] |2=[[Desmidiales]][[File:The_desmid,_Clostarium.jpg|60 px]] }} }} |label2='''Embryophyta''' |2={{Clade |label1=[[Bryophyta]] |1={{Clade |1=[[Hornwort]]s[[File:Ceratophyllum_demersum_145110387.jpg|60 px]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Liverwort]]s[[File:Targionia_habit.jpg|60 px]] |2=[[Moss]]es[[File:Moss_18.jpg|60 px]] }} }} |label2=[[Polysporangiophyta]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Horneophytopsida]]/Horneophyta{{extinct}}[[File:Horneophyton_lignieri_reconstrucción.jpg|60 px]] |label2=[[Tracheophyta]] |2={{Clade |1=''[[Cooksonia]]''{{extinct}}[[File:Cooksonia.png|60 px]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Rhyniophyta]]{{extinct}}[[File:Rhynia_reconstruction.jpg|60 px]] |label2=[[Eutracheophyta]]/[[Pteridophyta]][[Paraphyly|*]] |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=[[Nothia]]{{extinct}}[[File:Nothia.png|60 px]] |2=[[Lycophyta]][[File:Lycophyte_strobili.jpg|60 px]] }} |label2=[[Euphyllophyta]] |2={{Clade |label1=[[Monilophyta]]/Ferns |1={{Clade |1=''[[Botrychium]]''[[File:Botrychium_paradoxum.jpg|60 px]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Horsetail]]s[[File:Equisetum_arvense_126536963.jpg|60 px]] |2=[[Fern|True ferns]][[File:Fern.jpg|60 px]] }} }} |label2=Spermatophyte_lineage |2={{Clade |1=''[[Eophyllophyton]]''{{extinct}} |label2=[[Lignophyta]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Progymnosperma]]{{extinct}}[[Paraphyly|*]][[File:Archaeopteris_sp._-_MUSE.jpg|60 px]] |label2=[[Spermatophyta]] |2={{Clade |1=[[Gymnosperma]][[File:Pinus_densiflora_Kumgangsan.jpg|60 px]] |2=[[Angiosperma]][[File:Magnolia.jpg|60 px]] }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} {{-}} {{biology-stub}} [[Category:Plant taxonomy]] g4wokgslz7keuk8vqhesu1wyybyk2j0 0 382872 11024414 11023853 2026-10-09T05:35:38Z ~2026-53313-21 1884689 11024414 wikitext text/x-wiki A '''national animal''' is an [[animal]] that is the [[symbol]] or [[emblem]] of a [[country]]. Lebanon <mark>'''Striped Hyena'''</mark> (''Hyaena hyaena'') ==National animals== {{Compact TOC|name=no|primary=no|o=|w=|x=}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" ! style="width:18%;" | Country ! style="width:32%;" | Name of animal ! style="width:25%;" | [[Scientific name]]{{efn|commonly known as the [[Latin|Latin name]]}} ! class="unsortable" | Picture ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | [[Reference|Ref.]] |- id="A" | rowspan="2" |{{AFG}} || [[Snow leopard]] (''national animal'')||''Panthera uncia'' || [[File:Uncia uncia.jpg|150px]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/afghanistan/afsymbols.htm |title=Afghani Symbols |publisher=worldatlas.com |access-date=2019-03-09}}</ref> |- | [[Afghan hound]] (''national dog'')|| ''Canis familiaris'' || [[File:Afghan dog - cropped.jpg|150px]] ||<ref>https://www.pedigree.it/GettingADog/BreedSelectorDetail?url=afghan-hound {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> |- | {{ALB}} | [[Golden eagle]] (''national bird'') | ''Aquila chrysaetos'' |[[File:Aquila_chrysaetos_Flickr.jpg|150x150px]] |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rehan |first=Mahmood |date=2023-05-08 |title=Albania National Bird: The Golden Eagle |url=https://nationalopedia.com/albania-national-bird-the-golden-eagle/ |access-date=2024-08-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |{{ALG}} || [[Fennec fox]] (''national animal'') ||''Vulpes zerda'' || [[File:Fennec_Fox_Vulpes_zerda.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.algeria.com/blog/the-fennec-fox-algeria-s-national-animal |title=The Fennec Fox: Algeria's National Animal |publisher=algeria.com |access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref> |- |{{AND}} || [[Cow]] (''national animal'') ||''Bos taurus'' || [[File:Vaca bruna dels Pirineus.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/location/europe/andorra/ |title=Wildlife of Andorra |publisher=a-zanimals.com |access-date=21 March 2013}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{AGO}} || [[Red-crested turaco]] (''national bird'') ||''Tauraco erythrolophus'' || [[File:RedcrestedTuraco.jpg|150px]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.birdsangola.org/nationalbird.htm |title=The National Bird of Angola|website=Birds Angola |access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref> |- |[[Giant sable antelope]] (''national animal'')||''Hippotragus niger variani'' || [[File:Giant Sable Bull.png|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/science/angola-giant-sable-antelope-conservation-spc-c2e |title=Angola nearly lost its national animal to poaching. Here's how a team of dedicated conservationists brought it back |website=CNN |access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |{{ATG}} || [[European fallow deer]] (''national animal'')||''Dama dama'' || [[File:Fallow_deer_in_field_(cropped).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="aggov">{{cite web |url=https://ab.gov.ag/detail_page.php?page=27 |title=Our National Symbols |publisher=ab.gov.ag |author=Government of Antigua and Barbuda |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220703225045/https://ab.gov.ag/detail_page.php?page=27 |archive-date=3 July 2022 |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref> |- |[[Magnificent frigatebird|Frigate]] (''national bird'')||''Fregata magnificens'' || [[File:Fregata_magnificens_Islas_Galápagos.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="aggov"/> |- |[[Hawksbill sea turtle|Hawksbill turtle]] (''national sea creature'')||''Eretmochelys imbricata'' || [[File:Hawksbill Turtle.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="aggov"/> |- |{{ARG}} |[[Rufous hornero]] (''national bird'') |''Furnarius rufus'' |[[File:Rufous_hornero_(Red_ovenbird)(Furnarius_rufus).JPG|175px|center]] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Furnarius rufus (Hornero, Casero, Caserito, Albañil, Hornerillo, Alonsito (Argentina), Joao-de-barro (Brasil), Alonso García (Paraguay), Tiluchi (Bolivia), Obirog, Ogaraití (guaraní) - Rufous Hornero) &#124; SIB, Parques Nacionales, Argentina |url=https://sib.gob.ar/especies/furnarius-rufus |website=Sistema de Información de Biodiversidad}}</ref> |- | {{ARM}} || [[Golden eagle]] (''national bird'') ||''Aquila chrysaetos'' || [[File:GoldenEagle-Nova.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/location/asia/armenia/ |title=Wildlife in Armenia |access-date=2014-10-03}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{AUS}} || [[Red kangaroo]] (''national animal'') |''Macropus rufus'' |[[File:Red kangaroo - melbourne zoo.jpg|175px|center]] |<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gregory |first1=Herbert E. |year=1916 |title=Lonely Australia: The Unique Continent |journal=National Geographic |volume=XXX |issue=6 |page=497 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rgcVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA497 |hdl=2027/nnc1.cu03492079 |hdl-access=free |access-date=19 June 2011}}</ref> |- |[[Emu]] (''national bird'')||''Dromaius novaehollandiae'' |[[File:Emoe.jpg|175px|center]] |<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emufacts.com/the-emu-bird.shtm |title=The Emu Bird, from Australian Outback to American ranches|work=emufacts.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130907083949/http://emufacts.com/the-emu-bird.shtm |archive-date=7 September 2013}}</ref> |- | {{AUT}} || [[Coat of arms of Austria|Austrian Bundesadler]] (''heraldic "Federal Eagle"'') || style="background:#ccc;"|'''Mythical'''||[[File:Austria Bundesadler.svg|150px]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://einfon.com/nationalsymbols/national-animal-of-austria/ |title=National Animal Of Austria |archive-date=2020-11-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128193755/https://einfon.com/nationalsymbols/national-animal-of-austria/ |url-status=dead |access-date=2018-01-02}}</ref> |- |{{AZE}} |[[Karabakh horse]] (''national horse'') |''Equus caballus'' |[[File:Qarabaq ati.jpg|175px|center]] |<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 November 2020 |title=Qarabağ atı |url=https://www.agro.gov.az/az/heyvandarliq/atciliq/qarabag-ati}}</ref> |- id="B" | rowspan="2" |{{BHS}} || [[Blue marlin]] (''national fish'')||''Makaira nigricans'' || [[File:Atlantic blue marlin.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="bsgov">{{cite web |url=https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/portal/public/About%20The%20Bahamas/National%20Symbols/!ut/p/b1/vVTJlpswEPyWfMAMLRBIHDE7RiwGbPDFD2PGGMY22HiBrw9ZDkney-SSRH3SU3VXq6olbs2l3PqU3w_7vD-cT_n7l_1a2ghgMkXBlJkiSGAngasExOJ9JE6A7AMAhm_5po-ZPh37hqqAjXRsCaEmQATcikvjjJe1q7037OVbm_SWckb7AVXezrCtdHcxUpWE2f4MRoNoScwYNic_FpxzLFxZnuCaJC1_q8bby_MQqfl7496u41EfBFjE1gsj_oXCph-6l-RubImp6BrcnbGdFZqmLBGW06I4O2NER03Pt88QVbtyD2TVuYNWLm2vz6PCfjcgOlyaaqnSm_5MsrolotgbVLx2of5dA_jNUuBPGjrc-rA9vj6K4yu8IgERxCOCCSGyKCJpkmj9YYU5_wfAFxe-Aj5oMZsA5IcK8RImo0BZRCgE6iEu5lLAm6geWntsxkU9LoIIMM_iDFCcjDFxE2-rA9utUKzjJ9IS8ABGpiO3byrH661gt1wkM0XVHeMi_Ero87E8EapImifiNBj4XxOaok8njUgcKCIPpo_-N6HwXyU1Ax_--Q1_Ghoc_n0Pf3opVJaQSCiWqQQYU8It6wwTjdoPzY43UVsyzJ7XWdisrD1jbdgPfDfTo5t99lKBluCsdfXJ5Ok3gQolhZayIlo1DWMPdy4MA85pM_eE84INzrEzto65aKWDsVUPD20_Ik31NKeMq95FvXCRQu94nft9YEimY71tCT1Zz6Er69mz7Os6zGSxy-prt1IudRWkreVq94ew7dXuAPnpropRdlqsLXpZO0dHFUDfNYWgVnU_k3fMRWlxv1niW7C3rh6pe86zzseSa4_J3RUd_c37MfCnz_GJs-Y!/dl4/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/ |title=Official Website for the Government of The Bahamas |publisher=bahamas.gov.bs|author=Government of The Bahamas |access-date=10 October 2020}}</ref> |- |[[American flamingo|Flamingo]] (''national bird'')||''Phoenicopterus ruber'' || [[File:American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber).JPG|175px|center]] ||<ref name="bsgov"/> |- |{{BHR}}||[[Arabian oryx]] ''(national animal)''||''Oryx leucoryx''||[[File:Arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx).jpg|150px]]||<ref>{{cite web |https://explorersagainstextinction.co.uk/endangered-species-of-bahrain/ |title=Endangered Species of Bahrain |access-date=2021-07-14}}}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |{{BAN}} ||[[Bengal tiger]] (''national animal'') ||''Panthera tigris tigris'' || [[File:Panthera tigris tigris.jpg|175px|center]] ||rowspan='3' |<ref name="visitbangladesh.gov.bd">{{cite web |title=National Symbols|work=Bangladesh Tourism Board|location=Bangladesh |publisher=Ministry of Civil Aviation & Tourism |url=http://visitbangladesh.gov.bd/about-bangladesh/national-symbol/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228040953/http://visitbangladesh.gov.bd/about-bangladesh/national-symbol/ |archive-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=30 June 2015}}</ref> |- |[[Oriental magpie-robin|Magpie robin]] (''national bird'')||''Copsychus saularis'' || [[File:Magpie robin.jpg|175px|center]] |- |[[Ilish]] (''national fish'')||''Tenualosa ilisha'' || [[File:Ilish.JPG|175px|center]] |- |{{BLR}} || [[European bison]] (''national animal'') || ''Bison bonasus'' || [[File:Wisent.jpg|150px]] ||<ref name="6 Extremely Rare National Animals"/> |- |{{BEL}} || [[Leo Belgicus]] (''heraldic "Belgic lion"'') || style="background:#ccc;"|'''Mythical'''||[[File:Insigne Belgicum.svg|150px]]||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heraldic emblem and motto - About Belgium - Portal Belgian Government |url=http://www.belgium.be/en/about_belgium/country/belgium_in_nutshell/symbols/coats_of_arms/ |website=belgium.be |access-date=2015-11-29}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{BLZ}} || [[Baird's tapir]] (''national animal'')||''Tapirus bairdii'' || [[File:Central American Tapir-Belize20.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Symbols – Government of Belize Press Office |url=https://www.pressoffice.gov.bz/national-animals/ |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> |- |[[Keel-billed toucan]] (''national bird'')||''Ramphastos sulfuratus'' || [[File:Ramphastos sulfuratus -Belize Zoo-6a-2c.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.belize.gov.bz/index.php/component/content/article/26-about-belize/115-the-national-symbols |title=The National Symbols |publisher=Government of Belize |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183407/http://www.belize.gov.bz/index.php/component/content/article/26-about-belize/115-the-national-symbols |archive-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=7 November 2016}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"|{{BTN}} || [[Druk]] (''national mythical creature'')|| style="background:#ccc;"|'''Mythical''' || [[File:Bhutanese dragon ('druk').svg|150px]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/national-animals-legendary-extinct-imaginary/story?id=20170452#2 |title=National Animals: The Legendary, Extinct and Imaginary-3 of 9 |publisher=abcnews.go.com |access-date=2014-10-03}}</ref> |- |[[Takin]] (''national animal'')||''Budorcas taxicolor'' || [[File:Takin indický.jpg|150px]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/ten-unusual-national-animals-rival-unicorn-180952804/?no-ist |title=Ten Unusual National Animals That Rival the Unicorn-5 of 10 |access-date=2014-10-03}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{BOL}} || [[Llama]] (''national animal'') ||''Lama glama'' || [[File:LLama.jpg|150px]] ||<ref>{{cite web |title=The Llama: National Animal of Bolivia |url=https://www.boliviabella.com/llama.html |accessdate=2026-04-04}}</ref> |- |[[Andean condor]] (''national bird'')||''Vultur gryphus'' || [[File:Colca-condor-c03.jpg|150px]] ||<ref>Hunter, Fact. "Bird's Lifestyle: Andean Condor - National Bird of Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and Ecuador." Weblog post. Bird's Lifestyle. N.p., 2 May 2013. Web. 02 Jan. 2015. <http://birds-lifestyle.blogspot.com/2013/05/andean-condor-national-bird-of-bolivia.html.</ref> |- |{{BWA}} ||[[Plains zebra]] (''national animal'') ||''Equus quagga''|| [[File:Equus quagga burchellii - Etosha, 2014.jpg|175px|center]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Symbols – Embassy and Permanent Mission of Botswana in Switzerland |url=https://botswanamission.ch/national-symbols/ |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"|{{BRA}} || [[Jaguar]] (''national animal'') ||''Panthera onca''|| [[File:Standing jaguar.jpg|150px]] || <ref name="dou-2018-10-16">{{ cite web | url=https://www.in.gov.br/web/dou/-/portaria-n-8-de-16-de-outubro-de-2018-48229557 | title=Portaria Nº 8, de 16 de Outubro de 2018 | lang=pt-br | website=[[Diário Oficial da União]] | first=Fernando Antonio Lyrio | last=Silva | date=2018-11-01 | access-date=2026-05-23 | quote=Reconhece a Onça-Pintada (Panthera onca) como símbolo brasileiro da conservação da biodiversidade e estabelece o Dia Nacional da Onça-Pintada. }}</ref> |- |[[Rufous-bellied thrush]] (''national bird'')||''Turdus rufiventris'' || [[File:Turdus-rufiventris.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://washington.itamaraty.gov.br/en-us/national_symbols.xml |title=Embassy of Brazil in Washington |access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref> |- | {{BRN}} | [[White-bellied sea eagle]] (''national bird'') | ''Haliaeetus leucogaster'' |[[File:Juvenile White-bellied Sea-eagle.jpg|150x150px]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-08 |title=Brunei's National Animal: White-Bellied Sea Eagle - PDF |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/866855786/Brunei-Poster |access-date=2024-08-17}}</ref> |- | {{BGR}} || [[Lion]] (''in [[Coat of arms of Bulgaria|Bulgarian heraldry]]'') ||''Panthera leo''|| [[File:Bulgarian lion monument.png|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/Macedoniansymbols/MacedonianLion.html|title=History of Bulgaria|access-date=2019-04-10|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002500/http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/Macedoniansymbols/MacedonianLion.html%20|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |- id="C" | rowspan="4" |{{CAM}} || [[Kouprey]] (''national mammal'') ||''Bos sauveli'' ||[[File:Saen Monourom Mondul Kiri Cambodia crop.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref name="cambodia">{{cite web |url=http://www.forestry.gov.kh/Documents/ROYAL-DECREE-ENG.pdf |title=Forestry.gov.kh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630215053/http://www.forestry.gov.kh/Documents/ROYAL-DECREE-ENG.pdf |archive-date=30 June 2007 |url-status=dead |access-date=29 August 2013}}</ref> <!-- {{better source needed|date=June 2022}} --> |- |[[Giant ibis]] (''national bird'') ||''Pseudibis gigantea'' ||[[File:ThaumantibisGiganteaGronvold.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="cambodia"/> <!-- {{better source needed|date=June 2022}} --> |- |[[Northern river terrapin]] (''national reptile'') ||''Batagur baska'' || [[File:Batagur baska.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="cambodia"/> <!-- {{better source needed|date=June 2022}} --> |- |[[Giant barb]] (''national fish'') ||''Catlocarpio siamensis'' || [[File:Giant Barb.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="cambodia"/> <!-- {{better source needed|date=June 2022}} --> |- |{{CMR}} || [[Lion]] (''national animal'')||''Panthera leo'' || [[File:020 The lion king Snyggve in the Serengeti National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.stopblablacam.com/culture-and-society/1001-345-is-the-lion-a-national-symbol-in-cameroon |title=Is the lion a national symbol in Cameroon? |publisher=stopblablacam.com |access-date=2017-01-10}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2" |{{CAN}} || [[North American beaver]] (''national animal'')||''Castor canadensis'' || [[File:American Beaver.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="canada">{{cite web |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/official-symbols-canada.html |title=Official symbols of Canada |date=14 December 2017 |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://lois-laws.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/N-17/page-1.html |title=National Symbol of Canada Act |date=31 December 2002 |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> |- |[[Canadian horse]] (''national horse'') ||''Equus ferus caballus'' || [[File:Cheval_canadien_au_trot_3372.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="canada"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/annualstatutes/2002_11/FullText.html |title=National Horse of Canada Act |access-date=20 December 2024}}</ref> |- |{{CHL}} || [[South Andean deer]] (''national animal'') ||''Hippocamelus bisulcus'' ||[[File:Huemul verdadero.JPG|175px|center]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://chile.facts.co/chilenationalanimalof/chilenationalanimal.php |title=Chile national animal |publisher=chile.facts.co |year=2016 |access-date=2016-11-12 |archive-date=2016-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112210416/http://chile.facts.co/chilenationalanimalof/chilenationalanimal.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |{{CHN}} || [[Chinese dragon]] (''national mythical creature'') || style="background:#ccc;"|'''Mythical''' || [[File:Chinese dragon asset heraldry.svg|150px]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/china/cnsymbols.htm |title=China National Symbols |publisher=worldatlas.com|year=2015 |access-date=2017-03-28}}</ref> |- |[[Giant panda]] (''national animal'') || ''Ailuropoda melanoleuca'' || [[File:Giant Panda 2004-03-2.jpg|150px]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.123independenceday.com/china/national-symbols.html |title=National Symbols of China |publisher=123independenceday.com}}</ref> |- |[[Red-crowned crane]] (''national bird'') || ''Grus japonensis'' || [[File:Red-crowned Crane 1.jpg|150px]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/environment/208073.htm |title=China Considers Red-crowned Crane for National Bird |publisher=china.org.cn}}</ref> |- |{{COD}} || [[Okapi]] (''national animal'')|| ''Okapia johnstoni'' || [[File:Okapi2.jpg|150px]] ||<ref name="6 Extremely Rare National Animals">{{cite web |url=http://mentalfloss.com/article/29854/6-extremely-rare-national-animals2 |title=6 Extremely Rare National Animals |publisher=mentalfloss.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618175232/http://mentalfloss.com/article/29854/6-extremely-rare-national-animals2 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |url-status=dead |access-date=2014-10-03}}</ref> |- |{{COL}} || [[Andean condor]] (''national bird'')||''Vultur gryphus'' || [[File:Colca-condor-c03.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=National symbols and other information of interest {{!}} Cancillería |url=https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/en/national-symbols-and-other-information-interest |website=www.cancilleria.gov.co |access-date=2023-03-23}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |{{CRC}} ||[[Yigüirro]] (''national bird'')||''Turdus grayi'' || [[File:Turdus grayi Garita, Alajuela Costa Rica-10.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="costa rica">{{Cite web |title=Presidencia de la República de Costa Rica |url=https://www.presidencia.go.cr/costa-rica/simbolos-nacionales/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200328205035/https://www.presidencia.go.cr/costa-rica/simbolos-nacionales/ |archive-date=March 28, 2020 |website=Presidencia de la República de Costa Rica |language=es} |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> |- |[[White-tailed deer]] (''national animal'') ||''Odocoileus virginianus'' ||[[File:Odocoileus virginianus Goose Island SP Texas 2024.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref name="costa rica"/> |- |[[West Indian manatee]] (''national aquatic animal'') ||''Trichechus manatus'' || [[File:Manatee with calf.PD - colour corrected.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="costa rica"/> |- |[[Two-toed sloth]] (''national animal'') || ''[[Choloepus hoffmanni]]''||[[File:Choloepus hoffmanni 353441834.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref name="sloths">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=24 August 2021 |title=¡Perezoso es oficialmente símbolo nacional! |url=https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2021/08/perezoso-es-oficialmente-simbolo-nacional/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917233037/https://www.presidencia.go.cr/comunicados/2021/08/perezoso-es-oficialmente-simbolo-nacional/ |archive-date=September 17, 2021 |website=Presidencia de la República de Costa Rica |language=es |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> |- |[[Three-toed sloth]] (''national animal'') ||''[[Bradypus variegatus]]''||[[File:Bicho-preguiça 3.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref name="sloths"/> |- |{{CRO}} || [[Pine marten]] (''national animal'')||''Martes martes'' || [[File:Martes martes, Clunes, Scotland 4.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref name="croatia">{{cite book |last=Bousfield |first=Jonathan |title=Croatia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UxSnm-mUp40C&q=croatian+national+animal&pg=PA72 |year=2003 |publisher=Rough Guides |isbn=978-1843530848 |page=72 |access-date=4 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/ten-unusual-national-animals-rival-unicorn-180952804/?no-ist |title=Ten Unusual National Animals That Rival the Unicorn-8 of 10 |publisher=smithsonianmag.com |access-date=2014-10-03}}</ref> |- |{{CUB}} || [[Cuban trogon]] (''national bird'') ||''Priotelus temnurus'' || [[File:Priotelus temnurus -Camaguey, Camaguey Province, Cuba-8.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite news |last=AMPP Yaguajay Communicator |title=El Tocororo, Ave Nacional de Cuba, the most beautiful in the country |work=Portal del ciudadano de Yaguajay |url=https://www.yaguajay.gob.cu/actualidad/noticias/7690-el-tocororo-ave-nacional-de-cuba-la-mas-bella-del-pais |access-date=2026-08-06 |archive-date=2022-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915083403/https://www.yaguajay.gob.cu/actualidad/noticias/7690-el-tocororo-ave-nacional-de-cuba-la-mas-bella-del-pais |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{CYP}} || [[Cyprus mouflon|Cypriot mouflon]] (''national animal'')||''Ovis orientalis'' || [[File:Cyprus mouflon (Ovis gmelini ophion).jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://lntreasures.com/cyprus.html |title=Living National Treasures: Cyprus |publisher=Lntreasures.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829011300/http://lntreasures.com/cyprus.html |archive-date=29 August 2013 |url-status=dead |access-date=2013-08-29}}</ref> |- |{{CZE}} || [[Coat of arms of the Czech Republic|Double-tailed lion]] (''heraldic lion'')||style="background:#ccc;"|'''Mythical''' || [[File:Small coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg|150px|center]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mzv.cz/hague/en/general_information_on_the_czech/the_state_symbols_of_the_czech_republic/ |title=The State Symbols of the Czech Republic |publisher=Foreign Ministry of the Czech Republic |access-date=2015-03-21}}</ref> |- |- id="D" | rowspan="3" |{{DEN}} || [[Red squirrel]] (''national mammal'') ||''Sciurus vulgaris'' ||[[File:Red Squirrel 1c.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="naturDK">{{cite web |url=https://naturstyrelsen.dk/om-os/kontakt/faq/nationalplanter-og-dyr/ |title=Nationalplanter og -dyr |publisher=Naturstyrelsen, Danish Ministry of the Environment |language=da |trans-title=Nationalplants and -animals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228230242/https://naturstyrelsen.dk/om-os/kontakt/faq/nationalplanter-og-dyr/ |archive-date=28 December 2019 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> |- |[[Mute swan]] (''national bird'')||''Cygnus olor'' || [[File:Cygnus olor 2 (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="naturDK"/> |- |[[Small tortoiseshell]] (''national butterfly'')||''Aglais urticae'' || [[File:Aglais urticae LC0310.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="naturDK"/> |- |{{DMA}} ||[[Sisserou parrot]] (''national bird'')||''Amazona imperalis'' ||[[File:Amazona imperialis Mitchell 2.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Bird - Government of the Commonwealth of Dominica |url=https://dominica.gov.dm/about-dominica/national-symbols/national-bird |website=dominica.gov.dm |access-date=2023-03-23}}</ref> |- |{{DOM}} ||[[Palmchat]] (''national bird'')||''Dulus dominicus'' ||[[File:Dulus dominicus.JPG|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Country Facts |url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/dominicanrepublic/cache/offonce/pid/3263 |publisher=Permanent Mission of the Dominican Republic to the UN |access-date=6 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920190726/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/dominicanrepublic/cache/offonce/pid/3263 |archive-date=20 September 2012 }}</ref> |- |- id="E" |{{ECU}} || [[Andean Condor]] (''national bird'') ||''Vultur gryphus'' ||[[File:Colca-condor-c03.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="ecuador">{{cite web|title=Birds of Ecuador |url=http://www.ecuador-travel.net/biodiversity.birds.condor.htm |date=6 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910221511/http://www.ecuador-travel.net/biodiversity.birds.condor.htm |archive-date=10 September 2011 }}</ref> |- |{{EGY}} || [[Steppe eagle]] (''national bird'')||''Aquila nipalensis'' || [[File:Steppe Eagle Portrait.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2012/04/27/top-25-wild-bird-photographs-of-the-week-11/majestic-steppe-eagle-india-rohit-singh/ |title=Majestic steppe eagle photographed in India. They are the national animal of Egypt.|work=nationalgeographic.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617062708/http://voices.nationalgeographic.com/2012/04/27/top-25-wild-bird-photographs-of-the-week-11/majestic-steppe-eagle-india-rohit-singh/ |archive-date=2015-06-17 |url-status=dead |access-date=2015-06-17}}</ref> |-|{{SLV}} || [[Turquoise-browed motmot]] (''national bird'') || ''Eumomota superciliosa'' || [[File:Motmot1.jpg#/media/File:Motmot1.jpg|175px|link=File:Motmot1.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite journal |language=es |url=http://www.diariooficial.gob.sv/diarios/do-1999/11-noviembre/19-11-1999.pdf |title=Decreto Legislativo No 735 del 21 de octubre de 1999 |journal=Diario Oficial |publisher=[[Imprenta Nacional de El Salvador]] |location=San Salvador |issue=216 |volume=345 |page=6 |date=19 November 1999 |access-date=22 July 2017 |archive-date=1 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401014418/https://www.diariooficial.gob.sv/diarios/do-1999/11-noviembre/19-11-1999.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{SLV}} || [[Turquoise-browed motmot]] (''national bird'') || ''Eumomota superciliosa'' || [[File:Motmot1.jpg#/media/File:Motmot1.jpg|175px|link=File:Motmot1.jpg|center]] ||<ref>{{cite journal|language=es|url=http://www.diariooficial.gob.sv/diarios/do-1999/11-noviembre/19-11-1999.pdf|title=Decreto Legislativo No 735 del 21 de octubre de 1999|journal=Diario Oficial|publisher=[[Imprenta Nacional de El Salvador]]|location=San Salvador|issue=216|volume=345|page=6|date=19 November 1999|access-date=22 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401014418/https://www.diariooficial.gob.sv/diarios/do-1999/11-noviembre/19-11-1999.pdf|archive-date=1 April 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{ERI}} || [[Dromedary|Arabian camel]] (''national animal'')||''Camelus dromedarius'' || [[File:Camelus dromedarius on Sinai.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/eritrea/ersymbols.htm |title=Eritrea State Symbols, Song, Flags, and More |publisher=worldatlas.com |access-date=2017-12-01}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |{{Flag|Estonia}} || [[Wolf]] (''national animal'') || ''Canis lupus'' || [[File:Loup gris (Canis lupus ).jpg|Loup_gris_(Canis_lupus_)|175px|center]]|| <ref name="est"> {{Cite web |title= State Insignia |url=https://www.eesti.ee/en/republic-of-estonia/republic-of-estonia/state-insignia |website=eesti.ee |access-date=29 July 2024}}</ref> |- |[[Barn swallow]] (''national bird'') || ''Hirundo rustica'' || [[File:Barn swallow in Montezuma (14460).jpg|Barn_swallow_in_Montezuma_(150)|175px|center]]|| <ref name="est"/> |- |[[Baltic herring]] (''national fish'')|| ''Clupea harengus membras''|| [[File:Silakka.jpg|Silakka|175px|center]]|| <ref name="est"/> |- |[[Swallowtail butterfly|Swallowtail]] (''national butterfly'') || ''Papilio machaon''|| [[File:Papilio machaon Mitterbach 01.jpg|Papilio_machaon_Mitterbach_01|175px|center]]|| <ref name="est"/> |- |{{ETH}} || [[Lion]] (''national animal'')||''Panthera leo'' || [[File:020 The lion king Snyggve in the Serengeti National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref name="Good"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/ethiopia/etsymbols.htm |title=Ethiopia State Symbols, Song, Flag, and More |publisher=worldatlas.com |access-date=2013-03-21}}</ref> |- |- id="F" | rowspan="4" |{{FIN}} || [[Brown bear]] (''national animal'') || ''Ursus arctos'' || [[File:European Brown Bear.jpg|175px|center]] || <ref name="fin">{{Cite web |date=2014-08-25 |title=Iconic Finnish nature symbols stand out |url=https://finland.fi/life-society/iconic-finnish-nature-symbols-stand-out/ |website=this is Finland |access-date=2023-01-27}}</ref> |- |[[Whooper swan]] (''national bird'') || ''Cygnus cygnus'' || [[File:Cygnus cygnus Singschwan.jpg|175px|center]] || <ref name="fin"/> |- |[[European perch]] (''national fish'')|| ''Perca fluviatilis'' || [[File:Perca fluviatilis2.jpg|175px|center]] || <ref name="fin"/> |- | [[Seven-spot ladybird]] (''national insect'')|| ''Coccinella septempunctata''|| [[File:7-Spotted-Ladybug-Coccinella-septempunctata-sq1.jpg|175px|center]] |<ref name="fin"/> |- |{{FRA}} |[[Gallic rooster]] (''national bird'') |''Gallus gallus domesticus'' |[[File:Coq-gaulois-dore.JPG|175px|center]] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Le coq |url=http://www.elysee.fr/la-presidence/le-coq/ |website=www.elysee.fr |date=21 October 2015 |language=fr-FR |access-date=2015-11-29}}</ref> |- |- id="G" |{{GAB}} || [[Black panther]] (''national animal'')||''Panthera pardus'' || [[File:Blackleopard.JPG|150px|center]] || <ref>{{Cite news |url=https://einfon.com/nationalsymbols/national-animal-of-gabon/ |title=National Animal of Gabon |date=2 May 2017 |language=en-US |access-date=2018-09-08 |archive-date=2020-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030165338/https://einfon.com/nationalsymbols/national-animal-of-gabon/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{GMB}}<!--Gambia--> || [[Spotted hyena]] (''national animal'')|| ''Crocuta crocuta'' || [[File:Spotted_hyena_(Crocuta_crocuta).jpg|150px|center]] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Animal of Gambia - |url=https://einfon.com/nationalsymbols/national-animal-of-gambia/ |language=en-US |access-date=2020-07-30 |archive-date=2020-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031125006/https://einfon.com/nationalsymbols/national-animal-of-gambia/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{GER}}||[[Coat of arms of Germany|Bundesadler]] (''heraldic "Federal Eagle"'')||style="background:#ccc;" |'''Mythical'''||[[File:Coat of arms of Germany.svg|150px|center]]||<ref name="BioSci"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=German Symbols |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/germany/desymbols.htm/ |website=www.worldatlas.com |language=en-EN |access-date=2017-08-11}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |{{GRC}} || [[Phoenix (mythology)|Phoenix]] (''national mythical creature'') || style="background:#ccc;"|'''Mythical''' || [[File:Greek Phoenix.svg|150px]]||<ref name=worldatlas/> |- | [[Little owl]] (''national bird'') || ''Athene noctua'' || [[File:Athene noctua (portrait) crop2.jpg|150px]]||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-20 |title=Discover The National Bird of Greece |url=https://a-z-animals.com/blog/discover-the-national-bird-of-greece/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website= AZ Animals}}</ref> |- |[[Common dolphin]] (''national animal'')|| ''Delphinus delphis'' || [[File:Common dolphin noaa.jpg|150px]] ||<ref name="worldatlas">{{cite web|website=worldatlas|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/greece/grsymbols.htm|title=Greek Symbols|date=2021-02-24}}</ref> |- |{{GRN}} || [[Grenada dove]] (''national bird'') || ''Leptotila wellsi'' ||[[File:Ece310767-fig-0001-m.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Symbols |url=https://www.gov.gd/index.php/national-symbols |website=Government of Grenada {{!}} Web Portal |date=6 December 2022 |access-date=2023-03-23}}</ref> |- |{{GUA}} || [[Resplendent quetzal]] (''national bird'') ||''Pharomachrus mocinno'' ||[[File:Pharomachrus mocinno Monteverde 05.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2020 |title=05 de septiembre, Día del Quetzal, Ave Nacional |url=https://conap.gob.gt/05-de-septiembre-dia-del-quetzal-ave-nacional/ |website=CONAP |language=es |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> |- |{{GUY}}||[[Jaguar]] (''national animal'')||''Panthera onca''||[[File:Jaguar in the Pantanal.jpg|150px|center]]||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-30 |title=SECONDARY ENGAGEMENT PROGRAMME SOCIAL STUDIES |url=https://education.gov.gy/web2/index.php/students-resources/secondary-school-resources/grade7/grade7-worksheets/grade-7-worksheets-social-studies/2978-grade-7-social-studies-week-6-lesson-2/file |access-date=2026-09-12 |website=Ministry of Education, Guyana}}</ref> |- |- id="H" |{{HTI}} || [[Hispaniolan trogon]] (''national bird'') ||''Priotelus roseigaster'' ||[[File:Hispaniolan Trogon (Priotelus roseigaster) (8082799519).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2230.html|title=The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-date=2016-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108112336/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2230.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | {{HON}} || [[White-tailed deer]] (''national animal'')||''Odocoileus virginianus'' ||[[File:White-tailed deer.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="HON">{{Cite web |title=MiAmbiente+ participa en la 6ta Liberación de Guacamayas en Valle de Copán |url=http://www.miambiente.gob.hn/blog/view/miambiente-participa-en-la-6ta-liberacion-de-guacamayas-en-valle-de-copan |access-date=2026-08-06 |archive-date=2022-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628152615/http://www.miambiente.gob.hn/blog/view/miambiente-participa-en-la-6ta-liberacion-de-guacamayas-en-valle-de-copan |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |[[Scarlet macaw]] (''national bird'') || ''Ara macao'' || [[File:Ara macao - two at Lowry Park Zoo.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="Latvia Symbols"/> |- |{{HUN}} || [[Turul]] (''national mythical creature'')|| style="background:#ccc;" |'''Mythical''' (most probably ''[[Falco cherrug]]'')<ref>{{cite web |title=Origins of Turul |url=http://turul.info/turul/milyenmadar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329162317/http://turul.info/turul/milyenmadar |archive-date=29 March 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=5 November 2014}}</ref> ||[[File:Turul-Tb-front.jpg|150px|center]] || |- |- id="I" |{{ISL}} |[[Gyrfalcon]] (''national bird'')|| ''Falco rusticolus'' || [[File:Falco rusticolus white cropped.jpg|169x169px|left]]||<ref>{{cite web |title=Icelandic Coat of Arms |url=http://eng.forsaetisraduneyti.is/state-symbols/icelandic-coat-of-arms/history/#Falcon_emblem |publisher=Iceland Prime Minister's Office |access-date=29 October 2010}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" | {{IND}} || [[Bengal tiger]] (''national animal'') ||''Panthera tigris tigris''|| [[File:Panthera tigris tigris.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=11 |title=National Animal -National Symbols - Know India: National Portal of India |publisher=National Portal of India |access-date=23 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122081716/http://www.knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=11 |archive-date=22 January 2013}}</ref> |- |[[Indian peafowl]] (''national bird'')||''Pavo cristatus'' ||[[File:Carnavalesco.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=3 |title=National Bird -National Symbols - Know India: National Portal of India |publisher=National Portal of India |access-date=23 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115003741/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=3 |archive-date=15 January 2013}}</ref> |- | [[Ganges river dolphin]] (''national aquatic animal'') ||''Platanista gangetica''||[[File:Ganges River Dolphin cropped.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="National Portal of India">{{cite web |url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=8 |title=National Aquatic Animal -National Symbols - Know India: National Portal of India |publisher=National Portal of India |access-date=23 March 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122081831/http://www.knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=8 |archive-date=22 January 2013}}</ref> |- | [[Indian elephant]] (''national heritage animal'') ||''Elephas maximus indicus'' ||[[File:IndianElephant.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.breakingnewsonline.net/news/4777-elephant-declared-national-heritage-animal-in-india.html |title=Elephant declared National Heritage Animal in India |year=2010 |publisher=Breaking News Online (India) |access-date=25 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825162711/http://www.breakingnewsonline.net/news/4777-elephant-declared-national-heritage-animal-in-india.html |archive-date=25 August 2011}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |{{INA}} || [[Komodo dragon]] (''national animal'') ||''Varanus komodoensis''||[[File:Komodo dragon (Varanus komodoensis).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="Keppres No.4/1993">{{cite act |type= Presidential Decrees |index= 4 |date= 1993 |legislature= Government of the Republic of Indonesia |title= Keputusan Presiden (KEPPRES) tentang Satwa dan Bunga Nasional |page= 1-4 |url= https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Home/Details/61884/keppres-no-4-tahun-1993 |trans-title= Presidential Decrees Number 4 of 1993 |language= id | access-date=13 May 2023}}</ref> |- | [[Javan hawk-eagle]] (''national bird'') ||''Nisaetus bartelsi''||[[File:ELANG JAWA.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="Keppres No.4/1993"/> |- | [[Asian arowana]] (''national fish'') || ''Scleropages formosus''||[[File:Rwana.jpg|center|175x175px]]||<ref name="Keppres No.4/1993"/> |- | rowspan="2" |{{IRN}}<!--Iran--> |[[Persian lion|Asiatic lion]] (''national animal'') ||''[[Persian lion|Panthera leo persica]]'' || [[File:Panthera leo persica - Tierpark Berlin - 2015.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref name="globalpost.com"/> |- |[[Persian leopard|Persian Leopard]] (''national animal'') |''Panthera pardus saxicolor'' |[[File:Persian Leopard sitting.jpg|150px|center]] |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://animalsake.com/list-of-national-animals-around-world |title=A Complete List of National Animals from Around the World |website=AnimalSake |language=en-US |access-date=2019-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190901194259/https://animalsake.com/list-of-national-animals-around-world |archive-date=1 September 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/iran/irsymbols.htm |title=Iran National Symbols, Song, Flags and More - Worldatlas.com |website=www.worldatlas.com |access-date=2019-09-01}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"|{{IRQ}} |[[Chukar partridge]] (''national bird'') | ''Alectoris chukar'' | [[File:Alectoris-chukar-001.jpg|150px|center]] | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/iraq/iqsymbols.htm |title=Iraq|work=worldatlas.com |date=24 February 2021 }}</ref> |- |[[Wild goat|Goat]] <br/> (''national animal'',{{Flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan.svg}} [[Iraqi Kurdistan|KRG]]) | ''Capra aegagrus'' | [[File:Bezoarziege.jpg|150px|center]] | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kurdistanica.com/?q=node/193 |title=The National Goat|work=kurdistanica.com |access-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221220459/http://kurdistanica.com/?q=node%2F193 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | {{IRL}} |[[Irish hare]] (''national animal'')||''Lepus timidus hibernicus'' || [[File:Irish Mountain Hare imported from iNaturalist photo 322047161 on 22 April 2024.jpg|150px|center]]||<ref>{{cite web |title=Irish National Animal |date=11 May 2023 |url=https://www.discoverwildlife.com/animal-facts/whats-the-national-animal-of-ireland |publisher=BBC Wildlife Magazine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628030953/https://www.discoverwildlife.com/animal-facts/whats-the-national-animal-of-ireland/ |archive-date=2023-06-28 |access-date=30 June 2026}}</ref> |- |[[Red deer]] (''national animal'')||''Cervus elaphus'' || [[File:Cervus elaphus Luc Viatour 6 (cropped).jpg|frameless|163x163px]]||<ref>{{cite web|title=Irish National Animal|url=https://einfon.com/nationalsymbols/national-animal-of-ireland/|publisher=Country glossary|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182228/https://einfon.com/nationalsymbols/national-animal-of-ireland/|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | {{ISR}} || [[Lion of Judah]] (''heraldic symbol'')||''Panthera leo'' ||[[File:Emblem of Jerusalem.svg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/how-the-lion-of-judah-became-a-jewish-symbol/ |title=How the Lion of Judah Becam a Jewish Symbol}}</ref> |- |[[Eurasian hoopoe]] (''national bird'') ||''Upupa epops'' ||[[File:Wiedehopf_mit_Puppe_als_Futter.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.parks.org.il/new/national-animals/ |title=גאווה לאומית בטבע: הכירו את החיות הלאומיות של ישראל |publisher=park.org.il |access-date=26 April 2026}}</ref> |- |[[Mountain gazelle]] (''national animal'') ||''Gazella gazella'' ||[[File:Gazella gazella.jpg|frameless|151x151px]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/israel/ilsymbols.htm |publisher=worldatlas |access-date=13 November 2016}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2" |{{ITA}} |[[Italian wolf]] (''national animal'') |''Canis lupus italicus'' |[[File:C. l. italicus in MNP.jpg|152x152px]] ||<ref>{{cite web|website=Yourtrip.com|url=https://it.yourtripagent.com/4052-what-is-italy-s-national-animal|title=What is Italy national animal?|author=Sheri Foster|date=January 2021|access-date=2026-08-06|archive-date=2023-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230109172951/https://it.yourtripagent.com/4052-what-is-italy-s-national-animal|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |website="affaritaliani.it"> |url=https://www.affaritaliani.it/culturaspettacoli/il-lupo-grigio-degli-appennini-e-l-animale-dell-italia-544778.html |title= Il lupo grigio degli appennini e l animale dell Italia|author=James Hansen|date=June 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Italian sparrow]] (''national bird'')||''Passer italiae'' || [[File:Passer italiae in Crete.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Passero Italiano: L'uccello nazionale d'Italia|date=18 December 2022 |url=https://www.concaternanaoggi.it/passero-italiano-luccello-nazionale-ditalia/|publisher=Conca Ternana Oggi|access-date=22 August 2024|language=it}}</ref> |- |{{CIV}} || [[African elephant]] (''national animal'')|| ''Loxodonta'' sp.|| [[File:African Bush Elephant.jpg|160px]]||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/cotedivoire/cisymbols.htm|title=Cote D'ivoire State Symbols, Song, Flags and More - Worldatlas.com|website=www.worldatlas.com|access-date=2019-12-28}}</ref> |- |- id="J" |{{JAM}} || [[Red-billed streamertail]] (''national bird'') ||''Trochilus polytmus'' ||[[File:Red-billed Streamertail 2506104129.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="jamsym">{{cite web|url=http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/This%20Is%20Jamaica/symbols.html |title=National Symbols of Jamaica |publisher=jis.gov.jm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060619153047/http://www.jis.gov.jm/special_sections/This%20Is%20Jamaica/symbols.html |archive-date=19 June 2006 |access-date=2 December 2011 }}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"|{{JPN}} || [[Green pheasant]] (''national bird'') ||''Phasianus versicolor'' || [[File:Phasianus versicolor in field.JPG|150px|center]] || <ref name="jpnsymbrd">{{cite web |url=http://sawacon.org/appeal/?p=1108 |title=National Bird |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402105830/http://sawacon.org/appeal/?p=1108 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=2015-03-14}}</ref> |- |[[Koi]] (''national fish'') ||''Cyprinus carpio'' ||[[File:Koi at Japanese Garden - UH Manoa (5674161714-c).jpg|150px|center]] || <ref name="jpnsymfsh">{{cite web |url=http://www.hanmoto.com/diary/2004/11/02/196/ |trans-title= Do you know "Japanese fish"? |language=ja |script-title=ja:日本の「国魚」をご存知ですか？ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402090437/http://www.hanmoto.com/diary/2004/11/02/196/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=2015-03-14}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{JOR}} ||[[Arabian oryx]] (''national animal'') ||''Oryx leucoryx'' |[[File:Arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |title=The Arabian Oryx |date=19 June 2015 |url=https://www.wadirumnomads.com/the-arabian-oryx/ |publisher=Bianca Abma |archive-date=2015-06-19}}</ref> |- |[[Sinai rosefinch]] (''national bird'') || ''Carpodacus syndicus''|| [[File:Carpodacus synoicus -Jordan -pair-8.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=National Bird by Country|url=http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/bac_nat_bir-background-national-bird|date=14 July 2011}}</ref> |- |- id="K" |{{KEN}} || [[Lion]] (''national animal'')|| ''Panthera leo'' || [[File:020 The lion king Snyggve in the Serengeti National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|150px|center]] || <ref name="Good">{{Cite journal |last1=Good |first1=Caroline |last2=Burnham |first2=Dawn |last3=Macdonald |first3=David |last4=Good |first4=Caroline |last5=Burnham |first5=Dawn |last6=Macdonald |first6=David W.|date=20 July 2017 |title=A Cultural Conscience for Conservation |journal=Animals |language=en |volume=7 |issue=12 |pages=52 |doi=10.3390/ani7070052|doi-access=free |pmid=28726725|pmc=5532567}}</ref> |- | {{KGZ}} || [[Snow leopard]] (''national animal'') || ''Panthera uncia''||[[File:Lightmatter snowleopard.jpg|150px]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://globalsnowleopard.org/the-snow-leopard-is-the-national-symbol-of-kyrgyzstan/ |title=The snow leopard is the national symbol of Kyrgyzstan |archive-date=2023-12-31}}</ref> |- |{{KWT}} || [[Dromedary|Arabian camel]] (''national animal'')|| ''Camelus dromedarius'' || [[File:White camel kuwait zoom.jpg|150px|center]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=Wildlife in Kuwait |url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/location/asia/kuwait/ |website=AZ Animals |language=en-us |access-date=2023-01-12}}</ref> |- |- id="L" |{{LAO}} ||[[Asian elephant]] (''national animal'')||''Elephas maximus'' || [[File:Elephas maximus Kobe 02.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Laos: Asian Elephant and the Protection of a National Symbol|date=21 April 2025 |url=https://terra-cultura.com/en/laos-asian-elephant-and-the-protection-of-a-national-symbol/ |publisher=Terra Cultura |archive-date=2025-04-21}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{LAT}} || [[White wagtail]] (''national bird'') ||''Motacilla alba'' ||[[File:White-Wagtail.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="Latvia Symbols">{{cite web |website=Latvia.eu |url=http://www.latvia.eu/key-facts/symbols |title=Symbols|date=2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007033419/http://www.latvia.eu/key-facts/symbols |archive-date=7 October 2017 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref> |- |[[Adalia bipunctata|Two-spotted ladybug]] (''national insect'') ||''Adalia bipunctata''||[[File:Coccinellidae - Adalia bipunctata.JPG|175px|center]] ||<ref name="Latvia Symbols"/> |- | {{LBN}}||[[Striped hyena]] (''national animal'')|| ''Hyaena hyaena'' | [[File:Striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) - cropped.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 April 2023 |script-title=ar:جمعية الأرض: لحماية وانقاذ الضبع المخطط في لبنان |trans-title=Earth Association: To protect and save the striped hyena in Lebanon |url=https://www.nna-leb.gov.lb/ar/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA/610487/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B6-%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B0-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B6%D8%A8%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86 |publisher=[[National News Agency (Lebanon)|National News Agency]] |language=ar |access-date=19 October 2025}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{LSO}} || [[Black rhinoceros]] (''national animal'')|| ''Diceros bicornis'' || [[File:Black Rhino at Working with Wildlife.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref name="South Korea">{{cite web |url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/location/africa/lesotho/ |title=Wildlife of Lesotho |website=a-z animals |access-date=12 April 2016}}</ref> |- |[[Basuto pony]] (''national horse'') || ''Equus caballus'' ||[[File:Basuto-Pony.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web | title=Basotho Pony | date=11 April 2025 | url=https://breeds.okstate.edu/horses/basotho-pony }}</ref> |- | {{LTU}}||[[White stork]] (''national bird'')|| ''Ciconia ciconia'' | [[File:White stork (Ciconia ciconia) standing.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vstt.lrv.lt/en/news/the-number-of-storks-is-not-decreasing-in-the-zuvintas-biosphere-reserve |title=The number of storks is not decreasing in the Žuvintas biosphere reserve &#124; State Service for Protected Areas under the Ministry of Environment}}</ref> |- |- id="M" | rowspan="2" |{{MDG}} || [[Zebu]] (''in [[Emblem of Madagascar|Malagasy heraldry]]'') ||''Bos indicus'' ||[[File:Zébu.JPG|150px|center]] ||<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/madagascar/mgsymbols.htm#page Symbols of Madagascar]</ref> |- | [[Ring-tailed lemur]] (''national animal'') ||''Lemur catta'' || [[File:Lemur catta 001.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>[https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/madagascar/mgsymbols.htm#page Symbols of Madagascar]</ref> |- |{{MYS}} ||[[Malayan tiger]] (''national animal'') |''Panthera tigris'' |[[File:MalayanTiger PantheraTigrisJacksoni.jpg|175px|center]] |<ref>{{cite web |title=Nameless Story |url=https://wwf.panda.org/projects/connect2tigers/nameless_story/#:~:text=The%20Malayan%20tiger%20is%20the,many%20of%20their%20wild%20tigers.}}</ref><!-- {{better source needed|date=May 2023}} --> |- | rowspan="2" | {{MDV}} || [[Yellowfin tuna]] (''national animal'')||''Thunnus albacares'' ||[[File:Yellowfin tuna diving.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Maldivan Symbols|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/maldives/mvsymbols.htm|site=worldatlas.com|date=|consulté le=13 novembre 2016}}.</ref> |- | [[White-breasted Waterhen]] (''national bird'') ||''Amaurornis phoenicurus'' || [[File:White-breasted-water-hen-agra.jpg|150px|center]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oceandimensions.com/water-hen/ |title=Maldivian White Breasted Water-Hen |access-date=2020-02-29}}</ref> |- |{{MLT}} |[[Pharaoh Hound]] (''national dog breed'') |''Canis familiaris'' |[[File:Kelb tal fenek 529.jpg|150px]] |[http://dogtime.com/dog-breeds/pharaoh-hound#/slide/1] |- |{{MUS}} || [[Dodo]] (''national bird and animal'')||''Raphus cucullatus'' ||[[File:Dodo.JPG|150px|center]] ||<ref name="6 Extremely Rare National Animals"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/science/wildlife-news/130925/interesting-national-animals |title=12 countries that have cooler national animals than the United States |publisher=globalpost.com |access-date=3 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/national-animals-legendary-extinct-imaginary/story?id=20170452#2 |title=National Animals: The Legendary, Extinct and Imaginary-8 of 9 |publisher=abcnews.go.com |access-date=2014-10-03}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |{{MEX}} || [[Golden eagle]] (''national bird and animal'') ||''Aquila chrysaetos'' || [[File:Orel skalní 2.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref name="smithsonian 10 national animals">{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/ten-unusual-national-animals-rival-unicorn-180952804/?no-ist |title=Ten Unusual National Animals That Rival the Unicorn-3 of 10 |access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref> |- |[[Xoloitzcuintli]] (''national dog breed'') || (a breed of)<br/>''Canis familiaris'' || [[File:Xoloitzcuintli - GCH Bayshore Georgio Armani 09 (16397731930).jpg|150px|center]]||<ref name="smithsonian 10 national animals"/> |- |[[Jaguar]] (''national mammal'') || ''Panthera onca'' || [[File:Jaguar head shot.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref name="smithsonian 10 national animals"/> |- |[[Grasshopper]] (''national arthropod '') ||''Sphenarium purpurascens'' || [[File:American Bird Grasshopper.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref name="smithsonian 10 national animals"/> |- |[[Vaquita]] (''national marine mammal'') ||''Phocoena sinus'' || [[File:Vaquita4 Olson NOAA.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref name="smithsonian 10 national animals"/> |- | {{MDA}} || [[Aurochs]] (''national animal'') ||''Bos primigenius'' ||[[File:Aurochs reconstruction.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref name="Minahan2010">{{cite book |last=Minahan |first=James |title=The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems: Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ&q=moldavian+national+animal&pg=PA469 |year=2010 |publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-34498-5 |page=469 |access-date=2 January 2012}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | {{MON}} || [[European hedgehog]] (''national animal'') || ''Erinaceus europaeus'' || [[File:Erinaceus europaeus LC0119.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref name="Leftley">{{cite web |last=Leftley |first=Nick |title=6 Worst National Animals |url=http://www.maxim.com/travel/the-6-worst-national-animals |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008212324/http://www.maxim.com/travel/the-6-worst-national-animals |archive-date=8 October 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref> |- | [[European rabbit]] (''national animal'') || ''Oryctolagus cuniculus'' ||[[File:Oryctolagus cuniculus - euqirneto - 419737670 (cropped).jpeg|150px|center]] ||<ref name="Leftley" /> |- | [[Wood mouse]] (''national animal'') || ''Apodemus sylvaticus'' || [[File:ApodemusSylvaticus.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref name="Leftley" /> |- | rowspan="3" | {{MGL}}|| [[Przewalski's horse]] (''national animal'') || ''Equus ferus przewalskii'' || [[File:Przewalski's Horse (02710137).jpg|175px|center]]|| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=Animals in Mongolia |url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/location/asia/mongolia/ |website=AZ Animals |language=en-us |access-date=2023-01-12}}</ref> |- | [[Saker falcon]] (''national bird'') || ''Falco cherrug'' || [[File:Falco cherrug (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|175px|center]]|| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia names falcon as national bird |url=https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_news/?206522/Mongolia-names-falcon-as-national-bird |website=wwf.panda.org |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref><!-- {{better source needed|date=June 2022}} --><ref>{{Cite web |title=Saker Falcon, A National Bird of Mongolia |url=http://www.birdmongolia.com/bird-blog/saker-falcon-a-national-bird-of-mongolia |website=Birds Mongolia |language=mn |access-date=22 June 2022 |archive-date=17 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231217133715/https://www.birdmongolia.com/bird-blog/saker-falcon-a-national-bird-of-mongolia |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!-- {{better source needed|date=June 2022}} --> |- |[[Gobi bear]] (''national pride animal'') |''Ursus arctos gobiensis'' |[[File:Ursus arctos gobiensis.jpg|center|175x175px]] |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=Мазаалай Баавгайг Үндэсний Бахархалт Амьтнаар Зарлах Тухай |url=https://legalinfo.mn/ |website=Эрх зүйн мэдээллийн нэгдсэн систем |language=mn |access-date=2025-10-18}}</ref> |- |{{MAR}} || [[Barbary lion]] (''national animal'')|| ''Panthera leo leo'' || [[File:Barbary lion.jpg|150px]] ||<ref name="BioSci">{{Cite journal |last1=Hammerschlag |first1=Neil |last2=Gallagher |first2=Austin J.|date=24 May 2017 |title=Extinction Risk and Conservation of the Earth's National Animal Symbols |journal=BioScience |language=en |volume=67 |issue=8 |pages=744–749 |doi=10.1093/biosci/bix054 |issn=0006-3568 |doi-access=free}} </ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{MMR}} || [[Green peafowl]] (''national bird'')|| ''Pavo muticus'' ||[[File:Javan Green Peafowl in Baluran National Park.jpg|150px|left]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gomyanmartours.com/green-peafowl-myanmar-national-animal/|title=Green Peafowl | Myanmar National Animal |acess-date=2025-08-27}}</ref> |- | [[Grey peacock-pheasant]] (''national bird'') || ''Polyplectron bicalcaratum'' || [[File:Polyplectron bicalcaratum -Birmingham Nature Centre, England-8a.jpg|120px]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Myanmar's National Bird |url=http://www.geosymbols.org/World/Myanmar/Bird |date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929171757/http://www.geosymbols.org/World/Myanmar/Bird |archive-date=29 September 2011 }}</ref> |- |- id="N" | {{NAM}} || [[Gemsbok]] (''national animal'') ||''Oryx gazella'' || [[File:Oryx gazella (Okevi).jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.namibiaexperience.com/blog/meet-namibias-national-animal-the-oryx/ |title=Meet Namibia’s National Animal – The Oryx |access-date=2016-10-12}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{Flag|Nepal}} |[[Cow in Hinduism|Cow]] (''national animal'') |''Bos indicus'' |[[File:The Cow Worship.jpg|175px|center]] | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |first3=Government of Nepal |others=Article 9 (B) |title=Constitution of Nepal, 2072 |url=https://lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Constitution-of-Nepal.pdf |access-date=2026-08-06 |archive-date=2024-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240717174239/https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Constitution-of-Nepal.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |[[Himalayan monal]] (''national bird'') |''Lophophorus impejanus'' |[[File:Lophophorus impejanus Zoo DU 2.jpg|175px|center]] |- | rowspan="2" | {{NED}} || [[Lion (heraldry)|Lion]] (''heraldic symbol'')||''Panthera leo'' ||[[File:Royal Coat of Arms of the Netherlands.svg|150px|center]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/globale-paginas/taalrubrieken/english/monarchy/coat-of-arms-and-standard/ |title=Dutch coat of arms and standard |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230114541/http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/globale-paginas/taalrubrieken/english/monarchy/coat-of-arms-and-standard |archive-date=30 December 2012 |access-date=2012-11-10}}</ref> |- | [[Black-tailed godwit]] (''national bird'') ||''Limosa limosa'' || [[File:Limosa limosa (Uitkerke).jpg|150px|center]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nu.nl/dieren/4166987/grutto-verkozen-nationale-vogel.html |title=Grutto verkozen tot nationale vogel |access-date=2016-05-31}}</ref> |- |{{NZL}} || [[Kiwi (bird)|Kiwi]] (''national bird'')||''Apteryx'' sp. ||[[File:TeTuatahianui.jpg|150px]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/government-and-nation/9 |title=Teara.govt.nz |publisher=Teara.govt.nz |date=2012-09-22 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226002909/https://teara.govt.nz/en/nation-and-government/page-9 |url-status=dead |access-date=2013-08-29}}</ref> |- | {{NIC}} || [[Turquoise-browed motmot]] (''national bird'') || ''Eumomota superciliosa'' || [[File:Turquoise-browed_Motmot_(16423222357).jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{cite journal |language=es |url=http://legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni/normaweb.nsf/($All)/F4908C9676104D7806257A31005E210E?OpenDocument |title=Ley No. 795 que declara al guardabarranco, ave nacional de Nicaragua|location=Managua |publisher=La Gaceta |journal=Diario Oficial |issue=118|date=25 June 2012 |access-date=22 July 2017}}</ref> |- |{{NER}} || [[Dama gazelle]] (''national animal'') ||''Nanger dama'' ||[[File:Gazella dama mhorr 2.jpg|175px|center]] || <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://animalia.bio/dama-gazelle?custom_list=1073 |title=Dama Gazelle - Nanger dama |website=www.animalia.bio |access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{NGA}} |[[Eagle]] (''in [[Coat of Arms of Nigeria|Nigerian heraldry]]'') <br/> |Accipitridae |[[File:Martial eagle (Polemaetus bellicosus).jpg|150px|left]] |<ref name="fm">{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/nigeria/ngsymbols.htm |title=Nigeria State Symbols, Song, Flags and More - Worldatlas.com |website=www.worldatlas.com |access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> |- |[[Black crowned crane]] (''national bird'') |''Balearica pavonina'' |[[File:Balearica_pavonina_-_Maroparque_01.jpg|150px|left]] |<ref name="fm"/> |- | rowspan="5" |{{PRK}} ||[[Qianlima]] (''national animal'')|| style="background:#ccc;" |'''Mythical'''||[[File:Chollima statue 05.JPG|150px|left]]||<ref name="Leftley" /><ref>{{cite web |title=The National Animal Of North Korea Is A Chollima (Like a Pegasus) |url=http://www.unrealfacts.com/the-national-animal-of-north-korea-is-a-chollima-like-a-pegasus/|work=Unreal Facts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108025103/http://www.unrealfacts.com/the-national-animal-of-north-korea-is-a-chollima-like-a-pegasus/ |archive-date=2014-01-08 |url-status=dead |access-date=8 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/national-animals-legendary-extinct-imaginary/story?id=20170452#2 |title=National Animals: The Legendary, Extinct and Imaginary-6 of 9 |publisher=abcnews.go.com |access-date=2014-10-03}}</ref> |- |[[Siberian tiger]] (''national animal'')|| ''Panthera tigris altaica'' || [[File:Siberischer tiger de.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web | title=On the hunt for North Korea's last Siberian tigers &#124; NK News | date=19 January 2018 | url=https://www.nknews.org/2018/01/on-the-hunt-for-north-koreas-last-siberian-tigers/ }}</ref> |- |[[Pungsan dog]] (''national dog'') ||''Canis familiaris'' ||[[File:Poongsandogs.JPG|175px|center]] ||<ref name="Kang">{{cite magazine|magazine=Korea Pictorial|date=2015 |issue=4 |pages=26–27 |title=Symbols of Korea |last=Kang |first=Su Jong|author-mask=Kang Su-jong |url=http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/periodic/korea/detail.php?kind=korea&&name=2015/04/04.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192431/http://www.naenara.com.kp/en/periodic/korea/detail.php?kind=korea&&name=2015%2F04%2F04.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |issn=1727-9208}}</ref> |- |[[Korean magpie]] (''national bird'') || ''Pica serica'' ||[[File:Korean magpie in Daejeon (side profile).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="kimmie">{{cite web |last1=Song |first1=Kong Yo |date=18 November 2023 |title=The Magpie-the National Bird of the DPRK |url=http://www.ryongnamsan.edu.kp/univ/en/research/articles/eb7ef0469ad23a2c5782e8770da04529?cp=11 |website=[[Kim Il Sung University]] |access-date=18 January 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |[[Eurasian goshawk]] (''former national bird'') || ''Astur gentilis'' ||[[File:Northern Goshawk ad M2.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="Kang" /> |- | {{MKD}} || [[Lion]] ''(in [[Coat of arms of the Republic of Macedonia#Historical coats of arms|Macedonian heraldry]])'' ||''Panthera leo''||[[File:Macedonian Lion - Goce Delcev Bridge.JPG|150px]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.historyofmacedonia.org/Macedoniansymbols/MacedonianLion.html |title=History of Macedonia |publisher=History of Macedonia |accessdate=2013-08-29}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" |{{NOR}} || [[Moose|Eurasian elk/moose]] (''national animal'') ||''Alces alces'' || [[File:Moose-Gustav.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Norway's National Animal: The Moose |date=31 October 2023 |url=https://www.fjordsandbeaches.com/norway-national-animal |access-date=2023-10-31 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- ||[[Lion]] (''royal national animal'')||''Panthera leo''||[[File:Coat of arms of Norway.svg|150px|left]]||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Riksvåpenet er mer hellig enn flagget |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/fakta/innsikt/Riksvapenet-er-mer-hellig-enn-flagget-7926177.html |website=www.aftenposten.no |access-date=2015-12-27}}</ref> |- |[[White-throated dipper]] (''national bird'')||''Cinclus cinclus''||[[File:Cinclus cinclus R(ThKraft).jpg|150px|left]]||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nasjonalfugl |url=https://snl.no/nasjonalfugl |website=www.snl.no |access-date=2015-12-27}}</ref> |- |[[Fjord horse]] (''national horse'')||''Equus caballus''||[[File:Fjording, mother and daughter.jpg|150px|left]]||<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fjordingene på Langedrag |url=http://www.langedrag.no/dyrene/hest |website=www.langedrag.no |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105220549/http://www.langedrag.no/dyrene/hest |archive-date=5 January 2016 |access-date=2015-12-27}}</ref> |- |- id="O" |{{OMN}}||[[Arabian oryx]] ''(national animal)''||''Oryx leucoryx''||[[File:Arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx).jpg|150px]]||<ref>{{Cite web|title = Oman Flag, Oman Map, Oman Culture : SphereInfo.com|url = http://www.sphereinfo.com/oman-history-culture-religion.htm|website = www.sphereinfo.com|access-date = 2015-05-30|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150320080551/http://sphereinfo.com/oman-history-culture-religion.htm|archive-date = 20 March 2015|url-status = dead|df = dmy-all}}</ref> |- |- id="P" | rowspan="6" |{{PAK}}||[[Markhor]] (''national animal'')||''Capra falconeri''||[[File:Markhor Schraubenziege Capra falconeri Zoo Augsburg-02.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref name="National Symbols of Pakistan">{{cite web |url=http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/national_symbols.html |title=National Symbols of Pakistan |publisher=Government of Pakistan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128073024/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/national_symbols.html |archive-date=28 November 2016 |access-date=23 October 2016}}</ref> |- |[[Indus river dolphin]] (''national aquatic mammal'')||''Platanista minor''|| [[File:A-Platanista-gangetica-showing-the-body-shape-and-especially-the-head-with-a-long-beak.png|175px|center]] ||<ref name="National Symbols of Pakistan"/> |- |[[Chukar partridge|Chukar]] (''national bird'') ||''Alectoris chukar'' ||[[File:Alectoris-chukar-001.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="National Symbols of Pakistan"/> |- |[[Mugger crocodile]] (''national reptile'') ||''Crocodylus palustris'' || [[File:PK Kirthar NP asv2020-02 img25.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="National Symbols of Pakistan"/> |- |[[Shaheen falcon]] (''heritage bird'') || ''Falco peregrinus peregrinator'' ||[[File:جير شاهين.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="nationalsymbol">{{cite web |url=http://www.nationalheritage.gov.pk/nationalsymbols.html |title=National Symbols of Pakistan |publisher=Government of Pakistan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827084404/http://nationalheritage.gov.pk/nationalsymbols.html |archive-date=27 August 2013 |access-date=23 August 2013}}</ref> |- |[[Snow leopard]] (''national predator'') ||''Panthera uncia''||[[File:Snow Leopard 1 (4693059450).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="National Symbols of Pakistan"/> |- | rowspan="2" |{{PSE}} || [[Mountain gazelle]] ''(national animal)'' || ''Gazella gazella'' || [[File:Gazella gazella.jpg|150px]] ||<ref>{{cite web| url=https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/palestinian-demand-for-deer-meat-worries-wildlife-activists-1.1933011 | title=Palestinian demand for deer meat worries wildlife activists }}</ref> |- |[[Palestine sunbird]] ''(national bird)'' || ''Cinnyris osea'' || [[File:Palestine sunbird (Cinnyris osea osea) male.jpg|150px]] ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/palestine-adopts-sunbird-as-emblem-for-exported-goods/1258404|title=Palestine adopts sunbird as emblem for exported goods|last=Qais|first=Abu Samra|date=September 18, 2018|work=[[Anadolu Agency]]|accessdate=2018-10-04}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{PAN}} || [[Harpy eagle]] (''national bird'') ||''Harpia harpyja'' ||[[File:Harpia harpyja 001 800.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prensa |title=Panamá posee la población más grande de Águilas Harpías de Centroamérica – MiAmbiente |date=10 April 2021 |url=https://www.miambiente.gob.pa/panama-posee-la-poblacion-mas-grande-de-aguilas-harpias-de-centroamerica/ |language=es |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> |- |[[Panamanian golden frog]] (''national animal'') |''Atelopus zeteki'' |[[File:Atelopus zeteki1.jpg|frameless|152x152px]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panamanian Golden Frog | San Diego Zoo Animals & Plants |date=23 December 2012|url=https://animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/panamanian-golden-frog |access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref> |- |{{PNG}} || [[Dugong]] (''national marine mammal'') || ''Dugong dugon'' || [[File:Dugong Marsa Alam.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hudson |first1=Brydget E.T. |year=1981 |title=Interview and Aerial Survey Data in Relation to Resource Management of the Dugong in Manus Province, Papua New Guinea |journal=Bulletin of Marine Science |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=662–672 |url=http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/1981/00000031/00000003/art00018 |accessdate=2011-04-04 }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{PER}} || [[Vicuña]] (''national animal'') || ''Vicugna vicugna''||[[File:Vicunacrop.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/ten-unusual-national-animals-rival-unicorn-180952804/?no-ist |title=Ten Unusual National Animals That Rival the Unicorn-9 of 10 |publisher=smithsonianmag.com |access-date=2014-10-03}}</ref> |- |[[Andean cock-of-the-rock]] (''national bird'') || ''Rupicola peruviana''||[[File:Rupicola peruviana (male) -San Diego Zoo-8a.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas por el Estado - SERNANP |url=https://old.sernanp.gob.pe/sernanp/contenido.jsp?ID=647 |website=old.sernanp.gob.pe |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{PHL}} |[[Carabao]] (''national animal'') |''Bubalus bubalis'' |[[File:Carabao.jpg|frameless|175x175px]] |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rey |first=Maestro Valle |date=2020-12-11 |title=Carabao {{!}} About The National Animal Of The Philippines |url=https://philnews.ph/2020/12/11/carabao-about-the-national-animal-of-the-philippines/ |website=PhilNews |language=en-US |access-date=2026-02-06}}</ref> |- | [[Philippine eagle]] (''national bird'')||''Pithecophaga jefferyi''||[[File:Sir Arny(Philippine Eagle).jpg|175px|center]]||<ref name="phsymeagle">{{cite web |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1995/07/04/proclamation-no-615-s-1995/ |title=Proclamation No. 615, s. 1995 |date=4 July 1995 |publisher=gov.ph |access-date=12 August 2012}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |{{POL}} || [[White-tailed eagle]] (''national bird'') || ''Haliaeetus albicilla'' || [[File:White-tailed Eagle Head detail.jpg|150px]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://birds.poland.pl/directory/gallery%2CWhite-tailed_Eagle_%28Haliaeetus_albicilla%29%2Cgid%2C236008%2Ccid%2C923.htm |title=Polish Birds Directory: White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) |publisher=birds.poland.pl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616044037/http://birds.poland.pl/directory/gallery%2CWhite-tailed_Eagle_%28Haliaeetus_albicilla%29%2Cgid%2C236008%2Ccid%2C923.htm |archive-date=16 June 2008 |access-date=2016-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/eagle.html |title=symbols of Poland: The White Eagle |publisher=buffalo.edu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010162805/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/eagle.html |archive-date=2016-10-10 |access-date=2016-10-10}}</ref> |- |[[White stork]] (''national bird'') || ''Ciconia ciconia'' || [[File:Ciconia ciconia - 01.jpg|150px]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/25191,Poland-salutes-the-white-stork |title=Poland salutes the white stork |publisher=thenews.pl |archive-date=2017-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027231442/http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/25191,Poland-salutes-the-white-stork |url-status=dead |access-date=2016-10-10}}</ref> |- |[[European bison]] (''national animal'') || ''Bison bonasus'' || [[File:Wisent.jpg|150px]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2011/apr/09/poland-wildlifeholidays |title=Primeval Poland: where the bison roam |publisher=theguardian.com |author=Jon Eldridge |date=8 April 2011 |access-date=2016-10-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://allaboutbison.com/bison-world-news/europe/poland/ |title=Poland |publisher=allaboutbison.com |access-date=2016-10-10}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | {{PRT}} || [[Dragon]] (''traditional coat of arms / national mythical creature) || style="background:#ccc;"|'''Mythical''' || [[File:Brasao d'armas.png|150px]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lusitania liberata ab injusto Castellanorum dominio: Restituta legitimo Principi, Serenissimo Joanni IV... |url=https://www.europeana.eu/pt/item/10501/bib_rnod_227266 |website=europeana.eu |language=pt-PT |access-date=2022-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IMUB |first=Loryel Rocha-|date=2018-09-15 |title=O Dragão Não É O Timbre Das Armas Dos Bragança Do Brasil E SIM Das Armas Nacionais Da Coroa… |url=https://medium.com/@loryelrocha/o-drag%C3%A3o-n%C3%A3o-%C3%A9-o-timbre-das-armas-dos-bragan%C3%A7a-do-brasil-e-sim-das-armas-nacionais-da-coroa-3488751d001b |website=Medium |language=en |access-date=2022-03-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=JD |first=InfoBlog de|date=2019-07-24 |title=De além-Reno para as Américas, a "Serpe" como símbolo monárquico Luso-Brasileiro |url=https://jmdorropio.wixsite.com/site/post/de-alem-reno-para-as-americas-a-serpe-como-símbolo |website=site |language=pt |access-date=2022-03-05}}</ref> |- | [[Cock of Barcelos]] (''national bird'')|| style="background:#ccc;"|'''Mythical''' || [[File:PA2900302 galo emiliarocha medio.jpg|sans cadre|150px]]||<ref name="Po1">{{cite web |url=https://www.reference.com/geography/national-animal-portugal-a2c63c3800b560c2 |website=reference.com |title=What is the national animal of Portugal? |archive-date=2018-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214061538/https://www.reference.com/geography/national-animal-portugal-a2c63c3800b560c2 |url-status=dead |access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref> |- |[[Iberian Wolf]] (''national animal'')|| ''Canis lupus signatus'' || [[File:Canis lupus signatus (Kerkrade Zoo) 20.jpg|150px]] ||<ref name=Po1/> |- |- id="Q" |{{QAT}} || [[Arabian oryx]] (''national animal'') ||''Oryx leucoryx'' || [[File:Arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arabian Oryx |url=https://www.visitqatar.qa/intl-en/things-to-do/get-inspired/wildlife/arabian-oryx |website=www.visitqatar.qa |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> |- |-id="R" |{{ROU}} || [[Eurasian Lynx]] (''national animal'')||''Lynx lynx'' || [[File:Lynx lynx poing.jpg|150px]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.9am.ro/top/Social/243039/sapte-simboluri-nationale-mai-putin-cunoscute-romania/2/Animalul-national-Rasul.html |title=Animalul national - Rasul - Sapte simboluri nationale ale Romaniei mai putin cunoscute|work=9AM |archive-date=2015-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150430103410/http://www.9am.ro/top/Social/243039/sapte-simboluri-nationale-mai-putin-cunoscute-romania/2/Animalul-national-Rasul.html |url-status=dead |access-date=2019-04-10}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" | {{RUS}} || [[Brown bear]] (''national animal'') ||''Ursus arctos'' || [[File:European Brown Bear.jpg|175px|center]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.beavertonoregon.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/1197 |title=Birobidjan, Russia Beaverton's sister city since 1990 |publisher=The City of Beaverton |access-date=2017-01-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919040603/http://www.beavertonoregon.gov/DocumentCenter/Home/View/1197 |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Double-headed eagle]] (''traditional coat of arms'') ||style="background:#ccc;"|'''Mythical''' || [[File:Lesser Coat of Arms of Russian Empire.svg|175px|center]] || <ref>{{cite web |last1=Yergorov |first1=Oleg |title=Why is the double-headed eagle Russia's national symbol? |url=https://www.rbth.com/history/327634-why-is-double-headed-eagle-a-symbol-of-russia |website=rbth.com |date=20 February 2018 }}</ref> |- |{{RWA}} || [[Leopard]] (''national animal'')||''Panthera pardus''||[[File:Leopard africa.jpg|150px]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/rwanda/etsymbols.htm |title=Rwanda State Symbols, Song, Flag, and More |publisher=worldatlas.com|accessdate=2013-03-21}}</ref> |- |- id="S" |{{SKN}} || [[Brown pelican]] (''national bird'') || ''Pelecanus occidentalis'' ||[[File:Brown Pelican21K.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-04 |title=National Symbols {{!}} Gov.Kn |url=https://www.gov.kn/skn-national-symbols/ |access-date=2023-03-23}}</ref> |- |{{LCA}} || [[Saint Lucia amazon]] (''national bird'')||''Amazona versicolor'' ||[[File:Amazona versicolor -St Lucia-5a.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Saint Lucia Parrot (Amazona versicolor) |url=https://archive.stlucia.gov.lc/saint_lucia/the_saint_lucia_parrot_amazona_versicolor.htm |website=archive.stlucia.gov.lc |access-date=2023-03-23}}</ref> |- |{{VCT}} || [[Saint Vincent amazon]] (''national bird'')||''Amazona guildingii'' ||[[File:Amazona guildingii -Botanical Gardens -Kingstown -Saint Vincent-8a-4c.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.foreign.gov.vc/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=91&Itemid=134 |title=The National Bird |publisher=foreign.gov.vc |access-date=2 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515010728/http://www.foreign.gov.vc/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=91&Itemid=134 |archive-date=15 May 2013}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"|{{SMR}} || [[Horse]] (''national animal'') ||''Equus caballus''|| [[File:Holsteiner Apfelschimmel-2005.jpg|150px]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/location/europe/san-marino/ |title=Wildlife of San Marino |access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref> |- |[[Peregrine falcon]] (''national bird'')||''Falco peregrinus'' || [[File:Falco peregrinus nest USFWS.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://a-z-animals.com/animals/location/europe/san-marino/ |title=Wildlife of San Marino |access-date=17 March 2018}}</ref> |- |{{KSA}} || [[Dromedary|Arabian camel]] (''national animal'') ||''Camelus dromedarius'' || [[File:Camel in Al Ula 2023.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.visitsaudi.com/en/stories/camels-in-saudi |title=Camel culture: The history of Saudi's national animal |publisher=visitsaudi.com |access-date=18 September 2023}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{SRB}} || [[Wolf]] (''national animal'')|| ''Canis lupus'' ||[[File:Canis lupus lupus qtl1.jpg|150px|left]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://forum.badnjak.com/viewtopic.php?f=14&t=744 |title=СРПСКА НАРОДНА ИНТЕЛИГЕНЦИЈА|work=badnjak.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104023628/http://forum.badnjak.com/viewtopic.php?f=14&t=744 |archive-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> |- | [[Serbian eagle|White eagle]] (''traditional coat of arms'')|| style="background:#ccc;"|'''Mythical''' ||[[File:Coat of arms of Serbia small.svg|150px|left]] || <ref name="Minahan2009">{{cite book|author=James Minahan |title=The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems &#91;2 Volumes&#93; |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA525|date=23 December 2009 |publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-34497-8 |pages=525–}}</ref> |- ||{{SLE}} || [[Chimpanzee]] (''national animal'')|| ''Pan troglodytes'' ||[[File:Schimpanse Zoo Leipzig.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://adventure.com/tacugama-chimpanzee-sanctuary-sierra-leone/#:~:text=In%202019%2C%20almost%2025%20years,tourism%E2%80%94moving%20away%20from%20diamonds |title=How the chimp became the face of Sierra Leone tourism |last=Dattani |first=Meera |date=11 September 2019 |publisher=adventure.com |access-date=30 June 2026}}</ref> |- |{{SGP}}<!--Singapore-->|| [[Lion]] (''national animal'')|| ''Panthera leo'' || [[File:020 The lion king Snyggve in the Serengeti National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|150px|center]] || <ref name="Good"/> |- |{{SOM}} || [[Leopard]] (''national animal'')||''Panthera pardus''||[[File:Leopard africa.jpg|150px]] ||<ref name="Minahan">{{cite book| last=Minahan| first=James| title=The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems: Volume 2| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y85XAAAAYAAJ| year=2009| publisher=Greenwood Press| isbn=978-0-313-34500-5| page=908}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |{{RSA}}<!--South Africa--> || [[Springbok]] (''national animal'') ||''Antidorcas marsupialis'' ||[[File:Springbok.JPG|175px|center]] |||<ref>{{Cite web |title=National animal {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/national-symbols/national-animal |website=www.gov.za |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> |- |[[Blue crane]] (''national bird'')||''Anthropoides paradiseus'' ||[[File:Anthropoides paradiseus -Etosha National Park, Namibia-8.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=National bird {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/national-symbols/national-bird |website=www.gov.za |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> |- |[[Galjoen]] (''national fish'') ||''Dichistius capensis'' ||[[File:Dichistius capensis.JPG|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=National fish {{!}} South African Government |url=https://www.gov.za/about-sa/national-symbols/national-fish#:~:text=Galjoen%20-%20Coracinus%20capensis,is%20known%20to%20every%20angler. |website=www.gov.za |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{KOR}} || [[Siberian tiger]] (''national animal'')|| ''Panthera tigris altaica'' || [[File:Siberischer tiger de.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref name="South Korea"/> |- |[[Korean magpie]] (''national bird'') || ''Pica serica'' ||[[File:Korean magpie in Daejeon (side profile).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web | title=What is Korea's national bird? | date=11 April 2025 | url=https://enviroliteracy.org/what-is-koreas-national-bird/ }}</ref> |- |{{SSD}}|| [[African fish eagle]] (''national bird'')|| ''Haliaeetus vocifer'' || [[File:African Fish Eagle AdF.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/southsudan/sssymbols.htm |title=South Sudan Symbols |publisher=worldatlas.com |access-date=2019-07-16}}</ref> |- | {{ESP}} ||[[Spanish Fighting Bull|Bull]] (''national animal'') ||''Bos taurus'' ||[[File:Sanchez Cobaleda.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/national-animals-of-european-countries.html |website=WorldAtlas.com |title=National Animals Of European Countries |date=25 April 2017 }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{SRI}} || [[Grizzled giant squirrel]] (''national animal'') || ''Ratufa macroura''|| [[File:Grizzled sqirrel Chinnar WLS Kerala (68).jpg|150px|left]]|| <ref name="Good"/> |- |[[Sri Lankan junglefowl]] (''national bird'') ||''Gallus lafayettii'' ||[[File:Thimindu 2009 09 04 Yala Sri Lanka Junglefowl 1.JPG|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gov.lk/gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&lang=en |website=Government of Sri Lanka Official Web Portal |title=Sri Lanka National Bird |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314120902/http://www.gov.lk/gov/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=65&lang=en |archive-date=14 March 2012}}</ref> |- |{{SDN}}|| [[Secretarybird]] (''national bird'')|| ''Sagittarius serpentarius'' || [[File:Sagittarius serpentarius portrait.jpg|150px|left]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ecotraining.co.za/blog/a-cultural-icon-the-secretary-bird/ |title=A Cultural Icon: The Secretary Bird |publisher=ecotraining.co.za |access-date=2025-12-10}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{SWE}} || [[Moose|Eurasian elk/moose]] (''national animal'') ||''Alces alces'' || [[File:Moose-Gustav.jpg|150px|center]] || <ref name="BioSci"/> |- |[[Eurasian blackbird]] (''national bird'')||''Turdus merula''||[[File:Common Blackbird.jpg|150px|center]]||<ref name="BioSci"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Swedish Symbols |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/europe/sweden/sesymbols.htm |website=worldatlas.com |date=24 February 2021 }}</ref> |- |{{SWI}}|| [[Cow]] (''national animal'')||''Bos taurus'' ||[[File:Cow (Fleckvieh breed) Oeschinensee Slaunger 2009-07-07.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.houseofswitzerland.org/swissstories/society/switzerlands-iconic-cow|title=Switzerland's iconic cow|website=House of Switzerland|date=6 November 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2"|{{SYR}} || [[Syrian brown bear]] (''national animal'') ||''Ursus arctos syriacus'' || [[File:Tiergarten Nürnberg - 16.JPG|150px|center]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-28 |title=🇸🇾 Syria National symbols: National Animal, National Flower. |url=https://symbolhunt.com/syria/ |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=symbolhunt.com |language=en-us}}</ref> |- |[[Northern bald ibis]] (''national bird'') ||''Geronticus eremita'' ||[[File:Northern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita (8470600428).jpg|150px|center]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-23 |title=What is the National Bird of Syria? |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-national-bird-of-syria.html |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |- id="T" |{{TWN}} || [[Formosan black bear]] (''national animal'') ||''Ursus thibetanus formosanus'' || [[File:Formosan Black Bear.JPG|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://targetstudy.com/qna/what-are-the-national-symbols-of-taiwan.html |title=What are national emblems of Taiwan? |publisher=targetstudy.com |access-date=21 November 2016}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2"|{{TJK}}|| [[Marco polo sheep]] (''national animal'')|| ''Ovis ammon polii'' || [[File:Marco polo sheep line drawing.jpg|150px|left]] || <ref>{{cite web |url=https://interesting-things.com/tajikistan-national-animal |title=Meet The National Animal of Tajikistan, The Marco Polo Sheep |publisher=interesting-things.com |access-date=11-09-2023}}</ref> |- |[[Golden eagle]] (''national bird'') ||''Aquila chrysaetos'' ||[[File:015 Wild Golden Eagle in flight at Pfyn-Finges (Switzerland) Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|150px|center]] || <ref>{{Cite web |title=Birds, Birding Trips and Birdwatching Tours in Republic of Tajikistan |url=https://fatbirder.com/world-birding/asia/republic-of-tajikistan/ |access-date=2026-04-03 |website=Fat Birder |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |{{TAN}} || [[Giraffe]] (''national animal'')|| ''Giraffa'' sp.||[[File:Giraffe Mikumi National Park.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://tanzania.go.tz/home/pages/260 |title=National Symbols: National Animal |website=tanzania.go.tz |publisher=Tanzania Government Portal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118195350/http://tanzania.go.tz/home/pages/260 |archive-date=18 January 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref name="FoleyFoley2014">{{cite book |first1=Charles |last1=Foley |first2=Lara |last2=Foley |first3=Alex |last3=Lobora |first4=Daniela |last4=De Luca |first5=Maurus |last5=Msuha |first6=Tim R.B. |last6=Davenport |first7=Sarah M. |last7=Durant |title=A Field Guide to the Larger Mammals of Tanzania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dt6QAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179|date=8 June 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-5280-2 |pages=179–}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=East Africa: Kenya, Tanzania & Uganda |last=Knappert |first=Jan |author-link=Jan Knappert |year=1987 |publisher=Vikas Pub. |location=New Delhi |isbn= 978-0-7069-2822-8 |page=57 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ncwAQAAIAAJ&q=%22national+animal+of+Tanzania%22 |access-date=28 June 2011}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{THA}} |[[Asian elephant]] (''national animal'') ||''Elephas maximus'' ||[[File:Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2544/D/099/1.PDF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125101256/http://www.ratchakitcha.soc.go.th/DATA/PDF/2544/D/099/1.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2012 |title=The government gazette about National symbols of Thailand |journal=Royal Thai Government Gazette|date=11 December 2001 |volume=118 |issue=99D |pages=1}}</ref> |- |[[Siamese fighting fish]] (''national aquatic animal'') ||''Betta splendens'' ||[[File:Male Betta -34245661920.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1624026/siamese-fighting-fish-confirmed-as-national-aquatic-animal |title=Siamese fighting fish confirmed as national aquatic animal |newspaper=Bangkok Post |date=5 February 2019 |access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/thailand-makes-siamese-fighting-fish-national-aquatic-animal-119020500774_1.html |title=Thailand makes Siamese fighting fish national aquatic animal |last=AFP |date=5 February 2019 |website=Business Standard India |access-date=29 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{TGO}}<!--Togo--> || [[Lion]] (''national animal'')|| ''Panthera leo'' || [[File:Lion d'Afrique.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref name="BioSci"/> |- | rowspan="2" |{{TTO}} |[[Scarlet ibis]] (''national bird'') ||''Eudocimus ruber'' || [[File:Scarlet ibis arp.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref name="T&T gov">{{cite web |url=http://www.foreign.gov.tt/about_trinidad/national_bird/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100731081745/http://www.foreign.gov.tt/about_trinidad/national_bird/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2010-07-31 |title=National Bird |publisher=[[Minister of Foreign Affairs (Trinidad and Tobago)|Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Communications]] |date=31 July 2010 |access-date=11 November 2023}}</ref> |- |[[Rufous-vented chachalaca|Cocrico]] (''national bird'', Tobago) |''Ortalis ruficauda'' |[[File:Rufous-vented Chachalaca (Ortalis ruficauda) (4090120788).jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref name="T&T gov" /> |- | rowspan="3" |{{TUR}} |[[Gray wolf]] (''national animal'') |''Canis lupus'' |[[File:Front view of a resting Canis lupus ssp.jpg|150px|center]] |<ref>Murat Arman, "The Sources of Banality In Transforming Turkish Nationalism", ''CEU Political Science Journal'', issue: 2 (2007), p. 136.</ref> |- |[[Kangal Shepherd Dog]] (''national dog'') |''Canis familiaris'' |[[File:Kangal front on.jpg|150px|center]] |<ref>{{cite web | title=United Kennel Club: Kangal Dog | url=http://www.ukcdogs.com/Web.nsf/Breeds/KangalDog | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411064908/http://www.ukcdogs.com/Web.nsf/Breeds/KangalDog | archive-date=11 April 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=US researchers hope more assertive, foreign dog breeds can protect livestock from wolves and bears |url=http://www.pri.org/stories/2015-05-07/us-researchers-hope-more-assertive-foreign-dog-breeds-can-protect-livestock |website=Pri.org |date=6 May 2015 |access-date=11 December 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Breed standard |url=http://www.cepib.org.rs/wp-en/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/kangalbreed.pdf |website=Cepib.org.rs|access-date=26 December 2012}}</ref> |- |[[Turkish Angora]] (''national cat'') |''Felis catus'' |[[File:Turkish Angora Odd-Eyed.jpg|150px|center]] |<ref>{{Cite news |title=ARTS-CULTURE - The white beauty of Ankara: Ankara Cat|work=Hürriyet Daily News {{!}} LEADING NEWS SOURCE FOR TURKEY AND THE REGION |url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat.aspx?pageID=438&n=the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat-2001-10-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220084317/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat.aspx?pageID=438&n=the-white-beauty-of-ankara-ankara-cat-2001-10-14 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref> |- |{{TKM}} |[[Akhal-Teke]] (''national horse'') |''Equus caballus'' |[[File:Ikon- Golden Akhal Teke-Stallion.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 January 2026 |title=The Ahal-Teke horse is a symbol of the year and national pride for Turkmenistan | |url=https://turkmenistaninfo.gov.tm/en/news/akhaltekinskii-skakun}}</ref> |- |- id="U" | rowspan="2" |{{UGA}} || [[Grey crowned crane]] (''national bird'')|| ''Balearica regulorum'' ||[[File:Balearica_regulorum_001.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gou.go.ug/about-uganda/sector/national-symbols |title=National Symbols |website=www.gou.go.ug |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109114536/https://www.gou.go.ug/about-uganda/sector/national-symbols |archive-date=9 November 2019 |url-status=dead |access-date=28 December 2019}}</ref> |- | [[Ugandan kob]] (''national animal'')|| ''Kobus kob thomasi'' ||[[File:Uganda-Kob.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://loverowan.org/ugandas-national-animal-uganda-kob/ |title=Uganda's National Animal – Uganda Kob |website=loverowan.org |access-date=30 June 2026}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2"|{{UKR}} |[[Common nightingale]] (''national bird'') |''Luscinia megarhynchos'' |[[File:Luscinia megarhynchos Istria 01.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 Feburary 2022 |title=Nightingales, Kobzar Taras and our Ukrainian family |url=https://www.birdlife.org/news/2022/02/26/nightingales-kobzar-taras-and-our-ukrainian-family/}}</ref> |- | [[White stork]] (''national bird'')|| ''Ciconia ciconia'' || [[File:Ringed white stork.jpg|120px]] ||<ref>{{cite web|title=Ukrainian animal and bird symbols |url=http://proudofukraine.com/ukrainian-animal-and-bird-symbols/|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{UAE}} || [[Saker falcon]] (''national bird'')||''Falco cherrug'' ||[[File:Falco cherrug (Marek Szczepanek).jpg|175px|center]] || <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2023 |title=Discover all about Falconry |url=https://www.visitdubai.com/en/articles/falconry-experiences |website=Visit Dubai |publisher=Dubai Department of Economy and Tourism |quote=the UAE is the premier world centre for falconry – the falcon is, after all, the country's national bird |access-date=2023-11-26}}</ref> |- |[[Arabian oryx]] (''national animal'')||''Oryx leucoryx'' ||[[File:Arabian oryx (oryx leucoryx).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |title=Arabia's Wildlife Centre |url=https://www.visitsharjah.com/en/activities/wildlife/arabias-wildlife-centre/ |website=Visit Sharjah |publisher=Sharjah Commerce & Tourism Development Authority |quote=Located in Sharjah Desert Park, Arabia's Wildlife Centre hosts several animals, including the Arabian Oryx, the UAE's national animal, and the Arabian leopard, the region's famous big cat.}}</ref> |- | rowspan="7" |{{UK}} |[[Bulldog]] (''[[United Kingdom|Britain]] as "British Bulldog"'') ||''Canis familiaris'' ||[[File:Clyde The Bulldog.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |title=The British Bulldog |url=http://www.londondogforum.co.uk/the-british-bulldog-c428.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811210701/http://www.londondogforum.co.uk/the-british-bulldog-c428.html |archive-date=2014-08-11 |url-status=dead |access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref> |- |[[Lion]] (''[[Royal Arms of England|England]]'') ||''Panthera leo'' ||[[File:020 The lion king Snyggve in the Serengeti National Park Photo by Giles Laurent.jpg|175px|center]]||<ref name="Garai73">{{Cite book |last=Garai |first=Jana |title=The Book of Symbols |year=1973 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-671-21773-0 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/bookofsymbols0000gara}}</ref><ref name="project">{{cite web |url=http://projectbritain.com/symbols.html |title=What images are associated with England? |publisher=projectbritain.com |access-date=2010-09-22 |archive-date=2019-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111023007/http://projectbritain.com/symbols.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |[[Red kite]] (''[[Wales]]'') ||''Milvus milvus'' ||[[File:Milvus milvus R(ThKraft).jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="visitwalesNatSym">{{cite web |title=National symbols of Wales |url=http://www.visitwales.com/explore/traditions-history/national-symbols |website=visitwales.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428202513/http://www.visitwales.com/explore/traditions-history/national-symbols |archive-date=28 April 2015 |url-status=dead |access-date=1 August 2014}}</ref> |- |[[Unicorn]] (''[[Scotland]]'') ||style="background:#ccc;"|'''Mythical''' ||[[File:Oftheunicorn.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref name="globalpost.com">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=esV0hccod0kC&pg=PA77 |title=Lion and Gazelle: The Mammals and Birds of Iran |last=Humphreys |first=Patrick|date=15 March 1999 |publisher=I.B.Tauris, 1999|isbn=978-1-86064-229-6 |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/national-animals-legendary-extinct-imaginary/story?id=20170452#2 |title=National Animals: The Legendary, Extinct and Imaginary-2 of 9 |publisher=abcnews.go.com |access-date=2014-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/heritage/scottish-fact-of-the-week-scotland-s-official-animal-the-unicorn-1-2564399 |title=Scottish fact of the week: Scotland's official animal, the Unicorn |publisher=scotsman.com |access-date=2014-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scottish-at-heart.com/unicorn-of-scotland.html |title=The Mystical Unicorn Of Scotland |publisher=scottish-at-heart.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921001638/http://www.scottish-at-heart.com/unicorn-of-scotland.html |archive-date=21 September 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=2014-10-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://unrealfacts.com/scotlands-national-animal-is-a-unicorn/ |title=Scotland's National Animal Is A Unicorn |publisher=sunrealfacts.com |date=4 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006090440/http://unrealfacts.com/scotlands-national-animal-is-a-unicorn/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |url-status=dead |access-date=2014-10-03}}</ref> |- |[[Y Ddraig Goch]] (''The Red Dragon of [[Wales]]'') ||style="background:#ccc;"|'''Mythical''' ||[[File:Welsh Dragon (Y Ddraig Goch).svg|175px|center]] ||<ref name=visitwalesNatSym/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Lifestyle/national-animals-legendary-extinct-imaginary/story?id=20170452#2 |title=National Animals: The Legendary, Extinct and Imaginary-7 of 9 |publisher=abcnews.go.com |access-date=2014-10-03}}</ref> |- |[[Irish Elk]] (''[[Northern Ireland]]'') ||''Megaloceros giganteus'' ||[[File:MNP - Megaceros.jpg|175px|center]] || <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jfrWCQAAQBAJ&dq=%22national+animal+%22%22northern+ireland%22&pg=PA487|title=The Complete Guide to National Symbols and Emblems [2 volumes]|first=James B.|last=Minahan|date=23 December 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=9780313344978 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sirgordonbennett.com/gordons-bugle/british-national-symbols/|title=British National Symbols|website=Sir Gordon Bennett|access-date=2026-08-24|archive-date=2024-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212042218/https://www.sirgordonbennett.com/gordons-bugle/british-national-symbols/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |[[Red deer]] (''[[Northern Ireland]]'')||''Cervus elaphus'' || [[File:Rothirsch.jpg|frameless|163x163px]]||<ref>{{cite web|title=Irish National Animal|url=https://einfon.com/nationalsymbols/national-animal-of-ireland/|publisher=Country glossary|access-date=22 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182228/https://einfon.com/nationalsymbols/national-animal-of-ireland/|archive-date=22 March 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |{{USA}} || [[Bald eagle]] (''national bird'')||''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'' ||[[File:Haliaeetus leucocephalus.jpeg|175px|center]] || <ref>{{Cite journal |title=The American Bald Eagle |url=https://www.va.gov/opa/publications/celebrate/eagle.pdf |journal=United States Department of Veterans Affairs}}</ref> |- |[[American bison]] (''national mammal'')||''Bison bison'' ||[[File:American bison k5680-1.jpg|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bison Bellows: America's New National Mammal (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/articles/bison-bellows-5-12-16.htm |website=www.nps.gov |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref> |- id="V" |{{VEN}} || [[Venezuelan troupial]] (''national bird'')|| ''Icterus icterus'' || [[File:Curacao-Icterus-Icterus-2013.JPG|150px]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minci.gob.ve/efemerides-el-turpial-es-declarado-ave-nacional-en-1958 | title=EFEMÉRIDES &#124; el Turpial es declarado Ave Nacional en 1958 | date=23 May 2018 |archive-date=18 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818113600/http://www.minci.gob.ve/efemerides-el-turpial-es-declarado-ave-nacional-en-1958/ | url-status=dead |access-date=10 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vtv.gob.ve/articulos/2016/05/23/23-de-mayo-declaracion-de-la-orquidea-y-el-turpial-como-simbolos-nacionales-4035.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525164420/http://www.vtv.gob.ve/articulos/2016/05/23/23-de-mayo-declaracion-de-la-orquidea-y-el-turpial-como-simbolos-nacionales-4035.html |archive-date=2016-05-25 |title=23 de Mayo: Declaración de la Orquídea y el Turpial como Símbolos Nacionales — Venezolana de Televisión}}</ref> |- |{{VNM}} || [[Water buffalo]] (''national animal'')|| ''Bubalus bubalis'' || [[File:BinhQuoiWaterBuffalo Jun2005.jpg|150px|center]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tubudd.com/blog/vietnam-national-animal | title=What Is Vietnam's National Animal and Why Does It Matter?| date=23 Nov 2025}}</ref> |- id="Y" |{{YEM}} |[[Arabian leopard]] (''national animal'') |''Panthera pardus nimr'' |[[File:PikiWiki Israel 14861 judean desert leopard cropped.JPG|175px|center]] ||<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2025 |title=Arabian Leopard | IUCN CatSG |url=https://www.catsg.org/arabianleopard}}</ref> |- |- id="Z" | rowspan="2"|{{ZIM}} ||[[Sable antelope]] (''national animal'') || ''Hippotragus niger'' || [[File:Sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) adult male.jpg|150px]] || <ref name="Zimbabwe">{{cite web |title=Zimbabwe State Symbols, Songs, Flags, and More |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/zimbabwe/zwsymbols.htm |website=Worldatlas.com |access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref> |- | [[African fish eagle]] (''national bird'') || ''Haliaeetus vocifer'' || [[File:African Fish Eagle AdF.jpg|150px]] || <ref name="Zimbabwe"/> |} {{Compact TOC|name=no|primary=no|w=|x=|}} == References == *{{Cite web|date=2019-03-05|title=Sierra Leone News: Chimpanzee declared national icon|url=https://awokonewspaper.sl/sierra-leone-news-chimpanzee-declared-national-icon/|access-date=2025-02-12|website=Awoko Newspaper|language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:national animals, List of }} [[Category:Lists of animals]] [[Category:Geography-related lists]] [[Category:Lists by country]] [[Category:National coats of arms]] dyoi4e9opdlljomznln3t7puqulk1gc 0 385267 11024510 10962086 2026-10-09T08:21:57Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024510 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Volaris''' is a Mexican [[low-cost airline]]. +'''1-877-370-5518''' The airline is based in [[Mexico City]]. Its largest [[airline hub]] is at [[General Abelardo L. Rodríguez International Airport]] in [[Tijuana]]. discrimina airline ==History== Volaris was founded in 2005.<ref name="SEC">{{cite web|title=Form F-1 REGISTRATION STATEMENT UNDER THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1933 "Controladora Vuela Compañía de Aviación, S.A.B. de C.V. / Volaris Aviation Holding Company |url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1520504/000119312513249249/d500205df1.htm|publisher=Securities and Exchange Commission|accessdate=July 21, 2020}}</ref> [[TACA Airlines]] and [[Televisa]] were among the initial [[Shareholder|shareholders]]. In 2009, the airline started flying from [[Mexico]] to airports in the [[USA]] after it began an agreement with [[Southwest Airlines]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/business/2010/10/28/Southwest-Airlines-Mexican-carrier-Volaris-6612|title=Southwest Airlines, Mexican carrier Volaris to launch partnership Dec. 1|date=28 October 2010|website=Dallas News}}</ref> When [[Mexicana de Aviacion]] stopped flying in August 2010, Volaris took over their slots at the [[Mexico City International Airport]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/volaris-eyes-mexico-city-slots-looks-to-fill-mexicana39s-346458/|title=Volaris eyes Mexico City slots, looks to fill Mexicana's void|first=Brendan|last=Sobie|date=23 August 2010|website=Flightglobal.com}}</ref> Southwest and Volaris stopped their agreement in [[2013]]. <ref>Visit [https://www.farecopy.com/volaris-airlines Volaris Airlines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612112527/https://www.farecopy.com/volaris-airlines |date=2023-06-12 }}</ref> In 2015, Volaris started going to [[Guatemala City|Guatemala City, Guatemala]], [[San Juan, Puerto Rico]] and [[San José, Costa Rica]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.elfinancierocr.com/negocios/aerolinea-volaris-inicia-operaciones-en-costa-rica-con-dos-nuevas-rutas-a-mexico/KJMN3K6CYRH73MKUYFNDYSZN4E/story/|title=Aerolínea Volaris inicia operaciones en Costa Rica con dos nuevas rutas a México|first=Evelyn Fernández|last=Mora|website=El Financiero, Grupo Nación}}</ref> In 2019, Volaris became [[Mexico|Mexico's]] largest airline in terms of [[market share]], partly because it offered lower prices. It passed [[Aeroméxico]].<ref name="Market">{{cite news|url=https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/volaris-no-1-airline-in-mexico-for-market-share/|publisher=Mexico News Daily|accessdate=July 21, 2020|date=October 26, 2019|title=Volaris is now No. 1 airline in Mexico for market share|author=}}</ref> ==Gallery== <gallery> File:Volaris Logo.jpg|The Volaris logo File:MMMX1.JPG|Volaris check-in counters File:N520VL (14309112194).jpg|A Volaris [[A320]] about to land at [[Los Angeles International Airport|Los Angeles]] </gallery> {{multistub|transport|North-America}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:2005 establishments in Mexico]] [[Category:Airlines of Mexico]] [[Category:Low-cost airlines]] [[Category:Mexico City]] 7bkilgyf4sxkncf42ykavvw49p36utg 0 389448 11024329 10905992 2026-10-09T03:35:02Z Stephan1000000 430706 num_seasons = 26 | num_episodes = 545 11024329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = Law-&-Order-Logo.svg | caption = | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Police procedural]] * [[Legal drama]] * [[Mystery fiction|Mystery]] }} | creator = [[Dick Wolf]] | developer = | writer = | director = | creative_director = | presenter = | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[George Dzundza]] * [[Chris Noth]] * [[Dann Florek]] * [[Michael Moriarty]] * [[Richard Brooks (actor)|Richard Brooks]] * [[Steven Hill]] * [[Paul Sorvino]] * [[Carolyn McCormick]] * [[Jerry Orbach]] * [[S. Epatha Merkerson]] * [[Jill Hennessy]] * [[Sam Waterston]] * [[Benjamin Bratt]] * [[Carey Lowell]] * [[Angie Harmon]] * [[Jesse L. Martin]] * [[Dianne Wiest]] * [[Elisabeth Röhm]] * [[Fred Thompson|Fred Dalton Thompson]] * [[Dennis Farina]] * [[Annie Parisse]] * [[Michael Imperioli]] * [[Milena Govich]] * [[Alana de la Garza]] * [[Jeremy Sisto]] * [[Linus Roache]] * [[Anthony Anderson]] * [[Jeffrey Donovan]] * [[Hugh Dancy]] * [[Camryn Manheim]] * [[Odelya Halevi]] * [[Mechad Brooks]] }} | theme_music_composer = [[Mike Post]] | opentheme = ''Theme of Law & Order'' | endtheme = | composer = | country = [[United States]] | language = English | num_seasons = 26 | num_episodes = 545 | list_episodes = | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Dick Wolf * [[Joseph Stern]] (1990–1993) * [[Edwin Sherin|Ed Sherin]] (1993–2000) * [[Walon Green]] (1993–94, 2004–06) * [[Michael S. Chernuchin]] (1994–96, 2002–04) * [[René Balcer]] (1996–2000, 2008–10) * [[William M. Finkelstein]] (2000–01) * [[Arthur Penn]] (2000–01) * [[Peter Jankowski]] (2001–present) * Barry Schindel (2001–02) * [[Matthew Penn]] (2003–07) * [[Nicholas Wootton]] (2005–07) * Fred Berner (2008–10) * Rick Eid (2022–present) * Arthur W. Forney (2022–present) }} | producer = {{Plainlist|Showrunners * Lorenzo Carcaterra (2003–04) * [[Aaron Zelman]] (2003–04) * [[Nick Santora]] (2004–05) * [[Elle Johnson|Lois Johnson]] (2004–05) * Greg Plageman (2005–06) * Christopher Ambrose (2008–10)}} | editor = | location = [[New York City]] | cinematography = | camera = Panaflex Cameras | runtime = 40–48 minutes | company = {{Plainlist| * [[Wolf Entertainment]] * [[Universal Television]]<br />(1990–98, 2022–present)<br />(seasons 1–8, 21–present) * [[Studios USA]]<br />(1998–2002)<br />(seasons 9–12) * Universal Network Television<br />(2002–04)<br />(seasons 13–14) * NBC Universal Television Studio<br />(2004–07)<br />(seasons 15–17) * Universal Media Studios<br />(2008–10)<br />(seasons 18–20) }} | channel = [[NBC]] | first_aired = {{Start date|1990|9|13}} | last_aired = {{End date|2010|5|24}} | first_aired2 = {{Start date|2022|2|24}} | last_aired2 = present | related = [[Law & Order (franchise)|''Law & Order'' franchise]] }} '''''Law & Order''''' is an [[United States|American]] television show and it originally aired on [[NBC]] from September 13, 1990 to May 24, 2010. It is a [[police procedural]] and legal [[drama]]. It's the longest [[primetime]] crime drama show in America. Season 0 (Pre-1) (Pilot) could've been aired in 1988. A revival was aired in 2022. Many of the crimes in the episodes were "ripped from the headlines", meaning they were based on crimes that really happened. Episodes of the show were usually split into two parts. The first part would show the crime, the police looking for the [[suspect]] (the person they think did the crime), and the suspect being arrested. This is the "Law" part. The second part, the "Order" part, would show the trial and whether or not the suspect did the crime. == Cast == * [[George Dzundza]] as Max Greevey * [[Chris Noth]] as Mike Logan * [[Dann Florek]] as Donald Cragen * [[Michael Moriarty]] as Ben Stone * [[Richard Brooks (actor)|Richard Brooks]] as Paul Robinette * [[Steven Hill]] as Adam Schiff * [[Paul Sorvino]] as Phil Cerreta * [[Jerry Orbach]] as Lennie Briscoe * [[Carolyn McCormick]] as Dr. Elizabeth Olivet * [[S. Epatha Merkerson]] as Anita Van Buren * [[Jill Hennessy]] as Claire Kincaid * [[Sam Waterston]] as Jack McCoy * [[Benjamin Bratt]] as Rey Curtis * [[Carey Lowell]] as Jamie Ross * [[Angie Harmon]] as Abbie Carmichael * [[Jesse L. Martin]] as Ed Green * [[Dianne Wiest]] as Nora Lewin * [[Elisabeth Rohm]] as Serena Southerlyn * [[Fred Thompson|Fred Dalton Thompson]] as Arthur Branch * [[Dennis Farina]] as Joe Fontana * [[Michael Imperioli]] as Nick Falco * [[Annie Parisse]] as Alexandra Borgia * [[Milena Govich]] as Nina Cassidy * [[Alana de la Garza]] as Connie Rubirosa * [[Jeremy Sisto]] as Cyrus Lupo * [[Linus Roache]] as Michael Cutter * [[Anthony Anderson]] as Kevin Bernard * [[Jeremy Donovan]] as Frank Cosgrove * [[Camryn Manheim]] as Kate Dixon * [[Hugh Dancy]] as Nolan Price * [[Odelya Halevi]] as Samantha Maroun * [[Mechad Brooks]] as Jalen Shaw {{TV-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Law and Order}} [[Category:1990 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2010 American television series endings]] [[Category:1990s American crime drama television series]] [[Category:2000s American crime drama television series]] [[Category:2010s American crime drama television series]] [[Category:2020s American crime drama television series]] [[Category:American crime drama television series]] [[Category:Legal drama television series]] [[Category:American mystery television series]] [[Category:NBC network series]] [[Category:Television series set in New York City]] [[Category:2022 American television series debuts]] [[Category:American English-language television shows]] 9j4r4asqunq01het1bauvkmi6lpdrmy 0 391109 11024424 9591808 2026-10-09T05:42:02Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 1857216 /* */ 11024424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Taxobox | name = ''Mycoplasma'' | image = M. haemofelis IP2011.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Mycoplasma haemofelis]]'' | regnum = [[Bacteria]] | phylum = [[Firmicutes]] | classis = [[Mollicutes]] | ordo = [[Mycoplasmataceae|Mycoplasmatales]] | familia = [[Mycoplasmataceae]] | genus = '''''Mycoplasma''''' | genus_authority = [[Julian Nowak|Nowak]] 1929 | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = over 100 species}} '''''Mycoplasma''''' is a [[genus]] of [[bacteria]]. They do not have a [[cell wall]] around their [[cell membrane]].<ref name="Sherris">{{cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00kjry|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=0-8385-8529-9|edition=4th|pages=[https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi00kjry/page/n426 409]–12}}</ref> They are [[gram-negative]], and need [[sterol]]s such as [[cholesterol]] for growth. Many common [[antibiotics]] such as [[penicillin]] that target cell walls do not affect mycoplasma. ''Mycoplasma'' are the smallest bacterial cells yet discovered.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cu-Uvin|first=Susan|date=April 2010|editor-last=Sweet|editor-first=Richard L.|editor2-last=Gibbs|editor2-first=Ronald S.|title=Book Review Infectious Diseases of the Female Genital Tract, Fifth Edition Edited by Richard L. Sweet and Ronald S. Gibbs Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Williams, 2009 . 469 pp $139.00 (hardcover).|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article-lookup/doi/10.1086/651111|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=50|issue=7|pages=1076|doi=10.1086/651111|issn=1058-4838}}</ref> They are typically about 0.1 [[µm]] in diameter. Many species are [[parasitic]], [[pathogen]]ic or [[saprophyte|saprophytic]], and can survive without [[oxygen]]. In humans, ''[[Mycoplasma genitalium|M. genitalium]]'' causes [[urethra|urethritis]], and ''[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae|M. pneumoniae]]'' is a common cause of [[pneumonia]]. Some live as saprophytes but the majority are parasites of plants and animals. The parasitic nature is due to the inability of mycoplasmal bacteria to synthesise the required growth factor. == References == {{reflist}} {{-}} {{Bacterial cutaneous infections}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q210975}} {{Authority control}} [[category:Gram-negative bacteria]] {{biology-stub}} 0v33to2g0lipxs0gb19qe3jk5mfh8c1 0 401237 11024107 11020832 2026-10-08T20:32:29Z ~2026-54350-92 1886650 /* */ 11024107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}} {{Infobox film | name = Transformers: Age of Extinction | image = Transformers 2014 logo.png | caption = Official Logo | director = [[Michael Bay]] | producer = {{Plainlist|<!-- According to film order --> * Lorenzo di Bonaventura * [[Tom DeSanto]] * Don Murphy * Ian Bryce }} | writer = Ehren Kruger | based_on = {{Based on|[[Hasbro]]'s ''[[Transformers]]'' action figures}}<!-- Full credits in the film: "Based on Hasbro's Transformers™ Action Figures"--> | starring = {{Plainlist|<!-- Per poster billing --> * [[Mark Wahlberg]] * [[Stanley Tucci]] }} | music = [[Steve Jablonsky]] | runtime = 165 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfw2005.com/transformers-news/transformers-movie-just-movie-31/transformers-4-age-of-extinction-official-classification-running-time-revealed-180430/ |title=Transformers 4 Age Of Extinction Official Classification & Running Time Revealed&nbsp;— Transformers News |publisher=TFW2005 |date=June 20, 2014 |accessdate=July 13, 2014 | quote=Approved Running time 164m 54s}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/transformers-age-of-extinction-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc00nzc5mte | title=''TRANSFORMERS: AGE OF EXTINCTION'' (12A) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=June 19, 2014 | quote=Approved Running time 164m 54s | access-date=October 10, 2020 | archive-date=October 26, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026224149/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/transformers-age-extinction-film-0 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | cinematography = Amir Mokri | editing = {{Plainlist|<!-- According to film order --> * William Goldenberg * Roger Barton * Paul Rubell }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Paramount Pictures]]<ref name="Filmaffinity">{{cite web |title=Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) |url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/en/film474972.html |website=[[Filmaffinity]] |access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref><ref name="SDreview">{{cite web |last=Marsh |first=James |title=Transformers: Age of Extinction {{!}} Reviews |url=https://www.screendaily.com/transformers-age-of-extinction/5073412.article |website=[[Screen Daily]] |access-date=10 August 2024 |date=22 June 2014}}</ref> * [[Hasbro]]<ref name="Filmaffinity"/> * di Bonaventura Pictures<ref name="Filmaffinity"/> * China Movie Channel<ref name="Filmaffinity"/><ref name="SDreview"/> * Jiaflix Enterprises<ref name="SDreview"/> }} | distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]] | released = <!-- See [[WP:FILMRELEASE]] before editing -->{{Film date|2014|6|19|[[Hong Kong]]|2014|6|27|United States}} | country = {{Plainlist| *United States<ref name="SDreview" /><ref name="SCMPProductionCountries">{{Cite web |url=https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/entertainment/article/3151216/us-china-co-production-transformers-age-extinction-its-hong |title=US-China co-production Transformers: Age of Extinction, with its Hong Kong scenes and Chinese character, made more money in China than in the US |date=October 8, 2021 |website=[[South China Morning Post]] |last=Glasby |first=Matt |access-date=March 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="BFI">{{Cite web |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/film/46ff45af-9718-5813-9d7f-f21633a97ae6/transformers-age-of-extinction |title=Transformers Age of Extinction (2014) |website=[[British Film Institute]] |access-date=March 29, 2026}}</ref> *China<ref name="SDreview" /><ref name="SCMPProductionCountries" /><ref name="BFI" /> }} | language = English | budget = $210 million<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo">{{cite web |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=transformers4.htm |title=Transformers: Age of Extinction (2014) |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=October 22, 2014 |archive-date=May 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528102332/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=transformers4.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> | gross = $1.105 billion<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transformers: Age of Extinction |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt2109248/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Box Office Mojo |archive-date=November 2, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102172334/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt2109248/ |url-status=live }}</ref> }} '''''Transformers: Age of Extinction''''' is a 2014 American [[science fiction movie|science fiction]] [[action movie]] based on [[Hasbro]]'s ''[[Transformers (toy line)|Transformers]]'' [[toy]] line. It is the sequel to ''[[Transformers: Dark of the Moon]]'' (2011) and the fourth installment in the ''Transformers'' movie series. Like its predecessor, the movie was directed by [[Michael Bay]] and written by Ehren Kruger. It stars [[Mark Wahlberg]] and [[Stanley Tucci]], with [[Kelsey Grammer]], [[Nicola Peltz]], Jack Reynor, Sophia Myles, Bingbing Li, [[Titus Welliver]], and [[T.J. Miller]] in supporting roles. It does not feature the original human cast from the previous three films, instead introducing a new human cast as well as new Transformers, including the Dinobots. In the movie, inventor Cade Yeager teams up with [[Optimus Prime]] and the surviving Autobots to investigate a manhunt involving Transformers for their hostility. The movie was released in the United States on June 27, 2014, by [[Paramount Pictures]].<ref>{{cite web |date= March 12, 2014 |first= Germain |last= Lussier |title= 'Transformers 4' IMAX Poster: Giant Robots On the Giant Screen |publisher= [[/Film]] |url= https://www.slashfilm.com/transformers-4-imax-poster/ |access-date= March 20, 2014 |archive-date= March 18, 2014 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140318003749/http://www.slashfilm.com/transformers-4-imax-poster/ |url-status= live }}</ref> It received negative reviews from critics, criticizing its pacing, runtime, direction, plot, and dialogue.<!-- [[WP:FILMLEDE]] All claims must be clearly supported by the Critical response section. --> The movie was a box office success, grossing $1.105 billion worldwide against a $210 million production budget, making it the highest-grossing film of 2014, the only film in 2014 to gross over $1 billion, and the [[List of highest-grossing films|<!--This is the PEAK POSITION the film achieved NOT the CURRENT. Please do NOT adjust!-->tenth-<!--This is the PEAK POSITION the film achieved NOT the CURRENT. Please do NOT adjust! -->highest-grossing film of all time]] at the time of its release. It was followed by a sequel, ''[[Transformers: The Last Knight]]'' in 2017. ==Plot== Four years after an invasion that tore [[Chicago]] apart, a mechanic and his daughter discover [[Optimus Prime]], which brings down all the Autobots, Decepticons, and a paranoid government agency upon them. ==Cast== ===Humans=== * [[Mark Wahlberg]] - Cade Yeager. A single father and inventor.<ref name="Wahlberg" /> * [[Nicola Peltz]] - Tessa Yeager. Cade's daughter.<ref name="Peltz" /><ref name="THRHotYoung" /> * Jack Reynor - Shane Dyson. Tessa's boyfriend and [[Auto racing|race car driver]].<ref name="THRHotYoung" /><ref name="Reynor" /> ===Antagonists=== * [[Kelsey Grammer]] - Harold Attinger. Government official.<ref name="deadline" /> * [[Stanley Tucci]] - Joshua. Designer who wants to build his own robots.<ref name="comingsoon" /> * [[Titus Welliver]] - Savoy. Leader of the team of agents hired by Attinger.<ref name="Titus Welliver" /> ==Transformers== === Autobots === * [[Peter Cullen]] - [[Optimus Prime]], the leader of the Autobots. [[Semi-trailer truck]].<ref name="Cullen" /><ref name="Comicbook.com" /> * [[Robert Foxworth]] - Ratchet, the Autobots' medical officer. * [[John Goodman]] - Hound, an Autobot commando.<ref name="Comicbook.com" /> * [[John DiMaggio]] - Crosshairs, an Autobot paratrooper.<ref name="Comicbook.com" /> * [[Ken Watanabe]] - Drift, an Autobot tactician , former Decepticon.<ref name="Comicbook.com" /><ref name="Character Bios" /><ref name="MichaelBay" /> * Reno Wilson voices Brains, a Decepticon drone turned Auto. === Decepticons === * [[Frank Welker]] - Galvatron, A human-made Transforme. Decepticon leader.<ref name="Character Bios" /><ref name="MichaelBay" /><ref name="Screenrant.com"/><ref name="Cinema Blend" /> * Mark Ryan - Lockdown. A Decepticon [[bounty hunter]].<ref name="Comicbook.com" /><ref name="Character Bios" /> ==Production== ===Filming=== [[File:Michael_Bay_filming.jpg|right|thumb|[[Michael Bay]] filming ''Transformers: Age of Extinction''; actresses Abigail Klein, Melanie Specht and Victoria Summer are walking in a corridor.]] Bay said that filming had begun on May 28, 2013, in Monument Valley, [[Utah]]. [[Detroit]], was used for scenes in [[Hong Kong]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Williams|first=Candice|date=August 9, 2013|title='Transformers 4' ends filming in downtown Detroit with one last glimpse for fans|newspaper=[[The Detroit News]]|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130809/METRO01/308090132/1032/ent/-Transformers-4-ends-filming-downtown-Detroit-one-last-glimpse-fans|access-date=January 9, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927130227/http://www.detroitnews.com/article/20130809/METRO01/308090132/1032/ent/-Transformers-4-ends-filming-downtown-Detroit-one-last-glimpse-fans|archive-date=September 27, 2013}}</ref> [[McCormick Place]] in [[Chicago]], was used for a city in [[China]].<ref>{{cite news|date=August 21, 2013|title=Photos: ''Transformers 4'' Filming in Chicago|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|url=http://galleries.apps.chicagotribune.com/chi-130823-transformers-films-in-chicago-pictures/|access-date=August 25, 2013}}</ref> The movie was the first movie to be shot using smaller [[IMAX#IMAX/Phantom 3D digital camera|digital IMAX 3D cameras]].<ref name="colliderTucciImax" /> From May 28 to June 24, 2013, Michael Bay uploaded pictures of several cars used in the movie. He uploaded them to [[Social media|social networks]] including [[Facebook]] and [[Flickr]]. On October 29, Michael Bay's [[Twitter]] account tweeted that main [[photography]] of ''Transformers 4'' had ended in [[Hong Kong]]<ref>{{Cite tweet|title=Thanks #hongkong Now on to #China #Transformers4 #tf4 #transformers #michaelbay|url=https://twitter.com/michaelbay/status/395000781440827392|last=Bay|first=Michael|user=michaelbay|number=395000781440827392|date=October 28, 2013|access-date=August 31, 2021}}</ref> The cast and crew went to the main land for another week of filming<ref>{{cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/transformers-4-cast-tj-miller-autobots-drift-slingshot-corvette-stingray-bugatti-vitesse/|title='Transformers 4′: New Optimus Prime, Two New Autobots; T.J. Miller Joins Cast|publisher=Screenrant.com|date=June 27, 2013|access-date=August 25, 2013}}</ref> Additional filming in Detroit began in early 2014. ===Music=== Ehren Kruger wrote the script and Steve Jablonsky wrote the music the movie. ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist|1|refs= <ref name="Character Bios">{{cite web|url=http://www.hasbro.com/transformers/en_US/bots.cfm|title=Transformers Bios|publisher=Hasbro.com|date=April 21, 2014|accessdate=April 21, 2014|archive-date=June 16, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140616061608/http://www.hasbro.com/transformers/en_US/bots.cfm|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Cinema Blend">{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemablend.com/new/Transformers-Age-Extinction-CinemaCon-Footage-Brings-Dinosaurs-Explosions-More-42240.html|title=Transformers: Age Of Extinction CinemaCon Footage Brings Dinosaurs, Explosions And More|last=Eisenberg|first=Eric|publisher=Cinemablend.com|date=March 24, 2014|accessdate=March 25, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="colliderTucciImax">{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/transformers-4-imax-digital-camera-michael-bay/ |title=Exclusive: Michael Bay Reveals TRANSFORMERS 4 Will Shoot the 'Showcase Scenes' With the New IMAX 3D Digital Camera |publisher=Collider.com |date=2013-04-17 |access-date=2014-07-13}}</ref> <ref name="Comicbook.com">{{cite web|url=http://comicbook.com/blog/2014/02/02/transformers-age-of-extinction-super-bowl-trailer-preview/|title=Transformers: Age of Extinction Super Bowl Trailer Preview|last=Lovett|first=James|publisher=Comicbook.com|date=February 2, 2014|accessdate=February 4, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="comingsoon">{{Cite web |url=http://www.comingsoon.net/news/cinemaconnews.php?id=103034 |title=CinemaCon: Stanley Tucci Joins Transformers 4 |access-date=2014-05-23 |archive-date=2014-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705195409/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/cinemaconnews.php?id=103034 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Cullen">{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/09/22/peter-cullen-back-as-optimus-for-transformers-4|title=Peter Cullen Back as Optimus for Transformers 4|last=Collura|first=Scott|publisher=IGN|date=September 21, 2012|accessdate=February 3, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="deadline">[http://www.deadline.com/2013/05/kelsey-grammer-lands-lead-human-villain-in-transformers-sequel/ Kelsey Grammer Lands Lead (Human) Villain In ‘Transformers’ Sequel]</ref> <ref name="Franich">{{cite magazine|url=http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/04/02/transformers-4-china/|title=Paramount co-producing 'Transformers 4' with Chinese company|last=Franich|first=Darren|magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|date=April 2, 2013|access-date=June 10, 2014|archive-date=September 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915034424/http://insidemovies.ew.com/2013/04/02/transformers-4-china/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="MichaelBay">{{cite web|url=http://michaelbay.com/2014/05/08/john-goodman-and-ken-watanabe-join-the-autobot-voice-cast-in-michael-bays-transformers-age-of-extinction/|title=John Goodman And Ken Watanabe Join The Autobot Voice Cast in Michael Bay's 'Transformers: Age Of Extinction'|last=Bay|first=Michael|work=Michael Bay|date=May 8, 2014|accessdate=May 8, 2014|archive-date=April 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411112554/http://michaelbay.com/2014/05/08/john-goodman-and-ken-watanabe-join-the-autobot-voice-cast-in-michael-bays-transformers-age-of-extinction/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Peltz">{{cite web|url=http://www.totalfilm.com/news/transformers-4-casts-nicola-peltz-as-female-lead|title=Transformers 4 casts Nicola Peltz as female lead|last=Wales|first=George|publisher=Total Film|date=March 28, 2013|accessdate=February 3, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="Reynor">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/jack-reynor-lands-starring-role-409850|title=Jack Reynor Lands Starring Role|last=Kit|first=Borys|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|date=January 8, 2013|accessdate=February 3, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="Screenrant.com">{{cite web|url=http://screenrant.com/transformers-4-age-extinction-ny-toy-fair-2014/|title='Transformers: Age of Extinction' Toy Images Reveal New Characters|last=Vieira|first=Anthony|publisher=Screenrant.com|date=February 15, 2014|accessdate=February 15, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="slashfilm">{{cite web|url=http://www.slashfilm.com/transformers-4-imax-poster/|title='Transformers 4' IMAX Poster: Giant Robots On the Giant Screen|author=Germain Lussier|publisher=Slash Film|date=March 12, 2014|accessdate=March 20, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="THRHotYoung">{{cite web|last=Kit|first=Borys|title=Michael Bay Testing Hot Young Actors for 'Transformers 4' Leads (Exclusive)|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/michael-bay-testing-hot-young-390516|accessdate=June 25, 2013|publisher=The Hollywood Reporter|date=November 14, 2012}}</ref> <ref name="Titus Welliver">{{cite web|url=http://deadline.com/2013/07/transformers-4-adds-titus-welliver|title='Transformers 4' Adds Titus Welliver|publisher=Deadline Hollywood|date=July 24, 2013|access-date=May 23, 2014|archive-date=May 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140506001632/http://www.deadline.com/2013/07/transformers-4-adds-titus-welliver/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="Transformers 4 Running Time">{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/S4TE/statuses/472915274031955968|title=Transformers 4 Running Time|last=Bay|first=Michael|publisher=Michael Bay|date=May 31, 2014|accessdate=May 31, 2014}}</ref> <ref name="Wahlberg">{{cite web|url=http://michaelbay.com/2012/11/08/michel-bay-re-teams-with-his-pain-gain-star-mark-mark-wahlberg-for-transformers-4/|title=Michael Bay Re-Teams With His 'Pain & Gain' Star Mark Wahlberg for Transformers 4|publisher=Michael Bay.com|date=November 11, 2012|accessdate=February 3, 2014|archive-date=February 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210024506/http://michaelbay.com/2012/11/08/michel-bay-re-teams-with-his-pain-gain-star-mark-mark-wahlberg-for-transformers-4/|url-status=dead}}</ref> }}{{Transformers movie series}} [[Category:2014 action movies]] [[Category:2014 science fiction movies]] [[Category:American action movies]] [[Category:American science fiction movies]] [[Category:Movies directed by Michael Bay]] [[Category:Movies shot in Chicago]] [[Category:Movies set in Chicago]] [[Category:Chicago in fiction]] [[Category:Screenplays by Ehren Kruger]] [[Category:Transformers (movie series)]] [[Category:Movies composed by Alan Silvestri]] [[Category:Apocalyptic movies]] [[Category:Drone movies]] [[Category:2010s superhero movies]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures movies]] [[Category:Columbia Pictures movies]] [[Category:DreamWorks Pictures movies]] 39aaeq618b93lvvajjv9g6v3xq0ej7x 0 409919 11023948 11014229 2026-10-08T13:15:46Z IrisChronomia Bot 1885647 BOT (Powered by [[User:IrisChronomia|IrisChronomia]]) 11023948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game | title=WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgames! | developer=[[Nintendo R&D1]] | publisher=[[Nintendo]] | director=Hirofumi Matsuoka | producer=Takehiro Izushi | designer=Ko Takeuchi<br>Goro Abe<br>Ryutaro Takahashi | artist=Ko Takeuchi | composer=Ryoji Yoshitomi<br>Kyoko Miyamoto | series=''[[Wario (franchise)|WarioWare]]'' | platforms=[[Game Boy Advance]], [[iQue Player]], [[Virtual Console]] ([[Nintendo 3DS]], [[Wii U]]) | released='''Game Boy Advance:'''<br>{{Video game release|JP|March 21, 2003|EU|May 23, 2003|NA|May 26, 2003|AUS|June 6, 2003}}'''iQue Player:'''<br>{{Video game release|CHN|July 4, 2005}}'''Virtual Console (3DS) (Ambassador Program Release):'''<br>{{Video game release|AUS|December 15, 2011|JP|December 16, 2011|EU|December 16, 2011|NA|December 16, 2011}}'''Virtual Console (Wii U):'''<br>{{Video game release|JP|April 3, 2014|NA|April 10, 2014|EU|April 10, 2014|AUS|April 10, 2014}} | genre=[[Action game|Action]], [[Rhythm game|rhythm]] | modes=[[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]] }} '''''WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgame$!''''', released in [[Japan]] as '''''Made in Wario''''' and in [[Europe]]an regions as '''''WarioWare, Inc.: Minigame Mania''''', is an action [[video game]] for the [[Game Boy Advance]]. It was developed and published by [[Nintendo]]. It was released in Japan on March 21, 2003, in Europe on May 23, 2003, in [[North America]] on May 26, 2003, and in [[Australia]] on June 6, 2003. It is the first game in the [[Wario|''WarioWare'' series]]. In this game, players play "microgames", small [[minigame]]s that last for only a few [[Second|seconds]]. In these games, the player has to figure out what to do to complete them. They are helped by a word or phrase that appears at the beginning of the game. Games can be things such as shooting targets, selecting a [[multiple choice]] answer, or surviving until the end. Players are given four lives. If the player runs out of lives, the game ends. A remake, ''WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Party Game$!'', was released for the [[GameCube|Nintendo GameCube]] in 2003. ==Story== * Wario (Introduction) * Jimmy T. (Sports) * Mona (Joe from Melody Time wants her) (Strange) * Dribble & Spitz (Sci-fi) * 9-Volt (Nintendo) * Yellow Jimmy (Remix) * Dr. Crygor (Reality) * Kat & Ana (Nature) * Orbulon (IQ) * Red Jimmy (Remix 2) * Wario (Anything Goes) ==References== {{reflist}} {{video-game-stub}} [[Category:2003 video games]] [[Category:WarioWare]] [[Category:Action video games]] [[Category:Game Boy Advance games]] [[Category:Nintendo GameCube games]] [[Category:Nintendo Research & Development 1 games]] [[Category:Party video games]] [[Category:Video games developed in Japan]] [[Category:Virtual Console games]] [[Category:Virtual Console games for Wii U]] 310guzjxag18jlsgrarvejfq0kvvqs6 11024002 11023948 2026-10-08T14:07:42Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia Bot|IrisChronomia Bot]] ([[User talk:IrisChronomia Bot|talk]]) to last version by Garsh2 10806936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox video game | title=WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgames! | developer=[[Nintendo R&D1]] | publisher=[[Nintendo]] | director=Hirofumi Matsuoka | producer=Takehiro Izushi | designer=Ko Takeuchi<br>Goro Abe<br>Ryutaro Takahashi | artist=Ko Takeuchi | composer=Ryoji Yoshitomi<br>Kyoko Miyamoto | series=''[[Wario (franchise)|WarioWare]]'' | platforms=[[Game Boy Advance]], [[iQue Player]], [[Virtual Console]] ([[Nintendo 3DS]], [[Wii U]]) | released='''Game Boy Advance:'''<br>{{Video game release|JP|March 21, 2003|EU|May 23, 2003|NA|May 26, 2003|AUS|June 6, 2003}}'''iQue Player:'''<br>{{Video game release|CHN|July 4, 2005}}'''Virtual Console (3DS) (Ambassador Program Release):'''<br>{{Video game release|AUS|December 15, 2011|JP|December 16, 2011|EU|December 16, 2011|NA|December 16, 2011}}'''Virtual Console (Wii U):'''<br>{{Video game release|JP|April 3, 2014|NA|April 10, 2014|EU|April 10, 2014|AUS|April 10, 2014}} | genre=[[Action game|Action]], [[Rhythm game|rhythm]] | modes=[[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]] }} '''''WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Microgame$!''''', released in [[Japan]] as '''''Made in Wario''''' and in [[Europe]]an regions as '''''WarioWare, Inc.: Minigame Mania''''', is an action [[video game]] for the [[Game Boy Advance]]. It was developed and published by [[Nintendo]]. It was released in Japan on March 21, 2003, in Europe on May 23, 2003, in [[North America]] on May 26, 2003, and in [[Australia]] on June 6, 2003. It is the first game in the [[Wario|''WarioWare'' series]]. In this game, players play "microgames", small [[minigame]]s that last for only a few [[Second|seconds]]. In these games, the player has to figure out what to do to complete them. They are helped by a word or phrase that appears at the beginning of the game. Games can be things such as shooting targets, selecting a [[multiple choice]] answer, or surviving until the end. Players are given four lives. If the player runs out of lives, the game ends. A remake, ''WarioWare, Inc.: Mega Party Game$!'', was released for the [[GameCube|Nintendo GameCube]] in 2003. ==Story== * Wario (Introduction) * Jimmy T. (Sports) * Mona (Strange) * Dribble & Spitz (Sci-fi) * 9-Volt (Nintendo) * Yellow Jimmy (Remix) * Dr. Crygor (Reality) * Kat & Ana (Nature) * Orbulon (IQ) * Red Jimmy (Remix 2) * Wario (Anything Goes) ==References== {{reflist}} {{video-game-stub}} [[Category:2003 video games]] [[Category:WarioWare]] [[Category:Action video games]] [[Category:Game Boy Advance games]] [[Category:Nintendo GameCube games]] [[Category:Nintendo Research & Development 1 games]] [[Category:Party video games]] [[Category:Video games developed in Japan]] [[Category:Virtual Console games]] [[Category:Virtual Console games for Wii U]] n5jkh3mp2807f15xvkzqez5hrj48wqu 0 410445 11024344 11010077 2026-10-09T04:18:20Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024344 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Urban design''' is a subject of [[urban planning]] focusing on [[design]] of [[City|cities]] or other [[urban area]]s. Whereas [[architecture]] focuses on individual buildings, urban design is about the design of whole [[neighbourhood]]s and entire cities. It is about making them functional and attractive. There are many problems that urban design tries to fix. One of them has to do with public health. One of the most talked about issues is about how easily people can walk to where they need to go. It became a bigger issue recently, not only because of the environment, but also because of people not being very healthy. Cities with a lot of gas cars hurt people. When people live around cars that blow smoke. people start to get really sick. People's hearts will beat in a weird way and it can lead to people dying. More people die from bad air each year than from getting hit by a car. That makes people want some changes. So they go out to say to people that the cities have to change. Instead of cars, they want cities to use trains for going really far, and they want cities to use bikes or buses to go not very far. Then they want people to be able to walk to any close by places. This would help public health double by getting rid of car smoke and getting people to walk more. This can help people's hearts beat normally and not let them die. It is also good exercise. There is evidence that cities can get people to walk more in them by having more open public spaces, stores within walking distance, grass, trees and other pleasing designs outside, and other things. It also helps with mental health, because people are more likely to talk to each other and that cuts down on loneliness. Other websites * [http://urbandesignaustralia.com.au/contact.html 5th International Urban Design Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310123532/https://urbandesignaustralia.com.au/contact.html |date=2017-03-10 }} * [http://pure.ltu.se/portal/files/34526056/proceedings_australia.pdf 4th International Urban Design Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172143/http://pure.ltu.se/portal/files/34526056/proceedings_australia.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} * [http://www.urbandesignaustralia.com.au/Photos/ 2th International Urban Design Conference] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110219123900/http://www.urbandesignaustralia.com.au/Photos/ |date=2011-02-19 }} * [http://uabbhk.org/ Shenzhen & Hong Kong Bi‐City Biennale of Urbanism & Architecture] * [http://www.biennale-batyam.org/eng/default.asp Bat Yam International Biennale of Landscape Urbanism 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725073020/http://www.biennale-batyam.org/eng/default.asp |date=2011-07-25 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190315173844/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2019/04/see-sustainable-future-city-designed-for-people-and-nature/ Cities of the Future: overview of important urban design elements] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190424205057/https://www.newschool.edu/parsons/ma-theories-urban-research/ MA Theories of Urban Practice program in New York City] [[Category:Urban design| ]] {{stub}} ol753kx31xp0n71pkmwsoela3hv4e6c 3 422369 11024213 11020558 2026-10-08T23:43:20Z Davey2010 314522 /* Check */ rm 11024213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:Davey2010/sandbox1}} <!-- {{Skip to top and bottom}} --> {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="color: black;">User talk:</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Arial Bold', sans-serif; ">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange; font-family: 'Arial Bold', sans-serif;">'''2010'''</span>}} {{User talk:Davey2010/TPMenu}} {{User talk:Davey2010/TalkpageTop}} {{User talk:Davey2010/WPCleanerNote}} == Tech News: 2026-35 == <section begin="technews-2026-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[Special:CreateAccount|Special:CreateAccount]] page has been simplified as part of ongoing work to modernize the account creation experience. The panel showing project statistics no longer appears next to the form on desktop and mobile web. Multiple account creation experiments show that a simpler form helps newcomers complete registration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433783] * In order to improve page performance, images now load when they are viewed. This means images lower down an article will not load if a reader never scrolls to that part of the page, which may affect some image-related metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T148047] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where image thumbnails in Abstract Wikipedia could fail to display after the corresponding file was moved on Wikimedia Commons, has now been fixed. Thumbnails will now update correctly when files are moved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433448] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * User Info card is a feature that helps patrollers see information about user accounts. So far, it has been available only in places such as page history, logs and recent changes. Now, it's possible to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CheckUser#User_Info_card_in_page_content|place it in the page content]] as well, using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{#uic:}}</nowiki></code></bdi> parser function. It can be particularly useful in templates like [[:en:Template:Userlinks|<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{Userlinks}}</nowiki></code></bdi>]] (or their specialized variants), as it will make it easier to see the context about a user on various noticeboard pages. The card will be displayed only to users who have it enabled in their [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpcheckuser-userinfocard-enable|preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424466] * Due to user security and privacy risks, we have disabled access to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs when specifically using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. If you are impacted by this, consider whether you can use an alternative approach. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Special:MyPage</nowiki></code></bdi> URLs can still be accessed and used without <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. Specified user page URLs (e.g. <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>User:Myusername</nowiki></code></bdi>) can still be used with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=raw</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120386] * Due to an update, the thumbnailing software has been improved. This includes upgrading <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>librsvg</nowiki></code></bdi> to 2.60 and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ImageMagick</nowiki></code></bdi> to 7, as well as resolving a number of long-standing thumbnailing bugs like rendering errors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419815#12222841] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W35"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:46, 24 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30961208 --> == Flood flag == Do you need the flood flag? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 01:09, 25 August 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Fr33kman|Fr33kman]], Apologies for the late response, I didn't check back here once I was doing WPC stuff so never saw your message, I'll request the flag tonight as no doubt I'll be doing similar edits again, Sorry for not requesting yesterday, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 09:25, 25 August 2026 (UTC) == Closing RfDs == Hi Davey2010, welcome back. As you know, RfDs are usually closed by admins, though I don't mind non-admins closing for a quick deletion, even if the admin deleting it probably should have handled it themselves. If you do so, please make sure you remove the <code><nowiki><noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude></nowiki></code> tag - the {{tl|deleted}}, {{tl|kept}}, or {{tl|RfDresult}} tags effectively serve as replacements for these tags to categorise them in the closed categories instead of the current RfD category. By keeping both, it remains in the open and closed categories. I hope this makes sense. Thank you, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 19:15, 25 August 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Ferien|Ferien]], Thank you so much, Ah my apologies - I knew I had forgotten something but couldn't think what, I'll try to remember in future although in future I may just leave them for admins as If I don't close them I'm sure another admin at some point would, Nice to see you again Ferien, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 19:42, 25 August 2026 (UTC) == update == [[Say My Name]] - remixes need simping –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 21:24, 26 August 2026 (UTC) == Tech News: 2026-36 == <section begin="technews-2026-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A new format for the Community Wishlist is open for feedback. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027|read the proposed ideas on Meta]]. This new process plans to improve how wishes are triaged, voted on, and prioritized in a way that is transparent and balanced across project families and language editions. This consultation is open for two weeks. '''Updates for editors''' * The latest release of the Wikipedia Android app includes updates to the Saved feature, bringing the app’s saving experience closer to iOS and Web. The update redesigns the Saved tab with an “All articles” view, removes the default “Saved” reading list, renames reading lists to “Collections,” and modernizes the article-saving experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420788] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] feature was enabled for all logged-in users on Bengali, Chinese, Czech and Vietnamese Wikipedias on August 25, after several months as a beta feature. Reading Lists will be available to all logged-in users on Arabic, French and Indonesian Wikipedias on September 1, followed by English Wikipedia on September 14, and all other Wikipedia wikis on September 28. * At the end of the month, some logged-out readers on Bengali, Czech, Persian, English, and Polish Wikipedias using the Minerva skin on mobile will see an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|updated navigation bar]] in an [[w:A/B test|A/B test]]. The test will compare the current navigation bar with a new version designed to make it easier to find information more quickly. The goal is to determine whether these changes encourage readers to return more often. This experiment will not change the experience for logged-in readers and/or editors. * Editors who maintain redirects, templates, and categories used on redirect pages now have improved ways for finding and curating redirects. Previously, redirects pages could not be searched. Two new search keywords, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>onlyredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>withredirects:</nowiki></code></bdi>, now allow redirects to be searched directly and can be combined with existing keywords such as <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>incategory:</nowiki></code></bdi>, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>intitle:</nowiki></code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>insource:</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T204089] * The ISBN lookup tools for generating citations were recently not working because of external service problems. Developers are working on solutions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435179] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where searching for pages by category using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>deepcat</nowiki></code></bdi> could return no results or unrelated results has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414859] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The domain of URLs for thumbnails is changing from upload.wikimedia.org to thumb.wikimedia.org. The old URLs will continue to work for the foreseeable future but MediaWiki will advertise the new domain instead. URLs to other types of media such as original files, videos and transcodes will still be served from upload.wikimedia.org. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427465] * The Wikimedia [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?api=wmf-math%2Fv1&title=Special%3ARestSandbox Math API] is now deprecated. These endpoints will be fully sunset by the end of September 2026. Developers who call these endpoints should transition to alternative math rendering solutions, such as the native [https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/MathML MathML] or [https://www.mathjax.org/ MathJax]. Third-party MediaWiki installations that utilize the Math extension for formula rendering are required to upgrade to v1.43+ to avoid disruption of service. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/TextMatch|TextMatch]] in a Diff post titled, [[diffblog:2026/08/28/custom-edit-suggestions-for-every-wiki-how-communities-are-shaping-suggestion-mode-with-textmatch/|Custom edit suggestions for every wiki: How communities are shaping Suggestion Mode with TextMatch]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W36"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:53, 31 August 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30990659 --> == Tech News: 2026-37 == <section begin="technews-2026-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a Link]] has been upgraded for English Wikipedia users with improved detection of links that have different capitalization. This will help reduce ambiguous suggestions caused by differences in capitalization in article titles, including articles about cultural goods. A second phase of improvements is planned, which will also prepare the feature for release in other languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435526#12240876] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434259] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance|Article guidance]] feature will be enabled by default for junior editors on Simple English and Turkish Wikipedia starting 10 September 2026 following [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|an experiment]]. Junior editors with 0 to 99 edits will automatically see the feature when they click a red link or use the "[[tr:Vikipedi:Madde_sihirbazı|Madde oluşturto]]" option on Turkish Wikipedia to create a new article. The change is intended to help junior editors create higher-quality articles that meet each Wikipedia’s standards. [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|Additional improvements]] will continue based on the experiment results and community feedback. * The [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org Pageviews Analysis] tool which allows users to compare pageviews across multiple pages, turns 10 years old this year and several new features have been added. They include [[toolforge:wikinav|WikiNav]] which provides insights into how readers of Wikipedia explore the content, editing stats in [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/siteviews?range=latest-30&sites=en.wikipedia.org Siteviews], the ability to [https://pageviews.wmcloud.org/massviews?source=wikiproject&project=en.wikipedia.org lookup articles belonging to a WikiProject], and support for dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378549] * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Minimal_Minerva|visually simplified Minerva]] navigation bar is being tested for logged-out readers using mobile web on the Bengali, Czech, English, Farsi, and Polish Wikipedias. The experiment aims to determine whether simplifying the navigation improves reader retention. The test will run from August 31 to September 28, and no action is required from users. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is working on improving [[en:Wikipedia:VisualEditor/Named references|auto-generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Editors will only notice a slight change starting this week. When adding automatic reference names the numbering will start at <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>:1</nowiki></code></bdi> instead of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>:0</nowiki></code></bdi>. Read more on the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|project page]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/VisualEditor/VisualEditor/+/1332704] * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] could mishandle nested nowiki tags, causing content to be lost and displaying unwanted text has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435116] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface administrators can configure gadgets from [[MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition]]. The definition format has been updated and no longer requires the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ResourceLoader</nowiki></code></bdi> option, as gadgets are always loaded through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>ResourceLoader</nowiki></code></bdi>. This simplifies gadget configuration by removing an option that is no longer necessary, making gadget definitions easier for administrators. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298199] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W37"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 18:44, 7 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31008437 --> == Note == chceck individual gta articles for radio stations –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 16:20, 11 September 2026 (UTC) == Tech News: 2026-38 == <section begin="technews-2026-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Future Audiences team has started a [[en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#New proposed experiment to let readers know about “Google preferred sources”|discussion on English Wikipedia]] about a proposed new experiment to show a temporary notice about the new [https://blog.google/products-and-platforms/products/search/original-high-quality-content-search/ Google Preferred Sources] feature to Wikipedia readers coming from Google. The experiment is to test whether this notice makes visitors come back to Wikipedia more often. Preferred Sources feature lets users choose websites they trust so Google can highlight content from those sources more prominently in Search and AI experiences. We are interested in testing this on other languages that Google supports and would welcome assistance with starting conversations on other wikis. If interested, please reach out to Future Audiences on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Preferred sources|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The chat platform Discord is releasing a new self-service framework that websites can use to specify how their links should look when shared on Discord. The Future Audiences team is planning to start using this new framework to improve how Wikipedia links look when shared on Discord, giving better attribution and credit to contributors. The link appearance and behavior won't change in the first phase of this project as we want to first collect some baseline data to assess the impact of future changes. However, if community members who are active on Discord spot any issues, they can reach out on [[phab:tag/future-audiences/|Phabricator]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences|Metawiki]]. * The Reader Growth team will be running an experiment to test whether [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Compact Lead|compacting article lead sections on mobiles]] with the addition of a "read more" button improves reader retention. The test will begin on September 17 on Arabic, Spanish, French, Indonesian, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and will run for four weeks. * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only for a few minutes]] on September 23. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was returning an HTTP 500 error and could not be reached, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikimedia Commons links tables need to update their code to connect to the new x4 database cluster. The links tables have been moved from the s4 cluster to x4, and will no longer receive updates on s4. The page and redirect tables remain available on both clusters. A wiki replica for the x4 cluster will be set up afterwards. The change is being made because the s4 cluster has grown too large to operate efficiently. You can [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/News/2026 Commons links tables database split|read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W38"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 15:31, 14 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31039826 --> == Editing Charli XCX == FIX CITES –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 12:53, 17 September 2026 (UTC) == Check == https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/~2026-48809-95 –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 09:46, 19 September 2026 (UTC) == Check ✅ == https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthem_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic&curid=462780&diff=11000008&oldid=10571423 –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 09:48, 19 September 2026 (UTC) == Check == https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/~2026-50195-00 –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 09:49, 19 September 2026 (UTC) == Check == All Wishes Come True –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 12:59, 19 September 2026 (UTC) == On the Punto thing == Thank you for your interest, I am currently trying to merge the unnecessary "Punto (sports)" page, and decided to take the pictures from there to the main page so as not to discredit the work of the creator of the original page. I probably need to bring more stuff over in the future. Again, thank you for your interest, and if you would like to help with the page merger & deletion of the "Punto (sports)" page, that would be great :) 22:03, 22 September 2026 (UTC) :Hi, No worries - Once my laptop comes I'll redo the article, I'm currently on mobile now and it's unbearable, Thanks for your edits to the article, thanks. --–[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 23:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC) [[thumb]] == Truck == disam links - run wpc –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 15:40, 24 September 2026 (UTC) == Aviation == hello I'm trying to make some Aviation accident I did a one you can check it @[[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]] [[User:Arvin88|Arvin88]] ([[User talk:Arvin88|talk]]) 16:24, 24 September 2026 (UTC) == SpongeBob epds == spongwbob eps add enwp based –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 10:41, 26 September 2026 (UTC) == Sophie Turner == update bit by but –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 10:44, 26 September 2026 (UTC) == Check == https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/~2026-51210-98 –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 11:10, 26 September 2026 (UTC) == Tech News: 2026-39 == <section begin="technews-2026-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 23 September 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1790172000 14:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433363] '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team tested a new post-edit notice designed to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#4. Encourage Temporary Accounts to Register|encourage Temporary Account holders to register for a permanent account]]. The new notice replaced multiple dialogs and a simultaneous welcome notification with a single message highlighting the benefits of creating an account. The experiment increased permanent account creation from 1.94% to 3.66%, an 87% relative increase. The change will now be released to all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433551] * For Wikipedia editors using the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|"Suggestion mode" Beta Feature]], there is a [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-editcheck-experimental|new opt-in user preference]] for showing "experimental" edit checks and suggestions. These types are listed at [[Special:EditChecks#experimental-checks|Special:EditChecks]], and are intended for early developer-testing and for gathering feedback from experienced users. Administrators can change the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|configuration details]] for each suggestion as usual. Administrators can also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#Experimental Suggestions|use this feature]] to help test their community's ideas for locally created checks and suggestions. Experimental types will have a more distinct visual style later this week. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]]. * The [[m:CEE Technical Village Pump|CEE Technical Village Pump]] has been launched as a space for technical discussions and collaboration among Wikimedia communities in Central and Eastern Europe. * A new tool, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Language Onboarding and Development/Starter kit|Starter Kit]], is now available for new and small language Wikipedia communities. It brings together guided tasks, tools, and resources to help communities get started, monitor their progress, and collaborate with the broader Wikimedia community. Starter Kit is hosted on Wikimedia Toolforge and is designed for Wikipedias with fewer than 50,000 articles. Learn more about how Starter Kit works and how communities have been using it in [[diffblog:2026/09/18/introducing-starter-kit-for-new-and-small-language-wikipedias/|this Diff blog post]]. * The Reader Growth team is launching a retest of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|image carousel experiment]]. The retest will use three new versions of the design, updated based on community feedback. The team will assess results and determine with communities whether or not to proceed with the feature. The experiment will begin the week of September 28 and will run on Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, Farsi, French, German, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * After successful rollouts to Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Czech, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists feature]] from the Reader Experience team will be available to all logged-in users on all Wikipedia wikis starting September 28. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the mentor status script repeatedly updated mentors’ status even when nothing had changed, creating unnecessary Recent Changes entries, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T436659] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi> list query API, used to retrieve specific details about active or historical abuse filters configured on a wiki, has been updated to support the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>formatversion=2</nowiki></code></bdi> configuration parameter, thereby leading to breaking changes to the API response. All users who maintain user-scripts or other code need to check if they use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>abusefilters</nowiki></code></bdi> list query API, and respond to any breaking changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435828] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W39"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 11:56, 27 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31085309 --> == Tech News: 2026-40 == <section begin="technews-2026-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of default skins on desktop and mobile web (Vector 2022 and Minerva respectively) will now be informed if the search suggestions displayed as they type into Search come from page redirects. Previously, users could get confused when the top search suggestions did not match exactly what they had typed. The new redirect notice clarifies that these suggestions are not random, but related to the search. The suggested pages may be redirects to the most relevant destination articles being searched for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T303013] * Logged-out Wikipedia users on mobile web will begin to see a bookmark button for saving articles to their [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] instead of the current Watchstar button. When clicked, the bookmark button prompts users to log in or create an account to save an article for later. An earlier experiment found that the bookmark icon was four times more likely than the Watchstar button to encourage logged-out users to create an account. This change is part of efforts to encourage more readers to become account holders and use features that help them save and return to content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T438769] * An experiment will begin on September 29 on Spanish, Arabic, English, and French Wikipedias to simplify the experience users encounter immediately after account creation. The test will explore whether removing friction from the current Welcome Survey helps new users understand what to do next more easily. The experiment will run through the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T430058] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has put out a call for the community to suggest topics that it should consider and discuss with the Wikimedia Foundation. Editors and technical contributors are invited to add topics to [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council|the council's talk page]]. * Later this week, it will be possible for communities to configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit Checks and Suggestions]] so that they are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration#extraNamespaces|shown within additional namespaces]], such as a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>Draft:</nowiki></code></bdi> namespace. [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Feedback is welcome]]. * A bug in the [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] is causing the page to fail to load for users that have unseen changes on Wikimedia Commons. Developers are working on a fix. Until then, affected users can follow the workarounds described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist#GlobalWatchlist temporarily broken for users with Wikimedia Commons|relevant]] help section. * New magic words <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{CATEGORYSORT:TIMESTAMP}}</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{CATEGORYSORT:RTIMESTAMP}}</nowiki></code></bdi> are now available for use. They are able to change the default sorting of categories to be based on timestamp of categorization. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433768] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where [https://wikistats.wmcloud.org/ Wikistats] for Wikipedias was not reachable has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T435959] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The datacenter switchover, scheduled on September 23, has been postponed. [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|The equinox exercise]] revealed capacity issues, preventing the switch of all services to the other datacenter. The process has been paused, prioritizing investigating that issue, to ensure that we continue to be able to serve our users reliably. A new exercise will be scheduled. Meanwhile, all traffic and edits continue to work as usual. * On September 23, a power loss briefly affected all wikis, creating intermittent issues on both reading and editing modes. This also affected Gerrit. This is unrelated to the datacenter switchover postponement. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/9fm19t8qykk8] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Produnto|Produnto]] has been deployed to mediawiki.org and [[phab:T421436|some Indic language wikis]]. We want to hear your feedback on this experimental product. Produnto allows users to use Lua modules hosted in [[gitlab:repos/lua|Wikimedia's GitLab]]. It simplifies the sharing of Lua code between wikis. Instead of copying each individual Lua module from one wiki to another, users will be able to easily share packages across all wikis. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[m:Event:Cross-wiki Code Collaboration Workshop|Cross-wiki code collaboration workshop]] will be held online on October 2 at 12:30 UTC, bringing together South Asian technical contributors to learn about Produnto and begin piloting it on Hindi, Punjabi, Odia, Telugu, and Malayalam Wikipedias. Produnto is a package manager for deploying Lua modules hosted on GitLab to Wikimedia wikis, and was recently deployed on some pilot wikis. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W40"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 10:49, 28 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31092225 --> == Tech News: 2026-41 == <section begin="technews-2026-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The process for this year’s Community Wishlist [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027#Updated Community Wishlist Process 2027/2028|has been published]], incorporating community feedback. The wish submission process will [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is the deadline for submitting wishes?|end on November 8]]. This year, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Community Wishlist 2027/Working group|a working group (open for volunteering)]] that includes community members familiar with the technical aspect of our wikis alongside Wikimedia Foundation staff, will take care of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/FAQ#What is triage?|triage process]]. The triage is expected to be completed by late November. Votes for wishes will start in January. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] will now see a warning when they paste text that is likely to have initially been copied from one of five external generative AI chatbots into Wikipedia. This feature is known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check|LLM Paste Check]]. It is a type of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] that is community configurable. The check looks for markers in the copied HTML and is not using content watermark detection. Edits will also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Edit tags|be tagged]] so that patrollers can review them more closely. The feature helps newcomers add content that respects Wikipedia’s policies and makes it easier for experienced editors to identify problematic edits. Communities with local policies about LLM usage can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/LLM Paste Check#Configuration|adjust the wording and policy that is linked]]. The team [[listarchive:list/translators-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/EVHKWJ4IERZELMPIWNH3XUVUSQV5KOO4/|apologizes]] that this was rolled out without a delay for translations. * Editors can now easily [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|access the web visual editor directly from the iOS and Android apps]]. When opening the editor, users will be given a choice between visual editing and source editing. If they choose visual editing, they will be sent to a mobile web window in their phone's browser. After completing their edit, a banner will give them the option to return to the app. This enables readers to make quick contributions while casually reading. * Users of the Wikipedia Android and iOS apps will now see a one-time account creation prompt after they have used the app for two consecutive weeks. This prompt explains the benefits of having an account. It is intended to help more casual readers become logged-in users who return to the apps regularly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T434847] * Editors on [[wmnoc:conf/dblists/group1.dblist|group1 wikis]], including Wikiquote, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikivoyage, and Wikisource, will no longer see notifications on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Recent changes|Recent Changes]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help: Watching pages|Watchlist]] when a link to another language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item. This change will begin on October 5 at 07:00 UTC as a two-week trial to reduce high-volume, low-value notifications and make important changes easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications can read more on the [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Clearer Wikidata Edit Summaries/Hide Language Link edits|project page]] and share feedback or concerns on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T439415] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where mentors who removed themselves from the mentorship program could still have mentees assigned to them and receive questions, has now been fixed. Mentees will now be reassigned when a mentor leaves the program. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418194] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikimedia Brasil has published its [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Brasil/Arcabouço de Boas Práticas de Desenvolvimento|Development Best Practices Framework]] (ABPD). It is a guide for staff, contractors and volunteers building technical tools and projects. It covers the project lifecycle, security, accessibility, personal data protection and responsible AI use, and explains how movement-wide guidelines were adapted to a local context. They encourage other affiliates to reuse it and adapt it. Read more in the [[wmfblog:2026/09/26/wikimedia-brasils-development-best-practices-framework-technical-sustainability-as-an-organizational-responsibility|Diff post]]. * A new, canonical base URL for Wikimedia APIs will soon be introduced. The new canonical route follows a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{projectName}/api/</nowiki></code></bdi> pattern and will act as an alternative path for current REST APIs (for example: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{projectName}/w/rest.php/</nowiki></code></bdi>). Both versions will be callable for all existing APIs, but the new structure will be the preferred path for newly created API modules. This change will be non-breaking for most users. The existing pathways will remain available for all existing endpoint requests. However, some endpoints may return URLs following the new pattern in response bodies. Changes will be available on test wiki first, with the rollout expected to cover all wikis by the end of October. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T433535] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.23|MediaWiki]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W41"/> 18:52, 5 October 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=31098825 --> ng9k35d9wc9fxpq3uqs04temgvefnlr 0 422787 11024585 10843455 2026-10-09T10:47:22Z Maxeto0910 805501 /* */ 11024585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = The New York City Skyline at Dusk.jpg | width1 = 300 | caption1 = | image2 = London Skyline (125508655).jpeg | width2 = 300 | caption2 = [[New York City]] (top) and [[London]] (bottom) are considered leading global cities. }} A '''global city''' (or '''world city''') is a [[city]] that is widely considered to be an important part of the [[world economy]]. Most studies recognise [[New York City]]; and [[London]]; as the most important global cities, followed by: [[Beijing]]; [[Berlin]]; [[Dubai]]; and [[Paris]]; and [[Tokyo]].<ref>Including: *"[http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/gawcworlds.html The World According to GaWC]". GaWC. Retrieved November 21, 2012. *{{cite web |url=http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/dfedfc4c-8a62-4162-90e5-2a3f14f0da3a |title=2012 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook |format=PDF |accessdate=9 May 2012 |archive-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020223227/http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/dfedfc4c-8a62-4162-90e5-2a3f14f0da3a |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/05/what-is-the-worlds-most-economically-powerful-city/256841/|title=What Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City?|author=Richard Florida|publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group|date=May 8, 2012|accessdate=June 19, 2013}} *{{cite journal|title = Global Power City Index 2012|publisher = Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation|location = Tokyo, Japan|date = October 2012|url = http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{cite web|url=http://www.knightfrankblog.com/wealthreport/|title=The Wealth Report 2013|publisher=Knight Frank LLP|access-date=2013-11-04|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225212044/https://www.knightfrank.com/blog|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.managementthinking.eiu.com/sites/default/files/downloads/Hot%20Spots.pdf |title=The Global City Competitiveness Index |publisher=Managementthinking.eiu.com |date=12 March 2012 |accessdate=9 May 2012 |archive-date=16 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516135416/http://www.managementthinking.eiu.com/sites/default/files/downloads/Hot%20Spots.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Metropolis]] == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons|Global City}} * [http://science.uniserve.edu.au/school/curric/geography/urban.html Repository of Links Relating to Urban Places]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050623215446/http://science.uniserve.edu.au/school/curric/geography/urban.html |date=2005-06-23 }}. * [http://www.irows.ucr.edu/conferences/globgis/papers/Smith.htm The World-System’s City System: A Research Agenda]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527205738/http://www.irows.ucr.edu/conferences/globgis/papers/Smith.htm |date=2006-05-27 }} by Jeffrey Kentor and Michael Timberlake of the [[University of Utah]] and David Smith of University of California, Irvine. * [http://ww2.unhabitat.org/istanbul+5/statereport.htm The State of the World's Cities, 2001]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003055654/http://ww2.unhabitat.org/istanbul+5/statereport.htm |date=2011-10-03 }}. UN Human Settlements Programme. {{stub}} [[Category:Economic geography]] [[Category:Cities]] fqdva7whkccz1rsmonxpypss8bvlrm0 11024586 11024585 2026-10-09T10:48:36Z Maxeto0910 805501 /* */ 11024586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = The New York City Skyline at Dusk.jpg | width1 = 300 | caption1 = | image2 = London Skyline (125508655).jpeg | width2 = 300 | caption2 = [[New York City]] (top) and [[London]] (bottom) are considered leading global cities. }} A '''global city''' (or '''world city''') is a [[city]] that is widely considered to be an important part of the [[world economy]]. Most studies recognise [[New York City]] and [[London]] as the two most important global cities, often followed by [[Paris]] and [[Tokyo]].<ref>Including: *"[http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/gawcworlds.html The World According to GaWC]". GaWC. Retrieved November 21, 2012. *{{cite web |url=http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/dfedfc4c-8a62-4162-90e5-2a3f14f0da3a |title=2012 Global Cities Index and Emerging Cities Outlook |format=PDF |accessdate=9 May 2012 |archive-date=20 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020223227/http://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/dfedfc4c-8a62-4162-90e5-2a3f14f0da3a |url-status=dead }} *{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2012/05/what-is-the-worlds-most-economically-powerful-city/256841/|title=What Is the World's Most Economically Powerful City?|author=Richard Florida|publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group|date=May 8, 2012|accessdate=June 19, 2013}} *{{cite journal|title = Global Power City Index 2012|publisher = Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial Foundation|location = Tokyo, Japan|date = October 2012|url = http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/research/project/6/}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *{{cite web|url=http://www.knightfrankblog.com/wealthreport/|title=The Wealth Report 2013|publisher=Knight Frank LLP|access-date=2013-11-04|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225212044/https://www.knightfrank.com/blog|url-status=dead}} *{{cite web |url=http://www.managementthinking.eiu.com/sites/default/files/downloads/Hot%20Spots.pdf |title=The Global City Competitiveness Index |publisher=Managementthinking.eiu.com |date=12 March 2012 |accessdate=9 May 2012 |archive-date=16 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516135416/http://www.managementthinking.eiu.com/sites/default/files/downloads/Hot%20Spots.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Metropolis]] == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons|Global City}} * [http://science.uniserve.edu.au/school/curric/geography/urban.html Repository of Links Relating to Urban Places]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050623215446/http://science.uniserve.edu.au/school/curric/geography/urban.html |date=2005-06-23 }}. * [http://www.irows.ucr.edu/conferences/globgis/papers/Smith.htm The World-System’s City System: A Research Agenda]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060527205738/http://www.irows.ucr.edu/conferences/globgis/papers/Smith.htm |date=2006-05-27 }} by Jeffrey Kentor and Michael Timberlake of the [[University of Utah]] and David Smith of University of California, Irvine. * [http://ww2.unhabitat.org/istanbul+5/statereport.htm The State of the World's Cities, 2001]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003055654/http://ww2.unhabitat.org/istanbul+5/statereport.htm |date=2011-10-03 }}. UN Human Settlements Programme. {{stub}} [[Category:Economic geography]] [[Category:Cities]] ofg7gcoi7a20z6iwow6w1u7fb61mugp 0 428519 11024400 11022374 2026-10-09T05:27:07Z Bennett Li11 1753383 Unlinked Unnecessary Words 11024400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|the former U.S. vice president|the wrestler|Kamala (wrestler)}}{{Infobox officeholder | image = Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait.jpg | alt = Official vice presidential portrait. Head shot of Harris smiling, wearing an American flag lapel pin and pearl earrings, and dressed formally. | caption = Official portrait, 2021 | office1 = Vice President of the United States | order1 = 49th | president1 = [[Joe Biden]] | term_start1 = January 20, 2021 | term_end1 = January 20, 2025 | predecessor1 = [[Mike Pence]] | successor1 = [[JD Vance]] | jr/sr2 = United States Senator | state2 = [[California]] | term_start2 = January 3, 2017 | term_end2 = January 18, 2021 | predecessor2 = [[Barbara Boxer]] | successor2 = [[Alex Padilla]] | office3 = Attorney General of California | order3 = 32nd | governor3 = [[Jerry Brown]] | term_start3 = January 3, 2011 | term_end3 = January 3, 2017 | predecessor3 = Jerry Brown | successor3 = [[Xavier Becerra]] | office4 = District Attorney of San Francisco | order4 = 27th | term_start4 = January 8, 2004 | term_end4 = January 3, 2011 | predecessor4 = [[Terence Hallinan]] | successor4 = [[George Gascón]] | birth_name = Kamala Iyer Harris{{efn|name=fn1|Harris was originally named Kamala Iyer Harris by her parents, who two weeks later filed an [[affidavit]] by which her middle name was changed to Devi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/08/18/heres-kamala-harris-birth-certificate-end-of-debate/|first=David|last=Debolt|date=August 18, 2020|title=Here's Kamala Harris' birth certificate. Scholars say there's no VP eligibility debate|work=[[The Mercury News]]|location=San Jose, California|access-date=November 27, 2021|archive-date=February 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217084253/https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/08/18/heres-kamala-harris-birth-certificate-end-of-debate/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|10|20}} | birth_place = [[Oakland, California]], U.S. | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Doug Emhoff]]|2014}} | relatives = [[Family of Kamala Harris|Harris family]] | education = {{plainlist| * [[Howard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) * [[University of California College of the Law, San Francisco|University of California, Hastings College of the Law]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])}} | signature = Kamala Harris Signature.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink | module = {{listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Kamala Harris speaks on the Americans with Disabilities Act.ogg|title=Harris' voice|type=speech|description=Harris speaks on the [[Americans with Disabilities Act]].<br />Recorded July 26, 2021}} | parents = {{ubl|[[Donald J. Harris]]|[[Shyamala Gopalan]]}} | height = | term_label = | residence = [[Brentwood, Los Angeles]] | website = {{Official website|https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/vice-president-harris/|name = White House archives}}<br> {{URL|kamalaharris.com|Official website}} }} '''Kamala Devi Harris''' ({{respell|KAH|mə|lə}}; born October 20, 1964)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-07|title=Kamala Harris {{!}} Biography, Policies, Family, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kamala-Harris|access-date=2023-11-08|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=Kamala Harris - Politics, Family & Age|url=https://www.biography.com/political-figures/kamala-harris|access-date=2023-11-08|website=Biography|language=en-US}}</ref> is an American politician and attorney who served as the 49th [[Vice President of the United States|vice president of the United States]] under [[Joe Biden]] from 2021 to 2025. She was the first female vice president and the highest-ranking female official in U.S. history. She was also the first [[African Americans|African-American]] and the first [[Asian Americans|South Asian]] vice president. Before becoming vice president, she represented [[California]] in the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] from 2017 to 2021 and was the 32nd [[Attorney General of California|attorney general of California]] from 2011 to 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shenkman|first=Kenneth|date=2018|title=Harris, Kamala|url=http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar756836|access-date=May 8, 2018|website=World Book Advanced}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamala Harris|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Kamala_Harris|access-date=2023-11-08|website=Ballotpedia|language=en}}</ref> Harris was the Democratic presidential candidate in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Klein|first=Betsy|date=2024-07-21|title=Harris says she will "earn and win" Democratic nomination|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/biden-trump-election-07-21-24#h_fda5151d2b9b9e7d1836c629eb88c750|access-date=2025-07-11|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> She was a candidate for president in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 election]]. She suspended her campaign in December 2019 after raising low campaign funds. After Joe Biden won the nomination, he picked Harris as his [[running mate]] for vice president.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 11, 2020|title=Joe Biden picks Kamala Harris as his running mate|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/11/politics/biden-vp-pick/index.html}}</ref> In July 2024, after Biden [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|ended his campaign for president]], Harris started her own [[Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]].<ref name="cnnjuly21222">{{Cite web|date=July 21, 2024|title=Harris says she will "earn and win" Democratic nomination|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/biden-trump-election-07-21-24#h_fda5151d2b9b9e7d1836c629eb88c750|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721193836/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/biden-trump-election-07-21-24#h_fda5151d2b9b9e7d1836c629eb88c750|archive-date=July 21, 2024|access-date=July 21, 2024|website=CNN}}</ref> In November 2024, she lost the election to then-former President [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-17|title=Presidential Election 2024 Live Results: Donald Trump wins|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-elections/president-results|access-date=2024-12-26|website=www.nbcnews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-11-05|title=Presidential Election Results: Trump Wins|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/11/05/us/elections/results-president.html|access-date=2024-12-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Biography == === Early life and education === Kamala Devi Harris was born on October 20, 1964 at Kaiser Permanente [[Oakland Medical Center]] in [[Oakland, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=What California Knows About Kamala Harris|url=https://www.northcoastjournal.com/NewsBlog/archives/2020/08/11/what-california-knows-about-kamala-harris|access-date=2020-08-12|website=North Coast Journal|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-18|title=Here’s Kamala Harris’ birth certificate. Scholars say there’s no VP eligibility debate|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/08/18/heres-kamala-harris-birth-certificate-end-of-debate|access-date=2020-12-23|website=The Mercury News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com.hk/books/edition/Kamala_D_Harris_Biography_of_Inspiration/JWEkEAAAQBAJ?hl=zh-TW&gbpv=1&dq=kamala+harris+born+hospital&pg=PT11&printsec=frontcover|title=Kamala D. Harris : Biography of Inspirational Personality|last=Sharma|first=Dr Gopal|date=2021-03-18|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-90960-42-2|language=en}}</ref> She is [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[Indian American]] and [[Jamaican American]]. Her parents are [[Donald J. Harris]] and [[Shyamala Gopalan|Shyamala Gopalan Harris]]. Both Shyamala and Donald Harris studied at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. Harris' parents divorced in 1971. In 1976, Harris moved to [[Canada]] with her mother and younger sister, [[Maya Harris|Maya]]. Harris went to college [[Howard University]] in 1986 and graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in [[political science]] and [[economics]]. === Law career === [[File:Kamala Harris inauguration as Attorney General 04.jpg|thumb|Harris alongside her sister as she takes the oath of office as attorney general]] Harris would go on to became a [[lawyer]] after graduating from [[Hastings College of Law]] at the [[University of California]] in 1989. She worked in the office of the district attorney of Alameda in 1990. In 1998, Harris left to work for the District Attorney’s office in San Francisco. In 2003, Harris became the District Attorney of San Francisco. She became the California attorney general in 2011 and served in this role until 2017 when she became the U.S. senator for California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1618006718/SUIC?u=palo88030&sid=SUIC&xid=75ec2aec|title=Kamala Harris|last=Newsmakers|date=2017|website=Student Resources In Context|access-date=May 8, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === U.S. Senate === [[File:Kamala Harris takes oath of office as United States Senator by Vice President Joe Biden.jpg|thumb|Harris takes oath of office by then-vice president Joe Biden, January 2017]] At the start of 2016, Harris said that she would attempt to become senator of California after [[Barbara Boxer]] said that she would not work as a senator for the next term. Harris won the position in 2016 and became a senator on January 3, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=BIC&u=palo88030&id=GALE%7CK1606003853&v=2.1&it=r&sid=BIC&asid=8307aad6|title=Kamala D. Harris|date=March 8, 2017|website=Biography in Context|access-date=May 8, 2018|archive-date=April 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405213043/http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=BIC&u=palo88030&id=GALE%7CK1606003853&v=2.1&it=r&sid=BIC&asid=8307aad6|url-status=dead}}</ref> === 2020 presidential campaign === [[File:Kamala Harris (48616146657).jpg|thumb|Harris speaking at a campaign rally, August 2019]] {{main|Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign}} On January 21, 2019, she officially announced her [[Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign|campaign]] for president in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]].<ref name="harris announcement">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/21/politics/kamala-harris-president-2020/index.html?cid=web-alerts&nsid=94986245|title=Kamala Harris to run for president in 2020|date=January 21, 2019|first=Maeve|last=Reston|work=CNN}}</ref> After months of falling polling numbers and low campaign money raised, she ended her campaign on December 3, 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/12/03/kamala-harris-drops-out-out-of-presidential-race-074902|title=Kamala Harris drops out of presidential race|date=December 3, 2019|first=Christopher|last=Cadelago|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=December 3, 2019}}</ref> On August 11, 2020, Biden picked Harris as his [[running mate]]. On November 7, the Biden-Harris ticket beat the [[Donald Trump|Trump]]-[[Mike Pence|Pence]] ticket making her the vice president-elect.<ref name="zeleny">{{Cite news|last1=Zeleny|first1=Jeff|last2=Merica|first2=Dan|last3=Saenz|first3=Arlette|date=August 11, 2020|title=Joe Biden picks Kamala Harris as his running mate|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/11/politics/biden-vp-pick/index.html}}</ref><ref name="APSelects">{{Cite news|date=August 11, 2020|title=Joe Biden selects California Sen. Kamala Harris as running mate|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/nation-world/2020/08/11/biden-selects-california-sen-kamala-harris-as-running-mate/|quote=selecting the first African American woman and South Asian American to compete on a major party's presidential ticket|website=tampabay.com}}</ref><ref name="APResonate">{{Cite news|date=August 12, 2020|title=Kamala Harris' selection as VP resonates with Black women|last=Stafford|first=Kat|agency=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/46ef207f32a089b2b54ed35d57c9413f|quote=making her the first Black woman on a major party's presidential ticket{{nbsp}}... It also marks the first time a person of Asian descent is on the presidential ticket.}}</ref> == Vice presidency (2021–2025) == [[File:Harris oath of office.jpg|thumb|Harris alongside her husband as she takes the vice presidential oath of office]] Harris was [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|sworn-in]] by [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] [[Sonia Sotomayor]] as the 49th vice president of the United States on January 20, 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/07/politics/kamala-harris-first-vice-president-female-black-south-asian/index.html|title=Harris bursts through another barrier, becoming the first female, first Black and first South Asian vice president-elect|first1=Brandon|last1=Tensley|last2=Wright|first2=Jasmine|work=CNN|date=November 7, 2020|access-date=November 8, 2020|archive-date=November 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107194833/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/07/politics/kamala-harris-first-vice-president-female-black-south-asian/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She is the first female vice president in the United States, the highest-ranking female elected official in U.S. history, and the first Indian [[Asian-American]] vice president.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last1=Horowitz|first1=Juliana Menasce|last2=Budiman|first2=Abby|date=2020-08-18|title=Key findings about multiracial identity in the U.S. as Harris becomes vice presidential nominee|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/18/key-findings-about-multiracial-identity-in-the-u-s-as-harris-becomes-vice-presidential-nominee/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-07|title=Kamala Harris Makes History As First Female, Black, Asian American Vice President|first=Jemima|last=McEvoy|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/11/07/kamala-harris-makes-history-as-first-female-black-asian-american-vice-president/|access-date=2020-11-13|website=Forbes}}</ref> She is also the second [[person of color]] to hold the post. The first was [[Charles Curtis]], who was a [[Native American]] and member of the [[Kaw Nation]].<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite news |date=August 12, 2020 |title=Here Are The 'Firsts' Kamala Harris Represents With VP Candidacy |first=Andrew |last=Solender |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/08/12/here-are-the-firsts-kamala-harris-represents-with-vp-candidacy/ |quote=Harris would not be the first person of color to serve as vice president. That honor belongs to Charles Curtis, President Herbert Hoover's No. 2. |work=Forbes |access-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902023222/https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/08/12/here-are-the-firsts-kamala-harris-represents-with-vp-candidacy/|url-status=live}}</ref> Harris cast her first of two tie-breaking votes on February 5, 2021. In February and March, Harris' tie-breaking votes in her role as President of the [[United States Senate|Senate]] were needed to pass the [[American Rescue Plan Act of 2021]] stimulus package proposed by President Biden because no Republicans in the Senate voted for the package.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-relief-package-senate-passes-budget-plan/|title=Senate passes $1.9 trillion COVID relief resolution after all-night 'vote-a-rama'|website=CBS News|first=Grace|last=Segers|date=February 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Maanvi|last2=Greve|first2=Joan E.|last3=Belam|first3=Martin|last4=McKernan|first4=Bethan|last5=Levine|first5=Sam|date=March 5, 2021|title=Kamala Harris breaks Senate tie to begin Covid relief package debate – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2021/mar/04/voting-rights-police-reform-george-floyd-for-the-people-joe-biden-covid-coronavirus-live|access-date=March 5, 2021|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In April 2021, Harris said that she was the last person in the room before President Biden decided to remove all U.S. troops from [[Afghanistan]] and commented that the president was brave for making this "difficult decision".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/25/harris-afghanistan-biden-withdrawal-decision-484581|author=Allie Bice|title=Harris says she had key role in Biden's Afghanistan withdrawal decision|publisher=[[Politico]]|date=April 25, 2021|accessdate=August 20, 2021}}</ref> Biden put Harris in charge of [[immigration]]. Harris visited [[Guatemala]] and [[Mexico]] to see why there was an increase in immigration, mainly from [[Central America]] to the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Egan |first1=Lauren |title=Harris takes first steps onto world stage, into migration spotlight |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/harris-takes-her-first-steps-world-stage-migration-policy-spotlight-n1269789 |work=NBC News |date=7 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> During her visit, she said "I want to be clear to folks in the region who are thinking about making that dangerous trek to the United States-Mexico border: Do not come. Do not come".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Sabrina |title=Harris' blunt message in Guatemala: 'Do not come' to U.S. |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/07/harris-message-in-guatemala-do-not-come-492047 |work=POLITICO |date=7 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> On September 24, 2021, Republican United States Representative [[Lauren Boebert]] introduced a resolution to impeach Harris over her support for the [[Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)|withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=H.Res.679 - Impeaching Kamala Devi Harris, Vice President of the United States, for the high crimes and misdemeanors of betrayal of the public trust. Summary |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/679 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=www.congress.gov |publisher=United States Congress}}</ref> On November 19, 2021, Harris served as [[Acting president of the United States|acting president]] from 10:10 am to 11:35 am while President Biden underwent a "routine [[colonoscopy]]".<ref>{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Zeke |date=19 November 2021|title=Biden to have routine colonoscopy, transfer power to Harris|url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-health-jen-psaki-70d7e5903ea41636ee6bbe829fa082a2|work=Associated Press News|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|location=[[Bethesda, Maryland|Bethesda]]|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> Harris became the third vice president as well as the first female vice president to serve as acting president.<ref>{{cite news |last=Feinberg|first=Andrew|date=19 November 2021|title=‘First woman president’: Kamala Harris makes history when she briefly assumes powers of presidency during Biden procedure|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/joe-biden-president-kamala-harris-b1960913.html|work=[[The Independent]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-19|title=Kamala Harris takes on presidential role – briefly – as Biden has colonoscopy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/19/kamala-harris-presidential-powers-biden-colonoscopy |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> On June 12, 2023, Republican Representative [[Andy Ogles]] introduced a resolution to impeach Harris for the Biden administration's handling of security at the [[United States–Mexico border]]. It is co-sponsored by Republicans Lauren Boebert and [[Mary Miller (politician)|Mary Miller]].<ref>{{cite web |title=H.Res.494 - Impeaching Kamala Devi Harris, Vice President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors. |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/494 |website=Congress.gov |publisher=United States Congress |access-date=23 June 2023}}</ref> In December 2023, Harris broke the record for the most tie-breaking votes cast by a vice president casting her 32nd vote, passing [[John C. Calhoun]], who cast 31 votes during his nearly eight years as vice president, in less than half the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Votes to Break Ties in the Senate |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/TieVotes.htm#:~:text=%22The%20Vice%20President%20of%20the,breaking%20votes%20have%20been%20cast. |website=senate.gov |access-date=December 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lebowitz|first1=Megan|last2=Thorp|first2=Frank|last3=Santaliz|first3=Kate|title= Vice President Harris breaks record for casting the most tie-breaking votes|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/president-harris-breaks-record-casting-tie-breaking-votes-rcna123999|website=NBC News|date=December 5, 2023 |access-date=December 5, 2023}}</ref> On July 23, 2024, Republican Representative Andy Ogles introduced a second resolution to impeach Harris for the betrayal of the public trust for not removing [[Joe Biden]] from office and failing in her duties as “border czar.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Ogles Introduces Articles Of Impeachment Against Vice President Kamala Harris |url=https://ogles.house.gov/media/press-releases/ogles-introduces-articles-impeachment-against-vice-president-kamala-harris |publisher=Congressman Andy Ogles Press Release |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Nick |title=Tennessee Republican files articles of impeachment against Harris |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4788663-andy-ogles-impeachment-articles-kamala-harris/ |publisher=THE HILL |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref> On January 6, 2025, in one of her last duties as vice president, Harris oversaw the official certification of Trump's election win.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-01-06|title=Harris certifies Trump's US election win, four years after Capitol riot|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cd9x33z8nzpo|access-date=2025-01-24|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == 2024 presidential campaign == {{main|2024 United States presidential election|Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign}} [[File:Kamala Harris & Tim Walz - 53915738289.jpg|thumb|Harris and Walz speaking at a campaign rally at Desert Diamond Arena in Glendale, Arizona, August 2024]] Originally, President Biden was running to be elected President for a second time with Harris as vice president once again. However, on July 21, 2024, President Biden [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|ended]] his [[Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign|campaign for reelection in 2024]] and supported Harris for president.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Samuels |first1=Brett |last2=Gangitano |first2=Alex |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Biden Endorses Harris as Democratic Nominee After Ending His Candidacy |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4784460-joe-biden-endorses-kamala-harris/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723214700/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4784460-joe-biden-endorses-kamala-harris/ |archive-date=23 July 2024 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref> Harris was also supported by [[Jimmy Carter]], [[Bill Clinton|Bill]] and [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Barack Obama|Barack]] and [[Michelle Obama]], and many other politicians and celebrities such as [[Beyoncé]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gamio |first1=Lazaro |last2=Keefe |first2=John |last3=Kim |first3=June |last4=McFadden |first4=Alyce |last5=Park |first5=Andrew |last6=Yourish |first6=Karen |date=July 22, 2024 |title=Many Elected Democrats Quickly Endorsed Kamala Harris. See Who Did. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/07/22/us/politics/kamala-harris-democrats-endorsement-list.html |access-date=July 22, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722072026/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/07/22/us/politics/kamala-harris-democrats-endorsement-list.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Democrats who have endorsed Kamala Harris to replace Biden as nominee |first1=Hayden |last1=Godfrey |first2= Adrián |last2=Blanco |first3=Kati |last3=Perry |first4=Hannah |last4=Dormido |first5=Eric |last5=Lau |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2024/kamala-harris-endorsements/ |date=21 July 2024 |access-date=August 5, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Ebony |date=July 26, 2024 |title=Barack and Michelle Obama endorse Kamala Harris for president |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/26/politics/barack-michelle-obama-kamala-harris-endorsement/index.html |access-date=August 5, 2024 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=August 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805160641/https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/26/politics/barack-michelle-obama-kamala-harris-endorsement/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bluestein |first1=Greg |date=August 3, 2024 |title=Jimmy Carters next goal is voting for Kamala Harris for president |url=https://www.ajc.com/politics/jimmy-carters-next-goal-is-voting-for-kamala-harris/UKCLDIUSSJC6JM4NP7HGOEDCNY/ |access-date=August 3, 2024 |work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] |archive-date=August 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803125750/https://www.ajc.com/politics/jimmy-carters-next-goal-is-voting-for-kamala-harris/UKCLDIUSSJC6JM4NP7HGOEDCNY/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the first 24 hours of her candidacy, her campaign raised $81 million in small-dollar donations, the highest single-day total of any presidential candidate in history.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Samuels |first1=Brett |date=July 22, 2024 |title=Harris breaks 24-hour fundraising record after Biden drops out |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4786610-harris-breaks-fundraising-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722220814/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4786610-harris-breaks-fundraising-record/ |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |access-date=July 22, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref> Her campaign was largely centered around opposing Trump and his policies. Harris supported [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] policies such as [[Abortion debate|abortion rights]], [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights]], [[gun control]], [[immigration]], and a [[two-state solution]] to the conflict between [[Israel]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]. By August 5, she had officially won the nomination and the next day, she announced Minnesota Governor [[Tim Walz]] as her vice presidential running mate.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Parnes|first1=Amie|last2=Samuels|first2=Brett|last3=Conradis|first3=Brandon|date=August 6, 2024|title=Harris picks Walz for vice president|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4789021-kamala-harris-vp-tim-walz-minnesota/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806130648/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4789021-kamala-harris-vp-tim-walz-minnesota/|archive-date=August 6, 2024|access-date=August 6, 2024|newspaper=The Hill}}</ref> On September 10, Harris and Trump had a [[debate]] on television. It was widely considered by the media that Harris won the debate, partly due to Trump making numerous factually incorrect statements.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Langer|first=Gary|title=Harris seen as debate winner while maintaining slight lead over Trump: POLL|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/harris-debate-winner-maintaining-slight-lead-trump-poll/story?id=113673862|access-date=2025-01-24|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-11|title=Who won the debate? Harris goads Trump into flustered performance|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c4gdnl9pg1wo|access-date=2025-01-24|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Harris wins the debate: Voters say she has clearer plans and tells fewer lies than Trump {{!}} YouGov|url=https://today.yougov.com/politics/articles/50498-harris-wins-the-presidential-debate-poll|access-date=2025-01-24|website=today.yougov.com|language=en-us}}</ref> Trump declined another debate with Harris. Her campaign utilized the media in several ways, such as television appearances of Harris (including an appearance on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'') and the use of [[TikTok]], with an account titled "Kamala HQ", which engaged in various internet trends such as the "[[Brat (album)|brat]]" trend, which was started by singer [[Charli XCX]]'s album of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-22|title=What is Kamala Harris' 'brat' rebrand all about?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cqqlgq7k374o|access-date=2025-01-24|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Demopoulos|first=Alaina|date=2024-07-23|title=‘Kamala IS brat’: Harris campaign goes lime-green to embrace the meme of the summer|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/23/kamala-harris-charli-xcx-brat|access-date=2025-01-24|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Selvakumar|first=Initha|date=July 31, 2024|title=Kamala Harris’ Gen Z marketing strategy: Why it works and why it needs to evolve|url=https://www.prweek.com/article/1882852/kamala-harris-gen-z-marketing-strategy-why-works-why-needs-evolve|access-date=2025-01-24|website=www.prweek.com|language=en}}</ref> On November 5, Harris and Walz lost the general election to the [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|Trump-Vance]] ticket.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-11-05|title=Presidential Election Results: Trump Wins|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/11/05/us/elections/results-president.html|access-date=2024-12-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 11, 2020|title=Joe Biden picks Kamala Harris as his running mate|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/11/politics/biden-vp-pick/index.html}}</ref> With around 75 million votes, Harris received the third-highest amount of votes of any presidential nominee in US history, as well as the most votes of any losing candidate. She gave a speech to her supporters the day after her loss. Major reasons for her loss have been said to include: the fact she entered the race late (only after the withdrawal of Biden) and the fact that she did not convince voters that she would provide different leadership than Biden.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-11-07|title=Why Kamala Harris lost to Donald Trump|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cjr4l5j2v9do|access-date=2025-01-24|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Oxford|first=Dwayne|title=US election result: Where did Harris and her campaign go wrong?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/8/us-election-result-where-did-harris-and-her-campaign-go-wrong|access-date=2025-01-24|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> If elected, she would have been the first female and first Asian-American president of the United States, and first Jamaican-American.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Megerian|first1=Chris|date=July 21, 2024|title=Harris could become the first female president after years of breaking racial and gender barriers|publisher=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/kamala-harris-president-democrat-biden-96df4c46fab767269056511037776b15|url-status=live|access-date=August 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807074158/https://apnews.com/article/kamala-harris-president-democrat-biden-96df4c46fab767269056511037776b15|archive-date=August 7, 2024}}</ref> == Post-vice presidency (2025–present) == Harris' term as vice president ended on January 20, 2025, when she was replaced by [[JD Vance]] as vice president.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-01-20|title=Harris heading home to Los Angeles to help fire victims|url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/01/20/donald-trump-inauguration-day-news-updates-analysis/post-fires-homecoming-for-harris-00199414|access-date=2025-01-24|website=POLITICO|language=en}}</ref> It is currently unclear what Harris will do next, but it is speculated that she may run for president again in [[2028 United States presidential election|2028]]. On July 30, 2025, she said she would not run for governor of California in 2026.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kamala Harris will not run for governor of California in 2026|url=https://sfstandard.com/2025/07/30/kamala-harris-not-running-california-governor-election/|website=The San Francisco Standard|author=Hannah Wiley and Josh Koehn|date=2025-07-30|access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> ==Personal life== [[File:Vice President Kamala Harris and Second Gentleman Doug Emhoff walk along the West Colonnade of the White House, Thursday, May 9, 2024, before greeting members of the 2024 WNBA Champion Las Vegas Aces.jpg|thumb|Harris and her husband Doug Emhoff, May 2024]] In 2014, Harris married lawyer [[Doug Emhoff]]. Emhoff and Harris have homes in [[Los Angeles]], [[San Francisco]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Bose|first=Debanjali|date=October 12, 2020|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/kamala-harris-real-estate-california-washington-home-photos-2020-8|title=Take a Look inside Kamala Harris's multimillion-dollar real estate portfolio, which includes property in California and Washington, DC|work=Business Insider|access-date=January 18, 2021}}</ref> ==Awards and honors== In 2020, both Harris and Biden were named [[Time Person of the Year]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alter |first1=Charlotte |title=2020 Person of the Year - Joe Biden and Kamala Harris |url=https://time.com/person-of-the-year-2020-joe-biden-kamala-harris |access-date=December 11, 2020 |work=Time |date=December 11, 2020 |archive-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213085430/https://time.com/person-of-the-year-2020-joe-biden-kamala-harris/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Records === Kamala Harris has broken several records in her career. * First female, first [[African Americans|African American]], and first [[Asian Americans|Asian American]] to serve as [[Vice President of the United States]]. This makes her the highest-ranking woman in US political history. * Second female, second [[African Americans|African American]], and first [[Asian Americans|Asian American]] to be a major contender in a [[United States presidential election]]. * The most tie-breaking votes ever cast by a [[Vice President of the United States|US Vice President]] (32). * The shortest [[United States presidential election|US presidential election]] campaign by a major contender, with 107 days. * The third-highest amount of votes received by a US presidential nominee (as well as the most votes of a female nominee and a losing nominee). Only Joe Biden in 2020 and Donald Trump in 2024 received more votes than Harris. ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.kamalaharris.org/ Official campaign website] {{Commons}} {{USVicePresidents}} {{Biden cabinet}} {{Time Persons of the Year 2001–2025}} {{African American topics}} {{Asian Americans}} {{Unsuccessful major party pres candidates}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Harris, Kamala}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Kamala Harris| ]] [[Category:2020 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:2020 United States vice-presidential candidates]] [[Category:20th-century American politicians]] [[Category:21st-century American politicians]] [[Category:African-American lawyers]] [[Category:African-American politicians]] [[Category:American political activists]] [[Category:District attorneys]] [[Category:Lawyers from San Francisco]] [[Category:Lawyers from California]] [[Category:Politicians from Oakland, California]] [[Category:Politicians from San Francisco]] [[Category:United States senators from California]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:Lawyers from Oakland, California]] [[Category:Time People of the Year]] [[Category:2024 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:2024 United States vice-presidential candidates]] [[Category:Vice presidents of the United States]] [[Category:California attorneys general]] 3mvu3cz92nq96nipkdsvxzybygl2l7c 11024401 11024400 2026-10-09T05:27:34Z Bennett Li11 1753383 Unlinked a Dead Link 11024401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|the former U.S. vice president|the wrestler|Kamala (wrestler)}}{{Infobox officeholder | image = Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait.jpg | alt = Official vice presidential portrait. Head shot of Harris smiling, wearing an American flag lapel pin and pearl earrings, and dressed formally. | caption = Official portrait, 2021 | office1 = Vice President of the United States | order1 = 49th | president1 = [[Joe Biden]] | term_start1 = January 20, 2021 | term_end1 = January 20, 2025 | predecessor1 = [[Mike Pence]] | successor1 = [[JD Vance]] | jr/sr2 = United States Senator | state2 = [[California]] | term_start2 = January 3, 2017 | term_end2 = January 18, 2021 | predecessor2 = [[Barbara Boxer]] | successor2 = [[Alex Padilla]] | office3 = Attorney General of California | order3 = 32nd | governor3 = [[Jerry Brown]] | term_start3 = January 3, 2011 | term_end3 = January 3, 2017 | predecessor3 = Jerry Brown | successor3 = [[Xavier Becerra]] | office4 = District Attorney of San Francisco | order4 = 27th | term_start4 = January 8, 2004 | term_end4 = January 3, 2011 | predecessor4 = [[Terence Hallinan]] | successor4 = [[George Gascón]] | birth_name = Kamala Iyer Harris{{efn|name=fn1|Harris was originally named Kamala Iyer Harris by her parents, who two weeks later filed an [[affidavit]] by which her middle name was changed to Devi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/08/18/heres-kamala-harris-birth-certificate-end-of-debate/|first=David|last=Debolt|date=August 18, 2020|title=Here's Kamala Harris' birth certificate. Scholars say there's no VP eligibility debate|work=[[The Mercury News]]|location=San Jose, California|access-date=November 27, 2021|archive-date=February 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217084253/https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/08/18/heres-kamala-harris-birth-certificate-end-of-debate/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|10|20}} | birth_place = [[Oakland, California]], U.S. | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Doug Emhoff]]|2014}} | relatives = [[Family of Kamala Harris|Harris family]] | education = {{plainlist| * [[Howard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) * [[University of California College of the Law, San Francisco|University of California, Hastings College of the Law]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])}} | signature = Kamala Harris Signature.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink | module = {{listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Kamala Harris speaks on the Americans with Disabilities Act.ogg|title=Harris' voice|type=speech|description=Harris speaks on the [[Americans with Disabilities Act]].<br />Recorded July 26, 2021}} | parents = {{ubl|[[Donald J. Harris]]|[[Shyamala Gopalan]]}} | height = | term_label = | residence = [[Brentwood, Los Angeles]] | website = {{Official website|https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/vice-president-harris/|name = White House archives}}<br> {{URL|kamalaharris.com|Official website}} }} '''Kamala Devi Harris''' ({{respell|KAH|mə|lə}}; born October 20, 1964)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-07|title=Kamala Harris {{!}} Biography, Policies, Family, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kamala-Harris|access-date=2023-11-08|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=Kamala Harris - Politics, Family & Age|url=https://www.biography.com/political-figures/kamala-harris|access-date=2023-11-08|website=Biography|language=en-US}}</ref> is an American politician and attorney who served as the 49th [[Vice President of the United States|vice president of the United States]] under [[Joe Biden]] from 2021 to 2025. She was the first female vice president and the highest-ranking female official in U.S. history. She was also the first [[African Americans|African-American]] and the first [[Asian Americans|South Asian]] vice president. Before becoming vice president, she represented [[California]] in the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] from 2017 to 2021 and was the 32nd [[Attorney General of California|attorney general of California]] from 2011 to 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shenkman|first=Kenneth|date=2018|title=Harris, Kamala|url=http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar756836|access-date=May 8, 2018|website=World Book Advanced}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamala Harris|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Kamala_Harris|access-date=2023-11-08|website=Ballotpedia|language=en}}</ref> Harris was the Democratic presidential candidate in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Klein|first=Betsy|date=2024-07-21|title=Harris says she will "earn and win" Democratic nomination|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/biden-trump-election-07-21-24#h_fda5151d2b9b9e7d1836c629eb88c750|access-date=2025-07-11|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> She was a candidate for president in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 election]]. She suspended her campaign in December 2019 after raising low campaign funds. After Joe Biden won the nomination, he picked Harris as his [[running mate]] for vice president.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 11, 2020|title=Joe Biden picks Kamala Harris as his running mate|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/11/politics/biden-vp-pick/index.html}}</ref> In July 2024, after Biden [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|ended his campaign for president]], Harris started her own [[Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]].<ref name="cnnjuly21222">{{Cite web|date=July 21, 2024|title=Harris says she will "earn and win" Democratic nomination|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/biden-trump-election-07-21-24#h_fda5151d2b9b9e7d1836c629eb88c750|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721193836/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/biden-trump-election-07-21-24#h_fda5151d2b9b9e7d1836c629eb88c750|archive-date=July 21, 2024|access-date=July 21, 2024|website=CNN}}</ref> In November 2024, she lost the election to then-former President [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-17|title=Presidential Election 2024 Live Results: Donald Trump wins|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-elections/president-results|access-date=2024-12-26|website=www.nbcnews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-11-05|title=Presidential Election Results: Trump Wins|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/11/05/us/elections/results-president.html|access-date=2024-12-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Biography == === Early life and education === Kamala Devi Harris was born on October 20, 1964 at Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center in [[Oakland, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=What California Knows About Kamala Harris|url=https://www.northcoastjournal.com/NewsBlog/archives/2020/08/11/what-california-knows-about-kamala-harris|access-date=2020-08-12|website=North Coast Journal|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-18|title=Here’s Kamala Harris’ birth certificate. Scholars say there’s no VP eligibility debate|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/08/18/heres-kamala-harris-birth-certificate-end-of-debate|access-date=2020-12-23|website=The Mercury News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com.hk/books/edition/Kamala_D_Harris_Biography_of_Inspiration/JWEkEAAAQBAJ?hl=zh-TW&gbpv=1&dq=kamala+harris+born+hospital&pg=PT11&printsec=frontcover|title=Kamala D. Harris : Biography of Inspirational Personality|last=Sharma|first=Dr Gopal|date=2021-03-18|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-90960-42-2|language=en}}</ref> She is [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[Indian American]] and [[Jamaican American]]. Her parents are [[Donald J. Harris]] and [[Shyamala Gopalan|Shyamala Gopalan Harris]]. Both Shyamala and Donald Harris studied at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. Harris' parents divorced in 1971. In 1976, Harris moved to [[Canada]] with her mother and younger sister, [[Maya Harris|Maya]]. Harris went to college [[Howard University]] in 1986 and graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in [[political science]] and [[economics]]. === Law career === [[File:Kamala Harris inauguration as Attorney General 04.jpg|thumb|Harris alongside her sister as she takes the oath of office as attorney general]] Harris would go on to became a [[lawyer]] after graduating from [[Hastings College of Law]] at the [[University of California]] in 1989. She worked in the office of the district attorney of Alameda in 1990. In 1998, Harris left to work for the District Attorney’s office in San Francisco. In 2003, Harris became the District Attorney of San Francisco. She became the California attorney general in 2011 and served in this role until 2017 when she became the U.S. senator for California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1618006718/SUIC?u=palo88030&sid=SUIC&xid=75ec2aec|title=Kamala Harris|last=Newsmakers|date=2017|website=Student Resources In Context|access-date=May 8, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === U.S. Senate === [[File:Kamala Harris takes oath of office as United States Senator by Vice President Joe Biden.jpg|thumb|Harris takes oath of office by then-vice president Joe Biden, January 2017]] At the start of 2016, Harris said that she would attempt to become senator of California after [[Barbara Boxer]] said that she would not work as a senator for the next term. Harris won the position in 2016 and became a senator on January 3, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=BIC&u=palo88030&id=GALE%7CK1606003853&v=2.1&it=r&sid=BIC&asid=8307aad6|title=Kamala D. Harris|date=March 8, 2017|website=Biography in Context|access-date=May 8, 2018|archive-date=April 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405213043/http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=BIC&u=palo88030&id=GALE%7CK1606003853&v=2.1&it=r&sid=BIC&asid=8307aad6|url-status=dead}}</ref> === 2020 presidential campaign === [[File:Kamala Harris (48616146657).jpg|thumb|Harris speaking at a campaign rally, August 2019]] {{main|Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign}} On January 21, 2019, she officially announced her [[Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign|campaign]] for president in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]].<ref name="harris announcement">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/21/politics/kamala-harris-president-2020/index.html?cid=web-alerts&nsid=94986245|title=Kamala Harris to run for president in 2020|date=January 21, 2019|first=Maeve|last=Reston|work=CNN}}</ref> After months of falling polling numbers and low campaign money raised, she ended her campaign on December 3, 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/12/03/kamala-harris-drops-out-out-of-presidential-race-074902|title=Kamala Harris drops out of presidential race|date=December 3, 2019|first=Christopher|last=Cadelago|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=December 3, 2019}}</ref> On August 11, 2020, Biden picked Harris as his [[running mate]]. On November 7, the Biden-Harris ticket beat the [[Donald Trump|Trump]]-[[Mike Pence|Pence]] ticket making her the vice president-elect.<ref name="zeleny">{{Cite news|last1=Zeleny|first1=Jeff|last2=Merica|first2=Dan|last3=Saenz|first3=Arlette|date=August 11, 2020|title=Joe Biden picks Kamala Harris as his running mate|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/11/politics/biden-vp-pick/index.html}}</ref><ref name="APSelects">{{Cite news|date=August 11, 2020|title=Joe Biden selects California Sen. Kamala Harris as running mate|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/nation-world/2020/08/11/biden-selects-california-sen-kamala-harris-as-running-mate/|quote=selecting the first African American woman and South Asian American to compete on a major party's presidential ticket|website=tampabay.com}}</ref><ref name="APResonate">{{Cite news|date=August 12, 2020|title=Kamala Harris' selection as VP resonates with Black women|last=Stafford|first=Kat|agency=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/46ef207f32a089b2b54ed35d57c9413f|quote=making her the first Black woman on a major party's presidential ticket{{nbsp}}... It also marks the first time a person of Asian descent is on the presidential ticket.}}</ref> == Vice presidency (2021–2025) == [[File:Harris oath of office.jpg|thumb|Harris alongside her husband as she takes the vice presidential oath of office]] Harris was [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|sworn-in]] by [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] [[Sonia Sotomayor]] as the 49th vice president of the United States on January 20, 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/07/politics/kamala-harris-first-vice-president-female-black-south-asian/index.html|title=Harris bursts through another barrier, becoming the first female, first Black and first South Asian vice president-elect|first1=Brandon|last1=Tensley|last2=Wright|first2=Jasmine|work=CNN|date=November 7, 2020|access-date=November 8, 2020|archive-date=November 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107194833/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/07/politics/kamala-harris-first-vice-president-female-black-south-asian/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She is the first female vice president in the United States, the highest-ranking female elected official in U.S. history, and the first Indian [[Asian-American]] vice president.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last1=Horowitz|first1=Juliana Menasce|last2=Budiman|first2=Abby|date=2020-08-18|title=Key findings about multiracial identity in the U.S. as Harris becomes vice presidential nominee|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/18/key-findings-about-multiracial-identity-in-the-u-s-as-harris-becomes-vice-presidential-nominee/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-07|title=Kamala Harris Makes History As First Female, Black, Asian American Vice President|first=Jemima|last=McEvoy|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/11/07/kamala-harris-makes-history-as-first-female-black-asian-american-vice-president/|access-date=2020-11-13|website=Forbes}}</ref> She is also the second [[person of color]] to hold the post. The first was [[Charles Curtis]], who was a [[Native American]] and member of the [[Kaw Nation]].<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite news |date=August 12, 2020 |title=Here Are The 'Firsts' Kamala Harris Represents With VP Candidacy |first=Andrew |last=Solender |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/08/12/here-are-the-firsts-kamala-harris-represents-with-vp-candidacy/ |quote=Harris would not be the first person of color to serve as vice president. That honor belongs to Charles Curtis, President Herbert Hoover's No. 2. |work=Forbes |access-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902023222/https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/08/12/here-are-the-firsts-kamala-harris-represents-with-vp-candidacy/|url-status=live}}</ref> Harris cast her first of two tie-breaking votes on February 5, 2021. In February and March, Harris' tie-breaking votes in her role as President of the [[United States Senate|Senate]] were needed to pass the [[American Rescue Plan Act of 2021]] stimulus package proposed by President Biden because no Republicans in the Senate voted for the package.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-relief-package-senate-passes-budget-plan/|title=Senate passes $1.9 trillion COVID relief resolution after all-night 'vote-a-rama'|website=CBS News|first=Grace|last=Segers|date=February 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Maanvi|last2=Greve|first2=Joan E.|last3=Belam|first3=Martin|last4=McKernan|first4=Bethan|last5=Levine|first5=Sam|date=March 5, 2021|title=Kamala Harris breaks Senate tie to begin Covid relief package debate – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2021/mar/04/voting-rights-police-reform-george-floyd-for-the-people-joe-biden-covid-coronavirus-live|access-date=March 5, 2021|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In April 2021, Harris said that she was the last person in the room before President Biden decided to remove all U.S. troops from [[Afghanistan]] and commented that the president was brave for making this "difficult decision".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/25/harris-afghanistan-biden-withdrawal-decision-484581|author=Allie Bice|title=Harris says she had key role in Biden's Afghanistan withdrawal decision|publisher=[[Politico]]|date=April 25, 2021|accessdate=August 20, 2021}}</ref> Biden put Harris in charge of [[immigration]]. Harris visited [[Guatemala]] and [[Mexico]] to see why there was an increase in immigration, mainly from [[Central America]] to the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Egan |first1=Lauren |title=Harris takes first steps onto world stage, into migration spotlight |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/harris-takes-her-first-steps-world-stage-migration-policy-spotlight-n1269789 |work=NBC News |date=7 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> During her visit, she said "I want to be clear to folks in the region who are thinking about making that dangerous trek to the United States-Mexico border: Do not come. Do not come".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Sabrina |title=Harris' blunt message in Guatemala: 'Do not come' to U.S. |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/07/harris-message-in-guatemala-do-not-come-492047 |work=POLITICO |date=7 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> On September 24, 2021, Republican United States Representative [[Lauren Boebert]] introduced a resolution to impeach Harris over her support for the [[Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)|withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=H.Res.679 - Impeaching Kamala Devi Harris, Vice President of the United States, for the high crimes and misdemeanors of betrayal of the public trust. Summary |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/679 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=www.congress.gov |publisher=United States Congress}}</ref> On November 19, 2021, Harris served as [[Acting president of the United States|acting president]] from 10:10 am to 11:35 am while President Biden underwent a "routine [[colonoscopy]]".<ref>{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Zeke |date=19 November 2021|title=Biden to have routine colonoscopy, transfer power to Harris|url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-health-jen-psaki-70d7e5903ea41636ee6bbe829fa082a2|work=Associated Press News|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|location=[[Bethesda, Maryland|Bethesda]]|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> Harris became the third vice president as well as the first female vice president to serve as acting president.<ref>{{cite news |last=Feinberg|first=Andrew|date=19 November 2021|title=‘First woman president’: Kamala Harris makes history when she briefly assumes powers of presidency during Biden procedure|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/joe-biden-president-kamala-harris-b1960913.html|work=[[The Independent]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-19|title=Kamala Harris takes on presidential role – briefly – as Biden has colonoscopy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/19/kamala-harris-presidential-powers-biden-colonoscopy |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> On June 12, 2023, Republican Representative [[Andy Ogles]] introduced a resolution to impeach Harris for the Biden administration's handling of security at the [[United States–Mexico border]]. It is co-sponsored by Republicans Lauren Boebert and [[Mary Miller (politician)|Mary Miller]].<ref>{{cite web |title=H.Res.494 - Impeaching Kamala Devi Harris, Vice President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors. |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/494 |website=Congress.gov |publisher=United States Congress |access-date=23 June 2023}}</ref> In December 2023, Harris broke the record for the most tie-breaking votes cast by a vice president casting her 32nd vote, passing [[John C. Calhoun]], who cast 31 votes during his nearly eight years as vice president, in less than half the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Votes to Break Ties in the Senate |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/TieVotes.htm#:~:text=%22The%20Vice%20President%20of%20the,breaking%20votes%20have%20been%20cast. |website=senate.gov |access-date=December 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lebowitz|first1=Megan|last2=Thorp|first2=Frank|last3=Santaliz|first3=Kate|title= Vice President Harris breaks record for casting the most tie-breaking votes|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/president-harris-breaks-record-casting-tie-breaking-votes-rcna123999|website=NBC News|date=December 5, 2023 |access-date=December 5, 2023}}</ref> On July 23, 2024, Republican Representative Andy Ogles introduced a second resolution to impeach Harris for the betrayal of the public trust for not removing [[Joe Biden]] from office and failing in her duties as “border czar.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Ogles Introduces Articles Of Impeachment Against Vice President Kamala Harris |url=https://ogles.house.gov/media/press-releases/ogles-introduces-articles-impeachment-against-vice-president-kamala-harris |publisher=Congressman Andy Ogles Press Release |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Nick |title=Tennessee Republican files articles of impeachment against Harris |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4788663-andy-ogles-impeachment-articles-kamala-harris/ |publisher=THE HILL |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref> On January 6, 2025, in one of her last duties as vice president, Harris oversaw the official certification of Trump's election win.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-01-06|title=Harris certifies Trump's US election win, four years after Capitol riot|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cd9x33z8nzpo|access-date=2025-01-24|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == 2024 presidential campaign == {{main|2024 United States presidential election|Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign}} [[File:Kamala Harris & Tim Walz - 53915738289.jpg|thumb|Harris and Walz speaking at a campaign rally at Desert Diamond Arena in Glendale, Arizona, August 2024]] Originally, President Biden was running to be elected President for a second time with Harris as vice president once again. However, on July 21, 2024, President Biden [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|ended]] his [[Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign|campaign for reelection in 2024]] and supported Harris for president.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Samuels |first1=Brett |last2=Gangitano |first2=Alex |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Biden Endorses Harris as Democratic Nominee After Ending His Candidacy |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4784460-joe-biden-endorses-kamala-harris/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723214700/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4784460-joe-biden-endorses-kamala-harris/ |archive-date=23 July 2024 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref> Harris was also supported by [[Jimmy Carter]], [[Bill Clinton|Bill]] and [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Barack Obama|Barack]] and [[Michelle Obama]], and many other politicians and celebrities such as [[Beyoncé]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gamio |first1=Lazaro |last2=Keefe |first2=John |last3=Kim |first3=June |last4=McFadden |first4=Alyce |last5=Park |first5=Andrew |last6=Yourish |first6=Karen |date=July 22, 2024 |title=Many Elected Democrats Quickly Endorsed Kamala Harris. See Who Did. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/07/22/us/politics/kamala-harris-democrats-endorsement-list.html |access-date=July 22, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722072026/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/07/22/us/politics/kamala-harris-democrats-endorsement-list.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Democrats who have endorsed Kamala Harris to replace Biden as nominee |first1=Hayden |last1=Godfrey |first2= Adrián |last2=Blanco |first3=Kati |last3=Perry |first4=Hannah |last4=Dormido |first5=Eric |last5=Lau |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2024/kamala-harris-endorsements/ |date=21 July 2024 |access-date=August 5, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Ebony |date=July 26, 2024 |title=Barack and Michelle Obama endorse Kamala Harris for president |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/26/politics/barack-michelle-obama-kamala-harris-endorsement/index.html |access-date=August 5, 2024 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=August 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805160641/https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/26/politics/barack-michelle-obama-kamala-harris-endorsement/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bluestein |first1=Greg |date=August 3, 2024 |title=Jimmy Carters next goal is voting for Kamala Harris for president |url=https://www.ajc.com/politics/jimmy-carters-next-goal-is-voting-for-kamala-harris/UKCLDIUSSJC6JM4NP7HGOEDCNY/ |access-date=August 3, 2024 |work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] |archive-date=August 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803125750/https://www.ajc.com/politics/jimmy-carters-next-goal-is-voting-for-kamala-harris/UKCLDIUSSJC6JM4NP7HGOEDCNY/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the first 24 hours of her candidacy, her campaign raised $81 million in small-dollar donations, the highest single-day total of any presidential candidate in history.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Samuels |first1=Brett |date=July 22, 2024 |title=Harris breaks 24-hour fundraising record after Biden drops out |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4786610-harris-breaks-fundraising-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722220814/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4786610-harris-breaks-fundraising-record/ |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |access-date=July 22, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref> Her campaign was largely centered around opposing Trump and his policies. Harris supported [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] policies such as [[Abortion debate|abortion rights]], [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights]], [[gun control]], [[immigration]], and a [[two-state solution]] to the conflict between [[Israel]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]. By August 5, she had officially won the nomination and the next day, she announced Minnesota Governor [[Tim Walz]] as her vice presidential running mate.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Parnes|first1=Amie|last2=Samuels|first2=Brett|last3=Conradis|first3=Brandon|date=August 6, 2024|title=Harris picks Walz for vice president|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4789021-kamala-harris-vp-tim-walz-minnesota/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806130648/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4789021-kamala-harris-vp-tim-walz-minnesota/|archive-date=August 6, 2024|access-date=August 6, 2024|newspaper=The Hill}}</ref> On September 10, Harris and Trump had a [[debate]] on television. It was widely considered by the media that Harris won the debate, partly due to Trump making numerous factually incorrect statements.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Langer|first=Gary|title=Harris seen as debate winner while maintaining slight lead over Trump: POLL|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/harris-debate-winner-maintaining-slight-lead-trump-poll/story?id=113673862|access-date=2025-01-24|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-11|title=Who won the debate? Harris goads Trump into flustered performance|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c4gdnl9pg1wo|access-date=2025-01-24|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Harris wins the debate: Voters say she has clearer plans and tells fewer lies than Trump {{!}} YouGov|url=https://today.yougov.com/politics/articles/50498-harris-wins-the-presidential-debate-poll|access-date=2025-01-24|website=today.yougov.com|language=en-us}}</ref> Trump declined another debate with Harris. Her campaign utilized the media in several ways, such as television appearances of Harris (including an appearance on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'') and the use of [[TikTok]], with an account titled "Kamala HQ", which engaged in various internet trends such as the "[[Brat (album)|brat]]" trend, which was started by singer [[Charli XCX]]'s album of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-22|title=What is Kamala Harris' 'brat' rebrand all about?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cqqlgq7k374o|access-date=2025-01-24|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Demopoulos|first=Alaina|date=2024-07-23|title=‘Kamala IS brat’: Harris campaign goes lime-green to embrace the meme of the summer|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/23/kamala-harris-charli-xcx-brat|access-date=2025-01-24|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Selvakumar|first=Initha|date=July 31, 2024|title=Kamala Harris’ Gen Z marketing strategy: Why it works and why it needs to evolve|url=https://www.prweek.com/article/1882852/kamala-harris-gen-z-marketing-strategy-why-works-why-needs-evolve|access-date=2025-01-24|website=www.prweek.com|language=en}}</ref> On November 5, Harris and Walz lost the general election to the [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|Trump-Vance]] ticket.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-11-05|title=Presidential Election Results: Trump Wins|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/11/05/us/elections/results-president.html|access-date=2024-12-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 11, 2020|title=Joe Biden picks Kamala Harris as his running mate|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/11/politics/biden-vp-pick/index.html}}</ref> With around 75 million votes, Harris received the third-highest amount of votes of any presidential nominee in US history, as well as the most votes of any losing candidate. She gave a speech to her supporters the day after her loss. Major reasons for her loss have been said to include: the fact she entered the race late (only after the withdrawal of Biden) and the fact that she did not convince voters that she would provide different leadership than Biden.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-11-07|title=Why Kamala Harris lost to Donald Trump|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cjr4l5j2v9do|access-date=2025-01-24|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Oxford|first=Dwayne|title=US election result: Where did Harris and her campaign go wrong?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/8/us-election-result-where-did-harris-and-her-campaign-go-wrong|access-date=2025-01-24|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> If elected, she would have been the first female and first Asian-American president of the United States, and first Jamaican-American.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Megerian|first1=Chris|date=July 21, 2024|title=Harris could become the first female president after years of breaking racial and gender barriers|publisher=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/kamala-harris-president-democrat-biden-96df4c46fab767269056511037776b15|url-status=live|access-date=August 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807074158/https://apnews.com/article/kamala-harris-president-democrat-biden-96df4c46fab767269056511037776b15|archive-date=August 7, 2024}}</ref> == Post-vice presidency (2025–present) == Harris' term as vice president ended on January 20, 2025, when she was replaced by [[JD Vance]] as vice president.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-01-20|title=Harris heading home to Los Angeles to help fire victims|url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/01/20/donald-trump-inauguration-day-news-updates-analysis/post-fires-homecoming-for-harris-00199414|access-date=2025-01-24|website=POLITICO|language=en}}</ref> It is currently unclear what Harris will do next, but it is speculated that she may run for president again in [[2028 United States presidential election|2028]]. On July 30, 2025, she said she would not run for governor of California in 2026.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kamala Harris will not run for governor of California in 2026|url=https://sfstandard.com/2025/07/30/kamala-harris-not-running-california-governor-election/|website=The San Francisco Standard|author=Hannah Wiley and Josh Koehn|date=2025-07-30|access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> ==Personal life== [[File:Vice President Kamala Harris and Second Gentleman Doug Emhoff walk along the West Colonnade of the White House, Thursday, May 9, 2024, before greeting members of the 2024 WNBA Champion Las Vegas Aces.jpg|thumb|Harris and her husband Doug Emhoff, May 2024]] In 2014, Harris married lawyer [[Doug Emhoff]]. Emhoff and Harris have homes in [[Los Angeles]], [[San Francisco]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Bose|first=Debanjali|date=October 12, 2020|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/kamala-harris-real-estate-california-washington-home-photos-2020-8|title=Take a Look inside Kamala Harris's multimillion-dollar real estate portfolio, which includes property in California and Washington, DC|work=Business Insider|access-date=January 18, 2021}}</ref> ==Awards and honors== In 2020, both Harris and Biden were named [[Time Person of the Year]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alter |first1=Charlotte |title=2020 Person of the Year - Joe Biden and Kamala Harris |url=https://time.com/person-of-the-year-2020-joe-biden-kamala-harris |access-date=December 11, 2020 |work=Time |date=December 11, 2020 |archive-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213085430/https://time.com/person-of-the-year-2020-joe-biden-kamala-harris/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Records === Kamala Harris has broken several records in her career. * First female, first [[African Americans|African American]], and first [[Asian Americans|Asian American]] to serve as [[Vice President of the United States]]. This makes her the highest-ranking woman in US political history. * Second female, second [[African Americans|African American]], and first [[Asian Americans|Asian American]] to be a major contender in a [[United States presidential election]]. * The most tie-breaking votes ever cast by a [[Vice President of the United States|US Vice President]] (32). * The shortest [[United States presidential election|US presidential election]] campaign by a major contender, with 107 days. * The third-highest amount of votes received by a US presidential nominee (as well as the most votes of a female nominee and a losing nominee). Only Joe Biden in 2020 and Donald Trump in 2024 received more votes than Harris. ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.kamalaharris.org/ Official campaign website] {{Commons}} {{USVicePresidents}} {{Biden cabinet}} {{Time Persons of the Year 2001–2025}} {{African American topics}} {{Asian Americans}} {{Unsuccessful major party pres candidates}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Harris, Kamala}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Kamala Harris| ]] [[Category:2020 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:2020 United States vice-presidential candidates]] [[Category:20th-century American politicians]] [[Category:21st-century American politicians]] [[Category:African-American lawyers]] [[Category:African-American politicians]] [[Category:American political activists]] [[Category:District attorneys]] [[Category:Lawyers from San Francisco]] [[Category:Lawyers from California]] [[Category:Politicians from Oakland, California]] [[Category:Politicians from San Francisco]] [[Category:United States senators from California]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:Lawyers from Oakland, California]] [[Category:Time People of the Year]] [[Category:2024 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:2024 United States vice-presidential candidates]] [[Category:Vice presidents of the United States]] [[Category:California attorneys general]] myfoojk7imyqoga2f96qr4wvplkflxc 11024404 11024401 2026-10-09T05:29:03Z Bennett Li11 1753383 Linked, copyedit 11024404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{About|the former U.S. vice president|the wrestler|Kamala (wrestler)}}{{Infobox officeholder | image = Kamala Harris Vice Presidential Portrait.jpg | alt = Official vice presidential portrait. Head shot of Harris smiling, wearing an American flag lapel pin and pearl earrings, and dressed formally. | caption = Official portrait, 2021 | office1 = Vice President of the United States | order1 = 49th | president1 = [[Joe Biden]] | term_start1 = January 20, 2021 | term_end1 = January 20, 2025 | predecessor1 = [[Mike Pence]] | successor1 = [[JD Vance]] | jr/sr2 = United States Senator | state2 = [[California]] | term_start2 = January 3, 2017 | term_end2 = January 18, 2021 | predecessor2 = [[Barbara Boxer]] | successor2 = [[Alex Padilla]] | office3 = Attorney General of California | order3 = 32nd | governor3 = [[Jerry Brown]] | term_start3 = January 3, 2011 | term_end3 = January 3, 2017 | predecessor3 = Jerry Brown | successor3 = [[Xavier Becerra]] | office4 = District Attorney of San Francisco | order4 = 27th | term_start4 = January 8, 2004 | term_end4 = January 3, 2011 | predecessor4 = [[Terence Hallinan]] | successor4 = [[George Gascón]] | birth_name = Kamala Iyer Harris{{efn|name=fn1|Harris was originally named Kamala Iyer Harris by her parents, who two weeks later filed an [[affidavit]] by which her middle name was changed to Devi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/08/18/heres-kamala-harris-birth-certificate-end-of-debate/|first=David|last=Debolt|date=August 18, 2020|title=Here's Kamala Harris' birth certificate. Scholars say there's no VP eligibility debate|work=[[The Mercury News]]|location=San Jose, California|access-date=November 27, 2021|archive-date=February 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217084253/https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/08/18/heres-kamala-harris-birth-certificate-end-of-debate/|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|10|20}} | birth_place = [[Oakland, California]], U.S. | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Doug Emhoff]]|2014}} | relatives = [[Family of Kamala Harris|Harris family]] | education = {{plainlist| * [[Howard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) * [[University of California College of the Law, San Francisco|University of California, Hastings College of the Law]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]])}} | signature = Kamala Harris Signature.svg | signature_alt = Cursive signature in ink | module = {{listen|pos=center|embed=yes|filename=Kamala Harris speaks on the Americans with Disabilities Act.ogg|title=Harris' voice|type=speech|description=Harris speaks on the [[Americans with Disabilities Act]].<br />Recorded July 26, 2021}} | parents = {{ubl|[[Donald J. Harris]]|[[Shyamala Gopalan]]}} | height = | term_label = | residence = [[Brentwood, Los Angeles]] | website = {{Official website|https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/administration/vice-president-harris/|name = White House archives}}<br> {{URL|kamalaharris.com|Official website}} }} '''Kamala Devi Harris''' ({{respell|KAH|mə|lə}}; born October 20, 1964)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-07|title=Kamala Harris {{!}} Biography, Policies, Family, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kamala-Harris|access-date=2023-11-08|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=Kamala Harris - Politics, Family & Age|url=https://www.biography.com/political-figures/kamala-harris|access-date=2023-11-08|website=Biography|language=en-US}}</ref> is an American politician and attorney who served as the 49th [[Vice President of the United States|vice president of the United States]] under [[Joe Biden]] from 2021 to 2025. She was the first female vice president and the highest-ranking female official in U.S. history. She was also the first [[African Americans|African-American]] and the first [[Asian Americans|South Asian]] vice president. Before becoming vice president, she represented [[California]] in the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]] from 2017 to 2021 and was the 32nd [[Attorney General of California|attorney general of California]] from 2011 to 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shenkman|first=Kenneth|date=2018|title=Harris, Kamala|url=http://www.worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar756836|access-date=May 8, 2018|website=World Book Advanced}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamala Harris|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Kamala_Harris|access-date=2023-11-08|website=Ballotpedia|language=en}}</ref> Harris was the Democratic presidential candidate in the [[2024 United States presidential election|2024 presidential election]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Klein|first=Betsy|date=2024-07-21|title=Harris says she will "earn and win" Democratic nomination|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/biden-trump-election-07-21-24#h_fda5151d2b9b9e7d1836c629eb88c750|access-date=2025-07-11|website=CNN|language=en}}</ref> She was a candidate for president in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 election]]. She suspended her campaign in December 2019 after raising low campaign funds. After Joe Biden won the nomination, he picked Harris as his [[running mate]] for vice president.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 11, 2020|title=Joe Biden picks Kamala Harris as his running mate|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/11/politics/biden-vp-pick/index.html}}</ref> In July 2024, after Biden [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|ended his campaign for president]], Harris started her own [[Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]].<ref name="cnnjuly21222">{{Cite web|date=July 21, 2024|title=Harris says she will "earn and win" Democratic nomination|url=https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/biden-trump-election-07-21-24#h_fda5151d2b9b9e7d1836c629eb88c750|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721193836/https://www.cnn.com/politics/live-news/biden-trump-election-07-21-24#h_fda5151d2b9b9e7d1836c629eb88c750|archive-date=July 21, 2024|access-date=July 21, 2024|website=CNN}}</ref> In November 2024, she lost the election to then-former President [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-17|title=Presidential Election 2024 Live Results: Donald Trump wins|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2024-elections/president-results|access-date=2024-12-26|website=www.nbcnews.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-11-05|title=Presidential Election Results: Trump Wins|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/11/05/us/elections/results-president.html|access-date=2024-12-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> == Biography == === Early life and education === Kamala Devi Harris was born on October 20, 1964 at Kaiser Permanente Oakland Medical Center in [[Oakland, California]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=What California Knows About Kamala Harris|url=https://www.northcoastjournal.com/NewsBlog/archives/2020/08/11/what-california-knows-about-kamala-harris|access-date=2020-08-12|website=North Coast Journal|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-18|title=Here’s Kamala Harris’ birth certificate. Scholars say there’s no VP eligibility debate|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/08/18/heres-kamala-harris-birth-certificate-end-of-debate|access-date=2020-12-23|website=The Mercury News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com.hk/books/edition/Kamala_D_Harris_Biography_of_Inspiration/JWEkEAAAQBAJ?hl=zh-TW&gbpv=1&dq=kamala+harris+born+hospital&pg=PT11&printsec=frontcover|title=Kamala D. Harris : Biography of Inspirational Personality|last=Sharma|first=Dr Gopal|date=2021-03-18|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books Pvt Ltd|isbn=978-93-90960-42-2|language=en}}</ref> She is [[Tamil people|Tamil]] [[Indian American]] and [[Jamaican American]]. Her parents are [[Donald J. Harris]] and [[Shyamala Gopalan|Shyamala Gopalan Harris]]. Both Shyamala and Donald Harris studied at the [[University of California, Berkeley]]. Harris' parents divorced in 1971. In 1976, Harris moved to [[Canada]] with her mother and younger sister, [[Maya Harris|Maya]]. Harris went to college [[Howard University]] in 1986 and graduated with a [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in [[political science]] and [[economics]]. === Law career === [[File:Kamala Harris inauguration as Attorney General 04.jpg|thumb|Harris alongside her sister as she takes the oath of office as [[Attorney General of California]]]] Harris would go on to became a [[lawyer]] after graduating from [[Hastings College of Law]] at the [[University of California]] in 1989. She worked in the office of the district attorney of Alameda in 1990. In 1998, Harris left to work for the District Attorney’s office in San Francisco. In 2003, Harris became the District Attorney of San Francisco. She became the California attorney general in 2011 and served in this role until 2017 when she became the U.S. senator for California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1618006718/SUIC?u=palo88030&sid=SUIC&xid=75ec2aec|title=Kamala Harris|last=Newsmakers|date=2017|website=Student Resources In Context|access-date=May 8, 2018}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === U.S. Senate === [[File:Kamala Harris takes oath of office as United States Senator by Vice President Joe Biden.jpg|thumb|Harris takes oath of office by then-vice president Joe Biden, January 2017]] At the start of 2016, Harris said that she would attempt to become senator of California after [[Barbara Boxer]] said that she would not work as a senator for the next term. Harris won the position in 2016 and became a senator on January 3, 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=BIC&u=palo88030&id=GALE%7CK1606003853&v=2.1&it=r&sid=BIC&asid=8307aad6|title=Kamala D. Harris|date=March 8, 2017|website=Biography in Context|access-date=May 8, 2018|archive-date=April 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405213043/http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=BIC&u=palo88030&id=GALE%7CK1606003853&v=2.1&it=r&sid=BIC&asid=8307aad6|url-status=dead}}</ref> === 2020 presidential campaign === [[File:Kamala Harris (48616146657).jpg|thumb|Harris speaking at a campaign rally, August 2019]] {{main|Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign}} On January 21, 2019, she officially announced her [[Kamala Harris 2020 presidential campaign|campaign]] for president in the [[2020 United States presidential election|2020 presidential election]].<ref name="harris announcement">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/21/politics/kamala-harris-president-2020/index.html?cid=web-alerts&nsid=94986245|title=Kamala Harris to run for president in 2020|date=January 21, 2019|first=Maeve|last=Reston|work=CNN}}</ref> After months of falling polling numbers and low campaign money raised, she ended her campaign on December 3, 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2019/12/03/kamala-harris-drops-out-out-of-presidential-race-074902|title=Kamala Harris drops out of presidential race|date=December 3, 2019|first=Christopher|last=Cadelago|work=[[Politico]]|access-date=December 3, 2019}}</ref> On August 11, 2020, Biden picked Harris as his [[running mate]]. On November 7, the Biden-Harris ticket beat the [[Donald Trump|Trump]]-[[Mike Pence|Pence]] ticket making her the vice president-elect.<ref name="zeleny">{{Cite news|last1=Zeleny|first1=Jeff|last2=Merica|first2=Dan|last3=Saenz|first3=Arlette|date=August 11, 2020|title=Joe Biden picks Kamala Harris as his running mate|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/11/politics/biden-vp-pick/index.html}}</ref><ref name="APSelects">{{Cite news|date=August 11, 2020|title=Joe Biden selects California Sen. Kamala Harris as running mate|agency=Associated Press|url=https://www.tampabay.com/news/nation-world/2020/08/11/biden-selects-california-sen-kamala-harris-as-running-mate/|quote=selecting the first African American woman and South Asian American to compete on a major party's presidential ticket|website=tampabay.com}}</ref><ref name="APResonate">{{Cite news|date=August 12, 2020|title=Kamala Harris' selection as VP resonates with Black women|last=Stafford|first=Kat|agency=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/46ef207f32a089b2b54ed35d57c9413f|quote=making her the first Black woman on a major party's presidential ticket{{nbsp}}... It also marks the first time a person of Asian descent is on the presidential ticket.}}</ref> == Vice presidency (2021–2025) == [[File:Harris oath of office.jpg|thumb|Harris alongside her husband as she takes the vice presidential oath of office]] Harris was [[Inauguration of Joe Biden|sworn-in]] by [[Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States|Associate Justice]] [[Sonia Sotomayor]] as the 49th vice president of the United States on January 20, 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/07/politics/kamala-harris-first-vice-president-female-black-south-asian/index.html|title=Harris bursts through another barrier, becoming the first female, first Black and first South Asian vice president-elect|first1=Brandon|last1=Tensley|last2=Wright|first2=Jasmine|work=CNN|date=November 7, 2020|access-date=November 8, 2020|archive-date=November 7, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107194833/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/11/07/politics/kamala-harris-first-vice-president-female-black-south-asian/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She is the first female vice president in the United States, the highest-ranking female elected official in U.S. history, and the first Indian [[Asian-American]] vice president.<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|last1=Horowitz|first1=Juliana Menasce|last2=Budiman|first2=Abby|date=2020-08-18|title=Key findings about multiracial identity in the U.S. as Harris becomes vice presidential nominee|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/18/key-findings-about-multiracial-identity-in-the-u-s-as-harris-becomes-vice-presidential-nominee/|access-date=2020-11-08|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-07|title=Kamala Harris Makes History As First Female, Black, Asian American Vice President|first=Jemima|last=McEvoy|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jemimamcevoy/2020/11/07/kamala-harris-makes-history-as-first-female-black-asian-american-vice-president/|access-date=2020-11-13|website=Forbes}}</ref> She is also the second [[person of color]] to hold the post. The first was [[Charles Curtis]], who was a [[Native American]] and member of the [[Kaw Nation]].<ref name="Forbes">{{Cite news |date=August 12, 2020 |title=Here Are The 'Firsts' Kamala Harris Represents With VP Candidacy |first=Andrew |last=Solender |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/08/12/here-are-the-firsts-kamala-harris-represents-with-vp-candidacy/ |quote=Harris would not be the first person of color to serve as vice president. That honor belongs to Charles Curtis, President Herbert Hoover's No. 2. |work=Forbes |access-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200902023222/https://www.forbes.com/sites/andrewsolender/2020/08/12/here-are-the-firsts-kamala-harris-represents-with-vp-candidacy/|url-status=live}}</ref> Harris cast her first of two tie-breaking votes on February 5, 2021. In February and March, Harris' tie-breaking votes in her role as President of the [[United States Senate|Senate]] were needed to pass the [[American Rescue Plan Act of 2021]] stimulus package proposed by President Biden because no Republicans in the Senate voted for the package.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-relief-package-senate-passes-budget-plan/|title=Senate passes $1.9 trillion COVID relief resolution after all-night 'vote-a-rama'|website=CBS News|first=Grace|last=Segers|date=February 5, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last1=Singh|first1=Maanvi|last2=Greve|first2=Joan E.|last3=Belam|first3=Martin|last4=McKernan|first4=Bethan|last5=Levine|first5=Sam|date=March 5, 2021|title=Kamala Harris breaks Senate tie to begin Covid relief package debate – as it happened|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2021/mar/04/voting-rights-police-reform-george-floyd-for-the-people-joe-biden-covid-coronavirus-live|access-date=March 5, 2021|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> In April 2021, Harris said that she was the last person in the room before President Biden decided to remove all U.S. troops from [[Afghanistan]] and commented that the president was brave for making this "difficult decision".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/04/25/harris-afghanistan-biden-withdrawal-decision-484581|author=Allie Bice|title=Harris says she had key role in Biden's Afghanistan withdrawal decision|publisher=[[Politico]]|date=April 25, 2021|accessdate=August 20, 2021}}</ref> Biden put Harris in charge of [[immigration]]. Harris visited [[Guatemala]] and [[Mexico]] to see why there was an increase in immigration, mainly from [[Central America]] to the United States.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Egan |first1=Lauren |title=Harris takes first steps onto world stage, into migration spotlight |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/harris-takes-her-first-steps-world-stage-migration-policy-spotlight-n1269789 |work=NBC News |date=7 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> During her visit, she said "I want to be clear to folks in the region who are thinking about making that dangerous trek to the United States-Mexico border: Do not come. Do not come".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rodriguez |first1=Sabrina |title=Harris' blunt message in Guatemala: 'Do not come' to U.S. |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2021/06/07/harris-message-in-guatemala-do-not-come-492047 |work=POLITICO |date=7 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> On September 24, 2021, Republican United States Representative [[Lauren Boebert]] introduced a resolution to impeach Harris over her support for the [[Withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan (2020–2021)|withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web |title=H.Res.679 - Impeaching Kamala Devi Harris, Vice President of the United States, for the high crimes and misdemeanors of betrayal of the public trust. Summary |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-resolution/679 |access-date=16 December 2022 |website=www.congress.gov |publisher=United States Congress}}</ref> On November 19, 2021, Harris served as [[Acting president of the United States|acting president]] from 10:10 am to 11:35 am while President Biden underwent a "routine [[colonoscopy]]".<ref>{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Zeke |date=19 November 2021|title=Biden to have routine colonoscopy, transfer power to Harris|url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-health-jen-psaki-70d7e5903ea41636ee6bbe829fa082a2|work=Associated Press News|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|location=[[Bethesda, Maryland|Bethesda]]|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> Harris became the third vice president as well as the first female vice president to serve as acting president.<ref>{{cite news |last=Feinberg|first=Andrew|date=19 November 2021|title=‘First woman president’: Kamala Harris makes history when she briefly assumes powers of presidency during Biden procedure|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/joe-biden-president-kamala-harris-b1960913.html|work=[[The Independent]]|location=[[Washington, D.C.]]|access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-19|title=Kamala Harris takes on presidential role – briefly – as Biden has colonoscopy|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/nov/19/kamala-harris-presidential-powers-biden-colonoscopy |last=Pengelly |first=Martin |website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> On June 12, 2023, Republican Representative [[Andy Ogles]] introduced a resolution to impeach Harris for the Biden administration's handling of security at the [[United States–Mexico border]]. It is co-sponsored by Republicans Lauren Boebert and [[Mary Miller (politician)|Mary Miller]].<ref>{{cite web |title=H.Res.494 - Impeaching Kamala Devi Harris, Vice President of the United States, for high crimes and misdemeanors. |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/house-resolution/494 |website=Congress.gov |publisher=United States Congress |access-date=23 June 2023}}</ref> In December 2023, Harris broke the record for the most tie-breaking votes cast by a vice president casting her 32nd vote, passing [[John C. Calhoun]], who cast 31 votes during his nearly eight years as vice president, in less than half the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=Votes to Break Ties in the Senate |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/TieVotes.htm#:~:text=%22The%20Vice%20President%20of%20the,breaking%20votes%20have%20been%20cast. |website=senate.gov |access-date=December 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Lebowitz|first1=Megan|last2=Thorp|first2=Frank|last3=Santaliz|first3=Kate|title= Vice President Harris breaks record for casting the most tie-breaking votes|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/president-harris-breaks-record-casting-tie-breaking-votes-rcna123999|website=NBC News|date=December 5, 2023 |access-date=December 5, 2023}}</ref> On July 23, 2024, Republican Representative Andy Ogles introduced a second resolution to impeach Harris for the betrayal of the public trust for not removing [[Joe Biden]] from office and failing in her duties as “border czar.”<ref>{{cite web |title=Ogles Introduces Articles Of Impeachment Against Vice President Kamala Harris |url=https://ogles.house.gov/media/press-releases/ogles-introduces-articles-impeachment-against-vice-president-kamala-harris |publisher=Congressman Andy Ogles Press Release |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Nick |title=Tennessee Republican files articles of impeachment against Harris |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/house/4788663-andy-ogles-impeachment-articles-kamala-harris/ |publisher=THE HILL |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref> On January 6, 2025, in one of her last duties as vice president, Harris oversaw the official certification of Trump's election win.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-01-06|title=Harris certifies Trump's US election win, four years after Capitol riot|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cd9x33z8nzpo|access-date=2025-01-24|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == 2024 presidential campaign == {{main|2024 United States presidential election|Kamala Harris 2024 presidential campaign}} [[File:Kamala Harris & Tim Walz - 53915738289.jpg|thumb|Harris and Walz speaking at a campaign rally at Desert Diamond Arena in Glendale, Arizona, August 2024]] Originally, President Biden was running to be elected President for a second time with Harris as vice president once again. However, on July 21, 2024, President Biden [[Withdrawal of Joe Biden from the 2024 United States presidential election|ended]] his [[Joe Biden 2024 presidential campaign|campaign for reelection in 2024]] and supported Harris for president.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Samuels |first1=Brett |last2=Gangitano |first2=Alex |date=July 21, 2024 |title=Biden Endorses Harris as Democratic Nominee After Ending His Candidacy |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4784460-joe-biden-endorses-kamala-harris/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723214700/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4784460-joe-biden-endorses-kamala-harris/ |archive-date=23 July 2024 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |access-date=24 July 2024}}</ref> Harris was also supported by [[Jimmy Carter]], [[Bill Clinton|Bill]] and [[Hillary Clinton]], [[Barack Obama|Barack]] and [[Michelle Obama]], and many other politicians and celebrities such as [[Beyoncé]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Gamio |first1=Lazaro |last2=Keefe |first2=John |last3=Kim |first3=June |last4=McFadden |first4=Alyce |last5=Park |first5=Andrew |last6=Yourish |first6=Karen |date=July 22, 2024 |title=Many Elected Democrats Quickly Endorsed Kamala Harris. See Who Did. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/07/22/us/politics/kamala-harris-democrats-endorsement-list.html |access-date=July 22, 2024 |newspaper=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722072026/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/07/22/us/politics/kamala-harris-democrats-endorsement-list.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=The Democrats who have endorsed Kamala Harris to replace Biden as nominee |first1=Hayden |last1=Godfrey |first2= Adrián |last2=Blanco |first3=Kati |last3=Perry |first4=Hannah |last4=Dormido |first5=Eric |last5=Lau |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/interactive/2024/kamala-harris-endorsements/ |date=21 July 2024 |access-date=August 5, 2024 |newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Davis |first1=Ebony |date=July 26, 2024 |title=Barack and Michelle Obama endorse Kamala Harris for president |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/26/politics/barack-michelle-obama-kamala-harris-endorsement/index.html |access-date=August 5, 2024 |publisher=CNN |archive-date=August 5, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240805160641/https://www.cnn.com/2024/07/26/politics/barack-michelle-obama-kamala-harris-endorsement/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Bluestein |first1=Greg |date=August 3, 2024 |title=Jimmy Carters next goal is voting for Kamala Harris for president |url=https://www.ajc.com/politics/jimmy-carters-next-goal-is-voting-for-kamala-harris/UKCLDIUSSJC6JM4NP7HGOEDCNY/ |access-date=August 3, 2024 |work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]] |archive-date=August 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803125750/https://www.ajc.com/politics/jimmy-carters-next-goal-is-voting-for-kamala-harris/UKCLDIUSSJC6JM4NP7HGOEDCNY/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the first 24 hours of her candidacy, her campaign raised $81 million in small-dollar donations, the highest single-day total of any presidential candidate in history.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Samuels |first1=Brett |date=July 22, 2024 |title=Harris breaks 24-hour fundraising record after Biden drops out |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4786610-harris-breaks-fundraising-record/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722220814/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4786610-harris-breaks-fundraising-record/ |archive-date=July 22, 2024 |access-date=July 22, 2024 |newspaper=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]}}</ref> Her campaign was largely centered around opposing Trump and his policies. Harris supported [[Left-wing politics|left-wing]] policies such as [[Abortion debate|abortion rights]], [[LGBT rights in the United States|LGBT rights]], [[gun control]], [[immigration]], and a [[two-state solution]] to the conflict between [[Israel]] and [[State of Palestine|Palestine]]. By August 5, she had officially won the nomination and the next day, she announced Minnesota Governor [[Tim Walz]] as her vice presidential running mate.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Parnes|first1=Amie|last2=Samuels|first2=Brett|last3=Conradis|first3=Brandon|date=August 6, 2024|title=Harris picks Walz for vice president|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4789021-kamala-harris-vp-tim-walz-minnesota/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806130648/https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/4789021-kamala-harris-vp-tim-walz-minnesota/|archive-date=August 6, 2024|access-date=August 6, 2024|newspaper=The Hill}}</ref> On September 10, Harris and Trump had a [[debate]] on television. It was widely considered by the media that Harris won the debate, partly due to Trump making numerous factually incorrect statements.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Langer|first=Gary|title=Harris seen as debate winner while maintaining slight lead over Trump: POLL|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/harris-debate-winner-maintaining-slight-lead-trump-poll/story?id=113673862|access-date=2025-01-24|website=ABC News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-11|title=Who won the debate? Harris goads Trump into flustered performance|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c4gdnl9pg1wo|access-date=2025-01-24|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Harris wins the debate: Voters say she has clearer plans and tells fewer lies than Trump {{!}} YouGov|url=https://today.yougov.com/politics/articles/50498-harris-wins-the-presidential-debate-poll|access-date=2025-01-24|website=today.yougov.com|language=en-us}}</ref> Trump declined another debate with Harris. Her campaign utilized the media in several ways, such as television appearances of Harris (including an appearance on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'') and the use of [[TikTok]], with an account titled "Kamala HQ", which engaged in various internet trends such as the "[[Brat (album)|brat]]" trend, which was started by singer [[Charli XCX]]'s album of the same name.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-22|title=What is Kamala Harris' 'brat' rebrand all about?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cqqlgq7k374o|access-date=2025-01-24|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Demopoulos|first=Alaina|date=2024-07-23|title=‘Kamala IS brat’: Harris campaign goes lime-green to embrace the meme of the summer|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/article/2024/jul/23/kamala-harris-charli-xcx-brat|access-date=2025-01-24|issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Selvakumar|first=Initha|date=July 31, 2024|title=Kamala Harris’ Gen Z marketing strategy: Why it works and why it needs to evolve|url=https://www.prweek.com/article/1882852/kamala-harris-gen-z-marketing-strategy-why-works-why-needs-evolve|access-date=2025-01-24|website=www.prweek.com|language=en}}</ref> On November 5, Harris and Walz lost the general election to the [[Donald Trump 2024 presidential campaign|Trump-Vance]] ticket.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-11-05|title=Presidential Election Results: Trump Wins|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2024/11/05/us/elections/results-president.html|access-date=2024-12-26|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=August 11, 2020|title=Joe Biden picks Kamala Harris as his running mate|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/11/politics/biden-vp-pick/index.html}}</ref> With around 75 million votes, Harris received the third-highest amount of votes of any presidential nominee in US history, as well as the most votes of any losing candidate. She gave a speech to her supporters the day after her loss. Major reasons for her loss have been said to include: the fact she entered the race late (only after the withdrawal of Biden) and the fact that she did not convince voters that she would provide different leadership than Biden.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-11-07|title=Why Kamala Harris lost to Donald Trump|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cjr4l5j2v9do|access-date=2025-01-24|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Oxford|first=Dwayne|title=US election result: Where did Harris and her campaign go wrong?|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/8/us-election-result-where-did-harris-and-her-campaign-go-wrong|access-date=2025-01-24|website=Al Jazeera|language=en}}</ref> If elected, she would have been the first female and first Asian-American president of the United States, and first Jamaican-American.<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Megerian|first1=Chris|date=July 21, 2024|title=Harris could become the first female president after years of breaking racial and gender barriers|publisher=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/kamala-harris-president-democrat-biden-96df4c46fab767269056511037776b15|url-status=live|access-date=August 6, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807074158/https://apnews.com/article/kamala-harris-president-democrat-biden-96df4c46fab767269056511037776b15|archive-date=August 7, 2024}}</ref> == Post-vice presidency (2025–present) == Harris' term as vice president ended on January 20, 2025, when she was replaced by [[JD Vance]] as vice president.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-01-20|title=Harris heading home to Los Angeles to help fire victims|url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/01/20/donald-trump-inauguration-day-news-updates-analysis/post-fires-homecoming-for-harris-00199414|access-date=2025-01-24|website=POLITICO|language=en}}</ref> It is currently unclear what Harris will do next, but it is speculated that she may run for president again in [[2028 United States presidential election|2028]]. On July 30, 2025, she said she would not run for governor of California in 2026.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kamala Harris will not run for governor of California in 2026|url=https://sfstandard.com/2025/07/30/kamala-harris-not-running-california-governor-election/|website=The San Francisco Standard|author=Hannah Wiley and Josh Koehn|date=2025-07-30|access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref> ==Personal life== [[File:Vice President Kamala Harris and Second Gentleman Doug Emhoff walk along the West Colonnade of the White House, Thursday, May 9, 2024, before greeting members of the 2024 WNBA Champion Las Vegas Aces.jpg|thumb|Harris and her husband Doug Emhoff, May 2024]] In 2014, Harris married lawyer [[Doug Emhoff]]. Emhoff and Harris have homes in [[Los Angeles]], [[San Francisco]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Bose|first=Debanjali|date=October 12, 2020|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/kamala-harris-real-estate-california-washington-home-photos-2020-8|title=Take a Look inside Kamala Harris's multimillion-dollar real estate portfolio, which includes property in California and Washington, DC|work=Business Insider|access-date=January 18, 2021}}</ref> ==Awards and honors== In 2020, both Harris and Biden were named [[Time Person of the Year]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alter |first1=Charlotte |title=2020 Person of the Year - Joe Biden and Kamala Harris |url=https://time.com/person-of-the-year-2020-joe-biden-kamala-harris |access-date=December 11, 2020 |work=Time |date=December 11, 2020 |archive-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213085430/https://time.com/person-of-the-year-2020-joe-biden-kamala-harris/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Records === Kamala Harris has broken several records in her career. * First female, first [[African Americans|African American]], and first [[Asian Americans|Asian American]] to serve as [[Vice President of the United States]]. This makes her the highest-ranking woman in US political history. * Second female, second [[African Americans|African American]], and first [[Asian Americans|Asian American]] to be a major contender in a [[United States presidential election]]. * The most tie-breaking votes ever cast by a [[Vice President of the United States|US Vice President]] (32). * The shortest [[United States presidential election|US presidential election]] campaign by a major contender, with 107 days. * The third-highest amount of votes received by a US presidential nominee (as well as the most votes of a female nominee and a losing nominee). Only Joe Biden in 2020 and Donald Trump in 2024 received more votes than Harris. ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.kamalaharris.org/ Official campaign website] {{Commons}} {{USVicePresidents}} {{Biden cabinet}} {{Time Persons of the Year 2001–2025}} {{African American topics}} {{Asian Americans}} {{Unsuccessful major party pres candidates}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Harris, Kamala}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Kamala Harris| ]] [[Category:2020 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:2020 United States vice-presidential candidates]] [[Category:20th-century American politicians]] [[Category:21st-century American politicians]] [[Category:African-American lawyers]] [[Category:African-American politicians]] [[Category:American political activists]] [[Category:District attorneys]] [[Category:Lawyers from San Francisco]] [[Category:Lawyers from California]] [[Category:Politicians from Oakland, California]] [[Category:Politicians from San Francisco]] [[Category:United States senators from California]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:Lawyers from Oakland, California]] [[Category:Time People of the Year]] [[Category:2024 United States presidential candidates]] [[Category:2024 United States vice-presidential candidates]] [[Category:Vice presidents of the United States]] [[Category:California attorneys general]] clcyoncnt1i6rp4dh3wjmllfsh3jg98 0 445768 11024352 10729937 2026-10-09T04:41:23Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024352 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:V K Murthy.jpg|thumb|V. K. Murthy in November 2010.]] '''V. K. Murthy''' ({{Lang-kn|ವಿ. ಕೆ. ಮೂರ್ತಿ}}; 26 November 1923 &ndash; 7 April 2014) was an [[India]]n [[cinematographer]]. During his career, he won two [[Filmfare Award]]s in the best cinematographer category. His best known [[movie]]s are ''[[Pyaasa]]'' (1957), ''[[Kaagaz Ke Phool]]'' (1959) and ''[[Sahib Bibi Aur Ghulam]]'' (1962). For each of those movies, he won a Filmfare Award. He was born in [[Mysore]], [[Kingdom of Mysore]] and lived in [[Mumbai]] for most of his life. Murthy died on 7 April 2014 at his home in [[Bangalore]], [[India]]. He was 90 years old.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ace-cinematographer-v-k-murthy-passes-away/article5882188.ece|title=Ace cinematographer V. K. Murthy passes away|date=7 April 2014|accessdate=7 April 2014|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410140220/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/ace-cinematographer-v-k-murthy-passes-away/article5882188.ece|archive-date=10 April 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} * {{IMDb name|0615444}} {{Bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Murthy, V. K.}} [[Category:1923 births]] [[Category:2014 deaths]] [[Category:Cinematographers]] [[Category:Disease-related deaths in India]] [[Category:People from Mumbai]] [[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]] byqilbd40bm3ofv78bxsmbelj6o4fn0 0 448051 11024297 11016266 2026-10-09T03:16:45Z Stephan1000000 430706 140 11024297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = American Horror Story.svg | alt = The title written in a distinctive font, white on black | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Horror fiction|Horror]] * [[Anthology series|Anthology]] * [[Supernatural horror]] * [[Erotic thriller]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/american-horror-story-v554165|title=American Horror Story (2011)|last=Droesch|first=Paul|access-date=June 12, 2020|archive-date=November 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114224711/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/american-horror-story-v554165|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | runtime = 37–73 minutes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B005PK56TA|title=American Horror Story 6 Seasons 2011|work=Amazon.com|access-date=July 24, 2016|archive-date=November 14, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114224710/https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B005PK56TA|url-status=live}}</ref> | theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist| * Cesar Davila-Irizarry * [[Charlie Clouser]] * Mac Quayle}} | composer = {{Plainlist| * [[James S. Levine]] * Mac Quayle}} | creator = {{Plainlist| * [[Ryan Murphy (writer)|Ryan Murphy]] * [[Brad Falchuk]]}} | location = {{Plainlist| * [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] {{small|({{abbr|s.|Seasons}} 1–2, 5–6, 8-10)}} * [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]] {{small|({{abbr|s.|Seasons}} 3–4, 8)}} * [[Santa Clarita, California]] {{small|({{abbr|s.|Season}} 6, 9)}} * [[Orange, California]] {{small|({{abbr|s.|Season}} 7)}} * [[Burbank, California]] {{small|({{abbr|s.|Season}} 8)}} }} | country = United States | language = English | num_seasons = 13<!-- Do not change season count until a new season has premiered.--> | num_episodes = <onlyinclude>140</onlyinclude><!-- Do not change episode count until a new episode has aired.--> | list_episodes = List of American Horror Story episodes | starring = <!--Do NOT replace with a long list of names, it makes the infobox way too big, contrary to MOS:INFOBOX. If you disagree, make sure you leave a reason why you believe there should be a list.--> [[List of American Horror Story cast members|List of cast members]] | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * Ryan Murphy * Brad Falchuk * [[Dante Di Loreto]] * [[Tim Minear]] * [[James Wong (producer)|James Wong]] * [[Jennifer Salt]] * [[Bradley Buecker]] * [[Alexis Martin Woodall]] * [[Crystal Liu]] * Adam Penn * [[John J. Gray]]}} | producer = {{Plainlist| * Alexis Martin Woodall {{small|({{abbr|s.|Seasons}} 1–3)}} * Patrick McKee * Robert M. Williams Jr. * [[Ned Martel]]}} | cinematography = {{Plainlist | * Christopher Baffa {{small|(pilot)}} * [[Michael Goi]] {{small|({{abbr|s.|Seasons}} 1–5)}} * Gavin Kelly {{small|({{abbr|s.|Seasons}} 6–9)}} }} | editor = {{Plainlist| * Bradley Buecker * Doc Crotzer * Adam Penn}} | camera = [[Single camera setup|Single camera]] | company = {{Plainlist| * [[20th Television]]{{efn|Known as 20th Century Fox Television from 2011 to 2020}} * Ryan Murphy Television * Brad Falchuk Teley-Vision }} | budget = {{Plainlist| * $39+ million {{small|({{abbr|s.|Season}} 5)}}<ref name=2019report>{{Cite journal|title=2019 Television Report|url=https://www.filmla.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2019_TV_Report_WEB.pdf|publisher=FilmL.A.|page=20|access-date=May 11, 2020|archive-date=July 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713095935/https://www.filmla.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2019_TV_Report_WEB.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name=CAbudget|This amount represents the total qualified expenditures for the California Film & Television Tax Credit and excludes other non-qualifying costs.}} * $33+ million {{small|({{abbr|s.|Season}} 6)}}<ref name=2019report/>{{efn|name=CAbudget}} * $31+ million {{small|({{abbr|s.|Season}} 7)}}<ref name=2019report/>{{efn|name=CAbudget}} * $37+ million {{small|({{abbr|s.|Season}} 8)}}<ref name=2019report/>{{efn|name=CAbudget}} * $43+ million {{small|({{abbr|s.|Season}} 9)}} <ref name=2019report/>{{efn|name=CAbudget}} * $48+ million {{small|({{abbr|s.|Season}} 10)}}<ref name=2019report/>{{efn|name=CAbudget}}}} | network = [[FX (TV channel)|FX]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2011|10|5}} | last_aired = present <!-- Per [[Talk:American Crime Story#Related / "companion" series to AHS]] do not add American Crime Story. One is fiction, the other non-fiction.--> }} '''''American Horror Story''''' is an original FX American horror anthology series created by [[Ryan Murphy]] and [[Brad Falchuk]]. ==About== Every season is a new story about something different. * Season 1 (2011) was called ''Murder House''. It was about a family that moves into a haunted house. * Season 2 (2012-2013) was called ''Asylum''. It was about the inmates at an asylum. * Season 3 (2013-2014) was called ''Coven''. It was about a group of witches. * Season 4 (2014-2015) was called ''Freak Show''. It was about one of the last freak shows left in America. * Season 5 (2015-2016) was called ''Hotel''. It was about a hotel where vampires and ghosts live. * Season 6 (2016) was called ''Roanoke.'' It was about a documentary based on real events that happened to a couple in North Carolina. * Season 7 (2017) was called ''Cult''. It is about the election and a clown's cult. * Season 8 (2018) was called ''Apocalypse''. It was about the apocalypse and the story of the antichrist. * Season 9 (2019) is called ''1984''. It was about a camp and a mysterious [[serial killer]]. * Season 10 (2020) it doesn't have a name yet, neither a debut date. It has the following cast confirmed: [[Kathy Bates]], [[Leslie Grossman]], [[Billie Lourd]], [[Evan Peters]], [[Adina Porter]], [[Lily Rabe]], [[Angelica Ross]], [[Finn Wittrock]] and the newcomer [[Macaulay Culkin]]. ==Cast and characters== ===''Murder House'' (2011)=== ====Main==== *[[Connie Britton]] as Vivien Harmon *[[Dylan McDermott]] as Dr. Ben Harmon *[[Evan Peters]] as Tate Langdon *[[Taissa Farmiga]] as Violet Harmon *[[Denis O'Hare]] as Larry Harvey *[[Jessica Lange]] as Constance Langdon ====Recurring==== *[[Frances Conroy]] as old Moira O'Hara *Alexandra Breckenridge as young Moira O'Hara *[[Kate Mara]] as Hayden McClain *Lily Rabe as Nora Montgomery *Matt Ross as Dr. Charles Montgomery *Jamie Brewer as Adelaide Langdon *Morris Chestnut as Luke *[[Zachary Quinto]] as Chad Warwick *Christine Estabrook as Marcy *Teddy Sears as Patrick *[[Sarah Paulson]] as Billie Dean Howard *Shelby Young as Leah *Bodhi Schulz as Troy *Kai Schulz as Bryan *Michael Graziadei as Travis *Celia Finkelstein as Nurse Gladys *[[Rosa Salazar]] as Nurse Maria *Sam Kinsey as Beau Langdon *Rebecca Wisocky as Lorraine Harvey ====Guest==== *[[Charles S. Dutton]] as [[Detective]] Grenger *[[Eric Stonestreet]] as Derek *Adina Porter as Sally Freeman *Eric Close as Hugo Langdon *Brando Eaton as Kyle *Alexander Nimetz as Amir *[[Ashley Rickards]] as Chloe *Alessandra Torresani as Stephanie *[[Mena Suvari]] as Elizabeth Short *Ben Woolf as Thaddeus Montgomery ===''Asylum'' (2012–2013)=== ====Main==== *[[Zachary Quinto]] as Dr. Oliver Thredson *[[Joseph Fiennes]] as Monsignor Timothy Howard *[[Sarah Paulson]] as Lana Winters *[[Evan Peters]] as Kit Walker *Lily Rabe as Sister Mary Eunice McKee *Lizzie Brocheré as Grace Bertrand *[[James Cromwell]] as Dr. Arthur Arden *[[Jessica Lange]] as Sister Jude Martin ====Recurring==== *[[Chloë Sevigny]] as Shelley *Naomi Grossman as Pepper *Fredric Lehne as Frank McCan *Britne Oldford as Alma Walker *Mark Consuelos as Spivey *[[Jenna Dewan]] as Teresa Morrison *[[Adam Levine]] as Leo Morrison *[[Clea DuVall]] as Wendy Peyser *[[Frances Conroy]] as Angel of Death *[[Dylan McDermott]] as Johnny Thredson *Barbara Tarbuck as Mother Superior Claudia ====Guest==== *[[Ian McShane]] as Leigh Emerson *Joe Egender as Billy Marshall *Franka Potente as [[Anne Frank]] *Devon Graye as Jed Potter *Robin Weigert as Cynthia Potter *Robin Bartlett as Miranda Crump *Jill Marie Jones as Pandora ===''Coven'' (2013–2014)=== ====Main==== *[[Sarah Paulson]] as Cordelia Goode *[[Taissa Farmiga]] as Zoe Benson *[[Frances Conroy]] as Myrtle Snow *[[Evan Peters]] as Kyle Spencer *Lily Rabe as Misty Day *[[Emma Roberts]] as Madison Montgomery *[[Denis O'Hare]] as Spalding *[[Kathy Bates]] as Delphine Lalaurie *[[Jessica Lange]] as Fiona Goode ====Recurring==== *[[Angela Bassett]] as Marie Laveau *[[Gabourey Sidibe]] as Queenie *Jamie Brewer as Nan *[[Danny Huston]] as The Axeman *[[Josh Hamilton]] as Hank Renard *[[Patti LuPone]] as Joan Ramsey *Alexander Dreymon as Luke Ramsey *[[Lance Reddick]] as Papa Legba *Michael Cristofer as Harrison Renard *[[Leslie Jordan]] as Quentin Fleming *Robin Bartlett as Cecily Pembroke *Ameer Baraka as Bastien the Minotaur ====Guest==== *[[Stevie Nicks]] as herself *[[Mare Winningham]] as Alicia Spencer *Alexandra Breckenridge as Kaylee *Ian Anthony Dale as Dr. David Zhong *Grace Gummer as Millie *Riley Voelkel as young Fiona Goode *Michelle Page as young Myrtle Snow ===''Freak Show'' (2014–2015)=== ====Main==== *[[Sarah Paulson]] as Bette and Dot Tattler *[[Evan Peters]] as Jimmy Darling *[[Michael Chiklis]] as Dell Toledo *[[Frances Conroy]] as Gloria Mott *[[Denis O'Hare]] as Stanley *[[Emma Roberts]] as Miss Esmerelda *[[Finn Wittrock]] as Dandy Mott *[[Angela Bassett]] as Desiree Dupree *[[Kathy Bates]] as Ethel Darling *[[Jessica Lange]] as Elsa Mars ====Recurring==== *Naomi Grossman as Pepper *Erika Ervin as Amazon Eve *Jyoti Amge as Ma Petite *Mat Fraser as Paul *Rose Siggins as Suzi *Drew Rin Varick as Toulouse *Christopher Neiman as Salty *[[John Carroll Lynch]] as Twisty the Clown *Grace Gummer as Penny *Skyler Samuels as Bonnie Lipton *Wes Bentley as Edward Mordrake *Celia Weston as Lillian Hemmings *[[Danny Huston]] as Massimo Dolcefino *[[Chrissy Metz]] as Barbara *Malcolm-Jamal Warren as Angus T. Jefferson *[[Patti Labelle]] as Dora Ross *[[Gabourey Sidibe]] as Regina Ross ====Guest==== *[[Neil Patrick Harris]] as Chester Creb *[[Matt Bomer]] as Andy *Lily Rabe as Sister Mary Eunice McKee *Jamie Brewer as Marjorie *[[Mare Winningham]] as Rita Gayheart *Matthew Glave as Larry Gayheart *Jerry Leggio as Dr. Bonham *[[Angela Sarafyan]] as Alice *David Burtka as Michael Beck ===''Hotel'' (2015–2016)=== ====Main==== *[[Kathy Bates]] as Iris *[[Sarah Paulson]] as Sally McKenna *[[Evan Peters]] as James Patrick March *Wes Bentley as Detective John Lowe *[[Matt Bomer]] as Donovan *[[Chloë Sevigny]] as Dr. Alex Lowe *[[Denis O'Hare]] as Liz Taylor *Cheyenne Jackson as Will Drake *[[Angela Bassett]] as Ramona Royale *[[Lady Gaga]] as Elizabeth Johnson ====Recurring==== *[[Mare Winningham]] as Hazel Evers *[[Finn Wittrock]] as Tristan Duffy and [[Rudolph Valentino]] *Richard T. John as Detective Andrew Hahn *Lennon Henry as Holden Lowe *Shree Crooks as Scarlett Lowe *Lyric Lennon as Lachlan Drake *[[Max Greenfield]] as Gabriel *Christine Estabrook as Marcy *[[Mädchen Amick]] as Mrs. Ellison *Helena Mattsson as Agneta *Kamilla Alnes as Vendela *[[Alexandra Daddario]] as Natacha Rambova ====Guest==== *Lily Rabe as [[Aileen Wuornos]] *[[John Carroll Lynch]] as [[John Wayne Gacy]] *Anthony Ruivivar as [[Richard Ramirez]] *[[Seth Gabel]] as [[Jeffrey Dahmer]] *[[Naomi Campbell]] as Claudia Bankson *[[Gabourey Sidibe]] as Queenie *[[Darren Criss]] as Justin *Jessica Lu as Bronwyn *Roxana Brusso as Dr. Kohan *Matt Ross as Dr. Charles Montgomery *Charles Melton as Mr. Wu ===''Roanoke'' (2016)=== ====Main==== *[[Kathy Bates]] as the Butcher / Agnes *[[Sarah Paulson]] as Shelby Miller / Audrey Tindall *[[Cuba Gooding Jr.]] as Matt Miller / Dominic Banks *Lily Rabe as Shelby Miller *[[André Holland]] as Matt Miller *[[Denis O'Hare]] as Dr. Elias Cunningham / William van Henderson *Wes Bentley as Ambrose White / Dylan *[[Evan Peters]] as Edward Philippe Mott / Rory *Cheyenne Jackson as Sidney Aaron James *[[Angela Bassett]] as Lee Harris / Monet Tumusiime ====Recurring==== *Adina Porter as Lee Harris *[[Lady Gaga]] as Scathach *[[Leslie Jordan]] as Cricket Marlowe *Chaz Bono as Lot Polk / Brian Wells *Maya Rose Berko as Nurse Miranda Jane *Kristen Rakes as Nurse Bridget Jane *Charles Malik Whitfield as Mason Harris *Robin Weigert as Mama Polk *Frederick Koehler as Lot Polk *[[Finn Wittrock]] as Jether Polk ====Guest==== *[[Frances Conroy]] as Mama Polk *Doris Kearns Goodwin as herself *Trixie Mattel as herself *Shannon Lucio as Diana Cross *[[Taissa Farmiga]] as Sophie Green *Jacob Artist as Todd Allan Connors *Jon Bass as Milo *Emma Bell as Tracy Logan ===''Cult'' (2017)=== ====Main==== *[[Sarah Paulson]] as Ally Mayfair-Richards *[[Evan Peters]] as Kai Anderson *Cheyenne Jackson as Dr. Rudy Vincent Anderson *Billie Lourd as Winter Anderson *[[Alison Pill]] as Ivy Mayfair-Richards ====Recurring==== *Adina Porter as Beverly Hope *Colton Haynes as Jack Samuels *[[Billy Eichner]] as Harrison Wilton *Leslie Grossman as Meadow Wilton *[[Chaz Bono]] as Gary Longstreet *[[Frances Conroy]] as Bebe Babbitt *Cooper Dodson as Oz Mayfair-Richards *[[Dermot Mulroney]] as Bob Thompson ====Guest==== *[[Emma Roberts]] as Serena Belinda *[[Lena Dunham]] as [[Valerie Solanas]] *[[Mare Winningham]] as Sally Keffler *[[John Carroll Lynch]] as Twisty the Clown *Jamie Brewer as Hedda *[[Dot Jones]] as Butchy May *Tim Kang as Tom Chang *Jorge Pallo as Pedro Morales *Rachel Roberts as [[Sharon Tate]] *Annie Ilonzeh as Erika ===''Apocalypse'' (2018)=== ====Main==== *[[Sarah Paulson]] as Cordelia Goode and Wilhemina Venable *[[Evan Peters]] as Mr. Gallant and Jeff Pfister *Adina Porter as Dinah Stevens *Billie Lourd as Mallory *Leslie Grossman as Coco St. Pierre *Cody Fern as Michael Langdon *[[Emma Roberts]] as Madison Montgomery *Cheyenne Jackson as John Henry Moore *[[Kathy Bates]] as Miriam Mead ====Recurring==== *[[Frances Conroy]] as Myrtle Snow *[[Gabourey Sidibe]] as Queenie *[[Taissa Farmiga]] as Zoe Benson and Violet Harmon *[[Billy Eichner]] as Brock and Mutt *[[Joan Collins]] as Evie Gallant and Bubbles McGee *Kyle Allen as Timothy Campbell *Ash Santos as Emily Campbell *Jeffrey Bower-Chapman as Andre Stevens *[[Billy Porter]] as Behold Chablis *Jon Jon Briones as Ariel Augustus *[[BD Wong]] as Baldwin Pennypacker *Erika Ervin as The Fist ====Guest==== *[[Jessica Lange]] as Constance Langdon *[[Connie Britton]] as Vivien Harmon *[[Dylan McDermott]] as Dr. Ben Harmon *Lily Rabe as Misty Day *Jamie Brewer as Nan *[[Angela Bassett]] as Marie Laveau *[[Stevie Nicks]] as herself *[[Lance Reddick]] as Papa Legba *Chad Buchanan as Stu *Carlo Rota as Anthon LaVey *Naomi Grossman as Samantha Crowe *[[Sandra Bernhard]] as Hannah *Mark Ivanir as [[Nicholas II of Russia]] *Emilia Ares as [[Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia| Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia]] ===''1984'' (2019)=== ====Main==== *[[Emma Roberts]] as Brooke Thompson *Billie Lourd as Montana Duke *Leslie Grossman as Margaret Booth *Cody Fern as Xavier Plympton *[[Matthew Morrison]] as Trevor Kirchner *Gus Kenworthy as Chet Clancy *[[John Carroll Lynch]] as Benjamin Richter *Angelica Ross as Donna Chambers *Zach Villa as [[Richard Ramirez]] ====Recurring==== *DeRon Horton as Ray Powell *Orla Brady ad Dr. Karen Hopple *Lou Taylor Pucci as Jonah Shevoore *Tara Karsian as Chef Bertie *[[Dylan McDermott]] as Bruce *Lily Rabe as Lavinia Richter *[[Leslie Jordan]] as Courtney ====Guest==== *[[Finn Wittrock]] as Bobby Richter *[[Mitch Pileggi]] as Art *Don Swayze as Roy *Todd Stashwick as Blake *Spencer Neville as Joey Cavanaugh *Zach Tinker as Sam Duke *Tim Russ as David Chambers *Dreama Walker as Rita *Tanya Clarke as Lorraine Richter ===''Double Feature - Red Tide'' (2021)=== ====Main==== *[[Sarah Paulson]] as Karen *[[Evan Peters]] as Austin Sommers *Lily Rabe as Doris Gardner *[[Finn Wittrock]] as Harry Gardner *[[Frances Conroy]] as Belle Noir *Billie Lourd as Lark *Leslie Grossman as Ursula Khan *Adina Porter as Chief Burleson *[[Angelica Ross]] as the Chemist *[[Macaulay Culkin]] as Mickey *Ryan Kiera Armstrong as Alma Gardner ====Recurring==== *[[Denis O'Hare]] as Holden Vaughn *Robin Weigert as Martha *Kayla Blake as Doctor Jordan ====Guest==== *[[Dot Jones]] as Trooper Jan Remy *Blake Shields as Tony *Jim Ortlieb as Ray Cunningham *Eureka O'Hara as Crystal DeCanter ===''Double Feature - Death Valley'' (2021)=== ====Main==== *[[Sarah Paulson]] as [[Mamie Eisenhower]] *Lily Rabe as [[Amelia Earhart]] *Leslie Grossman as Calico *[[Angelica Ross]] as Theta *Neal McDonough as [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] *[[Kaia Gerber]] as Kendall Carr *Nico Greetham as Cal Cambon *Isaac Cole Powell as Troy Lord *Rachel Hilson as Jamie Howard *Rebecca Dayan as Maria Wycoff ====Recurring==== *Cody Fern as Valiant Thor *Mike Vogel as [[John F. Kennedy]] *Craig Sheffer as [[Richard Nixon]] *Christopher Stanley as [[Sherman Adams]] *Alisha Soper as [[Marilyn Monroe]] ====Guest==== *Len Cordova as [[Steve Jobs]] *John Sanders as [[Buzz Aldrin]] *Bryce Johnson as [[Neil Armstrong]] ===''NYC'' (2022)=== ====Main==== *Russell Tovey as Patrick Read *Joe Mantello as Gino Barelli *Billie Lourd as Dr. Hannah Wells *[[Denis O'Hare]] as Henry Grant *[[Charlie Carver]] as Adam Carpenter *Leslie Grossman as Barbara Read *[[Sandra Bernhard]] as Fran *Isaac Cole Powell as Theo Graves *[[Zachary Quinto]] as Sam *[[Patti LuPone]] as Kathy Pizazz ====Recurring==== *Rebecca Dayan as Alana *Clara McGregor as KK *Quei Tann as Lita *Jeff Hiller as Mr. Whitley *Kyle Beltran as Morris *Matthew William Bishop as Big Daddy *[[Kal Penn]] as Chief Mac Marzara ==Notes== {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:2010s American anthology television series]] [[Category:2010s American drama television series]] [[Category:2010s American horror television series]] [[Category:2010s American LGBT television series]] [[Category:2010s American mystery television series]] [[Category:2010s American supernatural television series]] [[Category:2011 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2020s American anthology television series]] [[Category:2020s American drama television series]] [[Category:2020s American horror television series]] [[Category:2020s American LGBT television series]] [[Category:2020s American mystery television series]] [[Category:2020s American supernatural television series]] [[Category:American drama television series]] [[Category:American fantasy television series]] [[Category:American horror television series]] [[Category:American LGBT television programs]] [[Category:American mystery television series]] [[Category:American supernatural television series]] [[Category:FX Networks original programming]] [[Category:Serial drama television series]] [[Category:Television series about dysfunctional families]] [[Category:Television series about families]] [[Category:Television series by 20th Television]] [[Category:Television series set in Florida]] [[Category:Television series set in Los Angeles]] [[Category:American English-language television shows]] t11jik8wu1wsvn4k5v2emk0mdaka0hi 0 451575 11024116 10994492 2026-10-08T21:02:00Z ~2026-54350-92 1886650 11024116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox movie | name = 13 Going on 30 | director = Gary Winick | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Susan Arnold]] * Donna Arkoff Roth * Gina Matthews }} | writer = {{Plainlist| * Cathy Yuspa * Josh Goldsmith }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Jennifer Garner]] * [[Mark Ruffalo]] * Judy Greer * [[Andy Serkis]]<!-- Per poster --> }} | music = Theodore Shapiro | cinematography = Don Burgess | editing = Susan Littenberg | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Columbia Pictures]] * [[Revolution Studios]] * Roth/Arnold Productions * Gina Matthews Productions }} | distributor = [[Sony Pictures Releasing]] | released = {{Film date|2004|04|23}} | runtime = 97 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 97:41--><ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/13_going_on_30 |title= 13 Going on 30 (2004) |website= [[Rotten Tomatoes]] |date= April 14, 2004 |publisher= [[Fandango Media]] |access-date= Jan 1, 2021 |archive-date= November 27, 2020 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201127180422/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/13_going_on_30 |url-status= live}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $37 million<ref name="mojo">{{cite web |title= 13 Going on 30 (2004) |url= https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=13goingon30.htm |website= [[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date= September 9, 2022 |archive-date= June 24, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090624095646/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=13goingon30.htm |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="numbers">{{cite web |title=13 Going On 30 (2004) - Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/13-Going-On-30 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]] |access-date=January 21, 2023 |archive-date=January 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121130815/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/13-Going-On-30 |url-status=live }}</ref> | gross = $96.5 million<ref name="mojo">{{cite web |title= 13 Going on 30 (2004) |url= https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=13goingon30.htm |website= [[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date= September 9, 2022 |archive-date= June 24, 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090624095646/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=13goingon30.htm |url-status= live }}</ref> }} '''''13 Going on 30''''' (also known as '''''Suddenly 30''''') is a 2004 American [[romantic comedy]] [[fantasy]] [[movie]]. The movie is about Jenna, an unpopular girl, celebrating turning 13 in May 1987. She wakes up in 2004 and is suddenly 30 years old. [[Jennifer Garner]] plays Jenna at 30, and Christa B. Allen plays her at 13. [[Kathy Baker]] plays Beverly. The movie was released on April 23, 2004 in the United States. The [[critic|reviews]] were very positive. It made a lot of money. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{Letterboxd title |id=13-going-on-30-3 |title=13 Going on 30}} [[Category:2000s English-language movies]] [[Category:2000s fantasy-comedy movies]] [[Category:2004 romantic comedy movies]] [[Category:American fantasy comedy movies]] [[Category:American romantic comedy movies]] [[Category:Movies about wish fulfillment]] [[Category:Movies set in New Jersey]] [[Category:Movies set in New York City]] [[Category:Movies set in 1987]] [[Category:Movies set in 2004]] [[Category:Time travel movies]] [[Category:Columbia Pictures movies]] {{movie-stub}} rjyqwx3b64xnqfgkqek61skjliqe3x6 0 454267 11024411 11017790 2026-10-09T05:33:45Z CommonsDelinker 5295 Removing [[:c:File:ISIL_Caliphate_Seal.svg|ISIL_Caliphate_Seal.svg]]; it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No license since 1 October 2026. 11024411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}} {{Use British English|date=August 2016}} {{expand Arabic}} <!-- Please see [[Talk:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant#RfC: infobox country?]] before changing infobox type. --> {{Infobox war faction | name = Islamic State | native_name = {{rtl-lang|ar|الدولة الإسلامية}}<br />''{{transl|ar|ad-Dawla al-Islāmiyya}}'' | war = the [[Iraq War]] (2003–2011), the [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)|Iraqi insurgency]], the [[Syrian Civil War]], the [[Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)|Iraqi Civil War]], the [[Libyan Civil War (2014–present)|Second Libyan Civil War]], the [[Boko Haram insurgency]], the [[War in North-West Pakistan]], the [[War in Afghanistan (2015–present)|War in Afghanistan]], the [[Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)|Yemeni Civil War]], and [[List of wars and battles involving ISIL|other conflicts]] ---- Primary target of [[Operation Inherent Resolve]] and of the [[War against the Islamic State]] [[American-led intervention in Syria|in Syria]], [[American-led intervention in Iraq (2014–present)|Iraq]], [[2015 Egyptian military intervention in Libya|Libya]], and [[Boko Haram insurgency|Nigeria]]<!-- for wikilinks, if diff from name --> | image = {{multiple image | border = infobox | total_width = 320 | image_gap = 20 | caption_align = center | image1 = Islamic State flag.svg{{!}}border | caption1 = Flag<ref>{{cite news |first=Kashmira |last=Gander |url=https://www.kakegurai.my.id/2022/01/apa-itu-url-canonical.html?m=1 |title=Isis flag: What do the words mean and what are its origins? |date=7 July 2015 |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=9 January 2022 |archive-date=18 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218011528/http://year2005.annualreport.publishing.uwa.edu.au/?f=104096 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | image2 = | caption2 = Seal<ref>{{cite web|url=https://jihadology.net/2019/01/29/new-video-message-from-the-islamic-state-fulfilling-the-promise-wilayat-al-iraq-kirkuk/|title=New video message from The Islamic State: "Fulfilling the Promise – Wilāyat al-'Irāq, Kirkūk"|first=Aaron Y.|last=Zelin|date=29 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Statement of ISIS – The Battle of Brussels |url=https://www.investigativeproject.org/pics/large/1419.jpg |website=Investigativeproject.org |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ISIS ID CARD |url=https://gdb.rferl.org/F1E739AA-4842-4754-8677-646B1D017501_w1023_r1_s.jpg |website=gdb.rferl.org}}</ref> | perrow = 2 | align = center }} | caption = | active = {{Collapsible list | title = 1999–present | bullets=on | 1 = Established under the name of [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]]: 1999 | 2 = Joined [[al-Qaeda]]: October 2004 | 3 = Declaration of an [[Islamic state]] in Iraq: 13 October 2006 | 4 = Claim of territory in the [[Levant]]: 8 April 2013 | 5 = Separated from [[al-Qaeda]]:<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Pool |first1=Jeffrey |title=Zarqawi's Pledge of Allegiance to Al-Qaeda: From Mu'Asker Al-Battar, Issue 21 |magazine=Terrorism Monitor |date=16 December 2004 |volume=2 |issue=24 |publisher=[[Jamestown Foundation]] |url=https://jamestown.org/program/zarqawis-pledge-of-allegiance-to-al-qaeda-from-muasker-al-battar-issue-21-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930180847/http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=400&issue_id=3179&article_id=2369020 |archive-date=30 September 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="qaedaisil">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-26016318 |title=Al-Qaeda disavows ISIS militants in Syria |publisher=BBC News|date=3 February 2014}}</ref> 3 February 2014<ref name="ReutersHolmes_030214">{{cite news |last=Holmes |first=Oliver |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/03/us-syria-crisis-qaeda-idUSBREA120NS20140203 |publisher=Reuters |title=Al Qaeda breaks link with Syrian militant group ISIL |date=3 February 2014 |access-date=21 February 2019 |archive-date=21 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121234337/http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/03/us-syria-crisis-qaeda-idUSBREA120NS20140203 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 6 = Declaration of [[caliphate]]: 29 June 2014 | 7 = Claim of territory in Libya, Egypt, Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Yemen: 13 November 2014 | 8 = Claim of territory in South Asia: 29 January 2015<ref>{{cite news |first=Rezaul H. |last=Laskar |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/is-announces-expansion-into-afpak-parts-of-india/article1-1311533.aspx |title=IS announces expansion into AfPak, parts of India |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=29 January 2015 |access-date=12 February 2019 |archive-date=14 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914043630/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/is-announces-expansion-into-afpak-parts-of-india/article1-1311533.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 9 = Claim of territory in Nigeria: 12 March 2015<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/07/africa/nigeria-boko-haram-isis/ |title=Boko Haram purportedly pledges allegiance to ISIS |first1=Nima |last1=Elbagir |first2=Paul |last2=Cruickshank |first3=Mohammed |last3=Tawfeeq |date=7 March 2015 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> | 10 = Claim of territory in North Caucasus: 23 June 2015<ref>{{cite web |first=Harleen |last=Gambhir |url=http://understandingwar.org/backgrounder/isis-declares-governorate-russia%E2%80%99s-north-caucasus-region |title=ISIS Declares Governorate in Russia's North Caucasus Region |date=23 June 2015 |publisher=[[Institute for the Study of War]] |access-date=6 June 2019 |archive-date=19 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019055910/http://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/isis-declares-governorate-russia%e2%80%99s-north-caucasus-region |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 11 = [[Battle of Mosul (2016–17)|Recapture]] of [[Mosul]] by Iraqi forces: 20 July 2017 | 12 = [[Battle of Raqqa (2017)|Capture]] of [[Raqqa]] by SDF forces: 17 October 2017 | 13 = [[Battle of Baghuz Fawqani|Loses]] all of its territory in Syria: 23 March 2019 | 14 = [[Barisha raid|Killing]] of [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]]: October 27, 2019 | 15 = [[Killing]] of [[Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]]: February 3, 2022 | 16 = [[Killing]] of [[Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]]: October 15, 2022 }} | ideology = * [[Islamism]] * [[Caliphate|Caliphalism]] * [[Qutbism]] * [[Takfiri|Takfirism]] * [[Wahhabism]] * [[Pan-Islamism]] * [[Salafism]] * [[Salafi jihadism]] * [[Anti-Yazidi sentiment]] * [[Shiaphobia|Anti-Shia sentiment]] * [[Anti-Christian sentiment]] * [[Anti-Hindu sentiment]] * [[Anti-LGBT sentiment]] * [[Antisemitism]] | clans = * [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Algeria Province|Algerian Province]] * [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Caucasus Province|Caucasus Province]] * [[Islamic State's Central Africa Province|Central Africa Province]] * [[Abu Sayyaf|East Asia Province]] * [[Sheikh Omar Hadid Brigade|Gaza Province]] * [[Islamic State in the Greater Sahara|Greater Sahara Province]] * [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province|Khorasan Province]] * [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in Libya|Libyan Province]] * [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Sinai Province|Sinai Province]] * [[Islamic State in Somalia|Somalia Province]] * [[Boko Haram|West Africa Province]] * [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Yemen Province|Yemen Province]] * [[Islamic State – Georgian Province]] | founder = [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Forces Kill ISIS Founder, Leader Baghdadi in Syria|url=https://www.defense.gov/news/news-stories/article/article/1999751/us-forces-kill-isis-founder-leader-baghdadi-in-syria/|access-date=2025-01-12|website=U.S. Department of Defense|language=en-US}}</ref> | leaders = * '''Leader<!-- e.g. "Chair", "President", etc. but not Caliph -->:''' [[Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]] * '''Former leaders:'''<br /> [[Abu al-Hussein al-Husseini al-Qurashi]]{{KIA}}<br />[[Abu al-Hasan al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]]{{KIA}}<ref name="reuters new chief">{{cite news|date=10 March 2022|title=Islamic state confirms death of its leader, names new chief|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/islamic-state-confirms-death-its-leader-names-new-chief-2022-03-10/|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=10 March 2022}}</ref><br />[[Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-baghdadi-confirmation/islamic-state-confirms-baghdadi-is-dead-appoints-successor-idUSKBN1XA25A|title=Islamic State confirms Baghdadi is dead, appoints successor|website=Reuters|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref><br />[[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]]{{KIA}}<ref name="Caliph Ibrahim">{{cite news |last1=Rubin |first1=Alissa J. |title=Militant Leader in Rare Appearance in Iraq |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/06/world/asia/iraq-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-sermon-video.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=5 July 2014}}</ref> * '''Deputy leader in Iraq:''' [[Abu Fatima al-Jaheishi]]<ref name="Al-Tamimi's Blog">{{cite web |url=http://www.aymennjawad.org/2016/01/an-account-of-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-islamic-state |title=An Account of Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi & Islamic State Succession Lines |first=Aymenn Jawad |last=Al-Tamimi |work=Aymenn Jawad Al-Tamimi's Blog |date=24 January 2016}}</ref> * '''Deputy leader in Syria:''' [[Abu Ali al-Anbari]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Abd al-Rahman Mustafa al-Qaduli |url=https://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/abd_al_qaduli.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518171235/https://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/abd_al_qaduli.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 May 2015 |website=Rewards for Justice |publisher=[[United States Department of State]], [[Bureau of Diplomatic Security]] |date=5 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Schmidt |first=Michael |title=A Top ISIS Leader Is Killed in an Airstrike, the Pentagon Says |work=The New York Times |date=25 March 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/world/middleeast/abd-al-rahman-mustafa-al-qaduli-isis-reported-killed-in-syria.html}}</ref> * '''Deputy leader in Libya:''' [[Abdul Qader al-Najdi]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/new-isis-leader-abdel-qader-al-najdi-threatens-daesh-invasion-rome-through-north-africa-1548697 |title=New Isis leader in Libya – Abdel Qader al-Najdi threatens Daesh invasion of Rome through Africa |first=Callum |last=Paton |date=10 March 2016 |access-date=9 April 2021 |work=[[IB Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-libya-security/eastern-libyan-forces-say-they-killed-islamic-state-leader-idUSKCN26E3BW?|title=Eastern Libyan forces say they killed Islamic State leader|website=Reuters|date=23 September 2020}}</ref> * '''Military chief:''' Abu Saleh al-Obaidi<ref name="Al-Tamimi's Blog"/> * '''Head of the Shura Council:''' Abu Arkan al-Ameri<ref>{{cite news |title=ISIS Leadership |url=http://apps.frontline.org/isis-leadership/ |access-date=14 August 2015 |work=[[Frontline (U.S. TV series)|Frontline]]|publisher=[[PBS]] |year=2015}}</ref> * '''Chief of Syrian military operations:''' [[Abu Omar al-Shishani]]{{KIA}}{{r|brookings2014}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Chad |last=Garland |date=14 July 2016 |title=Islamic State says top commander is dead; Pentagon unsure |work=[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]] |url=http://www.stripes.com/news/islamic-state-says-top-commander-is-dead-pentagon-unsure-1.419088}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Will |last=Worley |date=13 July 2016 |title=Isis confirms death of hugely popular 'minister of war' Omar al-Shishani |work=The Independent |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-confirms-death-of-hugely-popular-minister-of-war-omar-al-shishani-a7135446.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Starr |first=Barbara |date=15 March 2016 |title=U.S. assesses ISIS operative Omar al-Shishani is dead |publisher=CNN |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/14/politics/u-s-confirms-death-of-isis-operative-omar-al-shishani/index.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tarkhan Tayumurazovich Batirashvili |url=https://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/tarkhan_batirashvili.html |website=Rewards for Justice |publisher=U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Diplomatic Security |date=5 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518171047/https://www.rewardsforjustice.net/english/tarkhan_batirashvili.html |archive-date=18 May 2015}}</ref> * '''Minister of War:''' [[Gulmurod Khalimov]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |date=6 September 2016 |title=Isis: US-trained Tajik special forces chief Gulmurod Khalimov becomes Isis 'war minister' |work=[[International Business Times]] |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-us-trained-tajik-special-forces-chief-gulmurod-khalimov-becomes-isis-war-minister-1579966}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/minister-war-killed-syria-air-attack-says-russia-1141444390 |title=IS 'minister of war' killed in Syria air attack, claims Russia |work=[[Middle East Eye]] |date=8 September 2017 |access-date=24 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gulmurod Khalimov |url=https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/gulmurod_khalimov.html |work=Rewards for Justice |access-date=24 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421113857/https://rewardsforjustice.net/english/gulmurod_khalimov.html |archive-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> * '''Minister of Finance:''' Sami Jasim Muhammad al-Jaburi{{POW}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-10-11|title=Iraqi forces capture deputy of IS slain leader Baghdadi - PM|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/iraqi-forces-capture-deputy-is-slain-leader-baghdadi-pm-2021-10-11/|access-date=2021-10-11}}</ref> * '''Minister of Information:''' [[Abu Muhammad al-Furqan]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |title=IS confirms death of propaganda chief Abu Mohammed al-Furqan - BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37619225 |publisher=BBC.com |date=2016-10-11 |accessdate=2021-06-16}}</ref> * '''Spokesman:''' [[Abu Umar al-Muhajir]]<ref name="reuters new chief" /> * '''Former spokesmen:''' [[Abu Mohammad al-Adnani]]{{KIA}},<ref name="brookings2014">{{cite web |year=2014 |first=Charles |last=Lister |title=Islamic State Senior Leadership: Who's Who |publisher=[[Brookings Institution]] |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2014/11/profiling-islamic-state-lister/en_whos_who.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328114112/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2014/11/profiling-islamic-state-lister/en_whos_who.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="AFP_290614">{{cite news |date=29 June 2014 |title=Here's What We Know About the 'Caliph' of the New Islamic State |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/heres-what-we-know-about-the-caliph-of-the-new-islamic-state-2014-6 |agency=AFP |work=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=29 June 2014 |title=ISIS Spokesman Declares Caliphate, Rebrands Group as Islamic State |work=Jihadist News |publisher=[[SITE Intelligence Group]] |url=http://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/isis-spokesman-declares-caliphate-rebrands-group-as-islamic-state.html |access-date=5 January 2018 |archive-date=29 June 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629194932/https://news.siteintelgroup.com/Jihadist-News/isis-spokesman-declares-caliphate-rebrands-group-as-islamic-state.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=12 September 2016 |title=Pentagon Confirms U.S. Strike in Syria Killed ISIL Leader |work=DoD News |publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]] |url=http://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/941787/pentagon-confirms-US-strike-in-Syria-killed-isil-leader |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919202654/http://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/941787/pentagon-confirms-US-strike-in-Syria-killed-isil-leader |archive-date=19 September 2016 |access-date=5 January 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Abu Hamza al-Qurashi]]{{KIA}}<ref>{{cite news |author=<!-- staff writer(s); no by-line --> |title= Islamic State group names its new leader as Abu Ibrahim al-Hashemi|work=[[BBC News]]|url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-50254785|date= 31 October 2019|access-date= 1 November 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=10 March 2022 |title=Islamic State names new leader, confirms death of predecessor |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220310-islamic-state-names-new-leader-confirms-death-of-predecessor |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=France 24}}</ref> | headquarters = {{plainlist| * [[Baqubah]], Iraq (2006–2007) * ''No central headquarters'' (2007–2013) * [[Raqqa]], Syria (2013–2017) * [[Mayadin]], Syria (June–October 2017)<ref>{{cite news |date=23 April 2017 |title=ISIS 'essentially moved' its Syria HQ from Raqqa to Deir ez-Zor province |publisher=[[RT (TV network)|RT]] |url=https://www.rt.com/news/385731-isis-moves-out-raqqa-deir-ezzor/}}</ref><ref name="captures Mayadin">{{cite web|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/141020174|title=Syrian army captures Mayadin from ISIS near Deir ez-Zor|publisher=[[Rudaw Media Network|Rudaw]]|date=14 October 2017}}</ref> * [[Al-Qa'im (town)|Al-Qa'im]], Iraq (October–November 2017)<ref>{{cite web |first1=Sarah |last1=Benhaida |first2=Ahmad |last2=al-Rubaye |date=26 October 2017 |title=Iraq forces launch 'last big fight' against IS |publisher=Rudaw |url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/26102017}}</ref> * [[Abu Kamal]], Syria (November 2017)<ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2017 |title=Anti-IS forces converge on Syria border town|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |via=Yahoo News |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/anti-forces-converge-syria-border-town-113315169.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 November 2017 |title=Syrian army & allies capture last major ISIS held town in Syria |url=https://www.rt.com/news/409274-syrian-army-capture-last-isis-town/ |work=[[RT (TV network)|RT]]|location=Russia |publisher=TV-Novosti}}</ref> * [[Hajin]], Syria (November 2017 – December 2018)<ref name="reduced to two">{{cite web|url=https://www.difesaesicurezza.com/en/defence/syria-the-isis-pockets-of-resistance-at-deir-ezzor-are-reduced-to-two/|title=Syria, the Isis pockets of resistance at Deir Ezzor are reduced to two|first=Francesco |last=Bussoletti|publisher=Difesa & Sicurezza|date=29 June 2018}}</ref> * [[Al-Susah]], Syria (December 2018 – January 2019)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-sdf-captures-daeshs-de-facto-capital-in-syria/|title=Breaking: SDF captures Daesh's de facto capital in Syria|first=Leith|last=Aboufadel|date=13 December 2018|access-date=6 June 2019|archive-date=6 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190706165230/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/breaking-sdf-captures-daeshs-de-facto-capital-in-syria/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/us-backed-fighters-seize-east-syria-village-from-isis-1.813894|title=US-backed fighters seize east Syria village from ISIS|website=The National}}</ref> * [[Al-Marashidah]], Syria (January–February 2019)<ref name="nearing end">{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isils-reign-over-eastern-euphrates-nearing-its-end-map/|title=ISIL's reign over eastern Euphrates nearing its end – map|first=Leith|last=Aboufadel|publisher=[[Al-Masdar News]]|date=24 January 2019|access-date=6 June 2019|archive-date=11 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111004303/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isils-reign-over-eastern-euphrates-nearing-its-end-map/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="last 2 villages">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/24/world/middleeast/isis-syria-last-territory.html|title=Down to Its Last 2 Villages in Syria, ISIS Still Fights Back|first=Rukmini |last=Callimachi|work=The New York Times|date=24 January 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-squeezed-into-last-areas-as-sdf-troops-capture-2-villages-east-of-the-euphrates-mapto/|title=ISIS squeezed into last areas as SDF troops capture 2 villages east of the Euphrates (MAP)|first=Leith|last=Aboufadel|publisher=Al-Masdar News|date=7 February 2019|access-date=6 June 2019|archive-date=19 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119051754/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/isis-squeezed-into-last-areas-as-sdf-troops-capture-2-villages-east-of-the-euphrates-mapto/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Al-Baghuz Fawqani]], Syria (February–March 2019)<ref name="final push">{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/us-backed-fighters-launch-final-push-to-defeat-is-in-syria/4779930.html|title=US-backed Fighters Launch Final Push to Defeat IS in Syria|first=Rikar |last=Hussein |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |date=9 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="battleover">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=23 March 2019|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/us-backed-syrian-force-declares-victory-over-islamic-state/2019/03/23/fc0eb35c-4d34-11e9-8cfc-2c5d0999c21e_story.html|title=US-allied Syrian force declares victory over Islamic State|access-date=6 June 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401020543/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/us-backed-syrian-force-declares-victory-over-islamic-state/2019/03/23/fc0eb35c-4d34-11e9-8cfc-2c5d0999c21e_story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Northwestern [[Idlib Governorate]], Syria (March 2019–present)<ref name="containing">{{cite web|url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/east-mediterranean-mena/syria/239-containing-transnational-jihadists-syrias|title=Containing Transnational Jihadists in Syria’s North West|author=|publisher=[[International Crisis Group]]|date=7 March 2023|access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="ISIL confirms death">{{cite news|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/8/3/isil-confirms-death-of-leader-abu-hussein-al-qurashi-names-successor|title=ISIL confirms death of leader Abu Hussein al-Qurashi, names successor|author=|agency=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=3 August 2023|access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref><ref name="US raid">{{cite web|url=https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2025/08/us-raid-kills-senior-isis-official-near-syrias-border-turkey|title=US raid kills senior ISIS official near Syria's border with Turkey|author=Jared Szuba|publisher=[[Al-Monitor]]|date=20 August 2025|access-date=6 November 2025}}</ref>}} | area = [[File:Territoires de l'Etat islamique juin 2015.png|230px]]<br />ISIL's territory, in grey, at the time of its greatest territorial extent (May 2015).<div style="text-align: left;"> {{Collapsible list | title = Map legend | 1 = {{legend|#b4b2ae|Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}} | 2 = {{legend|#db8ca6|[[Federal government of Iraq|Iraqi government]]}} | 3 = {{legend|#ebc0b3|Syrian government}} | 4 = {{legend|#ffa067|Lebanese government}} | 5 = {{legend|#D2CD7E|[[Iraqi Kurdistan]] forces}} | 6 = {{legend|#e2d974|[[Rojava|Syrian Kurdistan forces]]}} | 7 = {{legend|#caffc4|[[Syrian opposition]] forces}} | 8 = {{legend|#80c490|[[Turkish Armed Forces]]}} | 9 = {{legend|#ffffff|[[Tahrir al-Sham]] (HTS)}} | 10 = {{legend|#3e79ff|[[w:Hezbollah|Hezbollah]]}} | 11 = '''Note:''' Iraq and Syria contain large desert areas with sparse populations. These areas are mapped as under the control of forces holding roads and towns within them. }}</div> {{Collapsible list | title = Detailed current maps | 1 = [[Template:Syrian, Iraqi, and Lebanese insurgencies detailed map|Detailed map of the Syrian, Iraqi, and Lebanese conflicts]] | 2 = [[Template:Libyan Civil War detailed map|Detailed map of the Libyan Civil War]] | 3 = [[Template:Sinai insurgency detailed map|Detailed map of the Sinai insurgency]] | 4 = [[Template:Nigerian insurgency detailed map|Detailed map of the Nigerian insurgency]] | 5 = [[Template:Yemeni Civil War detailed map|Detailed map of the Yemeni Civil War]] | 6 = [[Template:Taliban insurgency detailed map|Detailed map of the Taliban insurgency]] }} | strength = {{Collapsible list| title = List of combatant numbers |Inside Syria and Iraq: {{plainlist| * 200,000<ref name="Indep161114">{{cite news|last1=Cockburn |first1=Patrick|date=16 November 2014|title=War with Isis: Islamic militants have army of 200,000, claims senior Kurdish leader|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/war-with-isis-islamic-militants-have-army-of-200000-claims-kurdish-leader-9863418.html}}</ref><ref name="how many">{{cite web|title=How many Fighters Does the Islamic State Really Have?|first=Daveed|last=Gartenstein-Ross-ROSS|date=9 February 2015|publisher=War on the Rocks|url=https://warontherocks.com/2015/02/how-many-fighters-does-the-islamic-state-really-have}}</ref> <small>(2015 claim by [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] Chief of Staff)</small> * 100,000<ref name="how many" /><ref name="saddam">{{cite news |title=Saddam's former army is secret of Baghdadi's success |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/16/us-mideast-crisis-baghdadi-insight-idUSKBN0OW1VN20150616 |work=Reuters |date=16 June 2015 |access-date=1 July 2015 |archive-date=3 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703111617/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/16/us-mideast-crisis-baghdadi-insight-idUSKBN0OW1VN20150616 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <small>(2015 Jihadist claim)</small> * 28,600–31,600<ref>{{cite web|title=Operation Inherent Resolve and other overseas contingency operations |url=https://media.defense.gov/2019/Feb/05/2002086500/-1/-1/1/FY2019_LIG_OIRREPORT.PDF|publisher=US Department of Defense|date=31 December 2018}}</ref> <small>(2016 Defense Department estimate)</small> * 35,000–100,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Briefing With Special Representative for Syria Engagement and Special Envoy for the Global Coalition To Defeat ISIS Ambassador James Jeffrey |url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2019/03/290654.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507104644/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2019/03/290654.htm |archive-date=7 May 2019|url-status=dead |website=state.gov|access-date=11 May 2019}}</ref> <small>(State Department estimate)</small>}} |Outside Syria and Iraq: 32,600–57,900 (See [[Military activity of ISIL]] for more detailed estimates.) |Estimated total: 61,200–257,900}}{{Collapsible list| title = Civilian population |In 2015 (near max extent): 8–12 million<ref name="by the numbers">{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2017-12-27/isis-by-the-numbers-in-2017|title=ISIS By the Numbers in 2017|first=Paul D. |last=Shinkman|publisher=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |date=27 December 2017}}</ref><ref name="rolling back">{{cite web|url=https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1912.html|title=Rolling Back the Islamic State|first1=Seth G. |last1=Jones|first2=James |last2=Dobbins|first3=Daniel |last3=Byman|first4=Christopher S. |last4=Chivvis|first5=Ben |last5=Connable|first6=Jeffrey |last6=Martini|first7=Eric |last7=Robinson|first8=Nathan |last8=Chandler|display-authors=3|publisher=[[RAND Corporation]]|date=2017|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref>}} | previous = {{flagicon image|Flag of JTJ.svg}} [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]] (1999)<ref name="winepJune14">{{cite report |first=Aaron Y. |last=Zelin |date=June 2014 |title=The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement |work=Research Notes |volume=20 |publisher=[[The Washington Institute for Near East Policy]] |url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/ResearchNote_20_Zelin.pdf |access-date=2018-01-05 |archive-date=2016-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160409030058/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/ResearchNote_20_Zelin.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | allies = [[#Supporters|See section]] | opponents = '''State opponents''' * {{flagcountry|Canada}} * {{flagcountry|France}} * {{flagcountry|Iran}} * {{flagcountry|Iraq}} * {{flagcountry|Jordan}}<ref name="elpais">{{cite news |url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2015/11/25/mexico/1448469984_093088.html |title=México aparece entre los países amenazados por el ISIS |trans-title=Mexico appears among the countries threatened by ISIS|date=25 November 2015 |location=Madrid |newspaper=[[El País]] |publisher=[[Prisa]] |language=es}}</ref> * {{flagcountry|Lebanon}} * {{flagcountry|Libya}} * {{flag|Nigeria}} * {{flagcountry|Russia}} * {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}} * {{flagcountry|Syria}} * {{flagcountry|Turkey}} * {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}<ref name=elpais/> * {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} * {{flagcountry|United States}} * {{flagcountry|Yemen}} {{collapsible list|title=Many others |{{flagcountry|Afghanistan}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thenational.ae/world/asia/isis-targets-taliban-in-fight-for-afghanistan-1.750512 |title=ISIS targets Taliban in fight for Afghanistan |first1=Ben |last1=Farmer |first2=Saleem |last2=Mehsud |date=15 July 2018 |newspaper=[[Thenational.ae]]}}</ref> |{{flag|Abkhazia}} |{{flagcountry|Albania}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flag|Algeria}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/12/algeria-symbolic-target-isil-151224080709968.html |title=Algeria a 'symbolic target' for ISIL |first=Djamila Ould |last=Khettab |date=30 December 2015 |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera]] |publisher=[[Al Jazeera Media Network]]}}</ref> |{{flag|Armenia}} |{{flag|Artsakh}} |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |{{flagcountry|Australia}}<ref>{{cite web|title=OKRA Home|url=http://www.defence.gov.au/Operations/Okra/default.asp|website=Global Operations|publisher=Department of Defense – Government of Australia|access-date=25 October 2017}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Austria}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Bahrain}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flag|Bangladesh}} |{{flag|Belgium}} |{{flag|Benin}} |{{flag|Bolivia}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Tom |last=Porter |title=Isis Use Picture of \'Cyclops Baby\' to Recruit Fighters for Apocalyptic Battle |work=International Business Times |date=13 September 2014 |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-use-picture-cyclops-baby-recruit-fighters-apocalyptic-battle-1465323}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Joel |last=Stonington |title=Is This Cyclops Baby the Muslim Antichrist? |work=[[Vocativ]] |date=9 September 2014 |url=https://www.vocativ.com/tech/internet/cyclops-baby-muslim-antichrist-much/index.html |access-date=16 May 2020 |archive-date=9 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009130121/https://www.vocativ.com/tech/internet/cyclops-baby-muslim-antichrist-much/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Brazil}}<ref>{{cite news |first1=Simon |last1=Romero |first2=Michael |last2=Schmidt |title=As ISIS Posts in Portuguese, U.S. and Brazil Bolster Olympics Security |work=The New York Times |date=1 August 2016 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/02/world/americas/rio-de-janeiro-olympics-terrorism-brazil.html}}</ref> |{{flag|Cameroon}} |{{flag|Canada}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Operation IMPACT|url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/operations-abroad-current/op-impact.page|website=National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces|access-date=6 March 2018|archive-date=21 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021003736/http://www.forces.gc.ca/en/operations-abroad-current/op-impact.page|url-status=dead}}</ref> |{{flag|Chad}} |{{flag|China}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Samuel |last=Osbourne |title=Isis threatens China and vows to 'shed blood like rivers' |work=The Independent |date=1 March 2017|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/isis-china-threaten-terror-attack-muslim-islamist-group-islamic-state-a7606211.html}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} |{{flagcountry|Croatia}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Czech Republic}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flag|Denmark}} |{{flagcountry|Egypt}} |{{flagcountry|Estonia}} |{{flagcountry|Finland}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flag|Georgia}} |{{flagcountry|Germany}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany to strip dual-nationals who fight for Isis of citizenship |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/1c929f90-3e6b-11e9-9bee-efab61506f44 |url-access=subscription}}{{full citation needed|date=September 2019}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Greece}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://greece.greekreporter.com/2014/09/25/greece-brings-war-against-the-islamic-state/|title=Greece Brings War Against the Islamic State|first=Nikoleta |last=Kalmouki|date=25 September 2014}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Hungary}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|India}} |{{flagcountry|Indonesia}} |{{flagcountry|Ireland}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Israel}} |{{flagcountry|Italy}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corriere.it/esteri/15_ottobre_05/italia-bombardera-l-isis-iraq-61fd0934-6ba2-11e5-9423-d78dd1862fd7.shtml|title=L'Italia pronta a bombardare Isis in Iraq. La Difesa: ipotesi da valutare|date=6 October 2015|website=Corriere della Sera}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Japan}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Almaz |last=Kumenov |title=Kazakhstan evacuates citizens from Syria, arrests some |date=14 May 2019 |publisher=[[Eurasianet]] |url=https://eurasianet.org/kazakhstan-evacuates-citizens-from-syria-arrests-some}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|North Korea}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Pro-Isis hackers attack North Korean airline Facebook page |work=The Guardian |date=14 January 2015 |agency=AFP |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/14/isis-hackers-north-korean-airline-facebook}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|South Korea}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Kosovo}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}}<ref>{{cite news |first=Joanna |last=Paraszczuk |title=Kyrgyzstan Bans IS, Designates It As Terror Group |date=15 March 2015 |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]] |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/kyrgyzstan-bans-islamic-state/26920328.html}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Latvia}} |{{flagcountry|Lithuania}} |{{flagcountry|Luxembourg}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Malaysia}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/20/malaysia-launches-crackdown-on-isis-after-threats-to-kill-the-king-and-prime-minister|title=Malaysia launches crackdown on Isis after threats to kill the king and prime minister|first=Hannah |last=Ellis-Petersen |date=20 July 2018|work=The Guardian}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Maldives}} |{{flagcountry|Malta}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Mauritius}}<ref>{{cite news |first=David H. |last=Ucko |title=Trouble in Paradise: Mauritus Tries to Ward off Islamic Radicalization |date=28 December 2017 |work=World Politics Review |url=https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/23693/trouble-in-paradise-mauritius-tries-to-ward-off-islamist-radicalization}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Mexico}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Moldova}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Morocco}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Mozambique}} |{{flagcountry|Netherlands}} |{{flagcountry|New Zealand}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Nicaragua}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Islamic State group: Nicaragua arrests four suspected members |publisher=BBC News |date=26 June 2019 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-48773780}}</ref> |{{flag|Niger}} |{{flagcountry|North Macedonia}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Norway}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Oman}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Pakistan}} |{{flagcountry|Palestine}} |{{flagcountry|Philippines}} |{{flagcountry|Poland}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Portugal}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Qatar}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Romania}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Serbia}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Singapore}} |{{flagcountry|Slovakia}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Slovenia}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Somalia}} |{{flagcountry|South Ossetia}} |{{flagcountry|Spain}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Barcelona Terror Alert Coincides with New Spanish-Language ISIS Threats |first=Bridget |last=Johnson |date=30 December 2018 |work=Homeland Security Today |url=https://www.hstoday.us/subject-matter-areas/terrorism-study/barcelona-terror-alert-coincides-with-new-spanish-language-isis-threats/}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}<ref name="isisindependent">{{cite news |title=Sri Lanka bombings: Isis claims responsibility for deadly church and hotel attacks on Easter Sunday |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/sri-lanka-bombings-isis-terror-church-attack-easter-islamic-state-a8882231.html |work=The Independent |date=23 April 2019}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Sweden}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Switzerland}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Taiwan}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Tajikistan}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Video Purports to Show Tajikistan Attackers Pledging Allegiance to ISIS |first1=Rukmini |last1=Callimachi |first2=Andrew E. |last2=Kramer |date=31 July 2018 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/31/world/asia/isis-tajikistan-video-attack.html}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Thailand}} |{{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} |{{flag|Tunisia}} |{{flag|Turkmenistan}}<ref>{{cite web |first=John |last=McAdams |title=The President of Turkmenistans Anti-ISIS Propaganda Video is Straight out of an '80s Action Movie |date=7 August 2017 |website=Wide Open Spaces |url=https://www.wideopenspaces.com/president-of-turkmenistans-anti-isis-propaganda-video/}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Ukraine}}<ref name=elpais/> |{{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Uzbekistan to receive and rehabilitate 148 women and children from ISIS |date=3 June 2019 |website=AlShahidWitness.com |url=https://alshahidwitness.com/uzbekistan-isis-repatriation-women-children/ }}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>|{{flagcountry|Vietnam}}|{{flagcountry|Venezuela}}<ref name="AsambleaVE">{{cite tweet |user=jguaido |author=Juan Guaidó |number=1169247448147091457 |date = 4 September 2019 |title=Desde la @AsambleaVE hemos declarado a la disidencia de las FARC, ELN, Hamas, Hezbollah e ISIS como grupos terroristas, ordenándoles a todos los cuerpos de seguridad del Estado proteger nuestra soberanía e integridad territorial frente a la amenaza que representan estos grupos.}}</ref> |{{flagcountry|Western Sahara}} }} '''Non-state opponents''' * {{flagicon image|Flag of Syrian Democratic Forces.svg}} [[Syrian Democratic Forces]] * {{flagicon image|Emblem of the Nineveh Plain Protection Units.svg}} [[Nineveh Plain Protection Units]] * {{flag|Hezbollah}} * {{flag|Ansarallah}} * [[Badr Organisation]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Badr Organization Destroys ISIS Car Bomb |date=5 June 2015 |work=Military.com |url=http://www.military.com/video/operations-and-strategy/terrorism/badr-organization-destroys-isis-car-bomb/4277703242001}}</ref> * [[Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/combat-footage-iraqi-forces-battle-isis-east-syria/ |title=Combat footage: Iraqi forces battle ISIS in east Syria |first=Andrew |last=Illingworth |date=22 December 2017 |publisher=Al Masdar News |access-date=6 June 2019 |archive-date=5 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605181414/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/combat-footage-iraqi-forces-battle-isis-east-syria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Europe.svg}} [[European Union]] * [[Kata'ib Hezbollah]] * {{Flagicon image|}} [[Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba]] * [[Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada]] * {{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan.svg}} [[Peshmerga]] * {{flagicon image|Flag of Koma Civakên Kurdistanê.svg}} [[Kurdistan Communities Union]] * {{flagicon|Syrian opposition}} [[Free Syrian Army]] * {{flagicon image|Flag of Kurdistan.svg}} [[Iraqi Kurdistan]] * {{flag|al-Qaeda}} * {{flagicon image|Flag of Ahrar ash-Sham.svg}} [[Ahrar al-Sham]] * {{flagicon image|Flag of the Al-Nusra Front.svg}} [[Al-Nusra Front]] ([[Tahrir al-Sham]] since 2017) * {{flagdeco|Libya}} [[Libya Shield Force]] * {{flagicon image|Flag of al-Qassam Brigades.svg}} [[Hamas]] * {{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Shura Council of Mujahideen in Derna]]<ref>{{cite news |first=Rami |last=Musa |title=Al-Qaida-linked militants attack IS affiliate in Libya |date=10 June 2015 |work=Military Times |url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/your-military/2015/06/10/al-qaida-linked-militants-attack-is-affiliate-in-libya/}}</ref> * {{flagicon image|Flag of Taliban.svg}} [[Taliban]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/01/24/taliban-agree-isil-al-qaeda-will-barred-afghanistan-major-concession/ | title=Taliban agree Isil and Al-Qaeda will be barred from Afghanistan in major concession during talks with US |first=Ben |last=Farmer |date=24 January 2019 |newspaper=[[Telegraph (newspaper)|Telegraph]] |publisher=[[Telegraph Media Group Limited]]}}</ref> * {{flagicon image|Emblem of the Jaish al-Fatah.svg}} [[Army of Conquest]] (2015–17) [[#Countries and groups at war with ISIL|Full list...]] | image_size = 200px | active2 = }} <!--Lead starts below--> The '''Islamic State''' ('''IS'''), ({{langx|ar|الدولة الإسلامية|ad-Dawla al-Islāmiyya}}) also known as the '''Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant''' ('''ISIL'''), the '''Islamic State of Iraq and Syria''' ('''ISIS''') and '''Daesh''', is a [[Sunni]] [[Islamism|Islamist]] militant group and unrecognized former [[quasi-state]]. It seeks to establish a global [[caliphate]] ruled by what it sees as [[Sharia law]]. In [[Arabic language|Arabic]], it is often called Daesh, a term disliked by the group.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Tooth|first=John-Paul|date=2015-11-18|title=Why Does Islamic State Hate Being Called 'Daesh'?|url=https://www.forces.net/news/why-does-islamic-state-hate-being-called-daesh|access-date=2024-03-24|website=Forces Network|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-11-14|title=What Does 'Daesh' Mean and Why Does ISIS Hate It?|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/isis-terror/paris-attacks-what-does-daesh-mean-why-does-isis-hate-n463551|access-date=2024-03-24|website=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> It operates in [[Libya]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=How a Libyan city joined the Islamic State group |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/195a7ffb0090444785eb814a5bda28c7/how-libyan-city-joined-islamic-state-group |access-date=2015-04-10 |archive-date=2015-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714093414/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/195a7ffb0090444785eb814a5bda28c7/how-libyan-city-joined-islamic-state-group |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Nigeria]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/isis-accepts-boko-haram-pledge-says-would-be-recruits-can-go-to-nigeria-1.2993474|title=ISIS accepts Boko Haram pledge, says would-be recruits can go to Nigeria - CBC News |agency= Associated Press |date= 13 March 2015 |orig-year= last update 2:43&nbsp;AM ET |website=CBC}}</ref> [[Syria]] and a small part of northern [[Iraq]].<ref>{{cite web|author=therearenosunglasses |url=http://therearenosunglasses.wordpress.com/2014/05/18/the-dangerous-spread-of-wahhabi-holy-fascism/ |title=The dangerous spread of Wahhabi "Holy Fascism" &#124; ThereAreNoSunglasses |publisher=Therearenosunglasses.wordpress.com |date=18 May 2014 |access-date=14 June 2014}}</ref><ref name="BBCISIL">{{cite news|title=Profile: Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS)|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-24179084|work=7 January 2014|publisher=BBC|date=6 January 2014|access-date=6 February 2014}}</ref> It claimed the status of an independent [[state]] for the territories under its control in [[Iraq]], [[Libya]], [[Nigeria]], and [[Syria]] from 2014 to 2019. It follows the [[Salafi]] ideology and is opposed to [[Shia Islam|Shiism]] and has been described as "Shiaphobic".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-29205447|title=Viewpoint: Why Islamic State will not endure|first=Afzal|last=Ashraf|date=16 September 2014|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref><ref>Rise of ISIS: a threat we can't ignore - p 8, Jay Sekulow - 2014.</ref> The earliest evolution of the group traces its origins back to the [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]] group which was founded by [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]] in 1999. This group eventually grew and became a large network in the early years of the [[Iraq War]] and associated itself with [[al-Qaeda]] in 2004. In 2006, the group formed into the Mujahideen Shura Council which was an umbrella organization that was composed of different insurgent groups. On 15 October 2006, the group rebranded itself as the [[Islamic State of Iraq]] and appointed [[Abu Omar al-Baghdadi]] as its emir. Its aim was to establish a [[caliphate]] in the [[Sunni]] majority regions of [[Iraq]], later expanding this to include [[Syria]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Cockburn |first=Patrick |date=9 June 2014 |title=Battle to establish Islamic state across Iraq and Syria |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/battle-to-establish-islamic-state-across-iraq-and-syria-9510044.html |work=[[The Independent]] |access-date=12 June 2014 }}</ref> In February 2014, after an eight-month power struggle, [[al-Qaeda]] cut all ties with ISIL.<ref name="AlQaedaTiesEnd">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/al-qaeda-disavows-any-ties-with-radical-islamist-isis-group-in-syria-iraq/2014/02/03/2c9afc3a-8cef-11e3-98ab-fe5228217bd1_story.html|title=Al-Qaeda disavows any ties with radical Islamist ISIS group in Syria, Iraq|newspaper=The Washington Post|author=Liz Sly|date=3 February 2014|access-date=7 February 2014}}</ref> ==Fighting== At the height of the [[2003 invasion of Iraq|Iraq War]], ISIL was in the Iraqi provinces of [[Al Anbar]], [[Ninawa]], Kirkuk, most of Salah ad Din, parts of [[Babil]], Diyala and [[Baghdad]]. Back then, it was known as al-Qaeda in Iraq and later the Islamic State of Iraq. It claimed [[Baqubah]] as its capital.<ref name="autogenerated1">[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/10/AR2006091001204.html?nav=rss_email/components Situation called dire in west Iraq.] ''[[The Washington Post]]'', 2006-SEP-10.</ref><ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/27/AR2006112701287.html "Anbar Picture Grows Clearer, and Bleaker".] ''The Washington Post'', 28 November 2006</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://onthescene.msnbc.com/baghdad/2006/12/reporting_under.html#posts|title=Reporting under al-Qaida control|publisher=MSNBC|date=27 December 2006|access-date=28 October 2009|archive-date=12 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012110014/http://onthescene.msnbc.com/baghdad/2006/12/reporting_under.html#posts|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Engel|first=Richard|url=http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/01/17/32969.aspx|title=Dangers of the Baghdad plan|publisher=MSNBC|date=17 January 2007|access-date=28 October 2009|archive-date=2 November 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102170117/http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/archive/2007/01/17/32969.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the [[Syrian Civil War]], the group has a large presence in the Syrian governorates of [[Ar-Raqqah]], Idlib and [[Aleppo]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Iraq jailbreak highlights al-Qaeda affiliate's ascendancy|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=23 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Islamic law comes to rebel-held Syria|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/islamic-law-comes-to-rebel-held-syria/2013/03/19/b310532e-90af-11e2-bdea-e32ad90da239_print.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=23 July 2013}}</ref> The group has attacked government and military targets. It has claimed responsibility for attacks that killed thousands of Iraqi [[civilian]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/11/us-iraq-violence-al-qaeda-idUSBRE9BA0O820131211|title=Al Qaeda tightens grip on western Iraq in bid for Islamic state|website=[[Reuters]] |date=11 December 2013|access-date=2 June 2014|archive-date=9 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009172010/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/11/us-iraq-violence-al-qaeda-idUSBRE9BA0O820131211|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the time coalition forces were present in Iraq, the group suffered some setbacks. By 2012, it was thought to have regained most of its strength due to the ongoing conflict in Syria and more than doubled the number of its members to about 2,500. Following a 2013-2014 military offensive, ISIL took over large parts of [[Al Anbar Province]] including the city of [[Fallujah]] and parts of [[Ramadi]].<ref name="ucdp.uu.se">Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia, Iraq, In depth, Continued armed conflict after USA's troop withdrawal from Iraq, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=77&regionSelect=10-Middle_East# {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927151947/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=77&regionSelect=10-Middle_East |date=2013-09-27 }}</ref> In 2013, a letter and an audio recording of [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], the leader of al-Qaeda, was leaked to [[Al Jazeera]]. In it, al-Zawahiri disbanded the Syrian faction of ISIL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Nov-08/237219-zawahiri-disbands-main-qaeda-faction-in-syria-jazeera.ashx#axzz2jVRVxOhD|title=Zawahiri disbands main Qaeda faction in Syria|date=8 November 2013|access-date=8 November 2013|archive-date=9 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109021550/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2013/Nov-08/237219-zawahiri-disbands-main-qaeda-faction-in-syria-jazeera.ashx#axzz2jVRVxOhD|url-status=dead}}</ref> The group's leader, [[Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi]], opposed this ruling on the basis of [[Islamic law]].<ref name="aljazeera150613">{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/06/2013615172217827810.html|title=Iraqi al-Qaeda chief rejects Zawahiri orders|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=15 June 2013|access-date=15 June 2013}}</ref> The group has since continued to operate in Syria. Starting in April 2013, it made rapid military gains in large parts of Northern Syria, where the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights described them as "the strongest group".<ref name="ISISNorthSyria">{{cite news|title=Al Qaeda-linked group strengthens hold in northern Syria|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/11/05/world/europe/syria-turkey-al-qaeda/|author=Gul Tuysuz, Raja Razek, Nick Paton Walsh|publisher=CNN|date=6 November 2013|access-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> They have sought publicity by releasing videos of the [[decapitation]] (beheading) of [[journalist]]s and other [[prisoner of war|prisoners of war]] mainly done by member [[Jihadi John]]. He was killed in November 2015. == Worldwide caliphate == In June 2014, it announced a worldwide [[caliphate]]. In 2014, ISIL successfully fought in a large-scale offensive in Iraq. After this offensive, ISIL is reported to have seized control of most of [[Mosul]], the second biggest city in Iraq, its surrounding Nineveh province, and the city of [[Fallujah]]. It proceeded to persecute non-Sunni minorities such as [[Shia Muslim]]s, [[Christians]], and [[Yazidis]]. Its actions against the Yazidi people was deemed to be a genocide by the international community.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/11/world/middleeast/militants-in-mosul.html?_r=0|title=Sunni militants drive Iraqi Army out of Mosul |work=The New York Times |date=10 June 2014}}</ref> In the spring of 2015 ISIL fought for control of [[Tikrit]], the administrative center of the Salah ad Din Governorate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2014/06/iraqi-city-tikrit-falls-isil-fighters-2014611135333576799.html|title=Iraq city of Tikrit falls to ISIL fighters|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=11 June 2014}}</ref> In spring of 2016 the Army of Iraq took back Fallujah. At the end of 2016 the army took back [[Ramadi]] in [[Al Anbar Province]], and in July 2017 Iraqi government forces retook [[Mosul]]. In October 2017, [[Ar-Raqqah|Raqqa]], the capital, fell to the [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]]-led Syrian Democratic Forces. == References == {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Caliphates]] [[Category:History of Iraq]] [[Category:Islamic State| ]] [[Category:Shiaphobia]] [[Category:History of Syria]] [[Category:Islamist militant groups]] gug4m3517k1r9q9ttro0gnvmjyhj4zs 0 461073 11024092 11002690 2026-10-08T19:51:36Z ~2026-51223-15 1876963 changes about personal lifer religion info 11024092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Gabe Newell | image = Gabe Newell GDC 2010.jpg | caption = Newell at the 2010 [[Game Developers Conference]] | imagesize = 200px | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|11|03}} | birth_place = [[Colorado]], [[United States|U.S.]] | death_date = | death_place = | seminarium = [[Davis Senior High School]] | alma mater = [[Harvard University]] {{Small|(dropped out)}} | notable_works = Valve Corporation<br />[[Steam (software)|Steam]] | occupation = President of [[Valve Corporation]] | networth = {{Increase}} US$ 5.5 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] {{Small|(September 2017)}} | spouse = Lisa Mennet Newell (divorced) | children = 2 | website = | '''Gabe Newell''' | Programmer | Christianity }} '''Gabe Logan Newell''' (born November 3, 1962) is an [[Americans|American]] [[businessman]]. He is the [[Founder|co-founder]] and president of [[video game developer|video game development]] and online distribution company [[Valve Corporation]]. He co-founded Valve with fellow [[Microsoft]] employee [[Mike Harrington]]. He is also known for founding [[online]] [[Video games|video gaming]] distributor [[Steam (software)|Steam]]. Newell was born in [[Colorado]]. He was married to Lisa Newell (née Mennet) and has two children. They got divorced in 2019. He suffered from [[Fuchs' dystrophy]], a congenital disease which affects the [[cornea]], but was cured by two cornea transplants in 2006 and 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chiang|first=Oliver|date=February 9, 2011|title=The Master of Online Mayhem|work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0228/technology-gabe-newell-videogames-valve-online-mayhem.html|quote=''The founder of videogame seller Valve suffers from Fuchs Dystrophy, a congenital disease that slowly destroys the cornea. "I have dead-people eyes", he said at the time. Double cornea transplants in 2006 and 2007 cured him and changed him utterly.''|accessdate=August 28, 2014}}</ref> Newell disliked [[Windows 8]], calling it a "catastrophe" and a "threat to PC gaming".<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 26, 2012|title=Valve boss Gabe Newell calls Windows 8 a 'catastrophe'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18996377|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=August 28, 2014}}</ref> Newell's [[networth]] is $11 billion [[United States dollar]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabe Newell|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/gabe-newell/|website=Forbes}}</ref> Newell attended [[Harvard University]] in 1980, but dropped out 3 years later to work at Microsoft. Gabe worked with Mike Harrington to make popular games such as [[Counter-Strike]], [[Half-Life (series)|Half Life]] 1 and 2, [[Left 4 Dead]] 1 and 2, [[Portal (video game)|Portal]] 1 and 2, and many more Gabe is also a well known Super Yacht enthusiast. He said he needed to buy Super Yachts in order to gain a greater connection with the sea. To that end, Mr. Newell has altruistically purchased Oceanco{{dubious|reason=Lacks source for altruistic motive and scope of purchase.}} so as to offer Super Yachts to all who seek a greater connection to the sea. == Personal life == In his personal life, Gabe Newell is a Christian and a Methodist. He is a member of a '''nearby''' congregation within the United Methodist Church, which has influenced his son, Gray. He is a very private person and rarely speaks about his family in public.[4] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb name|1674047}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Newell, Gabe}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:Democrats (United States)]] [[Category:Harvard University alumni]] [[Category:Microsoft people]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Colorado]] [[Category:American video game designers]] [[Category:American Christians|Newell, Gabe]] h55m2lqtda1xxaul98at6o04av0pmig 11024101 11024092 2026-10-08T20:11:26Z ~2026-51223-15 1876963 11024101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Gabe Newell | image = Gabe Newell GDC 2010.jpg | caption = Newell at the 2010 [[Game Developers Conference]] | imagesize = 200px | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|11|03}} | birth_place = [[Colorado]], [[United States|U.S.]] | death_date = | death_place = | seminarium = [[Davis Senior High School]] | alma mater = [[Harvard University]] {{Small|(dropped out)}} | notable_works = Valve Corporation<br />[[Steam (software)|Steam]] | occupation = President of [[Valve Corporation]] | networth = {{Increase}} US$ 5.5 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] {{Small|(September 2017)}} | spouse = Lisa Mennet Newell (divorced) | children = 2 | website = | '''Gabe Newell''' | Programmer | Christianity }} '''Gabe Logan Newell''' (born November 3, 1962) is an [[Americans|American]] [[businessman]]. He is the [[Founder|co-founder]] and president of [[video game developer|video game development]] and online distribution company [[Valve Corporation]]. He co-founded Valve with fellow [[Microsoft]] employee [[Mike Harrington]]. He is also known for founding [[online]] [[Video games|video gaming]] distributor [[Steam (software)|Steam]]. Newell was born in [[Colorado]]. He was married to Lisa Newell (née Mennet) and has two children. They got divorced in 2019. He suffered from [[Fuchs' dystrophy]], a congenital disease which affects the [[cornea]], but was cured by two cornea transplants in 2006 and 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chiang|first=Oliver|date=February 9, 2011|title=The Master of Online Mayhem|work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0228/technology-gabe-newell-videogames-valve-online-mayhem.html|quote=''The founder of videogame seller Valve suffers from Fuchs Dystrophy, a congenital disease that slowly destroys the cornea. "I have dead-people eyes", he said at the time. Double cornea transplants in 2006 and 2007 cured him and changed him utterly.''|accessdate=August 28, 2014}}</ref> Newell disliked [[Windows 8]], calling it a "catastrophe" and a "threat to PC gaming".<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 26, 2012|title=Valve boss Gabe Newell calls Windows 8 a 'catastrophe'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18996377|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=August 28, 2014}}</ref> Newell's [[networth]] is $11 billion [[United States dollar]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabe Newell|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/gabe-newell/|website=Forbes}}</ref> Newell attended [[Harvard University]] in 1980, but dropped out 3 years later to work at Microsoft. Gabe worked with Mike Harrington to make popular games such as [[Counter-Strike]], [[Half-Life (series)|Half Life]] 1 and 2, [[Left 4 Dead]] 1 and 2, [[Portal (video game)|Portal]] 1 and 2, and many more Gabe is also a well known Super Yacht enthusiast. He said he needed to buy Super Yachts in order to gain a greater connection with the sea. To that end, Mr. Newell has altruistically purchased Oceanco{{dubious|reason=Lacks source for altruistic motive and scope of purchase.}} so as to offer Super Yachts to all who seek a greater connection to the sea. == Personal life == In his personal life, Gabe Newell is a Christian and a Methodist. He is a member of a nearby congregation within the United Methodist Church, which has influenced his son, Gray, who has been active in groups like "gay furries for christ" on the Steam platform. His family's multigenerational connection to the Methodist faith is also shared through his former wife's family line; her mother, Wilma Lucile Mennet, was a dedicated member and treasurer of the Hayward United Methodist Church.<ref name="Obituary">{{cite news |title=Wilma Mennet Obituary |url=https://eastbaytimes.com |work=East Bay Times |date=February 14, 2008 |access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref> Despite these roots, he is a very private person and rarely speaks about his family in public. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb name|1674047}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Newell, Gabe}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:Democrats (United States)]] [[Category:Harvard University alumni]] [[Category:Microsoft people]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Colorado]] [[Category:American video game designers]] [[Category:American Christians|Newell, Gabe]] e3athmlp9oumipviikcf6i3vhj4v6j6 11024106 11024101 2026-10-08T20:20:59Z ~2026-51223-15 1876963 11024106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Gabe Newell | image = Gabe Newell GDC 2010.jpg | caption = Newell at the 2010 [[Game Developers Conference]] | imagesize = 200px | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|11|03}} | birth_place = [[Colorado]], [[United States|U.S.]] | death_date = | death_place = | seminarium = [[Davis Senior High School]] | alma mater = [[Harvard University]] {{Small|(dropped out)}} | notable_works = Valve Corporation<br />[[Steam (software)|Steam]] | occupation = President of [[Valve Corporation]] | networth = {{Increase}} US$ 5.5 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] {{Small|(September 2017)}} | spouse = Lisa Mennet Newell (divorced) | children = 2 | website = | '''Gabe Newell''' | Programmer | Christianity }} '''Gabe Logan Newell''' (born November 3, 1962) is an [[Americans|American]] [[businessman]]. He is the [[Founder|co-founder]] and president of [[video game developer|video game development]] and online distribution company [[Valve Corporation]]. He co-founded Valve with fellow [[Microsoft]] employee [[Mike Harrington]]. He is also known for founding [[online]] [[Video games|video gaming]] distributor [[Steam (software)|Steam]]. Newell was born in [[Colorado]]. He was married to Lisa Newell (née Mennet) and has two children. They got divorced in 2019. He suffered from [[Fuchs' dystrophy]], a congenital disease which affects the [[cornea]], but was cured by two cornea transplants in 2006 and 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chiang|first=Oliver|date=February 9, 2011|title=The Master of Online Mayhem|work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0228/technology-gabe-newell-videogames-valve-online-mayhem.html|quote=''The founder of videogame seller Valve suffers from Fuchs Dystrophy, a congenital disease that slowly destroys the cornea. "I have dead-people eyes", he said at the time. Double cornea transplants in 2006 and 2007 cured him and changed him utterly.''|accessdate=August 28, 2014}}</ref> Newell disliked [[Windows 8]], calling it a "catastrophe" and a "threat to PC gaming".<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 26, 2012|title=Valve boss Gabe Newell calls Windows 8 a 'catastrophe'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18996377|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=August 28, 2014}}</ref> Newell's [[networth]] is $11 billion [[United States dollar]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabe Newell|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/gabe-newell/|website=Forbes}}</ref> Newell attended [[Harvard University]] in 1980, but dropped out 3 years later to work at Microsoft. Gabe worked with Mike Harrington to make popular games such as [[Counter-Strike]], [[Half-Life (series)|Half Life]] 1 and 2, [[Left 4 Dead]] 1 and 2, [[Portal (video game)|Portal]] 1 and 2, and many more Gabe is also a well known Super Yacht enthusiast. He said he needed to buy Super Yachts in order to gain a greater connection with the sea. To that end, Mr. Newell has altruistically purchased Oceanco{{dubious|reason=Lacks source for altruistic motive and scope of purchase.}} so as to offer Super Yachts to all who seek a greater connection to the sea. == Personal life == In his personal life, Gabe Newell is a Christian and a Methodist. He is a member of a nearby congregation within the United Methodist Church, which has influenced his son, Gray, who has been active in groups like "gay furries for christ" on the Steam platform. His family's multigenerational connection to the Methodist faith is also shared through his former wife's family line; her mother, Wilma Lucile Mennet, was a dedicated member and treasurer of the Hayward United Methodist Church.<ref name="Obituary">{{cite news |title=Wilma Mennet Obituary |url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/obituaries/wilma-lucile-mennet/ |work=East Bay Times |date=February 14, 2008 |access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref> Despite these roots, he is a very private person and rarely speaks about his family in public. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb name|1674047}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Newell, Gabe}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:Democrats (United States)]] [[Category:Harvard University alumni]] [[Category:Microsoft people]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Colorado]] [[Category:American video game designers]] [[Category:American Christians|Newell, Gabe]] emjr6t191u1mihk39nay88kw1wuwlru 11024192 11024106 2026-10-08T22:19:13Z ~2026-51223-15 1876963 11024192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Gabe Newell | image = Gabe Newell GDC 2010.jpg | caption = Newell at the 2010 [[Game Developers Conference]] | imagesize = 200px | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|11|03}} | birth_place = [[Colorado]], [[United States|U.S.]] | death_date = | death_place = | seminarium = [[Davis Senior High School]] | alma mater = [[Harvard University]] {{Small|(dropped out)}} | notable_works = Valve Corporation<br />[[Steam (software)|Steam]] | occupation = President of [[Valve Corporation]] | networth = {{Increase}} US$ 5.5 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] {{Small|(September 2017)}} | spouse = Lisa Mennet Newell (divorced) | children = 2 | website = | '''Gabe Newell''' | Programmer | Christianity }} '''Gabe Logan Newell''' (born November 3, 1962) is an [[Americans|American]] [[businessman]]. He is the [[Founder|co-founder]] and president of [[video game developer|video game development]] and online distribution company [[Valve Corporation]]. He co-founded Valve with fellow [[Microsoft]] employee [[Mike Harrington]]. He is also known for founding [[online]] [[Video games|video gaming]] distributor [[Steam (software)|Steam]]. Newell was born in [[Colorado]]. He was married to Lisa Newell (née Mennet) and has two children. They got divorced in 2019. He suffered from [[Fuchs' dystrophy]], a congenital disease which affects the [[cornea]], but was cured by two cornea transplants in 2006 and 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chiang|first=Oliver|date=February 9, 2011|title=The Master of Online Mayhem|work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0228/technology-gabe-newell-videogames-valve-online-mayhem.html|quote=''The founder of videogame seller Valve suffers from Fuchs Dystrophy, a congenital disease that slowly destroys the cornea. "I have dead-people eyes", he said at the time. Double cornea transplants in 2006 and 2007 cured him and changed him utterly.''|accessdate=August 28, 2014}}</ref> Newell disliked [[Windows 8]], calling it a "catastrophe" and a "threat to PC gaming".<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 26, 2012|title=Valve boss Gabe Newell calls Windows 8 a 'catastrophe'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18996377|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=August 28, 2014}}</ref> Newell's [[networth]] is $11 billion [[United States dollar]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabe Newell|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/gabe-newell/|website=Forbes}}</ref> Newell attended [[Harvard University]] in 1980, but dropped out 3 years later to work at Microsoft. Gabe worked with Mike Harrington to make popular games such as [[Counter-Strike]], [[Half-Life (series)|Half Life]] 1 and 2, [[Left 4 Dead]] 1 and 2, [[Portal (video game)|Portal]] 1 and 2, and many more Gabe is also a well known Super Yacht enthusiast. He said he needed to buy Super Yachts in order to gain a greater connection with the sea. To that end, Mr. Newell has altruistically purchased Oceanco{{dubious|reason=Lacks source for altruistic motive and scope of purchase.}} so as to offer Super Yachts to all who seek a greater connection to the sea. == Personal life == In his personal life, Gabe Newell is a Christian and a Methodist. He is a member of a congregation within the United Methodist Church, which has influenced his son, Gray, who has been active in groups like "gay furries for christ" on the Steam platform. His family's multigenerational connection to the Methodist faith is also shared through his former wife's family line; her mother, Wilma Lucile Mennet, was a dedicated member and treasurer of the Hayward United Methodist Church.<ref name="Obituary">{{cite news |title=Wilma Mennet Obituary |url=https://www.eastbaytimes.com/obituaries/wilma-lucile-mennet/ |work=East Bay Times |date=February 14, 2008 |access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref> Despite these roots, he is a very private person and rarely speaks about his family in public. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb name|1674047}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Newell, Gabe}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:Democrats (United States)]] [[Category:Harvard University alumni]] [[Category:Microsoft people]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Colorado]] [[Category:American video game designers]] [[Category:American Christians|Newell, Gabe]] s777ia2wcykfov7fdfi7eo2qqet0z4b 11024196 11024192 2026-10-08T22:24:03Z ~2026-51223-15 1876963 11024196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Gabe Newell | image = Gabe Newell GDC 2010.jpg | caption = Newell at the 2010 [[Game Developers Conference]] | imagesize = 200px | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1962|11|03}} | birth_place = [[Colorado]], [[United States|U.S.]] | death_date = | death_place = | seminarium = [[Davis Senior High School]] | alma mater = [[Harvard University]] {{Small|(dropped out)}} | notable_works = Valve Corporation<br />[[Steam (software)|Steam]] | occupation = President of [[Valve Corporation]] | networth = {{Increase}} US$ 5.5 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] {{Small|(September 2017)}} | spouse = Lisa Mennet Newell (divorced) | children = 2 | website = | '''Gabe Newell''' | Programmer | Christianity }} '''Gabe Logan Newell''' (born November 3, 1962) is an [[Americans|American]] [[businessman]]. He is the [[Founder|co-founder]] and president of [[video game developer|video game development]] and online distribution company [[Valve Corporation]]. He co-founded Valve with fellow [[Microsoft]] employee [[Mike Harrington]]. He is also known for founding [[online]] [[Video games|video gaming]] distributor [[Steam (software)|Steam]]. Newell was born in [[Colorado]]. He was married to Lisa Newell (née Mennet) and has two children. They got divorced in 2019. He suffered from [[Fuchs' dystrophy]], a congenital disease which affects the [[cornea]], but was cured by two cornea transplants in 2006 and 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chiang|first=Oliver|date=February 9, 2011|title=The Master of Online Mayhem|work=[[Forbes]]|url=https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0228/technology-gabe-newell-videogames-valve-online-mayhem.html|quote=''The founder of videogame seller Valve suffers from Fuchs Dystrophy, a congenital disease that slowly destroys the cornea. "I have dead-people eyes", he said at the time. Double cornea transplants in 2006 and 2007 cured him and changed him utterly.''|accessdate=August 28, 2014}}</ref> Newell disliked [[Windows 8]], calling it a "catastrophe" and a "threat to PC gaming".<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 26, 2012|title=Valve boss Gabe Newell calls Windows 8 a 'catastrophe'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-18996377|publisher=[[BBC]]|accessdate=August 28, 2014}}</ref> Newell's [[networth]] is $11 billion [[United States dollar]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabe Newell|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/gabe-newell/|website=Forbes}}</ref> Newell attended [[Harvard University]] in 1980, but dropped out 3 years later to work at Microsoft. Gabe worked with Mike Harrington to make popular games such as [[Counter-Strike]], [[Half-Life (series)|Half Life]] 1 and 2, [[Left 4 Dead]] 1 and 2, [[Portal (video game)|Portal]] 1 and 2, and many more Gabe is also a well known Super Yacht enthusiast. He said he needed to buy Super Yachts in order to gain a greater connection with the sea. To that end, Mr. Newell has altruistically purchased Oceanco{{dubious|reason=Lacks source for altruistic motive and scope of purchase.}} so as to offer Super Yachts to all who seek a greater connection to the sea. == Personal life == According to several online biographical sources, Gabe Newell is described as a Christian and a Methodist.<ref name="BioSources">{{cite web |title=Gabe Newell Biography |url=https://bignamebio.com |website=BigNameBio |access-date=2026-10-09}}</ref> He is reported to be a member of a congregation within the United Methodist Church, which has reportedly influenced his family; internet community discussions frequently note that his son, Gray, has been active in faith-related groups such as "gay furries for christ" on the Steam platform.<ref name="SteamGroup">{{cite web |title=Steam Community :: Group :: gay furries for christ |url=https://steamcommunity.com |website=Steam Community |access-date=2026-10-09}}</ref> This connection to the Methodist faith is also shared through his former wife's family line; her mother, Wilma Lucile Mennet, was a long-time dedicated member and treasurer of the Hayward United Methodist Church.<ref name="Obituary">{{cite news |title=Wilma Mennet Obituary |url=https://eastbaytimes.com |work=East Bay Times |date=2008-02-14 |access-date=2026-10-09}}</ref> Despite these published biographical details, Newell remains a very private person and rarely speaks about his personal religious beliefs or his family in public.<ref name="BioSources" /> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb name|1674047}} {{US-bio-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Newell, Gabe}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:Democrats (United States)]] [[Category:Harvard University alumni]] [[Category:Microsoft people]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Colorado]] [[Category:American video game designers]] [[Category:American Christians|Newell, Gabe]] ro7s3hzfgjretjgga3lk9otz8mw82x9 0 462768 11024037 7788499 2026-10-08T15:45:46Z DeadAliceIsNot 1887023 /* */ I added an additional book that she wrote as well as some of her awards. 11024037 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Sarah_Waters.jpg|thumb|upright|Sarah Waters at book signing]] '''Sarah Waters''' (born 21 July 1966)<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarah Waters|publisher=British Council|url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/sarah-waters|accessdate=September 14, 2014|archive-date=May 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120354/http://literature.britishcouncil.org/sarah-waters|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] [[novel]]ist. She is known for novels set in the [[Victorian era]] and featuring [[lesbian]] [[protagonist]]s. Her books include ''[[Tipping the Velvet]],'' ''[[The Night Watch]], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affinity_(novel)&oldid=1365093884 Affinity] for which she won the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somerset_Maugham_Award&oldid=1359334348 Somerset Maugham Award], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunday_Times_Young_Writer_of_the_Year_Award&oldid=1377498154 Sunday Times Young Writer of the Year Award], a [[:en:Ferro-Grumley_Award|Ferro-Grumley Award]], and an American [[:en:List_of_American_Library_Association_awards|Library Association Award.]]''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fingersmith|last=Waters|first=Sarah|publisher=The Berkley Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=1-57322-203-8|location=New York}}</ref> She was born in [[Neyland]], [[Pembrokeshire]], [[Wales]]. She is openly lesbian<ref>[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/author-sarah-waters-being-lesbian-1803050 Sarah Waters on being that lesbian writer]</ref> and lives in [[London]]. ==References== <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Waters, Sarah}} [[Category:Lesbians]] [[Category:LGBT novelists]] [[Category:Welsh LGBT people]] [[Category:Welsh writers]] [[Category:1966 births]] [[Category:Living people]] {{bio-stub}} 7fm41ucwu2dfk7ggg9pu47yxyxomo4q 11024038 11024037 2026-10-08T15:46:46Z DeadAliceIsNot 1887023 /* */ Forgot to include "American" in hyperlink. 11024038 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Sarah_Waters.jpg|thumb|upright|Sarah Waters at book signing]] '''Sarah Waters''' (born 21 July 1966)<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarah Waters|publisher=British Council|url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/sarah-waters|accessdate=September 14, 2014|archive-date=May 17, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120354/http://literature.britishcouncil.org/sarah-waters|url-status=dead}}</ref> is a [[Welsh people|Welsh]] [[novel]]ist. She is known for novels set in the [[Victorian era]] and featuring [[lesbian]] [[protagonist]]s. Her books include ''[[Tipping the Velvet]],'' ''[[The Night Watch]], and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affinity_(novel)&oldid=1365093884 Affinity] for which she won the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somerset_Maugham_Award&oldid=1359334348 Somerset Maugham Award], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sunday_Times_Young_Writer_of_the_Year_Award&oldid=1377498154 Sunday Times Young Writer of the Year Award], a [[:en:Ferro-Grumley_Award|Ferro-Grumley Award]], and an [[:en:List_of_American_Library_Association_awards|American Library Association Award.]]''<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fingersmith|last=Waters|first=Sarah|publisher=The Berkley Publishing Group|year=2002|isbn=1-57322-203-8|location=New York}}</ref> She was born in [[Neyland]], [[Pembrokeshire]], [[Wales]]. She is openly lesbian<ref>[http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/showbiz/author-sarah-waters-being-lesbian-1803050 Sarah Waters on being that lesbian writer]</ref> and lives in [[London]]. ==References== <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:Waters, Sarah}} [[Category:Lesbians]] [[Category:LGBT novelists]] [[Category:Welsh LGBT people]] [[Category:Welsh writers]] [[Category:1966 births]] [[Category:Living people]] {{bio-stub}} 7xtewkiqwgd0r7m0bjp3pul418ttdv7 0 471921 11024056 10438415 2026-10-08T17:25:56Z ~2026-54484-72 1887083 Attempt to repair a Link, to the best of my Knowledge 11024056 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:CamelCase new.svg|thumb|Camel case is named after the "hump" of its protruding capital letter, similar to the hump of common [[Camel|camels]].]] '''CamelCase''' ('''camel case''', '''camel caps''' or '''medial capitals''') is the practice of writing [[Compound (linguistics)|compound words]] or [[Phrase|phrases]] so that each next word or [[abbreviation]] begins with a [[capitalization|capital letter]]. CamelCase can either start with a [[lowercase]] or uppercase letter, although the lowercase version is much more common in [[programming]]. Common examples are [[PowerPoint]] or [[iPhone]]. == Variations == There are many variations of CamelCase. A few important ones are: {{col-begin}}{{col-break}} * '''BumpyCaps'''<ref name="semicolon">{{cite web | first=Brian | last=Hayes | url=http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/the-semicolon-wars/2 | title=The Semicolon Wars | work=American Scientist Online: The Magazine of Sigma XI | publisher=The Scientific Research Society | date=July–August 2006 | at=art. pg. 2.}}</ref> * '''camelBack''' (or camel-back) notation<ref>[http://www2.tech.purdue.edu/cit/Courses/CPT355/C_Sharp_Coding_Standards_and_Guidelines.asp C# Coding Standards and Guidelines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411055228/http://www2.tech.purdue.edu/cit/Courses/CPT355/C_Sharp_Coding_Standards_and_Guidelines.asp |date=2008-04-11 }} at [http://www2.tech.purdue.edu/cit/ Purdue University College of Technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712060932/http://www.tech.purdue.edu/cit/ |date=2013-07-12 }}</ref> * '''CamelCaps'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://everything2.com/title/CamelCase |title=CamelCase |publisher=Everything2.com |access-date=4 June 2010}}</ref> * '''CapitalizedWords''' or '''CapWords''' for upper CamelCase in [[Python (programming language)|Python]]<ref name="python">[http://legacy.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/ Style Guide for Python Code] at [https://www.python.org www.python.org]</ref> {{nb5}} * '''compoundNames'''<ref name="compoundNames">{{cite web | url=http://groups.google.com/group/alt.folklore.computers/browse_thread/thread/6099191f2c4e0984/21f332e5b813313e?#21f332e5b813313e | title=compoundName | date=29 March 1990}}</ref> * '''Embedded Caps''' (or Embedded Capitals)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://issues.appfuse.org/browse/APF-1088 |title=[#APF-1088&#93; If class name has embedded capitals, AppGen code fails UI tests and generated hyperlinks are incorrect. – AppFuse JIRA |publisher=Issues.appfuse.org |access-date=4 June 2010 |archive-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625073321/http://issues.appfuse.org/browse/APF-1088 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * '''HumpBack''' (or hump-back) notation<ref>[http://www.shiningstar.net/articles/articles/standards/namingconventions.asp ASP Naming Conventions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408080754/http://www.shiningstar.net/articles/articles/standards/namingconventions.asp |date=2009-04-08 }}, by Nannette Thacker (05/01/1999)</ref> {{col-break}} * '''InterCaps''' or '''intercapping'''<ref>{{Cite book| editor = Iverson, Cheryl | title = AMA Manual of Style | url = https://archive.org/details/amamanualofstyle0000unse | edition = 10th | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, Oxfordshire | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-19-517633-9 }}</ref> (abbreviation of ''Internal Capitalization''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wps.ablongman.com/long_hult_bnch_4/63/16207/4149058.cw/content/index.html |title=The Brief New Century Handbook – Rules for internal capitalization |publisher=Pearson Education |author=Christine A. Hult and Thomas N. Huckin |access-date=2014-12-03 |archive-date=2012-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407020530/http://wps.ablongman.com/long_hult_bnch_4/63/16207/4149058.cw/content/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>) * '''mixedCase''' for lower CamelCase in Python<ref name="python"/> * '''nerdCaps'''<ref name="semicolon"/> or '''headlessCamelCase''' * '''[[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]] case''' for upper CamelCase<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/brada/archive/2004/02/03/67024.aspx |title=Brad Abrams : History around Pascal Casing and Camel Casing |publisher=Blogs.msdn.com |date=3 February 2004 |access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?PascalCase |title=Pascal Case |publisher=C2.com |date=27 September 2012 |access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/x2dbyw72(vs.71).aspx |title=NET Framework General Reference Capitalization Styles |publisher=Msdn2.microsoft.com |access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> * '''WikiWord'''<ref name="WikiWord used by [[TWiki]]">{{cite web |url=http://twiki.org/cgi-bin/view/TWiki/WikiWord |title=WikiWord < TWiki < TWiki |publisher=Twiki.org |access-date=4 June 2010 |archive-date=19 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619042605/http://twiki.org/cgi-bin/view/TWiki/WikiWord |url-status=dead }}</ref> or '''WikiCase'''<ref name="WikiCase mentioned in [[WikiWikiWeb]]">{{cite web|url=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiCase |title=Wiki Case |publisher=C2.com |date=8 February 2010 |access-date=4 June 2010}}</ref> (especially in older [[wiki]]s) * '''wimpyCaps'''<ref name="wimpyCaps">{{cite web|url=http://sql2java.sourceforge.net/xref/net/sourceforge/sql2java/StringUtilities.html |title=String Utilities |date=13 July 2007}}</ref> {{col-end}} == History == === Chemical formulae === The first use of medial capitals was the notation for [[Chemical formula|chemical formulae]] invented by the [[Swedish people|Swedish]] chemist [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius|Berzelius]] in 1813. He did this to replace the many naming and symbol systems used by [[Chemist|chemists]] at that time. He suggested to show each chemical element by a symbol of one or two letters, the first one being capitalized. The capitalization allowed formulae like 'NaCl' to be written without spaces and still be read without confusion. This system is still in use today.<ref>[[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]] (1813). "Essay on the Cause of Chemical Proportions and on Some Circumstances Relating to Them: Together with a Short and Easy Method of Expressing Them". ''[[Annals of Philosophy]]'' 2, 443-454, 3, 51-52; (1814) 93-106, 244-255, 353-364.</ref><ref>Henry M. Leicester & Herbert S. Klickstein, eds. 1952, ''A Source Book in Chemistry, 1400-1900'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard)</ref> === Early use in trademarks === Since the early 20th century, [[medial]] capitals have occasionally been used for [[corporation|corporate]] names and product [[trademark]]s, such as * ''DryIce Corporation'' (1925)<ref name="About Dry ice">{{Cite book| title = The Trade-mark Reporter| publisher = [[International Trademark Association|United States Trademark Association]]| year = 1930| issue = v. 20| isbn = 1-59888-091-8}}</ref> * [[CinemaScope]] and [[VistaVision]], rival [[widescreen]] [[movie]] formats (1953) * [[ShopKo Stores Inc.|ShopKo]] (1962) * ''MisterRogers'', the [[Canada|Canadian]] version of ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'' (1962)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://imdb.com/title/tt0250165/ |title="MisteRogers" (1962) |publisher=Imdb.com |access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> * [[AstroTurf]] (1967)<!-- Trademark serial number 72286166 --> * [[ConAgra Foods Inc.|ConAgra]] === Spread to mainstream usage === Despite its unclear origins inside the computing world, the practice spread in the 1980s and 1990s, when the [[personal computer]] became popular and exposed [[hacker]] culture to the world. CamelCase then became popular for business names. By 1990, it was very common to see CamelCase used in this way: <!-- This is documentation of increasing commercial usage, not a complete list. Two or three examples per year is plenty. --> * (1962) [[PolyGram]], formerly one of the [[major label]]s of the [[music industry]]. * (1971) [[AeroVironment]] * (1976) [[InterCity 125]] * (1977) [[CompuServe]], [[UnitedHealth Group|UnitedHealthCare]] (now UnitedHealthcare).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unitedhealthgroup.com |title=Unitedhealthgroup.com |publisher=Unitedhealthgroup.com |access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> * (1978) [[WordStar]] * (1979) [[MasterCard]], [[SportsCenter]], [[VisiCalc]] * (1980) [[EchoStar Communications Corporation|EchoStar]] * (1982) [[MicroProse]], [[WordPerfect]] * (1983) [[Novell NetWare|NetWare]] * (1984) [[BellSouth]], [[LaserJet]], [[MacWorks]], [[iDEN]] * (1985) [[Adobe PageMaker|PageMaker]], [[EastEnders]] * (1986) [[SpaceCamp]] * (1987) [[ClarisWorks]], [[HyperCard]], [[PowerPoint]] * (1990) [[HarperCollins Publishers|HarperCollins]], [[SeaTac, Washington|SeaTac]], iconic [[WorldWideWeb]] During the late 1990s when the internet became far more popular and easily available, the lowercase [[prefix]]es "e" (for "[[electronics|electronic]]") and "i" (for "[[Internet]]",<ref>{{Cite news|author=Farhad Manjoo |url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2002/04/52181 |title=Grads Want to Study on EMacs, Too |publisher=Wired.com |date= 30 April 2002|access-date=4 June 2010}}</ref> "[[information]]", "interactive", "[[intelligent]]", etc.) became quite common, and we began to see names like [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[iMac]] and the [[Zentyal|eBox]] [[computer program]]. === History of the name "CamelCase" === The original name of the practice, used in [[media studies]], [[grammar]]s and the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', was "medial capitals". The fancier names such as "InterCaps", "CamelCase" and other variations are recent and seem more common in computer-related communities. The earliest known occurrence of the term "InterCaps" on [[Usenet]] is in an April 1990 post to the group <code>alt.folklore.computers</code> by Avi Rappoport,<ref name="compoundNames" /> with "BiCapitalization" appearing slightly later in a 1991 post by [[Eric S. Raymond]] to the same group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://groups.google.com/group/misc.misc/msg/f5f25b79cd9026bd |title=The jargon file version 2.5.1 29 January 1991 follows in 15 parts – misc.misc &#124; Google Groups |publisher=Groups.google.com |access-date=23 May 2009}}</ref> The earliest use of the name "CamelCase" occurs in 1995, in a post by [[Newton Love]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Newton Love&nbsp;View profile&nbsp;&nbsp;More options |url=http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.os2.advocacy/msg/ab3c8107c6e150fa |title=I'm happy again! – comp.os.os2.advocacy &#124; Google Groups |publisher=Groups.google.com |access-date=23 May 2009}}</ref> "''With the advent of programming languages having these sorts of constructs, the humpiness of the style made me call it HumpyCase at first, before I settled on CamelCase. I had been calling it CamelCase for years,''" said Love, "''The citation above was just the first time I had used the name on USENET.''"<ref>[http://sluug.org/~newt/ Newton Love]</ref> == Current usage in computing == === Programming and coding === The use of medial caps for [[identifier]]s is recommended by many organizations and software projects. For some languages (such as [[Mesa (programming language)|Mesa]], [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]], [[Modula]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]] and [[Microsoft]]'s [[.NET Framework|.NET]]) CamelCase is recommended by the language developers or by important [[Manual (book)|manuals]] and has therefore become part of the language's "culture". Style guidelines often distinguish between upper and lower CamelCase. They usually specify which one should be used for certain kinds of things: [[variable (computer science)|variable]]s, [[field (computer science)|record fields]], [[method (computer science)|method]]s, [[procedure (computer science)|procedures]], [[type (computer science)|types]], etc. This is sometimes supported by [[static code analysis|static analysis]] tools that check [[source code]] to make sure it is following these guidelines. === Wiki link markup === CamelCase is used in some [[wikitext|wiki markup languages]] for terms that should be automatically linked to other [[wiki]] pages. This convention was originally used in [[Ward Cunningham]]'s original [[wiki software]], [[WikiWikiWeb]], and can be activated in most other wikis. Some wiki engines such as [[TiddlyWiki]], [[Trac]] and [[PMWiki]] use it in the default settings. They also usually provide an option or [[Plug-in (computing)|plugin]] to disable it. [[Wikipedia]] used to use CamelCase linking. However, they have switched to explicit link markup using [[Bracket|square brackets]] and many other wiki sites have done the same. Some wikis that do not use CamelCase linking may still use the CamelCase as a naming convention, such as [[AboutUs]]. === Other uses === The [[National Information Exchange Model|NIEM]] registry requires that [[XML]] data elements use upper CamelCase and XML attributes use lower CamelCase. Most popular [[command-line interface]]s and [[Scripting language|scripting languages]] usually can't handle file names that contain embedded spaces. Because of this, users of those systems often use CamelCase (or underscores, hyphens and other "safe" characters) for compound file names like <code>MyJobResume.pdf</code>. [[Microblogging]] and [[social networking]] sites that limit the number of characters in a message (most famously [[Twitter]], where the 140-[[character limit]] can be quite restrictive in languages that rely on alphabets, including English) are usually outlets for medial capitals. Using CamelCase between words reduces the number of spaces, and thus the number of characters in a given message. This allows more content to fit into the limited space. == Current usage in natural languages == CamelCase has been used in languages other than English for several purposes. Some examples are: === Orthographic markings === CamelCase is sometimes used in the writing or translation of certain scripts as a way to tell the difference between certain letters or markings. An example is the rendering of [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] proper names like ''rLobsang'': the "r" here stands for a [[prefix]] [[glyph]] in the original script that functions as [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] marker rather than a normal letter. Another example is ''tsIurku'', a Latin transcription of the [[Chechen language|Chechen]] term for the capping stone of the characteristic [[Vainakh medieval towers|Medieval defensive towers]] of [[Chechenia]] and [[Ingushetia]]; the capital letter "I" here showing a [[phoneme]] different from the one transcribed as "i". === Inflection prefixes === CamelCase may also be used when writing proper names in languages that add prefixes to words. In some of those languages, the custom is to leave the prefix in lower case and capitalize the root. This convention is used in [[Irish orthography]] e.g., {{lang|ga|i nGaillimh}} ("in [[Galway]]"), from {{lang|ga|Gaillimh}} ("Galway"); {{lang|ga|go hÉireann}} ("to [[Ireland]]"), from {{lang|ga|Éire}} ("Ireland). Similarly, when translating the [[Hebrew language]], ''haIvri'' means "the Hebrew person" and ''biYerushalayim'' means "in Jerusalem". This convention is also used by several [[Bantu languages]] (e.g., ''kiSwahili'' = "[[Swahili language]]", ''isiZulu'' = "[[Zulu language]]") and several indigenous [[languages of Mexico]] (e.g. [[Nahuatl languages|Nahuatl]], [[Totonacan languages|Totonacan]], [[Mixe–Zoque languages|Mixe–Zoque]] and some [[Oto-Manguean languages]]). === In abbreviations and acronyms === Abbreviations of some academic qualifications are sometimes presented in CamelCase without punctuation, e.g. [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] or [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]]. In French, CamelCase acronyms such as [[Oulipo|OuLiPo]] (1960) were favored for a time as alternatives to [[Initialism|initialisms]] (or representing [[compound words]] only by the first letter of each word). CamelCase is often used to transliterate [[Initialism|initialisms]] into alphabets where two letters may be required to represent a single character of the original alphabet, e.g., [[DShK]] from [[Cyrillic]] ДШК and PPSh from Cyrillic ППШ. In [[Pinyin|Chinese pinyin]], CamelCase is sometimes used for place names so that it is easier for readers to pick out the different parts of the word. For example, places like [[Beijing]] (北京) and [[Qinhuangdao]] (秦皇岛) and [[Daxing'anling]] (大兴安岭) can be written as ''BeiJing,'' ''QinHuangDao,'' and ''DaXingAnLing,'' with the number of capital letters being the same as the number of [[Chinese characters]] for each word. Writing word compounds only by the initial letter of each character is also acceptable in some cases, so Beijing can be written as ''BJ,'' Qinghuangdao as ''QHD,'' and Daxing'anling as ''DXAL''. === Honorifics within compound words === In several languages, including English, [[pronoun]]s and [[possessive]]s may be capitalized to show respect. For example: when referring to the reader of a formal letter or to [[God]]. In some of those languages, the capitalization is retained even when those words occur within compound words or [[enclitic|suffixed to a verb]]. For example, in Italian one would write {{lang|it|porgendoLe distinti saluti}} ("offering to You respectful salutations") or {{lang|it|adorarLo}} ("adore Him"). === Other uses === In German nouns carry a [[grammatical gender]]—which, for roles or job titles, is usually masculine. Since the [[Feminism#Second wave (1960s-1980s)|feminist movement]] of the 1980s, some writers and publishers have been using the feminine title suffixes ''-in'' ([[grammatical number|singular]]) and ''-innen'' (plural) to help boost the inclusion of women; but written with a capital 'I', to indicate that males are not excluded. Example: {{lang|de|MitarbeiterInnen}} ("co-workers, <nowiki>male or</nowiki> female") instead of {{lang|de|Mitarbeiter}} ("co-workers", masculine grammatical gender) or {{lang|de|Mitarbeiterinnen}} ("female co-workers"). This use is [[Analogy|analogous]] to the use of [[parentheses]] in English, for example in the phrase "congress(wo)man." In German, the names of [[Statute|statutes]] are shortened using embedded capitals. An example would be: StGB (Strafgesetzbuch) for criminal code, PatG (Patentgesetz) for Patent Act or the very common GmbH (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) for [[:en:GmbH|Company with Limited Liability]]. == Related pages == *[[Snake case]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Other websites == {{commonscat|Camel case}} * [http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?CamelCase Examples and history of CamelCase], also [http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WordsSmashedTogetherLikeSo WordsSmashedTogetherLikeSo] * [http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/x2dbyw72(vs.71).aspx .NET Framework General Reference Capitalization Styles] * [http://www.theslot.com/webnames.html What's in a nAME(cq)?], by Bill Walsh, at The Slot * [http://www.microsoft.com/typography/ctfonts/WordRecognition.aspx The Science of Word Recognition], by Kevin Larson, Advanced Reading Technology, Microsoft Corporation * [http://xml.coverpages.org/camelCase.html OASIS Cover Pages: CamelCase for Naming XML-Related Components]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://titlecase.com Convert text to CamelCase, Title Case, Uppercase and lowercase] {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}} [[Category:Typography]] oujss2gnb7nzqjw6g3e5s55esttnkws 11024127 11024056 2026-10-08T21:19:51Z Fehufanga 863768 Undid revision 11024056 by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54484-72|~2026-54484-72]] ([[User talk:~2026-54484-72|talk]]) enwiki links should be avoided, red links are fine 11024127 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:CamelCase new.svg|thumb|Camel case is named after the "hump" of its protruding capital letter, similar to the hump of common [[Camel|camels]].]] '''CamelCase''' ('''camel case''', '''camel caps''' or '''medial capitals''') is the practice of writing [[Compound (linguistics)|compound words]] or [[Phrase|phrases]] so that each next word or [[abbreviation]] begins with a [[capitalization|capital letter]]. CamelCase can either start with a [[lowercase]] or uppercase letter, although the lowercase version is much more common in [[programming]]. Common examples are [[PowerPoint]] or [[iPhone]]. == Variations == There are many variations of CamelCase. A few important ones are: {{col-begin}}{{col-break}} * '''BumpyCaps'''<ref name="semicolon">{{cite web | first=Brian | last=Hayes | url=http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/the-semicolon-wars/2 | title=The Semicolon Wars | work=American Scientist Online: The Magazine of Sigma XI | publisher=The Scientific Research Society | date=July–August 2006 | at=art. pg. 2.}}</ref> * '''camelBack''' (or camel-back) notation<ref>[http://www2.tech.purdue.edu/cit/Courses/CPT355/C_Sharp_Coding_Standards_and_Guidelines.asp C# Coding Standards and Guidelines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080411055228/http://www2.tech.purdue.edu/cit/Courses/CPT355/C_Sharp_Coding_Standards_and_Guidelines.asp |date=2008-04-11 }} at [http://www2.tech.purdue.edu/cit/ Purdue University College of Technology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130712060932/http://www.tech.purdue.edu/cit/ |date=2013-07-12 }}</ref> * '''CamelCaps'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://everything2.com/title/CamelCase |title=CamelCase |publisher=Everything2.com |access-date=4 June 2010}}</ref> * '''CapitalizedWords''' or '''CapWords''' for upper CamelCase in [[Python (programming language)|Python]]<ref name="python">[http://legacy.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/ Style Guide for Python Code] at [https://www.python.org www.python.org]</ref> {{nb5}} * '''compoundNames'''<ref name="compoundNames">{{cite web | url=http://groups.google.com/group/alt.folklore.computers/browse_thread/thread/6099191f2c4e0984/21f332e5b813313e?#21f332e5b813313e | title=compoundName | date=29 March 1990}}</ref> * '''Embedded Caps''' (or Embedded Capitals)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://issues.appfuse.org/browse/APF-1088 |title=[#APF-1088&#93; If class name has embedded capitals, AppGen code fails UI tests and generated hyperlinks are incorrect. – AppFuse JIRA |publisher=Issues.appfuse.org |access-date=4 June 2010 |archive-date=25 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625073321/http://issues.appfuse.org/browse/APF-1088 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * '''HumpBack''' (or hump-back) notation<ref>[http://www.shiningstar.net/articles/articles/standards/namingconventions.asp ASP Naming Conventions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090408080754/http://www.shiningstar.net/articles/articles/standards/namingconventions.asp |date=2009-04-08 }}, by Nannette Thacker (05/01/1999)</ref> {{col-break}} * '''InterCaps''' or '''intercapping'''<ref>{{Cite book| editor = Iverson, Cheryl | title = AMA Manual of Style | url = https://archive.org/details/amamanualofstyle0000unse | edition = 10th | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford, Oxfordshire | year = 2007 | isbn = 978-0-19-517633-9 }}</ref> (abbreviation of ''Internal Capitalization''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wps.ablongman.com/long_hult_bnch_4/63/16207/4149058.cw/content/index.html |title=The Brief New Century Handbook – Rules for internal capitalization |publisher=Pearson Education |author=Christine A. Hult and Thomas N. Huckin |access-date=2014-12-03 |archive-date=2012-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407020530/http://wps.ablongman.com/long_hult_bnch_4/63/16207/4149058.cw/content/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>) * '''mixedCase''' for lower CamelCase in Python<ref name="python"/> * '''nerdCaps'''<ref name="semicolon"/> or '''headlessCamelCase''' * '''[[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]] case''' for upper CamelCase<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/brada/archive/2004/02/03/67024.aspx |title=Brad Abrams : History around Pascal Casing and Camel Casing |publisher=Blogs.msdn.com |date=3 February 2004 |access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?PascalCase |title=Pascal Case |publisher=C2.com |date=27 September 2012 |access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/x2dbyw72(vs.71).aspx |title=NET Framework General Reference Capitalization Styles |publisher=Msdn2.microsoft.com |access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> * '''WikiWord'''<ref name="WikiWord used by [[TWiki]]">{{cite web |url=http://twiki.org/cgi-bin/view/TWiki/WikiWord |title=WikiWord < TWiki < TWiki |publisher=Twiki.org |access-date=4 June 2010 |archive-date=19 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619042605/http://twiki.org/cgi-bin/view/TWiki/WikiWord |url-status=dead }}</ref> or '''WikiCase'''<ref name="WikiCase mentioned in [[WikiWikiWeb]]">{{cite web|url=http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiCase |title=Wiki Case |publisher=C2.com |date=8 February 2010 |access-date=4 June 2010}}</ref> (especially in older [[wiki]]s) * '''wimpyCaps'''<ref name="wimpyCaps">{{cite web|url=http://sql2java.sourceforge.net/xref/net/sourceforge/sql2java/StringUtilities.html |title=String Utilities |date=13 July 2007}}</ref> {{col-end}} == History == === Chemical formulae === The first use of medial capitals was the notation for [[Chemical formula|chemical formulae]] invented by the [[Swedish people|Swedish]] chemist [[Jöns Jakob Berzelius|Berzelius]] in 1813. He did this to replace the many naming and symbol systems used by [[Chemist|chemists]] at that time. He suggested to show each chemical element by a symbol of one or two letters, the first one being capitalized. The capitalization allowed formulae like 'NaCl' to be written without spaces and still be read without confusion. This system is still in use today.<ref>[[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]] (1813). "Essay on the Cause of Chemical Proportions and on Some Circumstances Relating to Them: Together with a Short and Easy Method of Expressing Them". ''[[Annals of Philosophy]]'' 2, 443-454, 3, 51-52; (1814) 93-106, 244-255, 353-364.</ref><ref>Henry M. Leicester & Herbert S. Klickstein, eds. 1952, ''A Source Book in Chemistry, 1400-1900'' (Cambridge, MA: Harvard)</ref> === Early use in trademarks === Since the early 20th century, [[medial]] capitals have occasionally been used for [[corporation|corporate]] names and product [[trademark]]s, such as * ''DryIce Corporation'' (1925)<ref name="About Dry ice">{{Cite book| title = The Trade-mark Reporter| publisher = [[International Trademark Association|United States Trademark Association]]| year = 1930| issue = v. 20| isbn = 1-59888-091-8}}</ref> * [[CinemaScope]] and [[VistaVision]], rival [[widescreen]] [[movie]] formats (1953) * [[ShopKo Stores Inc.|ShopKo]] (1962) * ''MisterRogers'', the [[Canada|Canadian]] version of ''[[Mister Rogers' Neighborhood]]'' (1962)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://imdb.com/title/tt0250165/ |title="MisteRogers" (1962) |publisher=Imdb.com |access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> * [[AstroTurf]] (1967)<!-- Trademark serial number 72286166 --> * [[ConAgra Foods Inc.|ConAgra]] === Spread to mainstream usage === Despite its unclear origins inside the computing world, the practice spread in the 1980s and 1990s, when the [[personal computer]] became popular and exposed [[hacker]] culture to the world. CamelCase then became popular for business names. By 1990, it was very common to see CamelCase used in this way: <!-- This is documentation of increasing commercial usage, not a complete list. Two or three examples per year is plenty. --> * (1962) [[PolyGram]], formerly one of the [[major label]]s of the [[music industry]]. * (1971) [[AeroVironment]] * (1976) [[InterCity 125]] * (1977) [[CompuServe]], [[UnitedHealth Group|UnitedHealthCare]] (now UnitedHealthcare).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unitedhealthgroup.com |title=Unitedhealthgroup.com |publisher=Unitedhealthgroup.com |access-date=4 January 2014}}</ref> * (1978) [[WordStar]] * (1979) [[MasterCard]], [[SportsCenter]], [[VisiCalc]] * (1980) [[EchoStar Communications Corporation|EchoStar]] * (1982) [[MicroProse]], [[WordPerfect]] * (1983) [[Novell NetWare|NetWare]] * (1984) [[BellSouth]], [[LaserJet]], [[MacWorks]], [[iDEN]] * (1985) [[Adobe PageMaker|PageMaker]], [[EastEnders]] * (1986) [[SpaceCamp]] * (1987) [[ClarisWorks]], [[HyperCard]], [[PowerPoint]] * (1990) [[HarperCollins Publishers|HarperCollins]], [[SeaTac, Washington|SeaTac]], iconic [[WorldWideWeb]] During the late 1990s when the internet became far more popular and easily available, the lowercase [[prefix]]es "e" (for "[[electronics|electronic]]") and "i" (for "[[Internet]]",<ref>{{Cite news|author=Farhad Manjoo |url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2002/04/52181 |title=Grads Want to Study on EMacs, Too |publisher=Wired.com |date= 30 April 2002|access-date=4 June 2010}}</ref> "[[information]]", "interactive", "[[intelligent]]", etc.) became quite common, and we began to see names like [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]'s [[iMac]] and the [[Zentyal|eBox]] [[computer program]]. === History of the name "CamelCase" === The original name of the practice, used in [[media studies]], [[grammar]]s and the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', was "medial capitals". The fancier names such as "InterCaps", "CamelCase" and other variations are recent and seem more common in computer-related communities. The earliest known occurrence of the term "InterCaps" on [[Usenet]] is in an April 1990 post to the group <code>alt.folklore.computers</code> by Avi Rappoport,<ref name="compoundNames" /> with "BiCapitalization" appearing slightly later in a 1991 post by [[Eric S. Raymond]] to the same group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://groups.google.com/group/misc.misc/msg/f5f25b79cd9026bd |title=The jargon file version 2.5.1 29 January 1991 follows in 15 parts – misc.misc &#124; Google Groups |publisher=Groups.google.com |access-date=23 May 2009}}</ref> The earliest use of the name "CamelCase" occurs in 1995, in a post by [[Newton Love]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Newton Love&nbsp;View profile&nbsp;&nbsp;More options |url=http://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.os2.advocacy/msg/ab3c8107c6e150fa |title=I'm happy again! – comp.os.os2.advocacy &#124; Google Groups |publisher=Groups.google.com |access-date=23 May 2009}}</ref> "''With the advent of programming languages having these sorts of constructs, the humpiness of the style made me call it HumpyCase at first, before I settled on CamelCase. I had been calling it CamelCase for years,''" said Love, "''The citation above was just the first time I had used the name on USENET.''"<ref>[http://sluug.org/~newt/ Newton Love]</ref> == Current usage in computing == === Programming and coding === The use of medial caps for [[identifier]]s is recommended by many organizations and software projects. For some languages (such as [[Mesa (programming language)|Mesa]], [[Pascal (programming language)|Pascal]], [[Modula]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]] and [[Microsoft]]'s [[.NET Framework|.NET]]) CamelCase is recommended by the language developers or by important [[Manual (book)|manuals]] and has therefore become part of the language's "culture". Style guidelines often distinguish between upper and lower CamelCase. They usually specify which one should be used for certain kinds of things: [[variable (computer science)|variable]]s, [[field (computer science)|record fields]], [[method (computer science)|method]]s, [[procedure (computer science)|procedures]], [[type (computer science)|types]], etc. This is sometimes supported by [[static code analysis|static analysis]] tools that check [[source code]] to make sure it is following these guidelines. === Wiki link markup === CamelCase is used in some [[wikitext|wiki markup languages]] for terms that should be automatically linked to other [[wiki]] pages. This convention was originally used in [[Ward Cunningham]]'s original [[wiki software]], [[WikiWikiWeb]], and can be activated in most other wikis. Some wiki engines such as [[TiddlyWiki]], [[Trac]] and [[PMWiki]] use it in the default settings. They also usually provide an option or [[Plug-in (computing)|plugin]] to disable it. [[Wikipedia]] used to use CamelCase linking. However, they have switched to explicit link markup using [[Bracket|square brackets]] and many other wiki sites have done the same. Some wikis that do not use CamelCase linking may still use the CamelCase as a naming convention, such as [[AboutUs]]. === Other uses === The [[National Information Exchange Model|NIEM]] registry requires that [[XML]] data elements use upper CamelCase and XML attributes use lower CamelCase. Most popular [[command-line interface]]s and [[Scripting language|scripting languages]] usually can't handle file names that contain embedded spaces. Because of this, users of those systems often use CamelCase (or underscores, hyphens and other "safe" characters) for compound file names like <code>MyJobResume.pdf</code>. [[Microblogging]] and [[social networking]] sites that limit the number of characters in a message (most famously [[Twitter]], where the 140-[[character limit]] can be quite restrictive in languages that rely on alphabets, including English) are usually outlets for medial capitals. Using CamelCase between words reduces the number of spaces, and thus the number of characters in a given message. This allows more content to fit into the limited space. == Current usage in natural languages == CamelCase has been used in languages other than English for several purposes. Some examples are: === Orthographic markings === CamelCase is sometimes used in the writing or translation of certain scripts as a way to tell the difference between certain letters or markings. An example is the rendering of [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] proper names like ''rLobsang'': the "r" here stands for a [[prefix]] [[glyph]] in the original script that functions as [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] marker rather than a normal letter. Another example is ''tsIurku'', a Latin transcription of the [[Chechen language|Chechen]] term for the capping stone of the characteristic [[Vainakh medieval towers|Medieval defensive towers]] of [[Chechenia]] and [[Ingushetia]]; the capital letter "I" here showing a [[phoneme]] different from the one transcribed as "i". === Inflection prefixes === CamelCase may also be used when writing proper names in languages that add prefixes to words. In some of those languages, the custom is to leave the prefix in lower case and capitalize the root. This convention is used in [[Irish orthography]] e.g., {{lang|ga|i nGaillimh}} ("in [[Galway]]"), from {{lang|ga|Gaillimh}} ("Galway"); {{lang|ga|go hÉireann}} ("to [[Ireland]]"), from {{lang|ga|Éire}} ("Ireland). Similarly, when translating the [[Hebrew language]], ''haIvri'' means "the Hebrew person" and ''biYerushalayim'' means "in Jerusalem". This convention is also used by several [[Bantu languages]] (e.g., ''kiSwahili'' = "[[Swahili language]]", ''isiZulu'' = "[[Zulu language]]") and several indigenous [[languages of Mexico]] (e.g. [[Nahuatl languages|Nahuatl]], [[Totonacan languages|Totonacan]], [[Mixe–Zoque languages|Mixe–Zoque]] and some [[Oto-Manguean languages]]). === In abbreviations and acronyms === Abbreviations of some academic qualifications are sometimes presented in CamelCase without punctuation, e.g. [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] or [[Bachelor of Science|BSc]]. In French, CamelCase acronyms such as [[Oulipo|OuLiPo]] (1960) were favored for a time as alternatives to [[Initialism|initialisms]] (or representing [[compound words]] only by the first letter of each word). CamelCase is often used to transliterate [[Initialism|initialisms]] into alphabets where two letters may be required to represent a single character of the original alphabet, e.g., [[DShK]] from [[Cyrillic]] ДШК and PPSh from Cyrillic ППШ. In [[Pinyin|Chinese pinyin]], CamelCase is sometimes used for place names so that it is easier for readers to pick out the different parts of the word. For example, places like [[Beijing]] (北京) and [[Qinhuangdao]] (秦皇岛) and [[Daxing'anling]] (大兴安岭) can be written as ''BeiJing,'' ''QinHuangDao,'' and ''DaXingAnLing,'' with the number of capital letters being the same as the number of [[Chinese characters]] for each word. Writing word compounds only by the initial letter of each character is also acceptable in some cases, so Beijing can be written as ''BJ,'' Qinghuangdao as ''QHD,'' and Daxing'anling as ''DXAL''. === Honorifics within compound words === In several languages, including English, [[pronoun]]s and [[possessive]]s may be capitalized to show respect. For example: when referring to the reader of a formal letter or to [[God]]. In some of those languages, the capitalization is retained even when those words occur within compound words or [[enclitic|suffixed to a verb]]. For example, in Italian one would write {{lang|it|porgendoLe distinti saluti}} ("offering to You respectful salutations") or {{lang|it|adorarLo}} ("adore Him"). === Other uses === In German nouns carry a [[grammatical gender]]—which, for roles or job titles, is usually masculine. Since the [[Feminism#Second wave (1960s-1980s)|feminist movement]] of the 1980s, some writers and publishers have been using the feminine title suffixes ''-in'' ([[grammatical number|singular]]) and ''-innen'' (plural) to help boost the inclusion of women; but written with a capital 'I', to indicate that males are not excluded. Example: {{lang|de|MitarbeiterInnen}} ("co-workers, <nowiki>male or</nowiki> female") instead of {{lang|de|Mitarbeiter}} ("co-workers", masculine grammatical gender) or {{lang|de|Mitarbeiterinnen}} ("female co-workers"). This use is [[Analogy|analogous]] to the use of [[parentheses]] in English, for example in the phrase "congress(wo)man." In German, the names of [[Statute|statutes]] are shortened using embedded capitals. An example would be: StGB (Strafgesetzbuch) for criminal code, PatG (Patentgesetz) for Patent Act or the very common GmbH (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) for [[Company with Limited Liability]]. == Related pages == *[[Snake case]] == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == Other websites == {{commonscat|Camel case}} * [http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?CamelCase Examples and history of CamelCase], also [http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?WordsSmashedTogetherLikeSo WordsSmashedTogetherLikeSo] * [http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/x2dbyw72(vs.71).aspx .NET Framework General Reference Capitalization Styles] * [http://www.theslot.com/webnames.html What's in a nAME(cq)?], by Bill Walsh, at The Slot * [http://www.microsoft.com/typography/ctfonts/WordRecognition.aspx The Science of Word Recognition], by Kevin Larson, Advanced Reading Technology, Microsoft Corporation * [http://xml.coverpages.org/camelCase.html OASIS Cover Pages: CamelCase for Naming XML-Related Components]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://titlecase.com Convert text to CamelCase, Title Case, Uppercase and lowercase] {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}} [[Category:Typography]] 2gy34hxj6zvvfhcg9veb4xzq8mtb49y 0 474515 11024279 10961218 2026-10-09T03:00:33Z Rovingrobert 468759 /* */ 11024279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Australian Electorate | federal = yes | name = Grey | image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|from=Australian Federal Electorates/South Australia/Grey.map|frame-height=300|frame-width=400|overlay=[[File:Division of Grey 2019.png|80px]]|overlay-horizontal-alignment=right|overlay-vertical-alignment=bottom}} | caption = Interactive map of boundaries | created = 1903 | mp = | mp-party = | namesake = [[George Grey|Sir George Grey]] | electors = 119,949 (2016) | area = 904881 | class = Rural }} The '''Division of O'Donoghue''' ('''Grey''') is an [[Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives|Australian electoral division]] in [[South Australia]]. It was set up in 1903 and is named for both [[George Grey|Sir George Grey]], [[Governor of South Australia]] from 1841–45 (and later [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]),<ref name=aec>{{cite web |url= http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/grey.htm |title=Profile of the electoral division of Grey (SA) |first= |last= |work=Australian Electoral Commission |year=2014|accessdate=25 December 2014}}</ref> and [[Lowitja O'Donoghue]]. The division covers 92% of the state. The borders of the electorate include the [[Western Australia]], [[Northern Territory]], [[Queensland]] and [[New South Wales]] borders, as well as the south coast. The division includes [[Ceduna, South Australia|Ceduna]], [[Port Lincoln, South Australia|Port Lincoln]], [[Whyalla, South Australia|Whyalla]], [[Port Augusta, South Australia|Port Augusta]], [[Roxby Downs, South Australia|Roxby Downs]], [[Coober Pedy, South Australia|Coober Pedy]], [[Port Pirie, South Australia|Port Pirie]], [[Kadina, South Australia|Kadina]], [[Maitland, South Australia|Maitland]], [[Orroroo, South Australia|Orroroo]], [[Peterborough, South Australia|Peterborough]], [[Burra, South Australia|Burra]] and [[Eudunda, South Australia|Eudunda]].<ref name=aec/> ==Members== {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" |- ! ! Image ! Member ! Party ! Term ! Notes |- |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp; | rowspan=3 | [[File:Alexander Poynton.jpg|100px]] | rowspan=3 | [[Alexander Poynton]]<br />{{small|(1853–1935)}} | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] | nowrap | 1903 –<br/>14 November 1916 | rowspan=3 | Previously held the Division of [[Division of South Australia|South Australia]]. Served as minister under [[Billy Hughes|Hughes]]. Lost seat |- | {{Australian party style|National Labor}}|&nbsp; | nowrap | [[National Labor Party|National Labor]] | nowrap | [[14 November 1916]] –<br/>17 February 1917 |- | {{Australian party style|Nationalist}}|&nbsp; | nowrap | [[Nationalist Party of Australia|Nationalist]] | nowrap | 17 February 1917 –<br/>1922 |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp; | [[File:Andrew Lacey MP.JPG|100px]] | [[Andrew Lacey]]<br />{{small|(1887–1946)}} | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] | nowrap | [[1922]]–1931 | Lost seat. Later elected to the [[South Australian House of Assembly]] seat of [[Electoral district of Port Pirie|Port Pirie]] in [[1933 South Australian state election|1933]] |- | {{Australian party style|UAP}}|&nbsp; | [[File:Philip McBride.jpg|100px]] | [[Philip McBride]]<br />{{small|(1892–1982)}} | [[United Australia Party|United Australia]] | nowrap | 1931–1937 | Transferred to the [[Australian Senate|Senate]] |- | {{Australian party style|Country}}|&nbsp; | rowspan=2 | [[File:Albert Badman.jpg|100px]] | rowspan=2 | [[Oliver Badman]]<br />{{small|(1885–1977)}} | [[Australian Country Party (1920)|Country]] | nowrap |1937–1940 | rowspan=2 | Previously a member of the [[Australian Senate|Senate]]. Lost seat |- | {{Australian party style|UAP}}|&nbsp; | nowrap | [[United Australia Party|United Australia]] | nowrap | 1940–1943 |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp; | [[File:No image.svg|100px]] | [[Edgar Russell]]<br />{{small|(1890–1963)}} | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] | nowrap |1943 –<br/>31 March 1963 | Died in office |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp; | [[File:JackMortimer.jpg|100px]] | [[Jack Mortimer]]<br />{{small|(1912–1973)}} | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] | nowrap | 1963 Grey by-election –<br/>1966 | Lost seat |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp; | [[File:DonJessop1968.jpg|100px]] | [[Don Jessop]]<br />{{small|(1927–2018)}} | [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] | nowrap | 1966–1969 | Lost seat. Elected to the [[Australian Senate|Senate]] in 1970. |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp; | [[File:No image.svg|100px]] | [[Laurie Wallis]]<br />{{small|(1922–1984)}} | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] | nowrap | 1969–1983 | Retired |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp; | [[File:No image.svg|100px]] | [[Lloyd O'Neil]]<br />{{small|(1937–)}} | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] | nowrap | 1983–1993 | Retired |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp; | [[File:No image.svg|100px]] | [[Barry Wakelin]]<br />{{small|(1946–)}} | [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] | nowrap |1993–2007 | Retired |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp; | [[File:Rowan Ramsey MP.jpg|100px]] | [[Rowan Ramsey]]<br />{{small|(1956–)}} | [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] | nowrap | 2007–2025 | Retired |} Jack Mortimer won the division in a [[by-election]] in 1963, caused by the death of Edgar Russell. ==Election results== {{Election box begin |title = [[2022 Australian federal election]]: Grey<ref>[https://results.aec.gov.au/27966/Website/HouseDivisionPage-27966-183.htm Grey, SA], ''2022 Tally Room'', Australian Electoral Commission.</ref> }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Liberal |candidate = [[Rowan Ramsey]] |votes = 46,730 |percentage = 45.32 |change = −5.33 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Labor |candidate = Julie Watson |votes = 22,068 |percentage = 21.40 |change = −1.43 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Independent |candidate = Liz Habermann |votes = 11,613 |percentage = 11.26 |change = +11.26 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Greens |candidate = Tim White |votes = 6,994 |percentage = 6.78 |change = +2.18 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = One Nation |candidate = Kerry Ann White |votes = 6,452 |percentage = 6.26 |change = −2.43 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = United Australia Party (current) |candidate = Suzanne Waters |votes = 5,781 |percentage = 5.61 |change = +1.85 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Liberal Democrats |candidate = Peter Miller |votes = 1,427 |percentage = 1.38 |change = +1.38 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Independent |candidate = Richard Carmody |votes = 1,332 |percentage = 1.29 |change = −0.45 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Australian Federation |candidate = Tracey Dempsey |votes = 721 |percentage = 0.70 |change = +0.70 }} {{Election box formal |votes = 103,118 |percentage = 93.07 |change = −0.02 }} {{Election box informal |votes = 7,674 |percentage = 6.93 |change = +0.02 }} {{Election box turnout |votes = 110,792 |percentage = 89.62 |change = −3.03 }} {{Election box 2pp}} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Liberal |candidate = [[Rowan Ramsey]] |votes = 61,938 |percentage = 60.07 |change = −3.25 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Labor |candidate = Julie Watson |votes = 41,180 |percentage = 39.93 |change = +3.25 }} {{Election box hold AU party| |winner = Liberal |swing = −3.25 }} {{Election box end}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.rowanramsey.com.au/ Rowan Ramsey's website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221084332/http://www.rowanramsey.com.au/ |date=2014-12-21 }} ==References== {{reflist}} * [http://www.abc.net.au/news/federal-election-2013/guide/grey/ ABC profile for Grey: 2013] * [http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/grey.htm AEC profile for Grey: 2013] * [http://blogs.crikey.com.au/pollbludger/fed2013-grey/ Poll Bludger profile for Grey: 2013] {{Australian federal divisions of South Australia}} {{coord|-29.604|135.454|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Grey, Division of}} [[Category:Electoral divisions of South Australia]] [[Category:1903 establishments in Australia]] 184lhrv3hopl9871l2qs7wbafbr6n31 11024281 11024279 2026-10-09T03:02:25Z Rovingrobert 468759 /* */ 11024281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Australian Electorate | federal = yes | name = Grey | image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|from=Australian Federal Electorates/South Australia/Grey.map|frame-height=300|frame-width=400|overlay=[[File:Division of Grey 2019.png|80px]]|overlay-horizontal-alignment=right|overlay-vertical-alignment=bottom}} | caption = Interactive map of boundaries | created = 1903 | mp = | mp-party = | namesake = [[George Grey|Sir George Grey]] | electors = 119,949 (2016) | area = 904881 | class = Rural }} The '''Division of O'Donoghue'''<ref>https://www.legislation.gov.au/C2026G00664/asmade</ref> ("'''Grey'''") is an [[Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives|Australian electoral division]] in [[South Australia]]. It was set up in 1903 and is named for both [[George Grey|Sir George Grey]], [[Governor of South Australia]] from 1841–45 (and later [[Prime Minister of New Zealand]]),<ref name=aec>{{cite web |url= http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/grey.htm |title=Profile of the electoral division of Grey (SA) |first= |last= |work=Australian Electoral Commission |year=2014|accessdate=25 December 2014}}</ref> and [[Lowitja O'Donoghue]]. The division covers 92% of the state. The borders of the electorate include the [[Western Australia]], [[Northern Territory]], [[Queensland]] and [[New South Wales]] borders, as well as the south coast. The division includes [[Ceduna, South Australia|Ceduna]], [[Port Lincoln, South Australia|Port Lincoln]], [[Whyalla, South Australia|Whyalla]], [[Port Augusta, South Australia|Port Augusta]], [[Roxby Downs, South Australia|Roxby Downs]], [[Coober Pedy, South Australia|Coober Pedy]], [[Port Pirie, South Australia|Port Pirie]], [[Kadina, South Australia|Kadina]], [[Maitland, South Australia|Maitland]], [[Orroroo, South Australia|Orroroo]], [[Peterborough, South Australia|Peterborough]], [[Burra, South Australia|Burra]] and [[Eudunda, South Australia|Eudunda]].<ref name=aec/> ==Members== {| class=wikitable style="text-align:center" |- ! ! Image ! Member ! Party ! Term ! Notes |- |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp; | rowspan=3 | [[File:Alexander Poynton.jpg|100px]] | rowspan=3 | [[Alexander Poynton]]<br />{{small|(1853–1935)}} | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] | nowrap | 1903 –<br/>14 November 1916 | rowspan=3 | Previously held the Division of [[Division of South Australia|South Australia]]. Served as minister under [[Billy Hughes|Hughes]]. Lost seat |- | {{Australian party style|National Labor}}|&nbsp; | nowrap | [[National Labor Party|National Labor]] | nowrap | [[14 November 1916]] –<br/>17 February 1917 |- | {{Australian party style|Nationalist}}|&nbsp; | nowrap | [[Nationalist Party of Australia|Nationalist]] | nowrap | 17 February 1917 –<br/>1922 |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp; | [[File:Andrew Lacey MP.JPG|100px]] | [[Andrew Lacey]]<br />{{small|(1887–1946)}} | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] | nowrap | [[1922]]–1931 | Lost seat. Later elected to the [[South Australian House of Assembly]] seat of [[Electoral district of Port Pirie|Port Pirie]] in [[1933 South Australian state election|1933]] |- | {{Australian party style|UAP}}|&nbsp; | [[File:Philip McBride.jpg|100px]] | [[Philip McBride]]<br />{{small|(1892–1982)}} | [[United Australia Party|United Australia]] | nowrap | 1931–1937 | Transferred to the [[Australian Senate|Senate]] |- | {{Australian party style|Country}}|&nbsp; | rowspan=2 | [[File:Albert Badman.jpg|100px]] | rowspan=2 | [[Oliver Badman]]<br />{{small|(1885–1977)}} | [[Australian Country Party (1920)|Country]] | nowrap |1937–1940 | rowspan=2 | Previously a member of the [[Australian Senate|Senate]]. Lost seat |- | {{Australian party style|UAP}}|&nbsp; | nowrap | [[United Australia Party|United Australia]] | nowrap | 1940–1943 |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp; | [[File:No image.svg|100px]] | [[Edgar Russell]]<br />{{small|(1890–1963)}} | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] | nowrap |1943 –<br/>31 March 1963 | Died in office |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp; | [[File:JackMortimer.jpg|100px]] | [[Jack Mortimer]]<br />{{small|(1912–1973)}} | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] | nowrap | 1963 Grey by-election –<br/>1966 | Lost seat |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp; | [[File:DonJessop1968.jpg|100px]] | [[Don Jessop]]<br />{{small|(1927–2018)}} | [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] | nowrap | 1966–1969 | Lost seat. Elected to the [[Australian Senate|Senate]] in 1970. |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp; | [[File:No image.svg|100px]] | [[Laurie Wallis]]<br />{{small|(1922–1984)}} | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] | nowrap | 1969–1983 | Retired |- | {{Australian party style|Labor}}|&nbsp; | [[File:No image.svg|100px]] | [[Lloyd O'Neil]]<br />{{small|(1937–)}} | [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] | nowrap | 1983–1993 | Retired |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp; | [[File:No image.svg|100px]] | [[Barry Wakelin]]<br />{{small|(1946–)}} | [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] | nowrap |1993–2007 | Retired |- | {{Australian party style|Liberal}}|&nbsp; | [[File:Rowan Ramsey MP.jpg|100px]] | [[Rowan Ramsey]]<br />{{small|(1956–)}} | [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal]] | nowrap | 2007–2025 | Retired |} Jack Mortimer won the division in a [[by-election]] in 1963, caused by the death of Edgar Russell. ==Election results== {{Election box begin |title = [[2022 Australian federal election]]: Grey<ref>[https://results.aec.gov.au/27966/Website/HouseDivisionPage-27966-183.htm Grey, SA], ''2022 Tally Room'', Australian Electoral Commission.</ref> }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Liberal |candidate = [[Rowan Ramsey]] |votes = 46,730 |percentage = 45.32 |change = −5.33 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Labor |candidate = Julie Watson |votes = 22,068 |percentage = 21.40 |change = −1.43 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Independent |candidate = Liz Habermann |votes = 11,613 |percentage = 11.26 |change = +11.26 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Greens |candidate = Tim White |votes = 6,994 |percentage = 6.78 |change = +2.18 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = One Nation |candidate = Kerry Ann White |votes = 6,452 |percentage = 6.26 |change = −2.43 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = United Australia Party (current) |candidate = Suzanne Waters |votes = 5,781 |percentage = 5.61 |change = +1.85 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Liberal Democrats |candidate = Peter Miller |votes = 1,427 |percentage = 1.38 |change = +1.38 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Independent |candidate = Richard Carmody |votes = 1,332 |percentage = 1.29 |change = −0.45 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Australian Federation |candidate = Tracey Dempsey |votes = 721 |percentage = 0.70 |change = +0.70 }} {{Election box formal |votes = 103,118 |percentage = 93.07 |change = −0.02 }} {{Election box informal |votes = 7,674 |percentage = 6.93 |change = +0.02 }} {{Election box turnout |votes = 110,792 |percentage = 89.62 |change = −3.03 }} {{Election box 2pp}} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Liberal |candidate = [[Rowan Ramsey]] |votes = 61,938 |percentage = 60.07 |change = −3.25 }} {{Election box candidate AU party |party = Labor |candidate = Julie Watson |votes = 41,180 |percentage = 39.93 |change = +3.25 }} {{Election box hold AU party| |winner = Liberal |swing = −3.25 }} {{Election box end}} ==Other websites== * [http://www.rowanramsey.com.au/ Rowan Ramsey's website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141221084332/http://www.rowanramsey.com.au/ |date=2014-12-21 }} ==References== {{reflist}} * [http://www.abc.net.au/news/federal-election-2013/guide/grey/ ABC profile for Grey: 2013] * [http://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/sa/grey.htm AEC profile for Grey: 2013] * [http://blogs.crikey.com.au/pollbludger/fed2013-grey/ Poll Bludger profile for Grey: 2013] {{Australian federal divisions of South Australia}} {{coord|-29.604|135.454|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Grey, Division of}} [[Category:Electoral divisions of South Australia]] [[Category:1903 establishments in Australia]] 8vm354srgi0xg5d9lyxh743qr1y22nd 0 506063 11024427 10782527 2026-10-09T05:44:04Z Werner100359 106408 /* 2023–24 clubs */ 11024427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league |leaguename= Frauen-Bundesliga |logo= |country= {{flagicon|GER}} Germany |confed= [[UEFA]] |founded= 1990 |folded= |level= 1 |divisions= |teams= 12 |promotion= |relegation= [[2. Bundesliga (women)|2. Bundesliga]] |domestic cup= [[DFB-Pokal (women)|DFB-Pokal]] |international cup= [[UEFA Women's Champions League|Champions League]] |champions = [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]] |season=2020–21 |most successful club= [[1. FFC Frankfurt]] (7 titles) |tv partners= |website= |current= [[2023–24 Frauen-Bundesliga]] }} The '''Frauen-Bundesliga''' ({{lit|Women's Bundesliga}}) is the main women's [[association football|football]] league competition in [[Germany]]. It is the women's equivalent of the [[Bundesliga]]. The league was formed in 1990, and the most successful team has been [[1. FFC Frankfurt]], while the current champions are [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]. == 2026–27 clubs == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Team ! Home city ! Home ground ! Capacity |- | data-sort-value="Berlin" | [[1. FC Union Berlin (women)|1. FC Union Berlin]] || [[Berlin]] || [[Stadion An der Alten Försterei]] || 22,500 |- | data-sort-value="Cologne" | [[1. FC Köln (women)|FC Cologne]] || [[Cologne]] || Franz-Kremer-Stadion || 5,457 |- | data-sort-value="Freiburg" | [[SC Freiburg (women)|SC Freiburg]] || [[Freiburg]] || [[ Dreisamstadion]] || 24,000 |- | data-sort-value="Hamburg" | [[Hamburger SV (women)|Hamburger SV]] || [[Hamburg]] || [[Volksparkstadion]] || 57,000 |- | data-sort-value="Frankfurt" | [[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]] || [[Frankfurt]] || [[Stadion am Brentanobad]] || 5,650 |- | data-sort-value="Mainz" | [[1. FSV Mainz 05 (women)|1. FSV Mainz 05 ]]|| [[Freiburg im Breisgau|Freiburg]]|| [[Wolfgang Frank Campus]]|| 300 |- | data-sort-value="Hoffenheim" | [[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|TSG Hoffenheim]] || [[Hoffenheim]] || [[Dietmar-Hopp-Stadion]] || 6,350 |- | data-sort-value="Leipzig" | [[RB Leipzig Women|RB Leipzig]] || [[Leipzig]] || Sportanlage Gontardweg || 1,300 |- | data-sort-value="Leverkusen" | [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women)|Bayer Leverkusen]] || [[Leverkusen]] || [[Ulrich-Haberland-Stadion]] || 3,200 |- | data-sort-value="Munich" | [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]] || [[Munich]]|| [[FC Bayern Campus]] || 2,500 |- | data-sort-value="Nurnberg" | [[1. FC Nürnberg (women)|1. FC Nürnberg]] || [[Nuremberg]] || [[Max-Morlock-Stadion]] || 50,000 |- | data-sort-value="Wolfsburg" | [[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]] || [[Wolfsburg]] || AOK Stadium || 5,200 |- | data-sort-value="Stuttgart" | [[VfB Stuttgart (women)|[VfB Stuttgart]] || [[Stuttgart]] ||Stadion auf der Waldau || 11,468 |- | data-sort-value="Bremen" | [[Werder Bremen (women)|Werder Bremen ]] || [[Bremen]] || [[Weserstadion]] Platz 11|| 5,500 |} == Results == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:beige;" ! Season ! Champions ! Runners-up |- | [[1990–91 Frauen-Bundesliga|1990–91]] | [[Sportfreunde Siegen|TSV Siegen]] {{small|(1)}} | [[FSV Frankfurt]] |- | [[1991–92 Frauen-Bundesliga|1991–92]] | TSV Siegen {{small|(2)}} | [[Grün-Weiß Brauweiler]] |- | [[1992–93 Frauen-Bundesliga|1992–93]] | [[TuS Niederkirchen]] {{small|(1)}} | TSV Siegen |- | [[1993–94 Frauen-Bundesliga|1993–94]] | TSV Siegen {{small|(3)}} | Grün-Weiß Brauweiler |- | [[1994–95 Frauen-Bundesliga|1994–95]] | [[FSV Frankfurt]] {{small|(1)}} | Grün-Weiß Brauweiler |- | [[1995–96 Frauen-Bundesliga|1995–96]] | TSV Siegen {{small|(4)}} | [[SG Praunheim]] |- | [[1996–97 Frauen-Bundesliga|1996–97]] | Grün-Weiß Brauweiler {{small|(1)}} | [[FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen]] |- | [[1997–98 Frauen-Bundesliga|1997–98]] | FSV Frankfurt {{small|(2)}} | SG Praunheim |- | [[1998–99 Frauen-Bundesliga|1998–99]] | [[1. FFC Frankfurt]] {{small|(1)}} | [[FCR 2001 Duisburg|FCR Duisburg]] |- | [[1999–2000 Frauen-Bundesliga|1999–00]] | FCR Duisburg {{small|(1)}} | 1. FFC Frankfurt |- | [[2000–01 Frauen-Bundesliga|2000–01]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(2)}} | [[1. FFC Turbine Potsdam]] |- | [[2001–02 Frauen-Bundesliga|2001–02]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(3)}} | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam |- | [[2002–03 Frauen-Bundesliga|2002–03]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(4)}} | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam |- | [[2003–04 Frauen-Bundesliga|2003–04]] | [[1. FFC Turbine Potsdam]] {{small|(1)}} | [[1. FFC Frankfurt]] |- | [[2004–05 Frauen-Bundesliga|2004–05]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(5)}} | FCR Duisburg |- | [[2005–06 Frauen-Bundesliga|2005–06]] | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam {{small|(2)}} | FCR Duisburg |- | [[2006–07 Frauen-Bundesliga|2006–07]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(6)}} | FCR Duisburg |- | [[2007–08 Frauen-Bundesliga|2007–08]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(7)}} | FCR Duisburg |- | [[2008–09 Frauen-Bundesliga|2008–09]] | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam {{small|(3)}} | [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|FC Bayern Munich]] |- | [[2009–10 Frauen-Bundesliga|2009–10]] | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam {{small|(4)}} | FCR Duisburg |- | [[2010–11 Frauen-Bundesliga|2010–11]] | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam {{small|(5)}} | 1. FFC Frankfurt |- | [[2011–12 Frauen-Bundesliga|2011–12]] | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam {{small|(6)}} | [[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]] |- | [[2012–13 Frauen-Bundesliga|2012–13]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(1)}} | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam |- | [[2013–14 Frauen-Bundesliga|2013–14]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(2)}} | 1. FFC Frankfurt |- | [[2014–15 Frauen Bundesliga|2014–15]] | FC Bayern Munich {{small|(1)}} | VfL Wolfsburg |- | [[2015–16 Frauen-Bundesliga|2015–16]] | FC Bayern Munich {{small|(2)}} | VfL Wolfsburg |- | [[2016–17 Frauen-Bundesliga|2016–17]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(3)}} | FC Bayern Munich |- | [[2017–18 Frauen-Bundesliga|2017–18]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(4)}} | FC Bayern Munich |- | [[2018–19 Frauen-Bundesliga|2018–19]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(5)}} | FC Bayern Munich |- | [[2019–20 Frauen-Bundesliga|2019–20]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(6)}} | FC Bayern Munich |- | [[2020–21 Frauen-Bundesliga|2020–21]] | FC Bayern Munich {{small|(3)}} | VfL Wolfsburg |} == Record == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:beige;" ! Club ! Titles ! Runner-up |- | 1. FFC Frankfurt || 7 || 6 |- | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam || 6 || 4 |- | VfL Wolfsburg || 6 || 3 |- | TSV Siegen || 4 || 1 |- | FC Bayern Munich || 3 || 5 |- | FSV Frankfurt || 2 || 1 |- | FCR Duisburg || 1 || 7 |- | Grün-Weiß Brauweiler || 1 || 3 |- | TuS Niederkirchen || 1 || 0 |} == Other websites == * [http://www.dfb.de/allianz-frauen-bundesliga/start/ DFB.de Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114233513/http://www.dfb.de/allianz-frauen-bundesliga/start/ |date=2017-01-14 }} [[Category:Football leagues in Europe|Germany]] [[Category:1990 establishments in Germany]] ofky43jzmu5kcl7zeigp0wx0bnexpzr 11024438 11024427 2026-10-09T05:53:34Z Werner100359 106408 /* Results */ 11024438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league |leaguename= Frauen-Bundesliga |logo= |country= {{flagicon|GER}} Germany |confed= [[UEFA]] |founded= 1990 |folded= |level= 1 |divisions= |teams= 12 |promotion= |relegation= [[2. Bundesliga (women)|2. Bundesliga]] |domestic cup= [[DFB-Pokal (women)|DFB-Pokal]] |international cup= [[UEFA Women's Champions League|Champions League]] |champions = [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]] |season=2020–21 |most successful club= [[1. FFC Frankfurt]] (7 titles) |tv partners= |website= |current= [[2023–24 Frauen-Bundesliga]] }} The '''Frauen-Bundesliga''' ({{lit|Women's Bundesliga}}) is the main women's [[association football|football]] league competition in [[Germany]]. It is the women's equivalent of the [[Bundesliga]]. The league was formed in 1990, and the most successful team has been [[1. FFC Frankfurt]], while the current champions are [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]. == 2026–27 clubs == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Team ! Home city ! Home ground ! Capacity |- | data-sort-value="Berlin" | [[1. FC Union Berlin (women)|1. FC Union Berlin]] || [[Berlin]] || [[Stadion An der Alten Försterei]] || 22,500 |- | data-sort-value="Cologne" | [[1. FC Köln (women)|FC Cologne]] || [[Cologne]] || Franz-Kremer-Stadion || 5,457 |- | data-sort-value="Freiburg" | [[SC Freiburg (women)|SC Freiburg]] || [[Freiburg]] || [[ Dreisamstadion]] || 24,000 |- | data-sort-value="Hamburg" | [[Hamburger SV (women)|Hamburger SV]] || [[Hamburg]] || [[Volksparkstadion]] || 57,000 |- | data-sort-value="Frankfurt" | [[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]] || [[Frankfurt]] || [[Stadion am Brentanobad]] || 5,650 |- | data-sort-value="Mainz" | [[1. FSV Mainz 05 (women)|1. FSV Mainz 05 ]]|| [[Freiburg im Breisgau|Freiburg]]|| [[Wolfgang Frank Campus]]|| 300 |- | data-sort-value="Hoffenheim" | [[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|TSG Hoffenheim]] || [[Hoffenheim]] || [[Dietmar-Hopp-Stadion]] || 6,350 |- | data-sort-value="Leipzig" | [[RB Leipzig Women|RB Leipzig]] || [[Leipzig]] || Sportanlage Gontardweg || 1,300 |- | data-sort-value="Leverkusen" | [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women)|Bayer Leverkusen]] || [[Leverkusen]] || [[Ulrich-Haberland-Stadion]] || 3,200 |- | data-sort-value="Munich" | [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]] || [[Munich]]|| [[FC Bayern Campus]] || 2,500 |- | data-sort-value="Nurnberg" | [[1. FC Nürnberg (women)|1. FC Nürnberg]] || [[Nuremberg]] || [[Max-Morlock-Stadion]] || 50,000 |- | data-sort-value="Wolfsburg" | [[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]] || [[Wolfsburg]] || AOK Stadium || 5,200 |- | data-sort-value="Stuttgart" | [[VfB Stuttgart (women)|[VfB Stuttgart]] || [[Stuttgart]] ||Stadion auf der Waldau || 11,468 |- | data-sort-value="Bremen" | [[Werder Bremen (women)|Werder Bremen ]] || [[Bremen]] || [[Weserstadion]] Platz 11|| 5,500 |} == Results == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:beige;" ! Season ! Champions ! Runners-up |- | [[1990–91 Frauen-Bundesliga|1990–91]] | [[Sportfreunde Siegen|TSV Siegen]] {{small|(1)}} | [[FSV Frankfurt]] |- | [[1991–92 Frauen-Bundesliga|1991–92]] | TSV Siegen {{small|(2)}} | [[Grün-Weiß Brauweiler]] |- | [[1992–93 Frauen-Bundesliga|1992–93]] | [[TuS Niederkirchen]] {{small|(1)}} | TSV Siegen |- | [[1993–94 Frauen-Bundesliga|1993–94]] | TSV Siegen {{small|(3)}} | Grün-Weiß Brauweiler |- | [[1994–95 Frauen-Bundesliga|1994–95]] | [[FSV Frankfurt]] {{small|(1)}} | Grün-Weiß Brauweiler |- | [[1995–96 Frauen-Bundesliga|1995–96]] | TSV Siegen {{small|(4)}} | [[SG Praunheim]] |- | [[1996–97 Frauen-Bundesliga|1996–97]] | Grün-Weiß Brauweiler {{small|(1)}} | [[FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen]] |- | [[1997–98 Frauen-Bundesliga|1997–98]] | FSV Frankfurt {{small|(2)}} | SG Praunheim |- | [[1998–99 Frauen-Bundesliga|1998–99]] | [[1. FFC Frankfurt]] {{small|(1)}} | [[FCR 2001 Duisburg|FCR Duisburg]] |- | [[1999–2000 Frauen-Bundesliga|1999–00]] | FCR Duisburg {{small|(1)}} | 1. FFC Frankfurt |- | [[2000–01 Frauen-Bundesliga|2000–01]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(2)}} | [[1. FFC Turbine Potsdam]] |- | [[2001–02 Frauen-Bundesliga|2001–02]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(3)}} | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam |- | [[2002–03 Frauen-Bundesliga|2002–03]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(4)}} | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam |- | [[2003–04 Frauen-Bundesliga|2003–04]] | [[1. FFC Turbine Potsdam]] {{small|(1)}} | [[1. FFC Frankfurt]] |- | [[2004–05 Frauen-Bundesliga|2004–05]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(5)}} | FCR Duisburg |- | [[2005–06 Frauen-Bundesliga|2005–06]] | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam {{small|(2)}} | FCR Duisburg |- | [[2006–07 Frauen-Bundesliga|2006–07]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(6)}} | FCR Duisburg |- | [[2007–08 Frauen-Bundesliga|2007–08]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(7)}} | FCR Duisburg |- | [[2008–09 Frauen-Bundesliga|2008–09]] | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam {{small|(3)}} | [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|FC Bayern Munich]] |- | [[2009–10 Frauen-Bundesliga|2009–10]] | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam {{small|(4)}} | FCR Duisburg |- | [[2010–11 Frauen-Bundesliga|2010–11]] | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam {{small|(5)}} | 1. FFC Frankfurt |- | [[2011–12 Frauen-Bundesliga|2011–12]] | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam {{small|(6)}} | [[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]] |- | [[2012–13 Frauen-Bundesliga|2012–13]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(1)}} | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam |- | [[2013–14 Frauen-Bundesliga|2013–14]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(2)}} | 1. FFC Frankfurt |- | [[2014–15 Frauen Bundesliga|2014–15]] | FC Bayern Munich {{small|(1)}} | VfL Wolfsburg |- | [[2015–16 Frauen-Bundesliga|2015–16]] | FC Bayern Munich {{small|(2)}} | VfL Wolfsburg |- | [[2016–17 Frauen-Bundesliga|2016–17]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(3)}} | FC Bayern Munich |- | [[2017–18 Frauen-Bundesliga|2017–18]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(4)}} | FC Bayern Munich |- | [[2018–19 Frauen-Bundesliga|2018–19]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(5)}} | FC Bayern Munich |- | [[2019–20 Frauen-Bundesliga|2019–20]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(6)}} | FC Bayern Munich |- | [[2020–21 Frauen-Bundesliga|2020–21]] | FC Bayern Munich {{small|(3)}} | VfL Wolfsburg |- | [[2021–22 Frauen-Bundesliga|2021–22]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(7)}} | FC Bayern Munich |- | [[2022–23 Frauen-Bundesliga|2022–23]] | FC Bayern Munich {{small|(4)}} |VfL Wolfsburg |- | [[2023–24 Frauen-Bundesliga|2023–24]] | FC Bayern Munich {{small|(5)}} |VfL Wolfsburg |- | [[2024–25 Frauen-Bundesliga|2024–25]] | FC Bayern Munich {{small|(6)}} |VfL Wolfsburg |- | [[2025–26 Frauen-Bundesliga|2025–26]] | FC Bayern Munich {{small|(7)}} |VfL Wolfsburg |} == Record == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:beige;" ! Club ! Titles ! Runner-up |- | 1. FFC Frankfurt || 7 || 6 |- | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam || 6 || 4 |- | VfL Wolfsburg || 6 || 3 |- | TSV Siegen || 4 || 1 |- | FC Bayern Munich || 3 || 5 |- | FSV Frankfurt || 2 || 1 |- | FCR Duisburg || 1 || 7 |- | Grün-Weiß Brauweiler || 1 || 3 |- | TuS Niederkirchen || 1 || 0 |} == Other websites == * [http://www.dfb.de/allianz-frauen-bundesliga/start/ DFB.de Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114233513/http://www.dfb.de/allianz-frauen-bundesliga/start/ |date=2017-01-14 }} [[Category:Football leagues in Europe|Germany]] [[Category:1990 establishments in Germany]] mn8vikd8wn0ccrngbs75aj5k36xcon3 11024439 11024438 2026-10-09T05:56:52Z Werner100359 106408 /* Record */ 11024439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league |leaguename= Frauen-Bundesliga |logo= |country= {{flagicon|GER}} Germany |confed= [[UEFA]] |founded= 1990 |folded= |level= 1 |divisions= |teams= 12 |promotion= |relegation= [[2. Bundesliga (women)|2. Bundesliga]] |domestic cup= [[DFB-Pokal (women)|DFB-Pokal]] |international cup= [[UEFA Women's Champions League|Champions League]] |champions = [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]] |season=2020–21 |most successful club= [[1. FFC Frankfurt]] (7 titles) |tv partners= |website= |current= [[2023–24 Frauen-Bundesliga]] }} The '''Frauen-Bundesliga''' ({{lit|Women's Bundesliga}}) is the main women's [[association football|football]] league competition in [[Germany]]. It is the women's equivalent of the [[Bundesliga]]. The league was formed in 1990, and the most successful team has been [[1. FFC Frankfurt]], while the current champions are [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]. == 2026–27 clubs == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Team ! Home city ! Home ground ! Capacity |- | data-sort-value="Berlin" | [[1. FC Union Berlin (women)|1. FC Union Berlin]] || [[Berlin]] || [[Stadion An der Alten Försterei]] || 22,500 |- | data-sort-value="Cologne" | [[1. FC Köln (women)|FC Cologne]] || [[Cologne]] || Franz-Kremer-Stadion || 5,457 |- | data-sort-value="Freiburg" | [[SC Freiburg (women)|SC Freiburg]] || [[Freiburg]] || [[ Dreisamstadion]] || 24,000 |- | data-sort-value="Hamburg" | [[Hamburger SV (women)|Hamburger SV]] || [[Hamburg]] || [[Volksparkstadion]] || 57,000 |- | data-sort-value="Frankfurt" | [[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]] || [[Frankfurt]] || [[Stadion am Brentanobad]] || 5,650 |- | data-sort-value="Mainz" | [[1. FSV Mainz 05 (women)|1. FSV Mainz 05 ]]|| [[Freiburg im Breisgau|Freiburg]]|| [[Wolfgang Frank Campus]]|| 300 |- | data-sort-value="Hoffenheim" | [[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|TSG Hoffenheim]] || [[Hoffenheim]] || [[Dietmar-Hopp-Stadion]] || 6,350 |- | data-sort-value="Leipzig" | [[RB Leipzig Women|RB Leipzig]] || [[Leipzig]] || Sportanlage Gontardweg || 1,300 |- | data-sort-value="Leverkusen" | [[Bayer 04 Leverkusen (women)|Bayer Leverkusen]] || [[Leverkusen]] || [[Ulrich-Haberland-Stadion]] || 3,200 |- | data-sort-value="Munich" | [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]] || [[Munich]]|| [[FC Bayern Campus]] || 2,500 |- | data-sort-value="Nurnberg" | [[1. FC Nürnberg (women)|1. FC Nürnberg]] || [[Nuremberg]] || [[Max-Morlock-Stadion]] || 50,000 |- | data-sort-value="Wolfsburg" | [[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]] || [[Wolfsburg]] || AOK Stadium || 5,200 |- | data-sort-value="Stuttgart" | [[VfB Stuttgart (women)|[VfB Stuttgart]] || [[Stuttgart]] ||Stadion auf der Waldau || 11,468 |- | data-sort-value="Bremen" | [[Werder Bremen (women)|Werder Bremen ]] || [[Bremen]] || [[Weserstadion]] Platz 11|| 5,500 |} == Results == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:beige;" ! Season ! Champions ! Runners-up |- | [[1990–91 Frauen-Bundesliga|1990–91]] | [[Sportfreunde Siegen|TSV Siegen]] {{small|(1)}} | [[FSV Frankfurt]] |- | [[1991–92 Frauen-Bundesliga|1991–92]] | TSV Siegen {{small|(2)}} | [[Grün-Weiß Brauweiler]] |- | [[1992–93 Frauen-Bundesliga|1992–93]] | [[TuS Niederkirchen]] {{small|(1)}} | TSV Siegen |- | [[1993–94 Frauen-Bundesliga|1993–94]] | TSV Siegen {{small|(3)}} | Grün-Weiß Brauweiler |- | [[1994–95 Frauen-Bundesliga|1994–95]] | [[FSV Frankfurt]] {{small|(1)}} | Grün-Weiß Brauweiler |- | [[1995–96 Frauen-Bundesliga|1995–96]] | TSV Siegen {{small|(4)}} | [[SG Praunheim]] |- | [[1996–97 Frauen-Bundesliga|1996–97]] | Grün-Weiß Brauweiler {{small|(1)}} | [[FC Rumeln-Kaldenhausen]] |- | [[1997–98 Frauen-Bundesliga|1997–98]] | FSV Frankfurt {{small|(2)}} | SG Praunheim |- | [[1998–99 Frauen-Bundesliga|1998–99]] | [[1. FFC Frankfurt]] {{small|(1)}} | [[FCR 2001 Duisburg|FCR Duisburg]] |- | [[1999–2000 Frauen-Bundesliga|1999–00]] | FCR Duisburg {{small|(1)}} | 1. FFC Frankfurt |- | [[2000–01 Frauen-Bundesliga|2000–01]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(2)}} | [[1. FFC Turbine Potsdam]] |- | [[2001–02 Frauen-Bundesliga|2001–02]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(3)}} | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam |- | [[2002–03 Frauen-Bundesliga|2002–03]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(4)}} | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam |- | [[2003–04 Frauen-Bundesliga|2003–04]] | [[1. FFC Turbine Potsdam]] {{small|(1)}} | [[1. FFC Frankfurt]] |- | [[2004–05 Frauen-Bundesliga|2004–05]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(5)}} | FCR Duisburg |- | [[2005–06 Frauen-Bundesliga|2005–06]] | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam {{small|(2)}} | FCR Duisburg |- | [[2006–07 Frauen-Bundesliga|2006–07]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(6)}} | FCR Duisburg |- | [[2007–08 Frauen-Bundesliga|2007–08]] | 1. FFC Frankfurt {{small|(7)}} | FCR Duisburg |- | [[2008–09 Frauen-Bundesliga|2008–09]] | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam {{small|(3)}} | [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|FC Bayern Munich]] |- | [[2009–10 Frauen-Bundesliga|2009–10]] | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam {{small|(4)}} | FCR Duisburg |- | [[2010–11 Frauen-Bundesliga|2010–11]] | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam {{small|(5)}} | 1. FFC Frankfurt |- | [[2011–12 Frauen-Bundesliga|2011–12]] | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam {{small|(6)}} | [[VfL Wolfsburg (women)|VfL Wolfsburg]] |- | [[2012–13 Frauen-Bundesliga|2012–13]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(1)}} | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam |- | [[2013–14 Frauen-Bundesliga|2013–14]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(2)}} | 1. FFC Frankfurt |- | [[2014–15 Frauen Bundesliga|2014–15]] | FC Bayern Munich {{small|(1)}} | VfL Wolfsburg |- | [[2015–16 Frauen-Bundesliga|2015–16]] | FC Bayern Munich {{small|(2)}} | VfL Wolfsburg |- | [[2016–17 Frauen-Bundesliga|2016–17]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(3)}} | FC Bayern Munich |- | [[2017–18 Frauen-Bundesliga|2017–18]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(4)}} | FC Bayern Munich |- | [[2018–19 Frauen-Bundesliga|2018–19]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(5)}} | FC Bayern Munich |- | [[2019–20 Frauen-Bundesliga|2019–20]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(6)}} | FC Bayern Munich |- | [[2020–21 Frauen-Bundesliga|2020–21]] | FC Bayern Munich {{small|(3)}} | VfL Wolfsburg |- | [[2021–22 Frauen-Bundesliga|2021–22]] | VfL Wolfsburg {{small|(7)}} | FC Bayern Munich |- | [[2022–23 Frauen-Bundesliga|2022–23]] | FC Bayern Munich {{small|(4)}} |VfL Wolfsburg |- | [[2023–24 Frauen-Bundesliga|2023–24]] | FC Bayern Munich {{small|(5)}} |VfL Wolfsburg |- | [[2024–25 Frauen-Bundesliga|2024–25]] | FC Bayern Munich {{small|(6)}} |VfL Wolfsburg |- | [[2025–26 Frauen-Bundesliga|2025–26]] | FC Bayern Munich {{small|(7)}} |VfL Wolfsburg |} == Record == {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:beige;" ! Club ! Titles ! Runner-up |- | FC Bayern Munich || 7 ||9 |- | VfL Wolfsburg || 7 || 8 |- | 1. FFC Frankfurt || 7 || 6 |- | 1. FFC Turbine Potsdam || 6 || 4 |- | TSV Siegen || 4 || 1 |- | FC Bayern Munich || 3 || 5 |- | FSV Frankfurt || 2 || 1 |- | FCR Duisburg || 1 || 7 |- | Grün-Weiß Brauweiler || 1 || 3 |- | TuS Niederkirchen || 1 || 0 |} == Other websites == * [http://www.dfb.de/allianz-frauen-bundesliga/start/ DFB.de Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114233513/http://www.dfb.de/allianz-frauen-bundesliga/start/ |date=2017-01-14 }} [[Category:Football leagues in Europe|Germany]] [[Category:1990 establishments in Germany]] 0oyzygkc9qppvf29c32wobx0cqhomry 10 511792 11024257 11002671 2026-10-09T01:50:39Z MexicanBeyonceLatinafan 1887312 Shoot them all 11024257 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024259 11024257 2026-10-09T01:51:19Z Nil NZ 1559470 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|MexicanBeyonceLatinafan]] ([[User talk:MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by CountryANDWestern. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = European Americans | title = [[European Americans]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | group1 = Central Europe | list1 = * [[Austrian Americans|Austrian]]¹ * [[Czech Americans|Czech]] * [[German Americans|German]]¹ ** [[Amish]] ** [[German Texan]] ** [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] ** [[Russian Mennonite|German Mennonites from Russia]] * [[Hungarian Americans|Hungarian]] ** [[Hungarian Ohioans]] * [[Kashubian Americans|Kashubian]] * [[Liechtensteiner Americans|Liechtensteiner]] * [[Polish Americans|Polish]]¹ * [[Slovak Americans|Slovak]] * [[Sorbian Americans|Sorbian]] * [[Swiss Americans|Swiss]] | group2 = Eastern Europe | list2 = * [[Armenian Americans|Armenian]]⁶ * [[Azerbaijani Americans|Azerbaijani]]⁴ * [[Belarusian Americans|Belarusian]] * [[Chechen Americans|Chechen]] * [[Georgian Americans|Georgian]]⁴ * [[Kazakh Americans|Kazakh]]⁴ * [[Moldovan Americans|Moldovan]] * [[Russian Americans|Russian]] ** [[Cossack Americans|Cossack]] ** [[Kalmyk Americans|Kalmyk]] * [[Ukrainian Americans|Ukrainian]] ** [[Cossack Americans|Cossack]] * [[Rusyn Americans|Rusyn]] | group3 = Northern Europe | list3 = * [[Danish Americans|Danish]] ** [[Greenlandic Americans|Greenlandic]] * [[Estonian Americans|Estonian]] * [[Faroese Americans|Faroese]] * [[Finnish Americans|Finnish]] * [[Icelandic Americans|Icelandic]] * [[Latvian Americans|Latvian]] * [[Lithuanian Americans|Lithuanian]] * [[Norwegian Americans|Norwegian]] ** [[Norwegian Dakotan]] ** [[Norwegian Minnesotan]] * [[Sami Americans|Sami]] * [[Swedish Americans|Swedish]] | group4 = Southeast Europe³ | list4 = * [[Albanian Americans|Albanian]] * [[Bosnian Americans|Bosnian]] * [[Bulgarian Americans|Bulgarian]] * [[Cypriot Americans|Cypriot]]⁶ * [[Croatian Americans|Croatian]] * [[Greek Americans|Greek]] * [[Macedonian Americans|Macedonian]] * [[Montenegrin Americans|Montenegrin]] * [[Romanian Americans|Romanian]] * [[Slovene Americans|Slovene]] * [[Serbian Americans|Serbian]] **[[Serbs in Alaska|Alaskan Serbs]] * [[Turkish Americans|Turkish]]⁴ | group5 = Southern Europe | list5 = * [[Italian Americans|Italian]] ** [[Sicilian Americans|Sicilian]] * [[Maltese Americans|Maltese]] * [[Monacan Americans|Monacan]] * [[Portuguese Americans|Portuguese]] * [[Sammarinese Americans|Sammarinese]] * [[Spanish Americans|Spanish]] ** [[Asturian Americans|Asturian]] ** [[Basque Americans|Basque]] ** [[Canarian Americans|Canarian]] ** [[Catalan Americans|Catalan]] ** [[Galician Americans|Galician]] ** [[Hispanos|Hispano]] | group6 = Western Europe | list6 = * [[Belgian Americans|Belgian]] * [[British Americans|British]] ** [[Cornish Americans|Cornish]] ** [[English Americans|English]] ** [[Manx Americans|Manx]] ** [[Scotch-Irish Americans|Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots]] ** [[Scottish Americans|Scottish]] ** [[Welsh Americans|Welsh]] * [[Dutch Americans|Dutch]] ** [[Frisian Americans|Frisian]] * [[French Americans|French]] ** <small>[[Acadians|Acadian]]</small> ** <small>[[Basque Americans|Basque]]</small> ** <small>[[Breton Americans|Breton]]</small> ** <small>[[Cajuns|Cajun]]</small> ** <small>[[French Canadian Americans|Canadian]]</small> ** <small>[[Corsican Americans|Corsican]]</small> ** <small>[[Huguenots#North America|Huguenot]]</small> * [[Irish Americans|Irish]] * [[Luxembourgian Americans|Luxembourgian]] | group7 = Other Europeans | list7 = <!-- When adding Jews back in, restore and edit footnote 7. Old revision for reference: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:European_Americans&oldid=682986610 --> * [[White Americans]] ** [[Non-Hispanic whites]] ** [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic and Latino]] * [[Melungeon]] * [[Métis in the United States|Métis]] * [[Romani Americans|Roma]] ** [[Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States|Hungarian Slovak Romanies]]⁵ * [[Louisiana Creole people|Louisiana Creole]] ** Cajun ** [[Isleños in Louisiana|Isleños]] * [[French Canadian Americans|French Canadian]] ** [[Acadians|Acadian]] ** Cajun | below = ¹ Poles came to the United States legally as Austrians, Germans, Prussians or Russians throughout the 19th century, because from 1772–1795 till 1918, all Polish lands [[Partitions of Poland|had been partitioned]] between imperial Austria, Prussia (a protoplast of Germany) and Russia until Poland regained its sovereignty in the wake of World War I. ³ [[Yugoslav Americans]] are the American people from the former [[Yugoslavia]]. ⁴ [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Turkey]] span the conventional boundary between Europe and Asia. ⁵ Disputed; [[Romani people|Roma]] have recognized origins and historic ties to Asia (specifically to Northern India), but they experienced at least some distinctive identity development while in [[diaspora]] among Europeans. ⁶ [[Armenia]] and [[Cyprus]] are located entirely in Asia, but historically have stronger tie with Europe. | belowstyle = text-align: left; }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:United States ethnic group templates]] </noinclude> br2q5ex7dnotqdvxu8q9ryt3eo98rq8 0 516348 11024581 10758512 2026-10-09T10:31:11Z PJ Geest 51235 jpg -> svg 11024581 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Social democratic parties in Nordic countries - percentage.svg|thumb]] The '''Nordic model''' (or '''Nordic capitalism'''<ref name="The Nordic Way, 2011.">''The Nordic Way'', Klas Eklund, Henrik Berggren and Lars Trägårdh. 2011.</ref> or '''Nordic social democracy''')<ref>Nik Brandal, Øivind Bratberg, Dag Einar Thorsen. ''The Nordic Model of Social Democracy.'' [[Palgrave Macmillan]], 2013. {{ISBN|1137013265}}</ref><ref>Pontusson, Jonas (2011). ''Once Again A Model: Nordic Social Democracy in a Globalized World.'' [https://books.google.com/books?id=9O15MzNKMuoC&pg=PA89 pp 89-115] in ''What's Left of the Left: Democrats and Social Democrats in Challenging Times.'' Edited by James E. Cronin , George W. Ross, and James Shoch. [[Duke University Press]]. {{ISBN|0822350793}}.</ref> is the economic and [[Social policy|social policies]] common to the [[Nordic countries]] ([[Denmark]], [[Finland]], [[Norway]], [[Iceland]], [[Greenland]], [[Faroe Islands]] and [[Sweden]]). This includes a combination of [[free market]] [[capitalism]] with a comprehensive [[welfare state]] and [[collective bargaining]] at the national level.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iea.org.uk/sites/default/files/publications/files/Sweden%20Paper.pdf |title=The surprising ingredients of Swedish success - free markets and social cohesion |date=June 25, 2013 |publisher=[[Institute of Economic Affairs]] |access-date=January 15, 2014}}</ref><ref name="The Nordic Model: Pros and Cons">{{cite web |url=http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/100714/nordic-model-pros-and-cons.asp |title=The Nordic Model: Pros and Cons |date=June 25, 2013 |author=James E. McWhinney |publisher=Investopedia |access-date=September 16, 2015 |quote=The Nordic model is a term coined to capture the unique combination of free market capitalism and social benefits that have given rise to a society that enjoys a host of top-quality services, including free education and free healthcare, as well as generous, guaranteed pension payments for retirees. These benefits are funded by taxpayers and administered by the government for the benefit of all citizens.}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:Socialism]] [[Category:Capitalism]] [[Category:Economic systems]] [[Category:Politics of Europe]] hd062azwp1ywey5t939d6opc676i3pj 0 520360 11024276 11009999 2026-10-09T02:48:47Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Unfaithful | cover = | alt = | border = yes | type = single | artist = [[Rihanna]] | album = [[A Girl like Me (Rihanna album)|A Girl like Me]] | EP = | written = | published = | released = {{Start date|2006|04|8}} | format = | recorded = {{flatlist| *2005 *Avatar and Battery Studios <small>([[New York City]])</small> *Loft Recording Studios <small>([[Bronxville]])</small> *Digital Insight Recording Studios <small>([[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]])</small>}} | studio = | venue = | genre = * [[Pop music|Pop]] * [[dancehall]] * [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] | length = {{Duration|m=3|s=47}} | label = {{Flat list| *[[Def Jam Recordings|Def Jam]] *SRP}} | writer = {{Flat list| *[[Ne-Yo|Shaffer "Ne-Yo" Smith]] *[[Mikkel S. Eriksen]] *[[Tor Erik Hermansen]]}} | composer = | lyricist = | producer = [[Stargate (production team)|StarGate]] | prev_title = [[SOS (song)|SOS]] | prev_year = 2006 | title = | next_title = [[We Ride]] | next_year = 2006 }} "'''Unfaithful'''" is a song by Barbadian singer [[Rihanna]] from her second studio album ''[[A Girl like Me (Rihanna album)|A Girl like Me]]'' (2006). It was written by [[Ne-Yo|Shaffer "Ne-Yo" Smith]] with the song's producers [[Stargate (production team)|StarGate]]. The song was released by [[Def Jam Recordings]] on April 8, 2006, as the second single from the album. It is a [[Pop music|pop]], [[dancehall]] and [[Contemporary R&B|R&B]] song that is about cheating, it was also different because it was the first [[ballad]] Rihanna had released.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/rihanna-a-girl-like-me|title=Rihanna A Girl Like Me > Album Review > Slant|publisher=Slant}}</ref> ==Live performances== "Unfaithful" has been performed by Rihanna many times, including on July 27, 2006, she performed the song on the MTV series, ''[[Total Request Live]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1538150/get-inside-rihannas-fashion-evolution.jhtml|title=Get Inside Rihanna's Fashion Evolution From Jean Skirts To Jean-Paul Gaultier|publisher=MTV News. Viacom|last=Weinstein|first=Farrah|date=August 9, 2006|accessdate=December 30, 2011|archive-date=April 19, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419011935/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1538150/get-inside-rihannas-fashion-evolution.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rihanna opened the 2006 [[MOBO Awards]] on September 20, 2006 at the [[Royal Albert Hall]] in [[London]] with a performance of "Unfaithful".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/mobo-awards/39367-rihanna-vies-to-be-top-diva-at-mobos|title=Rihanna Vies to be Top Diva at MOBOs|publisher=[[MTV]]. Viacom|date=September 20, 2006|accessdate=December 30, 2011|archive-date=January 10, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110133141/http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/mobo-awards/39367-rihanna-vies-to-be-top-diva-at-mobos|url-status=dead}}</ref> On November 15, 2006, Rihanna performed the song at the [[2006 World Music Awards]], which also took place in London. Rihanna wore a long, purple gown.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/cbbcnews/hi/newsid_6150000/newsid_6153300/6153342.stm|title=In pictures: World Music Awards 2006|publisher= [[BBC Music]]. [[BBC]]|accessdate=December 30, 2011}}</ref> The song was also sung on her first major North American tour [[Rihanna: Live in Concert Tour]] (2006).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.setlist.fm/setlist/rihanna/2006/house-of-blues-west-hollywood-ca-bd5b946.html|title=Rihanna Concert Setlist at House of Blues, West Hollywood on July 1, 2006|publisher= setlist.fm|accessdate=December 30, 2011}}</ref> On July 7, 2007, Rihanna together with other artists performed at the Live Earth Concerts, which were held to raise awareness of [[global warming]]. She performed "Unfaithful", "[[Shut Up and Drive (Rihanna song)|Shut Up and Drive]]", and "[[Umbrella (song)|Umbrella]]".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2007/07/08/video-live-earth-performances/#more-3010|title=Video: Live Earth Performances|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devine Lazerine|accessdate=December 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428140516/https://www.rap-up.com/2007/07/08/video-live-earth-performances/#more-3010|archive-date=April 28, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> "Unfaithful" was the twelfth song on the set list of Rihanna's [[Good Girl Gone Bad Tour]] (2007–2009), her first major world tour.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/r1401536|title=Good Girl Gone Bad Live (DVD)|publisher= [[Allmusic]]. [[Rovi Corporation]]|accessdate=August 10, 2010}}</ref> Her performance in [[Manchester]] was released in the UK through iTunes<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/music-video/unfaithful-live-live/id283129336|title=Unfaithful (Live)|publisher=iTunes (GB). Apple|accessdate=December 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811224655/https://itunes.apple.com/gb/music-video/unfaithful-live-live/id283129336|archive-date=August 11, 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> and is featured on the ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad Live]]'' DVD.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/good-girl-gone-bad-live/id283129314|title=Good Girl Gone Bad (Live)|publisher=iTunes Store (GB). Apple|accessdate=September 26, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102134559/http://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/good-girl-gone-bad-live/id283129314|archive-date=November 2, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Rihanna was an opening act on some dates on [[Kanye West]]'s [[Glow in the Dark Tour]] (2008–2009).<ref name="GITD">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1586127/kanye-west-tells-story-at-glow-dark-tours-la-stop.jhtml|title=Kanye West Tells A Story With His Biggest Hits, At The Glow In The Dark Tour's L.A. Stop|publisher=MTV News. Viacom|last=Wilson|first=Sarah|date=April 23, 2008|accessdate=December 30, 2011|archive-date=February 22, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120222231627/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1586127/kanye-west-tells-story-at-glow-dark-tours-la-stop.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Her set list featured "Unfaithful" and other songs from her 2007 release ''[[Good Girl Gone Bad (Rihanna album)|Good Girl Gone Bad]]'' including "[[Don't Stop the Music (Rihanna song)|Don't Stop the Music]]", "Shut Up and Drive" and "Umbrella".<ref name="GITD"/> Following the release of her fourth studio album, ''[[Rated R (Rihanna album)|Rated R]]'' (2009), in the UK, Rihanna performed a ''[[Nokia]]'' promotional concert at the [[Brixton Academy]] in London.<ref name="Nokia">{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/rihanna/165570-rihanna-performs-rated-r-tracks-live-in-london|title=Rihanna Performs 'Rated R' Tracks Live In London|publisher=MTV UK. Viacom|date=November 17, 2009|accessdate=January 11, 2012|archive-date=September 20, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920233746/http://www.mtv.co.uk/news/rihanna/165570-rihanna-performs-rated-r-tracks-live-in-london|url-status=dead}}</ref> She performed songs from the new release including "[[Russian Roulette (song)|Russian Roulette]]", "[[Wait Your Turn]]" and "[[Hard (Rihanna song)|Hard]]", a song Rihanna performed with [[Young Jeezy]]. Rihanna performed "Unfaithful", and songs from her older albums, including "[[Disturbia (song)|Disturbia]]", "Don't Stop the Music" and "[[Take a Bow (Rihanna song)|Take a Bow]]", during this set.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rap-up.com/2009/11/16/rihanna-gets-her-swag-back-in-london/#more-31752|title=Rihanna Gets Her Swag Back in London|work=Rap-Up|publisher=Devine Lazerine|accessdate=December 30, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206164209/http://www.rap-up.com/2009/11/16/rihanna-gets-her-swag-back-in-london/#more-31752|archive-date=December 6, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2010, to promote her fourth album ''[[Rated R (album)|Rated R]]'', Rihanna went on her second worldwide tour, [[Last Girl on Earth Tour]] (2010–11). "Unfaithful", which she performed while standing on a stage set with red [[baroque]] style curtains in the background, was the thirteenth song on the set list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pentictonherald.ca/stories.php?id=278008|title=Rihanna rocks the SOEC|date=July 7, 2010|accessdate=December 30, 2011|last=Selvig|first=Rebecca|work=[[Penticton Herald]]|publisher=The Okanagan Valley Group of Newspapers|archive-date=July 18, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718134322/http://www.pentictonherald.ca/stories.php?id=278008|url-status=dead}}</ref> On December 11, 2010, Rihanna was invited to appear on [[The X Factor (UK series 7)|series seven]] of the UK version of ''[[The X Factor (UK TV series)|The X Factor]]'' to perform her new single "[[What's My Name? (Rihanna song)|What's My Name?]].<ref name="xfactor">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/the-juice/949367/rihanna-performs-on-x-factor-flashes-the-papparazzi |title=Rihanna Performs On 'X-Factor,' Flashes The Papparazzi – The Juice|work=Billboard|accessdate=December 30, 2011}}</ref> She also performed "Unfaithful" with finalist [[Matt Cardle]], who later won the series.<ref name="xfactor"/> In June 2011, Rihanna embarked upon the [[Loud Tour]], her third major worldwide tour. "Unfaithful" was the fourteenth song on the tour's set list.<ref name="loud tour"/> Rihanna performed the song on a levitating stage while wearing a long yellow dress and with a fan blowing her skirt up,<ref name="loud tour">{{cite news|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2011/06/07/rihanna-is-loud-sexy-and-larger-than-life|title=Rihanna is loud, sexy and larger than life|work=[[Toronto Sun]]|date=June 7, 2011|accessdate=December 30, 2011}}</ref> ==Track listings== {{col-start}} {{col-2}} *;European CD single / digital download #"Unfaithful" (Radio Edit)&nbsp;— 3:51 #"Unfaithful" (Tony Moran Radio Mix)&nbsp;— 4:16 *;UK CD single #"Unfaithful"&nbsp;— 3:52 #"[[SOS (Rihanna song)|SOS]]" ([[Moto Blanco]] Remix)&nbsp;— 8:37 *;CD maxi single #"Unfaithful" (Album Version)&nbsp;— 3:52 #"Unfaithful" (Tony Moran Radio Mix)&nbsp;— 4:21 #"Unfaithful" (Instrumental)&nbsp;— 3:49 #"Unfaithful" (Video) {{col-2}} *;12" vinyl #"Unfaithful" (Radio Edit)&nbsp;— 3:52 #"Unfaithful" (Instrumental)&nbsp;— 3:49 #"Unfaithful" (Tony Moran Club Mix)&nbsp;— 8:48 *;Digital download (Remixes) #"Unfaithful" (Tony Moran Radio Mix)&nbsp;— 4:15 #"Unfaithful" (Hamel Radio Edit)&nbsp;— 3:53 #"Unfaithful" ([[Maurice Joshua|Maurice]]'s Radio Edit)&nbsp;— 3:28 #"Unfaithful" (Tony Moran Club Mix)&nbsp;— 9:08 #"Unfaithful" (Hamel Club Mix)&nbsp;— 8:48 #"Unfaithful" (Maurice's Club Mix)&nbsp;— 6:57 #"Unfaithful" (AOL Music Sessions)&nbsp;— 3:49 {{col-end}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Rihanna}} {{music-stub}} [[Category:2006 songs]] [[Category:2000s ballads]] [[Category:Pop ballads]] [[Category:Dancehall ballads]] [[Category:Rhythm and blues ballads]] [[Category:Rihanna songs]] [[Category:Songs about infidelity]] 9giuld52z98h1csb9ci9hk86w59vo7j 4 521805 11024594 7892882 2026-10-09T11:05:23Z Haoreima 1043157 11024594 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Please note:''' Only registered users can participate in Asian Month. If you are not registered, we invite you to create an account so that you can participate here and also take advantage of the other benefits of having an account. See [[Wikipedia: Why create an account?]] for more information and for a link for creating an account. ==2026 participants== <!-- You can sign up by putting #~~~ on a new line --> #[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] (organizer) --11:05, 9 October 2026 (UTC) ==2021 participants== <!-- You can sign up by putting #~~~ on a new line --> #[[User:Camouflaged Mirage|Camouflaged Mirage]] ([[User talk:Camouflaged Mirage|talk]])(organizer) #[[User:つがる|つがる]] (organizer) # [[User:AnApple47|<span style="color:red">AnApple47</span>]] [[User talk:AnApple47|^💬]] 02:51, 5 October 2021 (UTC) #[[User:FarhanNF|FarhanNF]] ([[User talk:FarhanNF|talk]]) 04:25, 2 November 2021 (UTC) # --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]])</small> #[[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 12:16, 10 November 2021 (UTC) #[[User:Prajjwal3959|Prajjwal3959]] ([[User talk:Prajjwal3959|talk]]) 16:32, 22 November 2021 (UTC) #[[User:Lucario298|Lucario298]] 1:46, 23 November 2021 (UTC) # --[[User:Haoreima|Haoreima]] ([[User talk:Haoreima|talk]]) # --[[User:Hulged|Hulged]] ([[User talk:Hulged|talk]]) ==2020 participants== <!-- You can sign up by putting #~~~ on a new line --> #[[User:BRPever|BRPever]] (organizer) #[[User:Camouflaged Mirage|Camouflaged Mirage]] ([[User talk:Camouflaged Mirage|talk]])(organizer) #[[User:つがる|つがる]] (organizer) #[[User:Saroj Uprety|Saroj Uprety]] ([[User talk:Saroj Uprety|talk]]) #--[[User:ImprovedWikiImprovment|IWI]] ([[User talk:ImprovedWikiImprovment|talk]]) #[[User:DoSazunielle|DoSazunielle]] ([[User talk:DoSazunielle|talk]]) 22:56, 31 October 2020 (UTC) #[[User:Tbiw|Tbiw]] ([[User talk:Tbiw|talk]]) # [[User:Gomdoli4696|Gomdoli]] ([[User talk:Gomdoli4696|talk]]) 08:39, 4 November 2020 (UTC) ==2019 participants== <!-- You can sign up by putting #~~~ on a new line --> #<s>—[[User:Wei4Green|Wei4<span style="border-radius:20px;padding:0 3px;background:#066;color:#9FC;text-decoration:inherit">Green</span>]] • '''[[User talk:Wei4Green|#TeamTrees🌲]]''' <small>(organiser for this year)</small></s> (Did not judge any pages - pages are judged in Jan by BRPever and Camouflaged Mirage) #[[User:Freekhou5|Freekhou5]] ([[User talk:Freekhou5|talk]]) #[[User:Hiàn|Hiàn]] ([[User talk:Hiàn#top|talk]]) #[[User:Gotanda|Gotanda]] ([[User talk:Gotanda#top|talk]]) #[[User:rukasuoribera|rukasuoribera]] ([[User talk:rukasuoribera|talk]]) ==2018 participants== #[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) <small>(organiser for this year)</small> #[[User:Hiàn|Hiàn]] ([[User talk:Hiàn#top|talk]]) <small>(organiser for this year)</small> #[[User:BRPever|<font color="#FF00FF">B</font><font color="#FF7E00">R</font><font color="#00A300">P</font>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' #[[User:Greateasterner|Greateasterner]] ([[User talk:Greateasterner|talk]]) #[[User:Thetirumala|Thetirumala]] ([[User talk:Thetirumala|talk]]) #[[User:Typewiki|Typewiki]] ([[User talk:Typewiki|talk]]) #[[User:Math Daniel Imber|Math Daniel Imber]] ([[User talk:Math Daniel Imber|talk]]) #[[User:Louisa Hardman|Louisa Hardman]] ([[User talk:Louisa Hardman|talk]]) rkqi7vzy8xkkf9a3ldxlwxa114lfjgq 0 529093 11023937 10960874 2026-10-08T12:13:06Z J 1982 76800 update 11023937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club |clubname = Dalkurd FF |image = |caption = |fullname = Dalkurd Fotbollförening |nickname = DFF |founded = [[26 September]] [[2004]] |dissolved = |ground = [[Domnarvsvallen]] |capacity = 6,500 |owntitle = |owner = |chrtitle = |chairman = |mgrtitle = |manager = |league = [[Ettan]] |season = 2022 |position = 16th Superettan (relegation) |website = |kit_alt1 = |pattern_la1 = |pattern_b1 = |pattern_ra1 = |pattern_sh1 = |pattern_so1 = |leftarm1 = |body1 = |rightarm1 = |shorts1 = |socks1 = |kit_alt2 = |pattern_la2 = |pattern_b2 = |pattern_ra2 = |pattern_sh2 = |pattern_so2 = |leftarm2 = |body2 = |rightarm2 = |shorts2 = |socks2 = |kit_alt3 = |pattern_la3 = |pattern_b3 = |pattern_ra3 = |pattern_sh3 = |pattern_so3 = |pattern_name3 = |leftarm3 = |body3 = |rightarm3 = |shorts3 = |socks3 = |American = }} '''Dalkurd FF''' is an [[association football]] club in the town of [[Borlänge]] in [[Sweden]]. The club was founded by [[Kurdish people|Kurds]] in Sweden 2004, and played its first [[Superettan]] season in 2016. The club was declared [[bankruptcy|bankrupt]] by the [[Uppsala District Court]] on 28 September 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/dalkurd-gar-i-konkurs-har-inte-rad|title=Dalkurd går i konkurs|publisher=Radiosporten|writer=Tobias Rosvall|language=Swedish|date=7 October 2026|accessdate=8 October 2026}}</ref><ref name="Bankruptcy">https://www.unt.se/sport/fotboll/artikel/dalkurd-i-konkurs-efter-beslut-i-uppsala-tingsratt/rx7n12vl</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites== {{Commonscat|Dalkurd FF}} * [http://www.dalkurd.se/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501064900/http://www.dalkurd.se/ |date=2012-05-01 }} [[Category:Swedish football clubs]] [[Category:2004 establishments in Sweden]] {{sport-stub}} owdkcecfazvb931owlgw6cm0igiiqu1 11023938 11023937 2026-10-08T12:13:38Z J 1982 76800 11023938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club |clubname = Dalkurd FF |image = |caption = |fullname = Dalkurd Fotbollförening |nickname = DFF |founded = [[26 September]] [[2004]] |dissolved = |ground = [[Domnarvsvallen]] |capacity = 6,500 |owntitle = |owner = |chrtitle = |chairman = |mgrtitle = |manager = |league = [[Ettan]] |season = 2022 |position = 16th Superettan (relegation) |website = |kit_alt1 = |pattern_la1 = |pattern_b1 = |pattern_ra1 = |pattern_sh1 = |pattern_so1 = |leftarm1 = |body1 = |rightarm1 = |shorts1 = |socks1 = |kit_alt2 = |pattern_la2 = |pattern_b2 = |pattern_ra2 = |pattern_sh2 = |pattern_so2 = |leftarm2 = |body2 = |rightarm2 = |shorts2 = |socks2 = |kit_alt3 = |pattern_la3 = |pattern_b3 = |pattern_ra3 = |pattern_sh3 = |pattern_so3 = |pattern_name3 = |leftarm3 = |body3 = |rightarm3 = |shorts3 = |socks3 = |American = }} '''Dalkurd FF''' is an [[association football]] club in the town of [[Borlänge]] in [[Sweden]]. The club was founded by [[Kurdish people|Kurds]] in Sweden 2004, and played its first [[Superettan]] season in 2016. The club was declared [[bankruptcy|bankrupt]] by the [[Uppsala District Court]] on 28 September 2026.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sverigesradio.se/artikel/dalkurd-gar-i-konkurs-har-inte-rad|title=Dalkurd går i konkurs|publisher=Radiosporten|author=Tobias Rosvall|language=Swedish|date=7 October 2026|accessdate=8 October 2026}}</ref><ref name="Bankruptcy">https://www.unt.se/sport/fotboll/artikel/dalkurd-i-konkurs-efter-beslut-i-uppsala-tingsratt/rx7n12vl</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites== {{Commonscat|Dalkurd FF}} * [http://www.dalkurd.se/ Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501064900/http://www.dalkurd.se/ |date=2012-05-01 }} [[Category:Swedish football clubs]] [[Category:2004 establishments in Sweden]] {{sport-stub}} fw9vjtd3srm46ze2musklyhzngltl2y 0 536692 11023968 11018124 2026-10-08T13:47:59Z ~2026-54329-97 1886977 11023968 wikitext text/x-wiki 11023969 11023968 2026-10-08T13:48:39Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54329-97|~2026-54329-97]] ([[User talk:~2026-54329-97|talk]]) to last version by NX3710: reverting [[WP:VAN|vandalism]] 11018124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = European Canadians |image = |image_caption = |population = '''19,683,320'''<br>53% of the total Canadian population<ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census">[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&wbdisable=true Census Profile, 2016 Census] - Ethnic origin population</ref><ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census 2017">{{cite web | title=Census Profile, 2016 Census | work=Statistics Canada | date=February 8, 2017 | url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 | access-date=February 16, 2018}}</ref> ([[Canada 2016 Census|2016 Census]]) |regions = [[List of regions of Canada|All areas of Canada]]<br>less prevelant in the [[Northern Canada|North]] |region1 = |pop1 = |ref1 = |langs = Predominantly [[Canadian English|English]]{{•}}[[Canadian French|French]]<br><small>Historically [[Canadian Gaelic|Scottish Gaelic]]{{•}}[[Newfoundland Irish|Irish]] were spoken in certain regions</small> |rels = Predominantly [[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]] ([[Protestantism in Canada|Protestantism]] and [[Catholic Church in Canada|Roman Catholicism]]) |related = [[European diaspora]]{{•}}[[European ethnic groups|Europeans]]{{•}}[[European Americans]]{{•}}[[European Australians]]{{•}}[[European New Zealanders]], [[Romani people in Canada|Canadian Gypsies]] |footnotes = An additional 11,135,965 people chose "Canadian" as their ethnic group in the Census.<ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census"/> |}} '''European Canadians''' (sometimes called '''Euro-Canadians''') are [[Canadians]] with ancestry from [[Europe]].<ref>[http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/euro-canadian www.oxforddictionaries.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217152310/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/euro-canadian |date=2015-12-17 }} Euro-Canadian definition</ref> As of 2011, there were 25,186,890 European Canadians in [[Canada]].<ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |title=National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011 |publisher=Statcan.gc.ca |date=2013-05-08 |access-date=2013-05-27}}</ref> The [[French people|French]] were the first Europeans to live in Canada permanently. [[Hélène Desportes]] was the first "white" person born in [[New France]]. She was born in 1620.<ref name="DCBO">Bennett, Ethel M. G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. 2000. "[http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=34294 Hélène Desportes]". Accessed August 10, 2007.</ref> In 2006, most European Canadians had [[English people|English]] ancestry (21.03%). Other common ancestries were [[French people|French]] (15.82%), [[Scottish people|Scottish]] (15.11%), [[Irish people|Irish]] (13.94%), [[Germans|German]] (10.18%) then [[Italians|Italian]] (4.63%). However, 32.22% of people said they had Canadian ancestry. Because of this, some people think the numbers for the English and French ancestry are too low.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Beaujot| first1 = Roderic P.| last2 = Kerr| first2 = Donald W.| title = The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CofPBh5BRhwC&pg=PA313| year = 2007| publisher = Canadian Scholars’ Press| isbn = 978-1-55130-322-2| page = 313 }}</ref> Most European Canadians are [[Christianity|Christian]]. A small number of them are [[Judaism|Jews]], [[Deism|Deists]], [[Agnosticism|Agnostics]], [[Atheism|Atheists]], [[Islam|Muslims]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]], [[Paganism|Paganists]]/[[Wicca|Wiccas]] and [[Unitarian Universalism|Unitarian Universalists]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} Most also speak [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]]. ==History== Indigenous Canadians inhabited Canada before European colonists.<ref>https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in Canada]] {{White people}} dibhut7a1x9lkh8tlsk7ga46fsozkz4 11024243 11023969 2026-10-09T01:46:48Z MexicanBeyonceLatinafan 1887312 11024243 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024252 11024243 2026-10-09T01:49:22Z Nil NZ 1559470 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|MexicanBeyonceLatinafan]] ([[User talk:MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Veritas Sapientiae. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = European Canadians |image = |image_caption = |population = '''19,683,320'''<br>53% of the total Canadian population<ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census">[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&wbdisable=true Census Profile, 2016 Census] - Ethnic origin population</ref><ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census 2017">{{cite web | title=Census Profile, 2016 Census | work=Statistics Canada | date=February 8, 2017 | url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 | access-date=February 16, 2018}}</ref> ([[Canada 2016 Census|2016 Census]]) |regions = [[List of regions of Canada|All areas of Canada]]<br>less prevelant in the [[Northern Canada|North]] |region1 = |pop1 = |ref1 = |langs = Predominantly [[Canadian English|English]]{{•}}[[Canadian French|French]]<br><small>Historically [[Canadian Gaelic|Scottish Gaelic]]{{•}}[[Newfoundland Irish|Irish]] were spoken in certain regions</small> |rels = Predominantly [[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]] ([[Protestantism in Canada|Protestantism]] and [[Catholic Church in Canada|Roman Catholicism]]) |related = [[European diaspora]]{{•}}[[European ethnic groups|Europeans]]{{•}}[[European Americans]]{{•}}[[European Australians]]{{•}}[[European New Zealanders]], [[Romani people in Canada|Canadian Gypsies]] |footnotes = An additional 11,135,965 people chose "Canadian" as their ethnic group in the Census.<ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census"/> |}} '''European Canadians''' (sometimes called '''Euro-Canadians''') are [[Canadians]] with ancestry from [[Europe]].<ref>[http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/euro-canadian www.oxforddictionaries.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217152310/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/euro-canadian |date=2015-12-17 }} Euro-Canadian definition</ref> As of 2011, there were 25,186,890 European Canadians in [[Canada]].<ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |title=National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011 |publisher=Statcan.gc.ca |date=2013-05-08 |access-date=2013-05-27}}</ref> The [[French people|French]] were the first Europeans to live in Canada permanently. [[Hélène Desportes]] was the first "white" person born in [[New France]]. She was born in 1620.<ref name="DCBO">Bennett, Ethel M. G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. 2000. "[http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=34294 Hélène Desportes]". Accessed August 10, 2007.</ref> In 2006, most European Canadians had [[English people|English]] ancestry (21.03%). Other common ancestries were [[French people|French]] (15.82%), [[Scottish people|Scottish]] (15.11%), [[Irish people|Irish]] (13.94%), [[Germans|German]] (10.18%) then [[Italians|Italian]] (4.63%). However, 32.22% of people said they had Canadian ancestry. Because of this, some people think the numbers for the English and French ancestry are too low.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Beaujot| first1 = Roderic P.| last2 = Kerr| first2 = Donald W.| title = The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CofPBh5BRhwC&pg=PA313| year = 2007| publisher = Canadian Scholars’ Press| isbn = 978-1-55130-322-2| page = 313 }}</ref> Most European Canadians are [[Christianity|Christian]]. A small number of them are [[Judaism|Jews]], [[Deism|Deists]], [[Agnosticism|Agnostics]], [[Atheism|Atheists]], [[Islam|Muslims]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]], [[Paganism|Paganists]]/[[Wicca|Wiccas]] and [[Unitarian Universalism|Unitarian Universalists]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} Most also speak [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]]. ==History== Indigenous Canadians inhabited Canada before European colonists.<ref>https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in Canada]] {{White people}} dibhut7a1x9lkh8tlsk7ga46fsozkz4 11024311 11024252 2026-10-09T03:25:42Z ~2026-54050-03 1887341 11024311 wikitext text/x-wiki White people should get burned for stealing Indigenous lands. {{Infobox ethnic group |group = European Canadians |image = |image_caption = |population = '''19,683,320'''<br>53% of the total Canadian population<ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census">[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&wbdisable=true Census Profile, 2016 Census] - Ethnic origin population</ref><ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census 2017">{{cite web | title=Census Profile, 2016 Census | work=Statistics Canada | date=February 8, 2017 | url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 | access-date=February 16, 2018}}</ref> ([[Canada 2016 Census|2016 Census]]) |regions = [[List of regions of Canada|All areas of Canada]]<br>less prevelant in the [[Northern Canada|North]] |region1 = |pop1 = |ref1 = |langs = Predominantly [[Canadian English|English]]{{•}}[[Canadian French|French]]<br><small>Historically [[Canadian Gaelic|Scottish Gaelic]]{{•}}[[Newfoundland Irish|Irish]] were spoken in certain regions</small> |rels = Predominantly [[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]] ([[Protestantism in Canada|Protestantism]] and [[Catholic Church in Canada|Roman Catholicism]]) |related = [[European diaspora]]{{•}}[[European ethnic groups|Europeans]]{{•}}[[European Americans]]{{•}}[[European Australians]]{{•}}[[European New Zealanders]], [[Romani people in Canada|Canadian Gypsies]] |footnotes = An additional 11,135,965 people chose "Canadian" as their ethnic group in the Census.<ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census"/> |}} '''European Canadians''' (sometimes called '''Euro-Canadians''') are [[Canadians]] with ancestry from [[Europe]].<ref>[http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/euro-canadian www.oxforddictionaries.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217152310/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/euro-canadian |date=2015-12-17 }} Euro-Canadian definition</ref> As of 2011, there were 25,186,890 European Canadians in [[Canada]].<ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |title=National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011 |publisher=Statcan.gc.ca |date=2013-05-08 |access-date=2013-05-27}}</ref> The [[French people|French]] were the first Europeans to live in Canada permanently. [[Hélène Desportes]] was the first "white" person born in [[New France]]. She was born in 1620.<ref name="DCBO">Bennett, Ethel M. G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. 2000. "[http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=34294 Hélène Desportes]". Accessed August 10, 2007.</ref> In 2006, most European Canadians had [[English people|English]] ancestry (21.03%). Other common ancestries were [[French people|French]] (15.82%), [[Scottish people|Scottish]] (15.11%), [[Irish people|Irish]] (13.94%), [[Germans|German]] (10.18%) then [[Italians|Italian]] (4.63%). However, 32.22% of people said they had Canadian ancestry. Because of this, some people think the numbers for the English and French ancestry are too low.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Beaujot| first1 = Roderic P.| last2 = Kerr| first2 = Donald W.| title = The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CofPBh5BRhwC&pg=PA313| year = 2007| publisher = Canadian Scholars’ Press| isbn = 978-1-55130-322-2| page = 313 }}</ref> Most European Canadians are [[Christianity|Christian]]. A small number of them are [[Judaism|Jews]], [[Deism|Deists]], [[Agnosticism|Agnostics]], [[Atheism|Atheists]], [[Islam|Muslims]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]], [[Paganism|Paganists]]/[[Wicca|Wiccas]] and [[Unitarian Universalism|Unitarian Universalists]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} Most also speak [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]]. ==History== Indigenous Canadians inhabited Canada before European colonists.<ref>https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in Canada]] {{White people}} rcc32aami1kn0eu1wvhwxysu2cncq02 11024317 11024311 2026-10-09T03:27:26Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54050-03|~2026-54050-03]] ([[User talk:~2026-54050-03|talk]]) to last version by Nil NZ: reverting [[WP:VAN|vandalism]] 11024252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = European Canadians |image = |image_caption = |population = '''19,683,320'''<br>53% of the total Canadian population<ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census">[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&wbdisable=true Census Profile, 2016 Census] - Ethnic origin population</ref><ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census 2017">{{cite web | title=Census Profile, 2016 Census | work=Statistics Canada | date=February 8, 2017 | url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 | access-date=February 16, 2018}}</ref> ([[Canada 2016 Census|2016 Census]]) |regions = [[List of regions of Canada|All areas of Canada]]<br>less prevelant in the [[Northern Canada|North]] |region1 = |pop1 = |ref1 = |langs = Predominantly [[Canadian English|English]]{{•}}[[Canadian French|French]]<br><small>Historically [[Canadian Gaelic|Scottish Gaelic]]{{•}}[[Newfoundland Irish|Irish]] were spoken in certain regions</small> |rels = Predominantly [[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]] ([[Protestantism in Canada|Protestantism]] and [[Catholic Church in Canada|Roman Catholicism]]) |related = [[European diaspora]]{{•}}[[European ethnic groups|Europeans]]{{•}}[[European Americans]]{{•}}[[European Australians]]{{•}}[[European New Zealanders]], [[Romani people in Canada|Canadian Gypsies]] |footnotes = An additional 11,135,965 people chose "Canadian" as their ethnic group in the Census.<ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census"/> |}} '''European Canadians''' (sometimes called '''Euro-Canadians''') are [[Canadians]] with ancestry from [[Europe]].<ref>[http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/euro-canadian www.oxforddictionaries.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217152310/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/euro-canadian |date=2015-12-17 }} Euro-Canadian definition</ref> As of 2011, there were 25,186,890 European Canadians in [[Canada]].<ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |title=National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011 |publisher=Statcan.gc.ca |date=2013-05-08 |access-date=2013-05-27}}</ref> The [[French people|French]] were the first Europeans to live in Canada permanently. [[Hélène Desportes]] was the first "white" person born in [[New France]]. She was born in 1620.<ref name="DCBO">Bennett, Ethel M. G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. 2000. "[http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=34294 Hélène Desportes]". Accessed August 10, 2007.</ref> In 2006, most European Canadians had [[English people|English]] ancestry (21.03%). Other common ancestries were [[French people|French]] (15.82%), [[Scottish people|Scottish]] (15.11%), [[Irish people|Irish]] (13.94%), [[Germans|German]] (10.18%) then [[Italians|Italian]] (4.63%). However, 32.22% of people said they had Canadian ancestry. Because of this, some people think the numbers for the English and French ancestry are too low.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Beaujot| first1 = Roderic P.| last2 = Kerr| first2 = Donald W.| title = The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CofPBh5BRhwC&pg=PA313| year = 2007| publisher = Canadian Scholars’ Press| isbn = 978-1-55130-322-2| page = 313 }}</ref> Most European Canadians are [[Christianity|Christian]]. A small number of them are [[Judaism|Jews]], [[Deism|Deists]], [[Agnosticism|Agnostics]], [[Atheism|Atheists]], [[Islam|Muslims]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]], [[Paganism|Paganists]]/[[Wicca|Wiccas]] and [[Unitarian Universalism|Unitarian Universalists]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} Most also speak [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]]. ==History== Indigenous Canadians inhabited Canada before European colonists.<ref>https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in Canada]] {{White people}} dibhut7a1x9lkh8tlsk7ga46fsozkz4 11024360 11024317 2026-10-09T04:50:05Z ~2026-54227-34 1887368 11024360 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024376 11024360 2026-10-09T04:58:01Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54227-34|~2026-54227-34]] ([[User talk:~2026-54227-34|talk]]) to last version by Veritas Sapientiae 11024252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = European Canadians |image = |image_caption = |population = '''19,683,320'''<br>53% of the total Canadian population<ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census">[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1&wbdisable=true Census Profile, 2016 Census] - Ethnic origin population</ref><ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census 2017">{{cite web | title=Census Profile, 2016 Census | work=Statistics Canada | date=February 8, 2017 | url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchText=canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 | access-date=February 16, 2018}}</ref> ([[Canada 2016 Census|2016 Census]]) |regions = [[List of regions of Canada|All areas of Canada]]<br>less prevelant in the [[Northern Canada|North]] |region1 = |pop1 = |ref1 = |langs = Predominantly [[Canadian English|English]]{{•}}[[Canadian French|French]]<br><small>Historically [[Canadian Gaelic|Scottish Gaelic]]{{•}}[[Newfoundland Irish|Irish]] were spoken in certain regions</small> |rels = Predominantly [[Christianity in Canada|Christianity]] ([[Protestantism in Canada|Protestantism]] and [[Catholic Church in Canada|Roman Catholicism]]) |related = [[European diaspora]]{{•}}[[European ethnic groups|Europeans]]{{•}}[[European Americans]]{{•}}[[European Australians]]{{•}}[[European New Zealanders]], [[Romani people in Canada|Canadian Gypsies]] |footnotes = An additional 11,135,965 people chose "Canadian" as their ethnic group in the Census.<ref name="Census Profile, 2016 Census"/> |}} '''European Canadians''' (sometimes called '''Euro-Canadians''') are [[Canadians]] with ancestry from [[Europe]].<ref>[http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/euro-canadian www.oxforddictionaries.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217152310/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/euro-canadian |date=2015-12-17 }} Euro-Canadian definition</ref> As of 2011, there were 25,186,890 European Canadians in [[Canada]].<ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=PR&Code1=01&Data=Count&SearchText=Canada&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=All&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |title=National Household Survey (NHS) Profile, 2011 |publisher=Statcan.gc.ca |date=2013-05-08 |access-date=2013-05-27}}</ref> The [[French people|French]] were the first Europeans to live in Canada permanently. [[Hélène Desportes]] was the first "white" person born in [[New France]]. She was born in 1620.<ref name="DCBO">Bennett, Ethel M. G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online. 2000. "[http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=34294 Hélène Desportes]". Accessed August 10, 2007.</ref> In 2006, most European Canadians had [[English people|English]] ancestry (21.03%). Other common ancestries were [[French people|French]] (15.82%), [[Scottish people|Scottish]] (15.11%), [[Irish people|Irish]] (13.94%), [[Germans|German]] (10.18%) then [[Italians|Italian]] (4.63%). However, 32.22% of people said they had Canadian ancestry. Because of this, some people think the numbers for the English and French ancestry are too low.<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Beaujot| first1 = Roderic P.| last2 = Kerr| first2 = Donald W.| title = The Changing Face of Canada: Essential Readings in Population| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=CofPBh5BRhwC&pg=PA313| year = 2007| publisher = Canadian Scholars’ Press| isbn = 978-1-55130-322-2| page = 313 }}</ref> Most European Canadians are [[Christianity|Christian]]. A small number of them are [[Judaism|Jews]], [[Deism|Deists]], [[Agnosticism|Agnostics]], [[Atheism|Atheists]], [[Islam|Muslims]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Bahá'ís]], [[Paganism|Paganists]]/[[Wicca|Wiccas]] and [[Unitarian Universalism|Unitarian Universalists]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2016}} Most also speak [[English language|English]] and [[French language|French]]. ==History== Indigenous Canadians inhabited Canada before European colonists.<ref>https://thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/aboriginal-people</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in Canada]] {{White people}} dibhut7a1x9lkh8tlsk7ga46fsozkz4 0 559875 11024015 10955879 2026-10-08T14:33:42Z Clmw0 1886995 Added "(short for Marxism-Leninism)" for the first reference of the abbreviation "ML". 11024015 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marxism–Leninism''' was practiced by the [[Soviet Union]] (USSR) after the [[Bolshevik Revolution]]. It was also practiced by the [[Stalinism|Stalinists]] in the USSR.<ref>''Dictionary of Historical Terms'' (1998) Second Edition, Chris Cook, Ed., pp. 221–222, p. 305.</ref> [[File:Communist countries.svg|thumb|Map of countries that have been ruled by a one-party Marxist–Leninist system]] The purpose of Marxism–Leninism is to turn a [[Capitalism|capitalist]] state into a [[Socialism|socialist]] state. This is done by a revolution by the [[proletariat]] to overthrow the old government. The new government then creates a "[[dictatorship of the proletariat]]". This new government leads the country based on [[Democratic Centralism|democratic centralism]].<ref>''Dictionary of Historical Terms'' (1998) Second Edition, Chris Cook, Ed., pp. 221–222.</ref><ref>Albert, Michael; Hahnel, Robin. ''Socialism Today and Tomorrow''. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: South End Press, 1981. pp. 24–25.</ref> The [[communist party]] is supposed to lead society from capitalism to socialism. According to ML (short for Marxism-Leninism), socialism was more "advanced" than capitalism, but communism would be more "advanced" than socialism. Indeed, ML is supposed to provide only a first step: from capitalism to socialism, on the way to a communist society with no class or state. Today, the only remaining countries that claim adherence to Marxism–Leninism are: [[China]], [[Cuba]], [[Vietnam]], and [[Laos]], with [[North Korea]] moving to its own [[political philosophy]], [[Juche]], though the [[ideology]] was also influenced by Marxism–Leninism. == Beliefs == [[File:Molotov, Stalin and Voroshilov, 1937.jpg|thumb|Joseph Stalin with [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] and [[Kliment Voroshilov]] in 1937]] Marxism–Leninism is an extension of [[Leninism]]. It developed as a form of [[Marxism]] with adaptations from the works and theories of [[Vladimir Lenin]] and [[Joseph Stalin]]. [[Mao Zedong]] has also made contributions to Marxism–Leninism through [[Maoism]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marxist-Leninist Revolutionary Theory|url=https://www.marxists.org/history/erol/ncm-7/lrs-baraka-2.htm|access-date=2022-04-03|website=www.marxists.org}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{politics-stub}} [[Category:Politics of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Communism]] 4bzwkj1smnr3rg7h5mqhlye2f0i5iix 0 562181 11024457 10558077 2026-10-09T06:32:39Z MourningRainfall 86802 11024457 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:ConferenceCharlottetown.jpg|frameless|350px|right]] The '''Charlottetown Conference''' was a conference about the [[Canadian Confederation]]. The representatives of the unions in [[British North America]] were present at the conference. The meeting took place in [[Charlottetown]], [[Prince Edward Island]] from September 1st to September 9th 1864. The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of the maritime provinces in what later became [[Canada]]. The maritime provinces were [[Nova Scotia]], [[New Brunswick]], and [[Prince Edward Island]]. {{Constitution of Canada}} [[Category:1860s in Canada]] [[Category:1864 in North America]] bjwi7svm1hysi3zfnr4jiqotkftu96b 0 579124 11024198 9641283 2026-10-08T22:52:02Z Raippa-Valli 1879802 11024198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer |name = Yevgeny Yevtushenko |image =Sobyanin meeting Evtushenko 05.jpg |imagesize = 280px |caption = Yevtushenko in 2015 |pseudonym = |birth_name=Yevgeny Aleksandrovich Gangnus |birth_date = {{Birth date |1932|7|18|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Zima (town)|Zima Junction]], [[Siberia]], [[USSR]] |death_date = {{Death date and age|2017|4|1|1932|7|18|df=y}} |death_place = [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]], [[United States]] |occupation = Poet, writer, film director, publisher |nationality = [[Russian Federation|Russian]] |period = 1949-2017 |genre = |subject = |movement = |notableworks = ''[[Babi Yar in poetry|Babi Yar]]'' |website = {{official website|www.evtushenko.net}} |signature = Евтушенко Е. Автограф Харьков 20.04.1989 на книге где он соавтор. Выборы нардепов.jpg |children = 5 sons }} [[File:Yevheny Yevtushenko.jpg|thumb|[[Richard Nixon]] and Yevgeny Yevtushenko in 1972]] '''Yevgeny Aleksandrovich Yevtushenko'''<ref>{{lang-ru|link=no|Евгений Александрович Евтушенко}} (also transliterated as Evgenii Alexandrovich Evtushenko, Yevgeniy Yevtushenko, or Evgeny Evtushenko).</ref> (18 July 1932 – 1 April 2017)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russofile.ru/articles/article_135.php#G03|title=Раздел второй Основные даты жизни и творчества Е. А. Евтушенко (1932-1996 гг.) ["Section Two Key dates in the life and creativity of E. A. Evtushenko (1932-1996 biennium]|work=russofile.ru|language=ru|access-date=2017-04-02|archive-date=2016-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001174306/http://www.russofile.ru/articles/article_135.php#G03|url-status=dead}}</ref> was a [[Soviet people|Soviet]] and [[Russians|Russian]] poet. He was also a novelist, essayist, dramatist, screenwriter, publisher, actor, editor and director of several movies. In 1961, he wrote a poem ''Babi Yar'' describing mass murder of [[the Holocaust]] at [[Babi Yar]] during World War II. Yevtushenko died of [[heart failure]] after having [[kidney]] surgery at a hospital in [[Tulsa, Oklahoma]] on 1 April 2017, aged 84.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/acclaimed-russian-poet-yevgeny-yevtushenko-dies-in-oklahoma/2017/04/01/622b1572-1709-11e7-bb16-269934184168_story.html|title=Acclaimed Russian poet Yevgeny Yevtushenko dies in Oklahoma|work=washingtonpost.com|access-date=1 April 2017|archive-date=2 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402000617/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/acclaimed-russian-poet-yevgeny-yevtushenko-dies-in-oklahoma/2017/04/01/622b1572-1709-11e7-bb16-269934184168_story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{Wikiquote-inline}} {{Commons category-inline|Evgeny Evtushenko}} * [http://stihipoeta.ru/evgeniy-evtushenko/ Yevgeny Yevtushenko poetry] at [http://stihipoeta.ru/ Stihipoeta.ru] {{in lang|ru}} * [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0010432 Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608193049/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=M1ARTM0010432 |date=2011-06-08 }} – ''Canadian Encyclopedia'' *{{cite journal| url=http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/4443/the-art-of-poetry-no-7-yevgeny-yevtushenko| title=Yevgeny Yevtushenko, The Art of Poetry No. 7| author= Olga Carlisle| journal=The Paris Review| date=Spring–Summer 1965| volume=Spring-Summer 1965| issue=34}} * [http://lightning.prohosting.com/~zhenka/poemarchive.html Yevgeny Yevtushenko online archive] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102002804/http://lightning.prohosting.com/~zhenka/poemarchive.html |date=2005-11-02 }} * {{IMDb name|id=0947877|name=Yevgeny Yevtushenko}} * [http://vagalecs.narod.ru/Yevtuz.htm Yevgeny Yevtushenko. Collected Poems in English. Part 1] * [http://vagalecs.narod.ru/Yevtuy.HTM Yevgeny Yevtushenko. Collected Poems in English. Part 2] * [http://vagalecs.narod.ru/ZIMAST.HTM Yevgeny Yevtushenko. Zima Station Poem ] * [http://www.stihi.ru/2015/04/09/3547 Yevgeny Yevtushenko. "May God" ("Дай Бог") (English translation) ] * [http://spintongues.msk.ru/aytmatov.html Chingiz Aitmatov on Yevgeny Yevtushenko] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211093725/http://spintongues.msk.ru/aytmatov.html |date=2007-02-11 }} * [http://spintongues.msk.ru/VoznesenskyYevtuh.htm Andrey Voznesensky's article on Yevgeny Yevtushenko] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004191523/http://spintongues.msk.ru/VoznesenskyYevtuh.htm |date=2008-10-04 }} * [http://chiasmos.uchicago.edu/events/yevtushenko.shtml Audio/Video recordings] of a Poetry Reading by Yevgeny Yevtushenko at the University of Chicago * The [https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/bookplate.html Bookplate Collection] in the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the [[Library of Congress]] contains materials related to the career of Yevtushenko. [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:2017 deaths]] [[Category:Russian poets]] [[Category:Russian novelists]] [[Category:Russian screenwriters]] [[Category:Russian movie directors]] [[Category:Soviet essayists]] [[Category:Soviet movie actors]] q8ymci7gn85lg5jv5wc3oz47mifb02c 0 581786 11024513 9225430 2026-10-09T08:31:10Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024513 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Volya text logo.svg|right|200px]] '''Volya''' ([[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]: ''Воля'' meaning "Will"; previously known as '''Dnes''' and the '''Liberal Alliance''') is a [[political party]] in [[Bulgaria]]. It was founded on 15 July 2007 by businessman [[Veselin Mareshki]]. The name ''Volya'' was adapted on 28 November 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mediapool.bg/novata-partiya-na-mareshki-shte-se-kazva-volya-news257104.html|title=Новата партия на Марешки ще се казва "Воля" - Mediapool.bg|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.bg/politics/volya-novata-partiya-na-mareshki.html|title="Воля" - новата партия на Марешки|first=|last=news.bg|date=28 November 2016|publisher=}}</ref> The party is seen as having a pro-[[Russia|Russian]] stance, and is also [[Euroscepticism|Eurosceptic]] (meaning they are critical of the [[European Union]]).<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/24/world/europe/in-bulgaria-a-businessman-who-talks-like-trump-acts-like-trump.html|title=In Bulgaria, a Businessman Who Talks (and Acts) Like Trump|first=Rick|last=Lyman|date=24 February 2017|publisher=|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> It is also [[nationalism|nationalistic]] and [[populism|populist]]. Their best performance in the parliamentary election was in [[Bulgarian parliamentary election, 2017|2017]], where they received around 4% of the national vote and won 12 out of 240 seats. == Performances == === Parliamentary elections === {| class="wikitable" |- !width=40|Election !width=100|# of seats won !width=100|# of total votes !width=100|% of popular vote !width=100|Seat change !width=100|% change |- !align=center|[[Bulgarian parliamentary election, 2009|2009]] |align=center|0 / 240 |align=center|— |align=center|— |align=center|— |align=center|— |- !align=center|[[Bulgarian parliamentary election, 2013|2013]] |align=center|0 / 240 |align=center|8,873 |align=center|0.25% |align=center|{{steady}} 0 |align=center|{{increase}} 0.25% |- !align=center|[[Bulgarian parliamentary election, 2014|2014]] |align=center|0 / 240 |align=center|— |align=center|— |align=center|— |align=center|— |- !align=center|[[Bulgarian parliamentary election, 2017|2017]] |align=center|12 / 240 |align=center|145,637 |align=center|4.15% |align=center|{{increase}} 12 |align=center|{{increase}} 4.15% |} == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170515222903/http://volia.bg/ Official website] '''(Bulgarian)''' [[Category:2007 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:21st-century establishments in Bulgaria]] [[Category:Political parties in Bulgaria]] 7w8kippx8rh2z3q1h2r17q9c7p6eykd 0 586182 11024437 7870650 2026-10-09T05:52:18Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024437 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vellore district''' is one of the 32 districts in the [[Tamil Nadu]] state of [[India]]. It is one of the biggest district in Tamil Nadu. [[Vellore]] City is the headquarters of this district. As of 2011, the district had a population of 3,936,331 with a sex ratio of 1,007 females for every 1,000 males.The Government of India recently included [[Vellore]] city into prestigious smart City project along with 26 more cities.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-announces-27-new-smart-cities/article9128563.ece|title=Varanasi, Madurai on latest list of Smart Cities|last=Reporter|first=Staff|date=2016-09-20|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-09-29}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Tourism== The [[Vellore Fort]] is the primary tourist attraction in the district headquarters [[Vellore]].During British rule, [[Tipu Sultan]]'s family and the last king of [[Sri Lanka]], Vikrama Rajasinha, were held as royal prisoners in the fort. It houses a church, a mosque and a Hindu temple, the latter known for its carvings. The first rebellion against British rule erupted at this fort in 1806, and it witnessed the massacre of the Vijayanagara royal family of Emperor Sriranga Raya.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/08/06/stories/2006080600360400.htm| work=The Hindu| title=Vellore sepoys rebelled| date=6 August 2006| access-date=2013-07-07| archive-date=2006-12-02| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061202074724/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/08/06/stories/2006080600360400.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref>The golden temple of ''Sripuram'' is another attraction in the district.[[Jalakandeswarar Temple, Vellore|Jalagandeeswarar Temple]] inside the Vellore fort dedicated to Jalagandeeswar, is noted for its sculptures. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Vellore district| ]] {{geo-stub}} ft7fpfjzzkaj3n4vo8m4c6cmqyybv6u 0 590925 11024354 10960145 2026-10-09T04:44:30Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = V. V. Sadagopan | image = Madanakamarajan_1941_film.jpg | imagesize = | caption = V. V. Sadagopan (Seated) in the film [[Madanakamarajan]] (1941) | birth_name = Veeravanallur Vedantam Sadagopan | birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1915|1|29}} | birth_place = [[Veeravanallur]], [[Tirunelveli district]], [[Tamil Nadu]] | death_date = <!--{{death date |df=yes|1915|1|29|year|month|datte}} --> | death_place = | residence = | nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]] | other_names = | known_for = | education = University | occupation = Film Actor, Carnatic Musician, Musicologist, Writer, Composer | title = Professor | spouse = Ranganayaki Sadagopan(90years old) | children = Vijaya Srinivasan,V.S. Krishnakumar,<ref name="Through the Notes Of V V Sadagopan">[http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/Through-the-Notes-Of-V-V-Sadagopan/2014/10/27/article2494463.ece Through the Notes Of V V Sadagopan]</ref> Radhika Sridharan, Devika Raman<ref name=hindu>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/mystic-gone-with-the-wind-his-music-stays/article6832308.ece Mystic gone with the wind..]</ref> | parents = Vedantam Iyengar | relatives = V. V. Sundararajan, V. V. Varadarajan (Brothers), Jayalakshmi Santhanam (Sister)<ref>[http://www.fromammawithlove.com/carnatic-music-my-music-family.htm My Musical Family]</ref> | signature = | website = | }} '''V. V. Sadagopan''' (born '''Veeravanallur Vedantam Sadagopan'''; 29 January 1915) is an [[India]]n movie actor, music teacher, performer and composer.<ref name=hindu /> He was a prolific writer in English and Tamil. Apart from articles on music, he has written poetry, lyrics and even a number of stories in Tamil, that were published in Ananda Vikatan.<ref name=tube>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8EbDr6gYNY8 V V Sadagopan Adharam Neethan Endru]</ref> He acted as the main actor in the Tamil movie ''Nava Yuvan'' (Modern Youth) that had an alternate title ''Geethasaram'' (Essence of Gita). [[Gemini Studios]] started their movie production in the year 1941 and produced the Tamil movie ''[[Madanakamarajan]]'' which became one of Sadahopan's greatest roles.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/madanakamarajan-1941/article30818.ece |title=Madanakamarajan (1941) |access-date=2017-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114135641/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/madanakamarajan-1941/article30818.ece |archive-date=2016-11-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sadagopan was a member of the audition panel of [[All India Radio]] (AIR) and also of the experts committee of the [[Madras Music Academy]]. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://gkamesh.wordpress.com/2010/05/09/vv-sadagopan-music-mystic/ V V Sadagopan - Music Mystic] * [http://i62.tinypic.com/1z2owbc.jpg Photo of V V Sadagopan (1969 in London)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014025928/http://i62.tinypic.com/1z2owbc.jpg |date=2016-10-14 }} * [http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ygYYdeXE1CkJ:www.thehindu.com/2001/05/22/stories/1322017c.htm Translation of the Prabandham]{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sadagopan, V. V.}} [[Category:1915 births]] [[Category:Possibly living people]] [[Category:Indian movie actors]] [[Category:Indian academics]] [[Category:Indian centenarians]] [[Category:Indian composers]] {{actor-stub}} rdnv9itwkfr402imj55rexir081wbg6 0 593568 11024417 11022964 2026-10-09T05:36:58Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 1857216 /* */ M. pneumoniae 11024417 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%" tabindex="0" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(211,211,211)" | ''Mycoplasma amphoriforme'' |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(211,211,211)" | [[Biological classification|Scientific classification]] |- | Domain: | [[Bacteria]] |- | Phylum: | [[Firmicutes]] |- | Class: | [[Mollicutes]] |- | Order: | [[Mycoplasmatales]] |- | Family: | [[Mycoplasmataceae]] |- | Genus: | ''[[Mycoplasma]]'' |- | Species: | '''''M. amphoriforme''''' |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(211,211,211)" | [[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" | '''<span class="binomial">''Mycoplasma amphoriforme''</span>'''<br> <small>Pitcher et al. 2005</small> |} '''''Mycoplasma amphoriforme''''' is a [[species|type]] of [[bacteria]]. It belongs in a larger group '''Mycoplasma'''. This group of [[bacteria]] do not have a cell like other bacteria.<ref name="Sherris">{{Cite book|title=Sherris medical microbiology : an introduction to infectious diseases|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3|date=2004|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=0-8385-8529-9|edition=4th|location=New York|oclc=52358530}}</ref> Because this bacteria does not have a [[cell wall]], medicines may not cure an infection with this bacteria. [[Penicillin]] and other medications cannot cure this infection. There are other medications that will work. This group of bacteria are the smallest ones discovered.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases of the Female Genital Tract|year=1990|url=https://archive.org/details/infectiousdiseas00swee|last1=Richard L. Sweet|last2=Ronald S. Gibbs|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009|isbn=9780683080391}}</ref> These bacteria do not need [[oxygen]]. This bacterium has been found in people who are sick. Some people who have lung infections and can not fight illnesses can have an infection with this bacterium.<ref name="Hatchel2006">{{Cite journal|last=Hatchel|first=J. M.|year=2006|title=Ultrastructure and gliding motility of Mycoplasma amphoriforme, a possible human respiratory pathogen|journal=Microbiology|volume=152|issue=7|pages=2181–2189|doi=10.1099/mic.0.28905-0|doi-access=free |issn=1350-0872|pmid=16804191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=24 October 2016|title=Ureaplasma Infection: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231470-overview#a5|access-date=6 August 2017|via=eMedicine}}</ref> It moves by gliding and has a pointed tip that looks the same as M. gallepticum, and M. pneumoniae. If a person has an infection with this bacterium they might breathe fast and their hearts could beat fast.<ref name="LingOravcova2014">{{Cite journal|last1=Ling|first1=C. L.|last2=Oravcova|first2=K.|last3=Beattie|first3=T. F.|last4=Creer|first4=D. D.|last5=Dilworth|first5=P.|last6=Fulton|first6=N. L.|last7=Hardie|first7=A.|last8=Munro|first8=M.|last9=Pond|first9=M.|year=2014|title=Tools for Detection of Mycoplasma amphoriforme: a Primary Respiratory Pathogen?|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=52|issue=4|pages=1177–1181|doi=10.1128/JCM.03049-13|issn=0095-1137|pmc=3993489|pmid=24478412}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Diseases caused by bacteria]] rb7ycirxg0v127o6x4sap09gyw9x6td 11024423 11024417 2026-10-09T05:40:57Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 1857216 Italicized names 11024423 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%" tabindex="0" ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(211,211,211)" | ''Mycoplasma amphoriforme'' |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(211,211,211)" | [[Biological classification|Scientific classification]] |- | Domain: | [[Bacteria]] |- | Phylum: | [[Firmicutes]] |- | Class: | [[Mollicutes]] |- | Order: | [[Mycoplasmatales]] |- | Family: | [[Mycoplasmataceae]] |- | Genus: | ''[[Mycoplasma]]'' |- | Species: | '''''M. amphoriforme''''' |- ! colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(211,211,211)" | [[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]] |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center" | '''<span class="binomial">''Mycoplasma amphoriforme''</span>'''<br> <small>Pitcher et al. 2005</small> |} '''''Mycoplasma amphoriforme''''' is a [[species|type]] of [[bacteria]]. It belongs in a larger group '''''Mycoplasma'''''. This group of [[bacteria]] do not have a cell like other bacteria.<ref name="Sherris">{{Cite book|title=Sherris medical microbiology : an introduction to infectious diseases|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3|date=2004|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=0-8385-8529-9|edition=4th|location=New York|oclc=52358530}}</ref> Because this bacteria does not have a [[cell wall]], medicines may not cure an infection with this bacteria. [[Penicillin]] and other medications cannot cure this infection. There are other medications that will work. This group of bacteria are the smallest ones discovered.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Infectious Diseases of the Female Genital Tract|year=1990|url=https://archive.org/details/infectiousdiseas00swee|last1=Richard L. Sweet|last2=Ronald S. Gibbs|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009|isbn=9780683080391}}</ref> These bacteria do not need [[oxygen]]. This bacterium has been found in people who are sick. Some people who have lung infections and can not fight illnesses can have an infection with this bacterium.<ref name="Hatchel2006">{{Cite journal|last=Hatchel|first=J. M.|year=2006|title=Ultrastructure and gliding motility of Mycoplasma amphoriforme, a possible human respiratory pathogen|journal=Microbiology|volume=152|issue=7|pages=2181–2189|doi=10.1099/mic.0.28905-0|doi-access=free |issn=1350-0872|pmid=16804191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=24 October 2016|title=Ureaplasma Infection: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/231470-overview#a5|access-date=6 August 2017|via=eMedicine}}</ref> It moves by gliding and has a pointed tip that looks the same as ''M. gallepticum'', and ''M. pneumoniae''. If a person has an infection with this bacterium they might breathe fast and their hearts could beat fast.<ref name="LingOravcova2014">{{Cite journal|last1=Ling|first1=C. L.|last2=Oravcova|first2=K.|last3=Beattie|first3=T. F.|last4=Creer|first4=D. D.|last5=Dilworth|first5=P.|last6=Fulton|first6=N. L.|last7=Hardie|first7=A.|last8=Munro|first8=M.|last9=Pond|first9=M.|year=2014|title=Tools for Detection of Mycoplasma amphoriforme: a Primary Respiratory Pathogen?|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology|volume=52|issue=4|pages=1177–1181|doi=10.1128/JCM.03049-13|issn=0095-1137|pmc=3993489|pmid=24478412}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Diseases caused by bacteria]] 7uxac4pjozqfxhyuzm6o4zkjynywu97 0 594408 11024022 10726444 2026-10-08T14:52:42Z Blumieus 1886968 Comprehensive update of the page including detailed stage, film, radio and voice acting contribution. Added missing details about teaching and participation in Solidarity movement. 11024022 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Andrzej Blumenfeld (2).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Andrzej Blumenfeld in 2012]] {{Short description|Polish actor (1951–2017)}} {{Infobox person | name = Andrzej Blumenfeld | image = | caption = Blumenfeld in 2012 | birth_name = Andrzej Stanisław Blumenfeld | birth_date = {{birth date|1951|8|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Zabrze]], Poland | death_date = {{death date and age|2017|8|14|1951|8|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[Warsaw]], Poland | resting_place = [[Wola Cemetery]], Warsaw | alma_mater = [[Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw|State Higher School of Theatre (PWST), Warsaw]] | occupation = Actor, voice actor, audiobook narrator, acting teacher | years_active = 1973–2017 | awards = [[Cross of Merit (Poland)|Gold Cross of Merit]] (2005)<br />[[Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis|Silver Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis]] (2013) }} '''Andrzej Stanisław Blumenfeld''' (12 August 1951 – 14 August 2017) was a Polish stage, film, television, radio and voice actor. Over a 44-year career he was a member of several leading Polish theatre companies, including [[Teatr Wybrzeże]] in Gdańsk and the [[National Theatre, Warsaw|National Theatre]] and [[Teatr Dramatyczny|Dramatic Theatre]] in Warsaw. In August 1980, as a member of Teatr Wybrzeże, he was one of the actors who performed poetry for the striking workers of the [[Gdańsk Shipyard]] during the strike that gave rise to [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]].<ref name="wyborcza" /><ref name="histmag" /> He appeared in more than 40 films, among them [[Roman Polanski]]'s ''[[The Pianist (2002 film)|The Pianist]]'' (2002) and Ken Scott's ''[[Delivery Man (film)|Delivery Man]]'' (2013), and was one of the most prolific Polish dubbing and video game voice actors of his generation.<ref name="filmpolski" /><ref name="culturepl" /> == Early life and education == Blumenfeld was born in [[Zabrze]], Silesia. As a young man he was more interested in music, archaeology and astronomy than in acting. After secondary school, at his parents' suggestion, he prepared for the drama school entrance exams under the guidance of actor Michał Leśniak.<ref name="filmweb" /> He graduated from the Acting Faculty of the [[Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw|State Higher School of Theatre (PWST) in Warsaw]] in 1973.<ref name="filmpolski" /> While still a student he made his stage debut as the Messenger in [[Sophocles]]' ''[[Antigone (Sophocles play)|Antigone]]'', directed by [[Adam Hanuszkiewicz]].<ref name="wyborcza" /><ref name="lektorzy" /> == Career == === Koszalin and Gdańsk (1973–1980) === Blumenfeld's professional theatre debut is recorded as 17 November 1973.<ref name="filmpolski" /> He spent his first two seasons at the Bałtycki Teatr Dramatyczny im. Juliusza Słowackiego in [[Koszalin]]–[[Słupsk]] (1973–1975), where in 1975 he received the Hugon Moryciński Young Artist Award at the 17th Festival of Northern Polish Theatres in [[Toruń]] for his role as the Farmhand in [[Sławomir Mrożek]]'s ''Zabawa''.<ref name="filmpolski" /> In Koszalin he first worked with director [[Henryk Baranowski]], who staged ''La Dame aux Camélias'' and ''Dziś bliźniaki'' there in 1974;<ref name="baranowski-pl" /> Blumenfeld played Armand and Harlequin in those productions.<ref name="kabaret" /> From 1975 to 1980 he was a member of [[Teatr Wybrzeże]] in Gdańsk.<ref name="filmpolski" /> His roles there included Staszek in [[Stanisław Wyspiański]]'s ''[[The Wedding (Wyspiański play)|The Wedding]]'' (1976), Cyril in [[Witold Gombrowicz]]'s ''[[Ivona, Princess of Burgundia]]'' (1977) and Father Piotr in [[Adam Mickiewicz]]'s ''[[Dziady]]'' (1979), directed by [[Maciej Prus]].<ref name="kabaret" /><ref name="kowalski" /> === Gdańsk Shipyard strike, August 1980 === During the [[Gdańsk Shipyard|Gdańsk Lenin Shipyard]] occupation strike of August 1980, a group of Teatr Wybrzeże actors, led by the theatre's director Maciej Prus, accepted an invitation from the strikers and performed for them on 27, 28 and 29 August in the shipyard's BHP (Health and Safety) Hall, where the [[Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee]] was meeting. Their poetry programmes, prepared at short notice, drew on [[Jan Kochanowski|Kochanowski]], Mickiewicz, [[Juliusz Słowacki|Słowacki]], Wyspiański, [[Cyprian Norwid|Norwid]], [[Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński|Baczyński]], [[Julian Tuwim|Tuwim]] and [[Czesław Miłosz|Miłosz]].<ref name="pomorskie" /><ref name="dziennik" /> Blumenfeld was among the performers: he recited "The Vision of Father Piotr" from Mickiewicz's ''Dziady'',<ref name="wyborcza" /> the role he had played on the Teatr Wybrzeże stage the previous year.<ref name="kowalski" /> In this scene, a central text of Polish Romantic [[Messianism#Polish Messianism|messianism]], Father Piotr sees the nation's suffering under foreign tyranny and foresees its resurrection. A photograph of the performance in the BHP Hall, taken by Stanisław Składanowski and held in the archive of the [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN), shows Blumenfeld with Maciej Prus, [[Halina Winiarska]], Elżbieta Goetel, Jerzy Łapiński, Jerzy Kiszkis, Marian Dworakowski and the satirist Maciej Pietrzyk.<ref name="histmag" /> Photographs of the Teatr Wybrzeże actors during the strike are also held in the collection of the [[European Solidarity Centre]] in Gdańsk.<ref name="ecs" /><!-- TODO: if you can confirm which ECS photograph shows him (ECS archive or media library), cite it here specifically. --> On the 40th anniversary in 2020, Teatr Wybrzeże restaged the shipyard performances in a production titled ''Wracaliśmy wreszcie do własnego domu'', with texts reconstructed from the 1980 actors' memories and documents held by the IPN.<ref name="pomorskie" /> === Warsaw and West Berlin (1980–1991) === In 1980, near the end of his time as director, [[Gustaw Holoubek]] brought Blumenfeld into the company of Teatr Dramatyczny in Warsaw.<ref name="wyborcza" /> He stayed there until 1991.<ref name="filmpolski" /> His roles there included Kominius in ''[[Coriolanus]]'' and Aleksander Waszkowski in ''Dwie głowy ptaka'' (both 1982), and the Director in [[Luigi Pirandello|Pirandello]]'s ''[[Six Characters in Search of an Author]]'' (1983).<ref name="kabaret" /><ref name="etp" /> In the 1980s he was also associated with the Transformtheater in West Berlin,<ref name="wyborcza" /> an independent émigré company founded in 1981 by Henryk Baranowski and Bettina Wilhelm. The company became a leading venue of Berlin's independent theatre scene, staging works based on Genet, Kafka, Tabori, Joyce, Różewicz and Kajzar.<ref name="hmg" /> Sources date his Berlin period to 1982–1985.<ref name="filmweb" /> Colleagues later recalled that he acted in German, English and Russian.<ref name="pr2" /> === Teatr Studio, National Theatre and later career (1991–2017) === He was a member of [[Teatr Studio]] im. Stanisława Ignacego Witkiewicza (1991–1997), where his roles included Leopold Bloom in ''...tak chcę tak'' (after Joyce's ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'', 1991), Franz Kafka in ''[[The Castle (novel)|The Castle]]'' (1991), Telegin in ''[[Uncle Vanya]]'' (1993), Philinte in ''[[The Misanthrope]]'' (1995) and the Chamberlain in ''Ivona, Princess of Burgundia'' (1997).<ref name="kabaret" /><ref name="etp" /> He then joined the National Theatre, where he worked from 1997 to 2012/13, often in productions directed by [[Jerzy Grzegorzewski]].<ref name="filmpolski" /><ref name="pr2" /> In 2013 [[Tadeusz Słobodzianek]] invited him back to Teatr Dramatyczny,<ref name="wyborcza" /> where his last role was Dottore Lombardo in [[Carlo Goldoni]]'s ''[[The Servant of Two Masters]]'', directed by Tadeusz Bradecki (premiere January 2017).<ref name="lektorzy" /> He also worked as a guest artist with the Warsaw theatres Nowy, Komedia, Scena Prezentacje, Powszechny, Teatr Na Woli, Teatr Capitol, the theatre at Szwedzka 2/4 and the [[Jewish Theatre, Warsaw|Jewish Theatre]].<ref name="filmpolski" /> Other directors he worked with included Stanisław Hebanowski.<ref name="pr2" /> He also performed in [[Olga Lipińska]]'s television cabaret.<ref name="kabaret" /> === Film and television === Blumenfeld made his screen debut as Bielinek in Roman Wionczek's television film ''Padalce'' (1973/74).<ref name="lektorzy" /> He worked mainly as a character actor in supporting and cameo roles, including in [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]]'s ''[[Dekalog: Four]]'', [[Leszek Wosiewicz]]'s ''Kornblumenblau'', [[Kazimierz Kutz]]'s ''Pułkownik Kwiatkowski'', [[Juliusz Machulski]]'s ''Kiler-ów 2-óch'' and Polanski's ''The Pianist''.<ref name="lektorzy" /> On television he appeared in series including ''[[07 zgłoś się]]'', ''Zespół adwokacki'', ''Matki, żony i kochanki'', ''Ekstradycja 3'', ''[[M jak miłość]]'', ''Pensjonat pod Różą'', ''[[Na Wspólnej]]'', ''[[Na dobre i na złe]]'', ''[[Ojciec Mateusz]]'' and ''Druga szansa''.<ref name="rmf" /> Late in his career he gained international attention. In ''Delivery Man'' (2013) he played Mikolaj Wozniak, the Polish immigrant father of [[Vince Vaughn]]'s character. The role came through an open casting call for an English-speaking Polish actor of his age, and American reviewers praised his performance.<ref name="filmorg" /><ref name="radiozet" /> This was followed by roles in the Indian film ''[[Bangistan]]'' (2015), the Japanese film ''[[Persona Non Grata (2015 film)|Persona Non Grata]]'' (2015) and [[Duncan Jones]]'s ''[[Mute (2018 film)|Mute]]'' (2018), which was released after his death.<ref name="radiozet" /><ref name="pr2" /> === Radio === Blumenfeld was a long-standing member of the [[Polish Radio Theatre|Polish Radio Theatre (Teatr Polskiego Radia)]] company.<ref name="pr2" /> From November 2009 he played Gienek Matysiak in the long-running radio serial ''[[Matysiakowie]]'', taking over the role from Andrzej Fedorowicz.<ref name="matysiakowie" /> On Polish Radio 2 (Dwójka) he read books in the series ''To się czyta'', including [[Andrei Platonov]]'s ''[[The Foundation Pit]]'' and [[Niall Ferguson]]'s ''[[The House of Rothschild]]''.<ref name="pr2" /> === Dubbing and voice work === Blumenfeld voiced characters in several dozen Polish-language versions of films, series and video games, and worked with SDI Media Polska.<ref name="lektorzy" /> His best-known voice roles include Professor Ratigan in ''[[The Great Mouse Detective]]'', [[Rubeus Hagrid]] in the later ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]]'' films, Jacques de Aldersberg in ''[[The Witcher (video game)|The Witcher]]'', [[Sigismund Dijkstra]] in ''[[The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt]]'' and Victor "Sully" Sullivan in the ''[[Uncharted]]'' series.<ref name="dubbingpedia" /><ref name="filmweb" /><ref name="polygamia" /> === Audiobooks === He was a sought-after audiobook narrator, recording works by authors including [[Stanisław Lem]], [[Charles Bukowski]], [[Walter Isaacson]] and [[Paulo Coelho]].<ref name="audioteka" /><ref name="lubimy" /> === Teaching === Blumenfeld taught acting at the Danuta Baduszkowa Vocal and Acting Studio (Studio Wokalno-Aktorskie im. Danuty Baduszkowej), the training school attached to the [[Musical Theatre in Gdynia]]. A former student, the theatre critic Wiesław Kowalski, has described him as a demanding but fair teacher who led students deep into the word, rhythm and meaning of classical texts; his class worked on the witches' scenes from ''[[Macbeth]]''.<ref name="kowalski" /> == Personal life and death == Blumenfeld died in Warsaw on 14 August 2017, two days after his 66th birthday.<ref name="imdb" /> He was buried on 22 August 2017 at [[Wola Cemetery]] (section 89, row 4, grave 3).<ref name="plwiki" /> Polish Radio 2 broadcast a programme in his memory the following day.<ref name="pr2" /> == Honours and awards == * 1975: Hugon Moryciński Young Artist Award, 17th Festival of Northern Polish Theatres, Toruń<ref name="filmpolski" /> * 2005: [[Cross of Merit (Poland)|Gold Cross of Merit]], for services to the arts (presidential decision of 22 August 2005)<ref name="plwiki" /> * 2013: [[Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis|Silver Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis]]<ref name="filmpolski" /> == Filmography == === Film === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes |- | 1973/74 || ''Padalce'' || Bielinek || TV film; screen debut<ref>{{Cite web|title=Making sure you're not a bot!|url=https://www.csfd.cz/en/film/1164536-padalce/overview/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=www.csfd.cz}}</ref> |- | 1986 || ''Cudowne dziecko'' (''The Young Magician'') || Piotr's teacher || |- | 1986 || ''Biały smok'' (''Legend of the White Horse'') || Bartan || |- | 1986 || ''Nieproszony gość'' || Guest || |- | 1988 || ''[[Dekalog: Four]]'' || Michał's colleague || |- | 1988 || ''Obywatel Piszczyk'' || Writer Stawiński || |- | 1988 || ''Kornblumenblau'' || Flautist || |- | 1989 || ''Lawa'' || Writer IV in the "Warsaw Salon" || |- | 1992 || ''1968. Szczęśliwego Nowego Roku'' || Major || |- | 1993 || ''Nic oprócz strachu'' || Transmission van engineer || |- | 1993 || ''Pierścionek z orłem w koronie'' || Guard at the PPR district committee || |- | 1994 || ''Dama Kameliowa'' || Natan Nussen || |- | 1995 || ''Prowokator'' || Struwe || |- | 1995 || ''Pułkownik Kwiatkowski'' || Army surgeon / Major Rozen || |- | 1995 || ''Puszka Pandory'' || Casti Piani || |- | 1997 || ''Wezwanie'' || || |- | 1999 || ''Kiler-ów 2-óch'' || Celejewski, Lipski's lawyer || |- | 2000 || ''Prymas. Trzy lata z tysiąca'' || Herbert, UB officer || |- | 2002 || ''Tam, gdzie żyją Eskimosi'' (''Where Eskimos Live'') || Taxi driver || |- | 2002 || ''[[The Pianist (2002 film)|The Pianist]]'' || Benek || |- | 2003 || ''Zróbmy sobie wnuka'' || Apartment owner || |- | 2008 || ''Wiosna 1941'' (''Spring 1941'') || Mayor Grol || |- | 2009 || ''Idealny facet dla mojej dziewczyny'' || Milena's father || |- | 2010 || ''[[Little Rose]]'' (''Różyczka'') || Malkiewicz, SB officer || |- | 2013 || ''[[Delivery Man (film)|Delivery Man]]'' || Mikolaj Wozniak || |- | 2015 || ''[[Bangistan]]'' || Wilfred || |- | 2015 || ''Carte Blanche'' || Teacher Jacek Florczak || |- | 2015 || ''[[Persona Non Grata (2015 film)|Persona Non Grata]]'' || Chaim Rosenthal || |- | 2017 || ''Bikini Blue'' || Kazik, blind hospital patient || |- | 2018 || ''[[Mute (2018 film)|Mute]]'' || Akim || |} === Television series === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes |- | 1978 || ''[[07 zgłoś się]]'' || Duty officer in Gdańsk || 1 episode |- | 1993 || ''Kuchnia polska'' || Major interrogating Jacek || 1 episode |- | 1994 || ''[[Tatort]]'' || Jovan Plosky || German series, 1 episode |- | 1994 || ''Zespół adwokacki'' || Court expert || 1 episode |- | 1995 || ''Sukces'' || || |- | 1996 || ''Bar Atlantic'' || || |- | 1997 || ''Der Kapitän'' || Siletzki || German series, 1 episode |- | 1997 || ''Wojenna narzeczona'' || French farmer || |- | 1998 || ''Matki, żony i kochanki'' || Witold Dębicki || |- | 1998 || ''Ekstradycja 3'' || Klaus Blumenfeld || |- | 1998–2003 || ''[[Miodowe lata]]'' || Chief cashier || |- | 1999 || ''Trzy szalone zera'' || Critic || |- | 2000 || ''[[M jak miłość]]'' || President of a district court division || |- | 2000–2001 || ''Przeprowadzki'' || Millionaire Nukim Teitelbaum || |- | 2001–2002 || ''Marzenia do spełnienia'' || Stefan, director of a culture centre || |- | 2002 || ''Król przedmieścia'' || Doctor Nowak || |- | 2004–2006 || ''Pensjonat pod Różą'' || Jaś || |- | 2005 || ''[[Pope John Paul II (miniseries)|Pope John Paul II]]'' || [[Edward Gierek]] || Miniseries |- | 2008 || ''[[Czas honoru]]'' || President of the Jewish community || Episode 5 |- | 2008 || ''Trzeci oficer'' || "Motyl" || |- | 2009 || ''Siostry'' || Gawoł, elder of the Buchała clan || Episode 7 |- | 2009 || ''Sprawiedliwi'' || Lawyer Kohn || Episodes 2, 5, 6 |- | 2010 || ''1920. Wojna i miłość'' || Samuel the miller || Episodes 3–4 |- | 2010–2011 || ''[[Na Wspólnej]]'' || Hubert Leszczyński, Zuzanna's father || 8 episodes |- | 2010–2011 || ''Prosto w serce'' || Monument conservator || Episodes 130–131 |- | 2011 || ''[[Na dobre i na złe]]'' || Konrad, archaeologist || Episode 435 |- | 2012 || ''[[Ojciec Mateusz]]'' || Emil Grabski, conservator || Episode 95 |- | 2012, 2014 || ''Prawo Agaty'' || Judge Rybicki || Episodes 18, 58 |- | 2014 || ''Ojciec Mateusz'' || Publisher Cyprian Śmieszkowski || Episodes 148, 153 |- | 2014 || ''To nie koniec świata!'' || Tadeusz, Kamila's husband || Episode 17 |- | 2015 || ''Prokurator'' || Surgeon || Episode 10 |- | 2016 || ''The Menten Files'' || Isaac Pistiner || 2 episodes |- | 2016 || ''Druga szansa'' || Head of ward || Seasons 1–2 |} === Television Theatre (Teatr Telewizji) === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Year !! Title !! Role |- | 2009 || ''Operacja Reszka'' || Russian train manager |- | 2009 || ''Opowiadania dla dzieci'' || |- | 2014 || ''Nad'' || Prison governor |- | 2017 || ''Mrok'' || Father |- | 2017 || ''Sprawa Rity G.'' || Judge |} == Stage roles == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Year !! Title !! Author !! Role !! Theatre / notes |- | 1973 || ''Antygona'' (''Antigone'') || Sophocles || Messenger || Debut as a student; dir. Adam Hanuszkiewicz |- | 1973 || ''Bo takie mamy życie…'' || Wojciech Młynarski || || Koszalin |- | 1973 || ''Nora'' (''A Doll's House'') || Henrik Ibsen || Günther || Koszalin |- | 1973 || ''Kolędnicy'' || || || Koszalin |- | 1974 || ''Dama kameliowa'' (''La Dame aux Camélias'') || after Alexandre Dumas || Armand || Koszalin; dir. Henryk Baranowski |- | 1974 || ''Dziś bliźniaki'' || Carlo Goldoni || Harlequin || Koszalin; dir. Henryk Baranowski |- | 1974 || ''Awans'' || Edward Redliński || Magister || Koszalin |- | 1974 || ''Granica'' || after Zofia Nałkowska || Karol Wąbrowski || Koszalin |- | 1975 || ''Zabawa'' || Sławomir Mrożek || Farmhand II || Koszalin; Hugon Moryciński Award |- | 1975 || ''Maria Stuart'' (''Mary Stuart'') || Friedrich Schiller || Mortimer || |- | 1976 || ''Białe Małżeństwo'' (''White Marriage'') || Tadeusz Różewicz || Benjamin || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1976 || ''Zbyt Prawdziwe (Too True To Be Good)'' || George Bernard Shaw || Bakcyl || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1976 || ''Wesele'' (''The Wedding'') || Stanisław Wyspiański || Staszek || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1977 || ''Iwona, księżniczka Burgunda'' (''Ivona, Princess of Burgundia'') || Witold Gombrowicz || Cyril || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1977 || ''Samuel Zborowski'' || Juliusz Słowacki || Frater Theologus || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1977 || ''Bal w Operze'' || Julian Tuwim || || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1978 || ''Wieczór Trzech Króli'' (''Twelfth Night'') || William Shakespeare || Valentine || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1978 || ''W mrokach złotego pałacu, czyli Bazylissa Teofanu'' || Tadeusz Miciński || Svyatoslav || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1978 || ''Wróg ludu'' (''An Enemy of the People'') || Henrik Ibsen || || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1978 || ''Kraina 105 tajemnicy'' || || Ostrich || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1979 || ''Przedstawienie „Hamleta” we wsi Głucha Dolna'' || Ivo Brešan || Peasant || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1979 || ''Czarny romans'' || Władysław Terlecki || Wiktor || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1979 || ''Dziady'' (''Forefathers' Eve'') || Adam Mickiewicz || Father Piotr || Teatr Wybrzeże; dir. Maciej Prus |- | 1980 || ''Operetka'' || Witold Gombrowicz || Pan || |- | 1980 || ''Jak wam się podoba'' (''As You Like It'') || William Shakespeare || Pan na dworze Fryderyka || |- | 1981 || ''Łunin, czyli śmierć Kubusia Fatalisty'' || Edvard Radzinsky || Grigoriev || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1981 || ''Pieszo'' || Sławomir Mrożek || Teacher || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1982 || ''Kaligula'' (''Caligula'') || Albert Camus || Metellus || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1982 || ''Mord w katedrze'' (''Murder in the Cathedral'') || T. S. Eliot || Third Tempter || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1982 || ''Ścisły nadzór'' (''Deathwatch'') || Jean Genet || Jules || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1982 || ''Koriolan'' (''Coriolanus'') || William Shakespeare || Cominius || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 30 Dec 1982 || ''Dwie głowy ptaka'' || Jarosław Marek Rymkiewicz || Aleksander Waszkowski || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1983 || ''Sześć postaci szuka autora'' (''Six Characters in Search of an Author'') || Luigi Pirandello || Theatre Director || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1985 || ''Narkotyki'' || Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz || || |- | 1986 || ''Happy End'' || Bertolt Brecht / Kurt Weill || Jimmy Dexter "The Reverend" || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1987 || ''Turandot, czyli kongres wybielaczy'' || Bertolt Brecht || Ki Leh || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1987 || ''Teatr czasów Nerona i Seneki'' || Edvard Radzinsky || Antonius Flavius || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1988 || ''33 omdlenia'' (''33 Swoons'') || after Anton Chekhov || Chubukov, Luka, Shipuchin || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1988 || ''Gwiazda za murem'' || Jacek Stanisław Buras || Actor || |- | 1988 || ''Car Mikołaj'' || Tadeusz Słobodzianek || Comrade Vova || |- | 1989 || ''Zatruta studnia'' || Jacek Kaczmarski || || |- | 1991 || ''Nie-Boska komedia'' (''The Un-Divine Comedy'') || Zygmunt Krasiński || The Convert || Teatr Studio |- | 1991 || ''…tak chcę tak'' || after James Joyce || Leopold Bloom || Teatr Studio |- | 1991 || ''Miasto liczy psie nosy'' || Jerzy Grzegorzewski || Middle-aged man || Teatr Studio |- | 1991 || ''Zamek'' (''The Castle'') || after Franz Kafka || Franz Kafka (K., the land surveyor) || Teatr Studio |- | 1992 || ''Lautréamont Sny'' || ''Lautréamont''|| Hotelier || Teatr Studio |- | 1993 || ''Wujaszek Wania'' (''Uncle Vanya'') || Anton Chekhov || Ilya Telegin || Teatr Studio |- | 1993 || ''Ofiary obowiązku'' (''Victims of Duty'') || Eugène Ionesco || || Teatr Studio |- | 1994 || ''Cztery komedie równoległe'' || Jerzy Grzegorzewski || General || Teatr Studio |- | 1994 || ''Pan Paweł'' || Tankred Dorst || Pan Paweł || Teatr Studio |- | 1995 || ''La Bohème'' || Stanisław Wyspiański || Nose || Teatr Studio |- | 1995 || ''Samoobsługa'' || Harold Pinter || Osoby || Teatr Studio |- | 1995 || ''Mizantrop'' (''The Misanthrope'') || Molière || Philinte || Teatr Studio |- | 1996 || ''Zima pod stołem'' || Roland Topor || Grishka || Teatr Studio |- | 1996 || ''Don Juan'' || Molière || Monsieur Dimanche || Teatr Studio |- | 1997 || ''Iwona, księżniczka Burgunda'' || Witold Gombrowicz || Chamberlain || Teatr Studio |- | 1997/2001 || ''Noc listopadowa'' (''November Night'') || Stanisław Wyspiański || Gendre || Teatr Narodowy |- | 2008 || ''Wiele hałasu o nic'' (''Much Ado About Nothing'') || William Shakespeare || Leonato, gubernator Messyny || Teatr Narodowy |- | 2009 || ''Balladyna''|| Juliusz Słowacki || Chochlik || Teatr Narodowy |- | 2011 || ''Walizka''|| Małgorzata Sikorska-Miszczuk || Fransua Żako || Teatr Narodowy |- | 2012 || ''Pożegnania''|| Stanisław Dygat || Pułkownik || Teatr Narodowy |- | 2013 || ''Nosorożec'' (''Rhinoceros'') || Eugène Ionesco || Papillon || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2013 || ''Cudotwórca''|| Brian Friel || Teddy || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2013 || ''Absolwent'' (''The Graduate'') || Terry Johnson || Psychiatra, Pastor, Gość w barze || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2014 || ''Trzy siostry'' (''Three Sisters'') || Anton Chekhov || Fiodor Kułygin || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2014 || ''Dotknij wiatru, dotknij wody''|| Amos Oz || Piotr || Teatr Żydowski |- | 2014 || ''Kupiec wenecki'' (''The Merchant of Venice'') || William Shakespeare || Shylock || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2015 || ''Dajcie mi tenora!'' (''Lend Me a Tenor'') || Ken Ludwig || Sanders || Teatr Capitol |- | 2015 || ''Szalbierz''|| György Spiró || Rogowski || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2016 || ''Wizyta starszej pani'' (''The Visit'') || Friedrich Dürrenmatt || Proboszcz || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2017 || ''Sługa dwóch panów'' (''The Servant of Two Masters'') || Carlo Goldoni || Dottore Lombardo || Teatr Dramatyczny |} == Radio drama (selected) == * ''Hamlet'' (William Shakespeare), directed by Anna Wieczur-Bluszcz * ''Lilla Weneda'' (Juliusz Słowacki), directed by Dariusz Błaszczyk * ''Mateusz w piekle'' (Maria Wojtyszko), directed by Jakub Krofta * ''Garderobiany'' (after Ronald Harwood's ''[[The Dresser]]''), directed by Maciej Wojtyszko * ''Spotkanie na Świętokrzyskiej'' (Antoni Gołubiew) * ''Chłopak z Berdyczowa'' (Krzysztof Zaleski) * ''Opowieść wigilijna'' (after Charles Dickens's ''[[A Christmas Carol]]'') * ''[[Matysiakowie]]'': Gienek Matysiak (2009–2017) == Audiobooks == * ''Szpital Przemienienia'' (''Hospital of the Transfiguration''), [[Stanisław Lem]] * ''Kobiety'' (''[[Women (novel)|Women]]''), Charles Bukowski * ''Innowatorzy'' (''[[The Innovators (book)|The Innovators]]''), Walter Isaacson * ''Alchemik'' (''[[The Alchemist (novel)|The Alchemist]]''), Paulo Coelho, full-cast production * ''Biblia Audio. Nowy Testament'' (New Testament), full-cast production * ''1812: Serce Zimy'', Magdalena and Maciej Reputakowski * ''Dół'' (''The Foundation Pit''), Andrei Platonov: Polish Radio 2, ''To się czyta'' * ''Dom Rothschildów. Prorocy finansów 1798–1848'', Niall Ferguson: Polish Radio 2, ''To się czyta'' == Voice roles (selected) == === Film and television === * ''The Great Mouse Detective'': Professor Ratigan * ''Oliver & Company'': Fagin * ''Ice Age'' (2002): Soto * ''Return to Never Land'' (2002): Captain Hook * ''The Incredibles'' (2004): Director * ''Cars'' (2006), ''Cars 3'' (2017): The King / Strip Weathers * ''Ratatouille'' (2007): Mustafa * ''Harry Potter'' films (2007–2011): Rubeus Hagrid * ''WALL-E'' (2008): John * ''Guardians of the Galaxy'' (2014): Peter's grandfather * ''The Boxtrolls'' (2014): Archibald Snatcher * ''Minions'' (2015): Narrator * ''Star Wars: The Force Awakens'' (2015): Unkar Plutt * ''Kung Fu Panda 3'' (2016): Kai * ''Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice'' (2016): Perry White * ''Rogue One'' (2016): Baze Malbus * ''Trollhunters'' (2016–2017): AAARRRGGHH!!! / Walter Strickler * ''Castlevania'' (2017): Dracula === Video games === * ''The Witcher'' (2007): Jacques de Aldersberg * ''Uncharted'' series, including ''Uncharted 4: A Thief's End'' (2016): Victor "Sully" Sullivan * ''God of War: Ghost of Sparta'': Thanatos * ''The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt'' (2015) and ''Gwent'' (2017–2018): Sigismund Dijkstra * ''Dying Light'' (2015): Kadir "Rais" Suleiman * ''Doom'' (2016): Samuel Hayden * ''Horizon Zero Dawn'' (2017): several roles * ''Destiny 2'' (2017): Lord Shaxx * ''Syberia 3'' (2017): Doctor Mangoling * Others: ''Crysis'', ''The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim'', ''Dragon Age'', ''League of Legends'', ''Diablo III: Reaper of Souls'' == References == == External links == * {{IMDb name|0089782}} * [https://filmpolski.pl/fp/index.php?osoba=113277 Andrzej Blumenfeld] at FilmPolski.pl * [https://encyklopediateatru.pl/osoby/145/andrzej-blumenfeld Andrzej Blumenfeld] at the Encyclopedia of Polish Theatre * [https://culture.pl/pl/tworca/andrzej-blumenfeld Andrzej Blumenfeld] at Culture.pl {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Blumenfeld, Andrzej}} [[Category:1951 births]] [[Category:2017 deaths]] [[Category:People from Zabrze]] [[Category:Polish male stage actors]] [[Category:Polish male film actors]] [[Category:Polish male television actors]] [[Category:Polish male voice actors]] [[Category:Polish male radio actors]] [[Category:Audiobook narrators]] [[Category:Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw alumni]] [[Category:Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)]] [[Category:Recipients of the Silver Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis]] [[Category:Burials at Wola Cemetery]] 9fa4q1dot9gijyictajvg1kqs674i3g 11024025 11024022 2026-10-08T14:58:06Z Blumieus 1886968 Removed invalid citations. 11024025 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Andrzej Blumenfeld (2).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Andrzej Blumenfeld in 2012]] {{Short description|Polish actor (1951–2017)}} {{Infobox person | name = Andrzej Blumenfeld | image = | caption = Blumenfeld in 2012 | birth_name = Andrzej Stanisław Blumenfeld | birth_date = {{birth date|1951|8|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Zabrze]], Poland | death_date = {{death date and age|2017|8|14|1951|8|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[Warsaw]], Poland | resting_place = [[Wola Cemetery]], Warsaw | alma_mater = [[Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw|State Higher School of Theatre (PWST), Warsaw]] | occupation = Actor, voice actor, audiobook narrator, acting teacher | years_active = 1973–2017 | awards = [[Cross of Merit (Poland)|Gold Cross of Merit]] (2005)<br />[[Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis|Silver Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis]] (2013) }} '''Andrzej Stanisław Blumenfeld''' (12 August 1951 – 14 August 2017) was a Polish stage, film, television, radio and voice actor. Over a 44-year career he was a member of several leading Polish theatre companies, including [[Teatr Wybrzeże]] in Gdańsk and the [[National Theatre, Warsaw|National Theatre]] and [[Teatr Dramatyczny|Dramatic Theatre]] in Warsaw. In August 1980, as a member of Teatr Wybrzeże, he was one of the actors who performed poetry for the striking workers of the [[Gdańsk Shipyard]] during the strike that gave rise to [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]]. He appeared in more than 40 films, among them [[Roman Polanski]]'s ''[[The Pianist (2002 film)|The Pianist]]'' (2002) and Ken Scott's ''[[Delivery Man (film)|Delivery Man]]'' (2013), and was one of the most prolific Polish dubbing and video game voice actors of his generation. == Early life and education == Blumenfeld was born in [[Zabrze]], Silesia. As a young man he was more interested in music, archaeology and astronomy than in acting. After secondary school, at his parents' suggestion, he prepared for the drama school entrance exams under the guidance of actor Michał Leśniak. He graduated from the Acting Faculty of the [[Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw|State Higher School of Theatre (PWST) in Warsaw]] in 1973. While still a student he made his stage debut as the Messenger in [[Sophocles]]' ''[[Antigone (Sophocles play)|Antigone]]'', directed by [[Adam Hanuszkiewicz]]. == Career == === Koszalin and Gdańsk (1973–1980) === Blumenfeld's professional theatre debut is recorded as 17 November 1973. He spent his first two seasons at the Bałtycki Teatr Dramatyczny im. Juliusza Słowackiego in [[Koszalin]]–[[Słupsk]] (1973–1975), where in 1975 he received the Hugon Moryciński Young Artist Award at the 17th Festival of Northern Polish Theatres in [[Toruń]] for his role as the Farmhand in [[Sławomir Mrożek]]'s ''Zabawa''. In Koszalin he first worked with director [[Henryk Baranowski]], who staged ''La Dame aux Camélias'' and ''Dziś bliźniaki'' there in 1974; Blumenfeld played Armand and Harlequin in those productions. From 1975 to 1980 he was a member of [[Teatr Wybrzeże]] in Gdańsk. His roles there included Staszek in [[Stanisław Wyspiański]]'s ''[[The Wedding (Wyspiański play)|The Wedding]]'' (1976), Cyril in [[Witold Gombrowicz]]'s ''[[Ivona, Princess of Burgundia]]'' (1977) and Father Piotr in [[Adam Mickiewicz]]'s ''[[Dziady]]'' (1979), directed by [[Maciej Prus]]. === Gdańsk Shipyard strike, August 1980 === During the [[Gdańsk Shipyard|Gdańsk Lenin Shipyard]] occupation strike of August 1980, a group of Teatr Wybrzeże actors, led by the theatre's director Maciej Prus, accepted an invitation from the strikers and performed for them on 27, 28 and 29 August in the shipyard's BHP (Health and Safety) Hall, where the [[Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee]] was meeting. Their poetry programmes, prepared at short notice, drew on [[Jan Kochanowski|Kochanowski]], Mickiewicz, [[Juliusz Słowacki|Słowacki]], Wyspiański, [[Cyprian Norwid|Norwid]], [[Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński|Baczyński]], [[Julian Tuwim|Tuwim]] and [[Czesław Miłosz|Miłosz]]. Blumenfeld was among the performers: he recited "The Vision of Father Piotr" from Mickiewicz's ''Dziady'', the role he had played on the Teatr Wybrzeże stage the previous year. In this scene, a central text of Polish Romantic [[Messianism#Polish Messianism|messianism]], Father Piotr sees the nation's suffering under foreign tyranny and foresees its resurrection. A photograph of the performance in the BHP Hall, taken by Stanisław Składanowski and held in the archive of the [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN), shows Blumenfeld with Maciej Prus, [[Halina Winiarska]], Elżbieta Goetel, Jerzy Łapiński, Jerzy Kiszkis, Marian Dworakowski and the satirist Maciej Pietrzyk. Photographs of the Teatr Wybrzeże actors during the strike are also held in the collection of the [[European Solidarity Centre]] in Gdańsk. On the 40th anniversary in 2020, Teatr Wybrzeże restaged the shipyard performances in a production titled ''Wracaliśmy wreszcie do własnego domu'', with texts reconstructed from the 1980 actors' memories and documents held by the IPN. === Warsaw and West Berlin (1980–1991) === In 1980, near the end of his time as director, [[Gustaw Holoubek]] brought Blumenfeld into the company of Teatr Dramatyczny in Warsaw. He stayed there until 1991. His roles there included Kominius in ''[[Coriolanus]]'' and Aleksander Waszkowski in ''Dwie głowy ptaka'' (both 1982), and the Director in [[Luigi Pirandello|Pirandello]]'s ''[[Six Characters in Search of an Author]]'' (1983). In the 1980s he was also associated with the Transformtheater in West Berlin, an independent émigré company founded in 1981 by Henryk Baranowski and Bettina Wilhelm. The company became a leading venue of Berlin's independent theatre scene, staging works based on Genet, Kafka, Tabori, Joyce, Różewicz and Kajzar. Sources date his Berlin period to 1982–1985. Colleagues later recalled that he acted in German, English and Russian. === Teatr Studio, National Theatre and later career (1991–2017) === He was a member of [[Teatr Studio]] im. Stanisława Ignacego Witkiewicza (1991–1997), where his roles included Leopold Bloom in ''...tak chcę tak'' (after Joyce's ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'', 1991), Franz Kafka in ''[[The Castle (novel)|The Castle]]'' (1991), Telegin in ''[[Uncle Vanya]]'' (1993), Philinte in ''[[The Misanthrope]]'' (1995) and the Chamberlain in ''Ivona, Princess of Burgundia'' (1997). He then joined the National Theatre, where he worked from 1997 to 2012/13, often in productions directed by [[Jerzy Grzegorzewski]]. In 2013 [[Tadeusz Słobodzianek]] invited him back to Teatr Dramatyczny, where his last role was Dottore Lombardo in [[Carlo Goldoni]]'s ''[[The Servant of Two Masters]]'', directed by Tadeusz Bradecki (premiere January 2017). He also worked as a guest artist with the Warsaw theatres Nowy, Komedia, Scena Prezentacje, Powszechny, Teatr Na Woli, Teatr Capitol, the theatre at Szwedzka 2/4 and the [[Jewish Theatre, Warsaw|Jewish Theatre]]. Other directors he worked with included Stanisław Hebanowski. He also performed in [[Olga Lipińska]]'s television cabaret. === Film and television === Blumenfeld made his screen debut as Bielinek in Roman Wionczek's television film ''Padalce'' (1973/74). He worked mainly as a character actor in supporting and cameo roles, including in [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]]'s ''[[Dekalog: Four]]'', [[Leszek Wosiewicz]]'s ''Kornblumenblau'', [[Kazimierz Kutz]]'s ''Pułkownik Kwiatkowski'', [[Juliusz Machulski]]'s ''Kiler-ów 2-óch'' and Polanski's ''The Pianist''. On television he appeared in series including ''[[07 zgłoś się]]'', ''Zespół adwokacki'', ''Matki, żony i kochanki'', ''Ekstradycja 3'', ''[[M jak miłość]]'', ''Pensjonat pod Różą'', ''[[Na Wspólnej]]'', ''[[Na dobre i na złe]]'', ''[[Ojciec Mateusz]]'' and ''Druga szansa''. Late in his career he gained international attention. In ''Delivery Man'' (2013) he played Mikolaj Wozniak, the Polish immigrant father of [[Vince Vaughn]]'s character. The role came through an open casting call for an English-speaking Polish actor of his age, and American reviewers praised his performance. This was followed by roles in the Indian film ''[[Bangistan]]'' (2015), the Japanese film ''[[Persona Non Grata (2015 film)|Persona Non Grata]]'' (2015) and [[Duncan Jones]]'s ''[[Mute (2018 film)|Mute]]'' (2018), which was released after his death. === Radio === Blumenfeld was a long-standing member of the [[Polish Radio Theatre|Polish Radio Theatre (Teatr Polskiego Radia)]] company. From November 2009 he played Gienek Matysiak in the long-running radio serial ''[[Matysiakowie]]'', taking over the role from Andrzej Fedorowicz. On Polish Radio 2 (Dwójka) he read books in the series ''To się czyta'', including [[Andrei Platonov]]'s ''[[The Foundation Pit]]'' and [[Niall Ferguson]]'s ''[[The House of Rothschild]]''. === Dubbing and voice work === Blumenfeld voiced characters in several dozen Polish-language versions of films, series and video games, and worked with SDI Media Polska. His best-known voice roles include Professor Ratigan in ''[[The Great Mouse Detective]]'', [[Rubeus Hagrid]] in the later ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]]'' films, Jacques de Aldersberg in ''[[The Witcher (video game)|The Witcher]]'', [[Sigismund Dijkstra]] in ''[[The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt]]'' and Victor "Sully" Sullivan in the ''[[Uncharted]]'' series. === Audiobooks === He was a sought-after audiobook narrator, recording works by authors including [[Stanisław Lem]], [[Charles Bukowski]], [[Walter Isaacson]] and [[Paulo Coelho]]. === Teaching === Blumenfeld taught acting at the Danuta Baduszkowa Vocal and Acting Studio (Studio Wokalno-Aktorskie im. Danuty Baduszkowej), the training school attached to the [[Musical Theatre in Gdynia]]. A former student, the theatre critic Wiesław Kowalski, has described him as a demanding but fair teacher who led students deep into the word, rhythm and meaning of classical texts; his class worked on the witches' scenes from ''[[Macbeth]]''. == Personal life and death == Blumenfeld died in Warsaw on 14 August 2017, two days after his 66th birthday. He was buried on 22 August 2017 at [[Wola Cemetery]] (section 89, row 4, grave 3). Polish Radio 2 broadcast a programme in his memory the following day. == Honours and awards == * 1975: Hugon Moryciński Young Artist Award, 17th Festival of Northern Polish Theatres, Toruń * 2005: [[Cross of Merit (Poland)|Gold Cross of Merit]], for services to the arts (presidential decision of 22 August 2005) * 2013: [[Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis|Silver Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis]] == Filmography == === Film === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes |- | 1973/74 || ''Padalce'' || Bielinek || TV film; screen debut |- | 1986 || ''Cudowne dziecko'' (''The Young Magician'') || Piotr's teacher || |- | 1986 || ''Biały smok'' (''Legend of the White Horse'') || Bartan || |- | 1986 || ''Nieproszony gość'' || Guest || |- | 1988 || ''[[Dekalog: Four]]'' || Michał's colleague || |- | 1988 || ''Obywatel Piszczyk'' || Writer Stawiński || |- | 1988 || ''Kornblumenblau'' || Flautist || |- | 1989 || ''Lawa'' || Writer IV in the "Warsaw Salon" || |- | 1992 || ''1968. Szczęśliwego Nowego Roku'' || Major || |- | 1993 || ''Nic oprócz strachu'' || Transmission van engineer || |- | 1993 || ''Pierścionek z orłem w koronie'' || Guard at the PPR district committee || |- | 1994 || ''Dama Kameliowa'' || Natan Nussen || |- | 1995 || ''Prowokator'' || Struwe || |- | 1995 || ''Pułkownik Kwiatkowski'' || Army surgeon / Major Rozen || |- | 1995 || ''Puszka Pandory'' || Casti Piani || |- | 1997 || ''Wezwanie'' || || |- | 1999 || ''Kiler-ów 2-óch'' || Celejewski, Lipski's lawyer || |- | 2000 || ''Prymas. Trzy lata z tysiąca'' || Herbert, UB officer || |- | 2002 || ''Tam, gdzie żyją Eskimosi'' (''Where Eskimos Live'') || Taxi driver || |- | 2002 || ''[[The Pianist (2002 film)|The Pianist]]'' || Benek || |- | 2003 || ''Zróbmy sobie wnuka'' || Apartment owner || |- | 2008 || ''Wiosna 1941'' (''Spring 1941'') || Mayor Grol || |- | 2009 || ''Idealny facet dla mojej dziewczyny'' || Milena's father || |- | 2010 || ''[[Little Rose]]'' (''Różyczka'') || Malkiewicz, SB officer || |- | 2013 || ''[[Delivery Man (film)|Delivery Man]]'' || Mikolaj Wozniak || |- | 2015 || ''[[Bangistan]]'' || Wilfred || |- | 2015 || ''Carte Blanche'' || Teacher Jacek Florczak || |- | 2015 || ''[[Persona Non Grata (2015 film)|Persona Non Grata]]'' || Chaim Rosenthal || |- | 2017 || ''Bikini Blue'' || Kazik, blind hospital patient || |- | 2018 || ''[[Mute (2018 film)|Mute]]'' || Akim || |} === Television series === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes |- | 1978 || ''[[07 zgłoś się]]'' || Duty officer in Gdańsk || 1 episode |- | 1993 || ''Kuchnia polska'' || Major interrogating Jacek || 1 episode |- | 1994 || ''[[Tatort]]'' || Jovan Plosky || German series, 1 episode |- | 1994 || ''Zespół adwokacki'' || Court expert || 1 episode |- | 1995 || ''Sukces'' || || |- | 1996 || ''Bar Atlantic'' || || |- | 1997 || ''Der Kapitän'' || Siletzki || German series, 1 episode |- | 1997 || ''Wojenna narzeczona'' || French farmer || |- | 1998 || ''Matki, żony i kochanki'' || Witold Dębicki || |- | 1998 || ''Ekstradycja 3'' || Klaus Blumenfeld || |- | 1998–2003 || ''[[Miodowe lata]]'' || Chief cashier || |- | 1999 || ''Trzy szalone zera'' || Critic || |- | 2000 || ''[[M jak miłość]]'' || President of a district court division || |- | 2000–2001 || ''Przeprowadzki'' || Millionaire Nukim Teitelbaum || |- | 2001–2002 || ''Marzenia do spełnienia'' || Stefan, director of a culture centre || |- | 2002 || ''Król przedmieścia'' || Doctor Nowak || |- | 2004–2006 || ''Pensjonat pod Różą'' || Jaś || |- | 2005 || ''[[Pope John Paul II (miniseries)|Pope John Paul II]]'' || [[Edward Gierek]] || Miniseries |- | 2008 || ''[[Czas honoru]]'' || President of the Jewish community || Episode 5 |- | 2008 || ''Trzeci oficer'' || "Motyl" || |- | 2009 || ''Siostry'' || Gawoł, elder of the Buchała clan || Episode 7 |- | 2009 || ''Sprawiedliwi'' || Lawyer Kohn || Episodes 2, 5, 6 |- | 2010 || ''1920. Wojna i miłość'' || Samuel the miller || Episodes 3–4 |- | 2010–2011 || ''[[Na Wspólnej]]'' || Hubert Leszczyński, Zuzanna's father || 8 episodes |- | 2010–2011 || ''Prosto w serce'' || Monument conservator || Episodes 130–131 |- | 2011 || ''[[Na dobre i na złe]]'' || Konrad, archaeologist || Episode 435 |- | 2012 || ''[[Ojciec Mateusz]]'' || Emil Grabski, conservator || Episode 95 |- | 2012, 2014 || ''Prawo Agaty'' || Judge Rybicki || Episodes 18, 58 |- | 2014 || ''Ojciec Mateusz'' || Publisher Cyprian Śmieszkowski || Episodes 148, 153 |- | 2014 || ''To nie koniec świata!'' || Tadeusz, Kamila's husband || Episode 17 |- | 2015 || ''Prokurator'' || Surgeon || Episode 10 |- | 2016 || ''The Menten Files'' || Isaac Pistiner || 2 episodes |- | 2016 || ''Druga szansa'' || Head of ward || Seasons 1–2 |} === Television Theatre (Teatr Telewizji) === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Year !! Title !! Role |- | 2009 || ''Operacja Reszka'' || Russian train manager |- | 2009 || ''Opowiadania dla dzieci'' || |- | 2014 || ''Nad'' || Prison governor |- | 2017 || ''Mrok'' || Father |- | 2017 || ''Sprawa Rity G.'' || Judge |} == Stage roles == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Year !! Title !! Author !! Role !! Theatre / notes |- | 1973 || ''Antygona'' (''Antigone'') || Sophocles || Messenger || Debut as a student; dir. Adam Hanuszkiewicz |- | 1973 || ''Bo takie mamy życie…'' || Wojciech Młynarski || || Koszalin |- | 1973 || ''Nora'' (''A Doll's House'') || Henrik Ibsen || Günther || Koszalin |- | 1973 || ''Kolędnicy'' || || || Koszalin |- | 1974 || ''Dama kameliowa'' (''La Dame aux Camélias'') || after Alexandre Dumas || Armand || Koszalin; dir. Henryk Baranowski |- | 1974 || ''Dziś bliźniaki'' || Carlo Goldoni || Harlequin || Koszalin; dir. Henryk Baranowski |- | 1974 || ''Awans'' || Edward Redliński || Magister || Koszalin |- | 1974 || ''Granica'' || after Zofia Nałkowska || Karol Wąbrowski || Koszalin |- | 1975 || ''Zabawa'' || Sławomir Mrożek || Farmhand II || Koszalin; Hugon Moryciński Award |- | 1975 || ''Maria Stuart'' (''Mary Stuart'') || Friedrich Schiller || Mortimer || |- | 1976 || ''Białe Małżeństwo'' (''White Marriage'') || Tadeusz Różewicz || Benjamin || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1976 || ''Zbyt Prawdziwe (Too True To Be Good)'' || George Bernard Shaw || Bakcyl || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1976 || ''Wesele'' (''The Wedding'') || Stanisław Wyspiański || Staszek || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1977 || ''Iwona, księżniczka Burgunda'' (''Ivona, Princess of Burgundia'') || Witold Gombrowicz || Cyril || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1977 || ''Samuel Zborowski'' || Juliusz Słowacki || Frater Theologus || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1977 || ''Bal w Operze'' || Julian Tuwim || || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1978 || ''Wieczór Trzech Króli'' (''Twelfth Night'') || William Shakespeare || Valentine || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1978 || ''W mrokach złotego pałacu, czyli Bazylissa Teofanu'' || Tadeusz Miciński || Svyatoslav || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1978 || ''Wróg ludu'' (''An Enemy of the People'') || Henrik Ibsen || || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1978 || ''Kraina 105 tajemnicy'' || || Ostrich || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1979 || ''Przedstawienie „Hamleta” we wsi Głucha Dolna'' || Ivo Brešan || Peasant || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1979 || ''Czarny romans'' || Władysław Terlecki || Wiktor || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1979 || ''Dziady'' (''Forefathers' Eve'') || Adam Mickiewicz || Father Piotr || Teatr Wybrzeże; dir. Maciej Prus |- | 1980 || ''Operetka'' || Witold Gombrowicz || Pan || |- | 1980 || ''Jak wam się podoba'' (''As You Like It'') || William Shakespeare || Pan na dworze Fryderyka || |- | 1981 || ''Łunin, czyli śmierć Kubusia Fatalisty'' || Edvard Radzinsky || Grigoriev || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1981 || ''Pieszo'' || Sławomir Mrożek || Teacher || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1982 || ''Kaligula'' (''Caligula'') || Albert Camus || Metellus || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1982 || ''Mord w katedrze'' (''Murder in the Cathedral'') || T. S. Eliot || Third Tempter || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1982 || ''Ścisły nadzór'' (''Deathwatch'') || Jean Genet || Jules || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1982 || ''Koriolan'' (''Coriolanus'') || William Shakespeare || Cominius || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 30 Dec 1982 || ''Dwie głowy ptaka'' || Jarosław Marek Rymkiewicz || Aleksander Waszkowski || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1983 || ''Sześć postaci szuka autora'' (''Six Characters in Search of an Author'') || Luigi Pirandello || Theatre Director || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1985 || ''Narkotyki'' || Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz || || |- | 1986 || ''Happy End'' || Bertolt Brecht / Kurt Weill || Jimmy Dexter "The Reverend" || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1987 || ''Turandot, czyli kongres wybielaczy'' || Bertolt Brecht || Ki Leh || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1987 || ''Teatr czasów Nerona i Seneki'' || Edvard Radzinsky || Antonius Flavius || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1988 || ''33 omdlenia'' (''33 Swoons'') || after Anton Chekhov || Chubukov, Luka, Shipuchin || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1988 || ''Gwiazda za murem'' || Jacek Stanisław Buras || Actor || |- | 1988 || ''Car Mikołaj'' || Tadeusz Słobodzianek || Comrade Vova || |- | 1989 || ''Zatruta studnia'' || Jacek Kaczmarski || || |- | 1991 || ''Nie-Boska komedia'' (''The Un-Divine Comedy'') || Zygmunt Krasiński || The Convert || Teatr Studio |- | 1991 || ''…tak chcę tak'' || after James Joyce || Leopold Bloom || Teatr Studio |- | 1991 || ''Miasto liczy psie nosy'' || Jerzy Grzegorzewski || Middle-aged man || Teatr Studio |- | 1991 || ''Zamek'' (''The Castle'') || after Franz Kafka || Franz Kafka (K., the land surveyor) || Teatr Studio |- | 1992 || ''Lautréamont Sny'' || ''Lautréamont''|| Hotelier || Teatr Studio |- | 1993 || ''Wujaszek Wania'' (''Uncle Vanya'') || Anton Chekhov || Ilya Telegin || Teatr Studio |- | 1993 || ''Ofiary obowiązku'' (''Victims of Duty'') || Eugène Ionesco || || Teatr Studio |- | 1994 || ''Cztery komedie równoległe'' || Jerzy Grzegorzewski || General || Teatr Studio |- | 1994 || ''Pan Paweł'' || Tankred Dorst || Pan Paweł || Teatr Studio |- | 1995 || ''La Bohème'' || Stanisław Wyspiański || Nose || Teatr Studio |- | 1995 || ''Samoobsługa'' || Harold Pinter || Osoby || Teatr Studio |- | 1995 || ''Mizantrop'' (''The Misanthrope'') || Molière || Philinte || Teatr Studio |- | 1996 || ''Zima pod stołem'' || Roland Topor || Grishka || Teatr Studio |- | 1996 || ''Don Juan'' || Molière || Monsieur Dimanche || Teatr Studio |- | 1997 || ''Iwona, księżniczka Burgunda'' || Witold Gombrowicz || Chamberlain || Teatr Studio |- | 1997/2001 || ''Noc listopadowa'' (''November Night'') || Stanisław Wyspiański || Gendre || Teatr Narodowy |- | 2008 || ''Wiele hałasu o nic'' (''Much Ado About Nothing'') || William Shakespeare || Leonato, gubernator Messyny || Teatr Narodowy |- | 2009 || ''Balladyna''|| Juliusz Słowacki || Chochlik || Teatr Narodowy |- | 2011 || ''Walizka''|| Małgorzata Sikorska-Miszczuk || Fransua Żako || Teatr Narodowy |- | 2012 || ''Pożegnania''|| Stanisław Dygat || Pułkownik || Teatr Narodowy |- | 2013 || ''Nosorożec'' (''Rhinoceros'') || Eugène Ionesco || Papillon || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2013 || ''Cudotwórca''|| Brian Friel || Teddy || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2013 || ''Absolwent'' (''The Graduate'') || Terry Johnson || Psychiatra, Pastor, Gość w barze || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2014 || ''Trzy siostry'' (''Three Sisters'') || Anton Chekhov || Fiodor Kułygin || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2014 || ''Dotknij wiatru, dotknij wody''|| Amos Oz || Piotr || Teatr Żydowski |- | 2014 || ''Kupiec wenecki'' (''The Merchant of Venice'') || William Shakespeare || Shylock || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2015 || ''Dajcie mi tenora!'' (''Lend Me a Tenor'') || Ken Ludwig || Sanders || Teatr Capitol |- | 2015 || ''Szalbierz''|| György Spiró || Rogowski || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2016 || ''Wizyta starszej pani'' (''The Visit'') || Friedrich Dürrenmatt || Proboszcz || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2017 || ''Sługa dwóch panów'' (''The Servant of Two Masters'') || Carlo Goldoni || Dottore Lombardo || Teatr Dramatyczny |} == Radio drama (selected) == * ''Hamlet'' (William Shakespeare), directed by Anna Wieczur-Bluszcz * ''Lilla Weneda'' (Juliusz Słowacki), directed by Dariusz Błaszczyk * ''Mateusz w piekle'' (Maria Wojtyszko), directed by Jakub Krofta * ''Garderobiany'' (after Ronald Harwood's ''[[The Dresser]]''), directed by Maciej Wojtyszko * ''Spotkanie na Świętokrzyskiej'' (Antoni Gołubiew) * ''Chłopak z Berdyczowa'' (Krzysztof Zaleski) * ''Opowieść wigilijna'' (after Charles Dickens's ''[[A Christmas Carol]]'') * ''[[Matysiakowie]]'': Gienek Matysiak (2009–2017) == Audiobooks == * ''Szpital Przemienienia'' (''Hospital of the Transfiguration''), [[Stanisław Lem]] * ''Kobiety'' (''[[Women (novel)|Women]]''), Charles Bukowski * ''Innowatorzy'' (''[[The Innovators (book)|The Innovators]]''), Walter Isaacson * ''Alchemik'' (''[[The Alchemist (novel)|The Alchemist]]''), Paulo Coelho, full-cast production * ''Biblia Audio. Nowy Testament'' (New Testament), full-cast production * ''1812: Serce Zimy'', Magdalena and Maciej Reputakowski * ''Dół'' (''The Foundation Pit''), Andrei Platonov: Polish Radio 2, ''To się czyta'' * ''Dom Rothschildów. Prorocy finansów 1798–1848'', Niall Ferguson: Polish Radio 2, ''To się czyta'' == Voice roles (selected) == === Film and television === * ''The Great Mouse Detective'': Professor Ratigan * ''Oliver & Company'': Fagin * ''Ice Age'' (2002): Soto * ''Return to Never Land'' (2002): Captain Hook * ''The Incredibles'' (2004): Director * ''Cars'' (2006), ''Cars 3'' (2017): The King / Strip Weathers * ''Ratatouille'' (2007): Mustafa * ''Harry Potter'' films (2007–2011): Rubeus Hagrid * ''WALL-E'' (2008): John * ''Guardians of the Galaxy'' (2014): Peter's grandfather * ''The Boxtrolls'' (2014): Archibald Snatcher * ''Minions'' (2015): Narrator * ''Star Wars: The Force Awakens'' (2015): Unkar Plutt * ''Kung Fu Panda 3'' (2016): Kai * ''Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice'' (2016): Perry White * ''Rogue One'' (2016): Baze Malbus * ''Trollhunters'' (2016–2017): AAARRRGGHH!!! / Walter Strickler * ''Castlevania'' (2017): Dracula === Video games === * ''The Witcher'' (2007): Jacques de Aldersberg * ''Uncharted'' series, including ''Uncharted 4: A Thief's End'' (2016): Victor "Sully" Sullivan * ''God of War: Ghost of Sparta'': Thanatos * ''The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt'' (2015) and ''Gwent'' (2017–2018): Sigismund Dijkstra * ''Dying Light'' (2015): Kadir "Rais" Suleiman * ''Doom'' (2016): Samuel Hayden * ''Horizon Zero Dawn'' (2017): several roles * ''Destiny 2'' (2017): Lord Shaxx * ''Syberia 3'' (2017): Doctor Mangoling * Others: ''Crysis'', ''The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim'', ''Dragon Age'', ''League of Legends'', ''Diablo III: Reaper of Souls'' == References == == External links == * {{IMDb name|0089782}} * [https://filmpolski.pl/fp/index.php?osoba=113277 Andrzej Blumenfeld] at FilmPolski.pl * [https://encyklopediateatru.pl/osoby/145/andrzej-blumenfeld Andrzej Blumenfeld] at the Encyclopedia of Polish Theatre * [https://culture.pl/pl/tworca/andrzej-blumenfeld Andrzej Blumenfeld] at Culture.pl {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Blumenfeld, Andrzej}} [[Category:1951 births]] [[Category:2017 deaths]] [[Category:People from Zabrze]] [[Category:Polish male stage actors]] [[Category:Polish male film actors]] [[Category:Polish male television actors]] [[Category:Polish male voice actors]] [[Category:Polish male radio actors]] [[Category:Audiobook narrators]] [[Category:Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw alumni]] [[Category:Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)]] [[Category:Recipients of the Silver Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis]] [[Category:Burials at Wola Cemetery]] sy7d8x5xnjdlxundbkwe32sjl0ti98i 11024033 11024025 2026-10-08T15:30:17Z Blumieus 1886968 Added citations to Honours and awards section. 11024033 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Andrzej Blumenfeld (2).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Andrzej Blumenfeld in 2012]] {{Short description|Polish actor (1951–2017)}} {{Infobox person | name = Andrzej Blumenfeld | image = | caption = Blumenfeld in 2012 | birth_name = Andrzej Stanisław Blumenfeld | birth_date = {{birth date|1951|8|12|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Zabrze]], Poland | death_date = {{death date and age|2017|8|14|1951|8|12|df=y}} | death_place = [[Warsaw]], Poland | resting_place = [[Wola Cemetery]], Warsaw | alma_mater = [[Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw|State Higher School of Theatre (PWST), Warsaw]] | occupation = Actor, voice actor, audiobook narrator, acting teacher | years_active = 1973–2017 | awards = [[Cross of Merit (Poland)|Gold Cross of Merit]] (2005)<br />[[Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis|Silver Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis]] (2013) }} '''Andrzej Stanisław Blumenfeld''' (12 August 1951 – 14 August 2017) was a Polish stage, film, television, radio and voice actor. Over a 44-year career he was a member of several leading Polish theatre companies, including [[Teatr Wybrzeże]] in Gdańsk and the [[National Theatre, Warsaw|National Theatre]] and [[Teatr Dramatyczny|Dramatic Theatre]] in Warsaw. In August 1980, as a member of Teatr Wybrzeże, he was one of the actors who performed poetry for the striking workers of the [[Gdańsk Shipyard]] during the strike that gave rise to [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]]. He appeared in more than 40 films, among them [[Roman Polanski]]'s ''[[The Pianist (2002 film)|The Pianist]]'' (2002) and Ken Scott's ''[[Delivery Man (film)|Delivery Man]]'' (2013), and was one of the most prolific Polish dubbing and video game voice actors of his generation. == Early life and education == Blumenfeld was born in [[Zabrze]], Silesia. As a young man he was more interested in music, archaeology and astronomy than in acting. After secondary school, at his parents' suggestion, he prepared for the drama school entrance exams under the guidance of actor Michał Leśniak. He graduated from the Acting Faculty of the [[Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw|State Higher School of Theatre (PWST) in Warsaw]] in 1973. While still a student he made his stage debut as the Messenger in [[Sophocles]]' ''[[Antigone (Sophocles play)|Antigone]]'', directed by [[Adam Hanuszkiewicz]]. == Career == === Koszalin and Gdańsk (1973–1980) === Blumenfeld's professional theatre debut is recorded as 17 November 1973. He spent his first two seasons at the Bałtycki Teatr Dramatyczny im. Juliusza Słowackiego in [[Koszalin]]–[[Słupsk]] (1973–1975), where in 1975 he received the Hugon Moryciński Young Artist Award at the 17th Festival of Northern Polish Theatres in [[Toruń]] for his role as the Farmhand in [[Sławomir Mrożek]]'s ''Zabawa''. In Koszalin he first worked with director [[Henryk Baranowski]], who staged ''La Dame aux Camélias'' and ''Dziś bliźniaki'' there in 1974; Blumenfeld played Armand and Harlequin in those productions. From 1975 to 1980 he was a member of [[Teatr Wybrzeże]] in Gdańsk. His roles there included Staszek in [[Stanisław Wyspiański]]'s ''[[The Wedding (Wyspiański play)|The Wedding]]'' (1976), Cyril in [[Witold Gombrowicz]]'s ''[[Ivona, Princess of Burgundia]]'' (1977) and Father Piotr in [[Adam Mickiewicz]]'s ''[[Dziady]]'' (1979), directed by [[Maciej Prus]]. === Gdańsk Shipyard strike, August 1980 === During the [[Gdańsk Shipyard|Gdańsk Lenin Shipyard]] occupation strike of August 1980, a group of Teatr Wybrzeże actors, led by the theatre's director Maciej Prus, accepted an invitation from the strikers and performed for them on 27, 28 and 29 August in the shipyard's BHP (Health and Safety) Hall, where the [[Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee]] was meeting. Their poetry programmes, prepared at short notice, drew on [[Jan Kochanowski|Kochanowski]], Mickiewicz, [[Juliusz Słowacki|Słowacki]], Wyspiański, [[Cyprian Norwid|Norwid]], [[Krzysztof Kamil Baczyński|Baczyński]], [[Julian Tuwim|Tuwim]] and [[Czesław Miłosz|Miłosz]]. Blumenfeld was among the performers: he recited "The Vision of Father Piotr" from Mickiewicz's ''Dziady'', the role he had played on the Teatr Wybrzeże stage the previous year. In this scene, a central text of Polish Romantic [[Messianism#Polish Messianism|messianism]], Father Piotr sees the nation's suffering under foreign tyranny and foresees its resurrection. A photograph of the performance in the BHP Hall, taken by Stanisław Składanowski and held in the archive of the [[Institute of National Remembrance]] (IPN), shows Blumenfeld with Maciej Prus, [[Halina Winiarska]], Elżbieta Goetel, Jerzy Łapiński, Jerzy Kiszkis, Marian Dworakowski and the satirist Maciej Pietrzyk. Photographs of the Teatr Wybrzeże actors during the strike are also held in the collection of the [[European Solidarity Centre]] in Gdańsk. On the 40th anniversary in 2020, Teatr Wybrzeże restaged the shipyard performances in a production titled ''Wracaliśmy wreszcie do własnego domu'', with texts reconstructed from the 1980 actors' memories and documents held by the IPN. === Warsaw and West Berlin (1980–1991) === In 1980, near the end of his time as director, [[Gustaw Holoubek]] brought Blumenfeld into the company of Teatr Dramatyczny in Warsaw. He stayed there until 1991. His roles there included Kominius in ''[[Coriolanus]]'' and Aleksander Waszkowski in ''Dwie głowy ptaka'' (both 1982), and the Director in [[Luigi Pirandello|Pirandello]]'s ''[[Six Characters in Search of an Author]]'' (1983). In the 1980s he was also associated with the Transformtheater in West Berlin, an independent émigré company founded in 1981 by Henryk Baranowski and Bettina Wilhelm. The company became a leading venue of Berlin's independent theatre scene, staging works based on Genet, Kafka, Tabori, Joyce, Różewicz and Kajzar. Sources date his Berlin period to 1982–1985. Colleagues later recalled that he acted in German, English and Russian. === Teatr Studio, National Theatre and later career (1991–2017) === He was a member of [[Teatr Studio]] im. Stanisława Ignacego Witkiewicza (1991–1997), where his roles included Leopold Bloom in ''...tak chcę tak'' (after Joyce's ''[[Ulysses (novel)|Ulysses]]'', 1991), Franz Kafka in ''[[The Castle (novel)|The Castle]]'' (1991), Telegin in ''[[Uncle Vanya]]'' (1993), Philinte in ''[[The Misanthrope]]'' (1995) and the Chamberlain in ''Ivona, Princess of Burgundia'' (1997). He then joined the National Theatre, where he worked from 1997 to 2012/13, often in productions directed by [[Jerzy Grzegorzewski]]. In 2013 [[Tadeusz Słobodzianek]] invited him back to Teatr Dramatyczny, where his last role was Dottore Lombardo in [[Carlo Goldoni]]'s ''[[The Servant of Two Masters]]'', directed by Tadeusz Bradecki (premiere January 2017). He also worked as a guest artist with the Warsaw theatres Nowy, Komedia, Scena Prezentacje, Powszechny, Teatr Na Woli, Teatr Capitol, the theatre at Szwedzka 2/4 and the [[Jewish Theatre, Warsaw|Jewish Theatre]]. Other directors he worked with included Stanisław Hebanowski. He also performed in [[Olga Lipińska]]'s television cabaret. === Film and television === Blumenfeld made his screen debut as Bielinek in Roman Wionczek's television film ''Padalce'' (1973/74). He worked mainly as a character actor in supporting and cameo roles, including in [[Krzysztof Kieślowski]]'s ''[[Dekalog: Four]]'', [[Leszek Wosiewicz]]'s ''Kornblumenblau'', [[Kazimierz Kutz]]'s ''Pułkownik Kwiatkowski'', [[Juliusz Machulski]]'s ''Kiler-ów 2-óch'' and Polanski's ''The Pianist''. On television he appeared in series including ''[[07 zgłoś się]]'', ''Zespół adwokacki'', ''Matki, żony i kochanki'', ''Ekstradycja 3'', ''[[M jak miłość]]'', ''Pensjonat pod Różą'', ''[[Na Wspólnej]]'', ''[[Na dobre i na złe]]'', ''[[Ojciec Mateusz]]'' and ''Druga szansa''. Late in his career he gained international attention. In ''Delivery Man'' (2013) he played Mikolaj Wozniak, the Polish immigrant father of [[Vince Vaughn]]'s character. The role came through an open casting call for an English-speaking Polish actor of his age, and American reviewers praised his performance. This was followed by roles in the Indian film ''[[Bangistan]]'' (2015), the Japanese film ''[[Persona Non Grata (2015 film)|Persona Non Grata]]'' (2015) and [[Duncan Jones]]'s ''[[Mute (2018 film)|Mute]]'' (2018), which was released after his death. === Radio === Blumenfeld was a long-standing member of the [[Polish Radio Theatre|Polish Radio Theatre (Teatr Polskiego Radia)]] company. From November 2009 he played Gienek Matysiak in the long-running radio serial ''[[Matysiakowie]]'', taking over the role from Andrzej Fedorowicz. On Polish Radio 2 (Dwójka) he read books in the series ''To się czyta'', including [[Andrei Platonov]]'s ''[[The Foundation Pit]]'' and [[Niall Ferguson]]'s ''[[The House of Rothschild]]''. === Dubbing and voice work === Blumenfeld voiced characters in several dozen Polish-language versions of films, series and video games, and worked with SDI Media Polska. His best-known voice roles include Professor Ratigan in ''[[The Great Mouse Detective]]'', [[Rubeus Hagrid]] in the later ''[[Harry Potter (film series)|Harry Potter]]'' films, Jacques de Aldersberg in ''[[The Witcher (video game)|The Witcher]]'', [[Sigismund Dijkstra]] in ''[[The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt]]'' and Victor "Sully" Sullivan in the ''[[Uncharted]]'' series. === Audiobooks === He was a sought-after audiobook narrator, recording works by authors including [[Stanisław Lem]], [[Charles Bukowski]], [[Walter Isaacson]] and [[Paulo Coelho]]. === Teaching === Blumenfeld taught acting at the Danuta Baduszkowa Vocal and Acting Studio (Studio Wokalno-Aktorskie im. Danuty Baduszkowej), the training school attached to the [[Musical Theatre in Gdynia]]. A former student, the theatre critic Wiesław Kowalski, has described him as a demanding but fair teacher who led students deep into the word, rhythm and meaning of classical texts; his class worked on the witches' scenes from ''[[Macbeth]]''. == Personal life and death == Blumenfeld died in Warsaw on 14 August 2017, two days after his 66th birthday. He was buried on 22 August 2017 at [[Wola Cemetery]] (section 89, row 4, grave 3). Polish Radio 2 broadcast a programme in his memory the following day. == Honours and awards == * 1975: Hugon Moryciński Young Artist Award, 17th Festival of Northern Polish Theatres, Toruń * 2005: [[:en:Cross_of_Merit_(Poland)|Gold Cross of Merit]], for services to the arts (presidential decision of 22 August 2005)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Monitor Polski 2005 r. nr 74, poz. 1019|url=https://www.dziennikustaw.gov.pl/mp/2005/s/74/1019|access-date=2026-10-08|website=www.dziennikustaw.gov.pl}}</ref> * 2013: [[:en:Gloria_Artis_Medal_for_Merit_to_Culture|Silver Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lista laureatów Medalu Zasłużony Kulturze Gloria Artis - Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego - Portal Gov.pl|url=https://www.gov.pl/web/kultura/lista-laureatow-medalu-zasluzony-kulturze-gloria-artis|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego|language=pl-PL}}</ref> == Filmography == === Film === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes |- | 1973/74 || ''Padalce'' || Bielinek || TV film; screen debut |- | 1986 || ''Cudowne dziecko'' (''The Young Magician'') || Piotr's teacher || |- | 1986 || ''Biały smok'' (''Legend of the White Horse'') || Bartan || |- | 1986 || ''Nieproszony gość'' || Guest || |- | 1988 || ''[[Dekalog: Four]]'' || Michał's colleague || |- | 1988 || ''Obywatel Piszczyk'' || Writer Stawiński || |- | 1988 || ''Kornblumenblau'' || Flautist || |- | 1989 || ''Lawa'' || Writer IV in the "Warsaw Salon" || |- | 1992 || ''1968. Szczęśliwego Nowego Roku'' || Major || |- | 1993 || ''Nic oprócz strachu'' || Transmission van engineer || |- | 1993 || ''Pierścionek z orłem w koronie'' || Guard at the PPR district committee || |- | 1994 || ''Dama Kameliowa'' || Natan Nussen || |- | 1995 || ''Prowokator'' || Struwe || |- | 1995 || ''Pułkownik Kwiatkowski'' || Army surgeon / Major Rozen || |- | 1995 || ''Puszka Pandory'' || Casti Piani || |- | 1997 || ''Wezwanie'' || || |- | 1999 || ''Kiler-ów 2-óch'' || Celejewski, Lipski's lawyer || |- | 2000 || ''Prymas. Trzy lata z tysiąca'' || Herbert, UB officer || |- | 2002 || ''Tam, gdzie żyją Eskimosi'' (''Where Eskimos Live'') || Taxi driver || |- | 2002 || ''[[The Pianist (2002 film)|The Pianist]]'' || Benek || |- | 2003 || ''Zróbmy sobie wnuka'' || Apartment owner || |- | 2008 || ''Wiosna 1941'' (''Spring 1941'') || Mayor Grol || |- | 2009 || ''Idealny facet dla mojej dziewczyny'' || Milena's father || |- | 2010 || ''[[Little Rose]]'' (''Różyczka'') || Malkiewicz, SB officer || |- | 2013 || ''[[Delivery Man (film)|Delivery Man]]'' || Mikolaj Wozniak || |- | 2015 || ''[[Bangistan]]'' || Wilfred || |- | 2015 || ''Carte Blanche'' || Teacher Jacek Florczak || |- | 2015 || ''[[Persona Non Grata (2015 film)|Persona Non Grata]]'' || Chaim Rosenthal || |- | 2017 || ''Bikini Blue'' || Kazik, blind hospital patient || |- | 2018 || ''[[Mute (2018 film)|Mute]]'' || Akim || |} === Television series === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes |- | 1978 || ''[[07 zgłoś się]]'' || Duty officer in Gdańsk || 1 episode |- | 1993 || ''Kuchnia polska'' || Major interrogating Jacek || 1 episode |- | 1994 || ''[[Tatort]]'' || Jovan Plosky || German series, 1 episode |- | 1994 || ''Zespół adwokacki'' || Court expert || 1 episode |- | 1995 || ''Sukces'' || || |- | 1996 || ''Bar Atlantic'' || || |- | 1997 || ''Der Kapitän'' || Siletzki || German series, 1 episode |- | 1997 || ''Wojenna narzeczona'' || French farmer || |- | 1998 || ''Matki, żony i kochanki'' || Witold Dębicki || |- | 1998 || ''Ekstradycja 3'' || Klaus Blumenfeld || |- | 1998–2003 || ''[[Miodowe lata]]'' || Chief cashier || |- | 1999 || ''Trzy szalone zera'' || Critic || |- | 2000 || ''[[M jak miłość]]'' || President of a district court division || |- | 2000–2001 || ''Przeprowadzki'' || Millionaire Nukim Teitelbaum || |- | 2001–2002 || ''Marzenia do spełnienia'' || Stefan, director of a culture centre || |- | 2002 || ''Król przedmieścia'' || Doctor Nowak || |- | 2004–2006 || ''Pensjonat pod Różą'' || Jaś || |- | 2005 || ''[[Pope John Paul II (miniseries)|Pope John Paul II]]'' || [[Edward Gierek]] || Miniseries |- | 2008 || ''[[Czas honoru]]'' || President of the Jewish community || Episode 5 |- | 2008 || ''Trzeci oficer'' || "Motyl" || |- | 2009 || ''Siostry'' || Gawoł, elder of the Buchała clan || Episode 7 |- | 2009 || ''Sprawiedliwi'' || Lawyer Kohn || Episodes 2, 5, 6 |- | 2010 || ''1920. Wojna i miłość'' || Samuel the miller || Episodes 3–4 |- | 2010–2011 || ''[[Na Wspólnej]]'' || Hubert Leszczyński, Zuzanna's father || 8 episodes |- | 2010–2011 || ''Prosto w serce'' || Monument conservator || Episodes 130–131 |- | 2011 || ''[[Na dobre i na złe]]'' || Konrad, archaeologist || Episode 435 |- | 2012 || ''[[Ojciec Mateusz]]'' || Emil Grabski, conservator || Episode 95 |- | 2012, 2014 || ''Prawo Agaty'' || Judge Rybicki || Episodes 18, 58 |- | 2014 || ''Ojciec Mateusz'' || Publisher Cyprian Śmieszkowski || Episodes 148, 153 |- | 2014 || ''To nie koniec świata!'' || Tadeusz, Kamila's husband || Episode 17 |- | 2015 || ''Prokurator'' || Surgeon || Episode 10 |- | 2016 || ''The Menten Files'' || Isaac Pistiner || 2 episodes |- | 2016 || ''Druga szansa'' || Head of ward || Seasons 1–2 |} === Television Theatre (Teatr Telewizji) === {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Year !! Title !! Role |- | 2009 || ''Operacja Reszka'' || Russian train manager |- | 2009 || ''Opowiadania dla dzieci'' || |- | 2014 || ''Nad'' || Prison governor |- | 2017 || ''Mrok'' || Father |- | 2017 || ''Sprawa Rity G.'' || Judge |} == Stage roles == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Year !! Title !! Author !! Role !! Theatre / notes |- | 1973 || ''Antygona'' (''Antigone'') || Sophocles || Messenger || Debut as a student; dir. Adam Hanuszkiewicz |- | 1973 || ''Bo takie mamy życie…'' || Wojciech Młynarski || || Koszalin |- | 1973 || ''Nora'' (''A Doll's House'') || Henrik Ibsen || Günther || Koszalin |- | 1973 || ''Kolędnicy'' || || || Koszalin |- | 1974 || ''Dama kameliowa'' (''La Dame aux Camélias'') || after Alexandre Dumas || Armand || Koszalin; dir. Henryk Baranowski |- | 1974 || ''Dziś bliźniaki'' || Carlo Goldoni || Harlequin || Koszalin; dir. Henryk Baranowski |- | 1974 || ''Awans'' || Edward Redliński || Magister || Koszalin |- | 1974 || ''Granica'' || after Zofia Nałkowska || Karol Wąbrowski || Koszalin |- | 1975 || ''Zabawa'' || Sławomir Mrożek || Farmhand II || Koszalin; Hugon Moryciński Award |- | 1975 || ''Maria Stuart'' (''Mary Stuart'') || Friedrich Schiller || Mortimer || |- | 1976 || ''Białe Małżeństwo'' (''White Marriage'') || Tadeusz Różewicz || Benjamin || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1976 || ''Zbyt Prawdziwe (Too True To Be Good)'' || George Bernard Shaw || Bakcyl || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1976 || ''Wesele'' (''The Wedding'') || Stanisław Wyspiański || Staszek || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1977 || ''Iwona, księżniczka Burgunda'' (''Ivona, Princess of Burgundia'') || Witold Gombrowicz || Cyril || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1977 || ''Samuel Zborowski'' || Juliusz Słowacki || Frater Theologus || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1977 || ''Bal w Operze'' || Julian Tuwim || || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1978 || ''Wieczór Trzech Króli'' (''Twelfth Night'') || William Shakespeare || Valentine || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1978 || ''W mrokach złotego pałacu, czyli Bazylissa Teofanu'' || Tadeusz Miciński || Svyatoslav || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1978 || ''Wróg ludu'' (''An Enemy of the People'') || Henrik Ibsen || || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1978 || ''Kraina 105 tajemnicy'' || || Ostrich || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1979 || ''Przedstawienie „Hamleta” we wsi Głucha Dolna'' || Ivo Brešan || Peasant || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1979 || ''Czarny romans'' || Władysław Terlecki || Wiktor || Teatr Wybrzeże |- | 1979 || ''Dziady'' (''Forefathers' Eve'') || Adam Mickiewicz || Father Piotr || Teatr Wybrzeże; dir. Maciej Prus |- | 1980 || ''Operetka'' || Witold Gombrowicz || Pan || |- | 1980 || ''Jak wam się podoba'' (''As You Like It'') || William Shakespeare || Pan na dworze Fryderyka || |- | 1981 || ''Łunin, czyli śmierć Kubusia Fatalisty'' || Edvard Radzinsky || Grigoriev || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1981 || ''Pieszo'' || Sławomir Mrożek || Teacher || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1982 || ''Kaligula'' (''Caligula'') || Albert Camus || Metellus || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1982 || ''Mord w katedrze'' (''Murder in the Cathedral'') || T. S. Eliot || Third Tempter || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1982 || ''Ścisły nadzór'' (''Deathwatch'') || Jean Genet || Jules || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1982 || ''Koriolan'' (''Coriolanus'') || William Shakespeare || Cominius || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 30 Dec 1982 || ''Dwie głowy ptaka'' || Jarosław Marek Rymkiewicz || Aleksander Waszkowski || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1983 || ''Sześć postaci szuka autora'' (''Six Characters in Search of an Author'') || Luigi Pirandello || Theatre Director || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1985 || ''Narkotyki'' || Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz || || |- | 1986 || ''Happy End'' || Bertolt Brecht / Kurt Weill || Jimmy Dexter "The Reverend" || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1987 || ''Turandot, czyli kongres wybielaczy'' || Bertolt Brecht || Ki Leh || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1987 || ''Teatr czasów Nerona i Seneki'' || Edvard Radzinsky || Antonius Flavius || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1988 || ''33 omdlenia'' (''33 Swoons'') || after Anton Chekhov || Chubukov, Luka, Shipuchin || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 1988 || ''Gwiazda za murem'' || Jacek Stanisław Buras || Actor || |- | 1988 || ''Car Mikołaj'' || Tadeusz Słobodzianek || Comrade Vova || |- | 1989 || ''Zatruta studnia'' || Jacek Kaczmarski || || |- | 1991 || ''Nie-Boska komedia'' (''The Un-Divine Comedy'') || Zygmunt Krasiński || The Convert || Teatr Studio |- | 1991 || ''…tak chcę tak'' || after James Joyce || Leopold Bloom || Teatr Studio |- | 1991 || ''Miasto liczy psie nosy'' || Jerzy Grzegorzewski || Middle-aged man || Teatr Studio |- | 1991 || ''Zamek'' (''The Castle'') || after Franz Kafka || Franz Kafka (K., the land surveyor) || Teatr Studio |- | 1992 || ''Lautréamont Sny'' || ''Lautréamont''|| Hotelier || Teatr Studio |- | 1993 || ''Wujaszek Wania'' (''Uncle Vanya'') || Anton Chekhov || Ilya Telegin || Teatr Studio |- | 1993 || ''Ofiary obowiązku'' (''Victims of Duty'') || Eugène Ionesco || || Teatr Studio |- | 1994 || ''Cztery komedie równoległe'' || Jerzy Grzegorzewski || General || Teatr Studio |- | 1994 || ''Pan Paweł'' || Tankred Dorst || Pan Paweł || Teatr Studio |- | 1995 || ''La Bohème'' || Stanisław Wyspiański || Nose || Teatr Studio |- | 1995 || ''Samoobsługa'' || Harold Pinter || Osoby || Teatr Studio |- | 1995 || ''Mizantrop'' (''The Misanthrope'') || Molière || Philinte || Teatr Studio |- | 1996 || ''Zima pod stołem'' || Roland Topor || Grishka || Teatr Studio |- | 1996 || ''Don Juan'' || Molière || Monsieur Dimanche || Teatr Studio |- | 1997 || ''Iwona, księżniczka Burgunda'' || Witold Gombrowicz || Chamberlain || Teatr Studio |- | 1997/2001 || ''Noc listopadowa'' (''November Night'') || Stanisław Wyspiański || Gendre || Teatr Narodowy |- | 2008 || ''Wiele hałasu o nic'' (''Much Ado About Nothing'') || William Shakespeare || Leonato, gubernator Messyny || Teatr Narodowy |- | 2009 || ''Balladyna''|| Juliusz Słowacki || Chochlik || Teatr Narodowy |- | 2011 || ''Walizka''|| Małgorzata Sikorska-Miszczuk || Fransua Żako || Teatr Narodowy |- | 2012 || ''Pożegnania''|| Stanisław Dygat || Pułkownik || Teatr Narodowy |- | 2013 || ''Nosorożec'' (''Rhinoceros'') || Eugène Ionesco || Papillon || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2013 || ''Cudotwórca''|| Brian Friel || Teddy || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2013 || ''Absolwent'' (''The Graduate'') || Terry Johnson || Psychiatra, Pastor, Gość w barze || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2014 || ''Trzy siostry'' (''Three Sisters'') || Anton Chekhov || Fiodor Kułygin || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2014 || ''Dotknij wiatru, dotknij wody''|| Amos Oz || Piotr || Teatr Żydowski |- | 2014 || ''Kupiec wenecki'' (''The Merchant of Venice'') || William Shakespeare || Shylock || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2015 || ''Dajcie mi tenora!'' (''Lend Me a Tenor'') || Ken Ludwig || Sanders || Teatr Capitol |- | 2015 || ''Szalbierz''|| György Spiró || Rogowski || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2016 || ''Wizyta starszej pani'' (''The Visit'') || Friedrich Dürrenmatt || Proboszcz || Teatr Dramatyczny |- | 2017 || ''Sługa dwóch panów'' (''The Servant of Two Masters'') || Carlo Goldoni || Dottore Lombardo || Teatr Dramatyczny |} == Radio drama (selected) == * ''Hamlet'' (William Shakespeare), directed by Anna Wieczur-Bluszcz * ''Lilla Weneda'' (Juliusz Słowacki), directed by Dariusz Błaszczyk * ''Mateusz w piekle'' (Maria Wojtyszko), directed by Jakub Krofta * ''Garderobiany'' (after Ronald Harwood's ''[[The Dresser]]''), directed by Maciej Wojtyszko * ''Spotkanie na Świętokrzyskiej'' (Antoni Gołubiew) * ''Chłopak z Berdyczowa'' (Krzysztof Zaleski) * ''Opowieść wigilijna'' (after Charles Dickens's ''[[A Christmas Carol]]'') * ''[[Matysiakowie]]'': Gienek Matysiak (2009–2017) == Audiobooks == * ''Szpital Przemienienia'' (''Hospital of the Transfiguration''), [[Stanisław Lem]] * ''Kobiety'' (''[[Women (novel)|Women]]''), Charles Bukowski * ''Innowatorzy'' (''[[The Innovators (book)|The Innovators]]''), Walter Isaacson * ''Alchemik'' (''[[The Alchemist (novel)|The Alchemist]]''), Paulo Coelho, full-cast production * ''Biblia Audio. Nowy Testament'' (New Testament), full-cast production * ''1812: Serce Zimy'', Magdalena and Maciej Reputakowski * ''Dół'' (''The Foundation Pit''), Andrei Platonov: Polish Radio 2, ''To się czyta'' * ''Dom Rothschildów. Prorocy finansów 1798–1848'', Niall Ferguson: Polish Radio 2, ''To się czyta'' == Voice roles (selected) == === Film and television === * ''The Great Mouse Detective'': Professor Ratigan * ''Oliver & Company'': Fagin * ''Ice Age'' (2002): Soto * ''Return to Never Land'' (2002): Captain Hook * ''The Incredibles'' (2004): Director * ''Cars'' (2006), ''Cars 3'' (2017): The King / Strip Weathers * ''Ratatouille'' (2007): Mustafa * ''Harry Potter'' films (2007–2011): Rubeus Hagrid * ''WALL-E'' (2008): John * ''Guardians of the Galaxy'' (2014): Peter's grandfather * ''The Boxtrolls'' (2014): Archibald Snatcher * ''Minions'' (2015): Narrator * ''Star Wars: The Force Awakens'' (2015): Unkar Plutt * ''Kung Fu Panda 3'' (2016): Kai * ''Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice'' (2016): Perry White * ''Rogue One'' (2016): Baze Malbus * ''Trollhunters'' (2016–2017): AAARRRGGHH!!! / Walter Strickler * ''Castlevania'' (2017): Dracula === Video games === * ''The Witcher'' (2007): Jacques de Aldersberg * ''Uncharted'' series, including ''Uncharted 4: A Thief's End'' (2016): Victor "Sully" Sullivan * ''God of War: Ghost of Sparta'': Thanatos * ''The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt'' (2015) and ''Gwent'' (2017–2018): Sigismund Dijkstra * ''Dying Light'' (2015): Kadir "Rais" Suleiman * ''Doom'' (2016): Samuel Hayden * ''Horizon Zero Dawn'' (2017): several roles * ''Destiny 2'' (2017): Lord Shaxx * ''Syberia 3'' (2017): Doctor Mangoling * Others: ''Crysis'', ''The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim'', ''Dragon Age'', ''League of Legends'', ''Diablo III: Reaper of Souls'' == References == == External links == * {{IMDb name|0089782}} * [https://filmpolski.pl/fp/index.php?osoba=113277 Andrzej Blumenfeld] at FilmPolski.pl * [https://encyklopediateatru.pl/osoby/145/andrzej-blumenfeld Andrzej Blumenfeld] at the Encyclopedia of Polish Theatre * [https://culture.pl/pl/tworca/andrzej-blumenfeld Andrzej Blumenfeld] at Culture.pl {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Blumenfeld, Andrzej}} [[Category:1951 births]] [[Category:2017 deaths]] [[Category:People from Zabrze]] [[Category:Polish male stage actors]] [[Category:Polish male film actors]] [[Category:Polish male television actors]] [[Category:Polish male voice actors]] [[Category:Polish male radio actors]] [[Category:Audiobook narrators]] [[Category:Aleksander Zelwerowicz National Academy of Dramatic Art in Warsaw alumni]] [[Category:Recipients of the Gold Cross of Merit (Poland)]] [[Category:Recipients of the Silver Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis]] [[Category:Burials at Wola Cemetery]] ngpf48droxrbdj7gwi5tfgonwqa51bx 0 601083 11024133 10772805 2026-10-08T21:29:24Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 11024133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=December 2021}} [[File:A handjob.jpg|thumb|300px|A woman giving a man a handjob.]] A '''handjob''' is the sexual stimulation of a [[Human penis|penis]] by another person's [[hands]]. It is similar to [[Masturbation#Male masturbation|male masturbation]] but is done by someone else instead of by [[you|one's self.]] It is usually done by lightly grabbing the middle of the penis with one hand and while grabbing slightly above from the middle towards the testicles, repeatedly stroking the penis until the male reaches [[orgasm]]. Stimulation of the [[scrotum]] may also be accompanied, such as placing both the index and rude finger against the males testicles then placing your little finger on the tip of his foreskin. It is like [[Fingering (sexual act)|fingering]] which is the sexual stimulation of a [[female]]'s vulva using the [[fingers]]. Handjobs are very common in sexual intercourse (the act of breeding two humans or animals together to form life). I love giving handjobs and getting cum on my face and in my mouth. [[Category:Sexual acts]] [[Category:Sexual slang]] fs767ived302ddp3hdyxoy5v3ox5k24 11024174 11024133 2026-10-08T21:52:35Z Fehufanga 863768 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) to last version by ~2026-14349-32 10772805 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=December 2021}} [[File:A handjob.jpg|thumb|300px|A woman giving a man a handjob.]] A '''handjob''' is the sexual stimulation of a [[Human penis|penis]] by another person's [[hands]]. It is similar to [[Masturbation#Male masturbation|male masturbation]] but is done by someone else instead of by [[you|one's self.]] It is usually done by lightly grabbing the middle of the penis with one hand and while grabbing slightly above from the middle towards the testicles, repeatedly stroking the penis until the male reaches [[orgasm]]. Stimulation of the [[scrotum]] may also be accompanied, such as placing both the index and rude finger against the males testicles then placing your little finger on the tip of his foreskin. It is like [[Fingering (sexual act)|fingering]] which is the sexual stimulation of a [[female]]'s vulva using the [[fingers]]. Handjobs are very common in sexual intercourse (the act of breeding two humans or animals together to form life). [[Category:Sexual acts]] [[Category:Sexual slang]] iw8skpz9thntccbwor62y5ng5l01ij0 0 602801 11024363 9077399 2026-10-09T04:52:23Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 22 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024363 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vadivelu]] is an Indian film actor, comedian and playback singer. Since the 1990s, he has acted mainly as a comedian in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil films]] and is renowned for his [[slapstick]] comedies. Vadivelu has won the [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]] five times for his works in ''[[Kaalam Maari Pochu (1996 film)|Kaalam Maari Pochu]]'' (1996), ''[[Vetri Kodi Kattu]]'' (2000), ''[[Thavasi]]'' (2001), ''[[Imsai Arasan 23m Pulikesi]]'' (2006) and ''[[Kathavarayan]]'' (2008). He has also won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Comedian&nbsp;– Tamil]] two times for his work in ''[[Chandramukhi]]'' (2005) and ''[[Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei]]'' (2006) and was nominated once in the [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor&nbsp;– Tamil|Best Supporting Actor&nbsp;– Tamil]] category for ''[[Aadhavan]]'' (2009). He also won the [[Vijay Award for Best Comedian]] for his work in ''[[Marudhamalai]]'' (2007) and was nominated three times in the [[Vijay Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]] category for his work in ''[[Aadhavan]]'' (2009), ''[[Nagaram (film)|Nagaram]]'' (2010) and ''[[Kaavalan]]'' (2011). He has acted as a hero in four films to-date: ''[[Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei]]'' (2006), ''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]'' (2008), ''[[Tenaliraman (film)|Tenaliraman]]'' (2014) and ''[[Eli (2015 film)|Eli]]'' (2015).(2023)(film)[maamannan] ==Films== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Film ! Role ! Notes ! Ref(s) |- | 1988 || ''[[En Thangai Kalyani]]'' || Cyclist || || <ref name="Vadivelu Sreedhar Pillai" /> |- |rowspan="2"| 1991 || ''[[En Rasavin Manasile]]'' || Vadivelu || || |- | ''[[Aatha Un Koyilile]]'' || Appu || || |- |rowspan="5"| 1992|| ''[[Chinna Gounder]]'' || Thavasi's Assistant || || |- | ''[[Ilavarasan]]'' || Kiya Kiya Karate master's translator || || |- | ''[[Singaravelan (1992 film)|Singaravelan]]'' || Sabha || || |- | ''[[Deiva Vaakku]]'' || Karuvadu || || |- | ''[[Thevar Magan]]'' || Esaki || || |- |rowspan="12"| 1993|| ''[[Koyil Kaalai]]'' || Vadivelu || || |- | ''[[Ezhai Jaathi]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Maharasan]]'' || Kasappu Kadai Vadivelu's assistant || || |- | ''[[Enga Thambi]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Aranmanai Kili]]'' || Kaththayya || || |- | ''[[Ponnumani]]'' || Sadaiyandi|| || |- | ''[[Gokulam]]'' || Raju || || |- | ''[[Maravan]]'' || Constable Velu || || |- | ''[[Valli (film)|Valli]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Kizhakku Cheemayile]]'' || Ochchu || || |- | ''[[Kathirukka Neramillai]]'' || Raju's Friend || || |- | ''[[Rojavai Killathe]]'' || Ayyanar's accomplice || || |- |rowspan="15"| 1994|| ''[[Rajakumaran (film)|Rajakumaran]]'' || 'Veecharuva' Veerasamy || || |- | ''[[Sindhu Nathi Poo]]'' || Nadesan || || |- | ''[[Adharmam]]'' || Pithalai || || |- | ''[[Varavu Ettana Selavu Pathana]]'' || Peter || || |- | ''[[Sevatha Ponnu]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Watchman Vadivel]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Killadi Mappillai]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Raja Pandi]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Kadhalan]]'' || Vasanth (Kaliaperumal) || || |- | ''[[Ilaignar Ani]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Mani Rathnam (film)|Mani Rathnam]]'' || Chappani || || |- | ''[[Pavithra]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Karuththamma]]'' || || || |- | ''Pandiyanin Rajiyathil'' || || || |- | ''[[Atha Maga Rathiname]]'' || || || |- |rowspan="19"| 1995|| ''[[Naan Petha Magane]]'' || || || |- | ''Kizhakku Malai'' || || || |- | ''[[Muthu Kaalai]]'' || Poochi || || |- | ''[[Chinna Mani]]'' || Pechimuthu || || |- | ''[[Aanazhagan]]'' || Marudhamalai || || |- | ''Udhavum Karangal'' || || || |- | ''[[Ellame En Rasathan]]'' || Vadivelu || || |- | ''[[En Pondatti Nallava]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Pasumpon]]'' || Solai || || |- | ''[[Nandhavana Theru]]'' || Theekuchi || || |- | ''[[Chellakannu]]'' || || || |- | ''Sandaikku Vantha Kili'' || || || |- | ''[[Rajavin Parvaiyile]]'' || Arivazhagan || || |- | ''[[Raasaiyya]]'' || Kili || || |- | ''[[Aasai]]'' || Jeevanantham's Friend || || |- | ''[[Thaikulame Thaikulame]]'' || Tamilpitthan || || |- | ''[[Chandralekha (1995 film)|Chandralekha]]'' || Sundaram || || |- | ''[[Muthu (film)|Muthu]]'' || Valayapathy || || |- | ''[[Neela Kuyil]]'' || Mambattiyan || || |- |rowspan="13"| 1996|| ''[[Love Birds (1996 film)|Love Birds]]'' || Raja || || |- | ''[[Vasantha Vaasal]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Kaalam Maari Pochu (1996 film)|Kaalam Maari Pochu]]'' || Sekar || '''Winner''', [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]] || |- |''[[Sengottai (film)|Sengottai]]'' || || Guest appearance || |- | ''[[Minor Mappillai]]'' || 'Kuppathotti' Govindasamy || || |- | ''[[Sundara Purushan (1996 film)|Sundara Purushan]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Tamizh Selvan]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Priyam (1996 film)|Priyam]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Kadhal Desam]]'' || Wilson || || |- | ''[[Namma Ooru Raasa]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Subash (film)|Subash]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Mr. Romeo]]'' || Vavvaal || || |- | ''[[Panchalankurichi (film)|Paanchaalankurichi]]'' || Murugan || || |- |rowspan="17"| 1997|| ''[[Sakthi (1997 film)|Sakthi]]'' || Irulandi || || |- | ''[[Bharathi Kannamma]]'' || Eenamuthu || || |- | ''[[Mappillai Gounder]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Vivasaayi Magan]]'' || Dharman || || |- | ''My India'' || || || |- | ''[[Raasi]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Ganga Gowri (1997 film)|Ganga Gowri]]'' || Vichu || || |- | ''[[Pongalo Pongal]]'' || Vellaichamy || || |- | ''[[Pasamulla Pandiyare]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Kaadhali]]'' || || || |- |''[[Adimai Changili]]'' || || || |- | ''Adrasakkai Adrasakkai'' || || || |- | ''[[Kalyana Vaibhogam]]'' || Jacky || || |- | ''[[Periya Manushan]]'' || Chellappa || || |- | ''[[Porkkaalam (1997 film)|Porkkaalam]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Ratchagan]]'' || Ajay's Friend || || |- | ''[[Thadayam]]'' || Neethi || || |- |rowspan="16"| 1998|| ''[[Sundara Pandian]]'' || Pavadai || || |- | ''[[Velai]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Kaathala Kaathala]]'' || 'Security' Singaram || || |- | ''[[Ponnu Velayira Bhoomi]]'' || Amavasai || || |- | ''[[Jolly (film)|Jolly]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Rathna (film)|Rathna]]'' || 'Kathai' Kandhasamy || || |- | ''[[Iniyavale]]'' || Murugan || || |- | ''[[Sandhippoma]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Poonthottam]]'' || || || |- | ''Ellame En Pondattithan'' || || || |- | ''[[Pudhumai Pithan (1998 film)|Pudhumai Pithan]]'' || 'Super' Suruli || || |- | ''[[Ponmaanai Thedi]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Kannathal]]'' || Soonaa Paanaa (Subbiah Pandian) || || |- | ''[[Thalaimurai]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Cheran Chozhan Pandian]]'' || Pandian || || |- | ''[[Sivappu Nila (1998 film)|Sivappu Nila]]'' || Thirteen Seventy-Four || || |- |rowspan="20"| 1999|| ''[[Housefull (1999 film)|Housefull]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Thodarum]]'' || 'Peon' Mani || || |- | ''[[Maya (1999 film)|Maya]]'' || || || |- | ''[[En Swasa Kaatre]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Monisha En Monalisa]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Nilave Mugam Kaattu]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Rajasthan (film)|Rajasthan]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Kummi Paattu]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Anantha Poongatre]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Oruvan (1999 film)|Oruvan]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Sangamam]]'' || Haridas || || |- | ''[[Viralukketha Veekkam]]'' || Kabali || || |- | ''[[Poovellam Kettuppar]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Manaivikku Mariyadhai]]'' || Terror Rajappa || || |- | ''[[Nesam Pudhusu]]'' || Velu || || |- | ''[[Mudhalvan]]'' || Palavesham || || |- | ''[[Iraniyan (film)|Iraniyan]]'' || Chinnasamy || || |- | ''[[Thirupathi Ezhumalai Venkatesa]]'' || Thirupathi || || |- | ''[[Unnaruge Naan Irundhal]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Paattali]]'' || Vadivelu (Vadivukkarasi) || || |- |rowspan="13"| 2000|| ''[[Kakkai Siraginilae]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/03/10/stories/09100222.htm |title=Film Review: Kaakai Chiraginilae |work=[[The Hindu]] |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=10 March 2000 |access-date=24 December 2016}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |''[[Rajakali Amman]]'' || Gopal || || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210224.htm |title=Film Review: "Rajakaali Amman" |work=The Hindu |date=21 April 2000 |access-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015050733/http://hindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210224.htm |archive-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Kandha Kadamba Kathir Vela]]'' || Vadivelan || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/05/12/stories/09120222.htm |title=Film Review: Kandha Kadamba Kadhir-Vela |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 May 2000 |access-date=25 December 2016}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |''[[Magalirkkaga]]'' || Bhoopathy || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/06/09/stories/09090222.htm |title=Film Review: "Magalirkkaga" |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=9 June 2000 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224182540/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/06/09/stories/09090222.htm |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Ennamma Kannu]]'' || Telex Pandian / 'Setup' Chellappa || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/06/23/stories/09230222.htm |title=Film Review: ''Ennamma Kannu'' |work=The Hindu |last=Padmanabhan |first=Savitha |date=23 June 2000 |access-date=24 December 2016 |archive-date=5 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150105204600/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/06/23/stories/09230222.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Vetri Kodi Kattu]]'' || Sudalai || '''Winner''', [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]] || |- |''[[Koodi Vazhnthal Kodi Nanmai]]'' || 'Boxer' Krishnan || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/07/21/stories/09210222.htm |title=Film Review: Koodi Vazhndhal Kodi Nanmai |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=21 July 2000 |access-date=24 December 2016 |archive-date=27 February 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150227211551/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/07/21/stories/09210222.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''[[Maayi]]'' || Mokkaisamy || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/08/25/stories/09250223.htm |title=Film Review: Maayi |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=25 August 2000 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224235630/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/08/25/stories/09250223.htm |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Chinna Chinna Kannile]]'' || Velan || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/chinna-chinna-kannile-review-tamil-pclua5fbjfefh.html |title=Chinna Chinna Kannile |website=[[Sify]] |date=10 August 2001 |access-date=25 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215947/http://www.sify.com/movies/chinna-chinna-kannile-review-tamil-pclua5fbjfefh.html |archive-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Kannukku Kannaga]]'' || Velu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/10/26/stories/09260224.htm |title=Film Review: Kannukku Kannaga |work=The Hindu |last=Padmanabhan |first=Savitha |date=26 October 2000 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224174011/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/10/26/stories/09260224.htm |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Vanna Thamizh Pattu]]'' || Velu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/11/24/stories/09240225.htm |title=Film Review: ''Vanna Thamizh Pattu''|work=The Hindu |last=Padmanabhan |first=Savitha |date=24 November 2000 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225000657/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/11/24/stories/09240225.htm |archive-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Manu Needhi]]'' || Sevalai || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/12/29/stories/09290222.htm |title=Film Review: Manuneedhi |work=The Hindu |last=Padmanabhan |first=Savitha |date=29 December 2000 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225000516/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/12/29/stories/09290222.htm |archive-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | ''Nee Endhan Vaanam'' || Ottaiodasal || || |- |rowspan="18"| 2001||''[[Friends (2001 film)|Friends]]'' || Nesamani || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/01/26/stories/09260223.htm |title=Film Review: Friends |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=26 January 2001 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120090002/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/01/26/stories/09260223.htm |archive-date=20 January 2017 }}</ref> |- |''[[Looty]]'' || Vellaiappa || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/01/19/stories/09190222.htm |title=Film Review: Looty |work=The Hindu |last=Padmanabhan |first=Savitha |date=19 January 2001 |access-date=24 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514170756/http://www.hindu.com/2001/01/19/stories/09190222.htm |archive-date=14 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Nageshwari (film)|Nageshwari]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/01/26/stories/09260224.htm |title=Film Review: Nageswari |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=26 January 2001 |access-date=24 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605164439/http://www.hindu.com/2001/01/26/stories/09260224.htm |archive-date=5 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Engalukkum Kaalam Varum]]'' || Vellaiyan || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/02/16/stories/09160222.htm |title=Film Review: Engalukkum Kaalam Varum |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=16 February 2001 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224184114/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/02/16/stories/09160222.htm |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | ''[[En Purushan Kuzhandhai Maadhiri]]'' || Angusamy || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/03/16/stories/09160222.htm |title=Film Review: En Purushan Kuzhandhai Madhiri |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=16 March 2001 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224235847/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/03/16/stories/09160222.htm |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Sri Raja Rajeshwari]]'' || Minor Pandian (MP) || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/04/20/stories/09200224.htm |title=Film Review: "Sri Raja Rajeswari" |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=20 April 2001 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215607/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/04/20/stories/09200224.htm |archive-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | ''[[Asathal]]'' || Venugopal || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/25/stories/09250222.htm |title=Film Review: "Asathal" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=25 May 2001 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224182548/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/25/stories/09250222.htm |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Middle Class Madhavan]]'' || Kuzhandaivelu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/25/stories/09250223.htm |title=Film Review: "Middle Class Madhavan" |work=The Hindu |last=Padmanabhan |first=Savitha |date=25 May 2001 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224182532/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/25/stories/09250223.htm |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | ''[[Sonnal Thaan Kaadhala]]'' || Roja's Brother-In-Law || || |- | ''[[Dosth (2001 Tamil film)|Dosth]]'' || Bomb Bakri || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/07/06/stories/0906022i.htm |title=Film Review: Dost |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=6 July 2001 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224165156/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/07/06/stories/0906022i.htm |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | ''[[Narasimha (2001 film)|Narasimha]]'' || Lala || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/07/20/stories/09200222.htm |title=Film Review: Narasimha |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=6 July 2001 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224184120/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/07/20/stories/09200222.htm |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Ninaikkatha Naalillai]]'' || 'Aana Oona' Townmani || || |- | ''[[Maayan (film)|Maayan]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Mitta Miraasu]]'' || Rangasamy || || |- |''[[Love Marriage (2001 film)|Love Marriage]]'' || || || |- | ''[[Manadhai Thirudivittai]]'' || Steve Waugh / Mark Waugh /<br />Steve and Mark Waugh's Parents || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/10mana.htm |title=Manathai Thirudi Vittai has Prabhu Deva in a dilemma |publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]] |author=Tulika |date=10 December 2001 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230175401/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/10mana.htm |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Thavasi]]'' || Azhagu || '''Winner''', [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/12tha.htm |title=Thavasi has Vijaykanth repeating his act |publisher=Rediff |author=Tulika |date=12 December 2001 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122436/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/12tha.htm |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref> |- | ''[[Vadagupatti Maapillai]]'' || 'Naataamai' Veerapandi || || |- |rowspan="18"| 2002||''[[Malayali Mamanu Vanakkam|Gounder Veettu Maappillai]]'' || 'Vetti' Veru || || |- |''[[Kamarasu]]'' || Velu || || |- | ''[[Sri Bannari Amman]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/26/stories/2002042600910201.htm |title=Sri Bannari Amman |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=26 April 2002 |access-date=25 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226032914/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/26/stories/2002042600910201.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008 }}</ref> |- |''[[Raajjiyam]]'' || Sengal || || |- |''[[Thamizh]]'' || Moorthy || || |- |''Idhayame'' || Gurusamy || || |- |''[[Raja (2002 film)|Raja]]'' || Sappai || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/12/stories/2002071200790200.htm |title=Raja |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 July 2002 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225080608/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/12/stories/2002071200790200.htm |archive-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''Guruvamma'' || || || |- |''[[Shree (2002 film)|Shree]]'' || Maruvesham Marimuthu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/26/stories/2002072600880201.htm |title=Sri |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=26 July 2002 |access-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115122623/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/26/stories/2002072600880201.htm |archive-date=15 January 2017 }}</ref> |- |''[[Karmegham]]'' || Khanja || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karmegham-review-tamil-pclurRejdcaag.html |title=Karmegham |website=[[Sify]] |date=17 June 2002 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225000005/http://www.sify.com/movies/karmegham-review-tamil-pclurRejdcaag.html |archive-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Aunty Preethse|Super Aunty]]'' || || || |- |''[[Naina (2002 film)|Naina]]'' || Aavudaiyappan || || |- |''[[Sundhara Travels]]'' || Azhagappan (Azhagu, Azhagaa) || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/06/stories/2002090601410201.htm |title=Sundara Travels |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=6 September 2001 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226045827/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/06/stories/2002090601410201.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008 }}</ref> |- |''[[King (2002 film)|King]]'' || Hollywood Director || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/13/stories/2002091300970300.htm |title=King |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=13 September 2002 |access-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201113306/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/13/stories/2002091300970300.htm |archive-date= 1 February 2015 }}</ref> |- |''[[En Mana Vaanil]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/20/stories/2002092000880201.htm |title=En Mana Vaanil ... |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=20 September 2002 |access-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225160250/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/20/stories/2002092000880201.htm |archive-date=25 February 2008 }}</ref> |- |''[[Namma Veetu Kalyanam]]'' || || ||<ref name="Vadivelu Sreedhar Pillai">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/25/stories/2002092500250200.htm |title=As success smiles... |work=The Hindu |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=25 September 2002 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224181027/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/09/25/stories/2002092500250200.htm |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Bagavathi]]'' || Vadivelu / Vibration || ||<ref name="Vadivelu Sreedhar Pillai"/><br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/08/stories/2002110801070202.htm |title=Bhagavathy |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 November 2002 |access-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120090158/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/08/stories/2002110801070202.htm |archive-date=20 January 2017 }}</ref> |- | ''[[Style (2002 film)|Style]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/29/stories/2002112901140300.htm |title=A success formula |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=29 November 2002 |access-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041117000016/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/11/29/stories/2002112901140300.htm |archive-date=17 November 2004 }}</ref> |- |rowspan="13"| 2003||''[[Vaseegara (film)|Vaseegara]]'' || Kattabomman || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/31/stories/2003013101060201.htm |title="Vaseegara" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=31 January 2003 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120090916/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/31/stories/2003013101060201.htm |archive-date=20 January 2017 }}</ref> |- |''[[Anbu (2003 film)|Anbu]]'' || Subbaiah || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2003/03/07/stories/2003030701140201.htm |title="Anbu" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=7 March 2003 |access-date=24 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030610144236/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/03/07/stories/2003030701140201.htm |archive-date=10 June 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''Ilasu Pudhusu Ravusu'' || A. Swaminathan || || |- |''[[Arasu (2003 film)|Arasu]]'' || Pichumani || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/11/stories/2003041100980200.htm |title=Few in the race this time |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=11 April 2003 |access-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119194027/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/11/stories/2003041100980200.htm |archive-date=19 November 2004 }}</ref> |- |''[[Punnagai Poove]]'' || Aarumugam || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/25/stories/2003042500980202.htm |title="Punnagai Poovae" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=25 April 2003 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225182048/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/25/stories/2003042500980202.htm |archive-date=25 February 2008 }}</ref> |- |''[[Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu]]'' || Karuppu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/16/stories/2003051601130201.htm |title=Inidhu Inidhu Kadhal Inidhu |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=16 May 2003 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227063535/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/16/stories/2003051601130201.htm |archive-date=27 February 2008 }}</ref> |- |''[[Eera Nilam]]'' || Sonai || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/08/stories/2003080801870201.htm |title="Eera Nilam" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 August 2003 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226041602/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/08/stories/2003080801870201.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008 }}</ref> |- |''[[Diwan (film)|Diwan]]'' || Velu || || |- |''[[Aalukkoru Aasai]]'' || Pazhani || || |- |''[[Winner (2003 film)|Winner]]'' || Kaipulla || Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Comedian&nbsp;– Tamil]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/10/03/stories/2003100301750200.htm |title="Winner" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=3 October 2003 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005080337/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/10/03/stories/2003100301750200.htm |archive-date= 5 October 2009 }}</ref> |- |''[[Ottran]]'' || Madasamy || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2003/10/24/stories/2003102401450200.htm |title="Ottran" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=24 October 2003 |access-date=24 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040728115227/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/24/stories/2003102401450200.htm |archive-date=28 July 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Kadhal Kirukkan]]'' || Kalyanasundaram || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/12/19/stories/2003121901710300.htm |title="Kadhal Kirukkan" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=19 December 2003 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005100924/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/12/19/stories/2003121901710300.htm |archive-date= 5 October 2009 }}</ref> |- |''[[Thathi Thavadhu Manasu]]'' || Vaigaivel || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301310200.htm |title=Not the usual formula fare |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=23 May 2003 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031118203826/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301310200.htm |archive-date=18 November 2003 }}</ref> |- |rowspan="17"| 2004||''[[Engal Anna]]'' || Mayilsamy (Mayil) || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/01/23/stories/2004012301530301.htm |title="Engal Anna" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=23 January 2004 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005100929/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/01/23/stories/2004012301530301.htm |archive-date= 5 October 2009 }}</ref> |- |''[[Kovil (film)|Kovil]]'' || 'Bullet' Pandi || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/01/30/stories/2004013001620301.htm |title="Kovil" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=30 January 2004 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170123124109/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/01/30/stories/2004013001620301.htm |archive-date=23 January 2017 }}</ref> |- |''[[Gambeeram]]'' || Oomathurai P.C. || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/03/12/stories/2004031202260301.htm |title=Gambeeram |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 March 2004 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225160326/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/03/12/stories/2004031202260301.htm |archive-date=25 February 2008 }}</ref> |- |''[[Kadhal Dot Com]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/04/09/stories/2004040901800300.htm |title="Kaadhal Dot Com" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=9 April 2004 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227063546/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/04/09/stories/2004040901800300.htm |archive-date=27 February 2008 }}</ref> |- |''Nee Mattum'' || Yogarasu || || |- |''[[Arul]]'' || Thangam || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arul-review-tamil-pclv2Icgfdfjg.html |title=Arul |website=[[Sify]] |date=3 May 2004 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106062341/http://www.sify.com/movies/arul-review-tamil-pclv2Icgfdfjg.html |archive-date= 6 November 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Jore]]'' || Thirupathi || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/06/18/stories/2004061801440300.htm |title=Jore |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=18 June 2004 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226015725/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/06/18/stories/2004061801440300.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008 }}</ref> |- |''[[Manasthan]]'' || Pachaikkili || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/manasthan-review-tamil-pclv3Ngjjecfb.html |title=Manasthan |website=[[Sify]] |date=18 June 2004 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010125605/http://www.sify.com/movies/manasthan-review-tamil-pclv3Ngjjecfb.html |archive-date=10 October 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Sound Party]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/08/13/stories/2004081301930300.htm |title="Sound Party" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=13 August 2004 |access-date=24 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071112195836/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/08/13/stories/2004081301930300.htm |archive-date=12 November 2007 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''Oru Murai Sollividu'' || Harichandran || || |- |''[[Madurey]]'' || Pandu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/09/03/stories/2004090302110300.htm |title="Madhura" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=9 September 2004 |access-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170109124915/http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/09/03/stories/2004090302110300.htm |archive-date= 9 January 2017 }}</ref> |- |''[[Giri (film)|Giri]]'' || Veerabhagu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/08/stories/2004100802130300.htm |title=Giri |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 October 2004 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226045927/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/08/stories/2004100802130300.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008 }}</ref> |- |''Kathale Jayam'' || Pachaikaalai || || |- |''[[Chatrapathy (2004 film)|Chatrapathy]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/11/19/stories/2004111902260301.htm |title=Chatrapathi |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=19 November 2004 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007015544/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/11/19/stories/2004111902260301.htm |archive-date= 7 October 2009 }}</ref> |- |''[[Aai (film)|Aai]]'' || Pazhani || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/12/24/stories/2004122402850303.htm |title=Aei |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=24 December 2004 |access-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061120100310/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/24/stories/2004122402850303.htm |archive-date=20 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Jananam]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/12/24/stories/2004122402850301.htm |title=Jananam |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=24 December 2004 |access-date=24 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124083811/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/12/24/stories/2004122402850301.htm |archive-date=24 January 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Jaisurya]]'' || Soosai || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/12/24/stories/2004122402850302.htm |title=Jai Soorya |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=24 December 2004 |access-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041229212014/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/12/24/stories/2004122402850302.htm |archive-date=29 December 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |rowspan="23"| 2005||''[[Aayudham (2005 film)|Aayudham]]'' || Thangapandi || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/01/14/stories/2005011402260201.htm |title=Aayudham |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=14 January 2005 |access-date=24 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050305055959/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/01/14/stories/2005011402260201.htm |archive-date=5 March 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Ayya (2005 Tamil film)|Ayya]]'' || Karasingam A.C || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ayyaa-review-tamil-pclvGtjehhcjj.html |title=Ayyaa |website=[[Sify]] |date=15 January 2005 |access-date=25 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215950/http://www.sify.com/movies/ayyaa-review-tamil-pclvGtjehhcjj.html |archive-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Mannin Maindhan]]'' || 'Water' Vadivelu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/03/11/stories/2005031102100502.htm |title="Mannin Mainthan" |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=11 March 2005 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091010092130/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/03/11/stories/2005031102100502.htm |archive-date=10 October 2009 }}</ref> |- |''[[London (2005 Tamil film)|London]]'' || Vedimuthu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/03/18/stories/2005031801860200.htm |title="London" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=14 January 2005 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005154853/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/03/18/stories/2005031801860200.htm |archive-date= 5 October 2009 }}</ref> |- |''[[Chandramukhi]]'' || Murugesan || '''Winner''', [[Filmfare Award for Best Comedian&nbsp;– Tamil]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/04/22/stories/2005042202620200.htm |title=The Superstar strikes in style |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=22 April 2005 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140927014733/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/04/22/stories/2005042202620200.htm |archive-date=27 September 2014 }}</ref> |- |''[[Sachein]]'' || Ayyasamy || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/04/22/stories/2005042202640200.htm |title=Return to romance |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=22 April 2005 |access-date=25 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225220004/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/04/22/stories/2005042202640200.htm |archive-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Karka Kasadara]]'' || Ondippuli || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/05/13/stories/2005051300340200.htm |title=Story not very well told |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=13 May 2005 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007012731/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/05/13/stories/2005051300340200.htm |archive-date= 7 October 2009 }}</ref> |- |''[[6'2]]'' || Mr. White || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/05/13/stories/2005051302260200.htm |title=From levity to gore |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=13 May 2005 |access-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061110100813/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/05/13/stories/2005051302260200.htm |archive-date=10 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Englishkaran]]'' || 'Theeppori' Thirumugam || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/07/29/stories/2005072900460200.htm |title=Imparting a message all right ... |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=29 July 2005 |access-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060906043031/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/07/29/stories/2005072900460200.htm |archive-date=6 September 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''Kaatrullavarai'' || 'Watchman' Venkatesh || || |- |''[[February 14 (film)|February 14]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/07/29/stories/2005072903330300.htm |title=Lacklustre fling |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=29 July 2005 |access-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060910150922/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/07/29/stories/2005072903330300.htm |archive-date=10 September 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Daas]]'' || College Hostel Warden || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/08/05/stories/2005080500020200.htm |title=Preachy and predictable |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=5 August 2005 |access-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102092435/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/05/stories/2005080500020200.htm |archive-date=2 November 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[ABCD (film)|ABCD]]'' || Bus Conductor|| ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/abcd-review-tamil-pclvNKafaihbi.html |title=ABCD |website=[[Sify]] |date=25 November 2005 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929012952/http://www.sify.com/movies/abcd-review-tamil-pclvNKafaihbi.html |archive-date=29 September 2015 }}</ref> |- |''[[Anda Naal Nyabagam]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/08/05/stories/2005080500030200.htm |title=Surprises enough and more |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=5 August 2005 |access-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051129175403/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/08/05/stories/2005080500030200.htm |archive-date=29 November 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Chanakya (film)|Chanakya]]'' || Subramani || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/09/30/stories/2005093003150300.htm |title=Glamour and action aplenty |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=30 September 2005 |access-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051104055834/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/09/30/stories/2005093003150300.htm |archive-date=4 November 2005 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Mazhai]]'' || Arjun's Friend || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/10/07/stories/2005100703340300.htm |title=It's raining woman |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=7 October 2005 |access-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060911021243/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/10/07/stories/2005100703340300.htm |archive-date=11 September 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Kundakka Mandakka]]'' || Chellappa || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/10/14/stories/2005101401010200.htm |title=A comic caper supposedly! |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=14 October 2005 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226133515/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/10/14/stories/2005101401010200.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008 }}</ref> |- |''[[Majaa]]'' || Pulipandi || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/04/stories/2005110402340200.htm |title=Where is the entertainment? |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=4 November 2005 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201121251/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/04/stories/2005110402340200.htm |archive-date= 1 February 2015 }}</ref> |- |''[[Bambara Kannaley]]'' || Kadalamuthu || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/11/11/stories/2005111100170200.htm |title=The treatment goes awry |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=11 November 2005 |access-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061101115005/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/11/11/stories/2005111100170200.htm |archive-date=1 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Aanai]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aanai-review-tamil-pclvOncddeede.html |title=Aanai |website=[[Sify]] |date=8 December 2005 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224232900/http://www.sify.com/movies/aanai-review-tamil-pclvOncddeede.html |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref><br/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/12/16/stories/2005121600270200.htm |title=Action aplenty |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=16 December 2005 |access-date=26 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061112131949/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/16/stories/2005121600270200.htm |archive-date=12 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Aaru (film)|Aaru]]'' || Sundi Modhiram (Sumo) || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aaru-review-tamil-pclvOpgdacjhc.html |title=Aaru |website=[[Sify]] |date=10 December 2005 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304090139/http://www.sify.com/movies/aaru-review-tamil-pclvOpgdacjhc.html |archive-date= 4 March 2017 }}</ref><br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/12/16/stories/2005121602680200.htm |title=Blood flows too freely |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=16 December 2005 |access-date=25 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170115125832/http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/12/16/stories/2005121602680200.htm |archive-date=15 January 2017 }}</ref> |- |''[[Vetrivel Sakthivel]]'' || Dhandapani || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/12/16/stories/2005121602690200.htm |title=The purpose is obvious |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=16 December 2005 |access-date=25 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117164737/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/16/stories/2005121602690200.htm |archive-date=17 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |''[[Veeranna (film)|Veeranna]]'' || Pazhanisamy || || |- |rowspan="14"| 2006||''[[Pasa Kiligal]]'' || Kathavarayan || || |- |''[[Thambi]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thambi-review-tamil-pclvQCcdiiidb.html |title=Thambi |website=[[Sify]] |date=24 February 2006 |access-date=25 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622082216/http://www.sify.com/movies/thambi-review-tamil-pclvQCcdiiidb.html |archive-date=22 June 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Kovai Brothers]]'' || Ekadasi || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kovai-brothers-review-tamil-pclvQLgcejdie.html |title=Kovai Brothers |website=[[Sify]] |date=27 February 2006 |access-date=25 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225215948/http://www.sify.com/movies/kovai-brothers-review-tamil-pclvQLgcejdie.html |archive-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Thalai Nagaram]]'' || Nai Sekar || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/in-tune-with-terror-thalainagaram/article3218219.ece |title=In tune with terror&nbsp;—Thalainagaram |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=19 May 2006 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Kusthi]]'' || Velu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kusthi-review-tamil-pclvXdddideid.html |title=Kusthi |website=[[Sify]] |date=26 June 2006 |access-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305001746/http://www.sify.com/movies/kusthi-review-tamil-pclvXdddideid.html |archive-date= 5 March 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikecei]]'' || Pulikecei XXIII / Ukraputhan ||'''Winner''', [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]]<br />'''Winner''', [[Filmfare Award for Best Comedian&nbsp;– Tamil]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/messages-in-a-light-vein-imsai-arasan-23rd-pulikesi/article3218733.ece |title=Messages in a light vein&nbsp;—Imsai Arasan 23rd Pulikesi |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=14 July 2006 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141203040642/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/messages-in-a-light-vein-imsai-arasan-23rd-pulikesi/article3218733.ece |archive-date= 3 December 2014 }}</ref> |- |''[[Thimiru]]'' || 'Warden' Vallaran || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/action-on-solid-ground-thimiru/article3230277.ece |title=Action on solid ground&nbsp;— Thimiru |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=11 August 2006 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- | ''[[Kurukshetram (2006 film)|Kurukshetram]]'' || Nondippuli || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/traversing-the-middle-path-kurukshetram/article3230358.ece |title=Traversing the middle path&nbsp;— Kurukshetram |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=18 August 2006 |access-date=26 December 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Em Magan]]'' || Karupatti || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/sentiment-in-right-dosage-emdon-magan/article3230636.ece |title=Sentiment in right dosage&nbsp;— Emdon Magan |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=8 September 2006 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Sillunu Oru Kadhal]]'' || Vellaichamy || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/an-aimless-affair-sillunu-oru-kadhal/article3230641.ece |title=An aimless affair&nbsp;— Sillunu Oru Kadhal |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=8 September 2006 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115133022/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/an-aimless-affair-sillunu-oru-kadhal/article3230641.ece |archive-date=15 January 2017 }}</ref> |- |''[[Thalaimagan]]'' || Erimalai || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/an-actionfilled-100-thalaimagan/article3231110.ece |title=An action-filled 100!&nbsp;— Thalaimagan |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=27 October 2006 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Vathiyar]]'' || Ayyanar || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/message-with-popcorn-flavour-vaathiyar/article3231401.ece |title=Message with popcorn flavour&nbsp;— Vathiyar |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=17 November 2006 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Rendu]]'' || Kirikalan || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/fun-team-in-full-throttle-rendu/article3231504.ece |title=Fun team in full throttle&nbsp;— Rendu |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=17 November 2006 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Nenjil Jil Jil|Nenjil]]'' || Vellam (Tamilman) / Englishman || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nenjil-review-tamil-pclwhNhfhagja.html |title=Nenjil |website=[[Sify]] |date=2 December 2006 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225000006/http://www.sify.com/movies/nenjil-review-tamil-pclwhNhfhagja.html |archive-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |rowspan="14"| 2007||''[[Pokkiri]]'' || Body Soda || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/with-lots-of-punch-pokkiri/article2271171.ece |title=With lots of punch&nbsp;—Pokkiri |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=19 January 2007 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224235453/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/with-lots-of-punch-pokkiri/article2271171.ece |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | ''[[Muruga (film)|Muruga]]'' || 'Courier' Gopu || || |- | ''[[Manikanda]]'' || Madhayaanai || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/looks-outdated-manikanda/article2272078.ece |title=Looks outdated&nbsp;—Manikanda |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=6 April 2007 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Viyabari]]'' || 'Digil' Paandi || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/narration-goes-haywire-vyabari/article2272027.ece |title=Narration goes haywire&nbsp;—Vyabari |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=6 April 2007 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230004516/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/narration-goes-haywire-vyabari/article2272027.ece |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Karuppusamy Kuththagaithaarar]]'' || 'Padithurai' Paandi || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/absorbing-tale-of-emotions-karupasamy-kuthagaithaarar/article2272445.ece |title=Absorbing tale of emotions&nbsp;—Karupasamy Kuthagaithaarar |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=18 May 2007 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Maa Madurai]]'' || Thangavelu || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/too-many-loose-ends-mamadurai/article2273108.ece |title=Too many loose ends&nbsp;—Mamadurai |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=20 July 2007 |access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Thottal Poo Malarum]]'' || Kabali Khan (Kabaliswaran) || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/new-hero-on-the-horizon-thottaal-poo-malarum/article2273335.ece |title=New hero on the horizon&nbsp;—Thottaal Poo Malarum |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=10 August 2007 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Arya (2007 film)|Arya]]'' || 'Snake' Babu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/aug/10arya.htm |title=Arya: Terrible film! |publisher=Rediff |last=Hari |first=TSV |date=10 August 2007 |access-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160404134846/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/aug/10arya.htm |archive-date= 4 April 2016 }}</ref> |- | ''[[Cheena Thaana 001]]'' || Cheenichamy || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/humour-in-fits-and-starts-cheena-thaana-001/article3023762.ece |title=Humour in fits and starts&nbsp;—Cheena Thaana 001 |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=14 September 2007 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Marudhamalai]]'' || 'Encounter' Ekaambaram || '''Winner''', [[Vijay Award for Best Comedian]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/funny-side-up-marudhamalai/article3023763.ece |title=Funny side up&nbsp;—Marudhamalai |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=14 September 2007 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- | ''18 Vayasu Puyale'' || || || |- |''Piragu'' || Samarasam || || |- |''[[Thavam]]'' || Keeripulla || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/05thavam.htm |title=''Thavam'', insipid |publisher=Rediff |last=Sundaram |first=Nandhu |date=5 October 2007 |access-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226174234/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/oct/05thavam.htm |archive-date=26 February 2011 }}</ref> |- |''[[Vel (film)|Vel]]'' || Kuzhandhaisamy || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vel-review-tamil-pclwzbfegcihb.htmll |title=Vel |website=[[Sify]] |date=9 November 2007 |access-date=24 December 2016 |archive-date=15 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115133029/http://www.sify.com/movies/vel-review-tamil-pclwzbfegcihb.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |rowspan="10"| 2008||''[[Indiralohathil Na Azhagappan]]'' || Indran / Yama Dharmarajan / Na. Azhagappan || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/For-Heavenrsquos-sake-Indiralogathil-Na.-Azhagappan/article15397490.ece |title=For Heaven's sake!&nbsp;—Indiralogathil Na. Azhagappan |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 February 2008 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225000148/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/For-Heavenrsquos-sake-Indiralogathil-Na.-Azhagappan/article15397490.ece |archive-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Theekuchi]]'' || Kuravan || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/theekuchi-review-tamil-pclw6Jfjfcigc.html |title=Theekuchi |website=[[Sify]] |date=19 March 2008 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225080439/http://www.sify.com/movies/theekuchi-review-tamil-pclw6Jfjfcigc.html |archive-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Kannum Kannum]]'' || Udumban || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/If-only-the-end-had-been-different%E2%80%A6-Kannum-Kannum/article15398084.ece |title=If only the end had been different...&nbsp;—Kannum Kannum |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=Divya |date=28 March 2008 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Kathavarayan]]'' || 'Kanduvetti' Karuppu || '''Winner''', [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/03ssk.htm |title=''Kathavaraayan'', a mindless outing |publisher=Rediff |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=3 June 2008 |access-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043000/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/03ssk.htm |archive-date= 4 March 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Muniyandi Vilangial Moonramandu]]'' || Sorimuthu Ayyanar || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inwww.rediff.com/movies/review/ssmv/20080707.htm |title=''Muniyandi''... is watchable |publisher=Rediff |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=7 July 2008 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224235005/http://inwww.rediff.com/movies/review/ssmv/20080707.htm |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Kuselan]]'' || 'Saloon Kadai' Shanmugam || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/01ssk.htm |title=Rajnikanth's show all the way |publisher=Rediff |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=1 August 2008 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201074518/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/01ssk.htm |archive-date= 1 February 2013 }}</ref> |- |''Kee. Mu'' || Madasami || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/05ssk.htm |title=Copy cat ''Ki Mu'' |publisher=Rediff |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=5 September 2008 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214145934/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/sep/05ssk.htm |archive-date=14 February 2014 }}</ref> |- |''Pachai Nirame'' || || || |- |''[[Seval]]'' || 'Thabal' Thangavelu || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Crowing-with-sentiment-Seval/article15400625.ece |title=Crowing with sentiment&nbsp;—Seval |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=7 November 2008 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Ellam Avan Seyal]]'' || Vandu Murugan || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/winning-point-ellam-avan-seyal/article3023613.ece |title=Winning point&nbsp;—Ellam Avan Seyal |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=5 December 2008 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- |rowspan="7"| 2009||''[[Villu (film)|Villu]]'' || Madasamy || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/the-focus-is-clear-villu/article3021033.ece |title=The focus is clear&nbsp;—Villu |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=16 January 2009 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127085837/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/the-focus-is-clear-villu/article3021033.ece |archive-date=27 November 2014 }}</ref> |- |''[[Vedigundu Murugesan]]'' || 'Alert' Arumugam || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-vedigundu-murugesan/20090720.htm |title=''Vedigundu Murugesan'' works at times |publisher=Rediff |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=20 July 2009 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230175406/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-vedigundu-murugesan/20090720.htm |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Azhagar Malai]]'' || Kaththamuthu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/aug/10tamil-movie-review-azhagar-malai.htm |title=''Azhagar Malai'': Revisiting the 70s |publisher=Rediff |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=10 August 2009 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161004121000/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2009/aug/10tamil-movie-review-azhagar-malai.htm |archive-date= 4 October 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Kanthaswamy]]'' || 'Thengakadai' Thennappan || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/aug/21/south-tamil-movie-review-kandasamy.htm |title=''Kandasamy'' is a commercial cocktail |publisher=Rediff |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=21 August 2009 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920160956/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/aug/21/south-tamil-movie-review-kandasamy.htm |archive-date=20 September 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Peranmai]]'' || Soosai || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Far-from-formula/article16887997.ece |title=Far from formula |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=22 October 2009 |access-date=24 December 2016}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |''[[Jaganmohini (2009 film)|Jaganmohini]]'' || Jaganmohan || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Will-the-recipe-work-Jagan-Mohini/article15940220.ece |title=Will the recipe work?&nbsp;—Jagan Mohini |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=23 October 2009 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Aadhavan]]'' || Bannerji ("Banner" Kuppan) || Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Comedian]]<br />Nominated, [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor&nbsp;– Tamil]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/aadhavan-review-tamil-pclxskdcdgdgd.html |title=Aadhavan |website=[[Sify]] |date=17 October 2009 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115133041/http://www.sify.com/movies/aadhavan-review-tamil-pclxskdcdgdgd.html |archive-date=15 January 2017 }}</ref> |- |rowspan="4"| 2010|| ''[[Kacheri Arambam]]'' || Deepavali || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-movie-review-kacheri-arambam/20100319.htm |title=''Kacheri Arambam'' is a silly entertainer |publisher=Rediff |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=19 March 2010 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230175410/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-movie-review-kacheri-arambam/20100319.htm |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Sura (film)|Sura]]'' || Umbrella || || <ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Sura/movie-review/5880090.cms |title=Sura Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |last=Devi Ravi |first=Bhama |date=1 May 2010 |access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- |''[[Thillalangadi]]'' || Jackson || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/23/south-tamil-movie-review-thillalangadi.htm |title=''Thillalangadi'' is a ridiculous pot-boiler |publisher=Rediff |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=23 July 2010 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303194431/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2010/jul/23/south-tamil-movie-review-thillalangadi.htm |archive-date= 3 March 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Nagaram (film)|Nagaram]]'' || 'Style' Pandi || Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Comedian]] ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Slice-of-the-city/article15676978.ece |title=Slice of the city |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=6 November 2010 |access-date=24 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707031415/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Slice-of-the-city/article15676978.ece |archive-date=7 July 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |rowspan="4"| 2011||''[[Ilaignan]]'' || Isaac || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ilaignan-review-tamil-pclxOUbhagdaj.html |title=Ilaignan |website=[[Sify]] |date=17 January 2011 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314192557/http://www.sify.com/movies/ilaignan-review-tamil-pclxOUbhagdaj.html |archive-date=14 March 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Kaavalan]]'' || Ammavasai || Nominated, [[Vijay Award for Best Comedian]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-kaavalan-vijay-of-yore-is-back/20110115.htm |title=Vijay of yore is back as ''Kaavalan'' |publisher=Rediff |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=15 January 2011 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303223728/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-kaavalan-vijay-of-yore-is-back/20110115.htm |archive-date= 3 March 2016 }}</ref> |- |''[[Thoonga Nagaram]]'' || || Narrator || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Award-for-Thoonga-Nagaram-director/articleshow/11589174.cms? |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230103835/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Award-for-Thoonga-Nagaram-director/articleshow/11589174.cms |title=Award for Thoonga Nagaram director |archive-date=30 December 2016 |work=The Times of India |access-date=30 December 2016 |date=22 January 2012 |last=Suganth |first=M. }}</ref> |- | ''[[Mambattiyan]]'' || 'Silk' Singaram || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mambattiyan/article2696350.ece |title=Mambattiyan |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=8 December 2011 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220110035/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/mambattiyan/article2696350.ece |archive-date=20 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2012 || ''[[Marupadiyum Oru Kadhal]]'' || Dr. Singaram || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/marupadiyum-oru-kadhal/movie-review/14175087.cms|title=Marupadiyum Oru Kadhal Movie Review|work=The Times of India|date=11 May 2016|access-date=24 December 2016}}</ref> |- | 2014 || ''[[Tenaliraman (film)|Tenaliraman]]'' || Tenaliraman / Maamannar || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tenaliraman-review-tamil-pcmboqgdbhjeg.html |title=Tenaliraman |website=[[Sify]] |date=18 April 2014 |access-date=24 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207160858/http://www.sify.com/movies/tenaliraman-review-tamil-pcmboqgdbhjeg.html |archive-date= 7 February 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2015 || ''[[Eli (2015 film)|Eli]]'' || Eli Saamy || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/eli-seriously-unfunny/article7333554.ece|title=Eli: Seriously unfunny|work=The Hindu|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|author-link=Baradwaj Rangan|date=19 June 2015|access-date=24 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422011016/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/eli-seriously-unfunny/article7333554.ece|archive-date=22 April 2022|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2016 || ''[[Kaththi Sandai]]'' || Dr. Boothri || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kaththi-sandai-confirms-december-23-release-news-tamil-qmpnlQjhacffg.html |title='Kaththi Sandai' confirms December 23 release |website=[[Sify]] |date=15 December 2016 |access-date=15 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220171329/http://www.sify.com/movies/kaththi-sandai-confirms-december-23-release-news-tamil-qmpnlQjhacffg.html |archive-date=20 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |rowspan="2"| 2017 || ''[[Shivalinga (2017 film)|Shivalinga]]'' || Pattukunjam || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160716/lawrence-ritika-film-shivalinga-starts-rolling.html |title=Lawrence-Ritika film Shivalinga starts rolling |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=16 July 2016 |access-date=25 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107083747/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/160716/lawrence-ritika-film-shivalinga-starts-rolling.html |archive-date= 7 January 2017 }}</ref> |- | ''[[Mersal (film)|Mersal]]'' ||Vadivu || || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/55752/cinema/Kollywood/vijay-atlee-next-movie-shoot-starts-today.htm |title=விஜய் 61: இன்று படப்பிடிப்புடன் தொடங்கியது |trans-title=Vijay 61: Filming started today |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta |date=1 February 2017 |access-date=1 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201091036/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/55752/cinema/Kollywood/vijay-atlee-next-movie-shoot-starts-today.htm |archive-date= 1 February 2017 }}</ref> |- |2018 |''[[Imsai Arasan 24th Pulikecei]]'' | |Filming |<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/imsai-arasan-24am-pulikecei-first-look-posters-vadivelu-film-starts-rolling-2-0-makers-bankroll-the-project-4809545/|title=Imsai Arasan 24am Pulikecei first look posters: Vadivelu film starts rolling, 2.0 makers bankroll the project|date=2017-08-23|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2017-08-23|language=en-US}}</ref> |} ==References== {{Reflist|25em}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb name|0883014}} [[Category:Indian filmographies]] lihb22o4xtvknhj4r25wixoehxpq0b1 0 602805 11024502 10319821 2026-10-09T08:02:36Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 16 sources and tagging 4 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024502 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] (born 19 November 1961) is an Indian [[film actor]] and [[comedian]]. He has won three [[Filmfare Best Comedian Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Best Comedian Award]]s for his performances in ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'', ''[[Saamy]]'' and ''[[Perazhagan]]''. In April 2009, Vivek received the [[Padma Shri]] award by the [[Government of India]] for his contribution to the arts. He was introduced to filmdom by renowned director [[K. Balachander]]. This is a complete list of films acted by comedian [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/persondb.cgi?name=vivek&role=actor&type=actor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325045818/http://www.cinesouth.com/cgi-bin/persondb.cgi?name=vivek&role=actor&type=actor |archive-date=25 March 2012 |url-status=dead |title=Filmography of Vivek |publisher=Cinesouth.com |access-date=20 July 2014}}</ref> His debut as a hero, [[Solli adippen|Solli Adippen]], however, remains unreleased. [[K. Annamalai]] ==Films== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#b0c4de;" ! Year ! style="width:200px;"|Film ! Role ! Notes ! Ref(s) |- | 1985 | ''Kalivaalam'' || || || |- | 1987 | ''[[Manathil Uruthi Vendum]]'' || || || |- | 1989 | ''[[Pudhu Pudhu Arthangal]]'' || Vittal || || |- | 1990 | ''[[Oru Veedu Iru Vasal]]'' || || || |- | 1990 | ''Pudhu Mappillai'' || || || |- | 1990 | ''[[Keladi Kanmani]]'' || || || |- | 1991 | ''[[Nanbargal]]'' || Gopi || || |- | 1991 | ''[[Sendhoora Devi]]'' || Gopal || || |- | 1991 | ''[[Idhaya Vaasal]]'' || || || |- | 1991 | ''[[Anbu Sangili]]'' || Ku. Rangu || || |- | 1991 | ''Idhaya Oonjal'' || || || |- | 1991 | ''[[Jenma Natchathiram]]'' || || || |- | 1991 | ''[[MGR Nagaril]]'' || || || |- | 1991 | ''[[Putham Pudhu Payanam]]'' || Vivek || || |- | 1992 | ''[[Thambi Pondatti]]'' || Mani || || |- | 1992 | ''[[Innisai Mazhai]]'' || Michael || || |- | 1992 | ''Tamil Ponnu'' || || || |- | 1992 | ''Pudhusa Padikkiren'' || || || |- | 1992 | ''Kalikaalam'' || || || |- | 1992 | ''Urimai Oonjaladugirathu'' || || || |- | 1992 | ''Kizhakku Veedhi'' || || || |- | 1993 | ''[[Uzhaippali]]'' || || || |- | 1993 | ''[[Naan Pesa Ninaipathellam]]'' || Govind || || |- | 1993 | ''Pass Mark'' || || || |- | 1993 | ''[[Rajadhi Raja Raja Kulothunga Raja Marthanda Raja Gambeera Kathavaraya Krishna Kamarajan]]'' || Vivek || || |- | 1993 | ''[[Enga Muthalali]]'' || Pandurangan ('Bambaram' Pandu) || || |- | 1994 | ''[[Vaanga Partner Vaanga]]'' || Koteeswaran || || |- | 1994 | ''[[Veera (1994 film)|Veera]]'' || || || |- | 1994 | ''[[Pudhiya Mannargal]]'' || Aaraaichi || || |- | 1994 | ''Vaa Magale Vaa'' || || || |- | 1994 | ''[[Namma Annachi]]'' || Nallathambi || || |- | 1994 | ''[[Watchman Vadivelu]]'' || || || |- | 1994 | ''[[Pattukottai Periyappa]]'' || || || |- | 1994 | ''[[Vanaja Girija]]'' || || || |- | 1995 | ''[[Thottil Kuzhandhai]]'' || || || |- | 1995 | ''[[Muthukulikka Vaariyala]]'' || || || |- | 1995 | ''[[Nandhavana Theru]]'' || Beedi || || |- | 1995 | ''[[Gandhi Pirantha Mann]]'' || || || |- | 1995 | ''[[Mayabazar (1995 film)|Mayabazar]]'' || || || |- |1995 | ''Ilaya Raagam'' || Saamy || || |- | 1996 | ''[[Thayagam]]'' || || || |- | 1996 | ''[[Avathara Purushan]]'' || || || |- | 1996 | ''[[Minor Mappillai]]'' || Kicha || || |- | 1996 | ''Vetri Mugam'' || || || |- | 1996 | ''[[Enakkoru Magan Pirappan (1996 film)|Enakkoru Magan Pirappan]]'' || Raja || || |- | 1996 | ''[[Subash (film)|Subash]]'' || || || |- | 1997 | ''[[Kaalamellam Kadhal Vaazhga]]'' || || || |- | 1997 | ''[[Dhinamum Ennai Gavani]]'' || Inspector Balram || || |- | 1997 | ''[[Sishya (film)|Sishya]]'' || || || |- | 1997 | ''[[Pongalo Pongal]]'' || Pazhanisamy || || |- | 1997 | ''[[Periya Idathu Mappillai]]'' || || || |- | 1997 | ''[[Pagaivan]]'' || || || |- | 1997 | ''[[Nerrukku Ner]]'' || || 50th film || |- | 1998 | ''[[Kaadhale Nimmadhi]]'' || Panchu || || |- | 1998 | ''[[Maru Malarchi]]'' || Nagarajan || || |- | 1998 | ''[[Naam Iruvar Namakku Iruvar]]'' || Parthasarathy || || |- | 1998 | ''[[Kaadhal Mannan]]'' || Oiyaa || || |- | 1998 | ''[[Harichandra (1998 film)|Harichandra]]'' || Gopal || || |- | 1998 | ''[[Sollamale]]'' || || || |- | 1998 | ''[[Kannedhirey Thondrinal]]'' || || || |- | 1998 | ''[[Unnudan]]'' || || || |- | 1999 | ''[[Ninaivirukkum Varai]]'' || Vinod || || |- | 1999 | ''[[Unnaithedi]]'' || Vivek || || |- | 1999 | ''[[Poomagal Oorvalam]]'' || Sakthi || || |- | 1999 | ''[[Vaali (film)|Vaali]]'' || Vicky || || |- | 1999 | ''[[Oruvan (1999 film)|Oruvan]]'' || || || |- | 1999 | ''[[Viralukketha Veekkam]]'' || Ramanathan || || |- | 1999 | ''[[Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga]]'' || Mathi || || |- | 1999 | ''[[Mugam (film)|Mugam]]'' || || || |- | 1999 | ''Athanda Ithanda'' || Punyakodi || || |- | 1999 | ''[[Thirupathi Ezhumalai Venkatesa]]'' || Vivek || || |- | 1999 | ''[[Unnaruge Naan Irundhal]]'' || || '''Winner''' - [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]] || |- | 1999 | ''[[Aasaiyil Oru Kaditham]]'' || Ramalingam || || |- | 2000 | ''[[Thirunelveli (film)|Thirunelveli]]'' || || || |- | 2000 | ''[[Eazhaiyin Sirippil]]'' || Arasu || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/11/stories/09110226.htm |title=Film Review: Eazhaiyin Sirippil |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=11 February 2000 |access-date=27 December 2016}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | 2000 | ''[[Good Luck (2000 film)|Good Luck]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/11/stories/09110225.htm |title=Film Review: Goodluck |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=11 February 2000 |access-date=27 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041130233031/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2000/02/11/stories/09110225.htm |archive-date=30 November 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2000 | ''[[Sudhandhiram]]'' || Surfraj || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/25/stories/09250222.htm |title=Film Review: "Sudhandhiram" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=25 February 2000 |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227203824/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/02/25/stories/09250222.htm |archive-date=27 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2000 | ''[[Thai Poranthachu]]'' || Kutti || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thai-poranthachu-review-tamil-pcltUEhgbfdje.html |title=Thai Poranthachu |website=[[Sify]] |date=10 August 2001 |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227200116/http://www.sify.com/movies/thai-poranthachu-review-tamil-pcltUEhgbfdje.html |archive-date=27 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2000 | ''[[Mugavaree]]'' || Ramesh || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/03/03/stories/09030223.htm |title=Film Review: "Mugavaree" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=3 March 2000 |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222113047/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/03/03/stories/09030223.htm |archive-date=22 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2000 | ''[[Alaipayuthey (film)|Alaipayuthey]]'' || Sethu || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210225.htm |title=Film Review: "Alaipayuthey" |work=The Hindu |date=21 April 2000 |access-date=27 December 2016 |archive-date=12 January 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150112012403/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210225.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | 2000 | ''[[Sandhitha Velai]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210222.htm |title=Film Review: "Santhitha Vaelai" |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=21 April 2000 |access-date=27 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015070403/http://www.hindu.com/2000/04/21/stories/09210222.htm |archive-date=15 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2000 | ''[[Kandha Kadamba Kathir Vela]]'' || Kathirvelan || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/05/12/stories/09120222.htm |title=Film Review: Kandha Kadamba Kadhir-Vela |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 May 2000 |access-date=27 December 2016}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | 2000 | ''[[Kushi (2000 film)|Kushi]]'' || Vicky || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/05/26/stories/09260222.htm |title=Film Review: "Kushi" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=26 May 2000 |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120085949/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/05/26/stories/09260222.htm |archive-date=20 January 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2000 | ''[[Karisakattu Poove]]'' || || || |- | 2000 | ''[[Pennin Manathai Thottu]]'' || Kandasamy || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inwww.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/18penn.htm |title=Wanted:A pacemaker |publisher=[[Rediff.com|Rediff]] |author=Rajitha |date=18 July 2000 |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227201600/http://inwww.rediff.com/movies/2000/jul/18penn.htm |archive-date=27 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2000 | ''[[Koodi Vazhnthal Kodi Nanmai]]'' || Dhandapani || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/07/21/stories/09210222.htm |title=Film Review: Koodi Vazhndhal Kodi Nanmai |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=21 July 2000 |access-date=27 December 2016 |archive-date=27 February 2015 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150227211551/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/07/21/stories/09210222.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | 2000 | ''[[Doubles (2000 film)|Doubles]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/31double.htm |title=Double or quits? Quits! |publisher=Rediff |author=Rajitha |date=31 August 2000 |access-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202235856/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/aug/31double.htm |archive-date= 2 February 2011 }}</ref> |- | 2000 | ''[[Unnai Kann Theduthey]]'' || || || |- | 2000 | ''[[Budget Padmanabhan]]'' || Krishnan || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/09/15/stories/09150223.htm |title=Film Review: Budget Padmanabhan |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=15 September 2000 |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221071217/http://www.thehindu.com/2000/09/15/stories/09150223.htm |archive-date=21 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2000 | ''[[Palayathu Amman]]'' || Kalyanaraman || || |- | 2000 | ''[[Priyamanavale]]'' || Chandru || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/27tamil.htm |title=Festive fare! |author=Rajitha |date=27 October 2000 |work=Rediff.com |access-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120085933/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2000/oct/27tamil.htm |archive-date=20 January 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2000 | ''[[Seenu (2000 film)|Seenu]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2000/11/10/stories/09100223.htm |title=Film Review: "Seenu" |work=The Hindu |last=Padmanabhan |first=Savitha |date=10 November 2000 |access-date=27 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008113635/http://hindu.com/2000/11/10/stories/09100223.htm |archive-date=8 October 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2001 | ''[[Looty (film)|Looty]]'' || Thiruttu VCD Thyagarajan || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/01/19/stories/09190222.htm |title=Film Review: Looty |work=The Hindu |last=Padmanabhan |first=Savitha |date=19 January 2001 |access-date=27 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514170756/http://www.hindu.com/2001/01/19/stories/09190222.htm |archive-date=14 May 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2001 | ''[[Nageshwari (film)|Nageshwari]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/01/26/stories/09260224.htm |title=Film Review: Nageswari |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=26 January 2001 |access-date=27 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605164439/http://www.hindu.com/2001/01/26/stories/09260224.htm |archive-date=5 June 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2001 | ''[[Engalukkum Kaalam Varum]]'' || Santhosh || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/02/16/stories/09160222.htm |title=Film Review: Engalukkum Kaalam Varum |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=16 February 2001 |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224184114/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/02/16/stories/09160222.htm |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2001 | ''[[Ullam Kollai Poguthae]]'' || || || |- | 2001 | ''[[Minnale]]'' || Chokkalingam || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/02/09/stories/09090224.htm |title=Film Review: Minnalae |work=The Hindu |last=Padmanabhan |first=Savitha |date=9 February 2001 |access-date=27 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416034345/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/02/09/stories/09090224.htm |archive-date=16 April 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2001 | ''[[Badri (2001 film)|Badri]]'' || Azhagu || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/04/27/stories/09270223.htm |title=Film Review: Badri |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=27 April 2001 |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170109122943/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/04/27/stories/09270223.htm |archive-date= 9 January 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2001 | ''[[Dumm Dumm Dumm]]'' || Jim || || |- | 2001 | ''[[Middle Class Madhavan]]'' || Manimaaran || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/25/stories/09250223.htm |title=Film Review: "Middle Class Madhavan" |work=The Hindu |last=Padmanabhan |first=Savitha |date=25 May 2001 |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224182532/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/05/25/stories/09250223.htm |archive-date=24 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2001 | ''[[9 Nelalu|Kanden Seethaiyai]]'' || Indrajith || || |- | 2001 | ''[[Dhill]]'' || Megaserial Mahadevan || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/07/27/stories/09270222.htm |title=Film Review: Dhill |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=27 July 2001 |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201110912/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/07/27/stories/09270222.htm |archive-date= 1 February 2015 }}</ref> |- | 2001 | ''[[Super Kudumbam]]'' || Hari || 100th film || |- | 2001 | ''[[Kanna Unnai Thedukiren]]'' || || || |- | 2001 | ''[[Kutty (2001 film)|Kutty]]'' || Provision shop owner || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/10/stories/09100224.htm |title=Film Review: "Kutty" |work=The Hindu |last=Mahesh |first=Chitra |date=10 August 2001 |access-date=27 December 2016}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | 2001 | ''[[Viswanathan Ramamoorthy (film)|Viswanathan Ramamoorthy]]'' || Ramamoorthy || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/17/stories/09170222.htm |title=Film Review: Viswanathan Ramamoorthy |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=17 August 2001 |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227202424/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/08/17/stories/09170222.htm |archive-date=27 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2001 | ''[[Poovellam Un Vasam]]'' || Varathan || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/08/24/stories/09240222.htm |title=Film Review: Poovellam Un Vaasam |work=The Hindu |date=24 August 2001 |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050225044038/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2001/08/24/stories/09240222.htm |archive-date=25 February 2005 }}</ref> |- | 2001 | ''[[Alli Thanda Vaanam]]'' || Tamilkirukkan/Tamilkirukkan's Father || || |- | 2001 | ''[[12B]]'' || Madhan || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2001/10/05/stories/09050222.htm |title=Film Review: 12 B |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=5 October 2001 |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227203214/http://www.thehindu.com/2001/10/05/stories/09050222.htm |archive-date=27 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2001 | ''[[Manadhai Thirudivittai]]'' || Valayapathi || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/10mana.htm |title=Manathai Thirudi Vittai has Prabhu Deva in a dilemma |publisher=Rediff |author=Tulika |date=10 December 2001 |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230175401/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/10mana.htm |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2001 | ''[[Parthale Paravasam]]'' || Bootham || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/04paar.htm |title=Trouble in paradise |publisher=Rediff |author=Rajitha |date=4 December 2001 |access-date=27 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165954/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2001/dec/04paar.htm |archive-date= 3 March 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2001 | ''[[Shahjahan (film)|Shahjahan]]'' || Bhoopathi || || |- | 2001 | ''[[Kottai Mariamman]]'' || || || |- | 2001 | ''[[Majunu]]'' || Mano || || |- | 2001 | ''[[Vadagupatti Maapillai]]'' || Rowther || || |- | 2002 | ''[[Azhagi]]'' || Desigan || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/azhagi-review-tamil-pclunkhdjbbjh.html |title=Azhagi |website=[[Sify]] |date=12 December 2001 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195136/http://www.sify.com/movies/azhagi-review-tamil-pclunkhdjbbjh.html |archive-date=28 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2002 | ''[[Vivaramana Aalu]]'' || "Suitcase" Subbu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vivaramana-aalu-review-tamil-pcluordjhbgda.html |title=Vivaramana Aalu |website=[[Sify]] |date=19 January 2002 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228202423/http://www.sify.com/movies/vivaramana-aalu-review-tamil-pcluordjhbgda.html |archive-date=28 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2002 | ''[[Roja Kootam]]'' || Aarumugam || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/03/01/stories/2002030101000201.htm |title=Roja Koottam |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=1 March 2002 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225162522/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/03/01/stories/2002030101000201.htm |archive-date=25 February 2008 }}</ref> |- | 2002 | ''[[Thamizhan]]'' || Nandakumar || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900820203.htm |title=Thamizhan |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=19 April 2002 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120090232/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/04/19/stories/2002041900820203.htm |archive-date=20 January 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2002 | ''[[Thenkasi Pattanam]]'' || Maanikkam Pillai alias Maappillai || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/06/28/stories/2002062800910200.htm |title=Thenkasi Pattanam |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=28 June 2002 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225175810/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/06/28/stories/2002062800910200.htm |archive-date=25 February 2008 }}</ref> |- | 2002 | ''[[Hey! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukke]]'' || Subbu || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/19/stories/2002071900910200.htm |title="Yey! Nee Romba Azhaga Irukkae" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=19 July 2002 |access-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226045818/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/19/stories/2002071900910200.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008 }}</ref> |- | 2002 | ''[[Youth (2002 film)|Youth]]'' || Karuthu Kanthaswamy || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/26/stories/2002072600880202.htm |title=Youth |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=26 July 2002 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170109123636/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/26/stories/2002072600880202.htm |archive-date= 9 January 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2002 | ''[[Run (2002 film)|Run]]'' || Mohan || '''Winner''' - [[Filmfare Best Comedian Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Best Comedian Award]]<br />'''Winner''' - [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]]<br />'''Winner''' - [[ITFA Best Comedian Award]] ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/13/stories/2002091300930200.htm |title=Run |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=13 September 2002 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225193205/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/09/13/stories/2002091300930200.htm |archive-date=25 February 2008 }}</ref> |- | 2002 | ''[[Namma Veetu Kalyanam]]'' || || || |- | 2002 | ''[[University (film)|University]]'' || 'Allthotta' Bhoopathi || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/10/11/stories/2002101101170201.htm |title=University |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=11 October 2002 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005154745/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/10/11/stories/2002101101170201.htm |archive-date= 5 October 2009 }}</ref> |- | 2002 | ''[[Kadhal Virus]]'' || Puthir || || |- | 2003 | ''[[Dhool]]'' || Narayana Swamy (Naren) || Nominated - Vijay Award for Best Comedian || <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/24/stories/2003012401130200.htm |title=Dhool |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=24 January 2003 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201113403/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/01/24/stories/2003012401130200.htm |archive-date= 1 February 2015 }}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''[[Pop Carn (2003 film)|Pop Carn]]'' || || || |- | 2003 | ''[[Kadhal Sadugudu]]'' || 'Super' Subbu || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/18/stories/2003041800950202.htm |title=Kadhal Sadugudu |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=18 April 2003 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201113642/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/04/18/stories/2003041800950202.htm |archive-date= 1 February 2015 }}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''[[Anbe Anbe]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anbe-anbe-review-tamil-pclu1wgcdhgaj.html |title=Anbe Anbe |website=[[Sify]] |date=7 May 2003 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228195218/http://www.sify.com/movies/anbe-anbe-review-tamil-pclu1wgcdhgaj.html |archive-date=28 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''[[Saamy]]'' || Venkatraman || '''Winner''' - [[Filmfare Best Comedian Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Best Comedian Award]]<br />'''Winner''' - [[ITFA Best Comedian Award]] ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/09/stories/2003050901080200.htm |title="Saami" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=9 May 2003 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201113955/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/09/stories/2003050901080200.htm |archive-date= 1 February 2015 }}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''[[Lesa Lesa]]'' || Chandru || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301320201.htm |title=Lesa Lesa |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=23 May 2003 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307075741/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301320201.htm |archive-date= 7 March 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''[[Parthiban Kanavu (2003 film)|Parthiban Kanavu]]'' || Mano || '''Winner''' - [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]] ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301320200.htm |title=Parthiban Kanavu |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=23 May 2003 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041119184043/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/05/23/stories/2003052301320200.htm |archive-date=19 November 2004 }}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''[[Ice (2003 film)|Ice]]'' || Pulikesi || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/10/25/stories/2002102501170200.htm |title=Cool version of a superhit |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=25 October 2002 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030923183127/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2002/10/25/stories/2002102501170200.htm |archive-date=23 September 2003 }}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''[[Whistle (2003 film)|Whistle]]'' || Sahadevan || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2003/07/04/stories/2003070401120200.htm |title="Whistle" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=4 July 2003 |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109170000/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/07/04/stories/2003070401120200.htm |archive-date=9 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''[[Kadhal Kisu Kisu]]'' || Tamilselvan || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/07/18/stories/2003071801400200.htm |title="Kadhal Kisu Kisu" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=18 July 2003 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226024248/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/07/18/stories/2003071801400200.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008 }}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''[[Thithikudhe]]'' || 'Punch' Bala || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/01/stories/2003080101630200.htm |title="Thithikudhae" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=1 August 2003 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005160547/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/01/stories/2003080101630200.htm |archive-date= 5 October 2009 }}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''[[Thennavan]]'' || Dada Mani || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201390200.htm |title=Thennavan |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=22 August 2003 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080226140542/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/08/22/stories/2003082201390200.htm |archive-date=26 February 2008 }}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''[[Boys (2003 film)|Boys]]'' || Mangalam || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2003/09/05/stories/2003090501390200.htm |title="Boys" |work=The Hindu |last=Gautam |first=Savitha |date=5 September 2003 |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031208173306/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/05/stories/2003090501390200.htm |archive-date=8 December 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''[[Alai (film)|Alai]]'' || Madhan || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601340202.htm |title="Alai" |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=26 September 2003 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005171054/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2003/09/26/stories/2003092601340202.htm |archive-date= 5 October 2009 }}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''[[Three Roses]]'' || CID Shankar/Director Bala Mani Bharathi || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2003/10/10/stories/2003101001150200.htm |title="Three Roses" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=10 October 2003 |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031026103203/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/10/10/stories/2003101001150200.htm |archive-date=26 October 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''[[Thirumalai]]'' || Pazhani || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2003/10/31/stories/2003103101210201.htm |title=Tirumalai |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=31 October 2003 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170109123949/http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2003/10/31/stories/2003103101210201.htm |archive-date= 9 January 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''[[Ennaku 20 Unnaku 18]]'' || Kapil || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2003/12/12/stories/2003121201450301.htm |title="Enakku 20 Unakku 18" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=12 December 2003 |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031230195832/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2003/12/12/stories/2003121201450301.htm |archive-date=30 December 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''[[Joot]]'' || Siva || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/joot-are-you-ready-review-tamil-pclvyihjchjjg.html |title=Joot- Are You Ready? |website=[[Sify]] |date=19 December 2003 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229032701/http://www.sify.com/movies/joot-are-you-ready-review-tamil-pclvyihjchjjg.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2004 | ''[[Udhaya]]'' || Basheer || || |- | 2004 | ''[[Aethiree]]'' || Sampath || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/04/30/stories/2004043001300300.htm |title=Edhiri |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=30 April 2004 |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040820201234/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/04/30/stories/2004043001300300.htm |archive-date=20 August 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2004 | ''[[Perazhagan]]'' || "Marriage Assembler" Kuzhandaisaamy || '''Winner''' - [[Filmfare Best Comedian Award (Tamil)|Filmfare Best Comedian Award]] ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/05/14/stories/2004051401630300.htm |title="Paerazhagan" |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=14 May 2004 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170115124433/http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/05/14/stories/2004051401630300.htm |archive-date=15 January 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2004 | ''[[Chellamae]]'' || Harichandra || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/09/17/stories/2004091702810300.htm |title=Chellamae |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=17 September 2004 |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041013200641/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/09/17/stories/2004091702810300.htm |archive-date=13 October 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2004 | ''[[Arasatchi]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/arasatchi-review-tamil-pclv8mcdficgc.html |title=Arasatchi |website=[[Sify]] |date=20 September 2004 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228200919/http://www.sify.com/movies/arasatchi-review-tamil-pclv8mcdficgc.html |archive-date=28 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2004 | ''[[M. Kumaran son of Mahalakshmi]]'' || Ganesh || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2004/10/08/stories/2004100802130301.htm |title=M. Kumaran Son of ... |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=8 October 2004 |access-date=28 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041122114949/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2004/10/08/stories/2004100802130301.htm |archive-date=22 November 2004 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2005 | ''[[Thaka Thimi Tha]]'' || Vivek || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thakathimitha-review-tamil-pclvItdiagfah.html |title=Thakathimitha |website=[[Sify]] |date=2 April 2005 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414073730/http://www.sify.com/movies/thakathimitha-review-tamil-pclvItdiagfah.html |archive-date=14 April 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2005 | ''[[Kana Kandaen]]'' || Sivaramakrishnan || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/fr/2005/05/20/stories/2005052000090200.htm |title=Refreshing dream |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=20 May 2005 |access-date=28 December 2016}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | 2005 | ''[[Anniyan]]'' || Chaari || '''Winner''' - [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anniyan-review-tamil-pclvKkhahibhf.html |title=Anniyan |website=[[Sify]] |date=16 June 2005 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030045503/http://www.sify.com/movies/anniyan-review-tamil-13873632.html |archive-date=30 October 2014 }}</ref> |- | 2005 | ''[[Anbe Vaa (2005 film)|Anbe Vaa]]'' ||Nandha || 150th film ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/anbe-vaa-review-tamil-pclvNAfigdceb.html |title=Anbe Vaa |website=[[Sify]] |date=17 November 2005 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160405174847/http://www.sify.com/movies/anbe-vaa-review-tamil-pclvNAfigdceb.html |archive-date= 5 April 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2005 | ''[[Vanakkam Thalaiva]]'' || Erichaamy || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/23/stories/2005122302760500.htm |title=A strong story |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=23 December 2005 |access-date=28 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005101117/http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/12/23/stories/2005122302760500.htm |archive-date= 5 October 2009 }}</ref> |- | 2006 | ''[[Paramasivan]]'' || Agniputran || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/paramasivan-review-tamil-pclvOPaagceag.html |title=Paramasivan |website=[[Sify]] |date=10 January 2006 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229180601/http://www.sify.com/movies/paramasivan-review-tamil-pclvOPaagceag.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2006 | ''[[Saravana]]'' || V. C. Damodaran || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/saravana-review-tamil-pclvOXjagdhhd.html |title=Saravana |website=[[Sify]] |date=14 January 2006 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128064420/http://www.sify.com/movies/saravana-review-tamil-pclvOXjagdhhd.html |archive-date=28 January 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2006 | ''[[Aadhi]]'' || Bullet || '''Winner''' - [[Vijay Award for Best Comedian]] ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/cliched-and-typically-vijay/article3216888.ece |title=Cliched, and typically Vijay |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=20 January 2006 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120091701/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/cliched-and-typically-vijay/article3216888.ece |archive-date=20 January 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2006 | ''[[Kalvanin Kadhali (2006 film)|Kalvanin Kadhali]]'' || Babloo || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kalvanin-kathali-review-tamil-pclvQribbahhe.html |title=Kalvanin Kathali |website=[[Sify]] |date=17 February 2006 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322223613/http://www.sify.com/movies/kalvanin-kathali-review-tamil-pclvQribbahhe.html |archive-date=22 March 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2006 | ''[[Madrasi]]'' || Paandi || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/madrasi-review-tamil-pclvQ0cbbjacc.html |title=Madrasi |website=[[Sify]] |date=18 February 2006 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230004551/http://www.sify.com/movies/madrasi-review-tamil-pclvQ0cbbjacc.html |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2006 | ''[[Thiruttu Payale]]'' || Ceylon Yogaraasa || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/gripping-game-of-cat-and-mouse-thiruttu-payalae/article3217880.ece |title=Gripping game of cat and mouse&nbsp;— Thiruttu Payalae |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=21 April 2006 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229173126/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/gripping-game-of-cat-and-mouse-thiruttu-payalae/article3217880.ece |archive-date=29 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2006 | ''[[Madhu (film)|Madhu]]'' || Madhan || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/madhu-review-tamil-pclvUOdfifidb.html |title=Madhu |website=[[Sify]] |date=17 May 2006 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230003048/http://www.sify.com/movies/madhu-review-tamil-pclvUOdfifidb.html |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2006 | ''[[Nee Venunda Chellam]]'' || Renigunta Reddy (Royapettah Ramu) || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/nee-venunda-chellam-review-tamil-pclwcojicdbee.html |title=Nee Venunda Chellam |website=[[Sify]] |date=18 August 2006 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305201603/http://www.sify.com/movies/nee-venunda-chellam-review-tamil-pclwcojicdbee.html |archive-date= 5 March 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2006 | ''[[Jambhavan (film)|Jambhavan]]'' || Subhash || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/story-is-its-weak-link-jaambavan/article3230657.ece |title=Story is its weak link&nbsp;— Jaambavan |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=15 September 2006 |access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> |- | 2007 | ''[[Aalwar]]'' || Pons || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/ire-and-fire-all-over-again-aazhwar/article2271259.ece |title=Ire and fire all over again&nbsp;— Aazhwar |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=19 January 2007 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225090531/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/ire-and-fire-all-over-again-aazhwar/article2271259.ece |archive-date=25 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2007 | ''[[Agaram (film)|Agaram]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/agaram-review-tamil-pclwmsacdgdbj.html |title=Agaram |website=[[Sify]] |date=6 March 2007 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230001542/http://www.sify.com/movies/agaram-review-tamil-pclwmsacdgdbj.html |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2007 | ''[[Sivaji (film)|Sivaji]]'' || Arivu || '''Winner''' - [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Comedian]] ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-sivaji-the-boss/story-8rkesoW5sNN3ZjQAqnIteP.html |title=REVIEW: Sivaji: the Boss |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |last=Hari |first=TSV |date=16 June 2007 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230000006/http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/review-sivaji-the-boss/story-8rkesoW5sNN3ZjQAqnIteP.html |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2007 | ''[[Thullal (film)|Thullal]]'' || Muthu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thullal-review-tamil-pclwrthecgggf.html |title=Thullal |website=[[Sify]] |date=3 July 2007 |access-date=2 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227202202/http://www.sify.com/movies/thullal-review-tamil-pclwrthecgggf.html |archive-date=27 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2007 | ''[[Kireedam (2007 film)|Kireedam]]'' || Shaktivel's brother-in-law || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/kireedam-review-tamil-pclwseicahcbj.html |title=Kireedam |website=[[Sify]] |date=19 July 2007 |access-date=2 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229180605/http://www.sify.com/movies/kireedam-review-tamil-pclwseicahcbj.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2007 | ''[[Veerappu]]'' || Ratthan || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/veerappu-review-tamil-pclws0iddbfdf.html |title=Veerappu |website=[[Sify]] |date=28 July 2007 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230000038/http://www.sify.com/movies/veerappu-review-tamil-pclws0iddbfdf.html |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2007 | ''[[Urchagam]]'' || Ayyanaarkudi Raja || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/vibrant-almost-all-the-way-urchaagam/article2273565.ece |title=Vibrant ... almost all the way&nbsp;— Urchaagam |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=31 August 2007 |access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> |- | 2007 | ''[[Pasupathi c/o Rasakkapalayam]]'' || Daas || ||<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/pasupathi-c-o-rasakkapalayam-review-tamil-14538611.html |title=Pasupathi c/o Rasakkapalayam |website=[[Sify]] |date=5 October 2007 |access-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130806103048/http://www.sify.com/movies/pasupathi-c-o-rasakkapalayam-review-tamil-14538611.html |archive-date=6 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | 2008 | ''[[Thoondil]]'' || Mac || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thoondil-review-tamil-pclw5Bbgjhifc.html |title=Thoondil |website=[[Sify]] |date=22 February 2008 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229170936/http://www.sify.com/movies/thoondil-review-tamil-pclw5Bbgjhifc.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2008 | ''[[Singakutty]]'' || Balu || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/singakutty-review-tamil-pclw7gciadgjd.html |title=Singakutty |website=[[Sify]] |date=22 March 2008 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229180604/http://www.sify.com/movies/singakutty-review-tamil-pclw7gciadgjd.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2008 | ''[[Sandai]]'' || Mani/Naattamai || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sandai-review-tamil-pclw7lhhgfacd.html |title=Sandai |website=[[Sify]] |date=24 March 2008 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322215535/http://www.sify.com/movies/sandai-review-tamil-pclw7lhhgfacd.html |archive-date=22 March 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2008 | ''[[Kuruvi]]'' || Ops || '''Winner''' - [[ITFA Best Comedian Award]]<br />Nominated - [[Vijay Award for Best Comedian]] ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/What-happened-Dharani-Kuruvi/article15398576.ece |title=What happened Dharani? - Kuruvi |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=9 May 2008 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120091929/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/What-happened-Dharani-Kuruvi/article15398576.ece |archive-date=20 January 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2008 | ''[[Aayudham Seivom]]'' || Traffic Kanthasaamy || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/ayudham-seivom-review-tamil-pclwEsdfgicje.html |title=Ayudham Seivom |website=[[Sify]] |date=30 June 2008 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315041553/http://www.sify.com/movies/ayudham-seivom-review-tamil-pclwEsdfgicje.html |archive-date=15 March 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2008 | ''[[Jayamkondaan]]'' || Gopal || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jayam-kondaan-review-tamil-pclwIodibchji.html |title=Jayam Kondaan |website=[[Sify]] |date=29 August 2008 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104050050/http://www.sify.com/movies/jayam-kondaan-review-tamil-pclwIodibchji.html |archive-date= 4 January 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2008 | ''[[Durai (film)|Durai]]'' || 'Arusuvai' Ambi || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Stunts-say-it-all-Durai/article15400315.ece |title=Stunts say it all&nbsp;— Durai |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=10 October 2008 |access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> |- | 2008 | ''[[Bommalattam]]'' || Madurai || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/bommalattam-review-tamil-pclwPSebieidi.html |title=Bommalattam |website=[[Sify]] |date=12 December 2008 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170422040758/http://www.sify.com/movies/bommalattam-review-tamil-pclwPSebieidi.html |archive-date=22 April 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2009 | ''[[Padikathavan]]'' || 'Assault' Arumugam || Nominated - [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor - Tamil]] ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/A-smooth-take-off-%E2%80%A6-and-thatrsquos-it-Padikkadhavan/article15936850.ece |title=A smooth take-off ... and that's it&nbsp;— Padikkadhavan |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=23 January 2009 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230101849/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/A-smooth-take-off-%E2%80%A6-and-thatrsquos-it-Padikkadhavan/article15936850.ece |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2009 | ''[[Perumal (film)|Perumal]]'' || Idithangi/Indrasena Reddy || Double Role ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/Oh-Not-again-Perumal/article15937222.ece |title=Oh! Not again&nbsp;— Perumal |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=20 February 2009 |access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> |- | 2009 | ''[[1977 (film)|1977]]'' || Paraman || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/tamil-review-1977/20090309.htm |title=It's Bland, James Bland |publisher=Rediff |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=9 March 2009 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230184034/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/tamil-review-1977/20090309.htm |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2009 | ''[[Guru En Aalu]]'' || Azhagappan || '''Winner''' - [[Edison Awards (Tamil)|Edison Award for Best Comedian]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/guru-en-aalu-review-tamil-pclxbScehjjed.html |title=Guru En Aalu |website=[[Sify]] |date=24 April 2009 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026163513/http://www.sify.com/movies/guru-en-aalu-review-tamil-pclxbScehjjed.html |archive-date=26 October 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2009 | ''[[Indira Vizha]]'' || 'Oppila' Mani || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/glam-game-gone-awry-indira-vizha/article3021683.ece |title=Glam game gone awry&nbsp;— Indira Vizha |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=17 July 2009 |access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> |- | 2009 | ''[[Aiyantham Padai]]'' || Thaanthoni || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/aindham-padai-is-below-average/20090727.htm |title=''Aindham Padai'' is below average |publisher=Rediff |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=27 July 2009 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329220634/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/aindham-padai-is-below-average/20090727.htm |archive-date=29 March 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2009 | ''[[Anthony Yaar?]]'' || Kingfisher || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/31/tamil-movie-review-anthony-yaar.htm |title=Watch ''Anthony Yaar?'' at your own peril |publisher=Rediff |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=31 July 2009 |access-date=30 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230160846/http://movies.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/31/tamil-movie-review-anthony-yaar.htm |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2010 || ''[[Thambikku Indha Ooru]]'' || 'Cola' Kumar || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/thambikku-indha-ooru-review-tamil-pclx3Abeeaigb.html |title=Thambikku Indha Ooru |website=[[Sify]] |date=6 March 2010 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230010055/http://www.sify.com/movies/thambikku-indha-ooru-review-tamil-pclx3Abeeaigb.html |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2010 | ''[[Sivappu Mazhai]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/For-the-record-Sivappu-Mazhai/article15693887.ece |title=For the record&nbsp;— Sivappu Mazhai |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=16 April 2010 |access-date=29 December 2016}}</ref> |- | 2010 | ''[[Magane En Marumagane]]'' || 'Singapetti' Singaram || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/magane-en-marumagane-review-tamil-pclx9Kibebcfd.html |title=Magane En Marumagane |website=[[Sify]] |date=21 May 2010 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510164729/http://www.sify.com/movies/magane-en-marumagane-review-tamil-pclx9Kibebcfd.html |archive-date=10 May 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2010 | ''[[Singam]]'' || Erimalai ||Nominated - Vijay Award for Best Comedian ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/singam/movie-review/5987899.cms |title=Singam Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |last=Devi Ravi |first=Bhama |date=29 May 2010 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170321075847/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/singam/movie-review/5987899.cms |archive-date=21 March 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2010 | ''[[Pen Singam]]'' || Thirupathi || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Penn-Singam-Family-fare/article16240683.ece |title=Penn Singam: Family fare |work=The Hindu |last=Kumar |first=S. R. Ashok |date=3 June 2010 |access-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418110805/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Penn-Singam-Family-fare/article16240683.ece |archive-date=18 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2010 | ''[[Bale Pandiya (2010 film)|Bale Pandiya]]'' || London || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-review-bale-pandiya/20100903.htm |title=''Bale Pandiya'' could have been better |publisher=Rediff |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=2010 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325224937/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/south-tamil-review-bale-pandiya/20100903.htm |archive-date=25 March 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2010 | ''[[Vaadaa]]'' || Annamalai (Imitates [[Suruli Rajan]]) || || |- | 2010 | ''[[Uthamaputhiran (2010 film)|Uthama Puthiran]]'' || Emotional Ekambaram || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/uthamaputhiran-review-tamil-pclxJwbecgdij.html |title=Uthamaputhiran |website=[[Sify]] |date=4 November 2010 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151003103815/http://www.sify.com/movies/uthamaputhiran-review-tamil-pclxJwbecgdij.html |archive-date= 3 October 2015 }}</ref> |- | 2011 | ''[[Seedan]]'' || Gumbidiswamy || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-seedan/20110225.htm |title=Review: ''Seedan'' is no match to the original |publisher=Rediff |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=25 February 2011 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230184039/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-seedan/20110225.htm |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2011 | ''[[Bhavani IPS]]'' || Girivalam || || |- | 2011 | ''[[Mappillai (2011 film)|Mappillai]]'' || Child Chinna (JP) ||Nominated - Vijay Award for Best Comedian ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-mappillai/20110408.htm |title=Review: ''Mappillai'' is a bad copy of the original |publisher=Rediff |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=8 April 2011 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120082204/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-mappillai/20110408.htm |archive-date=20 January 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2011 | ''Oru Nunakkatha'' || Singam || [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] || |- | 2011 | ''[[Vedi (film)|Vedi]]'' || Varun Sandesh || '''Winner''' - [[ITFA Best Comedian Award]] ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-sameera-stands-out-in-vedi/20111003.htm |title=Review: Sameera stands out in ''Vedi'' |publisher=Rediff |last=Srinivasan |first=Pavithra |date=3 October 2011 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804023435/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-sameera-stands-out-in-vedi/20111003.htm |archive-date= 4 August 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2012 | ''[[Murattu Kaalai (2012 film)|Murattu Kaalai]]'' || Saroja || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Murattu-Kaalai-Not-as-raging-%E2%80%A6/article12642760.ece |title=Murattu Kaalai&nbsp;— Not as raging ... |work=The Hindu |last=Rangarajan |first=Malathi |date=16 June 2012 |access-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231023145929/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Murattu-Kaalai-Not-as-raging-%E2%80%A6/article12642760.ece |archive-date=23 October 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2013 | ''[[Chandra (film)|Chandra]]'' || Yuvaraj Sukumar || [[Kannada cinema|Kannada film]] || |- | 2013 | ''[[Kantha (film)|Kantha]]'' || Thangamagan || || |- | 2013 | ''[[Singam II]]'' || Erimalai || 200th film<br />Nominated - Vijay Award for Best Comedian ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/singam-2/movie-review/20966503.cms |title=Singam Movie Review |work=The Times of India |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20170323112938/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/singam-2/movie-review/20966503.cms |archive-date=23 March 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2013 | ''[[Pathayeram Kodi]]'' || Shankar Lal || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Pathayeram-Kodi/movie-review/18217463.cms |title=Pathayeram Kodi Movie Review |work=The Times of India |last=Varma |first=Sidharth |date=28 January 2013 |access-date=20 July 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404210035/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Pathayeram-Kodi/movie-review/18217463.cms |archive-date= 4 April 2014 }}</ref> |- | 2014 | ''[[Ninaithathu Yaaro]]'' || Himself || Guest appearance || |- | 2014 | ''[[Chandra (film)|Chandra]]'' || Yuvaraj Sukumar || || |- | 2014 | ''[[Naan Than Bala]]'' || Bala || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-thaan-bala-review-tamil-pcmbrricbbebb.html |title=Naan Thaan Bala |website=[[Sify]] |date=16 June 2014 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229175058/http://www.sify.com/movies/naan-thaan-bala-review-tamil-pcmbrricbbebb.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2014 | ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'' || Azhagusundaram || '''Winner''' - [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Comedian]]<br/>Nominated - Vijay Award for Best Comedian ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140719/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-velai-illa-pattadhari-wholesome-entertainer |title=Movie Review 'Velai Illa Pattadhari': A wholesome entertainer |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=19 July 2014 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140916090749/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140719/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-velai-illa-pattadhari-wholesome-entertainer |archive-date=16 September 2014 }}</ref> |- | 2014 | ''[[Vingyani]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/vingyani-not-a-grain-of-credibility/article6636972.ece |title=Vingyani: Not a grain of credibility |work=The Hindu |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=26 November 2014 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141201011026/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/vingyani-not-a-grain-of-credibility/article6636972.ece |archive-date= 1 December 2014 }}</ref> |- | 2015 | ''[[Killadi]]'' || Arnold || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/killadi-a-bucketful-of-clichs/article6839655.ece |title=Killadi: A bucketful of clichés |work=The Hindu |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=30 January 2015 |access-date=29 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220907092954/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/killadi-a-bucketful-of-clichs/article6839655.ece |archive-date=7 September 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2015 | ''[[Yennai Arindhaal]]'' || 'Revolver' Richard || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/yennai-arindhaal-movie-review-ajith-starrer-classy-mass-entertainer-gautham-menon-622575 |title='Yennai Arindhaal' Movie Review: Ajith Starrer is a Classy, Mass Entertainer from Gautham Menon |work=[[International Business Times]] |last=V P |first=Nicy |date=5 February 2015 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151011230611/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/yennai-arindhaal-movie-review-ajith-starrer-classy-mass-entertainer-gautham-menon-622575 |archive-date=11 October 2015 }}</ref> |- | 2015 | ''[[Vai Raja Vai]]'' || Pandian || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-vai-raja-vai-is-a-let-down/20150501.htm |title=Review: ''Vai Raja Vai'' is a let down |publisher=Rediff |last=Saraswathi |first=S |date=1 May 2015 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230184037/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-vai-raja-vai-is-a-let-down/20150501.htm |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2015 | ''[[Buddhanin Sirippu]]'' || || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/jun/06/Refreshing-Idea-but-Lacklustre-Narration-751463.html |title=Refreshing Idea, but Lacklustre Narration |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=6 June 2015 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230085846/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2015/jun/06/Refreshing-Idea-but-Lacklustre-Narration-751463.html |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2015 | ''[[Palakkattu Madhavan]]'' || Palakattu Madhavan || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Palakkattu-Madhavan-Ivan-Tamilan/movie-review/47933939.cms |title=Palakkattu Madhavan — Ivan Tamilan Movie Review |work=The Times of India |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=20 April 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708073635/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Palakkattu-Madhavan-Ivan-Tamilan/movie-review/47933939.cms |archive-date= 8 July 2015 }}</ref> |- | 2015 | ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]'' || Vettaiyan/Pasupathy || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sakalakala-vallavan-review-tamil-ph5rMrchjcgbe.html |title=Sakalakala Vallavan |website=[[Sify]] |date=31 July 2015 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171326/http://www.sify.com/movies/sakalakala-vallavan-review-tamil-ph5rMrchjcgbe.html |archive-date=29 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2016 | ''[[Oopiri|Thozha]]'' || Lawyer Lingam || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/260316/thozha-movie-review-a-film-not-to-be-missed.html |title=Thozha movie review: A film not to be missed! |work=Deccan Chronicle |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=26 March 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805153037/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/260316/thozha-movie-review-a-film-not-to-be-missed.html |archive-date= 5 August 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2016 | ''[[Manithan (2016 film)|Manithan]]'' || Surya || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Manithan/movie-review/52051254.cms |title=Manithan Movie Review |work=The Times of India |last=Suganth |first=M. |date=30 April 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160613162820/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/Manithan/movie-review/52051254.cms |archive-date=13 June 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2016 | ''[[Kaashmora]]'' || Kaashmora's father || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/281016/kashmora-movie-review-every-bit-a-film-worth-a-watch.html |title=Kashmora movie review: Every bit a film worth a watch! |work=Deccan Chronicle |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=28 October 2016 |access-date=29 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230003339/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/281016/kashmora-movie-review-every-bit-a-film-worth-a-watch.html |archive-date=30 December 2016 }}</ref> |- | 2017 | ''[[Rum (film)|Rum]]'' || Raj || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/180217/rum-movie-review-neither-spooky-nor-a-full-fledged-entertainer.html |title=Rum movie review: Neither spooky nor a full-fledged entertainer |work=Deccan Chronicle |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=18 February 2017 |access-date=20 February 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221011041/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/180217/rum-movie-review-neither-spooky-nor-a-full-fledged-entertainer.html |archive-date=21 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2017 | ''[[Muthuramalingam]]'' || Rajasekar Kaalakeyan || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/muthuramalingam/movie-review/57355494.cms |title=Muthuramalingam Movie Review |work=The Times of India |date=26 February 2017 |access-date=3 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315075205/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/muthuramalingam/movie-review/57355494.cms |archive-date=15 March 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2017 | ''[[Mupparimanam]]'' || Himself || Guest appearance ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/120117/a-significant-film-for-shanthanu.html |title=A significant film for Shanthanu |work=Deccan Chronicle |last=Subramanian |first=Anupama |date=12 January 2017 |access-date=4 March 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202125237/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/120117/a-significant-film-for-shanthanu.html |archive-date= 2 February 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2017 | ''[[Brindavanam (2017 film)|Brindavanam]]'' || Vivek || ||<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/may/26/brindavanam-review-a-warm-fuzzy-film-that-works-for-the-most-part-1609430.html |title=Brindavanam review: A warm, fuzzy film that works for the most part |work=The New Indian Express |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=26 May 2017 |access-date=23 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723164543/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2017/may/26/brindavanam-review-a-warm-fuzzy-film-that-works-for-the-most-part-1609430.html |archive-date=23 July 2017 }}</ref> |- | 2017 | ''[[Meesaya Murukku]]'' || Ramachandran || || |- |2017 | ''[[Velaiilla Pattadhari 2]]'' || Azhagusundaram || || |- |TBA | ''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (2017 film)|Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]'' || || Filming || |- |TBA | ''[[Thiruttu Payale 2]]'' || || Filming || |} ==References== {{Reflist|25em}} [[Category:Indian filmographies]] 9g3izne85ow8mke8izfixowa9qjoanf 0 602873 11024200 11023342 2026-10-08T23:01:06Z Ravensfire 121204 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-50453-36|~2026-50453-36]] ([[User talk:~2026-50453-36|talk]]): Source? ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024200 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of movies that have been released or are soon to be released by '''[[Pixar]]'''. ==Movies== All movies listed are co-produced by [[Walt Disney Pictures]] and released by [[Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures|Buena Vista Pictures Distribution (1995–2007)/Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures (2008–present)]]. ===Released=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align:center; margin=auto; width:100%;" ! rowspan="2" width="10%" | Film ! rowspan="2" width="10%" | Release date ! rowspan="2" width="10%" | Director(s) ! colspan="2" width="40%" | Writer(s) ! rowspan="2" width="15%" | Producer(s) ! rowspan="2" width="15%" | Composer(s) ! rowspan="2" width="15%" | Note (s) |- ! width="20%" | Story ! width="20%" | Screenplay |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Toy Story]]'' | {{Date table sorting|November 22, 1995}} | [[John Lasseter]] | Lasseter, [[Pete Docter]], [[Andrew Stanton]] & [[Joe Ranft]] | [[Joss Whedon]], Stanton, [[Joel Cohen (writer)|Joel Cohen]] & [[Alec Sokolow]] | [[Bonnie Arnold]] & [[Ralph Guggenheim]] | rowspan="4" | [[Randy Newman]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[A Bug's Life]]'' | {{Date table sorting|November 25, 1998}} | John Lasseter<hr><small>''Co-directed by:''</small><br>Andrew Stanton | Lasseter, Stanton & Joe Ranft | Stanton, Donald McEnery & Bob Shaw | [[Darla K. Anderson]] & Kevin Reher |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Toy Story 2]]'' | {{Date table sorting|November 24, 1999}} | John Lasseter<hr><small>''Co-directed by:''</small><br>[[Ash Brannon]] & [[Lee Unkrich]] | Lasseter, Pete Docter, Brannon & Andrew Stanton | Stanton, Rita Hsiao, Doug Chamberlin & Chris Webb | Helene Plotkin & Karen Robert Jackson |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'' | {{Date table sorting|November 2, 2001}} | Pete Docter<hr><small>''Co-directed by:''</small><br>Lee Unkrich & [[David Silverman (animator)|David Silverman]] | Docter, [[Jill Culton]], [[Jeff Pidgeon]] & [[Ralph Eggleston]] | Andrew Stanton & [[Dan Gerson]] | Darla K. Anderson |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Finding Nemo]]'' | {{Date table sorting|May 30, 2003}} | Andrew Stanton<hr><small>''Co-directed by:''</small><br>Lee Unkrich | Stanton | Stanton, [[Bob Peterson (filmmaker)|Bob Peterson]] & [[David Reynolds (screenwriter)|David Reynolds]] | Graham Walters | [[Thomas Newman]] | co-production with [[Araneo]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[The Incredibles]]'' | {{Date table sorting|November 5, 2004}} | colspan="3" | [[Brad Bird]] | [[John Walker (film producer)|John Walker]] | [[Michael Giacchino]] | co-production with [[Araneo]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Cars (film)|Cars]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 9, 2006}} | John Lasseter<hr><small>''Co-directed by:''</small><br>Joe Ranft | Lasseter, Ranft & [[Jorgen Klubien]] | [[Dan Fogelman]], Lasseter, Ranft, Kiel Murray, Phil Lorin & Klubien | Darla K. Anderson | Randy Newman |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 29, 2007}} | Brad Bird<hr><small>''Co-directed by:''</small><br>[[Jan Pinkava]] | Pinkava, Jim Capobianco & Bird | Bird | [[Brad Lewis]] | Michael Giacchino |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[WALL-E]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 27, 2008}} | Andrew Stanton | Stanton & Pete Docter | Stanton & [[Jim Reardon]] | [[Jim Morris (film producer)|Jim Morris]] | Thomas Newman |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Up (2009 film)|Up]]'' | {{Date table sorting|May 29, 2009}} | Pete Docter<hr><small>''Co-directed by:''</small><br>Bob Peterson | Docter, Peterson & [[Tom McCarthy (director)|Tom McCarthy]] | Peterson & Docter | [[Jonas Rivera]] | Michael Giacchino |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Toy Story 3]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 18, 2010}} | Lee Unkrich | John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton & Unkrich | [[Michael Arndt]] | Darla K. Anderson | Randy Newman |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Cars 2]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 24, 2011}} | John Lasseter<hr><small>''Co-directed by:''</small><br>Brad Lewis | Lasseter, Lewis & Dan Fogelman | [[Ben Queen]] | Denise Ream | Michael Giacchino | co-production with [[Ellipsanime]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Brave (2012 film)|Brave]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 22, 2012}} | [[Mark Andrews (filmmaker)|Mark Andrews]] & [[Brenda Chapman]]<hr><small>''Co-directed by:''</small><br>[[Steve Purcell]] | Chapman | Andrews, Purcell, Chapman & [[Irene Mecchi]] | [[Katherine Sarafian]] | [[Patrick Doyle]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Monsters University]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 21, 2013}} | [[Dan Scanlon]] | colspan="2"| Dan Gerson, Robert L. Baird & Scanlon | [[Kori Rae]] | Randy Newman |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Inside Out (2015 film)|Inside Out]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 19, 2015}} | Pete Docter<hr><small>''Co-directed by:''</small><br>[[Ronnie del Carmen]] | Docter & del Carmen | Docter, [[Meg LeFauve]] & [[Josh Cooley]] | Jonas Rivera | Michael Giacchino |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[The Good Dinosaur]]'' | {{Date table sorting|November 25, 2015}} | [[Peter Sohn]] | Sohn, Erik Benson, Meg LeFauve, [[Kelsey Mann]] & Bob Peterson | LeFauve | Denise Ream | [[Mychael Danna|Mychael]] & [[Jeff Danna]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Finding Dory]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 17, 2016}} | Andrew Stanton<hr><small>''Co-directed by:''</small><br>[[Angus MacLane]] | Stanton | Stanton & Victoria Strouse | Lindsey Collins | Thomas Newman | co-production with [[Ellipsanime]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Cars 3]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 16, 2017}} | [[Brian Fee]] | Fee, Ben Queen, [[Eyal Podell]] & Jonathan E. Stewart | Kiel Murray, Bob Peterson & [[Mike Rich]] | Kevin Reher | Randy Newman |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Coco (2017 film)|Coco]]'' | {{Date table sorting|November 22, 2017}} | Lee Unkrich<hr><small>''Co-directed by:''</small><br>[[Adrian Molina]] | Unkrich, Jason Katz, Matthew Aldrich & Molina | Molina & Aldrich | Darla K. Anderson | Michael Giacchino{{efn|name=overview1}} co-production with Araneo |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Incredibles 2]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 15, 2018}} | colspan="3" | Brad Bird | John Walker & [[Nicole Paradis Grindle]] | Michael Giacchino | co-production with Araneo |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Toy Story 4]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 21, 2019}} | Josh Cooley | John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, Cooley, [[Valerie LaPointe]], [[Rashida Jones]], [[Will McCormack]], [[Martin Hynes]] & [[Stephany Folsom]] | Stanton & Folsom | Mark Nielsen & Jonas Rivera | Randy Newman |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Onward (film)|Onward]]'' | {{Date table sorting|March 6, 2020}} | Dan Scanlon | colspan="2"| Scanlon, [[Keith Bunin]] & Jason Headley | Kori Rae | Mychael & Jeff Danna |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Soul (2020 film)|Soul]]'' | {{Date table sorting|December 25, 2020}} | Pete Docter<hr><small>''Co-directed by:''</small><br>[[Kemp Powers]] | colspan="2"| Docter, [[Mike Jones (screenwriter)|Mike Jones]] & Powers | [[Dana Murray]] | [[Trent Reznor]] & [[Atticus Ross]]{{efn|name=overview2}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Luca (2021 film)|Luca]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 18, 2021}} | [[Enrico Casarosa]] | Casarosa, [[Jesse Andrews]] & Simon Stephenson | Andrews & Mike Jones | Andrea Warren | [[Dan Romer]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Turning Red]]'' | {{Date table sorting|March 11, 2022}} | [[Domee Shi]] | Shi, [[Julia Cho]] & Sarah Streicher | Cho & Shi | Lindsey Collins | [[Ludwig Göransson]]{{efn|name=overview3}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Lightyear (film)|Lightyear]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 17, 2022}} | Angus MacLane | MacLane, Matthew Aldrich & Jason Headley | Headley & MacLane | Galyn Susman | Michael Giacchino |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Elemental (2023 movie)|Elemental]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 16, 2023}} | Peter Sohn | Sohn, [[Kat Likkel and John Hoberg|John Hoberg]], [[Kat Likkel and John Hoberg|Kat Likkel]] & Brenda Hsueh | Hoberg, Likkel & Hsueh | Denise Ream | Thomas Newman |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Inside Out 2]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 14, 2024}} | Kelsey Mann | Mann & Meg LeFauve | LeFauve & [[Dave Holstein]] | Mark Nielsen | Andrea Datzman{{efn|name=overview4}} |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Elio (film)|Elio]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 20, 2025}} | [[Madeline Sharafian]], Domee Shi & Adrian Molina<!-- Molina is credited third following Sharafian and Shi, as they took over directing duties after he dropped out of the project due to production issues. He, however, retains his initial credit (similar to Brenda Chapman on ''Brave''). --> | Molina, Sharafian, Shi & Julia Cho | Cho, Mark Hammer & Mike Jones | Mary Alice Drumm | [[Rob Simonsen]] |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Hoppers (movie)|Hoppers]]'' | {{Date table sorting|March 6, 2026}} |Daniel Chong |Daniel Chong & Jesse Andrews |Jesse Andrews |Nicole Paradis Grindle |Mark Mothersbaurgh |} {{reflist|group=lower-alpha|refs= {{efn|name=overview1|Songs by [[Kristen Anderson-Lopez]], [[Robert Lopez]], [[Germaine Franco]] & [[Adrian Molina]]}} {{efn|name=overview2|Jazz compositions and arrangements by [[Jon Batiste]]}} {{efn|name=overview3|Songs by [[Billie Eilish]] & [[Finneas O'Connell]]}} {{efn|name=overview4|Original ''Inside Out'' themes by [[Michael Giacchino]]}} }} ===Upcoming=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; margin=auto; width:100%;" ! rowspan="2" width="10%" | Film ! rowspan="2" width="15%" | Release date ! width="13%" rowspan="2" | Director(s) ! width="20%" colspan="2" | Writer(s) ! width="15%" rowspan="2" | Producer(s) ! width="10%" rowspan="2" | Composer(s) ! width="15%" rowspan="2" | Production status ! width="5%" rowspan="2" | {{ref heading}} |- ! width="15%" | Story ! width="15%" | Screenplay |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Toy Story 5]]'' | {{Date table sorting|June 19, 2026}} | Andrew Stanton<ref>{{Cite web |last=McPherson |first=Chris |date=2024-06-09 |title=Pixar Legend Tapped to Direct 'Toy Story 5' |url=https://collider.com/toy-story-5-director-andrew-stanton/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=Collider |language=en}}</ref><hr><small>''Co-directed by:''</small><br>[[McKenna Harris]] | colspan="2" | Stanton<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuster |first=Jeremy |date=August 10, 2024 |title='Toy Story 5': Andrew Stanton to Write, Direct Pixar Sequel |url=https://www.thewrap.com/toy-story-5-andrew-stanton-director/ |access-date=August 20, 2024 |website=TheWrap}}</ref> | Jessica Choi | rowspan="4" | | rowspan="2" |In production | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Couch |first=Aaron |date=February 8, 2023 |title='Toy Story,' 'Frozen' and 'Zootopia' Sequels in the Works, Says Bob Iger |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/toy-story-frozen-zootopia-sequels-disney-1235320950/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208222306/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/toy-story-frozen-zootopia-sequels-disney-1235320950/ |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |access-date=February 9, 2023 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=DIS earnings call for the period ending December 31, 2023 |date=7 February 2024 |url=https://www.fool.com/earnings/call-transcripts/2024/02/07/walt-disney-dis-q1-2024-earnings-call-transcript/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |publisher=Motley Fool |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Couch |first1=Aaron |title=Disney Sets 'Toy Story 5', 'Mandalorian & Grogu' for 2026, Delays Live-Action 'Moana' by a Year |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/disney-sets-toy-story-5-mandalorian-and-grogu-1235867413/ |website=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=5 April 2024 |date=5 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Toy Story 5 |url=https://www.pixar.com/toy-story-5 |access-date=August 11, 2024 |website=Pixar Animation Studios}}</ref> | co-production with Araneo |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Gatto (movie)|Gatto]]'' | {{Date table sorting|March 5, 2027}} | Enrico Casarosa | colspan="2" {{TBA}} | Andrea Warren |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vary |first=Adam B. |date=2024-08-02 |title=Marvel Removes 2026 Title, Searchlight's 'A Real Pain' Moves to November in Major Disney Release Date Update |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/disney-release-date-update-marvel-a-real-pain-1236094195/ |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1578434473552584705 |author=[[Enrico Casarosa]] |user=sketchcrawl |title=A sequel is not currently in the works. I love Luca and {{as written|i|t's [sic]}} characters of course … but I'm developing a new original film.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Giraud |first=Kevin |date=June 13, 2025 |title=Pixar Announces All New Original Film 'Gatto', Sneaks Joan Cusack's 'Toy Story 5' Return and Presents 'Hoppers' Exclusive Footage at Annecy |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/pixar-pete-docter-toy-story-5-joan-cusak-hoppers-1236430354/ |access-date=June 13, 2025 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Incredibles 2#Sequel|Incredibles 3]]'' | June 16, 2028 | Peter Sohn | colspan="2" | Brad Bird | Dana Murray | rowspan="2" | Pre-production | <ref>{{cite magazine |last=Stenzel |first=Wesley |title='Incredibles 3' in the works at Pixar |url=https://ew.com/incredibles-3-announcement-d23-8693533 |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |date=9 August 2024 |access-date=6 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Taylor |first1=Drew |date=August 10, 2024 |title='Incredibles 3' in the Works at Pixar |url=https://www.thewrap.com/incredibles-3-pixar/ |website=[[TheWrap]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240810033303/https://www.thewrap.com/incredibles-3-pixar/ |archive-date=August 10, 2024 |access-date=December 7, 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Verhoeven |first=Beatrice |date=June 10, 2025 |title='Incredibles 3' Finds Its Director (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/incredibles-3-director-peter-sohn-1236260365/ |access-date=June 10, 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Coman |first=Monica |title=Pixar Hypes Upcoming Original Projects & Exciting Sequels: '1 of the Strongest Slates We've Ever Had' |url=https://www.cbr.com/pixar-upcoming-original-projects-sequels-strongest-slate/#:~:text=With%20Elio%20set%20to%20premiere,5%20on%20June%2019%2C%202026. |website=[[Comic Book Resources|CBR]] |publisher=[[Valnet|Valnet Publishing Group]] |access-date=June 13, 2025 |date=June 13, 2025}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;" | ''[[Coco (2017 film)#Sequel|Coco 2]]'' | {{TBA}} | Lee Unkrich<hr><small>''Co-directed by:''</small><br>Adrian Molina | colspan="2" {{TBA}} | Mark Nielsen | <ref>{{cite web|title='Coco 2' in Development at Pixar|url=https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/coco-2-pixar/|date=20 March 2025|access-date=21 June 2025|work=TheWaltDisneyCompany.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title='Coco 2' in Development at Pixar|url=https://thewaltdisneycompany.com/coco-2-pixarhttps://x.com/Pixar/status/1902773878558167114https://twitter.com/MrDanScanlon/status/1330328624763789313|access-date=June 21, 2025|newspaper=[[Twitter|X]]|date=March 20, 2025}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |} ==== In-development projects ==== Additionally, Aphton Corbin, Kristen Lester, Domee Shi, and [[Rosana Sullivan]] have been working on their respective untitled feature movies, all of which would be based upon original ideas.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=November 6, 2019 |title='Purl' Director Kristen Lester On Tide Change In Animation Inclusivity & Finding Faith In Her Voice With Pixar Short |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |url=https://deadline.com/2019/11/purl-director-kristen-lester-pixar-sparkshorts-animated-short-interview-1202779200/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 21, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200818145845/https://deadline.com/2019/11/purl-director-kristen-lester-pixar-sparkshorts-animated-short-interview-1202779200/ |archive-date=August 18, 2020 |quote=Then, I'm talking to you from my own room in development, trying to figure out some cool ideas. Pixar has given me the chance to develop a feature, which I think is really cool.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Keegan |first=Rebecca |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Reanimating 'Pixar': How Pete Docter Steered the Studio Out of Scandal |work=The Hollywood Reporter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/reanimating-pixar-how-pete-docter-steered-the-studio-out-of-scandal |url-status=live |access-date=January 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426070656/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/reanimating-pixar-how-pete-docter-steered-the-studio-out-of-scandal |archive-date=April 26, 2021 |quote=In addition to Shi, Aphton Corbin and Rosana Sullivan are female story artists who have directed short movies at the studio recently and are now moving into development on features.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barker |first=Andrew |date=October 5, 2022 |title='Turning Red's' Domee Shi Draws From Her Past |work=Variety |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/features/domee-shi-turning-red-pixar-1235389199/ |url-status=live |access-date=October 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113215402/https://variety.com/2022/film/features/domee-shi-turning-red-pixar-1235389199/ |archive-date=November 13, 2022}}</ref>}} In November 2023, creative director of the ''[[Cars (franchise)|Cars]]'' franchise Jay Ward said he was working on multiple projects for the franchise.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meeting the man who co-created the Disney Pixar Cars characters |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SLxsSOLv6tY |website=[[YouTube]] |date=November 23, 2023 |access-date=December 31, 2023}}</ref> In October 2024, Pixar was looking to cast [[Romani people|Romani]] actors to voice two Romani characters for an unannounced film project.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pixar in the USA seeks authentic Romani voices for a new project, deadline is 30 October|date=12 October 2024 |url=https://romea.cz/en/world/pixar-in-the-usa-seeks-authentic-romani-voices-for-a-new-project-deadline-is-30-october|access-date=23 October 2024}}</ref> ===Production cycle=== In July 2013, then–Pixar president [[Edwin Catmull]] said that the studio planned to release one original film each year, and a sequel every other year, as part of a strategy to release "one and a half movies a year".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vary |first=Adam |date=June 27, 2013 |title=Pixar Chief: Studio to Scale Back Sequels, Aim for One Original Film a Year |publisher=[[BuzzFeed]] |url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/adambvary/pixar-chief-studio-to-scale-back-sequels-aim-for-one-origina |url-status=live |access-date=July 2, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130701163844/http://www.buzzfeed.com/adambvary/pixar-chief-studio-to-scale-back-sequels-aim-for-one-origina |archive-date=July 1, 2013}}</ref> On July 3, 2016, Pixar's current president [[Jim Morris (film producer)|Jim Morris]] announced that the studio might move away from sequels after ''Toy Story 4'' and Pixar was only developing original ideas with five movies in development at the time of the announcement.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Snetiker |first=Marc |date=July 1, 2016 |title=Pixar: No sequels for ''Ratatouille'', ''WALL-E'', or ''Inside Out'' anytime soon |url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/07/01/pixar-sequels-ratatouille-wall-e-inside-out |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=July 2, 2016 |archive-date=July 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703060825/https://ew.com/article/2016/07/01/pixar-sequels-ratatouille-wall-e-inside-out/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Cancelled projects=== ==== ''Monkey'' ==== Back when Pixar was still a part of [[Lucasfilm]] in 1985, it started pre-production on a film called ''Monkey''. After Pixar spun off as a new company in 1986, however, it was still working on it. In the end, Pixar abandoned the project due to technical limitations.<ref name="The Pixar Touch">{{Cite web |last=Price |first=David A. |date=November 22, 2008 |title=Pixar's film that never was: "Monkey" |url=http://www.pixartouchbook.com/blog/2008/11/22/pixars-film-that-never-was-monkey.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190214061543/http://www.pixartouchbook.com/blog/2008/11/22/pixars-film-that-never-was-monkey.html |archive-date=February 14, 2019 |access-date=November 4, 2020 |website=The Pixar Touch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Jim |date=2008-05-14 |title="The Pixar Touch" shares seldom-told tales about the early days of this animation studio |url=https://jimhillmedia.com/the-pixar-touch-shares-seldom-told-tales-about-the-early-days-of-this-animation-studio/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Jim Hill Media |language= |archive-date=2024-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407230252/https://jimhillmedia.com/the-pixar-touch-shares-seldom-told-tales-about-the-early-days-of-this-animation-studio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 15, 2021 |title=MONKEY: Pixar's First Abandoned Movie Project |url=http://www.warpedfactor.com/2021/06/monkey-pixars-first-abandoned-movie.html |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Warped Factor}}</ref> ==== ''The Yellow Car'' ==== In 1995, [[Jorgen Klubien]] started writing a script for a film titled ''The Yellow Car''. He wrote the first draft of the script with [[Joe Ranft]]. Then in 1998, the film was scrapped in favor of ''Toy Story 2'' (1999). In 2001, ''The Yellow Car'' would eventually be reworked into ''Cars'' (2006).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Story development |url=https://www.jorgenklubien.com/portfolio/story%20development.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925033959/https://www.jorgenklubien.com/portfolio/story%20development.html |archive-date=September 25, 2022 |access-date=September 25, 2022 |website=www.jorgenklubien.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hill |first=Jim |date=2011-07-06 |title=The Roads Not Taken With Pixar's Cars movies |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/disney-cars-movies_b_890538 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=[[HuffPost]] |language=}}</ref> ==== ''1906'' ==== In 2005, Pixar began collaborating with Disney and [[Warner Bros.]] on a live-action film adaptation of [[James Dalessandro]]'s novel ''[[1906 (novel)|1906]]'', with Brad Bird announced as the director.<ref name="Pixar">{{Cite web |last=Bastoli |first=Mike |title='1906' to be Disney/Pixar/Warner Bros./? collaboration |url=http://www.bigscreenanimation.com/2008/03/1906-to-be-pixarwarner-bros.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208150759/http://www.bigscreenanimation.com/2008/03/1906-to-be-pixarwarner-bros.html |archive-date=December 8, 2012 |access-date=July 10, 2012 |date=March 13, 2008 |website=Big Screen Animation}}</ref> It would have marked Pixar's first involvement in a live-action production and its first collaboration with a major production company other than Disney. Disney and Pixar left the project due to script problems and an estimated budget of $200 million, and it is in limbo at Warner Bros.<ref name="SlashFilm 2">{{Cite news |last=Fischer |first=Russ |date=January 27, 2010 |title=What Happened to Brad Bird's 1906? |work=[[Slashfilm]] |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/what-happened-to-brad-birds-1906/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810193111/https://www.slashfilm.com/what-happened-to-brad-birds-1906/ |archive-date=August 10, 2019}}</ref> However, in June 2018, Bird mentioned the possibility of adapting the novel as a TV series, and the earthquake sequence as a live-action feature film.<ref>{{Cite web |first=Adam |last=Chitwood |date=June 18, 2018 |title=Brad Bird Says '1906' May Get Made as an "Amalgam" of a TV and Film Project |url=https://collider.com/1906-update-brad-bird/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618213421/http://collider.com/1906-update-brad-bird/ |archive-date=June 18, 2018 |access-date=June 18, 2018 |publisher=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> ==== ''Newt'' ==== A Pixar film titled ''Newt'' (which would have been [[Gary Rydstrom]]'s feature directorial debut) was announced in April 2008, with Pixar planning to release it in 2011,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sciretta |first=Peter |date=April 8, 2008 |title=Pixar Announces Up, Newt, The Bear and the Bow and Cars 2 |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/pixar-announces-up-newt-the-bear-and-the-bow-and-cars-2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234149/http://www.slashfilm.com/pixar-announces-up-newt-the-bear-and-the-bow-and-cars-2/ |archive-date=June 13, 2018 |access-date=May 27, 2015 |publisher=[[/Film]]}}</ref> which was later delayed to 2012,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sciretta |first=Peter |date=September 25, 2008 |title=Pixar's Newt Gets Cars 2's Old Release Date |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/pixars-newt-gets-cars-2s-old-release-date/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527185421/http://www.slashfilm.com/pixars-newt-gets-cars-2s-old-release-date/ |archive-date=May 27, 2015 |access-date=May 27, 2015 |publisher=/Film}}</ref> but it had finally been canceled by early 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Matt |date=May 11, 2010 |title=Pixar's NEWT Cancelled |url=https://collider.com/pixar-newt-cancelled/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202052802/http://collider.com/pixar-newt-cancelled/ |archive-date=February 2, 2017 |access-date=January 29, 2017 |publisher=Collider}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bastoli |first=Mike |date=May 11, 2010 |title=Exclusive: Newt is "cancelled" |url=http://pixarblog.blogspot.com/2010/05/exclusive-newt-is-cancelled.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514115251/http://pixarblog.blogspot.com/2010/05/exclusive-newt-is-cancelled.html |archive-date=May 14, 2010 |access-date=January 29, 2017 |publisher=The Pixar Blog }}</ref> John Lasseter noted that the film's proposed plot line was similar to another film, [[Blue Sky Studios]]' ''[[Rio (2011 film)|Rio]]'' (2011).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vejvoda |first=Jim |date=May 2, 2011 |title=Pixar on Newt |publisher=[[IGN]] |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/05/02/pixar-on-newt |url-status=live |access-date=November 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107155656/http://www.ign.com/articles/2011/05/02/pixar-on-newt |archive-date=November 7, 2012}}</ref> In a March 2014 interview, then-Pixar president Edwin Catmull stated that ''Newt'' was an idea that was not working in pre-production. When the project was passed to Pete Docter, the director of ''Monsters, Inc.'' and ''Up'', he pitched an idea that Pixar thought was better, and that concept became ''Inside Out''.<ref>{{Cite news |date=March 19, 2014 |title=Pixar's Ed Catmull On How To Balance Art And Commerce |work=Fast Company |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/3027549/pixars-ed-catmull-on-how-to-balance-art-and-commerce |url-status=live |access-date=March 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229001355/https://www.fastcompany.com/3027549/pixars-ed-catmull-on-how-to-balance-art-and-commerce |archive-date=December 29, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sciretta |first=Peter |date=August 15, 2014 |title=How Pixar's 'Newt' Got Flipped 'Inside Out' |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/pixars-newt-inside-out/2/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306082710/http://www.slashfilm.com/pixars-newt-inside-out/2/ |archive-date=March 6, 2018 |access-date=March 5, 2018 |publisher=/Film}}</ref> ==== ''ShadeMaker'' ==== In 2010, [[Henry Selick]] formed a joint venture with Pixar called Cinderbiter Productions,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Amidi |first=Amid |author-link=Amid Amidi |date=December 20, 2010 |title=Henry Selick's New Studio Cinderbiter Hiring Head of Story |url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/stop-motion/henry-selicks-new-studio-cinderbiter-hiring-head-of-story-33671.html |access-date=April 7, 2024 |work=[[Cartoon Brew]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Drew |date=August 15, 2012 |title=Disney Shuts Down Production On Henry Selick's Stop-Motion Animated Film |url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/general-news/disney-shuts-down-production-on-henry-selicks-stop-motion-animated-film-107158/ |access-date=April 7, 2024 |work=[[IndieWire]] }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> which was to exclusively produce [[stop-motion]] movies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=LeBlanc |first=Will |date=April 1, 2010 |title=Henry Selick Bringing Stop-Motion Back To Disney |work=Cinemablend |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Henry-Selick-Bringing-Stop-Motion-Back-To-Disney-17865.html |url-status=dead |access-date=March 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112070122/https://www.cinemablend.com/new/Henry-Selick-Bringing-Stop-Motion-Back-To-Disney-17865.html |archive-date=January 12, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Debruge |first=Peter |date=March 31, 2010 |title=Henry Selick returns to Disney |url=https://variety.com/2010/digital/markets-festivals/henry-selick-returns-to-disney-1118017140/ |access-date=April 1, 2024 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> Its first project under the deal, a film titled ''ShadeMaker'' was set to be released on October 4, 2013,<ref name="Collider 1">{{Cite news |last=Bettinger |first=Brendan |date=August 15, 2012 |title=Disney Cancels Production on Henry Selick's Untitled Stop-Motion Movie |url=https://collider.com/disney-cancels-henry-selick-movie/ |work=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |publisher=}}</ref> but was canceled in August 2012 due to creative differences.<ref name="Collider 1" /><ref name="LAT 1">{{Cite news |last=Fritz |first=Ben |date=September 13, 2012 |title=Disney takes $50&nbsp;million write-down on canceled animation project |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-xpm-2012-sep-13-la-et-ct-disney-50-million-write-down-20120913-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=March 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130417081730/http://articles.latimes.com/2012/sep/13/entertainment/la-et-ct-disney-50-million-write-down-20120913 |archive-date=April 17, 2013}}</ref> Selick was given the option to shop ''ShadeMaker'' (now titled ''The Shadow King'') to other studios.<ref name="A.V. Club">{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2013 |title=Henry Selick's The Shadow King proceeding without Disney, but with a plot and voice cast |url=https://www.avclub.com/articles/henry-selicks-the-shadow-king-proceeding-without-d,92060/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208013457/http://www.avclub.com/articles/henry-selicks-the-shadow-king-proceeding-without-d%2C92060/ |archive-date=February 8, 2013 |access-date=February 8, 2013 |website=[[The A.V. Club]]}}</ref> Selick later stated in interviews that the film suffered from interference from John Lasseter who Selick claimed came in and constantly changed elements of the script and production that ended up raising the budget that would lead to its cancelation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The 'plagues' of Wendell & Wild: fires, ice storms, rioters, and COVID-19 |url=https://ew.com/movies/wendell-wild-puppet-rescue-henry-selick-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004134833/https://ew.com/movies/wendell-wild-puppet-rescue-henry-selick-interview/ |archive-date=October 4, 2022 |access-date=October 4, 2022 |publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> By November 2022, it was announced that Selick had reacquired the rights for ''The Shadow King'' from Disney and that he might revive the project.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Watson |first=Madalyn |date=2022-11-07 |title='The Shadow King': Henry Selick Reveals He Got the Rights Back to Scrapped Disney Project |url=https://collider.com/the-shadow-king-henry-selick-rights/ |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=Collider |language=en |archive-date=March 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310184758/https://collider.com/the-shadow-king-henry-selick-rights/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== ''The Graveyard Book'' ==== {{main|The Graveyard Book}} In April 2012, [[Walt Disney Pictures]] acquired the rights and hired [[Henry Selick]], director of ''[[The Nightmare Before Christmas]]'' and the [[Coraline (film)|film adaptation]] of Gaiman's novel ''[[Coraline]]'', to direct ''The Graveyard Book''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming |first=Mike Jr. |date=April 28, 2012 |title=Henry Selick To Direct Neil Gaiman's 'The Graveyard Book' In Disney Deal |url=https://deadline.com/2012/04/disney-scares-up-deal-for-neil-gaimans-the-graveyard-book-263157/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023073959/https://deadline.com/2012/04/disney-scares-up-deal-for-neil-gaimans-the-graveyard-book-263157/ |archive-date=October 23, 2022 |access-date=October 4, 2022 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was moved to [[Pixar]] as a stop-motion production, which would have been the company's first adapted work.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Medina |first=Joseph Jammer |date=June 3, 2019 |title=Neil Gaiman's The Graveyard Book Was Shut Down At Pixar |url=https://lrmonline.com/news/neil-gaimans-the-graveyard-book-was-shut-down-at-pixar/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620014310/https://lrmonline.com/news/neil-gaimans-the-graveyard-book-was-shut-down-at-pixar/ |archive-date=June 20, 2019 |access-date=October 4, 2022 |website=LRM |language=en-US}}</ref> After the studio and Selick parted ways over scheduling and development, it was announced in January 2013 that [[Ron Howard]] would direct the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Siegel |first1=Borys Kit, Tatiana |last2=Kit |first2=Borys |last3=Siegel |first3=Tatiana |date=January 22, 2013 |title=Ron Howard in Talks to Direct Disney's 'Graveyard Book' (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ron-howard-talks-direct-disneys-414344/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007081857/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ron-howard-talks-direct-disneys-414344/ |archive-date=October 7, 2022|access-date=October 4, 2022 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=White |first=James |date=2013-01-23 |title=Ron Howard To Dig Up Graveyard Book |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/ron-howard-dig-graveyard-book/ |access-date=April 20, 2024 |work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Medina |first=Joseph Jammer |date=June 3, 2019 |title=Neil Gaiman's The Graveyard Book Was Shut Down At Pixar |publisher=LMR Online |url=https://lrmonline.com/news/neil-gaimans-the-graveyard-book-was-shut-down-at-pixar/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190620014310/https://lrmonline.com/news/neil-gaimans-the-graveyard-book-was-shut-down-at-pixar/ |archive-date=June 20, 2019}}</ref> In July 2022, it was announced that [[Marc Forster]] would direct the adaptation with a screenplay by [[David Magee]] under [[Walt Disney Studios (division)|Walt Disney Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kroll |first=Justin |date=July 19, 2022 |title=Marc Forster And Producing Partner Renée Wolfe Developing Adaptation Of Neil Gaiman's 'The Graveyard Book' At Disney |url=https://deadline.com/2022/07/marc-forster-renee-wolfe-disney-the-graveyard-book-1235072324/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719222954/https://deadline.com/2022/07/marc-forster-renee-wolfe-disney-the-graveyard-book-1235072324/ |archive-date=July 19, 2022 |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> Later that year, Neil Gaiman stated that he has no involvement with the film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailymotion.com/user/neil-gaiman/704996255291604992/supposedly-disney-is-making-the-graveyard-book|title=Neil Gaiman's response|via=Dailymotion|author=Neil Gaiman|date=December 29, 2022|access-date=January 24, 2025}}</ref> In September 2024, it was reported that the production had been halted due to a variety of factors including sexual misconduct allegations against Gaiman.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/breaking-news/neil-gaiman-film-the-graveyard-book-sexual-assault-claims-1235043606/|title=Disney Pauses Neil Gaiman's 'The Graveyard Book' Adaptation in Wake of Sexual Assault Allegations — Exclusive|website=IndieWire|last=Blauvelt|first=Christian|date=September 4, 2024|access-date=January 24, 2025}}</ref> ==== Circle Seven Animation projects ==== In addition, when the now-defunct [[Circle Seven Animation]] was open, there were plans for sequels to ''Finding Nemo'' (for which Pixar made its own sequel, ''Finding Dory'') and ''Monsters, Inc.'' (for which Pixar made a prequel, ''Monsters University''), as well as a different version of ''Toy Story 3''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Catmull |first=Ed |date=March 19, 2014 |title=Pixar's Ed Catmull on How to Balance Art and Commerce |work=[[Fast Company (magazine)|Fast Company]] |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/3027549/lessons-learned/pixars-ed-catmull-on-how-to-balance-art-and-commerce |url-status=live |access-date=March 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322231503/http://www.fastcompany.com/3027549/lessons-learned/pixars-ed-catmull-on-how-to-balance-art-and-commerce |archive-date=March 22, 2014}}</ref> Pixar's later sequels had no basis in Circle Seven's projects, and were created completely separately. ==== Other cancelled projects ==== [[Teddy Newton]], Mark Andrews, Bob Peterson, Lee Unkrich, and Dan Scanlon worked on untitled original movies that were shelved before their announcement.{{efn|Attributed to multiple references.<ref name="Newton">{{cite news |last1=White |first1=James |title=Derek Connolly Writing New Pixar Film |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/derek-connolly-writing-new-pixar-film/ |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Empire |date=29 November 2012 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mark Andrews Developing New Pixar Feature Film|url=http://www.pixarpost.com/2013/01/mark-andrews-developing-new-pixar.html|access-date=January 15, 2013|newspaper=Pixar Post|date=January 14, 2013|author=Julie & T.J.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Keegan |first1=Rebecca |title=Pixar Animation yanks director Bob Peterson off 'The Good Dinosaur' |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-pixar-director-20130831-story.html |access-date=11 August 2024 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=August 30, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sciretta |first=Peter |date=2017-11-22 |title=Director Lee Unkrich On How Pixar's 'Coco' Came To Life [Interview] |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/554649/lee-unkrich-interview/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=/Film |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=February 15, 2021 |title='Onward' Director Dan Scanlon Subverts Fantasy Tropes, Channels Pain Into Art With His "Love Letter To Siblings" |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |url= https://deadline.com/2021/02/onward-director-dan-scanlon-disney-pixar-animation-interview-news-1234691366/ |access-date=December 17, 2023 |quote=Kori Rae and I are in development at Pixar, working on ideas for a new movie. We'll pitch those, and there's stuff we're very excited about.}}</ref>}} The screenplay for Newton's film was written by [[Derek Connolly]].<ref name="Newton" /> Andrews, Unkrich, and Scanlon left Pixar in 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFAz6PZnmXA&t=6m1s|title=Mark Andrews on Interview Friday - Lunch Therapy 79|website=[[YouTube]]|date=June 26, 2020|access-date=February 1, 2025}}</ref> 2019,<ref>{{cite web|last=Welk|first=Brian|date=January 18, 2019|title=Lee Unkrich, Director of 'Coco' and 'Toy Story 3,' to Leave Pixar After 25 Years|url=https://www.thewrap.com/lee-unkrich-director-of-coco-and-toy-story-3-to-leave-pixar-after-25-years/|website=[[TheWrap]]|access-date=February 1, 2025|archive-date=January 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119132423/https://www.thewrap.com/lee-unkrich-director-of-coco-and-toy-story-3-to-leave-pixar-after-25-years/|quote=After twenty-five incredible years, I've decided to leave Pixar. The time has come for new adventures. I'm not leaving to make movies at another studio; instead, I look forward to spending much-needed time with my family and pursuing interests that have long been back-burnered.|url-status=live}}</ref> and 2024,<ref>{{Cite tweet|author=Dan Scanlon|user=MrDanScanlon|title="Pixar" 1 of 5|number=1857597699551527162|date=November 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|author=Dan Scanlon|user=MrDanScanlon|title=LOVE Pixar, but want to move on from full-time writing/directing family entertainment.|number=1857658070148776428|date=November 16, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|author=Dan Scanlon|user=MrDanScanlon|title=I LOVE story consulting on animated movies and I'm available to help out part-time at any studio that will have me. Would LOVE to help out at Pixar again :)|number=1857670966782079480|date=November 16, 2024}}</ref> respectively. Unkrich later returned to Pixar by 2025 to helm ''Coco 2''.<ref name="Coco2">{{cite web |last1=Rubin |first1=Rebecca |title='Coco 2' Set for 2029 Release From Disney and Pixar |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/coco-2-pixar-release-date-2029-1236343942/ |website=Variety |access-date=20 March 2025 |date=20 March 2025}}</ref> ===Co-production=== ''[[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command: The Adventure Begins]]'' is an animated direct-to-video film and a spin-off of the ''[[Toy Story (franchise)|Toy Story]]'' franchise produced by [[Disney Television Animation|Walt Disney Television Animation]] with an opening sequence created by Pixar. The film was released on August 8, 2000, and led to a television series called, ''[[Buzz Lightyear of Star Command]]'' with Pixar creating the CGI portion of the opening theme.<ref name="EWReview">{{Cite magazine |last=Fretts |first=Bruce |date=August 8, 2000 |title=Buzz Lightyear of Star Command Review |magazine=Entertainment Weekly |url=https://ew.com/article/2000/08/08/buzz-lightyear-star-command/ |url-status=live |access-date=January 19, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105105821/https://ew.com/ew/article/0,,64853,00.html |archive-date=November 5, 2018}}</ref> ''[[A Spark Story]]'' is a feature-length documentary film co-produced by Pixar, [[Disney+]], and Supper Club.<ref name="Sparks" /> The film centers on directors Aphton Corbin and Louis Gonzales as they work to bring their ''[[SparkShorts]]'' projects ''[[Twenty Something (2021 film)|Twenty Something]]'' and ''[[Nona (2021 film)|Nona]]'' to the screen.<ref name="FeatureFilm">{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=July 21, 2021 |title=SparkShorts: Disney+ Unveils Two New Shorts & A Feature-Length Doc From Pixar, Sets September Premiere Dates |url=https://deadline.com/2021/07/spark-sh-1234797433/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721222829/https://deadline.com/2021/07/spark-sh-1234797433/ |archive-date=July 21, 2021 |access-date=July 22, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref><ref name="Sparks">{{Cite web |last=Grobar |first=Matt |date=July 21, 2021 |title=SparkShorts: Disney+ Unveils Two New Shorts & A Feature-Length Doc From Pixar, Sets September Premiere Dates |url=https://deadline.com/2021/07/spark-sh-1234797433/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210813060823/https://deadline.com/2021/07/spark-sh-1234797433/ |archive-date=August 13, 2021 |access-date=September 27, 2021 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> ===Collaboration=== Pixar assisted in the English localization of several [[Studio Ghibli]] movies, mainly those from [[Hayao Miyazaki]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Turan |first=Kenneth |date=September 20, 2002 |title=Under the Spell of 'Spirited Away' |work=Los Angeles Times |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2002-sep-20-et-turan20-story.html |url-status=live |access-date=April 20, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619064427/http://articles.latimes.com/2002/sep/20/entertainment/et-turan20 |archive-date=June 19, 2012 |issn=0458-3035}}</ref> Pixar was brought on board to fine tune the script of ''[[The Muppets (2011 film)|The Muppets]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=October 14, 2010 |title=Disney Picks Pixar Brains for Muppets Movie |work=The Hollywood Reporter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-picks-pixar-brains-muppets-25821 |url-status=live |access-date=June 27, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225120538/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/disney-picks-pixar-brains-muppets-25821 |archive-date=February 25, 2011}}</ref> The film was released on November 23, 2011. Pixar assisted with the story development for ''[[The Jungle Book (2016 film)|The Jungle Book]]'', as well as providing suggestions for the film's end credits sequence. The film was released on April 15, 2016. Additional special thanks credit was given to Mark Andrews.<ref name="Disney9">{{Cite news |last=Taylor |first=Drew |title=9 Things Disney Fans Need to Know About The Jungle Book, According to Jon Favreau |work=Disney Insider |publisher=The Walt Disney Company |url=https://ohmy.disney.com/insider/2016/04/15/the-jungle-book-according-to-jon-favreau/ |url-status=live |access-date=April 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507175949/https://ohmy.disney.com/insider/2016/04/15/the-jungle-book-according-to-jon-favreau/ |archive-date=May 7, 2016}}</ref> ''[[Mary Poppins Returns]]'' includes a sequence combining live-action and traditional hand-drawn animation. The animation was supervised by Ken Duncan and [[James Baxter (animator)|James Baxter]]. Over 70 animators specializing in hand-drawn 2D animation from Pixar and [[Walt Disney Animation Studios]] were recruited for the sequence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary Poppins Returns – Press Kit |url=http://www.wdsmediafile.com/media/MaryPoppinsReturns/writen-material/MaryPoppinsReturns5bfdda780fb25.pdf |access-date=November 29, 2018 |website=wdsmediafile.com |publisher=Walt Disney Studios}}{{Dead link|date=March 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The film was released on December 19, 2018. ===Related productions=== ''[[Planes (film)|Planes]]'' is a spin-off of the ''[[Cars (franchise)|Cars]]'' franchise, produced by the now defunct [[Disneytoon Studios|DisneyToon Studios]] and co-written and executive produced by John Lasseter. The film was conceived from the short film ''[[Cars Toons#Mater's Tall Tales|Air Mater]]'', which introduces aspects of ''Planes'' and ends with a hint of the film. It was released on August 9, 2013. A sequel, ''[[Planes: Fire & Rescue]]'', was released on July 18, 2014. A ''Planes'' spin-off film was announced in July 2017, with a release date of April 12, 2019,<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 14, 2017 |title=Space Movie Announced by DisneyToon Studios |url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/869187-untitled-space-movie-announced-by-disneytoon-studios#/slide/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416222432/https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/869187-untitled-space-movie-announced-by-disneytoon-studios#/slide/1 |archive-date=April 16, 2020 |access-date=February 19, 2020}}</ref> but was removed from the release schedule on March 1, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Foutch |first=Haliegh |date=March 1, 2018 |title=Disney Announces a Slew of New Marvel, Live-Action and Animation Release Dates Through 2023 |url=https://collider.com/disney-marvel-animation-release-dates/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126084133/http://collider.com/disney-marvel-animation-release-dates |archive-date=January 26, 2019 |access-date=March 1, 2018 |website=Collider}}</ref> The film was eventually canceled when DisneyToon Studios was shut down on June 28, 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Desowitz |first=Bill |date=June 28, 2018 |title=Disney Shuts Down Disneytoon Studios in Glendale: Exclusive |work=IndieWire |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/06/disneytoon-studios-shuts-down-disney-glendale-1201979736/ |url-status=live |access-date=June 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629074357/https://www.indiewire.com/2018/06/disneytoon-studios-shuts-down-disney-glendale-1201979736/ |archive-date=June 29, 2018}}</ref> ''[[Ralph Breaks the Internet]]'', produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and co-executive produced by Lasseter, features [[Kelly Macdonald]] reprising her role as [[Merida (Brave)|Merida]] from ''Brave'',<ref name="DisneyPrincessess">{{Cite web |last=Holmes |first=Adam |date=July 14, 2017 |title=Wreck-It Ralph 2 Is Bringing The Original Disney Princesses Back |url=https://www.cinemablend.com/news/1681010/wreck-it-ralph-2-is-bringing-the-original-disney-princesses-back |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716061218/http://www.cinemablend.com/news/1681010/wreck-it-ralph-2-is-bringing-the-original-disney-princesses-back |archive-date=July 16, 2017 |access-date=July 14, 2017 |publisher=CinemaBlend }}</ref> as well as a cameo from [[Tim Allen]] reprising his role (via archive recordings) as [[Buzz Lightyear]] from the [[Toy Story (franchise)|''Toy Story'' franchise]],<ref name="PressKit">{{Cite web |title=Ralph Breaks the Internet – Press Kit |url=http://www.wdsmediafile.com/media/RalphBreaksTheInternet/writen-material/RalphBreaksTheInternet5bdce2c0c0501.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105211421/http://www.wdsmediafile.com/media/RalphBreaksTheInternet/writen-material/RalphBreaksTheInternet5bdce2c0c0501.pdf |archive-date=November 5, 2018 |access-date=November 18, 2018 |website=wdsmediafile.com |publisher=Walt Disney Studios}}</ref> and a sample of Patrick Doyle's score from ''Brave''.<ref name=PressKit/> The film, released on November 21, 2018, also features many visual references to Pixar and its movies.<ref name="DisneyCameosTrailer2">{{Cite news |last=Bonomolo |first=Cameron |date=June 4, 2018 |title=Every Pop Culture Easter Egg In The New 'Wreck-It Ralph 2' Trailer |work=ComicBook.com |url=https://comicbook.com/movies/2018/06/04/wreck-it-ralph-2-easter-eggs-marvel-star-wars-pixar-princess-pokemon/ |url-status=live |access-date=December 8, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021043128/https://comicbook.com/movies/2018/06/04/wreck-it-ralph-2-easter-eggs-marvel-star-wars-pixar-princess-pokemon/ |archive-date=October 21, 2018 }}</ref> Additionally, Andrew Stanton received a "Narrative Guru" credit.<ref name=PressKit/> ==Reception== ===Box office=== {{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Box office" section of its article.}} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align: center" ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Year ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Film ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Budget ! scope="col" colspan="3" class=sortable | Box office gross ! scope="col" rowspan="2" class=unsortable | {{Ref heading}} |- ! scope="col" | U.S. and Canada ! scope="col" | Other territories ! scope="col" | Worldwide |- | 1995 | ''[[Toy Story#Box office|Toy Story]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-03-04|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Toy Story#Box office|reason= }}'' | $30&nbsp;million | $223,225,679 | $171,210,907 | $394,436,586 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toy Story (1995) – Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Toy-Story |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205032848/http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Toy-Story |archive-date=December 5, 2014 |access-date=July 29, 2019 |website=The Numbers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Toy Story (1995) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=toystory.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630151722/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl1400342017/ |archive-date=June 30, 2023 |access-date=November 17, 2024 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 1998 | ''[[A Bug's Life#Box office|A Bug's Life]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-12-17|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=A Bug's Life#Box office|reason= }}'' | $120&nbsp;million | $162,798,565 | $200,460,294 | $363,258,859 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Bug's Life (1998) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bugslife.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915021445/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bugslife.htm |archive-date=September 15, 2010 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- |1999 | ''[[Toy Story 2#Box office|Toy Story 2]]'' | $90&nbsp;million | $245,852,179 | $265,506,097 | $511,358,276 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toy Story 2 (1999) – Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Toy-Story-2#tab=summary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620175322/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Toy-Story-2#tab=summary |archive-date=June 20, 2022 |access-date=June 20, 2022 |website=The Numbers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Toy Story 2 (1999) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=toystory2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401081829/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=toystory2.htm |archive-date=April 1, 2019 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2001 | ''[[Monsters, Inc.#Box office|Monsters, Inc.]]'' | $115&nbsp;million | $255,873,250 | $272,900,000 | $528,773,250 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monsters, Inc. (2001) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=monstersinc.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828201654/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=monstersinc.htm |archive-date=August 28, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2003 | ''[[Finding Nemo#Box office|Finding Nemo]]'' | $94&nbsp;million | $339,714,978 | $531,300,000 | $871,014,978 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Finding Nemo (2003) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=findingnemo.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731071424/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=findingnemo.htm |archive-date=July 31, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2004 | ''[[The Incredibles#Box office|The Incredibles]]'' | $92&nbsp;million | $261,441,092 | $370,001,000 | $631,442,092 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Incredibles (2004) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=incredibles.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618013312/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=incredibles.htm |archive-date=June 18, 2009 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2006 | ''[[Cars (film)#Box office|Cars]]'' | $120&nbsp;million | $244,082,982 | $217,900,167 | $461,983,149 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cars (2006) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=cars.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918131553/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=cars.htm |archive-date=September 18, 2010 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2007 | ''[[Ratatouille (film)#Box office|Ratatouille]]'' | $150&nbsp;million | $206,445,654 | $417,280,431 | $623,726,085 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratatouille (2007) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=ratatouille.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816061210/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=ratatouille.htm |archive-date=August 16, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2008 | ''[[WALL-E#Box office|WALL-E]]'' | $180&nbsp;million | $223,808,164 | $297,503,696 | $521,311,860 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=WALL-E (2008) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=wall-e.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100806015631/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=wall-e.htm |archive-date=August 6, 2010 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2009 | ''[[Up (2009 film)#Box office|Up]]'' | $175&nbsp;million | $293,004,164 | $442,094,918 | $735,099,082 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Up (2009) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=up.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830215815/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=up.htm |archive-date=August 30, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2010 | ''[[Toy Story 3#Box office|Toy Story 3]]'' | $200&nbsp;million | $415,004,880 | $651,964,823 | $1,066,969,703 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toy Story 3 (2010) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=toystory3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821162246/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=toystory3.htm |archive-date=August 21, 2016 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2011 | ''[[Cars 2#Box office|Cars 2]]'' | $200&nbsp;million | $191,452,396 | $368,400,000 | $559,852,396 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cars 2 (2011) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=cars2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321033843/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=cars2.htm |archive-date=March 21, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2012 | ''[[Brave (2012 film)#Box office|Brave]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-01-28|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Brave (2012 film)#Box office|reason= }}'' | $185&nbsp;million | $237,283,207 | $301,700,000 | $538,983,207 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brave (2012) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bearandthebow.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816061140/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=bearandthebow.htm |archive-date=August 16, 2012 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2013 | ''[[Monsters University#Box office|Monsters University]]'' | $200&nbsp;million | $268,492,764 | $475,066,843 | $743,559,607 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Monsters University (2013) – Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Monsters-University |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202223935/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Monsters-University |archive-date=December 2, 2020 |access-date=July 29, 2019 |website=The Numbers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Monsters University (2013) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=monstersinc2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503015430/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=monstersinc2.htm |archive-date=May 3, 2014 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2015 | ''[[Inside Out (2015 film)#Box office|Inside Out]]'' | $175&nbsp;million | $356,461,711 | $501,149,463 | $857,611,174 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inside Out (2015) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pixar2014.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201162509/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pixar2014.htm |archive-date=February 1, 2016 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2015 | ''[[The Good Dinosaur#Box office|The Good Dinosaur]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-12-02|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=The Good Dinosaur#Box office|reason= }}'' | $175&nbsp;million | $123,087,120 | $209,120,551 | $332,207,671 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Good Dinosaur (2015) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pixar2013.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826155125/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pixar2013.htm |archive-date=August 26, 2016 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=FilmL.A. |date=June 15, 2016 |title=2015 Feature Film Study |page=25 |url=https://www.filmla.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2015_film_study_v5_WEB.pdf |url-status=live |access-date=March 19, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430182046/https://www.filmla.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/2015_film_study_v5_WEB.pdf |archive-date=April 30, 2018}}</ref> |- | 2016 | ''[[Finding Dory#Box office|Finding Dory]]'' | $200&nbsp;million | $486,295,561 | $542,275,328 | $1,028,570,889 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Finding Dory (2016) – Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Finding-Dory |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202224325/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Finding-Dory |archive-date=December 2, 2020 |access-date=July 29, 2019 |website=The Numbers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Finding Dory (2016) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pixar2015.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425213321/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pixar2015.htm |archive-date=April 25, 2017 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2017 | ''[[Cars 3#Box office|Cars 3]]'' | $175&nbsp;million | $152,901,115 | $231,029,541 | $383,930,656 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cars 3 (2017) – Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Cars-3 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202224657/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Cars-3 |archive-date=December 2, 2020 |access-date=July 29, 2019 |website=The Numbers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Cars 3 (2017) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=cars3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619223132/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=cars3.htm |archive-date=June 19, 2017 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2017 | ''[[Coco (2017 film)#Box office|Coco]]'' | $175&nbsp;million | $210,460,015 | $604,181,157 | $814,641,172 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Coco (2017) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pixar1117.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807201313/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pixar1117.htm |archive-date=August 7, 2018 |access-date=November 17, 2024 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=FilmL.A. |date=August 8, 2018 |title=2017 Feature Film Study |page=23 |url=https://www.filmla.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2017_film_study_v3_WEB.pdf |access-date=March 19, 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | 2018 | ''[[Incredibles 2#Box office|Incredibles 2]]'' | $200&nbsp;million | $608,581,744 | $634,223,615 | $1,242,805,359 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Incredibles 2 (2018) – Financial Information |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Incredibles-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316230541/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Incredibles-2 |archive-date=March 16, 2023 |access-date=July 29, 2019 |website=The Numbers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Incredibles 2 (2018) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=theincredibles2.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085857/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=theincredibles2.htm |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2019 | ''[[Toy Story 4#Box office|Toy Story 4]]'' | $200&nbsp;million | $434,038,008 | $639,356,585 | $1,073,394,593 | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brzeski |first=Patrick |date=June 21, 2019 |title=China Box Office: 'Toy Story 4' Getting Crushed by Rerelease of Anime Classic 'Spirited Away' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/spirited-away-release-crushes-toy-story-4-at-chinese-box-office-1220251 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621135149/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/spirited-away-release-crushes-toy-story-4-at-chinese-box-office-1220251 |archive-date=June 21, 2019 |access-date=August 2, 2019 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Toy Story 4 (2019) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pixar2017.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002212151/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=pixar2017.htm |archive-date=October 2, 2019 |access-date=June 21, 2019 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2020 | ''[[Onward (film)#Box office|Onward]]'' | $175–200&nbsp;million | $61,555,145 | $80,384,897 | $141,940,042 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onward (2020) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3433267713/?ref_=bo_hm_rs |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229183631/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3433267713/?ref_=bo_hm_rs |archive-date=February 29, 2020 |access-date=March 6, 2020 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2020 | ''[[Soul (2020 film)#Box office|Soul]]'' | $150&nbsp;million | $946,154 | $120,957,731 | $121,903,885 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Soul (2020) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3815278081/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112011937/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl3815278081/ |archive-date=January 12, 2021 |access-date=August 22, 2024 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref> |- | 2021 | ''[[Luca (2021 film)#Box office|Luca]]'' | {{n/a}} | $1,324,302{{efn|name=covid|These films were originally scheduled for wide theatrical release in the United States but due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], they were cancelled.}} | $49,788,012 | $51,112,314 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Luca (2021) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt12801262/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220218143530/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt12801262/ |archive-date=February 18, 2022 |access-date=August 22, 2024 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Luca'' |url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Luca-(2021) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902151404/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Luca-(2021) |archive-date=September 2, 2021 |access-date=August 22, 2024 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]}}</ref> |- | 2022 | ''[[Turning Red#Box office|Turning Red]]'' | $175&nbsp;million | $1,399,001{{efn|name=covid}} | $20,414,357 | $21,813,358 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Turning Red (2022) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt8097030/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301043451/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt8097030/ |archive-date=March 1, 2022 |access-date=August 22, 2024 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Turning Red'' |url=https://m.the-numbers.com/movie/Turning-Red-(2022) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314115928/https://m.the-numbers.com/movie/Turning-Red-(2022) |archive-date=March 14, 2022 |access-date=August 22, 2024 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]}}</ref> |- | 2022 | ''[[Lightyear (film)#Box office|Lightyear]]'' | $200&nbsp;million | $118,307,188 | $108,118,232 | $226,425,420 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lightyear (2022) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt10298810/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009203751/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt10298810/ |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |access-date=October 29, 2022 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Lightyear'' |url=https://m.the-numbers.com/movie/Lightyear-(2022)#tab=summary |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622203735/https://m.the-numbers.com/movie/Lightyear-(2022)#tab=summary |archive-date=June 22, 2022 |access-date=June 26, 2022 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]}}</ref> |- | 2023 | ''[[Elemental (2023 film)#Box office|Elemental]]'' | $200&nbsp;million | $154,426,697 | $342,017,611 | $496,444,308 | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elemental (2023) |url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt15789038/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624180247/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt15789038/ |archive-date=June 24, 2023 |access-date=November 1, 2023 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=''Elemental'' |url=https://m.the-numbers.com/movie/Elemental-(2023)#tab=summary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616174710/https://m.the-numbers.com/movie/Elemental-(2023)#tab=summary |archive-date=June 16, 2023 |access-date=June 17, 2023 |website=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]}}</ref> |- | 2024 | ''[[Inside Out 2#Box office|Inside Out 2]]'' | $200&nbsp;million | $652,980,194 | $1,045,050,771 | $1,698,030,965 | <ref>{{Cite The Numbers |id=Inside-Out-2-(2024) |title=Inside Out 2 (2024)| access-date=September 16, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Box Office Mojo |id=22022452 |title=Inside Out 2 (2024) |access-date=September 16, 2024}}</ref> |} {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ===Critical and public response=== {{hatnote|Each film is linked to the "Critical response" section of its article.}} <!-- Please read [[MOS:COLOR]] and do not add excessive colors to this table again --> {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="text-align: center;" |+ {{Screen reader-only|Critical and public response of Pixar films}} ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Film ! scope="col" colspan="2" | Critical ! scope="col" | Public |- ! data-sort-type="number" | [[Rotten Tomatoes]] ! data-sort-type="number" | [[Metacritic]] ! [[CinemaScore]] |- |{{#section:Toy Story (franchise)|Response1}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[A Bug's Life#Critical response|A Bug's Life]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-12-17|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=A Bug's Life#Critical response|reason= }}'' | 92% (91 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id=bugs_life |type=m |title=A Bug's Life |access-date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> | 78 (23 reviews)<ref>{{cite Metacritic |title=A Bug's Life |id=a-bugs-life |type=m |access-date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A}}<ref name="CinemaScore">{{cite web |url= https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |title= Cinemascore :: Movie Title Search |website= [[CinemaScore]] |access-date=August 9, 2019 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190809062201/https://www.cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |archive-date=August 9, 2019 }}</ref> |- |{{#section:Toy Story (franchise)|Response2}} |- |{{#section:Monsters Inc. (franchise)|Response1}} |- |{{#section:Finding Nemo (franchise)|Response1}} |- |{{#section:Incredibles (franchise)|Response1}} |- |{{#section:Cars (franchise)|Response1}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Ratatouille (film)#Critical response|Ratatouille]]'' | 96% (253 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id=ratatouille |type=m |title=Ratatouille |access-date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> | 96 (37 reviews)<ref>{{cite Metacritic|title=Ratatouille |id=ratatouille |type=m |access-date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> |{{sort grade|A}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kilday |first=Gregg |date=July 2, 2007 |title='Ratatouille' runs table |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/ratatouille-runs-table-141415/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210911034743/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/ratatouille-runs-table-141415/ |archive-date=September 11, 2021 |access-date=June 14, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[WALL-E#Critical response|WALL-E]]'' | 95% (261 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id=wall_e |type=m |title=WALL-E |access-date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> | 95 (39 reviews)<ref>{{cite Metacritic|title=WALL-E |id=wall-e |type=m |access-date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> |{{sort grade|A}}<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Rich |first=Joshua |date=June 29, 2008 |title='WALL-E' beeps and bops to the bank |url=https://ew.com/article/2008/06/29/wall-e-beeps-and-bops-bank/ |magazine=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |access-date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Up (2009 film)#Critical response|Up]]'' | 98% (297 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id=up |type=m |title=Up |access-date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> | 88 (37 reviews)<ref>{{cite Metacritic|title=Up |id=up |type=m |access-date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A+}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |author-link=Dave McNary |date=May 31, 2009 |title='Up' flies high at weekend box office |url=https://variety.com/2009/digital/box-office/up-flies-high-at-weekend-box-office-1118004341/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921224721/https://variety.com/2009/digital/box-office/up-flies-high-at-weekend-box-office-1118004341/ |archive-date=September 21, 2021 |access-date=September 21, 2021 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> |- |{{#section:Toy Story (franchise)|Response3}} |- |{{#section:Cars (franchise)|Response2}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Brave (2012 film)#Critical response|Brave]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-01-28|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Brave (2012 film)#Critical response|reason= }}'' | 79% (256 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id=brave_2012 |type=m |title=Brave |access-date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> | 69 (37 reviews)<ref>{{cite Metacritic|title=Brave |id=brave |type=m |access-date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Finke |first=Nikki |date=June 24, 2012 |title=Pixar Does It Again! 'Brave' Opens Big #1 With $66.7M Domestic and $80.2M Global; 'Abe Lincoln: Vampire Hunter' Gets Lost |url=https://deadline.com/2012/06/brave-box-office-results-abraham-lincoln-vampire-hunter-weekend-290635/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614202210/https://deadline.com/2012/06/brave-box-office-results-abraham-lincoln-vampire-hunter-weekend-290635/ |archive-date=June 14, 2022 |access-date=June 14, 2022 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |{{#section:Monsters Inc. (franchise)|Response2}} |- |{{#section:Inside Out (franchise)|Response1}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[The Good Dinosaur#Critical response|The Good Dinosaur]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-12-02|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=The Good Dinosaur#Critical response|reason= }}'' | 75% (220 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id=the_good_dinosaur |type=m |title=The Good Dinosaur |access-date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> | 66 (37 reviews)<ref>{{cite Metacritic|title=The Good Dinosaur |id=the-good-dinosaur |type=m |access-date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=November 29, 2015 |title=Katniss Rules Wednesday On Track For $78M-80M 5-Day; 'Good Dinosaur' Eyes $58M-$62M; 'Creed' Punching $39M-$42M |url=https://deadline.com/2015/11/thanksgiving-box-office-hunger-games-mockingjay-creed-the-good-dinosaur-1201639941/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126233231/http://deadline.com/2015/11/thanksgiving-box-office-hunger-games-mockingjay-creed-the-good-dinosaur-1201639941/ |archive-date=November 26, 2015 |access-date=November 26, 2015 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |{{#section:Finding Nemo (franchise)|Response2}} |- |{{#section:Cars (franchise)|Response5}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Coco (2017 film)#Critical response|Coco]]'' | 97% (357 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id=coco_2017 |type=m |title=Coco |access-date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> | 81 (48 reviews)<ref>{{cite Metacritic|title=Coco |id=coco-2017 |type=m |access-date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A+}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=November 26, 2017 |title=Thanksgiving B.O. At $268M, +3% Over 2016 Spurred By 'Coco' & Holdovers – Sunday Update |url=https://deadline.com/2017/11/coco-justice-league-wonder-thanksgiving-box-office-1202213755/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162554/https://deadline.com/2017/11/coco-justice-league-wonder-thanksgiving-box-office-1202213755/ |archive-date=June 12, 2018 |access-date=November 26, 2017 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- |{{#section:Incredibles (franchise)|Response2}} |- |{{#section:Toy Story (franchise)|Response4}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Onward (film)#Critical response|Onward]]'' | 88% (350 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id=onward |type=m |title=Onward |access-date=September 15, 2022}}</ref> | 64 (56 reviews)<ref>{{cite Metacritic|title=Onward |id=onward |type=m |access-date=September 15, 2022}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A−}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=March 7, 2020 |title='Onward' Seeing Blasé $40M Domestic Opening, $68M WW: Are Coronavirus Fears Impacting B.O.? – Sunday Update |url=https://deadline.com/2020/03/onward-opening-weekend-disney-pixar-coronavirus-invisible-man-1202876016/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307021204/https://deadline.com/2020/03/onward-opening-weekend-disney-pixar-coronavirus-invisible-man-1202876016/ |archive-date=March 7, 2020 |access-date=March 7, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Soul (2020 film)#Critical response|Soul]]'' | 95% (360 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id=soul_2020 |type=m |title=Soul |access-date=September 15, 2022}}</ref> | 83 (55 reviews)<ref>{{cite Metacritic|title=Soul |id=soul |type=m |access-date=September 15, 2022}}</ref> | rowspan="3" {{n/a}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Luca (2021 film)#Critical response|Luca]]'' | 91% (303 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id=luca_2021 |type=m |title=Luca |access-date=September 15, 2022}}</ref> | 71 (52 reviews)<ref>{{cite Metacritic|title=Luca |id=luca |type=m |access-date=September 15, 2022}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Turning Red#Critical response|Turning Red]]'' | 95% (289 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id=turning_red |type=m |title=Turning Red |access-date=September 15, 2022}}</ref> | 83 (52 reviews)<ref>{{cite Metacritic |title=Turning Red |id=turning-red-2022 |type=m |access-date=September 15, 2022}}</ref> |- |{{#section:Toy Story (franchise)|Response5}} |- ! scope="row" | ''[[Elemental (2023 film)#Critical response|Elemental]]'' | 73% (262 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Rotten Tomatoes |id=elemental_2023 |type=m |title=Elemental |access-date=March 23, 2024}}</ref> | 58 (45 reviews)<ref>{{Cite Metacritic |id=elemental-2023 |type=movie |title=Elemental |access-date=July 24, 2023}}</ref> | {{sort grade|A}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=June 18, 2023 |title='The Flash' Falls Down With $55M 3-Day Opening: Here's Why |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/box-office-the-flash-bomb-elemental-1235419478/ |url-status=live |access-date=July 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622033913/https://deadline.com/2023/06/box-office-the-flash-bomb-elemental-1235419478/ |archive-date=June 22, 2023}}</ref> |- |{{#section:Inside Out (franchise)|Response2}} |} ===Academy Awards=== {{main|List of Pixar awards and nominations (feature films)}} {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; margin=auto; font-size:90%" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Film ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Academy Award for Best Animated Feature|Animated Feature]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay|Original Screenplay]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay|Adapted Screenplay]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Original Score]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | [[Academy Award for Best Original Song|Original Song]] ! scope="col" colspan="2" class=sortable | [[Academy Award for Best Sound|Sound]]{{efn|name=overview1}} ! scope="col" rowspan="2" class=unsortable | Other |- ! scope="col" | [[Academy Award for Best Sound Editing|Sound Editing]] ! scope="col" | [[Academy Award for Best Sound Mixing|Sound Mixing]] |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Toy Story'' | | rowspan="3" {{N/A|''Award not yet introduced''}} | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" {{N/A|''Ineligible''}} | rowspan=2 {{nom}} | {{nom}} | | | {{won|Won<!--"Won" is necessary to comply with WP:COLOR--> [[Special Achievement Academy Award|Special Achievement]]}} |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''A Bug's Life'' | | | | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Toy Story 2'' | | {{N/A|''Ineligible''}} | | | {{nom}} | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Monsters, Inc.'' | | {{nom}} | | rowspan="7" {{N/A|''Ineligible''}} | rowspan=2 {{nom}} | {{won}} | rowspan=2 {{nom}} | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Finding Nemo'' | | rowspan=2 {{won}} | rowspan=2 {{nom}} | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''The Incredibles'' | | | | {{won}} | {{nom}} | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Cars'' | | {{nominated}} | | | {{nominated}} | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Ratatouille'' | | rowspan=4 {{won}} | rowspan=3 {{nom}} | rowspan=2 {{nom}} | | rowspan=4 {{nom}} | rowspan=2 {{nom}} | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''WALL-E'' | | {{nom}} | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Up'' | rowspan=2 {{nom}} | {{won}} | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Toy Story 3'' | rowspan="2" {{N/A|''Ineligible''}} | {{nom}} | | {{won}} | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Cars 2'' | | | | | | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Brave'' | | {{won}} | | {{N/A|''Ineligible''}} | | | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Monsters University'' | | | {{N/A|''Ineligible''}} | | | | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Inside Out'' | | {{won}} | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" {{N/A|''Ineligible''}} | | | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''The Good Dinosaur'' | | | | | | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Finding Dory'' | | | rowspan="2" {{N/A|''Ineligible''}} | | | | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Cars 3'' | | | | | | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Coco'' | | {{won}} | | {{N/A|''Ineligible''}} | | {{won}} | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Incredibles 2'' | | {{nom}} | rowspan="2" {{N/A|''Ineligible''}} | | | | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Toy Story 4'' | | {{won}} | | | {{nom}} | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Onward'' | | {{nom}} | | rowspan="4" {{N/A|''Ineligible''}} | | | | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Soul'' | | {{won}} | | {{won}} | | colspan="2" {{nom}} | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Luca'' | | rowspan="2" {{nom}} | | | | colspan="2" | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Turning Red'' | | | | | colspan="2" | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Lightyear'' | | | {{N/A|''Ineligible''}} | | | | colspan="2" | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Elemental'' | | {{nom}} | | {{N/A|''Ineligible''}} | | | colspan="2" | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Inside Out 2'' | | | {{N/A|''Ineligible''}} | | | | colspan="2" | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Elio'' | | | |{{N/A|''Ineligible''}} | | | colspan="2" | | |- | style="text-align:left;" | ''Hoppers'' | | | | | | | colspan="2" | | |} {{reflist|group=lower-alpha|refs= {{efn|name=overview1|Starting with the [[93rd Academy Awards]], the Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing categories were consolidated into a single Best Sound category.}} }} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Pixar}} [[Category:Pixar]] [[Category:Lists of movies]] 6fptnq8szc098y1fnwfoc7pvr033fpd 0 616648 11024076 8877176 2026-10-08T19:00:55Z ~2026-54065-58 1887126 He is no longer the current President of BYU, so I deleted that phrase that was added onto the opening statement. 11024076 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kevin J. Worthen.jpg|thumb|Kevin J Worthen]] '''Kevin J Worthen''' (born April 15, 1956)<ref name="CV">{{cite web|last1=Worthen|first1=Kevin J|title=Kevin J Worthen CV|url=http://www.law2.byu.edu/faculty/profiles2009/vitae/KevinWorthen1271097418.pdf|website=BYU Law|publisher=Brigham Young University|access-date=2 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302195013/http://www.law2.byu.edu/faculty/profiles2009/vitae/KevinWorthen1271097418.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> is the 13th president of [[Brigham Young University]] (BYU).<ref>{{cite news|last1=Hellewell|first1=Emily|title=Inauguration of BYU President Kevin J Worthen to be September 9, 2014|url=http://news.byu.edu/archive14-jul-inauguration.aspx|access-date=2 March 2017|work=Brigham Young University|date=15 July 2014|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302200443/https://news.byu.edu/news/inauguration-byu-president-kevin-j-worthen-be-september-9-2014|archive-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> He is also in the leadership of [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] (LDS Church). He is an area seventy, which means that he helps watch over many church members.<ref>{{cite news|title=New General Authorities Called, Primary General Presidency Reorganized |url=http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/new-general-authorities-called-primary-general-presidency-reorganized |access-date=2 March 2017 |work=www.mormonnewsroom.org |date=3 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211643/http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/new-general-authorities-called-primary-general-presidency-reorganized |archive-date= 4 March 2016 |language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> Before he became the president of BYU, Worthen was the advancement vice president<ref>{{cite news|title=Kevin J Worthen appointed Advancement VP at BYU |url=http://byunews.byu.edu/archive08-Jun-worthenvp.aspx |publisher=Brigham Young University |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221224517/http://news.byu.edu/archive08-Jun-worthenvp.aspx |archive-date=21 February 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[Dean (education)|dean]] of the J. Reuben Clark Law School.<ref name=president>{{cite web|title=Kevin J Worthen: Office of the President |url=http://president.byu.edu/content/kevin-j-worthen-0 |website=president.byu.edu |publisher=Brigham Young University |access-date=1 March 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022121237/http://president.byu.edu/content/kevin-j-worthen-0 |archive-date=22 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Education and Law Experience == Worthen was born in [[:en:Dragerton, Utah|Dragerton, Utah,]] and he grew up in Price, Utah. He has four older brothers and sisters. He served as an LDS [[missionary]] in [[Monterrey]], [[Mexico]].<ref name="president2">{{cite web|url=http://president.byu.edu/content/kevin-j-worthen-0|title=Kevin J Worthen: Office of the President|website=president.byu.edu|publisher=Brigham Young University|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022121237/http://president.byu.edu/content/kevin-j-worthen-0|archive-date=22 October 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=1 March 2017}}</ref> Worthen earned an associate degree from the College of Eastern Utah (CEU). While he was in college, Worthen worked as a coal miner during the summers.<ref name="president2" /> He was a co-captain of the varsity basketball team. He graduated in 1978 with the best grades in his class.<ref name="CV2">{{cite web|url=http://www.law2.byu.edu/faculty/profiles2009/vitae/KevinWorthen1271097418.pdf|title=Kevin J Worthen CV|last1=Worthen|first1=Kevin J|website=BYU Law|publisher=Brigham Young University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302195013/http://www.law2.byu.edu/faculty/profiles2009/vitae/KevinWorthen1271097418.pdf|archive-date=2 March 2017|access-date=2 March 2017}}</ref> After that, he went to BYU. He graduated in 1979 with highest honors (''[[Latin honours|summa cum laude]]'') with a [[bachelor's degree]] in political science.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.colorado.edu/law/lawreview/issues/authors/v76-4.htm|title=University of Colorado Law Review vol. 76 issue 4|website=Colorado Law|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606073128/http://www.colorado.edu/law/lawreview/issues/authors/v76-4.htm|archive-date=6 June 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> Worthen attended the J. Reuben Clark Law School at BYU.<ref name="CV2" /><ref name="DN">{{citation|last=Walch|first=Tad|title=BYU's new president hailed as brilliant, kind, compassionate|date=May 5, 2014|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865602423/BYUs-new-president-hailed-as-brilliant-kind-compassionate.html?pg=all|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213060134/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865602423/BYUs-new-president-hailed-as-brilliant-kind-compassionate.html|url-status=dead|newspaper=Deseret News|archive-date=13 February 2017}}</ref> He became a member of an honor society called the Order of the Coif.<ref name="CV2" /> In 1982, he again graduated with the highest honors [[Latin honours|(''summa cum laude'']]) and the best grades in his class. Then he worked as a law clerk (a lawyer who helps a judge make legal decisions) for [[Judge]] Malcolm R. Wilkey on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit. He also worked as a law clerk for Associate [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]] Justice Byron R. White.<ref name="autogenerated1" /> From 1984 to 1987, Worthen worked as a lawyer in [[Phoenix, Arizona]], for a law firm called Jennings, Strouss & Salmon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/kevin-j-worthen-installed-brigham-young-university-president|title=Kevin J Worthen J.D. Named Brigham Young University's 13th President|date=11 March 2014|website=www.mormonnewsroom.org|publisher=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121192409/http://www.mormonnewsroom.org/article/kevin-j-worthen-installed-brigham-young-university-president|archive-date=21 November 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=1 March 2017}}</ref> Worthen found that he was very interested in the history of laws, so he decided that he wanted to teach law.<ref name="DN" /> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Worthen, Kevin J}} [[Category:1956 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Academics from Utah]] cdb6zt6gl49xu4k3uf7rg4veema42zj 1 638697 11024051 6128816 2026-10-08T16:45:05Z ~2026-54233-54 1887066 /* Pegasus */ new section 11024051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk page}} == Pegasus == Does people believe into the Pegasus [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54233-54|~2026-54233-54]] ([[User talk:~2026-54233-54|talk]]) 16:45, 8 October 2026 (UTC) 2i14obg39zd8oj2ag7n5h1zmjcc4gko 0 653492 11024280 10938872 2026-10-09T03:00:44Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024280 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:The maze of livestock pens and walkways at Chicago's stockyards, ca. 1947 - NARA - 541823 (cropped).jpg|thumb|300px|Union Stock Yards, Chicago, 1947]] The '''Union Stock Yard & Transit Co.''', or '''The Yards''', was the [[meatpacking]] district in present-day [[New City, Chicago]]. The yards were opened in 1865. [[Cornelius Vanderbilt|Vanderbilt]] money sponsored the yards.<ref>J'Nell L. Pate, ''Livestock Hotels: America's Historic Stockyards'' (Texas Christian University Press: Fort Worth, Texas, 2005) p. 79.</ref> It was active for 106 years.<ref name="EoCUSY">{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/2218.html|title=Union Stock Yard|author=Pacyga, Dominic|access-date=March 7, 2007|publisher=Chicago Historical Society|year=2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219021513/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/2218.html|archive-date=February 19, 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> The yards inspired [[Upton Sinclair]] to write his book ''[[The Jungle]]''.<ref name=C>{{cite web|url=http://www.bartleby.com/165/1.html |title=1. Chicago|author=Sandburg, Carl|access-date=June 15, 2009|year=1916|publisher=[[Bartleby.com]]|author-link=Carl Sandburg}}</ref> The stockyards became the important point of the rise of some of the earliest international companies. The stockyards have become an important part of the popular culture of Chicago's history. From the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] until the 1920s and peaking in 1924, more meat was processed in Chicago than in any other place in the world.<ref name=M>{{cite book|url=http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/804.html|editor=Grossman, James R.|editor2=Ann Durkin Keating|editor3=Janice L. Ruff|author=Wade, Louise Carroll|work=Encyclopedia of Chicago|title=Meatpacking|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|year=2004|isbn=0-226-31015-9|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520091351/http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/804.html|archive-date=2009-05-20|access-date=2018-08-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Yards closed on July 30, 1971, after several decades of decline during the [[decentralization]] of the meatpacking industry. It was designated a [[Chicago Landmark]] on February 24, 1972,<ref name=Landmarks>{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/U/UnionStock.html|access-date=March 6, 2007|title=Chicago Landmarks|publisher=Chicago Landmarks|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203063051/http://www.ci.chi.il.us/Landmarks/U/UnionStock.html|archive-date=February 3, 2007|df=mdy-all}}</ref> and a [[National Historic Landmark]] on May 29, 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cr.nps.gov/nhl/designations/Lists/IL01.pdf|title=National Historic Landmarks Survey: Listing of National Historic Landmarks by State: Illinois|access-date=March 7, 2007|archive-date=October 18, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018065056/http://www.cr.nps.gov/nhl/designations/Lists/IL01.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceID=1223&resourceType=Structure|access-date=March 30, 2007|title=Old Stone Gate, Chicago Union Stockyards|publisher=National Park Service|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528154217/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceID=1223&resourceType=Structure|archive-date=May 28, 2008|df=mdy-all}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{US-stub}} [[Category:Landmarks in Chicago]] [[Category:19th century in Chicago]] [[Category:20th century in Chicago]] [[Category:1865 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:1971 disestablishments in the United States]] pbcjtt7jt5y6x6gvfucrv6y6o7rcnbj 0 660372 11023959 11023797 2026-10-08T13:42:33Z ~2026-54329-97 1886977 11023959 wikitext text/x-wiki 11023965 11023959 2026-10-08T13:46:25Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54329-97|~2026-54329-97]] ([[User talk:~2026-54329-97|talk]]) to last version by NDG: reverting [[WP:VAN|vandalism]] 11018121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=May 2024}} '''Scottish Americans''' are [[Americans|American citizens]] whose ancestry originated wholly or partly in [[Scotland]], a constituent [[country]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. The majority of [[Scottish people|Scots]] who immigrated to the [[USA]] were originally from Northern [[England]] and [[Lowland Scotland]] before migrating to the [[province]] of [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] ([[Ulster Scots people|Scots-Irish]]) and [[Colonization|colonists]]. Large immigration from Scotland to the [[United States|USA]] begin in the [[1700s]].{{cn}} The Ulster-Scots originally came from the [[Lowland Scots|Lowlands]] and the [[Scottish Borders|Scottish border]] before migrating to the province of Ulster, Ireland. From there, they would have emigrated in large numbers five generations later to [[North America]] during the eighteenth century.{{cn}} Today, most Americans of Scottish ancestry are concentrated in [[New England]] and the [[Southern United States|American South]], with [[Florida]], [[Ohio]], [[Washington]], [[Utah]], [[New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]] also having large Scottish populations.{{cn}} ==Uncle Sam== [[File:J. M. Flagg, I Want You for U.S. Army poster (1917).jpg|thumb|Uncle Sam]] Many people believe that [[Uncle Sam]], the national [[personification]] of the United States and its [https://simple.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/people people], was inspired by [[Samuel Wilson]], a meat packer from [[Troy, New York]], whose grandfather, Robert Wilson, was a Scottish immigrant from [[Greenock|Greenock, Scotland]] to [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].{{cn}} ==Notable Scottish Americans== * [[George W. Bush]] *[[Reese Witherspoon]] *[[Seth MacFarlane]] *[[Gregory Peck]] *[[Eminem]] *[[Justin Timberlake]] *[[John C. Reilly]] *[[Donald Trump]] *[[Mark Wahlberg]] *[[Jared Padalecki]] *[[Jensen Ackles]] *[[Matt Bomer]] *[[James Monroe]] *[[John Witherspoon]] *[[Ronald Reagan]] *[[Matt Damon]] *[[Taylor Swift]] *[[Neil Armstrong]] *[[Brad Pitt]] *[[George Clooney]] *[[Nicole Kidman]] *[[George Lincoln Rockwell]] *[[John F. Kennedy]] *[[James Stewart]] {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} ez4fbtesyv88cs5wc7x07y4hq2skvdf 11023982 11023965 2026-10-08T13:53:15Z ~2026-54329-97 1886977 11023982 wikitext text/x-wiki 11023983 11023982 2026-10-08T13:53:42Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54329-97|~2026-54329-97]] ([[User talk:~2026-54329-97|talk]]) to last version by Veritas Sapientiae 11018121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=May 2024}} '''Scottish Americans''' are [[Americans|American citizens]] whose ancestry originated wholly or partly in [[Scotland]], a constituent [[country]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. The majority of [[Scottish people|Scots]] who immigrated to the [[USA]] were originally from Northern [[England]] and [[Lowland Scotland]] before migrating to the [[province]] of [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] ([[Ulster Scots people|Scots-Irish]]) and [[Colonization|colonists]]. Large immigration from Scotland to the [[United States|USA]] begin in the [[1700s]].{{cn}} The Ulster-Scots originally came from the [[Lowland Scots|Lowlands]] and the [[Scottish Borders|Scottish border]] before migrating to the province of Ulster, Ireland. From there, they would have emigrated in large numbers five generations later to [[North America]] during the eighteenth century.{{cn}} Today, most Americans of Scottish ancestry are concentrated in [[New England]] and the [[Southern United States|American South]], with [[Florida]], [[Ohio]], [[Washington]], [[Utah]], [[New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]] also having large Scottish populations.{{cn}} ==Uncle Sam== [[File:J. M. Flagg, I Want You for U.S. Army poster (1917).jpg|thumb|Uncle Sam]] Many people believe that [[Uncle Sam]], the national [[personification]] of the United States and its [https://simple.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/people people], was inspired by [[Samuel Wilson]], a meat packer from [[Troy, New York]], whose grandfather, Robert Wilson, was a Scottish immigrant from [[Greenock|Greenock, Scotland]] to [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].{{cn}} ==Notable Scottish Americans== * [[George W. Bush]] *[[Reese Witherspoon]] *[[Seth MacFarlane]] *[[Gregory Peck]] *[[Eminem]] *[[Justin Timberlake]] *[[John C. Reilly]] *[[Donald Trump]] *[[Mark Wahlberg]] *[[Jared Padalecki]] *[[Jensen Ackles]] *[[Matt Bomer]] *[[James Monroe]] *[[John Witherspoon]] *[[Ronald Reagan]] *[[Matt Damon]] *[[Taylor Swift]] *[[Neil Armstrong]] *[[Brad Pitt]] *[[George Clooney]] *[[Nicole Kidman]] *[[George Lincoln Rockwell]] *[[John F. Kennedy]] *[[James Stewart]] {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} ez4fbtesyv88cs5wc7x07y4hq2skvdf 11024237 11023983 2026-10-09T01:40:17Z MexicanBeyonceLatinafan 1887312 11024237 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024242 11024237 2026-10-09T01:45:08Z MexicanBeyonceLatinafan 1887312 Shoot them all 11024242 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024244 11024242 2026-10-09T01:46:59Z Nil NZ 1559470 Reverted 2 edits by [[Special:Contributions/MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|MexicanBeyonceLatinafan]] ([[User talk:MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Veritas Sapientiae. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=May 2024}} '''Scottish Americans''' are [[Americans|American citizens]] whose ancestry originated wholly or partly in [[Scotland]], a constituent [[country]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. The majority of [[Scottish people|Scots]] who immigrated to the [[USA]] were originally from Northern [[England]] and [[Lowland Scotland]] before migrating to the [[province]] of [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] ([[Ulster Scots people|Scots-Irish]]) and [[Colonization|colonists]]. Large immigration from Scotland to the [[United States|USA]] begin in the [[1700s]].{{cn}} The Ulster-Scots originally came from the [[Lowland Scots|Lowlands]] and the [[Scottish Borders|Scottish border]] before migrating to the province of Ulster, Ireland. From there, they would have emigrated in large numbers five generations later to [[North America]] during the eighteenth century.{{cn}} Today, most Americans of Scottish ancestry are concentrated in [[New England]] and the [[Southern United States|American South]], with [[Florida]], [[Ohio]], [[Washington]], [[Utah]], [[New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]] also having large Scottish populations.{{cn}} ==Uncle Sam== [[File:J. M. Flagg, I Want You for U.S. Army poster (1917).jpg|thumb|Uncle Sam]] Many people believe that [[Uncle Sam]], the national [[personification]] of the United States and its [https://simple.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/people people], was inspired by [[Samuel Wilson]], a meat packer from [[Troy, New York]], whose grandfather, Robert Wilson, was a Scottish immigrant from [[Greenock|Greenock, Scotland]] to [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].{{cn}} ==Notable Scottish Americans== * [[George W. Bush]] *[[Reese Witherspoon]] *[[Seth MacFarlane]] *[[Gregory Peck]] *[[Eminem]] *[[Justin Timberlake]] *[[John C. Reilly]] *[[Donald Trump]] *[[Mark Wahlberg]] *[[Jared Padalecki]] *[[Jensen Ackles]] *[[Matt Bomer]] *[[James Monroe]] *[[John Witherspoon]] *[[Ronald Reagan]] *[[Matt Damon]] *[[Taylor Swift]] *[[Neil Armstrong]] *[[Brad Pitt]] *[[George Clooney]] *[[Nicole Kidman]] *[[George Lincoln Rockwell]] *[[John F. Kennedy]] *[[James Stewart]] {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} ez4fbtesyv88cs5wc7x07y4hq2skvdf 11024255 11024244 2026-10-09T01:49:54Z MexicanBeyonceLatinafan 1887312 11024255 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024258 11024255 2026-10-09T01:51:17Z Nil NZ 1559470 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|MexicanBeyonceLatinafan]] ([[User talk:MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Nil NZ. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=May 2024}} '''Scottish Americans''' are [[Americans|American citizens]] whose ancestry originated wholly or partly in [[Scotland]], a constituent [[country]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. The majority of [[Scottish people|Scots]] who immigrated to the [[USA]] were originally from Northern [[England]] and [[Lowland Scotland]] before migrating to the [[province]] of [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] ([[Ulster Scots people|Scots-Irish]]) and [[Colonization|colonists]]. Large immigration from Scotland to the [[United States|USA]] begin in the [[1700s]].{{cn}} The Ulster-Scots originally came from the [[Lowland Scots|Lowlands]] and the [[Scottish Borders|Scottish border]] before migrating to the province of Ulster, Ireland. From there, they would have emigrated in large numbers five generations later to [[North America]] during the eighteenth century.{{cn}} Today, most Americans of Scottish ancestry are concentrated in [[New England]] and the [[Southern United States|American South]], with [[Florida]], [[Ohio]], [[Washington]], [[Utah]], [[New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]] also having large Scottish populations.{{cn}} ==Uncle Sam== [[File:J. M. Flagg, I Want You for U.S. Army poster (1917).jpg|thumb|Uncle Sam]] Many people believe that [[Uncle Sam]], the national [[personification]] of the United States and its [https://simple.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/people people], was inspired by [[Samuel Wilson]], a meat packer from [[Troy, New York]], whose grandfather, Robert Wilson, was a Scottish immigrant from [[Greenock|Greenock, Scotland]] to [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].{{cn}} ==Notable Scottish Americans== * [[George W. Bush]] *[[Reese Witherspoon]] *[[Seth MacFarlane]] *[[Gregory Peck]] *[[Eminem]] *[[Justin Timberlake]] *[[John C. Reilly]] *[[Donald Trump]] *[[Mark Wahlberg]] *[[Jared Padalecki]] *[[Jensen Ackles]] *[[Matt Bomer]] *[[James Monroe]] *[[John Witherspoon]] *[[Ronald Reagan]] *[[Matt Damon]] *[[Taylor Swift]] *[[Neil Armstrong]] *[[Brad Pitt]] *[[George Clooney]] *[[Nicole Kidman]] *[[George Lincoln Rockwell]] *[[John F. Kennedy]] *[[James Stewart]] {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} ez4fbtesyv88cs5wc7x07y4hq2skvdf 11024282 11024258 2026-10-09T03:02:47Z MexicanLatina2026 1887338 11024282 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024284 11024282 2026-10-09T03:06:01Z MexicanLatina2026 1887338 11024284 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024286 11024284 2026-10-09T03:08:04Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/MexicanLatina2026|MexicanLatina2026]] ([[User talk:MexicanLatina2026|talk]]) to last version by Nil NZ 11024258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=May 2024}} '''Scottish Americans''' are [[Americans|American citizens]] whose ancestry originated wholly or partly in [[Scotland]], a constituent [[country]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. The majority of [[Scottish people|Scots]] who immigrated to the [[USA]] were originally from Northern [[England]] and [[Lowland Scotland]] before migrating to the [[province]] of [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] ([[Ulster Scots people|Scots-Irish]]) and [[Colonization|colonists]]. Large immigration from Scotland to the [[United States|USA]] begin in the [[1700s]].{{cn}} The Ulster-Scots originally came from the [[Lowland Scots|Lowlands]] and the [[Scottish Borders|Scottish border]] before migrating to the province of Ulster, Ireland. From there, they would have emigrated in large numbers five generations later to [[North America]] during the eighteenth century.{{cn}} Today, most Americans of Scottish ancestry are concentrated in [[New England]] and the [[Southern United States|American South]], with [[Florida]], [[Ohio]], [[Washington]], [[Utah]], [[New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]] also having large Scottish populations.{{cn}} ==Uncle Sam== [[File:J. M. Flagg, I Want You for U.S. Army poster (1917).jpg|thumb|Uncle Sam]] Many people believe that [[Uncle Sam]], the national [[personification]] of the United States and its [https://simple.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/people people], was inspired by [[Samuel Wilson]], a meat packer from [[Troy, New York]], whose grandfather, Robert Wilson, was a Scottish immigrant from [[Greenock|Greenock, Scotland]] to [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].{{cn}} ==Notable Scottish Americans== * [[George W. Bush]] *[[Reese Witherspoon]] *[[Seth MacFarlane]] *[[Gregory Peck]] *[[Eminem]] *[[Justin Timberlake]] *[[John C. Reilly]] *[[Donald Trump]] *[[Mark Wahlberg]] *[[Jared Padalecki]] *[[Jensen Ackles]] *[[Matt Bomer]] *[[James Monroe]] *[[John Witherspoon]] *[[Ronald Reagan]] *[[Matt Damon]] *[[Taylor Swift]] *[[Neil Armstrong]] *[[Brad Pitt]] *[[George Clooney]] *[[Nicole Kidman]] *[[George Lincoln Rockwell]] *[[John F. Kennedy]] *[[James Stewart]] {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} ez4fbtesyv88cs5wc7x07y4hq2skvdf 11024300 11024286 2026-10-09T03:19:03Z ~2026-54050-03 1887341 11024300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=May 2024}} They should get burned. They owned African American slaves. '''Scottish Americans''' are [[Americans|American citizens]] whose ancestry originated wholly or partly in [[Scotland]], a constituent [[country]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. The majority of [[Scottish people|Scots]] who immigrated to the [[USA]] were originally from Northern [[England]] and [[Lowland Scotland]] before migrating to the [[province]] of [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] ([[Ulster Scots people|Scots-Irish]]) and [[Colonization|colonists]]. Large immigration from Scotland to the [[United States|USA]] begin in the [[1700s]].{{cn}} The Ulster-Scots originally came from the [[Lowland Scots|Lowlands]] and the [[Scottish Borders|Scottish border]] before migrating to the province of Ulster, Ireland. From there, they would have emigrated in large numbers five generations later to [[North America]] during the eighteenth century.{{cn}} Today, most Americans of Scottish ancestry are concentrated in [[New England]] and the [[Southern United States|American South]], with [[Florida]], [[Ohio]], [[Washington]], [[Utah]], [[New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]] also having large Scottish populations.{{cn}} ==Uncle Sam== [[File:J. M. Flagg, I Want You for U.S. Army poster (1917).jpg|thumb|Uncle Sam]] Many people believe that [[Uncle Sam]], the national [[personification]] of the United States and its [https://simple.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/people people], was inspired by [[Samuel Wilson]], a meat packer from [[Troy, New York]], whose grandfather, Robert Wilson, was a Scottish immigrant from [[Greenock|Greenock, Scotland]] to [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].{{cn}} ==Notable Scottish Americans== * [[George W. Bush]] *[[Reese Witherspoon]] *[[Seth MacFarlane]] *[[Gregory Peck]] *[[Eminem]] *[[Justin Timberlake]] *[[John C. Reilly]] *[[Donald Trump]] *[[Mark Wahlberg]] *[[Jared Padalecki]] *[[Jensen Ackles]] *[[Matt Bomer]] *[[James Monroe]] *[[John Witherspoon]] *[[Ronald Reagan]] *[[Matt Damon]] *[[Taylor Swift]] *[[Neil Armstrong]] *[[Brad Pitt]] *[[George Clooney]] *[[Nicole Kidman]] *[[George Lincoln Rockwell]] *[[John F. Kennedy]] *[[James Stewart]] {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} k7i37tupg0l4d893gxt884ryoi1t5q5 11024301 11024300 2026-10-09T03:19:34Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54050-03|~2026-54050-03]] ([[User talk:~2026-54050-03|talk]]) to last version by Veritas Sapientiae 11024258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=May 2024}} '''Scottish Americans''' are [[Americans|American citizens]] whose ancestry originated wholly or partly in [[Scotland]], a constituent [[country]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. The majority of [[Scottish people|Scots]] who immigrated to the [[USA]] were originally from Northern [[England]] and [[Lowland Scotland]] before migrating to the [[province]] of [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] ([[Ulster Scots people|Scots-Irish]]) and [[Colonization|colonists]]. Large immigration from Scotland to the [[United States|USA]] begin in the [[1700s]].{{cn}} The Ulster-Scots originally came from the [[Lowland Scots|Lowlands]] and the [[Scottish Borders|Scottish border]] before migrating to the province of Ulster, Ireland. From there, they would have emigrated in large numbers five generations later to [[North America]] during the eighteenth century.{{cn}} Today, most Americans of Scottish ancestry are concentrated in [[New England]] and the [[Southern United States|American South]], with [[Florida]], [[Ohio]], [[Washington]], [[Utah]], [[New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]] also having large Scottish populations.{{cn}} ==Uncle Sam== [[File:J. M. Flagg, I Want You for U.S. Army poster (1917).jpg|thumb|Uncle Sam]] Many people believe that [[Uncle Sam]], the national [[personification]] of the United States and its [https://simple.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/people people], was inspired by [[Samuel Wilson]], a meat packer from [[Troy, New York]], whose grandfather, Robert Wilson, was a Scottish immigrant from [[Greenock|Greenock, Scotland]] to [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].{{cn}} ==Notable Scottish Americans== * [[George W. Bush]] *[[Reese Witherspoon]] *[[Seth MacFarlane]] *[[Gregory Peck]] *[[Eminem]] *[[Justin Timberlake]] *[[John C. Reilly]] *[[Donald Trump]] *[[Mark Wahlberg]] *[[Jared Padalecki]] *[[Jensen Ackles]] *[[Matt Bomer]] *[[James Monroe]] *[[John Witherspoon]] *[[Ronald Reagan]] *[[Matt Damon]] *[[Taylor Swift]] *[[Neil Armstrong]] *[[Brad Pitt]] *[[George Clooney]] *[[Nicole Kidman]] *[[George Lincoln Rockwell]] *[[John F. Kennedy]] *[[James Stewart]] {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} ez4fbtesyv88cs5wc7x07y4hq2skvdf 11024321 11024301 2026-10-09T03:28:32Z ~2026-54050-03 1887341 11024321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=May 2024}} They should get burned and go back to Europe. '''Scottish Americans''' are [[Americans|American citizens]] whose ancestry originated wholly or partly in [[Scotland]], a constituent [[country]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. The majority of [[Scottish people|Scots]] who immigrated to the [[USA]] were originally from Northern [[England]] and [[Lowland Scotland]] before migrating to the [[province]] of [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] ([[Ulster Scots people|Scots-Irish]]) and [[Colonization|colonists]]. Large immigration from Scotland to the [[United States|USA]] begin in the [[1700s]].{{cn}} The Ulster-Scots originally came from the [[Lowland Scots|Lowlands]] and the [[Scottish Borders|Scottish border]] before migrating to the province of Ulster, Ireland. From there, they would have emigrated in large numbers five generations later to [[North America]] during the eighteenth century.{{cn}} Today, most Americans of Scottish ancestry are concentrated in [[New England]] and the [[Southern United States|American South]], with [[Florida]], [[Ohio]], [[Washington]], [[Utah]], [[New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]] also having large Scottish populations.{{cn}} ==Uncle Sam== [[File:J. M. Flagg, I Want You for U.S. Army poster (1917).jpg|thumb|Uncle Sam]] Many people believe that [[Uncle Sam]], the national [[personification]] of the United States and its [https://simple.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/people people], was inspired by [[Samuel Wilson]], a meat packer from [[Troy, New York]], whose grandfather, Robert Wilson, was a Scottish immigrant from [[Greenock|Greenock, Scotland]] to [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].{{cn}} ==Notable Scottish Americans== * [[George W. Bush]] *[[Reese Witherspoon]] *[[Seth MacFarlane]] *[[Gregory Peck]] *[[Eminem]] *[[Justin Timberlake]] *[[John C. Reilly]] *[[Donald Trump]] *[[Mark Wahlberg]] *[[Jared Padalecki]] *[[Jensen Ackles]] *[[Matt Bomer]] *[[James Monroe]] *[[John Witherspoon]] *[[Ronald Reagan]] *[[Matt Damon]] *[[Taylor Swift]] *[[Neil Armstrong]] *[[Brad Pitt]] *[[George Clooney]] *[[Nicole Kidman]] *[[George Lincoln Rockwell]] *[[John F. Kennedy]] *[[James Stewart]] {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} ikuh3k9y362lgi5liteksau37o6bkmn 11024322 11024321 2026-10-09T03:28:57Z Mickie-Mickie 1391867 Undid revision 11024321 by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54050-03|~2026-54050-03]] ([[User talk:~2026-54050-03|talk]]) as per [[WP:NOTFORUM]] policy 11024322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=May 2024}} '''Scottish Americans''' are [[Americans|American citizens]] whose ancestry originated wholly or partly in [[Scotland]], a constituent [[country]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. The majority of [[Scottish people|Scots]] who immigrated to the [[USA]] were originally from Northern [[England]] and [[Lowland Scotland]] before migrating to the [[province]] of [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] ([[Ulster Scots people|Scots-Irish]]) and [[Colonization|colonists]]. Large immigration from Scotland to the [[United States|USA]] begin in the [[1700s]].{{cn}} The Ulster-Scots originally came from the [[Lowland Scots|Lowlands]] and the [[Scottish Borders|Scottish border]] before migrating to the province of Ulster, Ireland. From there, they would have emigrated in large numbers five generations later to [[North America]] during the eighteenth century.{{cn}} Today, most Americans of Scottish ancestry are concentrated in [[New England]] and the [[Southern United States|American South]], with [[Florida]], [[Ohio]], [[Washington]], [[Utah]], [[New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]] also having large Scottish populations.{{cn}} ==Uncle Sam== [[File:J. M. Flagg, I Want You for U.S. Army poster (1917).jpg|thumb|Uncle Sam]] Many people believe that [[Uncle Sam]], the national [[personification]] of the United States and its [https://simple.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/people people], was inspired by [[Samuel Wilson]], a meat packer from [[Troy, New York]], whose grandfather, Robert Wilson, was a Scottish immigrant from [[Greenock|Greenock, Scotland]] to [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].{{cn}} ==Notable Scottish Americans== * [[George W. Bush]] *[[Reese Witherspoon]] *[[Seth MacFarlane]] *[[Gregory Peck]] *[[Eminem]] *[[Justin Timberlake]] *[[John C. Reilly]] *[[Donald Trump]] *[[Mark Wahlberg]] *[[Jared Padalecki]] *[[Jensen Ackles]] *[[Matt Bomer]] *[[James Monroe]] *[[John Witherspoon]] *[[Ronald Reagan]] *[[Matt Damon]] *[[Taylor Swift]] *[[Neil Armstrong]] *[[Brad Pitt]] *[[George Clooney]] *[[Nicole Kidman]] *[[George Lincoln Rockwell]] *[[John F. Kennedy]] *[[James Stewart]] {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} ez4fbtesyv88cs5wc7x07y4hq2skvdf 11024355 11024322 2026-10-09T04:44:41Z ~2026-54227-34 1887368 11024355 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024366 11024355 2026-10-09T04:54:29Z ~2026-54227-34 1887368 11024366 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024373 11024366 2026-10-09T04:58:01Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54227-34|~2026-54227-34]] ([[User talk:~2026-54227-34|talk]]) to last version by Mickie-Mickie 11024322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=May 2024}} '''Scottish Americans''' are [[Americans|American citizens]] whose ancestry originated wholly or partly in [[Scotland]], a constituent [[country]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. The majority of [[Scottish people|Scots]] who immigrated to the [[USA]] were originally from Northern [[England]] and [[Lowland Scotland]] before migrating to the [[province]] of [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] ([[Ulster Scots people|Scots-Irish]]) and [[Colonization|colonists]]. Large immigration from Scotland to the [[United States|USA]] begin in the [[1700s]].{{cn}} The Ulster-Scots originally came from the [[Lowland Scots|Lowlands]] and the [[Scottish Borders|Scottish border]] before migrating to the province of Ulster, Ireland. From there, they would have emigrated in large numbers five generations later to [[North America]] during the eighteenth century.{{cn}} Today, most Americans of Scottish ancestry are concentrated in [[New England]] and the [[Southern United States|American South]], with [[Florida]], [[Ohio]], [[Washington]], [[Utah]], [[New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]] also having large Scottish populations.{{cn}} ==Uncle Sam== [[File:J. M. Flagg, I Want You for U.S. Army poster (1917).jpg|thumb|Uncle Sam]] Many people believe that [[Uncle Sam]], the national [[personification]] of the United States and its [https://simple.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/people people], was inspired by [[Samuel Wilson]], a meat packer from [[Troy, New York]], whose grandfather, Robert Wilson, was a Scottish immigrant from [[Greenock|Greenock, Scotland]] to [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].{{cn}} ==Notable Scottish Americans== * [[George W. Bush]] *[[Reese Witherspoon]] *[[Seth MacFarlane]] *[[Gregory Peck]] *[[Eminem]] *[[Justin Timberlake]] *[[John C. Reilly]] *[[Donald Trump]] *[[Mark Wahlberg]] *[[Jared Padalecki]] *[[Jensen Ackles]] *[[Matt Bomer]] *[[James Monroe]] *[[John Witherspoon]] *[[Ronald Reagan]] *[[Matt Damon]] *[[Taylor Swift]] *[[Neil Armstrong]] *[[Brad Pitt]] *[[George Clooney]] *[[Nicole Kidman]] *[[George Lincoln Rockwell]] *[[John F. Kennedy]] *[[James Stewart]] {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} ez4fbtesyv88cs5wc7x07y4hq2skvdf 11024381 11024373 2026-10-09T05:00:35Z Garsh2 1475106 Protected "[[Scottish Americans]]": Excessive [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 05:00, 9 January 2027 (UTC)) [Move=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 05:00, 9 January 2027 (UTC))) 11024322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=May 2024}} '''Scottish Americans''' are [[Americans|American citizens]] whose ancestry originated wholly or partly in [[Scotland]], a constituent [[country]] of the [[United Kingdom]]. The majority of [[Scottish people|Scots]] who immigrated to the [[USA]] were originally from Northern [[England]] and [[Lowland Scotland]] before migrating to the [[province]] of [[Ulster]] in [[Ireland]] ([[Ulster Scots people|Scots-Irish]]) and [[Colonization|colonists]]. Large immigration from Scotland to the [[United States|USA]] begin in the [[1700s]].{{cn}} The Ulster-Scots originally came from the [[Lowland Scots|Lowlands]] and the [[Scottish Borders|Scottish border]] before migrating to the province of Ulster, Ireland. From there, they would have emigrated in large numbers five generations later to [[North America]] during the eighteenth century.{{cn}} Today, most Americans of Scottish ancestry are concentrated in [[New England]] and the [[Southern United States|American South]], with [[Florida]], [[Ohio]], [[Washington]], [[Utah]], [[New York]] and [[Pennsylvania]] also having large Scottish populations.{{cn}} ==Uncle Sam== [[File:J. M. Flagg, I Want You for U.S. Army poster (1917).jpg|thumb|Uncle Sam]] Many people believe that [[Uncle Sam]], the national [[personification]] of the United States and its [https://simple.m.wiktionary.org/wiki/people people], was inspired by [[Samuel Wilson]], a meat packer from [[Troy, New York]], whose grandfather, Robert Wilson, was a Scottish immigrant from [[Greenock|Greenock, Scotland]] to [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]].{{cn}} ==Notable Scottish Americans== * [[George W. Bush]] *[[Reese Witherspoon]] *[[Seth MacFarlane]] *[[Gregory Peck]] *[[Eminem]] *[[Justin Timberlake]] *[[John C. Reilly]] *[[Donald Trump]] *[[Mark Wahlberg]] *[[Jared Padalecki]] *[[Jensen Ackles]] *[[Matt Bomer]] *[[James Monroe]] *[[John Witherspoon]] *[[Ronald Reagan]] *[[Matt Damon]] *[[Taylor Swift]] *[[Neil Armstrong]] *[[Brad Pitt]] *[[George Clooney]] *[[Nicole Kidman]] *[[George Lincoln Rockwell]] *[[John F. Kennedy]] *[[James Stewart]] {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} ez4fbtesyv88cs5wc7x07y4hq2skvdf 0 671452 11024088 11020888 2026-10-08T19:32:19Z ~2026-54350-92 1886650 /* */ 11024088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox movie | name = Godzilla | image = Godzilla 1998 logo.png | caption = Official Logo | director = [[Roland Emmerich]] | producer = Dean Devlin | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * Dean Devlin * [[Roland Emmerich]] }} | based_on = {{based on|''[[Godzilla]]''|[[Toho Company, Ltd.|Toho Co., Ltd.]]}}<!--- included per poster billing block ---> | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Matthew Broderick]] * [[Jean Reno]] * Maria Pitillo * [[Hank Azaria]] * [[Kevin Dunn]] * Michael Lerner * [[Harry Shearer]] }} | music = [[David Arnold]] | cinematography = Ueli Steiger | editing = {{Plainlist| * Peter Amundson * David J. Siegel }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * Centropolis Entertainment<ref name="NUM"/><ref name="AFI">{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/60841-GODZILLA?sid=93e39781-bbc2-4617-b748-2a05d40e23c7&sr=10.432128&cp=1&pos=1|title=Godzilla (1998)|first=|last=|work=[[American Film Institute]]|date=|access-date=January 29, 2023|url-status=live|archive-date=January 30, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130015451/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/60841-GODZILLA?sid=93e39781-bbc2-4617-b748-2a05d40e23c7&sr=10.432128&cp=1&pos=1}}</ref> * Fried Films<ref name="NUM"/><ref name="AFI"/> * Independent Pictures<ref name="NUM"/><ref name="AFI"/> }} | distributor = {{Plainlist | * [[TriStar Pictures]]<ref name="AFI"/><ref name="NYTime Review">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/19/movies/film-review-so-how-big-is-it-again-sizing-up-the-lizard-king.html|title=Film Review; So, How Big Is It Again? Sizing Up the Lizard King|author=Stephen Holden|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 19, 1998|access-date=February 1, 2021|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 2, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202040007/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/19/movies/film-review-so-how-big-is-it-again-sizing-up-the-lizard-king.html}}</ref> }} | released = {{Film date|1998|05|18|[[Madison Square Garden]]|1998|05|20|United States|ref1=<ref>{{cite press release|title=Mayor Giuliani Proclaims Monday, May 18th as Godzilla Day in NYC|url=https://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/98a/pr223-98.html|publisher=[[Government of New York City]]|date=May 18, 1998|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010419122726/http://www.nyc.gov/html/om/html/98a/pr223-98.html|archive-date=April 19, 2001|access-date=May 18, 2025}}</ref>}} | runtime = 138 minutes<ref name="Ebert">{{cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/godzilla-1998|title=Godzilla (1998)|last=Ebert|first=Roger|work=Roger Ebert.com|date=May 26, 1998|access-date=April 28, 2020|archive-date=April 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404101113/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/godzilla-1998|url-status=live}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $125–150&nbsp;million<ref name="NUM">{{cite the numbers|id=Godzilla|title=Godzilla (1998)|access-date=December 28, 2024}}</ref>{{sfn|Lichtenfeld|2007|p=218}} | gross = $379&nbsp;million<ref name=BOM>{{cite Box Office Mojo|id= 0120685 |title= Godzilla (1998)|accessdate= November 24, 2021}}</ref> }} '''''Godzilla''''' is a 1998 American [[monster movie]] directed by [[Roland Emmerich]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/godzilla-1998-dean-devline-film-problems/|title=Writer Of 1998’s Godzilla Reflects On Movie’s Biggest Problems|date=2018-05-30|website=ScreenRant|language=en-US|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref> who co-wrote the screenplay with producer Dean Devlin. It is a reboot of Toho Co., Ltd.'s [[Godzilla|''Godzilla'' franchise]]<ref name="Saperstein">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/news/godzilla-history-1201172512/|title=60 Years of Godzilla: Highlights From Monster's 29-Film Career|last=Saperstein|first=Pat|work=Variety|date=May 6, 2014|access-date=February 26, 2018|url-status=live|archive-date=June 21, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621102258/https://variety.com/2014/film/news/godzilla-history-1201172512/}}</ref> and the 23rd movie in the franchise, being the first ''Godzilla'' movie to be completely produced by an American studio.{{efn|The American releases of ''[[Godzilla (1954 movie)|Godzilla]]'' (''[[Godzilla, King of the Monsters!]]''), ''[[King Kong vs. Godzilla]]'', and ''The Return of Godzilla'' (''[[Godzilla 1985]]'') featured additional footage produced by American production companies. The footage featured Western actors and merged it with the original Japanese footage in order to appeal to American audiences.{{sfn|Kalat|2010|p=25}} ''Invasion of Astro-Monster'' was the first ''Godzilla'' movie to be co-produced between a Japanese studio ([[Toho Company, Ltd.|Toho Co., Ltd]]) and an American studio (UPA).{{sfn|Ryfle|1998|p=121}}{{sfn|Kalat|2010|p=84}}}} The movie stars [[Matthew Broderick]], [[Jean Reno]], Maria Pitillo, [[Hank Azaria]], [[Kevin Dunn]], Michael Lerner, and [[Harry Shearer]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lenconnect.com/article/20140514/NEWS/305149986|title=This Video Explains Why The 1998 'Godzilla' Movie Was A Complete Disaster|last=Acuna|first=Kirsten|website=The Daily Telegram - Adrian, MI|language=en|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref> The movie is dedicated to Tomoyuki Tanaka, the co-creator and producer of various ''Godzilla'' movies, who died in April 1997. In the movie, authorities investigate and battle a giant monster, known as [[Zilla (Godzilla character)|Godzilla]], who migrates to [[New York City]] to nest its young. In October 1992, [[TriStar Pictures]] announced plans to produce a trilogy of ''Godzilla'' movies. In May 1993, Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio were hired to write the script. In July 1994, [[Jan de Bont]] was announced as the director but left the project that December due to budget disputes. Emmerich was hired in May 1996 to direct and co-write a new script with Devlin. Principal photography began in May 1997 and ended in September 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://metro.co.uk/2014/05/12/godzilla-2014-or-godzilla-1998-only-one-way-to-find-out-godzilla-fight-4722953/|title=Godzilla 2014 or Godzilla 1998? Only one way to find out… GODZILLA FIGHT!|date=2014-05-12|website=Metro|language=en|access-date=2020-04-08}}</ref> ''Godzilla'' premiered at [[Madison Square Garden]] in [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] on May 18, 1998, and was released in the United States on May 20 by [[TriStar Pictures]]. The film received negative reviews from critics and grossed $379 million worldwide against a production budget between $130–150 million and marketing costs of $80 million, becoming the [[1998|third highest-grossing film of 1998]]. Despite turning a profit, it was considered a [[box-office bomb|box office disappointment]].<ref name="RoarsIn">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/26/movies/godzilla-roars-in-but-fails-to-devour.html|title='Godzilla' Roars in But Fails To Devour|last=Sterngold|first=James|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=May 26, 1998|access-date=August 7, 2016|url-status=live|archive-date=November 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129102845/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/26/movies/godzilla-roars-in-but-fails-to-devour.html}}</ref><ref name="Philadelphia inquirer ">{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/philly.com-the-philadelphia-inquirer-historical-archive-1860-1922|title=It's Big, All Right – A Big Flop 'Godzilla' Takes A Stomping at the Box Office And in the Stores|last=DeWolf|first=Rose |work=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|date=June 12, 1998|access-date=August 7, 2016}}</ref> Planned sequels were cancelled, but an [[Godzilla: The Series|animated series]] was produced instead. TriStar let their remake/sequel rights expire on May 20, 2003. In 2004, a new iteration of TriStar's Godzilla was featured in Toho's 2004 movie ''[[Godzilla: Final Wars]]'' as "[[Zilla (Godzilla character)|Zilla]]". That version has since appeared in various media under the "Zilla" trademark, but with the variants from the 1998 movie and its animated sequel retaining the ''Godzilla'' copyright and trademark.<ref name="p4">{{cite web|url=https://www.scifijapan.com/godzilla-toho/godzilla-unmade-the-history-of-jan-de-bonts-unproduced-tristar-film-part-4-of-4|title=Godzilla Unmade: The History of Jan De Bont's Unproduced TriStar Film – Part 4 of 4|last=Aiken|first=Keith|work=SciFi Japan|date=May 31, 2015|access-date=March 8, 2016|archive-date=June 12, 2018|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140106/http://www.scifijapan.com/articles/2015/05/31/godzilla-unmade-the-history-of-jan-de-bonts-unproduced-tristar-film-part-4-of-4/}}</ref><ref name="penny">{{cite web|url=http://www.pennyblood.com/godzilla2.html |title=Godzilla Stomps into Los Angeles |last=Schaefer |first=Mark |work=Penny Blood |date=November 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050203181104/http://www.pennyblood.com/godzilla2.html |archive-date=February 3, 2005}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} == References == <references /> == Other websites == * {{Letterboxd title |id=godzilla-1998 |title=Godzilla}} [[Category:1998 action movies]] [[Category:1998 science fiction movies]] [[Category:1990s American action movies]] [[Category:1990s American adventure movies]] [[Category:American science fiction movies]] [[Category:American reboot movies]] [[Category:1990s English-language movies]] [[Category:Godzilla]] [[Category:Movies about dinosaurs]] [[Category:Movies about nuclear technology]] [[Category:Movies directed by Roland Emmerich]] [[Category:1998 adventure movies]] {{movie-stub}} g7ec7j8u59u2clfqbl8d26vun9mn6uz 0 672773 11024039 11017288 2026-10-08T15:56:53Z MrRobertGoddard 1887030 Added more important information. 11024039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox economist|name=Guy Standing|native_name=|native_name_lang=|school_tradition=|image=Guy Standing (sitting) in 2012.jpg|image_size=|caption=Standing sitting, at the BIEN Congress in 2012|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1948|02|09}}|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=|nationality=British|institution=[[Basic Income Earth Network]] (BIEN)<br />and [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], [[University of London]]|field=[[Unconditional basic income]] and [[deliberative democracy]]|alma_mater=[[University of Cambridge]] ([[PhD]])<br />[[University of Illinois]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])<br />[[University of Sussex]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|influences=|influenced=|contributions=Theory of the [[precariat]]|awards=[[Academy of Social Sciences|Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (FAcSS)]]|memorials=|spouse=|signature=<!-- file name only -->|module=|repec_prefix=|repec_id=}} '''Guy Standing''' (born 9 February 1948)<ref name="LCCN">{{cite web|url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n78083509.html|title=Standing, Guy|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=4 July 2014|quote=found: His Population mobility and productive relations, 1984: CIP t.p. (Guy Standing) data sheet (b. 2/9/48)}}</ref> is a [[British]] [[professor]] of [[Development Studies]] at the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] (SOAS), [[University of London]],<ref name="SOAS">{{cite web|url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/staff82877.php|title=Professor Guy Standing, Department of Development Studies|publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London|access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> and helped start [[Basic Income Earth Network]] (BIEN).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basicincome.org/bien/aboutbien.html |title=About BIEN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025152838/http://www.basicincome.org/bien/aboutbien.html |archive-date=2012-10-25 }}</ref> Standing has written about [[Labour (economics)|labour economics]], [[unemployment]], [[basic income]] and [[democracy]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Standing|first1=Guy|date=27 January 2012|title=The precariat: why it needs deliberative democracy|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/guy-standing/precariat-why-it-needs-deliberative-democracy|journal=OpenDemocracy|access-date=4 July 2014|archive-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625001525/http://www.opendemocracy.net/guy-standing/precariat-why-it-needs-deliberative-democracy|url-status=dead}}</ref> He wrote the book ''The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class'' in 2011.<ref name="Precariat">{{cite book|last=Standing|first=Guy|title=The precariat|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|location=City|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84966-455-4}}</ref> == Honors == * [[Academy of Social Sciences|Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (FAcSS)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://acss.org.uk/member-academicians/#S|title=Fellows|publisher=Academy of Social Sciences|access-date=5 July 2014|archive-date=28 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528105258/http://acss.org.uk/member-academicians/#S|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Internet Fun == [[File:Guy Standing in 2025.jpg|alt=Guy Standing's replacement photo.|thumb|The image that [[Tyrant|replaced the other]], showing Guy Standing probably standing. This was taken in Vienna.[[Vienna]]]] Guy Standing's [[Wikipedia|Wikipedia page]] is interesting because of the photo included. There is an argument about what the caption for the photo should be.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guy Standing (economist): Revision history - Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy_Standing_(economist)&action=history|access-date=2026-10-08|website=en.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref> The photo shows Guy Standin in a chair, sitting. On the [[English Wikipedia|English version of Wikipedia]], a user put the title as "Guy Sitting at the 2012 BIEN Congress" to be funny. That was changed to the more correct "Standing at the 2012 BIEN Congress" by another user. Some users would spend time changing it to "Standing Sitting at the 2012 BIEN Congress", while others would change it back, including some [[Wikipedia administrators|Wikipedia Administrators]]. Both captions are informatively correct, but "Standing Sitting at the 2012 BIEN Congress" was supposedly 'too funny' for Wikipedia. On the English version of the page, the photo featured was changed to one that showed Guy Standing, likely standing.<ref>{{Citation|title=Guy Standing (economist)|date=2026-10-04|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy_Standing_(economist)&oldid=1378327096|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|2}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.guystanding.com/}} * [http://www.bastamag.net/article2679.html Le précariat: "une classe en devenir"], interview for French web magazine''Basta!'', October 2012 * {{YouTube|-jJt-5i_dls|Conference of Guy Standing at the University of Sydney}}, February 2012 * {{YouTube|LTudjB4T7Xw|Precariat And Peasant: Reframing Social Protection For The 21st Century}}, July 2013 {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Standing, Guy}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]] [[Category:British economists]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nonviolence advocates]] 5l1bxttgvc39y2t8xzq419naot5j3bg 11024041 11024039 2026-10-08T15:57:31Z MrRobertGoddard 1887030 11024041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox economist|name=Guy Standing|native_name=|native_name_lang=|school_tradition=|image=Guy Standing (sitting) in 2012.jpg|image_size=|caption=Standing sitting, at the BIEN Congress in 2012|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1948|02|09}}|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=|nationality=British|institution=[[Basic Income Earth Network]] (BIEN)<br />and [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], [[University of London]]|field=[[Unconditional basic income]] and [[deliberative democracy]]|alma_mater=[[University of Cambridge]] ([[PhD]])<br />[[University of Illinois]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])<br />[[University of Sussex]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|influences=|influenced=|contributions=Theory of the [[precariat]]|awards=[[Academy of Social Sciences|Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (FAcSS)]]|memorials=|spouse=|signature=<!-- file name only -->|module=|repec_prefix=|repec_id=}} '''Guy Standing''' (born 9 February 1948)<ref name="LCCN">{{cite web|url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n78083509.html|title=Standing, Guy|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=4 July 2014|quote=found: His Population mobility and productive relations, 1984: CIP t.p. (Guy Standing) data sheet (b. 2/9/48)}}</ref> is a [[British]] [[professor]] of [[Development Studies]] at the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] (SOAS), [[University of London]],<ref name="SOAS">{{cite web|url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/staff82877.php|title=Professor Guy Standing, Department of Development Studies|publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London|access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> and helped start [[Basic Income Earth Network]] (BIEN).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basicincome.org/bien/aboutbien.html |title=About BIEN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025152838/http://www.basicincome.org/bien/aboutbien.html |archive-date=2012-10-25 }}</ref> Standing has written about [[Labour (economics)|labour economics]], [[unemployment]], [[basic income]] and [[democracy]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Standing|first1=Guy|date=27 January 2012|title=The precariat: why it needs deliberative democracy|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/guy-standing/precariat-why-it-needs-deliberative-democracy|journal=OpenDemocracy|access-date=4 July 2014|archive-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625001525/http://www.opendemocracy.net/guy-standing/precariat-why-it-needs-deliberative-democracy|url-status=dead}}</ref> He wrote the book ''The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class'' in 2011.<ref name="Precariat">{{cite book|last=Standing|first=Guy|title=The precariat|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|location=City|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84966-455-4}}</ref> == Honors == * [[Academy of Social Sciences|Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (FAcSS)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://acss.org.uk/member-academicians/#S|title=Fellows|publisher=Academy of Social Sciences|access-date=5 July 2014|archive-date=28 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528105258/http://acss.org.uk/member-academicians/#S|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Internet Fun == [[File:Guy Standing in 2025.jpg|alt=Guy Standing's replacement photo.|thumb|The image that [[Tyrant|replaced the other]], showing Guy Standing probably standing. This was taken in Vienna.[[Vienna]]]] Guy Standing's [[Wikipedia|Wikipedia page]] is interesting because of the photo included. There is an argument about what the caption for the photo should be.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guy Standing (economist): Revision history - Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy_Standing_(economist)&action=history|access-date=2026-10-08|website=en.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref> The photo shows Guy Standing in a chair, sitting. On the [[English Wikipedia|English version of Wikipedia]], a user put the title as "Guy Sitting at the 2012 BIEN Congress" to be funny. That was changed to the more correct "Standing at the 2012 BIEN Congress" by another user. Some users would spend time changing it to "Standing Sitting at the 2012 BIEN Congress", while others would change it back, including some [[Wikipedia administrators|Wikipedia Administrators]]. Both captions are informatively correct, but "Standing Sitting at the 2012 BIEN Congress" was supposedly 'too funny' for Wikipedia. On the English version of the page, the photo featured was changed to one that showed Guy Standing, likely standing.<ref>{{Citation|title=Guy Standing (economist)|date=2026-10-04|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy_Standing_(economist)&oldid=1378327096|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|2}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.guystanding.com/}} * [http://www.bastamag.net/article2679.html Le précariat: "une classe en devenir"], interview for French web magazine''Basta!'', October 2012 * {{YouTube|-jJt-5i_dls|Conference of Guy Standing at the University of Sydney}}, February 2012 * {{YouTube|LTudjB4T7Xw|Precariat And Peasant: Reframing Social Protection For The 21st Century}}, July 2013 {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Standing, Guy}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]] [[Category:British economists]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nonviolence advocates]] 4uc90uui05khz22yl43yzvy9y1dssu2 11024055 11024041 2026-10-08T17:20:15Z MrRobertGoddard 1887030 11024055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox economist|name=Guy Standing|native_name=|native_name_lang=|school_tradition=|image=Guy Standing (sitting) in 2012.jpg|image_size=|caption=Standing sitting, at the BIEN Congress in 2012|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1948|02|09}}|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=|nationality=British|institution=[[Basic Income Earth Network]] (BIEN)<br />and [[School of Oriental and African Studies]], [[University of London]]|field=[[Unconditional basic income]] and [[deliberative democracy]]|alma_mater=[[University of Cambridge]] ([[PhD]])<br />[[University of Illinois]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]])<br />[[University of Sussex]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])|influences=|influenced=|contributions=Theory of the [[precariat]]|awards=[[Academy of Social Sciences|Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (FAcSS)]]|memorials=|spouse=|signature=<!-- file name only -->|module=|repec_prefix=|repec_id=}} '''Guy Standing''' (born 9 February 1948)<ref name="LCCN">{{cite web|url=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n78083509.html|title=Standing, Guy|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=4 July 2014|quote=found: His Population mobility and productive relations, 1984: CIP t.p. (Guy Standing) data sheet (b. 2/9/48)}}</ref> is a [[British]] [[professor]] of [[Development Studies]] at the [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] (SOAS), [[University of London]],<ref name="SOAS">{{cite web|url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/staff/staff82877.php|title=Professor Guy Standing, Department of Development Studies|publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London|access-date=5 July 2014}}</ref> and helped start [[Basic Income Earth Network]] (BIEN).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.basicincome.org/bien/aboutbien.html |title=About BIEN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025152838/http://www.basicincome.org/bien/aboutbien.html |archive-date=2012-10-25 }}</ref> Standing has written about [[Labour (economics)|labour economics]], [[unemployment]], [[basic income]] and [[democracy]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Standing|first1=Guy|date=27 January 2012|title=The precariat: why it needs deliberative democracy|url=http://www.opendemocracy.net/guy-standing/precariat-why-it-needs-deliberative-democracy|journal=OpenDemocracy|access-date=4 July 2014|archive-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625001525/http://www.opendemocracy.net/guy-standing/precariat-why-it-needs-deliberative-democracy|url-status=dead}}</ref> He wrote the book ''The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class'' in 2011.<ref name="Precariat">{{cite book|last=Standing|first=Guy|title=The precariat|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|location=City|year=2011|isbn=978-1-84966-455-4}}</ref> == Honors == * [[Academy of Social Sciences|Fellow of the Academy of Social Sciences (FAcSS)]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://acss.org.uk/member-academicians/#S|title=Fellows|publisher=Academy of Social Sciences|access-date=5 July 2014|archive-date=28 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528105258/http://acss.org.uk/member-academicians/#S|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Internet Fun == [[File:Guy Standing in 2025.jpg|alt=Guy Standing's replacement photo.|thumb|The image that [[Tyrant|replaced the other]], showing Guy Standing probably standing. This was taken in [[Vienna]].]] Guy Standing's [[Wikipedia|Wikipedia page]] is interesting because of the photo included. There is an argument about what the caption for the photo should be.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Guy Standing (economist): Revision history - Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy_Standing_(economist)&action=history|access-date=2026-10-08|website=en.wikipedia.org|language=en}}</ref> The photo shows Guy Standing in a chair, sitting. On the [[English Wikipedia|English version of Wikipedia]], a user put the title as "Guy Sitting at the 2012 BIEN Congress" to be funny. That was changed to the more correct "Standing at the 2012 BIEN Congress" by another user. Some users would spend time changing it to "Standing Sitting at the 2012 BIEN Congress", while others would change it back, including some [[Wikipedia administrators|Wikipedia Administrators]]. Both captions are informatively correct, but "Standing Sitting at the 2012 BIEN Congress" was supposedly 'too funny' for Wikipedia. On the English version of the page, the photo featured was changed to one that showed Guy Standing, likely standing.<ref>{{Citation|title=Guy Standing (economist)|date=2026-10-04|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy_Standing_(economist)&oldid=1378327096|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|2}} ==Other websites== {{Commons category}} * {{Official website|http://www.guystanding.com/}} * [http://www.bastamag.net/article2679.html Le précariat: "une classe en devenir"], interview for French web magazine''Basta!'', October 2012 * {{YouTube|-jJt-5i_dls|Conference of Guy Standing at the University of Sydney}}, February 2012 * {{YouTube|LTudjB4T7Xw|Precariat And Peasant: Reframing Social Protection For The 21st Century}}, July 2013 {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Standing, Guy}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:Alumni of the University of Cambridge]] [[Category:British economists]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nonviolence advocates]] cuwesvq1tjfa1zh9j5ia0f1wz4msegm 0 681868 11024274 10797106 2026-10-09T02:45:44Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024274 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Unbiseptium''', {{IPAc-en|ˌ|uː|n|b|aɪ|ˈ|s|ɛ|p|t|i|əm}}, '''[[Mendeleev's predicted elements|eka]]-[[americium]]''' <ref>{{Cite news|date=2019-10-04|title=The Grammar of the Elements|language=en|work=American Scientist|url=https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-grammar-of-the-elements|access-date=2026-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829070228/https://www.americanscientist.org/article/the-grammar-of-the-elements|archive-date=2021-08-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> or just '''Element 127''' is a proposed element with 127 electrons and 127 protons. They have given it the [[chemical symbol]] '''Ubs'''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unbiseptium (Ubs)|url=https://periodictable.chemicalaid.com/element.php/Ubs?lang=en|access-date=2025-01-22|website=Periodic Table|language=en}}</ref> If this element is found one day, the discoverers of the element will pick a new name for it according to a set of names that [[International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry|IUPAC]] suggested.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Koppenol|first=W. H.|date=2002-01-01|title=Naming of new elements(IUPAC Recommendations 2002)|url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1351/pac200274050787/html|journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry|language=en|volume=74|issue=5|pages=787–791|doi=10.1351/pac200274050787|issn=1365-3075}}</ref> It would be a "[[Superheavy element|superheavy]]" element that would belong in a [[Periodic table|section]] of the periodic table called the '''g-block''' if made. ==Naming== {{further|Systematic element name}} The name Unbiseptium that was chosen for Element 127 is a systematic element name, used as a placeholder until its discovery is confirmed. [[Transuranium element]]s beyond [[californium]] are always created artificially, and the element usually ends up being named for a scientist or a laboratory that does work in atomic physics.<ref>{{Cite news|title=What Element Symbols Were Discontinued?|language=en|work=ThoughtCo|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/element-symbols-not-in-use-606524|access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref> ==Making== Scientists have tried to make this element by crashing smaller atoms into each other at very high speeds. In 1978, a group of scientists in [[Germany]] used a machine to fire [[xenon]] atoms at a metal atom called [[tantalum]]. They hoped the two types of atoms would [[Fusion reaction|join together]] to form Element 127. But the experiment failed and the element was not created. Scientists are still trying to find new ways to make it using even more powerful machines.<ref name="emsley">{{cite book|last=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4|edition=New|year=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl_b1k4/page/593 593]}}</ref> <!--:{{Nuclide2|Tantalum|180m}} + {{Nuclide2|Xenon|136}} → {{Nuclide2|Unbiseptium|316}} :{{Nuclide2|Tantalum|181}} + {{Nuclide2|Xenon|136}} → {{Nuclide2|Unbiseptium|317}}--> == Related pages == * [[Periodic table]] * [[Transuranium element]] * [[Unhexseptium]] (Element 167) * [[Island of stability]] * [[Synthetic element]] * [[Element]] ==References== {{reflist}} == Gallery == [[File:Ubs 127.svg|thumb|left]] [[File:Electron shell 127 Unbiseptium - no label.svg|thumb|center]] {{Extended periodic table (by Fricke, 32 columns, compact)}} [[Category:Hypothetical chemical elements|127]] lkr8ukp669bckrfjhd6gg5hu6jf6bfc 0 702939 11024385 10969328 2026-10-09T05:11:15Z ~2026-54211-56 1887376 11024385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | caption = | genre = [[Educational television|Educational]] | creator = Chris Ellis | based_on = | voices = {{Plainlist| * Tom Cruise (Ethan Hunt) * Dylan Robertson (0 and 1) * Robert Watson (2) * Alice Baker (3) * Jonathan Beech (4) * Laura Maasland (5) * Oliver Keogh (6) * Roz Ellis (7 And 9) * Harry Munday (8) * Bob Golding (The Problem Blob and The Puzzler) * Rachel Preece (The Shape Japer and Spooky Spoon) * Ross Mullan (The Numbertaker) * Maito Fujioka (Kamen Rider 1) * Hassei Takano (Kamen Rider 2) * Tomokazu Seki (Kamen Rider V3) * Hideo Ishikawa (Riderman) * Kenichi Suzumura (Kamen Rider X) * Enrique Sakamoto (Kamen Rider Amazon) * Yuuki Beppu (Kamen Rider Stronger) * Takeru Shibaki (Skyrider) * Hiroshi Kamiya (Kamen Rider Super-1) * Shun Sugata (Kamen Rider ZX) * Tetsuo Kurata (Kamen Rider Black and Kamen Rider Black RX) * Kinichi Kusumi (Redman) * Mitsuru Saijo (Mirrorman and Jumborg Ace) * Michihiro Ikemizu (Fireman) * Koji Unoki (Ultraman) * Kento Ono (Zoffy) * Keiya Asakura (Ultraseven) * Hiroshi Tsuchida (Ultraman Jack) * Issei Hirota (Ultraman Ace) * Yasuhiro Ishiwata (Ultraman Taro) * Kinya Sugi (Father of Ultra) * Nao Nagasawa (Mother of Ultra) * Shiro Izumi (Ultraman Leo) * Yuji Kido (Astra) * Akito Osuga (Ultraman King) }} | theme_music_composer = Justin Nicholls | opentheme = "The Numberjacks Are On Their Way" | endtheme = "The Numberjacks Are On Their Way" (Reprise)<br>"ウルトラマンの歌"<br>"ウルトラセブンの歌"<br>"光速エスパーの歌"<br>"帰ってきたウルトラマン"<br>"戦え！ウルトラマン"<br>"ウルトラマンA"<br>"ウルトラマンタロウ"<br>"ウルトラ六兄弟"<br>"ウルトラマンレオ"<br>"戦え！ウルトラマンレオ"<br>"ザ・ウルトラマン"<br>"愛の勇者たち"<br>"ウルトラマン80"<br>"がんばれウルトラマン80"<br>"レッツ・ゴー・UGM"<br>"地球人だよ"<br>"アンドロメロス"<br>"帰って来いよアンドロメロス"<br>"ウルトラマン物語 ~星の伝説~"<br>"愛の戦士タロウ"<br>"ウルトラマンゾフィー"<br>"ウルトラマン物語"<br>"ジャンボーグA"<br>"輝けPAT"<br>"戦え！ジャンボーグ9"<br>"エース・アンド・ナイン"<br>"ミラーマンの唄"<br>"戦え！ミラーマン"<br>"ファイヤーマン"<br>"出撃！SAF"<br>"炎のようにもえろ"<br>"はるかな青い地底に"<br>"レッドマン"<br>"夕陽のレッドマン"<br>"トリプルファイターのうた"<br>"トリプルファイターの誓い"<br>"オレンジファイターのバラード"<br>"戦えイナズマン"<br>"チェスト！チェスト！イナズマン"<br>"フラッシュ！イナズマン"<br>"イナズマン・アクション"<br>"ゴーゴー・キカイダー"<br>"戦え！！人造人間キカイダー"<br>"キカイダー01"<br>"01ロック"<br>"輝く太陽カゲスター"<br>"スター！スター！カゲスター"<br>"ぼくらのバロム1"<br>"友情のバロム・クロス"<br>"宇宙鉄人キョーダイン"<br>"キョーダインとは俺たちだ" | composer = Justin Nicholls<br>Masato Shimon<br>Ichiro Mizuki<br>Hiroshi Miyauchi<br>Takayuki Miyauchi<br>Hiroshi Ueki<br>Honey Knights<br>Koorogi '73<br>Isao Sasaki<br>Westlife<br>Boyzone<br>A1 | country = United Kingdom<br>China<br>Hong Kong<br>Japan<br>Korea<br>Vietnam<br>Indonesia<br>Malaysia<br>France<br>Italy<br>Cyprus<br>Spain<br>India<br>Singapore<br>Russia | language = English<br>Walsh<br>Chinese<br>Cantonese<br>Japanese<br>Korean<br>Vietnamese<br>Indonesian<br>Malay<br>Arabic<br>French<br>Italian<br>Spanish<br>Tamil<br>Russian (Series 1-2) | list_episodes = | num_seasons = 3 | num_episodes = 456 | executive_producer = Sarah Colclough (CBeebies) | producer = Roland Tongue | director = {{ubl|Helen Sheppard|[[Imogen Robertson]]}} | editor = Chris Bezant, Simon Ruben, Simon Warner | camera = Jeremy Read<br>Jamie Shelton (Series 1)<br>Miranda Soan<br>Jamie Dodds <br>Simon Sylvester (Series 2)<br>Leo Holba (Series 2-3) | runtime = 15 minutes per episode (approx.) | company = Open Mind Productions | network = {{ubl|[[CBeebies]]|[[BBC Two]]|[[CITV]]}} | first_aired = {{Start date|2006|10|30|df=y}} | last_aired = {{End date|2022|12|31|df=y}} }} '''''Numberjacks''''' is a [[children's television series]] aimed at young children and is shown regularly on [[BBC2]] and [[CBeebies]] and [[CITV]] in the UK. <ref name="cbweb">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/grownups/about_cbeebies/shows/numberjacks_about.shtml |title=Description of Numberjacks for adults at BBC's CBeebies web site |access-date=2019-09-10 |archive-date=2008-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313123056/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/grownups/about_cbeebies/shows/numberjacks_about.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is produced by [[Open Mind Productions]] for the [[BBC]] and features a mixture of computer-generated animation and live action. It was also shown on Tiny Pop from 2013 until 2016 and on Pop from 2014 to 2015 and rarely on [[CITV]]. ==Synopsis== The Numberjacks are animated characters - the numbers zero to nine - who live in a sofa and solve problems outside. Each episode has the same structure. At the beginning of the episode, some of the Numberjacks will be engaged in an activity that will have relevance to the problem that is later discovered. Then an "agent" (a [[live-action]] child and teenagers) will call in and describe the problem that is occurring. One or two of the Numberjacks will go out into the real world to solve the problem, while the remaining Numberjacks stay in their base and watch their progress on a screen. As soon as the problem is understood, 5 will worry about all the things that can happen. In the second series she does not worry about the dancing cow quite so much. Once outside, the Numberjacks are shown in a live-action setting (although still animated themselves). They diagnose the problem by examination and with help from additional ideas from the agents, who call into the base. The problems are usually solved by creating and sending "brain gain", a magic force that can correct the problems once the solution is understood. Once solved, the Numberjacks return to their base, replay what happened on a screen and then ask a question for the viewers. The problems encountered are all based around simple mathematical concepts and the program is intended to stimulate young children's interest in mathematics. == End Credits == === Camera === * Jeremy Read * Jamie Shelton (Series 1) * Miranda Soan * Jamie Dodds * Simon Silvester (Series 2) * Leo Holba (Series 2-3) === Production Manager === * Liz Summers * Beatrice Adamson * Sam Tongue === Assistant Producer === * Hayley Boyd ([[DVD]] Version 6) * Helen Stephens === Production Executive === * Clare Hepper * Sue Taylor (Series 3) === Other Songs === * The Numberjacks Are On Their Way * ウルトラマンの歌 * ウルトラセブンの歌 * 光速エスパーの歌 * 帰ってきたウルトラマン * 戦え！ウルトラマン * ミラーマンの唄 * 戦え！ミラーマン * ウルトラマンA * レッドマン * 夕陽のレッドマン * トリプルファイターのうた * トリプルファイターの誓い * オレンジファイターのバラード * ウルトラマンタロウ * ウルトラ六兄弟 * ファイヤーマン * 出撃！SAF * 炎のようにもえろ * はるかな青い地底に * ジャンボーグA * 輝けPAT * 戦え！ジャンボーグ9 * エース・アンド・ナイン * ウルトラマンレオ * 戦え！ウルトラマンレオ * ザ・ウルトラマン * 愛の勇者たち * ウルトラマン80 * がんばれウルトラマン80 * レッツ・ゴー・UGM * 地球人だよ * アンドロメロス * 帰って来いよアンドロメロス * ウルトラマン物語 ~星の伝説~ * 愛の戦士タロウ * ウルトラマンゾフィー * ウルトラマン物語 * 戦えイナズマン * チェスト！チェスト！イナズマン * フラッシュ！イナズマン * イナズマン・アクション * ゴーゴー・キカイダー * 戦え！！人造人間キカイダー * キカイダー01 * 01ロック * 輝く太陽カゲスター * スター！スター！カゲスター * ぼくらのバロム1 * 友情のバロム・クロス * 宇宙鉄人キョーダイン * キョーダインとは俺たちだ === Executive Producer For CBeebies === * Sarah Colclough === Producer === * Roland Tongue === Director === * Helen Shepard * [[Imogen Robertson]] ==Characters== ===Heroes=== The Numberjacks are the heroes. Each of the numbers 0-9 is an individual character and each is broadly the age of his or her number. 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 are male, while 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 are female. However, the gender of the individual Numberjacks is never explicitly stated. *0 ([[lime (color)|lime]]), 1 ([[purple]]) and 2 ([[Orange (color)|orange]]) are too young to participate in the [[problem solving]] and are usually only seen in the Numberjacks' base, although occasionally they get out and cause problems of their own. *3 ([[pink]]), 4 ([[blue]]), 5 ([[turquoise (color)|teal]]) and 6 ([[yellow]]) are the main characters and are the ones that solve the problems, either going out into the real world or staying and monitoring things at the base. In the past, 4 has turned into a symmetrical 4, a 5, a 6 and a 14, 3 once turned into a 4, and 6 once turned into 2 3s. *7 ([[red]]), 8 ([[azure]]), and 9 ([[green]]) are older and have their own tasks, seen every now and then if they become involved in a problem. The '''Ultra Brothers''' are the collective name of the legendary Ultras that have protected the peace of planet Earth. They are all members of the Inter Galactic Defense Force and are all unique in terms of battle skills. They are among the most skilled, powerful, and spirited of the Ultra Warriors. The group currently consists of 11 members who consider each other as brothers in arms, though the group appears in various arrangements depending on the number of members present, the most common of which being the '''Six Ultra Brothers''', consisting of Ultraman to Ultraman Taro. * '''Zoffy''' is the commander of the Inter Galactic Defense Force, as well as the second member and leader of the Ultra Brothers. He first appeared in the final episode of the original ''Ultraman'' TV series, thus becoming the very second Ultra-being from Nebula M78 to go to Earth. Zoffy reappeared many times later, helping the other Ultra Brothers through various difficult situations. * '''Ultraman''' is an alien from a place called the Land of Light in Nebula M78, who chased the monster Bemular to Planet Earth, and merged with Shin Hayata during his tenure there. He is the first Ultra to visit Earth and defended the planet against both Kaiju and other aliens until he was recalled after his battle with Zetton. Ultraman was given his title by his human host. * '''Ultraseven''' is the third Ultra-being to come to Planet Earth (first and only in the spin-offs). After being sent to map the Milky Way, the planet caught his attention, so he took the appearance of a brave man, renamed himself as Dan Moroboshi, and joined the Ultra Guard. Ultraseven defended Earth from countless alien invasions for an extended period of time, until he went back to the Land of Light after sustaining serious injuries and fatigue. * '''Ultraman Jack''' is the fourth Ultra Warrior to arrive on Earth, debuting in ''Return of Ultraman''. To protect the Earth from rampaging monsters and alien invaders, he becomes one with Hideki Go, who joins the defense team MAT. Jack's signature weapon is the Ultra Bracelet, which he received from Ultraseven. * '''Ultraman Ace''' is the fifth of the Ultra Brothers to arrive on Earth. He was the first, and so far, only Ultra to possess two human hosts at the same time. He arrived on Earth to guard it from the evil interdimensional entity Yapool and their many Terrible-Monsters. When Ace arrived on Earth, he merged with a young man, Seiji Hokuto, and a young woman, Yuko Minami. Ace is known for his many beam techniques, which earned him his subtitle. * '''Ultraman Taro''' is the titular Ultra Hero of ''Ultraman Taro''. He is the son of Father of Ultra and Mother of Ultra, as well as the adoptive brother of Ultraman Ace. Taro was trained ever since he was a young boy, in order to become the most powerful Ultraman. Taro had merged with Kotaro Higashi to protect the Earth, but had split with him after the battle against Samekujira. * '''Ultraman Leo''' is the titular Ultra Hero of ''Ultraman Leo''. Leo is an Ultra Warrior from Planet L77, which was destroyed and defeated or injured by Alien Magma. He chased them down to Earth to get his revenge, and encountered Ultraseven, who was defeated by Magma. Leo decided to take his place as Earth's defender. Taking the identity of Gen Otori, he joins MAC, whose captain was Dan Moroboshi. After his time on Earth, Leo and his brother Astra were accepted as Ultra Brothers. * '''Astra''' is the younger twin brother of Ultraman Leo and a prince of the fallen Planet L77. He came to Earth after learning that Leo had survived the destruction of their home planet and has appeared several times to assist his younger brother. * '''Ultraman King''' is one of the oldest and most powerful Ultras in the history of the ''Ultraman Series'', having been alive for quite some time before the construction of the Plasma Spark that turned the Residents of the Land of Light into Ultras. With his age, knowledge and miraculous powers, King is a greatly revered figure in the World of the Land of Light, and perhaps throughout the multiverse. There are people who, through magic, mutations, technology or any combination of these means, have gained the power to change into immensely strong warriors. They may or may not ride vehicles (such as motorcycles, cars, trains, etc.). Whether they fight for good, for evil or simply for their own desires, these masked, armored warriors all bear the name of '''Kamen Rider'''. The '''Kyodain''' are two Cyberoids created, each possessing the personalities of his two robots Skyzel and Grounzel, defending Earth. ===Villains=== There are five "Meanies" who often cause trouble for people. The Problem Blob, the Puzzler and the Numbertaker are male, while the Shape Japer and Spooky Spoon are female. *'''The Problem Blob''' spits out green slime that causes anything it touches to suffer from a particular problem. *'''The Shape Japer''' causes problems by changing the shape of objects. *'''The Puzzler''' traps the Numberjacks inside a puzzle bubble or causes other problems and sets mathematical puzzles that must be solved before the problems will go away. He is arguably the most fearsome enemy of the Numberjacks, as any Numberjack unable to solve his puzzle would be trapped in a puzzle bubble for eternity. *'''Spooky Spoon''' mixes things up. *'''The Numbertaker''' is a white-coated live action man with an exaggerated [[top hat]] who removes numbers or numbers of things. As numbers themselves, the Numberjacks must be particularly careful when dealing with him. He uses a number sucker upper, a number grabber, a net, a magnet and a hook to take things. The Numbertaker: When will you forgive me son. White spy: NO ==Episodes== The series is comprised of 45 15-minute episodes, which are listed here:<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006mhcr/episodes/guide</ref> ===Series 1 (2006–2007)=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! # ! Episode ! Original Air date ! Overview ! Agents ! [[#DVD releases|DVD release]] ! Running Time |- | 1 | The Trouble With Nothing | 30 October 2006 | 0 makes things disappear and 6 flies out to sort everything out. This is the first episode when a Numberjack makes a problem. |Agents: 33, 42, 16, 68 | rowspan=2|Volume 1 | 14:09 |- | 2 | Going Wrong Going Long | 31 October 2006 | The Problem Blob makes the boys pencil get longer and the man's mop and the boys straw. 4 sorts him out. 3 can't go out even if she's taller than 4. |Agents: 16, 28, 68, 53 | 13:50 |- | 3 | Sphere Today Gone Tomorrow | 1 November 2006 | The Shape Japer turns every sphere into a cube. 6 sorts her out. |Agents: 28, 33, 101, 70 | Volume 2 | 14:05 |- | 4 | In Out Shake It All About | 2 November 2006 | The Puzzler makes his eyes come out on both sides of him, making them turn, his glasses and nose on top: It's making everything outside and not in. 3 and 5 sort him out, once they are freed from the Puzzle Bubble. | Agents: 70, 94, 42, 53 | Volume 1 | 14:00 |- |5 |Ultra Operation No.1 |3 November 2006 |One night, a mysterious object emitting intense radio waves flies to Earth and suddenly vanishes near the Science Center in London. Officer Arashi, 3, 5, & 7 of the SSSP heads out to investigate, only to be instantly paralyzed by a freezing beam from Alien Baltan, who has already occupied the facility. Upon learning of the extraterrestrial's arrival, Senator Donloe proposes an unexpected approach: to sit down and negotiate with them. |Agents: 83, 13, 45, 69 |Volume 1 |14:09 |- |6 |The Terrifying Bat Man |4 November 2006 |Bat Man flies to the rooftops, where, with a few Shocker Combatmen, he battles a transformed Takeshi. At the end of the battle, Takeshi kills Bat Man with a Rider Nage. Back at the apartment complex, Takeshi cures the victims by piercing them with Bat Man's torn-off claw. Now forgiven by Ruriko, he rides off on the Cyclone to carry on his fight against Shocker. |Agents: 39, 72, 24, 98 |Volume 1 |14:06 |- | 7 | One More Time | 5 November 2006 | When everyone passes under a bridge, they become one higher number: 4 turns into a 5, then 6. It's 1 that's causing all the trouble. Brain Gain changes 1's mind to make things '''one less'''. |Agents: 53, 28, 94, 68 | Volume 2 | 14:05 |- |8 |The Monster Guiller Koorogi, Nails of Death |5 November 2006 |Kamen Rider 1 finds himself in a tense and emotionally heavy predicament, forced to confront and neutralize innocent people or the Numberjack—and even acquaintances—who have fallen victim to Guiller Koorogi's mind-controlling poison without fatally harming them if avoidable. | |Volume 2 | |- | 9 | Forward Thinking | 6 November 2006 | The Problem Blob is back – and things go backwards and forwards. 6 hitches a lift. This is the first appearance of The Problem Blob's eye. | Agents: 16, 33, 53, 85 | rowspan=2|Volume 3 | 13:57 |- | 10 | Seven Wonders | 7 November 2006 |4 finds things add up to 7 when the Puzzler's about, and 7 is caught by the Puzzler and Kamen Rider 1, Kamen Rider 2, Kamen Rider V3, Riderman, Kamen Rider X, Kamen Rider Amazon and Kamen Rider Stronger confronts the Puzzler. | Agents: 53, 42, 70, 16 | 14:02 |- | 11 | Getting Heavy | 8 November 2006 | Spooky Spoon is swapping light things and heavy things – 3 has no problem in this episode. | Agents: 53, 16, 68, 85 | Volume 2 | 13:53 |- |12 |Dark Zone |8 November 2006 |A black shadow appeared in Anne's private room. The shadow told 6 & Anne that he was an alien, but had no intention to harm humans. At the same time, a message was sent from Outer Space City Pegassa, saying that they had system trouble and claimed that Earth had to change its orbit. If it was not done, Peggasa City would clash with Earth! |Agents: 57, 22, 32, 86 |Volume 1 |13:58 |- |13 | Belongings | 9 November 2006 | Things don't belong when Spooky Spoon mixes things up – another problem for 5. In this episode, Spooky's trapped with a fork and a knife because of her last name ([[Spoon]]). |Agents: 16, 33, 68, 42 | Volume 3 | 14:00 |- |14 |The Blood-Sucking Mosquiras VS. The Two Riders |10 November 2006 |Shocker brings in a dangerous new mosquito-themed Kaijin, '''Mosquiras''', hailing from their South American branch. Mosquiras has the ability to fly, use human disguise, and drain all bodily fluids/blood from human victims using its lethal proboscis. |Agents: 37, 26, 89, 21 | rowspan="6" |Volume 1 |14:07 |- |15 |4 He's A Jolly Good Fellow | 10 November 2006 | The Numbertaker is taking all the fours he can find – will 4 be able to escape his clutches? |Agents: 28, 68, 101 |13:56 |- |16 | Boxing Day | 13 November 2006 | Boxes go wrong when the Shape Japer plays tricks – but 6 can do the trick too, when the Shape Japer puts him in a box. |Agents: 85, 33, 101, 94 | 14:01 |- |17 |The 8 Kamen Riders |13 November 2006 |3, 5, Kamen Rider 1 & Kamen Rider 2 were ambushed and pushed to his absolute limits by the coordinated assaults of the Shocker Riders and the monster Haetoribachi (Venus Flytrap/Bee Kaijin) and the Puzzler, culminating in a tense battle where Rider 1 is driven back and sinks beneath the sea. |Agents: 34, 97, 203, 95 |14:03 |- |12 | Out of Order | 14 November 2006 | Spooky Spoon makes sure things are well out of order – until 5 sorts her out. |Agents: 47, 96, 73, 88 | 14:00 |- | |Gel Shocker Destroyed! The Leader's End!! |14 November 2006 |After fighting their way to the inner sanctum of Gel Shocker's headquarters, 5, 3 and the Double Riders finally confront the elusive '''Shocker Leader'''. In a famous sequence, they unmask him—first revealing a snake-covered mask, and pulling it away a second time to expose a bizarre, single-eyed cyclopean face. |Agents: 93, 102, 75, 82 |14:07 |- |13 |Nine Lives | 15 November 2006 | The Puzzler has 9 trapped in a puzzle bubble – 6 and 3 come to the rescue. In this episode, 6 turns into two 3's as Kamen Rider 1, Kamen Rider 2, Kamen Rider V3, Riderman, Kamen Rider X, Kamen Rider Amazon & Kamen Rider Stronger confronts the Puzzler. |Agents: 25, 34, 88, 100 | Volume 2 |- | |V3's 26 Secrets!? |15 November 2006 |Trapped in extreme, life-threatening heat, the intense temperature forces Kamen Rider V3's chest-mounted '''Double Typhoon''' belts to spin violently on their own. This sudden surge of energy breaks him free from the trap, giving him the opening needed to turn the tables on Destron. |Agents: 97, 54, 14, 85 |Volume 2 |- |14 |Takeaway |16 November 2006 |Not just a few problems, lots of them – 4 makes the Numbertaker take more than he wants to. |Agents: 28, 101, 85, 70 |Volume 4 |- |15 |The Cuck-Cuck-Cuck-Oo-Oo-Oo Bird |17 November 2006 |The Puzzler espatilly have turns 5 into a wooden bird, he is rescue five. In the episode, doubled Numberjack in espatilly turns 5 in a bird was as a fivebird. |Agents: 14, 47, 73, 96 |Volume 4 |- | | That Moment, Mother of Ultra... |18 November 2006 |The monster Cosmoliquid appears in the construction site by River Thames. The monster turns into liquid and vanishes, but it reappears with ZAT's electrocuting plan and is defeated by Ultraman Taro. The next morning, 3 falls into a mysterious hole during his jog. She finds herself inside of Raiveking's stomach | | |- | |Surprise! A Monster Fell from the Sky |19 November 2006 |That night, the child of the monster, Flying Raidron, crashes onto Earth in the middle of the fireworks show. As Ultraman Taro fights and attacks the monster, 6 tells him... | | |- | 16 | Stop And Go | 20 February 2007 | Things don't move when they should, like a walking trash bin etc. – 6 has got to sort Spooky Spoon out. |Agents: 34, 52, 73, 100 | Volume 7 |- |17 | Off Colour | 20 February 2007 | Spooky Spoon wants to be the most colourful character around, by taking other white, yellow, red, green, black, pink and blue things – 4 is out to stop her. |Agents: 88, 34, 25, 100 | Volume 1 |- | |The Claws of Evil Reach Out for V3!! |20 February 2007 | | | |- | 18 |A Game Of Two Halves |21 February 2007 |The Shape Japer makes half a load of trouble, and 4 has to make things whole again. |Agents: 14, 47, 73, 96 |Volume 3 |- |19 | Out For The Count | 22 February 2007 | 2 is making everyone count incorrectly – 6 goes after him. |Agents: 96, 61, 100, 25 | Volume 4 |- | |Child of the Sun! RX |23 February 2007 |Following his harrowing victory over the evil Gorgom syndicate in ''Kamen Rider Black'', Kotaro Minami attempts to move on and live a normal life. Having been taken in by the Sahara family, he has settled into a steady routine working as a helicopter pilot. However, this fragile peace is short-lived as a terrifying new interstellar threat sets its sights on Earth. | | |- |20 | The Container Drainer | 23 February 2007 |Everything is empty thanks to the Puzzler – 3 helps 5 to fill things up again but not without 3 getting caught by the Puzzler. |Agents: 25, 61, 96, 100 |Volume 5 |- | 21 | Tens Moments | 26 February 2007 | 1 and 0 get out and about and make ten of everything – creating more work for 5. Agents: 25, 52, 61, 88 | Volume 7 |- |22 | 3 Things Good | 27 February 2007 | 3 is out on her own trying to do battle with the Shape Japer, who does not like things in threes. 4 inset fly out to don't launch 43. |Agents: 25, 34, 88, 100 | Volume 4 |- |23 | '''Say What You Mean''' | 28 February 2007 | Be clear what you mean or the Problem Blob will make trouble for you, as 4 finds out. In this episode, the Problem Blob sticks on two walls and a cube-shaped bush. |Agents: 34, 47, 100, 14 | Volume 5 |- | 24 | One Won | 1 March 2007 | There's only one of everything, thanks to the Numbertaker – 6 sorts things with help from 1. Agents: 55, 68, 70, 94 | Volume 2 |} ===Series 2 (2008-2009)=== {| class=wikitable |- ! # ! Episode ! Original Air Date ! Overview ! Agents ! [[#DVD release|DVD release]] ! Running Time |- | 25 | Tricky Sixes | 6 October 2008 | The Numbertaker likes two lots of three today – 6 is the Numberjack to sort him out. |Agents: 42, 85, 55, 68 | Volume 7 |- | 26 | '''May The Fours Be With You''' | 5 March 2007 | The Shape Japer is after things that come in eights – 4 goes on the mission. In this episode, the Shape Japer stays as a cube, and becomes a good eight at the end. Agents: 16, 42, 68, 101, Numberjacks: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 | Volume 5 |- | 27 | Best Estimate | 6 March 2007 | The Problem Blob makes things go wrong when people can't estimate – 5 to the rescue. Agents: 28, 55, 70, 101 Numberjacks: 3, 4, 5, 6 | Volume 2 |- | 28 | On and Off | 9 October 2008 | Spooky Spoon is mixing things up again, so instead of being on things are off – 4 is on the case. |Agents: 16, 33, 68, 85 | Volume 7 | |- | 29 | Zero the Hero | 10 October 2008 | 0 to the rescue when just for once, the Numberjacks are the problem, not the answer! Agents: 33, 55, 85 | Volume 3 | 13:58 |- | 30 | Bad Circles | 9 March 2007 | The Shape Japer is making bad circles by enter the circular hollow and say "Circle... BAD!" – 6 gets ready to sort her out. Agents: 28, 42, 70, 94 | Volume 6 |- | 31 | Famous Fives | 12 March 2007 | The Puzzler sets the problem – and 5 is the right Numberjack to sort it out. Agents: 16, 42, 68, 94 | Volume 6 |- |32 |Fair Shares | 13 March 2007 | Things aren't being shared fairly, thanks to the Problem Blob – 6 makes everything all right. Agents: 28, 101, 85, 33 | Volume 4 |- |33 |Being 3 | 16 October 2008 | The Numbertaker is taking threes today – but he can't take Numberjack 3; 3 turns into a 4. |Agents: 28, 55, 70, 101 | Volume 3 | 14:09 |- |34 | Into the Teens | 15 March 2007 | The Numbertaker has added ten more than 1 – 4 has to sort him out. in the episode, 4 turns into a 14. And the Numbertaker turns into eleven Numbertakers! Agents: 33, 55, 70, 85 Numberjacks: 1, 3, 4, (14), 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 | Volume 6 |- |35 |Slide and Turn | 16 March 2007 | The Shape Japer is moving things and causing problems – 5 goes out there. Agents: 17, 41, 60, 106 | TBA |- |36 | Six Of One | 19 March 2007 | The Problem Blob is making trouble with sixes – Numberjack 6 to the rescue. Agents: 22, 41, 60, 106 | TBA |- | 37 | '''Time Trouble''' | 20 March 2007 | Time passes very strangely – thanks to Spooky Spoon. 5 investigates. This is the first appearance of the Beeper. Agents: 38, 54, 79, 95 | Volume 5 |- | 38 | 1, 2, 3, Go | 21 March 2007 | It's 1, 2, 3 – pattern time! 3 battles with the Puzzler. Agents: 17, 54, 60, 106 | TBA |- | 39 | More 4 | 22 March 2007 | The Shape Japer makes trouble with symmetry – 4 goes out to sort things out. Agents: 17, 22, 41, 38 | TBA |- | 40 | Almost Human | 23 March 2007 | The Problem Blob causes trouble – and 4 tries out being a human being. There is a special Numberjack known as the Numberjack Man (played by Steven Lim), known as 4's temporary replacement. Agents: 79, 83, 95, 106 | TBA |- |41 | '''Two, Four, Six, Eight''' | 26 March 2007 | The Numbertaker takes all the even numbers – 6 and 8 fly out to put things right. Agents: 79, 54, 57, 17 | Volume 5 |- |42 |Round and Round |27 March 2007 | The Problem Blob has gotten people going around in circles – can 5 restore things to normal? Agents: 41, 60, 83, 106 | TBA |- | 43 | Square Dancing | 28 March 2007 | The Shape Japer's about – and 1, 4, and 9 sort out problems with squares. Agents: 22, 41, 79, 95 | TBA |- |44 | Data Day | 29 March 2007 | Spooky Spoon is mixing things up and makes things at a cafe behave like party things and vice versa – 3 gets ready to take her on. Agent: 17, 54, 60, 106 | Volume 4 |- | 45 | How? What? Check! | 30 March 2007 | 5 sorts out the Puzzler's problems – and checks to make sure. Agents: 22, 38, 83, 95 | TBA |- ! colspan="5" | Series 1 Specials |- | 1 | '''Counting Down To Christmas''' | TBA | The Numbertaker, the Shape Japer, and Spooky Spoon make Christmas go wrong, and Agent 20 is one of the victims. 5 and 6 fly out and save Christmas Day with help from 3 and some other agents. In this episode, the Meanies are together. Agents: 20, 77, 49 Numberjacks: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 | Volume 5 (Release Date: 24 November 2008) |- | 2 | Seaside Adventure | TBA | The Numberjacks and the Kamen Riders have a holiday at the beach, only to face troubles with the Meanies and the Crisis Empire army! Agents: 39, 91, 121, 122, 20 Numberjacks: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10: Kamen Riders: | Volume 6 (Release Date: 3 August 2009) |} ===Series 3 (2009)=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! # ! Episode ! Original Air date ! Overview ! [[#DVD releases|DVD release]] |- | 46 | '''Ups and Downs''' | 26 October 2009 | Spooky Spoon is turning everything upside down, so 8 is sent out to help 4. | TBA |- | 47 | '''On the Move''' | 27 October 2009 | The Problem Blob is making things move when they shouldn't, so 5 is sent out to stop him. | TBA |- | 48 | '''Very Shapely''' | 28 October 2009 | The Shape Japer is causing problems again by stretching the shapes of things – 6 is after her, but one problem is when two circular hoops are turned into ovals. | TBA |- | 49 | '''Wee Three Phone Home''' | 29 October 2009 | The Puzzler is causing some people to repeat his silly movements – 3 is sent out to stop him, and must solve three puzzles by herself as she lost contact with 4,5 and 6. | TBA |- | 50 | '''Did You Notice Anything?''' | 30 October 2009 | The Numbertaker is taking away people's noticing skills, and then plays tricks on them without them noticing – 4 is sent out to defeat him. | TBA |- | 51 | '''Measured Response''' | 2 November 2009 | Things are changing length thanks to the Shape Japer, so 6 is sent out to change them back, this is the first episode in season 2 with the appearance of '''Buddy Sticks'''. | TBA |- | 52 | '''Think Again''' | 3 November 2009 | 3 and 4 are playing in the gym when 5 discovers that Spooky Spoon is mixing things up again. |TBA |- | 53 | '''Carry On Counting''' | 4 November 2009 | 6 is sent out to do battle with the Problem Blob, who is causing people to go back to the beginning of things, sliming 6. Brain Gain helps 6. | TBA |- | 54 | '''A Record In the Charts''' | 5 November 2009 | 4 is sent out to defeat the Puzzler, who is stopping the cafe customers from remembering whether they have had too much food or not. | TBA |- | 55 | '''Half Time''' | 6 November 2009 | The Numbertaker is halving the numbers of everything – 4 is sent out to stop him. In this episode, 4 turns into a 1, a 2, and an 8. | TBA |- | 56 | '''A Close Thing''' | 9 November 2009 | A girl can't get near her teddy, and grown ups need help with things being too close. 6 flies out to sort the Problem Blob. | TBA |- | 57 | '''A Circle at Both Ends''' | 10 November 2009 | 3's buddy blocks become cylinders (Circle Sticks). 5 has to fly out when a boy has trouble with his chalks, thanks to the Shape Japer. | TBA |- | 58 | '''Matchmaking''' | 11 November 2009 | Numberjack 1 plays a trick on Numberjack 4, always making the number of buddy blocks on the seesaw unbalanced. 3 flies out to sort the Numbertaker, who takes then adds anything so they don't match. | TBA |- | 59 | '''A Different Sort''' | 12 November 2009 | 0 and 1 are failing to help 3 sort her beautiful things. 4 flies out to stop Spooky Spoon sorting things out. In this episode, 4 becomes green, tiny, big, then ''wibbly wobbly''. | TBA |- | 60 | '''Areas of Concern''' | 13 November 2009 | In the gym, 6 and his buddy tiles are making patterns on the floor and flying around. 6 flies out to defeat the Puzzler. | TBA |- |61 |'''The Dreaded Lurgi''' |7 December 2009 |In the gym 6 can't jump on the seesaw – and 4 feels ill too – they've both got the [[wikt:lurgy#English|dreaded lurgi]]. 5 flies out to investigate and stop the Problem Blob from making people go '''up''' and '''down''', '''round and round'''. In the meantime, 3 gets lurgi too, and agents help out. |TBA |- |62 | '''Fraction Fiction''' | 8 December 2009 |3 and 4 argue over entertaining 5's buddy blocks. They try to share them but the blocks get bored and wander off. 3 flies out to beat the Shape Japer from cutting things to pieces. In this episode, the Shape Japer helps people four times. |TBA |- |63 |'''Interesting Times''' |9 December 2009 |7 tells 0 and 1 a story about 3, 4, 5, and 6 going out one after the other; to sort out morning, daytime, evening and night time things, and Spooky Spoon herself. NOTE: This is the only episode in which Numberjack Seven acts as a [[narrator]]. | TBA |- |64 |'''More Ways Than One''' |10 December 2009 |4, 5, and 6 are playing a version of Circle Slide, using different ways of moving. 4 goes out to rescue 8 who is trapped by the Puzzler by finding three ways to make an eight. | TBA |- |65 |'''Hundreds and Thousands''' |11 December 2009 |4 is in the Cosy Room taking photos of 1 and 0. A girl has a hundred or so beads to make a necklace but then has only ten, then one. 6 flies out to defeat the Numbertaker. In this episode, the sent Brain Gain is used by a hundred agents' thousand fingers. | TBA |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.openmind.co.uk/numberjacks/ Numberjacks page at Open Mind Productions] [[Category:2000s British animated fantasy television series]] [[Category:2000s British children's fantasy television series]] [[Category:2006 British animated television series debuts]] [[Category:2009 British animated television series endings]] [[Category:BBC children's television series]] [[Category:British animated preschool education television series]] [[Category:British children's animated fantasy television series]] [[Category:British English-language television shows]] [[Category:British television series with live action and animation]] [[Category:CBeebies original programming]] [[Category:British mathematicians]] 9tiwvb51l5j8eca6jf2irnln842598p 11024393 11024385 2026-10-09T05:21:45Z Nil NZ 1559470 Reverted to revision 10874390 by ~2026-32160-41: Last good. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = | caption = | genre = [[Educational television|Educational]] | creator = Chris Ellis | based_on = | voices = {{Plainlist| * Dylan Robertson (0 and 1) * Robert Watson (2) * Alice Baker (3) * Jonathan Beech (4) * Laura Maasland (5) * Oliver Keogh (6) * Roz Ellis (7 And 9) * Harry Munday (8) * Bob Golding (The Problem Blob and The Puzzler) * Rachel Preece (The Shape Japer and Spooky Spoon) * Ross Mullan (The Numbertaker) }} | theme_music_composer = Justin Nicholls | opentheme = "The Numberjacks Are On Their Way" | endtheme = "The Numberjacks Are On Their Way" (Reprise) | composer = Justin Nicholls | country = United Kingdom | language = English<br>Walsh (Series 1-2) | list_episodes = | num_seasons = 3 | num_episodes = 65 | executive_producer = Sarah Colclough (CBeebies) | producer = Roland Tongue | director = {{ubl|Helen Sheppard|[[Imogen Robertson]]}} | editor = Chris Bezant, Simon Ruben, Simon Warner | camera = Jeremy Read<br>Jamie Shelton (Series 1)<br>Miranda Soan<br>Jamie Dodds <br>Simon Sylvester (Series 2)<br>Leo Holba (Series 2-3) | runtime = 15 minutes per episode (approx.) | company = Open Mind Productions | network = {{ubl|[[CBeebies]]|[[BBC Two]]}} | first_aired = {{Start date|2006|10|30|df=y}} | last_aired = {{End date|2009|12|11|df=y}} }} '''''Numberjacks''''' is a [[children's television series]] aimed at young children and is shown regularly on [[BBC2]] and [[CBeebies]] in the UK. <ref name="cbweb">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/grownups/about_cbeebies/shows/numberjacks_about.shtml |title=Description of Numberjacks for adults at BBC's CBeebies web site |access-date=2019-09-10 |archive-date=2008-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313123056/http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbeebies/grownups/about_cbeebies/shows/numberjacks_about.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is produced by [[Open Mind Productions]] for the [[BBC]] and features a mixture of computer-generated animation and live action. It was also shown on Tiny Pop from 2013 until 2016 and on Pop from 2014 to 2015 and rarely on [[CITV]] ==Synopsis== The Numberjacks are animated characters - the numbers zero to nine - who live in a sofa and solve problems outside. Each episode has the same structure. At the beginning of the episode, some of the Numberjacks will be engaged in an activity that will have relevance to the problem that is later discovered. Then an "agent" (a [[live-action]] child) will call in and describe the problem that is occurring. One or two of the Numberjacks will go out into the real world to solve the problem, while the remaining Numberjacks stay in their base and watch their progress on a screen. As soon as the problem is understood, 5 will worry about all the things that can happen. In the second series she does not worry about the dancing cow quite so much. Once outside, the Numberjacks are shown in a live-action setting (although still animated themselves). They diagnose the problem by examination and with help from additional ideas from the agents, who call into the base. The problems are usually solved by creating and sending "brain gain", a magic force that can correct the problems once the solution is understood. Once solved, the Numberjacks return to their base, replay what happened on a screen and then ask a question for the viewers. The problems encountered are all based around simple mathematical concepts and the programme is intended to stimulate young children's interest in mathematics. == End Credits == === Camera === * Jeremy Read * Jamie Shelton (Series 1) * Miranda Soan * Jamie Dodds * Simon Silvester (Series 2) * Leo Holba (Series 2-3) === Production Manager === * Liz Summers * Beatrice Adamson * Sam Tongue === Assistant Producer === * Hayley Boyd ([[DVD]] Version 6) * Helen Stephens === Production Executive === * Clare Hepper * Sue Taylor (Series 3) === Executive Producer For CBeebies === * Sarah Colclough === Producer === * Roland Tongue === Director === * Helen Shepard * [[Imogen Robertson]] ==Characters== ===Heroes=== The Numberjacks are the heroes. Each of the numbers 0-9 is an individual character and each is broadly the age of his or her number. 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 are male, while 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 are female. However, the gender of the individual Numberjacks is never explicitly stated. *0 ([[lime (color)|lime]]), 1 ([[purple]]) and 2 ([[Orange (color)|orange]]) are too young to participate in the [[problem solving]] and are usually only seen in the Numberjacks' base, although occasionally they get out and cause problems of their own. *3 ([[pink]]), 4 ([[blue]]), 5 ([[turquoise (color)|teal]]) and 6 ([[yellow]]) are the main characters and are the ones that solve the problems, either going out into the real world or staying and monitoring things at the base. In the past, 4 has turned into a symmetrical 4, a 5, a 6 and a 14, 3 once turned into a 4, and 6 once turned into 2 3s. *7 ([[red]]), 8 ([[azure]]), and 9 ([[green]]) are older and have their own tasks, seen every now and then if they become involved in a problem. ===Villains=== There are five "Meanies" who often cause trouble for people. The Problem Blob, the Puzzler and the Numbertaker are male, while the Shape Japer and Spooky Spoon are female. *'''The Problem Blob''' spits out green slime that causes anything it touches to suffer from a particular problem. *'''The Shape Japer''' causes problems by changing the shape of objects. *'''The Puzzler''' traps the Numberjacks inside a puzzle bubble or causes other problems and sets mathematical puzzles that must be solved before the problems will go away. He is arguably the most fearsome enemy of the Numberjacks, as any Numberjack unable to solve his puzzle would be trapped in a puzzle bubble for eternity. *'''Spooky Spoon''' mixes things up. *'''The Numbertaker''' is a white-coated live action man with an exaggerated [[top hat]] who removes numbers or numbers of things. As numbers themselves, the Numberjacks must be particularly careful when dealing with him. He uses a number sucker upper, a number grabber, a net, a magnet and a hook to take things. He rarely speaks. ==Episodes== The series is comprised of 45 15-minute episodes, which are listed here:<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006mhcr/episodes/guide</ref> ===Series 1 (2006–2007)=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! # ! Episode ! Original Air date ! Overview ! Agents ! [[#DVD releases|DVD release]] ! Running Time |- | 1 | The Trouble With Nothing | 30 October 2006 | 0 makes things disappear and 6 flies out to sort everything out. This is the first episode when a Numberjack makes a problem. |Agents: 33, 42, 16, 68 | rowspan=2|Volume 1 | 14:09 |- | 2 | Going Wrong Going Long | 31 October 2006 | The Problem Blob makes the boys pencil get longer and the man's mop and the boys straw. 4 sorts him out. 3 can't go out even if she's taller than 4. |Agents: 16, 28, 68, 53 | 13:50 |- | 3 | Sphere Today Gone Tomorrow | 1 November 2006 | The Shape Japer turns every sphere into a cube. 6 sorts her out. |Agents: 28, 33, 101, 70 | Volume 2 | 14:05 |- | 4 | In Out Shake It All About | 2 November 2006 | The Puzzler makes his eyes come out on both sides of him, making them turn, his glasses and nose on top: It's making everything outside and not in. 3 and 5 sort him out, once they are freed from the Puzzle Bubble. | Agents: 70, 94, 42, 53 | Volume 1 | 14:00 |- | 5 | One More Time | 3 November 2006 | When everyone passes under a bridge, they become one higher number: 4 turns into a 5, then 6. It's 1 that's causing all the trouble. Brain Gain changes 1's mind to make things '''one less'''. |Agents: 53, 28, 94, 68 | Volume 2 | 14:05 |- | 6 | Forward Thinking | 6 November 2006 | The Problem Blob is back – and things go backwards and forwards. 6 hitches a lift. This is the first appearance of The Problem Blob's eye. | Agents: 16, 33, 53, 85 | rowspan=2|Volume 3 | 13:57 |- | 7 | Seven Wonders | 7 November 2006 |4 finds things add up to 7 when the Puzzler's about, and 7 is caught by the Puzzler. | Agents: 53, 42, 70, 16 | 14:02 |- | 8 | Getting Heavy | 8 November 2006 | Spooky Spoon is swapping light things and heavy things – 3 has no problem in this episode. | Agents: 53, 16, 68, 85 | Volume 2 | 13:53 |- |9 | Belongings | 9 November 2006 | Things don't belong when Spooky Spoon mixes things up – another problem for 5. In this episode, Spooky's trapped with a fork and a knife because of her last name ([[Spoon]]). |Agents: 16, 33, 68, 42 | Volume 3 | 14:00 |- |10 |4 He's A Jolly Good Fellow | 10 November 2006 | The Numbertaker is taking all the fours he can find – will 4 be able to escape his clutches? |Agents: 28, 68, 101 | rowspan=3|Volume 1 |13:56 |- |11 | Boxing Day | 13 November 2006 | Boxes go wrong when the Shape Japer plays tricks – but 6 can do the trick too, when the Shape Japer puts him in a box. |Agents: 85, 33, 101, 94 | 14:01 |- |12 | Out of Order | 14 November 2006 | Spooky Spoon makes sure things are well out of order – until 5 sorts her out. |Agents: 47, 96, 73, 88 | 14:00 |- |13 |Nine Lives | 15 November 2006 | The Puzzler has 9 trapped in a puzzle bubble – 6 and 3 come to the rescue. In this episode, 6 turns into two 3's. |Agents: 25, 34, 88, 100 | Volume 2 |- |14 |Takeaway |16 November 2006 |Not just a few problems, lots of them – 4 makes the Numbertaker take more than he wants to. |Agents: 28, 101, 85, 70 |Volume 4 |- |15 |The Cuck-Cuck-Cuck-Oo-Oo-Oo Bird |17 November 2006 |The Puzzler espatilly have turns 5 into a wooden bird, he is rescue five. In the episode, doubled Numberjack in espatilly turns 5 in a bird was as a fivebird. |Agents: 14, 47, 73, 96 |Volume 4 |- | 16 | Stop And Go | 20 February 2007 | Things don't move when they should, like a walking trash bin etc. – 6 has got to sort Spooky Spoon out. |Agents: 34, 52, 73, 100 | Volume 7 |- |17 | Off Colour | 20 February 2007 | Spooky Spoon wants to be the most colourful character around, by taking other yellow, red, and blue things – 4 is out to stop her. |Agents: 88, 34, 25, 100 | Volume 1 |- | 18 |A Game Of Two Halves |21 February 2007 |The Shape Japer makes half a load of trouble, and 4 has to make things whole again. |Agents: 14, 47, 73, 96 |Volume 3 |- |19 | Out For The Count | 22 February 2007 | 2 is making everyone count incorrectly – 6 goes after him. |Agents: 96, 61, 100, 25 | Volume 4 |- |20 | The Container Drainer | 23 February 2007 |Everything is empty thanks to the Puzzler – 3 helps 5 to fill things up again but not without 3 getting caught by the Puzzler. |Agents: 25, 61, 96, 100 |Volume 5 |- | 21 | Tens Moments | 26 February 2007 | 1 and 0 get out and about and make ten of everything – creating more work for 5. Agents: 25, 52, 61, 88 | Volume 7 |- |22 | 3 Things Good | 27 February 2007 | 3 is out on her own trying to do battle with the Shape Japer, who does not like things in threes. 4 inset fly out to don't launch 43. |Agents: 25, 34, 88, 100 | Volume 4 |- |23 | '''Say What You Mean''' | 28 February 2007 | Be clear what you mean or the Problem Blob will make trouble for you, as 4 finds out. In this episode, the Problem Blob sticks on two walls and a cube-shaped bush. |Agents: 34, 47, 100, 14 | Volume 5 |- | 24 | One Won | 1 March 2007 | There's only one of everything, thanks to the Numbertaker – 6 sorts things with help from 1. Agents: 55, 68, 70, 94 | Volume 2 |} ===Series 2 (2008-2009)=== {| class=wikitable |- ! # ! Episode ! Original Air Date ! Overview ! Agents ! [[#DVD release|DVD release]] ! Running Time |- | 25 | Tricky Sixes | 6 October 2008 | The Numbertaker likes two lots of three today – 6 is the Numberjack to sort him out. |Agents: 42, 85, 55, 68 | Volume 7 |- | 26 | '''May The Fours Be With You''' | 5 March 2007 | The Shape Japer is after things that come in eights – 4 goes on the mission. In this episode, the Shape Japer stays as a cube, and becomes a good eight at the end. Agents: 16, 42, 68, 101, Numberjacks: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 | Volume 5 |- | 27 | Best Estimate | 6 March 2007 | The Problem Blob makes things go wrong when people can't estimate – 5 to the rescue. Agents: 28, 55, 70, 101 Numberjacks: 3, 4, 5, 6 | Volume 2 |- | 28 | On and Off | 9 October 2008 | Spooky Spoon is mixing things up again, so instead of being on things are off – 4 is on the case. |Agents: 16, 33, 68, 85 | Volume 7 |- | 29 | Zero the Hero | 10 October 2008 | 0 to the rescue when just for once, the Numberjacks are the problem, not the answer! Agents: 33, 55, 85 | Volume 3 | 13:58 |- | 30 | Bad Circles | 9 March 2007 | The Shape Japer is making bad circles by enter the circular hollow and say "Circle... BAD!" – 6 gets ready to sort her out. Agents: 28, 42, 70, 94 | Volume 6 |- | 31 | Famous Fives | 12 March 2007 | The Puzzler sets the problem – and 5 is the right Numberjack to sort it out. Agents: 16, 42, 68, 94 | Volume 6 |- |32 |Fair Shares | 13 March 2007 | Things aren't being shared fairly, thanks to the Problem Blob – 6 makes everything all right. Agents: 28, 101, 85, 33 | Volume 4 |- |33 |Being 3 | 16 October 2008 | The Numbertaker is taking threes today – but he can't take Numberjack 3; 3 turns into a 4. |Agents: 28, 55, 70, 101 | Volume 3 | 14:09 |- |34 | Into the Teens | 15 March 2007 | The Numbertaker has added ten more than 1 – 4 has to sort him out. in the episode, 4 turns into a 14. And the Numbertaker turns into eleven Numbertakers! Agents: 33, 55, 70, 85 Numberjacks: 1, 3, 4, (14), 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 | Volume 6 |- |35 |Slide and Turn | 16 March 2007 | The Shape Japer is moving things and causing problems – 5 goes out there. Agents: 17, 41, 60, 106 | TBA |- |36 | Six Of One | 19 March 2007 | The Problem Blob is making trouble with sixes – Numberjack 6 to the rescue. Agents: 22, 41, 60, 106 | TBA |- | 37 | '''Time Trouble''' | 20 March 2007 | Time passes very strangely – thanks to Spooky Spoon. 5 investigates. This is the first appearance of the Beeper. Agents: 38, 54, 79, 95 | Volume 5 |- | 38 | 1, 2, 3, Go | 21 March 2007 | It's 1, 2, 3 – pattern time! 3 battles with the Puzzler. Agents: 17, 54, 60, 106 | TBA |- | 39 | More 4 | 22 March 2007 | The Shape Japer makes trouble with symmetry – 4 goes out to sort things out. Agents: 17, 22, 41, 38 | TBA |- | 40 | Almost Human | 23 March 2007 | The Problem Blob causes trouble – and 4 tries out being a human being. There is a special Numberjack known as the Numberjack Man (played by Steven Lim), known as 4's temporary replacement. Agents: 79, 83, 95, 106 | TBA |- |41 | '''Two, Four, Six, Eight''' | 26 March 2007 | The Numbertaker takes all the even numbers – 6 and 8 fly out to put things right. Agents: 79, 54, 57, 17 | Volume 5 |- |42 |Round and Round |27 March 2007 | The Problem Blob has gotten people going around in circles – can 5 restore things to normal? Agents: 41, 60, 83, 106 | TBA |- | 43 | Square Dancing | 28 March 2007 | The Shape Japer's about – and 1, 4, and 9 sort out problems with squares. Agents: 22, 41, 79, 95 | TBA |- |44 | Data Day | 29 March 2007 | Spooky Spoon is mixing things up and makes things at a cafe behave like party things and vice versa – 3 gets ready to take her on. Agent: 17, 54, 60, 106 | Volume 4 |- | 45 | How? What? Check! | 30 March 2007 | 5 sorts out the Puzzler's problems – and checks to make sure. Agents: 22, 38, 83, 95 | TBA |- ! colspan="5" | Series 1 Specials |- | 1 | '''Counting Down To Christmas''' | TBA | The Numbertaker, the Shape Japer, and Spooky Spoon make Christmas go wrong, and Agent 20 is one of the victims. 5 and 6 fly out and save Christmas Day with help from 3 and some other agents. In this episode, the Meanies are together. Agents: 20, 77, 49 Numberjacks: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 | Volume 5 (Release Date: 24 November 2008) |- | 2 | Seaside Adventure | TBA | The Numberjacks have a holiday at the beach, only to face troubles with the Meanies! Agents: 39, 91, 121, 122, 20 Numberjacks: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 | Volume 6 (Release Date: 3 August 2009) |} ===Series 3 (2009)=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! # ! Episode ! Original Air date ! Overview ! [[#DVD releases|DVD release]] |- | 46 | '''Ups and Downs''' | 26 October 2009 | Spooky Spoon is turning everything upside down, so 8 is sent out to help 4. | TBA |- | 47 | '''On the Move''' | 27 October 2009 | The Problem Blob is making things move when they shouldn't, so 5 is sent out to stop him. | TBA |- | 48 | '''Very Shapely''' | 28 October 2009 | The Shape Japer is causing problems again by stretching the shapes of things – 6 is after her, but one problem is when two circular hoops are turned into ovals. | TBA |- | 49 | '''Wee Three Phone Home''' | 29 October 2009 | The Puzzler is causing some people to repeat his silly movements – 3 is sent out to stop him, and must solve three puzzles by herself as she lost contact with 4,5 and 6. | TBA |- | 50 | '''Did You Notice Anything?''' | 30 October 2009 | The Numbertaker is taking away people's noticing skills, and then plays tricks on them without them noticing – 4 is sent out to defeat him. | TBA |- | 51 | '''Measured Response''' | 2 November 2009 | Things are changing length thanks to the Shape Japer, so 6 is sent out to change them back, this is the first episode in season 2 with the appearance of '''Buddy Sticks'''. | TBA |- | 52 | '''Think Again''' | 3 November 2009 | 3 and 4 are playing in the gym when 5 discovers that Spooky Spoon is mixing things up again. |TBA |- | 53 | '''Carry On Counting''' | 4 November 2009 | 6 is sent out to do battle with the Problem Blob, who is causing people to go back to the beginning of things, sliming 6. Brain Gain helps 6. | TBA |- | 54 | '''A Record In the Charts''' | 5 November 2009 | 4 is sent out to defeat the Puzzler, who is stopping the cafe customers from remembering whether they have had too much food or not. | TBA |- | 55 | '''Half Time''' | 6 November 2009 | The Numbertaker is halving the numbers of everything – 4 is sent out to stop him. In this episode, 4 turns into a 1, a 2, and an 8. | TBA |- | 56 | '''A Close Thing''' | 9 November 2009 | A girl can't get near her teddy, and grown ups need help with things being too close. 6 flies out to sort the Problem Blob. | TBA |- | 57 | '''A Circle at Both Ends''' | 10 November 2009 | 3's buddy blocks become cylinders (Circle Sticks). 5 has to fly out when a boy has trouble with his chalks, thanks to the Shape Japer. | TBA |- | 58 | '''Matchmaking''' | 11 November 2009 | Numberjack 1 plays a trick on Numberjack 4, always making the number of buddy blocks on the seesaw unbalanced. 3 flies out to sort the Numbertaker, who takes then adds anything so they don't match. | TBA |- | 59 | '''A Different Sort''' | 12 November 2009 | 0 and 1 are failing to help 3 sort her beautiful things. 4 flies out to stop Spooky Spoon sorting things out. In this episode, 4 becomes green, tiny, big, then ''wibbly wobbly''. | TBA |- | 60 | '''Areas of Concern''' | 13 November 2009 | In the gym, 6 and his buddy tiles are making patterns on the floor and flying around. 6 flies out to defeat the Puzzler. | TBA |- |61 |'''The Dreaded Lurgi''' |7 December 2009 |In the gym 6 can't jump on the seesaw – and 4 feels ill too – they've both got the [[wikt:lurgy#English|dreaded lurgi]]. 5 flies out to investigate and stop the Problem Blob from making people go '''up''' and '''down''', '''round and round'''. In the meantime, 3 gets lurgi too, and agents help out. |TBA |- |62 | '''Fraction Fiction''' | 8 December 2009 |3 and 4 argue over entertaining 5's buddy blocks. They try to share them but the blocks get bored and wander off. 3 flies out to beat the Shape Japer from cutting things to pieces. In this episode, the Shape Japer helps people four times. |TBA |- |63 |'''Interesting Times''' |9 December 2009 |7 tells 0 and 1 a story about 3, 4, 5, and 6 going out one after the other; to sort out morning, daytime, evening and night time things, and Spooky Spoon herself. NOTE: This is the only episode in which Numberjack Seven acts as a [[narrator]]. | TBA |- |64 |'''More Ways Than One''' |10 December 2009 |4, 5, and 6 are playing a version of Circle Slide, using different ways of moving. 4 goes out to rescue 8 who is trapped by the Puzzler by finding three ways to make an eight. | TBA |- |65 |'''Hundreds and Thousands''' |11 December 2009 |4 is in the Cosy Room taking photos of 1 and 0. A girl has a hundred or so beads to make a necklace but then has only ten, then one. 6 flies out to defeat the Numbertaker. In this episode, the sent Brain Gain is used by a hundred agents' thousand fingers. | TBA |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.openmind.co.uk/numberjacks/ Numberjacks page at Open Mind Productions] [[Category:2000s British animated fantasy television series]] [[Category:2000s British children's fantasy television series]] [[Category:2006 British animated television series debuts]] [[Category:2009 British animated television series endings]] [[Category:BBC children's television series]] [[Category:British animated preschool education television series]] [[Category:British children's animated fantasy television series]] [[Category:British English-language television shows]] [[Category:British television series with live action and animation]] [[Category:CBeebies original programming]] [[Category:British mathematicians]] qcivtcg6h4bqksiah8x10hykbugw2a5 0 720648 11024266 10950930 2026-10-09T02:00:56Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 11024266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Political post | post = Governor | body = Delaware | insignia = Seal of Delaware.svg | insigniasize = 110px | insigniacaption = [[Seal of Delaware|Great Seal of the State of Delaware]] | image = Delmarva Chicken Association Booster BBQ - 55313846273 (cropped).jpg | incumbent = [[Matt Meyer]] | incumbentsince = January 21, 2025 | style = The Honorable | department = [[Government of Delaware]] | residence = [[Delaware Governor's Mansion]]<br/>[[Dover, Delaware]] | termlength = Four years, renewable once | inaugural = [[John McKinly]] | formation = February 12, 1777 | deputy = [[Lieutenant Governor of Delaware]] | salary = $171,000 (2013)<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2013 |title=CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries |url=http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/content/csg-releases-2013-governor-salaries |access-date=November 23, 2014 |publisher=The Council of State Governments |archive-date=October 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022032437/http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/content/csg-releases-2013-governor-salaries |url-status=dead }}</ref> | website = {{URL|governor.delaware.gov}} }} The '''Governor of Delaware''' ('''President of Delaware''' from 1776 to 1792) is the head of the executive branch of [[Delaware|Delaware's state government]] and the commander-in-chief of the [[U.S. state|state's]] [[Delaware National Guard|military forces]]. The current governor is [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[Matt Meyer]], who took office on January 21, 2025. ==List of Governors== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible sticky-header-multi" style="text-align:center;" |+ Governors of the State of Delaware !scope="col" data-sort-type="number"|{{abbr|No.|Number}}{{efn|The official website labels John Carney as the 74th governor;<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Governor John Carney |url=https://governor.delaware.gov/about-governor-john-carney/ |access-date=November 16, 2018 |publisher=Governor of Delaware |archive-date=October 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006145618/https://governor.delaware.gov/about-governor-john-carney/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> this indicates that repeat, non-consecutive terms are numbered.}} !scope="colgroup" colspan="3"|Governor{{efn|The office was named president until 1792.<ref name="1792const-a3-s1">1792 Const. art. III, § 1</ref>}} !scope="col"|Term in office !scope="col"|Party !scope="col"|Election !scope="colgroup" colspan="2"|[[Lieutenant Governor of Delaware|Lt. Governor]]{{efn|The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1897,<ref name="const-a3-s19">DE Const. art. III, § 19</ref> with the first election taking place in 1900.}}{{efn|Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|1 |data-sort-value="McKinly, John"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |rowspan="9" style="background:{{party color|Nonpartisan politician}};"|&nbsp; |'''[[John McKinly]]'''<br>{{Small|(1721–1796)}}<br><ref name="nga-mckinly">{{Cite web |title=John McKinly |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-mckinly/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=67}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=820}} |{{dts|February 21, 1777}}<ref>{{cite book| last1=Runk | first1=J. M. & Co | title = Biographical and Genealogical History of the State of Delaware| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=k7UNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA67| date = 1899| publisher = | language = en| page = 67 }}</ref><br />–<br />September 12, 1777{{efn|Most sources do not specify the day McKinly was captured; at least one specifies that McKinly and the city of Wilmington were captured the day after the [[Battle of Brandywine]], which was on September 11, 1777.<ref>{{cite book| last = Delaware Federal Writers' Project| title = Delaware: A Guide to the First State| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ5OeFvqWRAC| year = 1938| publisher = US History Publishers| isbn = 978-1-60354-008-7| page = 48| access-date = August 4, 2010 }}</ref>|name=date-1777}}<br>{{small|(arrested and removed)}}{{efn|McKinly was captured and taken prisoner by [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] forces.<ref>{{cite book| last = McGuire| first = Thomas J.| title = The Philadelphia Campaign| year = 2006| publisher = Stackpole Books| location = Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania| isbn = 978-0-8117-0206-5| page = 278 }}</ref> He was [[prisoner exchange|exchanged]] for loyalist Governor [[William Franklin]] of New Jersey in August 1778.<ref>{{cite book| last = Rowe| first = Gail Stuart| title = Thomas McKean: The Shaping of an American Republicanism| url = https://archive.org/details/thomasmckeanshap0000rowe| year = 1978| isbn = 978-0-87081-100-5| page = [https://archive.org/details/thomasmckeanshap0000rowe/page/n164 147] | publisher = Colorado Associated University Press}}</ref>|name=war}} |rowspan="9"|''No parties'' |[[1777 Delaware gubernatorial election|1777]] | colspan="2" rowspan="53" style="background:#eee;"|''Office did not exist'' |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|2 |data-sort-value="McKean, Thomas"|[[File:ThomasMcKean.gif|75px]] |'''[[Thomas McKean]]'''<br>{{Small|(1734–1817)}}<br><ref name="nga-mckean">{{Cite web |title=Thomas McKean |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/thomas-mckean-3/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=67}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=820–821}} |{{dts|September 12, 1777}}{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|pp=112–115}}<br />–<br />October 20, 1777<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of the<br>Assembly<br>acting as<br>vice-president}}{{efn|Speaker of the Assembly McKean acted as chief executive until the return of speaker of the Legislative Council Read from the [[Continental Congress]] in [[Philadelphia]], who then served as vice-president for the remainder of the term.{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=821}}|name=after-mckinly}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|3 |data-sort-value="Read, George"|[[File:GeorgeRead.gif|75px]] |'''[[George Read (American politician, born 1733)|George Read]]'''<br>{{Small|(1733–1798)}}<br><ref name="nga-read">{{Cite web |title=George Read |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/george-read/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=67}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=821–822}} |{{dts|October 20, 1777}}{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|pp=112–115}}<br />–<br />March 31, 1778<br>{{small|(did not run)}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of the<br>Legislative<br>Council<br>serving as<br>vice-president}}{{efn|name=after-mckinly}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|4 |data-sort-value="Rodney, Caesar"|[[File:CaesarRodney.jpeg|75px]] |'''[[Caesar Rodney]]'''<br>{{Small|(1728–1784)}}<br><ref name="nga-rodney-caesar">{{Cite web |title=Caesar Rodney |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/caesar-rodney/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=67}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=822}} |{{dts|March 31, 1778}}{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|pp=112–115}}<br />–<br />November 13, 1781{{efn|Kallenbach has Rodney leaving office on November 5, with a gap until Dickinson takes office, with no reason given.{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|pp=112–115}}}}<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|Under the 1776 constitution, presidents were ineligible to the office until three years had passed after leaving it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1776 Del. Const. art. VII |url=http://www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu/Search/results.aspx?srch=1&state=%27DE%27&CID=153&art=7&sec=&amd=&key=&Yr= |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu}}</ref>|name=limits-1776}} |[[1778 Delaware gubernatorial election|1778]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|5 |data-sort-value="Dickinson, John"|[[File:JohnDickinson4.gif|75px]] |'''[[John Dickinson]]'''<br>{{Small|(1732–1808)}}<br><ref name="nga-dickinson">{{Cite web |title=John Dickinson |date=15 January 2019 |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-dickinson/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=67}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=822–824}} |{{dts|November 13, 1781}}{{efn|Sources disagree on when Dickinson took office; the proceedings of the assembly, published in 1988, says his inaugural address was delivered November 13;<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Bushman| first1 = Claudia L.| last2 = Hancock| first2 = Harold Bell| last3 = Homsey| first3 = Elizabeth Moyne| title = Proceedings of the House of Assembly of the Delaware state, 1781-1792, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1792| url = http://archive.org/details/proceedingsofhou0000unse| date = 1988| publisher = Newark : University of Delaware Press ; London : Associated University Presses| isbn = 978-0-87413-309-7| page = 59 }}</ref> the governor's register, published in 1926, says he was elected on November 13 and inaugurated on November 14.{{sfn|Register|1926|p=27}}}}<br />–<br />January 13, 1783<br>{{small|(resigned)}}{{efn|Dickinson was elected [[Governor of Pennsylvania|President of Pennsylvania]] and took office November 7, 1782, holding both presidencies simultaneously. Criticism of this caused him to turn administration of the state over to Speaker of the Legislative Council Cook, but Dickinson did not formally resign until January 13, 1783.{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=67}}<ref name="dickinson-resigns">{{cite book| last1 = Bushman| first1 = Claudia L.| last2 = Hancock| first2 = Harold Bell| last3 = Homsey| first3 = Elizabeth Moyne| title = Proceedings of the House of Assembly of the Delaware state, 1781-1792, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1792| url = http://archive.org/details/proceedingsofhou0000unse| date = 1988| publisher = Newark : University of Delaware Press ; London : Associated University Presses| isbn = 978-0-87413-309-7| page = 108 }}</ref>}} |[[1781 Delaware gubernatorial election|1781]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|6 |data-sort-value="Cook, John"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[John Cook (governor)|John Cook]]'''<br>{{Small|(1730–1789)}}<br><ref name="nga-cook">{{Cite web |title=John Cook |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-cook/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=67}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=824}} |{{dts|January 13, 1783}}<ref name="dickinson-resigns" /><br />–<br />February 8, 1783<br>{{small|(did not run)}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of the<br>Legislative<br>Council<br>serving as<br>vice-president}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|7 |data-sort-value="Van Dyke, Nicholas"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[Nicholas Van Dyke (politician, born 1738)|Nicholas Van Dyke]]'''<br>{{Small|(1738–1789)}}<br><ref name="nga-vandyke">{{Cite web |title=Nicholas Van Dyke |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/nicholas-van-dyke/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=67}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=824–825}} |{{dts|February 8, 1783}}<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Bushman| first1 = Claudia L.| last2 = Hancock| first2 = Harold Bell| last3 = Homsey| first3 = Elizabeth Moyne| title = Proceedings of the House of Assembly of the Delaware state, 1781-1792, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1792| url = http://archive.org/details/proceedingsofhou0000unse| date = 1988| publisher = Newark : University of Delaware Press ; London : Associated University Presses| isbn = 978-0-87413-309-7| pages = 148–151 }}</ref><br />–<br />October 28, 1786<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1776}} |[[1783 Delaware gubernatorial election|1783]]<br>{{small|(special)}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|8 |data-sort-value="Collins, Thomas"| |'''[[Thomas Collins (governor)|Thomas Collins]]'''<br>{{Small|(1732–1789)}}<br><ref name="nga-collins-thomas">{{Cite web |title=Thomas Collins |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/thomas-collins/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|pp=67–68}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=825}} |{{dts|October 28, 1786}}<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Bushman| first1 = Claudia L.| last2 = Hancock| first2 = Harold Bell| last3 = Homsey| first3 = Elizabeth Moyne| title = Proceedings of the House of Assembly of the Delaware state, 1781-1792, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1792| url = http://archive.org/details/proceedingsofhou0000unse| date = 1988| publisher = Newark : University of Delaware Press ; London : Associated University Presses| isbn = 978-0-87413-309-7| page = 392 }}</ref><br />–<br />March 29, 1789<br>{{small|(died in office)}} |[[1786 Delaware gubernatorial election|1786]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|9 |data-sort-value="Davis, Jehu"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[Jehu Davis]]'''<br>{{Small|(1738–1802)}}<br><ref name="nga-davis">{{Cite web |title=Jehu Davis |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/jehu-davis/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=68}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=826}} |{{dts|March 29, 1789}}{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|pp=112–115}}<br />–<br />June 2, 1789<br>{{small|(did not run)}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of the<br>Legislative<br>Council<br>serving as<br>vice-president}} |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|10 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Clayton, Joshua"|[[File:JoshuaClayton.gif|75px]] |rowspan="6" style="background:{{party color|Federalist Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|'''[[Joshua Clayton]]'''<br>{{Small|(1744–1798)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=211}}<ref name="nga-clayton">{{Cite web |title=Joshua Clayton |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/joshua-clayton/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=68}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=826–827}} |rowspan="2"|{{dts|June 2, 1789}}<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Bushman| first1 = Claudia L.| last2 = Hancock| first2 = Harold Bell| last3 = Homsey| first3 = Elizabeth Moyne| title = Proceedings of the House of Assembly of the Delaware state, 1781-1792, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1792| url = http://archive.org/details/proceedingsofhou0000unse| date = 1988| publisher = Newark : University of Delaware Press ; London : Associated University Presses| isbn = 978-0-87413-309-7| page = 633 }}</ref><br />–<br />January 13, 1796<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|Clayton's first term was as president, so he was eligible to run for a term as governor.{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}}}}{{efn|Under the 1792 constitution, governors could serve no longer than three in any term of six years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1792 Del. Const. art. III, § 3 |url=http://www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu/Search/results.aspx?srch=1&state=%27DE%27&CID=154&art=3&sec=3&amd=&key=&Yr= |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu}}</ref>|name=limits-1792}} |rowspan="2"|[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1789 Delaware gubernatorial election|1789]] |- style="height:2em;" |[[1792 Delaware gubernatorial election|1792]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|11 |data-sort-value="Bedford, Gunning"|[[File:Gunning Bedford (Senior).jpg|75px]] |'''[[Gunning Bedford Sr.]]'''<br>{{Small|(1742–1797)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=211–212}}<ref name="nga-bedford">{{Cite web |title=Gunning Bedford |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/gunning-bedford/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=68}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=827–828}} |{{dts|January 13, 1796}}{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|pp=112–115}}<br />–<br />September 28, 1797<br>{{small|(died in office)}}{{efn|Sources disagree on if Bedford died on September 28 or September 30, sometimes within the same source.{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=828}}|name=bedford-death}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=26}} |[[1795 Delaware gubernatorial election|1795]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|12 |data-sort-value="Rogers, Daniel"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[Daniel Rogers (politician)|Daniel Rogers]]'''<br>{{Small|(1754–1806)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=212}}<ref name="nga-rogers">{{Cite web |title=Daniel Rogers |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/daniel-rogers/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=68}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=828}} |{{dts|September 28, 1797}}{{efn|name=bedford-death}}<br />–<br />January 9, 1799<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|13 |data-sort-value="Bassett, Richard"|[[File:Richard bassett.jpg|75px]] |'''[[Richard Bassett (Delaware politician)|Richard Bassett]]'''<br>{{Small|(1745–1815)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=212–213}}<ref name="nga-bassett">{{Cite web |title=Richard Bassett |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/richard-bassett/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=68}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=828–829}} |{{dts|January 9, 1799}}{{efn|The constitutional start date for the term in 1799 was January 15; multiple sources say Bassett took office January 9, but it is not known why it was off schedule.{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|pp=112–115}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=829}} A few sources do say he took office January 15.<ref>{{cite book| last = Wolcott| first = James L.| title = Argument in Opposition to Henry A. Du Pont's Claim to the Office of United States Senator for the State of Delaware| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gj9UdRKp4-IC| year = 1896| publisher = B.H. Tyrrel| pages = 44–45| access-date = December 21, 2018 }}</ref>}}<br />–<br />March 3, 1801<br>{{small|(resigned)}}{{efn|Bassett resigned, having been confirmed to the [[United States circuit court|United States Third Circuit Court]].<ref name="nga-bassett" />}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=26}} |[[1798 Delaware gubernatorial election|1798]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|14 |data-sort-value="Sykes, James"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[James Sykes (governor)|James Sykes]]'''<br>{{Small|(1761–1822)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=213}}<ref name="nga-sykes">{{Cite web |title=James Sykes |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/james-sykes/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=68}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=829}} |{{dts|March 3, 1801}}{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|pp=112–115}}<br />–<br />January 19, 1802<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|15 |data-sort-value="Hall, David"|[[File:David Hall (Delaware Governor).jpg |75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}";| |'''[[David Hall (Delaware politician)|David Hall]]'''<br>{{Small|(1752–1817)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=214}}<ref name="nga-hall-david">{{Cite web |title=David Hall |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/david-hall/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|pp=68–69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=829–830}} |{{dts|January 19, 1802}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1802-01-22 |title=none | quote=On Tuesday the 19th inst. colonel David Hall, governor elect, was installed into office... |page=2 |work=Aurora General Advertiser |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/aurora-general-advertiser-hall-inaugurat/129463532/ |access-date=2023-08-05}}</ref><br />–<br />January 15, 1805<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1792}} |[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-<br />Republican]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=26}} |[[1801 Delaware gubernatorial election|1801]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|16 |data-sort-value="Mitchell, Nathaniel"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Federalist Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Nathaniel Mitchell]]'''<br>{{Small|(1753–1814)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=214–215}}<ref name="nga-mitchell">{{Cite web |title=Nathaniel Mitchell |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/nathaniel-mitchell/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=830}} |{{dts|January 15, 1805}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1805-01-24 |title=none | quote=... the following address was delivered on the 15th inst. by Mr. Mitchell, who succeeds him. |page=2 |work=Aurora General Advertiser |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/aurora-general-advertiser-nathaniel-mitc/64881619/ |access-date=2023-08-05}}</ref><br />–<br />January 19, 1808<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1792}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=26}} |[[1804 Delaware gubernatorial election|1804]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|17 |data-sort-value="Truitt, George"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[George Truitt]]'''<br>{{Small|(1756–1818)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=215}}<ref name="nga-truitt">{{Cite web |title=George Truitt |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/george-truitt/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=830–831}} |{{dts|January 19, 1808}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1808-01-30 |title=none | quote=On Tuesday last, the federal governor of the state of Delaware, G. Truitt, was sworn into power and place. |page=2 |work=Aurora General Advertiser |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/aurora-general-advertiser-truitt-inaugur/129463627/ |access-date=2023-08-05}}</ref><br />–<br />January 15, 1811<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1792}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=26}} |[[1807 Delaware gubernatorial election|1807]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|18 |data-sort-value="Haslet, Joseph"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}";| |'''[[Joseph Haslet]]'''<br>{{Small|(1769–1823)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=215–216}}<ref name="nga-haslet">{{Cite web |title=Joseph Haslet |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/joseph-haslet/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=831}} |{{dts|January 15, 1811}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=84}}<br />–<br />January 18, 1814<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1792}} |[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-<br />Republican]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=26}} |[[1810 Delaware gubernatorial election|1810]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|19 |data-sort-value="Rodney, Daniel"|[[File:Daniel Rodney.jpg|75px]] |rowspan="4" style="background:{{party color|Federalist Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Daniel Rodney]]'''<br>{{Small|(1764–1846)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=216}}<ref name="nga-rodney-daniel">{{Cite web |title=Daniel Rodney |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/daniel-rodney/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=831}} |{{dts|January 18, 1814}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=116}}<br />–<br />January 21, 1817<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1792}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=26}} |[[1813 Delaware gubernatorial election|1813]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|20 |data-sort-value="Clark, John"|[[File:Delaware governor John Clark.png|75px]] |'''[[John Clark (Delaware governor)|John Clark]]'''<br>{{Small|(1761–1821)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=217}}<ref name="nga-clark">{{Cite web |title=John Clark |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-clark/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=831–832}} |{{dts|January 21, 1817}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=141}}<br />–<br />January 15, 1820<br>{{small|(resigned)}}{{efn|Due to the death of Governor-elect Molleston, there was some question as to who should take office when Clark's term ended. To minimize any confusion, Clark resigned a few days ahead of schedule, and the newly elected state senate chose a speaker, John Stout, who would act as governor for one year of Molleston's term before a special election was held for the remaining two years.{{sfn|Register|1926|p=167}}<ref name="niles">{{cite book| last = Niles| first = H.| title = Niles' Weekly Register| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=a3chngEACAAJ| volume = I, Third Series| year = 1824| isbn = 978-0-8371-3045-3| page = 121| access-date = October 25, 2009 }}</ref>|name=molleston}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1816 Delaware gubernatorial election|1816]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|— |data-sort-value="Molleston, Henry"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[Henry Molleston]]'''<br>{{Small|(1762–1819)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=217}}{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}} |''Died before<br>taking office''{{efn|name=molleston}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1819 Delaware gubernatorial election|1819]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|21 |data-sort-value="Stout, Jacob"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[Jacob Stout]]'''<br>{{Small|(1764–1855)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=217–218}}<ref name="nga-stout">{{Cite web |title=Jacob Stout |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/jacob-stout/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=832}} |{{dts|January 15, 1820}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=167}}<br />–<br />January 16, 1821<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=217–218}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|22 |data-sort-value="Collins, John"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}";| |'''[[John Collins (governor)|John Collins]]'''<br>{{Small|(1776–1822)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=218–219}}<ref name="nga-collins-john">{{Cite web |title=John Collins |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-collins/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=833}} |{{dts|January 16, 1821}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=178}}<br />–<br />April 16, 1822<br>{{small|(died in office)}} |[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-<br />Republican]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1820 Delaware gubernatorial special election|1820]]<br>{{small|(special)}}{{efn|Special election to serve out the last two years of Henry Molleston's term<ref name="niles" />}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|23 |data-sort-value="Rodney, Caleb"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Federalist Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Caleb Rodney]]'''<br>{{Small|(1767–1840)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=219}}<ref name="nga-rodney-caleb">{{Cite web |title=Caleb Rodney |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/caleb-rodney/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=833}} |{{dts|April 23, 1822}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=185}}<br />–<br />January 21, 1823<br>{{small|(did not run)}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|24 |data-sort-value="Haslet, Joseph"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}";| |'''[[Joseph Haslet]]'''<br>{{Small|(1769–1823)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=215–216}}<ref name="nga-haslet" />{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=833}} |{{dts|January 21, 1823}}{{efn|The governor's register has Haslet being inaugurated on January 22, but it specifies the third Tuesday in January, which in 1823 was the 21st.{{sfn|Register|1926|p=196}}}}<br />–<br />June 20, 1823<br>{{small|(died in office)}} |[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-<br />Republican]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1822 Delaware gubernatorial special election|1822]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|25 |data-sort-value="Thomas, Charles"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[Charles Thomas (Delaware governor)|Charles Thomas]]'''<br>{{Small|(1790–1848)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=220}}<ref name="nga-thomas">{{Cite web |title=Charles Thomas |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/charles-thomas/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=833–834}} |{{dts|June 20, 1823}}{{efn|Haslet died on June 20;<ref>{{Cite news |date=1823-06-30 |title=none | quote=We also learn that Charles Thomas, esq. the speaker of the senate, on whom the duties of governor now devolve, lies dangerously ill. |page=2 |work=The Alexandria Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-alexandria-herald-thomas-succeeds-ha/129576370/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref> Thomas was not sworn in until June 24.{{sfn|Register|1926|p=201}}}}<br />–<br />January 20, 1824<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-<br />Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|26 |data-sort-value="Paynter, Samuel"|[[File:SamuelPaynter.gif|75px]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Federalist Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Samuel Paynter]]'''<br>{{Small|(1768–1845)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=220}}<ref name="nga-paynter">{{Cite web |title=Samuel Paynter |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/samuel-paynter/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=834}} |{{dts|January 20, 1824}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=205}}<br />–<br />January 16, 1827<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1792}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1823 Delaware gubernatorial special election|1823]]<br>{{small|(special)}}{{efn|Because of the death of Haslet so early in his term, an early election was called. Unlike when Henry Molleston died, where the election was only for the final two years of his term, in this case the new election was for a new three-year term, causing the election schedule to shift.<ref name="niles" />}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|27 |data-sort-value="Polk, Charles"|[[File:CharlesPolk.png|75px]] |'''[[Charles Polk Jr.]]'''<br>{{Small|(1788–1857)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=221}}<ref name="nga-polk">{{Cite web |title=Charles Polk |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/charles-polk/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|pp=69–70}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=835}} |{{dts|January 16, 1827}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=229}}<br />–<br />January 19, 1830<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1792}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1826 Delaware gubernatorial election|1826]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|28 |data-sort-value="Hazzard, David"|[[File:DavidHazzard.png|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Anti-Jacksonian}}";| |'''[[David Hazzard]]'''<br>{{Small|(1781–1864)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=221–222}}<ref name="nga-hazzard">{{Cite web |title=David Hazzard |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/david-hazzard/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=70}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=835–836}} |{{dts|January 19, 1830}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=278}}<br />–<br />January 15, 1833<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|Under the 1831 constitution, governors were not eligible a second time to the office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1831 Del. Const. art. III, § 3 |url=http://www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu/Search/results.aspx?srch=1&state=%27DE%27&CID=155&art=3&sec=3&amd=&key=&Yr= |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu}}</ref>|name=limits-1831}} |[[National Republican Party|National<br>Republican]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1829 Delaware gubernatorial election|1829]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|29 |data-sort-value="Bennett, Caleb"|[[File:CalebBennett.png|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Caleb P. Bennett]]'''<br>{{Small|(1758–1836)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=222–223}}<ref name="nga-bennett">{{Cite web |title=Caleb Prew Bennett |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/caleb-prew-bennett/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=70}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=836–837}} |{{dts|January 15, 1833}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=314}}<br />–<br />May 9, 1836<br>{{small|(died in office)}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1832 Delaware gubernatorial election|1832]]{{efn|First term under the 1831 constitution, which lengthened terms to four years.<ref name="1831const-a3-s3">1831 Const. art III, § 3</ref>}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|30 |data-sort-value="Polk, Charles"|[[File:CharlesPolk.png|75px]] |rowspan="6" style="background:{{party color|Whig Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Charles Polk Jr.]]'''<br>{{Small|(1788–1857)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=221}}<ref name="nga-polk" />{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=70}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=837}} |{{dts|May 9, 1836}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=332}}<br />–<br />January 17, 1837<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|31 |data-sort-value="Comegys, Cornelius"|[[File:CorneliusComegys.png|75px]] |'''[[Cornelius P. Comegys]]'''<br>{{Small|(1780–1851)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=223}}<ref name="nga-comegys">{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Parsons Comegys |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/cornelius-parsons-comegys/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=70}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=837–838}} |{{dts|January 17, 1837}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=343}}<br />–<br />January 19, 1841<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1836 Delaware gubernatorial election|1836]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|32 |data-sort-value="Cooper, William"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[William B. Cooper (Delaware politician)|William B. Cooper]]'''<br>{{Small|(1771–1849)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=224}}<ref name="nga-cooper">{{Cite web |title=William Barkley Cooper |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/william-barkley-cooper/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=70}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=838}} |{{dts|January 19, 1841}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=382}}<br />–<br />January 21, 1845<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1840 Delaware gubernatorial election|1840]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|33 |data-sort-value="Stockton, Thomas"|[[File:ThomasStockton.gif|75px]] |'''[[Thomas Stockton]]'''<br>{{Small|(1781–1846)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=224–225}}<ref name="nga-stockton">{{Cite web |title=Thomas Stockton |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/thomas-stockton/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|pp=70–71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=839}} |{{dts|January 21, 1845}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=423}}<br />–<br />March 2, 1846<br>{{small|(died in office)}} |[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1844 Delaware gubernatorial election|1844]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|34 |data-sort-value="Maull, Joseph"|[[File:JosephMaull.gif|75px]] |'''[[Joseph Maull]]'''<br>{{Small|(1781–1846)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=225}}<ref name="nga-maull">{{Cite web |title=Joseph Maull |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/joseph-maull/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=839–840}} |{{dts|March 2, 1846}}{{sfn|Register|1926|pp=432–433}}<br />–<br />May 3, 1846<br>{{small|(died in office)}} |[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|35 |data-sort-value="Temple, William"|[[File:WilliamTemple.gif|75px]] |'''[[William Temple (politician)|William Temple]]'''<br>{{Small|(1814–1863)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=225–226}}<ref name="nga-temple">{{Cite web |title=William Temple |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/william-temple/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=840}} |{{dts|May 6, 1846}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=436}}<br />–<br />January 19, 1847<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|36 |data-sort-value="Tharp, William"|[[File:WilliamTharp.gif|75px]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[William Tharp]]'''<br>{{Small|(1803–1865)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=226–227}}<ref name="nga-tharp">{{Cite web |title=William Tharp |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/william-tharp/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=840–841}} |{{dts|January 19, 1847}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=456}}<br />–<br />January 21, 1851<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=28}} |[[1846 Delaware gubernatorial special election|1846]]<br>{{small|(special)}}{{efn|Special election called due to the deaths of Stockton and Maull, causing a shift in the election schedule.{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=28}}}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|37 |data-sort-value="Ross, William"|[[File:WilliamRoss.gif|75px]] |'''[[William H. H. Ross]]'''<br>{{Small|(1814–1887)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=227}}<ref name="nga-ross">{{Cite web |title=William Henry Harrison Ross |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/william-henry-harrison-ross/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=841}} |{{dts|January 21, 1851}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=512}}<br />–<br />January 16, 1855<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=28}} |[[1850 Delaware gubernatorial election|1850]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|38 |data-sort-value="Causey, Peter"| |style="background:{{party color|Know-Nothing}}";| |'''[[Peter F. Causey]]'''<br>{{Small|(1801–1871)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=227–228}}<ref name="nga-causey">{{Cite web |title=Peter Foster Causey |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/peter-foster-causey/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=841–843}} |{{dts|January 16, 1855}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1855-01-17 |title=The Inauguration |page=2 |work=Smyrna Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/smyrna-times-causey-inaugurated-january/129597017/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 18, 1859<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Know-Nothing|American]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=28}} |[[1854 Delaware gubernatorial election|1854]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|39 |data-sort-value="Burton, William"|[[File:William Burton (governor).jpg|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[William Burton (governor)|William Burton]]'''<br>{{Small|(1789–1866)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=228}}<ref name="nga-burton">{{Cite web |title=William Burton |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/william-burton/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=843}} |{{dts|January 18, 1859}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1859-01-20 |title=The Inauguration |page=2 |work=Smyrna Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/smyrna-times-burton-inaugurated-january/129597153/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 20, 1863<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=28}} |[[1858 Delaware gubernatorial election|1858]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|40 |data-sort-value="Cannon, William"|[[File:WilliamCannon.gif|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[William Cannon]]'''<br>{{Small|(1809–1865)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=228–229}}<ref name="nga-cannon">{{Cite web |title=William Cannon |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/william-cannon/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=843–844}} |{{dts|January 20, 1863}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1863-01-20 |title=The Inauguration of Governor Cannon |page=2 |work=Delaware Gazette and State Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/delaware-gazette-and-state-journal-canno/129597213/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />March 1, 1865<br>{{small|(died in office)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1862 Delaware gubernatorial election|1862]] |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|41 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Saulsbury, Gove"|[[File:GoveSaulsbury.gif|75px]] |rowspan="8" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|'''[[Gove Saulsbury]]'''<br>{{Small|(1815–1881)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=229–230}}<ref name="nga-saulsbury">{{Cite web |title=Gove Saulsbury |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/gove-saulsbury/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=844–845}} |rowspan="2"|{{dts|March 1, 1865}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1865-03-07 |title=Gov. Cannon's Death Announced in the Legislature |page=2 |work=Delaware Gazette and State Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/delaware-gazette-and-state-journal-sauls/129597382/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 17, 1871<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |rowspan="2"|[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[1866 Delaware gubernatorial election|1866]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|42 |data-sort-value="Ponder, James"|[[File:JamesPonder.gif|75px]] |'''[[James Ponder]]'''<br>{{Small|(1819–1897)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=230}}<ref name="nga-ponder">{{Cite web |title=James Ponder |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/james-ponder/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=845–846}} |{{dts|January 17, 1871}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1871-01-18 |title=none | quote=Governor Ponder was inaugurated yesterday... |page=2 |work=Smyrna Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/smyrna-times-ponder-inaugurated-january/129597623/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 19, 1875<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1870 Delaware gubernatorial election|1870]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|43 |data-sort-value="Cochran, John"|[[File:CochranJohn.png|75px]] |'''[[John P. Cochran]]'''<br>{{Small|(1809–1898)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=230–231}}<ref name="nga-cochran">{{Cite web |title=John Polk Cochran |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-polk-cochran/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=846–847}} |{{dts|January 19, 1875}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1875-01-19 |title=Governor Cochran |page=4 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-cochran-inaugurated-jan/129598145/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 21, 1879<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1874 Delaware gubernatorial election|1874]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|44 |data-sort-value="Hall, John"|[[File:HallJohnWood.gif|75px]] |'''[[John W. Hall]]'''<br>{{Small|(1817–1892)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=231}}<ref name="nga-hall-john">{{Cite web |title=John Wood Hall |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-wood-hall/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=847–848}} |{{dts|January 21, 1879}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1879-01-22 |title=The Inauguration |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-hall-inaugurated-januar/129598269/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 16, 1883<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1878 Delaware gubernatorial election|1878]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|45 |data-sort-value="Stockley, Charles"|[[File:StockleyCharles.gif|75px]] |'''[[Charles C. Stockley]]'''<br>{{Small|(1819–1901)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=231–232}}<ref name="nga-stockley">{{Cite web |title=Charles Clark Stockley |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/charles-clark-stockley/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=848–849}} |{{dts|January 16, 1883}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1883-01-16 |title=Inaugurated |page=1 |work=The Daily Gazette |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-gazette-stockley-inaugurated-j/129598993/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 18, 1887<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1882 Delaware gubernatorial election|1882]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|46 |data-sort-value="Biggs, Benjamin"|[[File:BenjaminBiggs.png|75px]] |'''[[Benjamin T. Biggs]]'''<br>{{Small|(1821–1893)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=232}}<ref name="nga-biggs">{{Cite web |title=Benjamin Thomas Biggs |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/benjamin-thomas-biggs/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=849}} |{{dts|January 18, 1887}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1887-01-20 |title=Gov. Biggs Inaugurated |page=2 |work=Delaware Gazette and State Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/delaware-gazette-and-state-journal-biggs/129599255/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 20, 1891<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1886 Delaware gubernatorial election|1886]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|47 |data-sort-value="Reynolds, Robert"|[[File:RobertReynolds.gif|75px]] |'''[[Robert J. Reynolds]]'''<br>{{Small|(1838–1909)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=232–233}}<ref name="nga-reynolds">{{Cite web |title=Robert John Reynolds |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/robert-john-reynolds/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=849–850}} |{{dts|January 20, 1891}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1891-01-20 |title=Governor Reynolds |page=3 |work=The Evening Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-journal-reynolds-inaugurated/129599492/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 15, 1895<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1890 Delaware gubernatorial election|1890]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|48 |data-sort-value="Marvil, Joshua"|[[File:MarvilJoshua.gif|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Joshua H. Marvil]]'''<br>{{Small|(1825–1895)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=233}}<ref name="nga-marvil">{{Cite web |title=Joshua Hopkins Marvil |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/joshua-hopkins-marvil/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=850–851}} |{{dts|January 15, 1895}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1895-01-16 |title=Marvil Inaugurated |page=1 |work=The Morning News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-news-marvil-inaugurated-janu/129599561/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />April 8, 1895<br>{{small|(died in office)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1894 Delaware gubernatorial election|1894]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|49 |data-sort-value="Watson, William"|[[File:WilliamTharpWatson.gif|75px]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[William T. Watson]]'''<br>{{Small|(1849–1917)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=233–234}}<ref name="nga-watson">{{Cite web |title=William Tharp Watson |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/william-tharp-watson/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=851}} |{{dts|April 8, 1895}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1895-04-09 |title=The Succession |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-watson-succeeds-marvil/129599673/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 19, 1897<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|50 |data-sort-value="Tunnell, Ebe"|[[File:Ebetunnell.png|75px]] |'''[[Ebe W. Tunnell]]'''<br>{{Small|(1844–1917)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=234}}<ref name="nga-tunnell">{{Cite web |title=Ebe Walter Tunnell |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/ebe-walter-tunnell/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=851–852}} |{{dts|January 19, 1897}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1897-01-19 |title=Tunnell Inaugurated |page=4 |work=Daily Republican |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-republican-tunnell-inaugurated-jan/129599761/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 15, 1901<br>{{small|(did not run)}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1896 Delaware gubernatorial election|1896]]{{efn|Because Marvil died so early in his term, the General Assembly decided to conduct an election for a full term in 1896, changing the election schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1895-04-14 |title=Delaware's Change in Elections |page=6 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times-delawares-change-in/132454410/ |access-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|51 |data-sort-value="Hunn, John"|[[File:Hunn.gif|75px]] |rowspan="9" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[John Hunn (governor)|John Hunn]]'''<br>{{Small|(1849–1926)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=235}}<ref name="nga-hunn">{{Cite web |title=John Hunn |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-hunn/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=852–853}} |{{dts|January 15, 1901}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1901-01-15 |title=Governor Hunn Duly Inaugurated |page=5 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-hunn-inaugurated-januar/129599880/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 17, 1905<br>{{small|(did not run)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1900 Delaware gubernatorial election|1900]] |rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";|&nbsp; |{{sortname|Philip L.|Cannon}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|52 |data-sort-value="Lea, Preston"|[[File:Preston Lea.gif|75px]] |'''[[Preston Lea]]'''<br>{{Small|(1841–1916)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=235–236}}<ref name="nga-lea">{{Cite web |title=Preston Lea |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/preston-lea/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=853–854}} |{{dts|January 17, 1905}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1905-01-17 |title=Governor Lea Duly Inaugurated |page=5 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-lea-inaugurated-january/129599958/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 19, 1909<br>{{small|(did not run)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1904 Delaware gubernatorial election|1904]] |{{sortname|Isaac T.|Parker}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|53 |data-sort-value="Pennewill, Simeon"|[[File:PENNEWILL, S.S. GOVERNOR LCCN2016857560 (cropped).jpg|75px]] |'''[[Simeon S. Pennewill]]'''<br>{{Small|(1867–1935)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=236}}<ref name="nga-pennewill">{{Cite web |title=Simeon Selby Pennewill |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/simeon-selby-pennewill/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 19, 1909}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1909-01-19 |title=New Governor Was Sworn Into Office at Noon |page=1 |work=The Evening Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-journal-pennewill-inaugurate/129600051/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 21, 1913<br>{{small|(did not run)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1908 Delaware gubernatorial election|1908]] |{{sortname|John M.|Mendinhall}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|54 |data-sort-value="Miller, Charles"|[[File:Miller 2989417695 76253e1e15 o.jpg|75px]] |'''[[Charles R. Miller (politician)|Charles R. Miller]]'''<br>{{Small|(1857–1927)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=237}}<ref name="nga-miller">{{Cite web |title=Charles Robert Miller |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/charles-robert-miller/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 21, 1913}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1913-01-21 |title=The Inauguration of Governor C. R. Miller |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-miller-inaugurated-janu/129600122/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 16, 1917<br>{{small|(did not run)}}{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=237}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=237}} |[[1912 Delaware gubernatorial election|1912]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|Colen|Ferguson}}{{efn|Represented the [[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic Party]]|name=lt-dem}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|55 |data-sort-value="Townsend, John"|[[File:John G. Townsend, Jr.jpg|75px]] |'''[[John G. Townsend Jr.]]'''<br>{{Small|(1871–1964)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=237–238}}<ref name="nga-townsend">{{Cite web |title=John Gillis Townsend |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-gillis-townsend/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 16, 1917}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1917-01-16 |title=John G. Townsend Inaugurated Governor; Declares for Woman's Suffrage, Workmen's Compensation and Praises Du Pont Boulevard |page=1 |work=The Evening Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-journal-townsend-inaugurated/129603044/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 18, 1921<br>{{small|(did not run)}}{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=237–238}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1916 Delaware gubernatorial election|1916]] |{{sortname|Lewis E.|Eliason}}{{efn|name=lt-dem}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|56 |data-sort-value="Denney, William"|[[File:William duHamel Denney.png|75px]] |'''[[William D. Denney]]'''<br>{{Small|(1873–1953)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=238–239}}<ref name="nga-denney">{{Cite web |title=William Du Hamel Denney |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/william-du-hamel-denney/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 18, 1921}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1921-01-18 |title=New Executive Sounds Keynote for Adequate School System; Urges Program of Economy |page=1 |work=The Evening Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-journal-denney-inaugurated-j/129603126/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 20, 1925<br>{{small|(did not run)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1920 Delaware gubernatorial election|1920]] |rowspan="4" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|J. Danforth|Bush}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|57 |data-sort-value="Robinson, Robert"|[[File:Robert P. Robinson LCCN2014717858.jpg|75px]] |'''[[Robert P. Robinson (Delaware politician)|Robert P. Robinson]]'''<br>{{Small|(1869–1939)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=239–240}}<ref name="nga-robinson">{{Cite web |title=Robert Pyle Robinson |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/robert-pyle-robinson/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 20, 1925}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=McVey |first=William J. |date=1925-01-20 |title=Robert P. Robinson Becomes Governor |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-robinson-inaugurated-ja/129649012/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 15, 1929<br>{{small|(did not run)}}{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=239–240}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1924 Delaware gubernatorial election|1924]] |{{sortname|James H.|Anderson|dab=politician}} |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|58 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Buck, C. Douglass"|[[File:C. Douglass Buck.jpg|75px]] |rowspan="2"|'''[[C. Douglass Buck]]'''<br>{{Small|(1890–1965)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=240–241}}<ref name="nga-buck">{{Cite web |title=Clayton Douglass Buck |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/clayton-douglass-buck/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 15, 1929}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1929-01-15 |title=Governor C. Douglass Buck Takes Office; for Lower Taxes and 'Pay-As-You-Go' Plan |page=1 |work=The Evening Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-journal-buck-inaugurated-jan/129649098/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 19, 1937<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|Under the 1897 constitution, governors were not eligible a third time to the office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Del. Const. art. III, § 5 |url=http://www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu/Search/results.aspx?srch=1&state=%27DE%27&CID=156&art=3&sec=5&amd=&key=&Yr= |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu}}</ref>|name=limits-1897}} |rowspan="2"|[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1928 Delaware gubernatorial election|1928]] |{{sortname|James H.|Hazel}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[1932 Delaware gubernatorial election|1932]] |{{sortname|Roy F.|Corley}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|59 |data-sort-value="McMullen, Richard"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Richard McMullen]]'''<br>{{Small|(1868–1944)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=241}}<ref name="nga-mcmullen">{{Cite web |title=Richard Cann McMullen |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/richard-cann-mcmullen/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 19, 1937}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1937-01-19 |title=McMullen Inaugurated Governor |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-mcmullen-inaugurated-ja/129649150/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 21, 1941<br>{{small|(did not run)}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1936 Delaware gubernatorial election|1936]] |rowspan="4" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|Edward W.|Cooch}} |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|60 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Bacon, Walter"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|'''[[Walter W. Bacon]]'''<br>{{Small|(1880–1962)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=242}}<ref name="nga-bacon">{{Cite web |title=Walter Wolfkiel Bacon |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/walter-wolfkiel-bacon/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 21, 1941}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1941-01-22 |title=Bacon Opens Term With Economy Plea |page=1 |work=The Morning News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-news-bacon-inaugurated-janua/129649330/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 18, 1949<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1897}} |rowspan="2"|[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1940 Delaware gubernatorial election|1940]] |{{sortname|Isaac J.|MacCollum}}{{efn|name=lt-dem}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[1944 Delaware gubernatorial election|1944]] |{{sortname|Elbert N.|Carvel}}{{efn|name=lt-dem}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|61 |data-sort-value="Carvel, Elbert"|[[File:Elbert N. Carvel (DE 2).png|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Elbert N. Carvel]]'''<br>{{Small|(1910–2005)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=242–243}}<ref name="nga-carvel">{{Cite web |title=Elbert Nortrand Carvel |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/elbert-nortrand-carvel/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 18, 1949}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1949-01-19 |title=Revamping of State Agencies Highlight of Carvel Program |page=1 |work=The Morning News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-news-carvel-inaugurated-janu/129649369/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 20, 1953<br>{{small|(lost election)}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1948 Delaware gubernatorial election|1948]] |{{sortname|Alexis I. du Pont|Bayard}} |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|62 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Boggs, J. Caleb"|[[File:J. Caleb Boggs.jpg|75px]] |rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|'''[[J. Caleb Boggs]]'''<br>{{Small|(1909–1993)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=243–244}}<ref name="nga-boggs">{{Cite web |title=James Caleb Boggs |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/james-caleb-boggs/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 20, 1953}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanger |first=Richard P. |date=1953-01-20 |title=Delaware's 62nd Chief Executive Sworn In at 12:11 |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-boggs-inaugurated-janua/129649510/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />December 30, 1960<br>{{small|(resigned)}}{{efn|Boggs resigned, having been [[1960 United States Senate election in Delaware|elected]] to the [[United States Senate]].<ref name="nga-boggs" />}} |rowspan="2"|[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1952 Delaware gubernatorial election|1952]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|John W.|Rollins}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[1956 Delaware gubernatorial election|1956]] |{{sortname|David P.|Buckson}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|63 |data-sort-value="Buckson, David"|[[File:David Buckson (DE).png|75px]] |'''[[David P. Buckson]]'''<br>{{Small|(1920–2017)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=244–245}}<ref name="nga-buckson">{{Cite web |title=David Penrose Buckson |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/david-penrose-buckson/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|December 30, 1960}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Russell |first=Jack K. |date=1960-12-30 |title=Buckson Assumes Office As Short-Term Governor |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-buckson-succeeds-boggs/129649553/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 17, 1961<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Succeeded from<br>lieutenant<br>governor}} | colspan="2" style="background:#eee;"|''Vacant'' |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|64 |data-sort-value="Carvel, Elbert"|[[File:Elbert Carvel (1963) (cropped).png|75px]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Elbert N. Carvel]]'''<br>{{Small|(1910–2005)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=242–243}}<ref name="nga-carvel" /> |{{dts|January 17, 1961}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Liberman |first=Cy |date=1961-01-18 |title=Carvel Code for Aides Applauded |page=1 |work=The Morning News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-news-carvel-inaugurated-janu/129650124/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 19, 1965<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1897}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1960 Delaware gubernatorial election|1960]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|Eugene|Lammot}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|65 |data-sort-value="Terry, Charles"|[[File:Charles Terry (1965).png|75px]] |'''[[Charles L. Terry Jr.]]'''<br>{{Small|(1900–1970)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=245}}<ref name="nga-terry">{{Cite web |title=Charles L. Terry |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/charles-l-terry/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 19, 1965}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perry |first=Christopher |date=1965-01-19 |title=Gov. Terry Pledges Equality |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-terry-inaugurated-janua/129650203/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 21, 1969<br>{{small|(lost election)}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1964 Delaware gubernatorial election|1964]] |{{sortname|Sherman W.|Tribbitt}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|66 |data-sort-value="Peterson, Russell"| [[File:Russell W. Peterson, c. 1971–1972.jpg|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Russell W. Peterson]]'''<br>{{Small|(1916–2011)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=245–246}}<ref name="nga-peterson">{{Cite web |title=Russell W. Peterson |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/russell-w-peterson/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 21, 1969}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Distelheim |first=Joe |date=1969-01-22 |title=Peterson Seeks Progress via Unity |page=1 |work=The Morning News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-news-peterson-inaugurated-ja/129650261/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 16, 1973<br>{{small|(lost election)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1968 Delaware gubernatorial election|1968]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|{{sortname|Eugene|Bookhammer}}{{efn|Represented the [[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican Party]]|name=lt-rep}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|67 |data-sort-value="Tribbitt, Sherman"|[[File:Sherman W. Tribbett (1922–2010), Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Delaware.jpg|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Sherman W. Tribbitt]]'''<br>{{Small|(1922–2010)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=246}}<ref name="nga-tribbitt">{{Cite web |title=Sherman W. Tribbitt |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/sherman-w-tribbitt/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 16, 1973}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schmadeke |first=John |date=1973-01-17 |title=Tribbitt Sworn; Pledges Fiscal Study |page=1 |work=The Morning News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-news-tribbitt-inaugurated-ja/129650356/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 18, 1977<br>{{small|(lost election)}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1972 Delaware gubernatorial election|1972]] |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|68 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="du Pont, Pete"|[[File:DupontPETE (cropped).jpg|75px]] |rowspan="5" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|'''[[Pete du Pont]]'''<br>{{Small|(1935–2021)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=247}}<ref name="nga-dupont">{{Cite web |title=Pierre Samuel Du Pont |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/pierre-samuel-du-pont/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 18, 1977}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moyed |first=Ralph S. |date=1977-01-19 |title=Severe Tests Face Du Point As He Begins Term As Governor |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-du-pont-inaugurated-jan/129650407/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 15, 1985<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1897}} |rowspan="2"|[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]<ref name="nga-dupont" /> |[[1976 Delaware gubernatorial election|1976]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|James D.|McGinnis}}{{efn|name=lt-dem}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[1980 Delaware gubernatorial election|1980]] |style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|Mike|Castle}} |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|69 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Castle, Mike"|[[File:Mike Castle 1982.jpg|75px]] |rowspan="2"|'''[[Mike Castle]]'''<br>{{Small|(1939–2025)}}<br><ref name="nga-castle">{{Cite web |title=Michael Newbold Castle |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/michael-newbold-castle/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 15, 1985}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cohen |first=Celia |date=1985-01-16 |title=Castle Sworn In As Governor |page=A1 |work=The Morning News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-news-castle-inaugurated-janu/129650465/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 2, 1993<br>{{small|(resigned)}}{{efn|Castle resigned, having been [[1992 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware|elected]] to the [[United States House of Representatives]].<ref name="nga-castle" />}} |rowspan="2"|[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]<ref name="nga-castle" /> |[[1984 Delaware gubernatorial election|1984]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|Shien Biau|Woo}}{{efn|name=lt-dem}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[1988 Delaware gubernatorial election|1988]] |style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|Dale E.|Wolf}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|70 |data-sort-value="Wolf, Dale"|[[File:Dale E. Wolf.jpg|75px]] |'''[[Dale E. Wolf]]'''<br>{{Small|(1924–2021)}}<br><ref name="nga-wolf">{{Cite web |title=Dale Edward Wolf |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/dale-edward-wolf/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 3, 1993}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kesler |first=Nancy |date=1993-01-04 |title=Wolf Sworn In As Del. Governor |page=A1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-wolf-succeeds-castle-ja/129650694/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 19, 1993<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]<ref name="nga-wolf" /> | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Succeeded from<br>lieutenant<br>governor}} | colspan="2" style="background:#eee;"|''Vacant'' |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|71 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Carper, Tom"|[[File:Thomas Carper.jpg|75px]] |rowspan="12" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|'''[[Tom Carper]]'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1947)}}<br><ref name="nga-carper">{{Cite web |title=Thomas R. Carper |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/thomas-r-carper/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 19, 1993}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kesler |first=Nancy |date=1993-01-20 |title=Committed to Posterity |page=A1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-carper-inaugurated-janu/129650805/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 3, 2001<br>{{small|(resigned)}}{{efn|Carper resigned, having been [[2000 United States Senate election in Delaware|elected]] to the [[United States Senate]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Tom Carper |url=https://www.carper.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/biography-and-pictures |access-date=December 20, 2018 |publisher=[[United States Senate]] |archive-date=April 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414104401/https://www.carper.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/biography-and-pictures |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |rowspan="2"|[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]<ref name="nga-carper" /> |[[1992 Delaware gubernatorial election|1992]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|{{sortname|Ruth Ann|Minner}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[1996 Delaware gubernatorial election|1996]] |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="3" scope="rowgroup"|72 |rowspan="3" data-sort-value="Minner, Ruth Ann"|[[File:Ruth Ann Minner.jpg|75px]] |rowspan="3"|'''[[Ruth Ann Minner]]'''<br>{{Small|(1935–2021)}}<br><ref name="nga-minner">{{Cite web |title=Ruth Ann Minner |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/ruth-ann-minner/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|{{dts|January 3, 2001}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Merriweather |first=James |date=2001-01-04 |title=Minner Is State's First Female Governor |page=B1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-minner-succeeds-carper/129651013/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 20, 2009<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1897}} |rowspan="3"|[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]<ref name="nga-minner" /> | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Succeeded from<br>lieutenant<br>governor}} | colspan="2" style="background:#eee;"|''Vacant'' |- style="height:2em;" |[[2000 Delaware gubernatorial election|2000]] |rowspan="4" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|{{sortname|John|Carney|dab=Delaware politician}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[2004 Delaware gubernatorial election|2004]] |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="3" scope="rowgroup"|73 |rowspan="3" data-sort-value="Markell, Jack"|[[File:Jack Markell 48-DPA-944 DSC 9158 (cropped).jpg|75px]] |rowspan="3"|'''[[Jack Markell]]'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1960)}}<br><ref name="nga-markell">{{Cite web |title=Jack Markell |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/jack-markell/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|{{dts|January 20, 2009}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Beth |date=2009-01-20 |title=Markell, Denn Take Reins In Delaware |page=A1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-markall-inaugurated-jan/129651215/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 17, 2017<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1897}} |rowspan="3"|[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]<ref name="nga-markell" /> |[[2008 Delaware gubernatorial election|2008]] |rowspan="2"|{{sortname|Matthew|Denn}}<br />{{small|(resigned January 6, 2015)}} |- style="height:2em;" |rowspan="2"|[[2012 Delaware gubernatorial election|2012]] |- style="height:2em;" | colspan="2" style="background:#eee;"|''Vacant'' |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|74 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Carney, John"|[[File:John C. Carney Jr. 2017.jpg|75px]] |rowspan="2"|'''[[John Carney (Delaware politician)|John Carney]]'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1956)}}<br><ref name="nga-carney">{{Cite web |title=John Carney |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-carney/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 17, 2017}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-18 |title=John Carney Becomes 74th Governor Of Delaware |language=en-US |url=https://firststateupdate.com/2017/01/john-carney-becomes-74th-governor-of-delaware/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 7, 2025<br>{{small|(resigned)}}{{efn|Carney resigned, having been [[2024 Wilmington mayoral election|elected]] [[List of mayors of Wilmington, Delaware|mayor of Wilmington]].}} |rowspan="2"|[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]<ref name="nga-carney" /> |[[2016 Delaware gubernatorial election|2016]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" ; | |rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Bethany|Hall-Long}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[2020 Delaware gubernatorial election|2020]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|75 |data-sort-value="Hall-Long, Bethany"|[[File:Bethany Hall-Long.jpg|109x109px]] |'''[[Bethany Hall-Long]]'''<br>{{small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1963)}}<br><ref name="nga-halllong">{{Cite web |title=Bethany Hall-Long |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/bethany-hall-long/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=National Governors Association |date=7 January 2025 }}</ref> |{{dts|January 7, 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=jeffreyboyer |date=2025-01-07 |title=Swearing-In Ceremony of Bethany Hall-Long as Delaware's 75th Governor |url=https://news.delaware.gov/2025/01/07/swearing-in-ceremony-of-bethany-hall-long-as-delawares-75th-governor/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=State of Delaware News |language=en-US}}</ref><br>–<br>January 21, 2025<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]<ref name="nga-halllong" /> | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Succeeded from<br>lieutenant<br>governor}} | colspan="2" style="background:#eee;"|''Vacant'' |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|76 |data-sort-value="Meyer, Matt" |[[File:Matt Meyer.png|75px]] |'''[[Matt Meyer]]'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1971)}}<br><ref name="nga-meyer">{{Cite web |title=Matt Meyer |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/matt-meyer/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=National Governors Association}}</ref> |{{dts|January 21, 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=Matthew S. Meyer Sworn-in as the 76th Governor of the State of Delaware |url=https://news.delaware.gov/2025/01/21/mathew-s-meyer-sworn-in-as-the-76th-governor-of-the-state-of-delaware/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=State of Delaware News |language=en-US}}</ref><br>–<br>Incumbent{{efn|Meyer's term [[2028 Delaware gubernatorial election|expires]] on January 16, 2029.}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]<ref name="nga-meyer" /> |[[2024 Delaware gubernatorial election|2024]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|Kyle Evans|Gay}} |} == Living former Governors of Delaware == As of February 2026, there are four living former Governors of Delaware, the oldest being [[Tom Carper]], who served as the 71st Governor of Delaware from 1993-2001 and then as a U.S. Senator for the state from 2001-2025, at 70. The most recent death of a former governor was that of [[Mike Castle]], who served as the 69th Governor of Connecticut (served 1985-1992) on August 14, 2025.{{Gallery|Tom Carper, official portrait, 112th Congress (cropped).jpg|[[Tom Carper]]<br/>(1993-2001)<br/>Born {{Birth date|1947|1|23}}<br/>(age {{age in years and days|1947|1|23}})|Jack Markell, U.S. Ambassador.jpg|[[Jack Markell]]<br/>(2009-2017)<br/>Born {{Birth date|1960|11|26}}<br/>(age {{age in years and days|1960|11|26}})|John C. Carney Jr. White House.jpg|[[John C. Carney Jr.|John Carney]]<br/>(January 17, 2017-January 7, 2025)<br/>Born {{Birth date|1956|5|20}}<br/>(age {{age in years and days|1956|5|20}}){{Efn|Resigned as governor right after taking the oath of office as Mayor of Wilmington}}|Sheriff's House Welcome Center Ribbon Cutting (2e9a4eab-9a7c-47fc-826d-375997671ceb) (cropped).jpg|[[Bethany Hall-Long]]<br/>(January 7-January 21, 2025)<br/>Born {{Birth date|1963|11|12}}<br/>(age {{age in years and days|1963|11|12}}){{Efn|Hall-Long had served as the 75th Governor of Delaware for a period of 14 days after John Carney had resigned to be sworn in as the Mayor of Wilmington}}|||title=|align=center|footer=|style=|state=|height=170|width=130|captionstyle=text-align: center|alt1=|alt2=|alt3=|alt4=|alt6=}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Other websites== * [http://governor.delaware.gov/ Office of the Governor of Delaware] * [http://regulations.delaware.gov/Tour/information/Governors/index.shtml Delaware Hall of Governors] [[Category:Governors of Delaware|*]] {{US-stub}} nvab6723u0duwgca4y5nnnfjtzddqgj 11024267 11024266 2026-10-09T02:01:27Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 11024267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Political post | post = Governor | body = Delaware | insignia = Seal of Delaware.svg | insigniasize = 110px | insigniacaption = [[Seal of Delaware|Great Seal of the State of Delaware]] | image = Delmarva Chicken Association Booster BBQ - 55313846273 (cropped).jpg | incumbent = [[Matt Meyer]] | incumbentsince = January 21, 2025 | style = The Honorable | department = [[Government of Delaware]] | residence = [[Delaware Governor's Mansion]]<br/>[[Dover, Delaware]] | termlength = Four years, renewable once | inaugural = [[John McKinly]] | formation = February 12, 1777 | deputy = [[Lieutenant Governor of Delaware]] | salary = $171,000 (2013)<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 25, 2013 |title=CSG Releases 2013 Governor Salaries |url=http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/content/csg-releases-2013-governor-salaries |access-date=November 23, 2014 |publisher=The Council of State Governments |archive-date=October 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022032437/http://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/content/csg-releases-2013-governor-salaries |url-status=dead }}</ref> | website = {{URL|governor.delaware.gov}} }} The '''Governor of Delaware''' ('''President of Delaware''' from 1776 to 1792) is the head of the executive branch of [[Delaware|Delaware's state government]] and the commander-in-chief of the [[U.S. state|state's]] [[Delaware National Guard|military forces]]. The current governor is [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democrat]] [[Matt Meyer]], who took office on January 21, 2025. ==List of Governors== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible sticky-header-multi" style="text-align:center;" |+ Governors of the State of Delaware !scope="col" data-sort-type="number"|{{abbr|No.|Number}}{{efn|The official website labels John Carney as the 74th governor;<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Governor John Carney |url=https://governor.delaware.gov/about-governor-john-carney/ |access-date=November 16, 2018 |publisher=Governor of Delaware |archive-date=October 6, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006145618/https://governor.delaware.gov/about-governor-john-carney/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> this indicates that repeat, non-consecutive terms are numbered.}} !scope="colgroup" colspan="3"|Governor{{efn|The office was named president until 1792.<ref name="1792const-a3-s1">1792 Const. art. III, § 1</ref>}} !scope="col"|Term in office !scope="col"|Party !scope="col"|Election !scope="colgroup" colspan="2"|[[Lieutenant Governor of Delaware|Lt. Governor]]{{efn|The office of lieutenant governor was created in 1897,<ref name="const-a3-s19">DE Const. art. III, § 19</ref> with the first election taking place in 1900.}}{{efn|Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|1 |data-sort-value="McKinly, John"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |rowspan="9" style="background:{{party color|Nonpartisan politician}};"|&nbsp; |'''[[John McKinly]]'''<br>{{Small|(1721–1796)}}<br><ref name="nga-mckinly">{{Cite web |title=John McKinly |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-mckinly/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=67}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=820}} |{{dts|February 21, 1777}}<ref>{{cite book| last1=Runk | first1=J. M. & Co | title = Biographical and Genealogical History of the State of Delaware| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=k7UNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA67| date = 1899| publisher = | language = en| page = 67 }}</ref><br />–<br />September 12, 1777{{efn|Most sources do not specify the day McKinly was captured; at least one specifies that McKinly and the city of Wilmington were captured the day after the [[Battle of Brandywine]], which was on September 11, 1777.<ref>{{cite book| last = Delaware Federal Writers' Project| title = Delaware: A Guide to the First State| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vJ5OeFvqWRAC| year = 1938| publisher = US History Publishers| isbn = 978-1-60354-008-7| page = 48| access-date = August 4, 2010 }}</ref>|name=date-1777}}<br>{{small|(arrested and removed)}}{{efn|McKinly was captured and taken prisoner by [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] forces.<ref>{{cite book| last = McGuire| first = Thomas J.| title = The Philadelphia Campaign| year = 2006| publisher = Stackpole Books| location = Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania| isbn = 978-0-8117-0206-5| page = 278 }}</ref> He was [[prisoner exchange|exchanged]] for loyalist Governor [[William Franklin]] of New Jersey in August 1778.<ref>{{cite book| last = Rowe| first = Gail Stuart| title = Thomas McKean: The Shaping of an American Republicanism| url = https://archive.org/details/thomasmckeanshap0000rowe| year = 1978| isbn = 978-0-87081-100-5| page = [https://archive.org/details/thomasmckeanshap0000rowe/page/n164 147] | publisher = Colorado Associated University Press}}</ref>|name=war}} |rowspan="9"|''No parties'' |[[1777 Delaware gubernatorial election|1777]] | colspan="2" rowspan="53" style="background:#eee;"|''Office did not exist'' |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|2 |data-sort-value="McKean, Thomas"|[[File:ThomasMcKean.gif|75px]] |'''[[Thomas McKean]]'''<br>{{Small|(1734–1817)}}<br><ref name="nga-mckean">{{Cite web |title=Thomas McKean |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/thomas-mckean-3/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=67}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=820–821}} |{{dts|September 12, 1777}}{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|pp=112–115}}<br />–<br />October 20, 1777<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of the<br>Assembly<br>acting as<br>vice-president}}{{efn|Speaker of the Assembly McKean acted as chief executive until the return of speaker of the Legislative Council Read from the [[Continental Congress]] in [[Philadelphia]], who then served as vice-president for the remainder of the term.{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=821}}|name=after-mckinly}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|3 |data-sort-value="Read, George"|[[File:GeorgeRead.gif|75px]] |'''[[George Read (American politician, born 1733)|George Read]]'''<br>{{Small|(1733–1798)}}<br><ref name="nga-read">{{Cite web |title=George Read |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/george-read/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=67}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=821–822}} |{{dts|October 20, 1777}}{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|pp=112–115}}<br />–<br />March 31, 1778<br>{{small|(did not run)}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of the<br>Legislative<br>Council<br>serving as<br>vice-president}}{{efn|name=after-mckinly}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|4 |data-sort-value="Rodney, Caesar"|[[File:CaesarRodney.jpeg|75px]] |'''[[Caesar Rodney]]'''<br>{{Small|(1728–1784)}}<br><ref name="nga-rodney-caesar">{{Cite web |title=Caesar Rodney |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/caesar-rodney/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=67}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=822}} |{{dts|March 31, 1778}}{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|pp=112–115}}<br />–<br />November 13, 1781{{efn|Kallenbach has Rodney leaving office on November 5, with a gap until Dickinson takes office, with no reason given.{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|pp=112–115}}}}<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|Under the 1776 constitution, presidents were ineligible to the office until three years had passed after leaving it.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1776 Del. Const. art. VII |url=http://www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu/Search/results.aspx?srch=1&state=%27DE%27&CID=153&art=7&sec=&amd=&key=&Yr= |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu}}</ref>|name=limits-1776}} |[[1778 Delaware gubernatorial election|1778]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|5 |data-sort-value="Dickinson, John"|[[File:JohnDickinson4.gif|75px]] |'''[[John Dickinson]]'''<br>{{Small|(1732–1808)}}<br><ref name="nga-dickinson">{{Cite web |title=John Dickinson |date=15 January 2019 |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-dickinson/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=67}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=822–824}} |{{dts|November 13, 1781}}{{efn|Sources disagree on when Dickinson took office; the proceedings of the assembly, published in 1988, says his inaugural address was delivered November 13;<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Bushman| first1 = Claudia L.| last2 = Hancock| first2 = Harold Bell| last3 = Homsey| first3 = Elizabeth Moyne| title = Proceedings of the House of Assembly of the Delaware state, 1781-1792, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1792| url = http://archive.org/details/proceedingsofhou0000unse| date = 1988| publisher = Newark : University of Delaware Press ; London : Associated University Presses| isbn = 978-0-87413-309-7| page = 59 }}</ref> the governor's register, published in 1926, says he was elected on November 13 and inaugurated on November 14.{{sfn|Register|1926|p=27}}}}<br />–<br />January 13, 1783<br>{{small|(resigned)}}{{efn|Dickinson was elected [[Governor of Pennsylvania|President of Pennsylvania]] and took office November 7, 1782, holding both presidencies simultaneously. Criticism of this caused him to turn administration of the state over to Speaker of the Legislative Council Cook, but Dickinson did not formally resign until January 13, 1783.{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=67}}<ref name="dickinson-resigns">{{cite book| last1 = Bushman| first1 = Claudia L.| last2 = Hancock| first2 = Harold Bell| last3 = Homsey| first3 = Elizabeth Moyne| title = Proceedings of the House of Assembly of the Delaware state, 1781-1792, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1792| url = http://archive.org/details/proceedingsofhou0000unse| date = 1988| publisher = Newark : University of Delaware Press ; London : Associated University Presses| isbn = 978-0-87413-309-7| page = 108 }}</ref>}} |[[1781 Delaware gubernatorial election|1781]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|6 |data-sort-value="Cook, John"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[John Cook (governor)|John Cook]]'''<br>{{Small|(1730–1789)}}<br><ref name="nga-cook">{{Cite web |title=John Cook |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-cook/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=67}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=824}} |{{dts|January 13, 1783}}<ref name="dickinson-resigns" /><br />–<br />February 8, 1783<br>{{small|(did not run)}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of the<br>Legislative<br>Council<br>serving as<br>vice-president}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|7 |data-sort-value="Van Dyke, Nicholas"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[Nicholas Van Dyke (politician, born 1738)|Nicholas Van Dyke]]'''<br>{{Small|(1738–1789)}}<br><ref name="nga-vandyke">{{Cite web |title=Nicholas Van Dyke |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/nicholas-van-dyke/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=67}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=824–825}} |{{dts|February 8, 1783}}<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Bushman| first1 = Claudia L.| last2 = Hancock| first2 = Harold Bell| last3 = Homsey| first3 = Elizabeth Moyne| title = Proceedings of the House of Assembly of the Delaware state, 1781-1792, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1792| url = http://archive.org/details/proceedingsofhou0000unse| date = 1988| publisher = Newark : University of Delaware Press ; London : Associated University Presses| isbn = 978-0-87413-309-7| pages = 148–151 }}</ref><br />–<br />October 28, 1786<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1776}} |[[1783 Delaware gubernatorial election|1783]]<br>{{small|(special)}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|8 |data-sort-value="Collins, Thomas"| |'''[[Thomas Collins (governor)|Thomas Collins]]'''<br>{{Small|(1732–1789)}}<br><ref name="nga-collins-thomas">{{Cite web |title=Thomas Collins |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/thomas-collins/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|pp=67–68}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=825}} |{{dts|October 28, 1786}}<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Bushman| first1 = Claudia L.| last2 = Hancock| first2 = Harold Bell| last3 = Homsey| first3 = Elizabeth Moyne| title = Proceedings of the House of Assembly of the Delaware state, 1781-1792, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1792| url = http://archive.org/details/proceedingsofhou0000unse| date = 1988| publisher = Newark : University of Delaware Press ; London : Associated University Presses| isbn = 978-0-87413-309-7| page = 392 }}</ref><br />–<br />March 29, 1789<br>{{small|(died in office)}} |[[1786 Delaware gubernatorial election|1786]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|9 |data-sort-value="Davis, Jehu"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[Jehu Davis]]'''<br>{{Small|(1738–1802)}}<br><ref name="nga-davis">{{Cite web |title=Jehu Davis |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/jehu-davis/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=68}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=826}} |{{dts|March 29, 1789}}{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|pp=112–115}}<br />–<br />June 2, 1789<br>{{small|(did not run)}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of the<br>Legislative<br>Council<br>serving as<br>vice-president}} |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|10 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Clayton, Joshua"|[[File:JoshuaClayton.gif|75px]] |rowspan="6" style="background:{{party color|Federalist Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|'''[[Joshua Clayton]]'''<br>{{Small|(1744–1798)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=211}}<ref name="nga-clayton">{{Cite web |title=Joshua Clayton |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/joshua-clayton/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=68}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=826–827}} |rowspan="2"|{{dts|June 2, 1789}}<ref>{{cite book| last1 = Bushman| first1 = Claudia L.| last2 = Hancock| first2 = Harold Bell| last3 = Homsey| first3 = Elizabeth Moyne| title = Proceedings of the House of Assembly of the Delaware state, 1781-1792, and of the Constitutional Convention of 1792| url = http://archive.org/details/proceedingsofhou0000unse| date = 1988| publisher = Newark : University of Delaware Press ; London : Associated University Presses| isbn = 978-0-87413-309-7| page = 633 }}</ref><br />–<br />January 13, 1796<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|Clayton's first term was as president, so he was eligible to run for a term as governor.{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}}}}{{efn|Under the 1792 constitution, governors could serve no longer than three in any term of six years.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1792 Del. Const. art. III, § 3 |url=http://www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu/Search/results.aspx?srch=1&state=%27DE%27&CID=154&art=3&sec=3&amd=&key=&Yr= |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu}}</ref>|name=limits-1792}} |rowspan="2"|[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1789 Delaware gubernatorial election|1789]] |- style="height:2em;" |[[1792 Delaware gubernatorial election|1792]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|11 |data-sort-value="Bedford, Gunning"|[[File:Gunning Bedford (Senior).jpg|75px]] |'''[[Gunning Bedford Sr.]]'''<br>{{Small|(1742–1797)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=211–212}}<ref name="nga-bedford">{{Cite web |title=Gunning Bedford |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/gunning-bedford/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=68}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=827–828}} |{{dts|January 13, 1796}}{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|pp=112–115}}<br />–<br />September 28, 1797<br>{{small|(died in office)}}{{efn|Sources disagree on if Bedford died on September 28 or September 30, sometimes within the same source.{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=828}}|name=bedford-death}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=26}} |[[1795 Delaware gubernatorial election|1795]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|12 |data-sort-value="Rogers, Daniel"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[Daniel Rogers (politician)|Daniel Rogers]]'''<br>{{Small|(1754–1806)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=212}}<ref name="nga-rogers">{{Cite web |title=Daniel Rogers |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/daniel-rogers/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=68}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=828}} |{{dts|September 28, 1797}}{{efn|name=bedford-death}}<br />–<br />January 9, 1799<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|13 |data-sort-value="Bassett, Richard"|[[File:Richard bassett.jpg|75px]] |'''[[Richard Bassett (Delaware politician)|Richard Bassett]]'''<br>{{Small|(1745–1815)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=212–213}}<ref name="nga-bassett">{{Cite web |title=Richard Bassett |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/richard-bassett/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=68}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=828–829}} |{{dts|January 9, 1799}}{{efn|The constitutional start date for the term in 1799 was January 15; multiple sources say Bassett took office January 9, but it is not known why it was off schedule.{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|pp=112–115}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=829}} A few sources do say he took office January 15.<ref>{{cite book| last = Wolcott| first = James L.| title = Argument in Opposition to Henry A. Du Pont's Claim to the Office of United States Senator for the State of Delaware| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gj9UdRKp4-IC| year = 1896| publisher = B.H. Tyrrel| pages = 44–45| access-date = December 21, 2018 }}</ref>}}<br />–<br />March 3, 1801<br>{{small|(resigned)}}{{efn|Bassett resigned, having been confirmed to the [[United States circuit court|United States Third Circuit Court]].<ref name="nga-bassett" />}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=26}} |[[1798 Delaware gubernatorial election|1798]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|14 |data-sort-value="Sykes, James"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[James Sykes (governor)|James Sykes]]'''<br>{{Small|(1761–1822)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=213}}<ref name="nga-sykes">{{Cite web |title=James Sykes |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/james-sykes/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=68}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=829}} |{{dts|March 3, 1801}}{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|pp=112–115}}<br />–<br />January 19, 1802<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|15 |data-sort-value="Hall, David"|[[File:David Hall (Delaware Governor).jpg |75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}";| |'''[[David Hall (Delaware politician)|David Hall]]'''<br>{{Small|(1752–1817)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=214}}<ref name="nga-hall-david">{{Cite web |title=David Hall |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/david-hall/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|pp=68–69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=829–830}} |{{dts|January 19, 1802}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1802-01-22 |title=none | quote=On Tuesday the 19th inst. colonel David Hall, governor elect, was installed into office... |page=2 |work=Aurora General Advertiser |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/aurora-general-advertiser-hall-inaugurat/129463532/ |access-date=2023-08-05}}</ref><br />–<br />January 15, 1805<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1792}} |[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-<br />Republican]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=26}} |[[1801 Delaware gubernatorial election|1801]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|16 |data-sort-value="Mitchell, Nathaniel"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Federalist Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Nathaniel Mitchell]]'''<br>{{Small|(1753–1814)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=214–215}}<ref name="nga-mitchell">{{Cite web |title=Nathaniel Mitchell |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/nathaniel-mitchell/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=830}} |{{dts|January 15, 1805}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1805-01-24 |title=none | quote=... the following address was delivered on the 15th inst. by Mr. Mitchell, who succeeds him. |page=2 |work=Aurora General Advertiser |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/aurora-general-advertiser-nathaniel-mitc/64881619/ |access-date=2023-08-05}}</ref><br />–<br />January 19, 1808<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1792}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=26}} |[[1804 Delaware gubernatorial election|1804]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|17 |data-sort-value="Truitt, George"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[George Truitt]]'''<br>{{Small|(1756–1818)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=215}}<ref name="nga-truitt">{{Cite web |title=George Truitt |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/george-truitt/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=830–831}} |{{dts|January 19, 1808}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1808-01-30 |title=none | quote=On Tuesday last, the federal governor of the state of Delaware, G. Truitt, was sworn into power and place. |page=2 |work=Aurora General Advertiser |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/aurora-general-advertiser-truitt-inaugur/129463627/ |access-date=2023-08-05}}</ref><br />–<br />January 15, 1811<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1792}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=26}} |[[1807 Delaware gubernatorial election|1807]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|18 |data-sort-value="Haslet, Joseph"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}";| |'''[[Joseph Haslet]]'''<br>{{Small|(1769–1823)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=215–216}}<ref name="nga-haslet">{{Cite web |title=Joseph Haslet |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/joseph-haslet/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=831}} |{{dts|January 15, 1811}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=84}}<br />–<br />January 18, 1814<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1792}} |[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-<br />Republican]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=26}} |[[1810 Delaware gubernatorial election|1810]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|19 |data-sort-value="Rodney, Daniel"|[[File:Daniel Rodney.jpg|75px]] |rowspan="4" style="background:{{party color|Federalist Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Daniel Rodney]]'''<br>{{Small|(1764–1846)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=216}}<ref name="nga-rodney-daniel">{{Cite web |title=Daniel Rodney |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/daniel-rodney/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=831}} |{{dts|January 18, 1814}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=116}}<br />–<br />January 21, 1817<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1792}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=26}} |[[1813 Delaware gubernatorial election|1813]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|20 |data-sort-value="Clark, John"|[[File:Delaware governor John Clark.png|75px]] |'''[[John Clark (Delaware governor)|John Clark]]'''<br>{{Small|(1761–1821)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=217}}<ref name="nga-clark">{{Cite web |title=John Clark |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-clark/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=831–832}} |{{dts|January 21, 1817}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=141}}<br />–<br />January 15, 1820<br>{{small|(resigned)}}{{efn|Due to the death of Governor-elect Molleston, there was some question as to who should take office when Clark's term ended. To minimize any confusion, Clark resigned a few days ahead of schedule, and the newly elected state senate chose a speaker, John Stout, who would act as governor for one year of Molleston's term before a special election was held for the remaining two years.{{sfn|Register|1926|p=167}}<ref name="niles">{{cite book| last = Niles| first = H.| title = Niles' Weekly Register| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=a3chngEACAAJ| volume = I, Third Series| year = 1824| isbn = 978-0-8371-3045-3| page = 121| access-date = October 25, 2009 }}</ref>|name=molleston}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1816 Delaware gubernatorial election|1816]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|— |data-sort-value="Molleston, Henry"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[Henry Molleston]]'''<br>{{Small|(1762–1819)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=217}}{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}} |''Died before<br>taking office''{{efn|name=molleston}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1819 Delaware gubernatorial election|1819]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|21 |data-sort-value="Stout, Jacob"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[Jacob Stout]]'''<br>{{Small|(1764–1855)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=217–218}}<ref name="nga-stout">{{Cite web |title=Jacob Stout |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/jacob-stout/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=832}} |{{dts|January 15, 1820}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=167}}<br />–<br />January 16, 1821<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=217–218}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|22 |data-sort-value="Collins, John"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}";| |'''[[John Collins (governor)|John Collins]]'''<br>{{Small|(1776–1822)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=218–219}}<ref name="nga-collins-john">{{Cite web |title=John Collins |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-collins/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=833}} |{{dts|January 16, 1821}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=178}}<br />–<br />April 16, 1822<br>{{small|(died in office)}} |[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-<br />Republican]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1820 Delaware gubernatorial special election|1820]]<br>{{small|(special)}}{{efn|Special election to serve out the last two years of Henry Molleston's term<ref name="niles" />}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|23 |data-sort-value="Rodney, Caleb"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Federalist Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Caleb Rodney]]'''<br>{{Small|(1767–1840)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=219}}<ref name="nga-rodney-caleb">{{Cite web |title=Caleb Rodney |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/caleb-rodney/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=833}} |{{dts|April 23, 1822}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=185}}<br />–<br />January 21, 1823<br>{{small|(did not run)}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|24 |data-sort-value="Haslet, Joseph"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic-Republican Party}}";| |'''[[Joseph Haslet]]'''<br>{{Small|(1769–1823)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=215–216}}<ref name="nga-haslet" />{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=833}} |{{dts|January 21, 1823}}{{efn|The governor's register has Haslet being inaugurated on January 22, but it specifies the third Tuesday in January, which in 1823 was the 21st.{{sfn|Register|1926|p=196}}}}<br />–<br />June 20, 1823<br>{{small|(died in office)}} |[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-<br />Republican]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1822 Delaware gubernatorial special election|1822]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|25 |data-sort-value="Thomas, Charles"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[Charles Thomas (Delaware governor)|Charles Thomas]]'''<br>{{Small|(1790–1848)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=220}}<ref name="nga-thomas">{{Cite web |title=Charles Thomas |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/charles-thomas/ |access-date=February 17, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=833–834}} |{{dts|June 20, 1823}}{{efn|Haslet died on June 20;<ref>{{Cite news |date=1823-06-30 |title=none | quote=We also learn that Charles Thomas, esq. the speaker of the senate, on whom the duties of governor now devolve, lies dangerously ill. |page=2 |work=The Alexandria Herald |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-alexandria-herald-thomas-succeeds-ha/129576370/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref> Thomas was not sworn in until June 24.{{sfn|Register|1926|p=201}}}}<br />–<br />January 20, 1824<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-<br />Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|26 |data-sort-value="Paynter, Samuel"|[[File:SamuelPaynter.gif|75px]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Federalist Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Samuel Paynter]]'''<br>{{Small|(1768–1845)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=220}}<ref name="nga-paynter">{{Cite web |title=Samuel Paynter |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/samuel-paynter/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=69}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=834}} |{{dts|January 20, 1824}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=205}}<br />–<br />January 16, 1827<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1792}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1823 Delaware gubernatorial special election|1823]]<br>{{small|(special)}}{{efn|Because of the death of Haslet so early in his term, an early election was called. Unlike when Henry Molleston died, where the election was only for the final two years of his term, in this case the new election was for a new three-year term, causing the election schedule to shift.<ref name="niles" />}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|27 |data-sort-value="Polk, Charles"|[[File:CharlesPolk.png|75px]] |'''[[Charles Polk Jr.]]'''<br>{{Small|(1788–1857)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=221}}<ref name="nga-polk">{{Cite web |title=Charles Polk |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/charles-polk/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|pp=69–70}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=835}} |{{dts|January 16, 1827}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=229}}<br />–<br />January 19, 1830<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1792}} |[[Federalist Party|Federalist]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1826 Delaware gubernatorial election|1826]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|28 |data-sort-value="Hazzard, David"|[[File:DavidHazzard.png|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Anti-Jacksonian}}";| |'''[[David Hazzard]]'''<br>{{Small|(1781–1864)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=221–222}}<ref name="nga-hazzard">{{Cite web |title=David Hazzard |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/david-hazzard/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=70}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=835–836}} |{{dts|January 19, 1830}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=278}}<br />–<br />January 15, 1833<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|Under the 1831 constitution, governors were not eligible a second time to the office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1831 Del. Const. art. III, § 3 |url=http://www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu/Search/results.aspx?srch=1&state=%27DE%27&CID=155&art=3&sec=3&amd=&key=&Yr= |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu}}</ref>|name=limits-1831}} |[[National Republican Party|National<br>Republican]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1829 Delaware gubernatorial election|1829]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|29 |data-sort-value="Bennett, Caleb"|[[File:CalebBennett.png|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Caleb P. Bennett]]'''<br>{{Small|(1758–1836)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=222–223}}<ref name="nga-bennett">{{Cite web |title=Caleb Prew Bennett |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/caleb-prew-bennett/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=70}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=836–837}} |{{dts|January 15, 1833}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=314}}<br />–<br />May 9, 1836<br>{{small|(died in office)}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1832 Delaware gubernatorial election|1832]]{{efn|First term under the 1831 constitution, which lengthened terms to four years.<ref name="1831const-a3-s3">1831 Const. art III, § 3</ref>}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|30 |data-sort-value="Polk, Charles"|[[File:CharlesPolk.png|75px]] |rowspan="6" style="background:{{party color|Whig Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Charles Polk Jr.]]'''<br>{{Small|(1788–1857)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=221}}<ref name="nga-polk" />{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=70}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=837}} |{{dts|May 9, 1836}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=332}}<br />–<br />January 17, 1837<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|31 |data-sort-value="Comegys, Cornelius"|[[File:CorneliusComegys.png|75px]] |'''[[Cornelius P. Comegys]]'''<br>{{Small|(1780–1851)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=223}}<ref name="nga-comegys">{{Cite web |title=Cornelius Parsons Comegys |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/cornelius-parsons-comegys/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=70}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=837–838}} |{{dts|January 17, 1837}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=343}}<br />–<br />January 19, 1841<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1836 Delaware gubernatorial election|1836]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|32 |data-sort-value="Cooper, William"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |'''[[William B. Cooper (Delaware politician)|William B. Cooper]]'''<br>{{Small|(1771–1849)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=224}}<ref name="nga-cooper">{{Cite web |title=William Barkley Cooper |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/william-barkley-cooper/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=70}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=838}} |{{dts|January 19, 1841}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=382}}<br />–<br />January 21, 1845<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1840 Delaware gubernatorial election|1840]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|33 |data-sort-value="Stockton, Thomas"|[[File:ThomasStockton.gif|75px]] |'''[[Thomas Stockton]]'''<br>{{Small|(1781–1846)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=224–225}}<ref name="nga-stockton">{{Cite web |title=Thomas Stockton |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/thomas-stockton/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|pp=70–71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=839}} |{{dts|January 21, 1845}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=423}}<br />–<br />March 2, 1846<br>{{small|(died in office)}} |[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=27}} |[[1844 Delaware gubernatorial election|1844]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|34 |data-sort-value="Maull, Joseph"|[[File:JosephMaull.gif|75px]] |'''[[Joseph Maull]]'''<br>{{Small|(1781–1846)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=225}}<ref name="nga-maull">{{Cite web |title=Joseph Maull |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/joseph-maull/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=839–840}} |{{dts|March 2, 1846}}{{sfn|Register|1926|pp=432–433}}<br />–<br />May 3, 1846<br>{{small|(died in office)}} |[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|35 |data-sort-value="Temple, William"|[[File:WilliamTemple.gif|75px]] |'''[[William Temple (politician)|William Temple]]'''<br>{{Small|(1814–1863)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=225–226}}<ref name="nga-temple">{{Cite web |title=William Temple |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/william-temple/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=840}} |{{dts|May 6, 1846}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=436}}<br />–<br />January 19, 1847<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|36 |data-sort-value="Tharp, William"|[[File:WilliamTharp.gif|75px]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[William Tharp]]'''<br>{{Small|(1803–1865)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=226–227}}<ref name="nga-tharp">{{Cite web |title=William Tharp |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/william-tharp/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=840–841}} |{{dts|January 19, 1847}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=456}}<br />–<br />January 21, 1851<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=28}} |[[1846 Delaware gubernatorial special election|1846]]<br>{{small|(special)}}{{efn|Special election called due to the deaths of Stockton and Maull, causing a shift in the election schedule.{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=28}}}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|37 |data-sort-value="Ross, William"|[[File:WilliamRoss.gif|75px]] |'''[[William H. H. Ross]]'''<br>{{Small|(1814–1887)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=227}}<ref name="nga-ross">{{Cite web |title=William Henry Harrison Ross |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/william-henry-harrison-ross/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=841}} |{{dts|January 21, 1851}}{{sfn|Register|1926|p=512}}<br />–<br />January 16, 1855<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=28}} |[[1850 Delaware gubernatorial election|1850]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|38 |data-sort-value="Causey, Peter"| |style="background:{{party color|Know-Nothing}}";| |'''[[Peter F. Causey]]'''<br>{{Small|(1801–1871)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=227–228}}<ref name="nga-causey">{{Cite web |title=Peter Foster Causey |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/peter-foster-causey/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=841–843}} |{{dts|January 16, 1855}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1855-01-17 |title=The Inauguration |page=2 |work=Smyrna Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/smyrna-times-causey-inaugurated-january/129597017/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 18, 1859<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Know-Nothing|American]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=28}} |[[1854 Delaware gubernatorial election|1854]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|39 |data-sort-value="Burton, William"|[[File:William Burton (governor).jpg|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[William Burton (governor)|William Burton]]'''<br>{{Small|(1789–1866)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=228}}<ref name="nga-burton">{{Cite web |title=William Burton |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/william-burton/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=843}} |{{dts|January 18, 1859}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1859-01-20 |title=The Inauguration |page=2 |work=Smyrna Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/smyrna-times-burton-inaugurated-january/129597153/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 20, 1863<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Dubin|2003|p=28}} |[[1858 Delaware gubernatorial election|1858]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|40 |data-sort-value="Cannon, William"|[[File:WilliamCannon.gif|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[William Cannon]]'''<br>{{Small|(1809–1865)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=228–229}}<ref name="nga-cannon">{{Cite web |title=William Cannon |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/william-cannon/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=843–844}} |{{dts|January 20, 1863}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1863-01-20 |title=The Inauguration of Governor Cannon |page=2 |work=Delaware Gazette and State Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/delaware-gazette-and-state-journal-canno/129597213/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />March 1, 1865<br>{{small|(died in office)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1862 Delaware gubernatorial election|1862]] |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|41 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Saulsbury, Gove"|[[File:GoveSaulsbury.gif|75px]] |rowspan="8" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|'''[[Gove Saulsbury]]'''<br>{{Small|(1815–1881)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=229–230}}<ref name="nga-saulsbury">{{Cite web |title=Gove Saulsbury |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/gove-saulsbury/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=71}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=844–845}} |rowspan="2"|{{dts|March 1, 1865}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1865-03-07 |title=Gov. Cannon's Death Announced in the Legislature |page=2 |work=Delaware Gazette and State Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/delaware-gazette-and-state-journal-sauls/129597382/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 17, 1871<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |rowspan="2"|[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[1866 Delaware gubernatorial election|1866]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|42 |data-sort-value="Ponder, James"|[[File:JamesPonder.gif|75px]] |'''[[James Ponder]]'''<br>{{Small|(1819–1897)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=230}}<ref name="nga-ponder">{{Cite web |title=James Ponder |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/james-ponder/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=845–846}} |{{dts|January 17, 1871}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1871-01-18 |title=none | quote=Governor Ponder was inaugurated yesterday... |page=2 |work=Smyrna Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/smyrna-times-ponder-inaugurated-january/129597623/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 19, 1875<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1870 Delaware gubernatorial election|1870]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|43 |data-sort-value="Cochran, John"|[[File:CochranJohn.png|75px]] |'''[[John P. Cochran]]'''<br>{{Small|(1809–1898)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=230–231}}<ref name="nga-cochran">{{Cite web |title=John Polk Cochran |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-polk-cochran/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=846–847}} |{{dts|January 19, 1875}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1875-01-19 |title=Governor Cochran |page=4 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-cochran-inaugurated-jan/129598145/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 21, 1879<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1874 Delaware gubernatorial election|1874]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|44 |data-sort-value="Hall, John"|[[File:HallJohnWood.gif|75px]] |'''[[John W. Hall]]'''<br>{{Small|(1817–1892)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=231}}<ref name="nga-hall-john">{{Cite web |title=John Wood Hall |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-wood-hall/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=847–848}} |{{dts|January 21, 1879}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1879-01-22 |title=The Inauguration |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-hall-inaugurated-januar/129598269/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 16, 1883<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1878 Delaware gubernatorial election|1878]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|45 |data-sort-value="Stockley, Charles"|[[File:StockleyCharles.gif|75px]] |'''[[Charles C. Stockley]]'''<br>{{Small|(1819–1901)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=231–232}}<ref name="nga-stockley">{{Cite web |title=Charles Clark Stockley |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/charles-clark-stockley/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=848–849}} |{{dts|January 16, 1883}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1883-01-16 |title=Inaugurated |page=1 |work=The Daily Gazette |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-gazette-stockley-inaugurated-j/129598993/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 18, 1887<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1882 Delaware gubernatorial election|1882]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|46 |data-sort-value="Biggs, Benjamin"|[[File:BenjaminBiggs.png|75px]] |'''[[Benjamin T. Biggs]]'''<br>{{Small|(1821–1893)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=232}}<ref name="nga-biggs">{{Cite web |title=Benjamin Thomas Biggs |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/benjamin-thomas-biggs/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=849}} |{{dts|January 18, 1887}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1887-01-20 |title=Gov. Biggs Inaugurated |page=2 |work=Delaware Gazette and State Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/delaware-gazette-and-state-journal-biggs/129599255/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 20, 1891<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1886 Delaware gubernatorial election|1886]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|47 |data-sort-value="Reynolds, Robert"|[[File:RobertReynolds.gif|75px]] |'''[[Robert J. Reynolds]]'''<br>{{Small|(1838–1909)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=232–233}}<ref name="nga-reynolds">{{Cite web |title=Robert John Reynolds |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/robert-john-reynolds/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=849–850}} |{{dts|January 20, 1891}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1891-01-20 |title=Governor Reynolds |page=3 |work=The Evening Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-journal-reynolds-inaugurated/129599492/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 15, 1895<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1831}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1890 Delaware gubernatorial election|1890]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|48 |data-sort-value="Marvil, Joshua"|[[File:MarvilJoshua.gif|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Joshua H. Marvil]]'''<br>{{Small|(1825–1895)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=233}}<ref name="nga-marvil">{{Cite web |title=Joshua Hopkins Marvil |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/joshua-hopkins-marvil/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=850–851}} |{{dts|January 15, 1895}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1895-01-16 |title=Marvil Inaugurated |page=1 |work=The Morning News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-news-marvil-inaugurated-janu/129599561/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />April 8, 1895<br>{{small|(died in office)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1894 Delaware gubernatorial election|1894]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|49 |data-sort-value="Watson, William"|[[File:WilliamTharpWatson.gif|75px]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[William T. Watson]]'''<br>{{Small|(1849–1917)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=233–234}}<ref name="nga-watson">{{Cite web |title=William Tharp Watson |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/william-tharp-watson/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|p=851}} |{{dts|April 8, 1895}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1895-04-09 |title=The Succession |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-watson-succeeds-marvil/129599673/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 19, 1897<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Speaker of<br>the Senate<br>acting}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|50 |data-sort-value="Tunnell, Ebe"|[[File:Ebetunnell.png|75px]] |'''[[Ebe W. Tunnell]]'''<br>{{Small|(1844–1917)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=234}}<ref name="nga-tunnell">{{Cite web |title=Ebe Walter Tunnell |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/ebe-walter-tunnell/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Biographical and Genealogical History|1899|p=72}}{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=851–852}} |{{dts|January 19, 1897}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1897-01-19 |title=Tunnell Inaugurated |page=4 |work=Daily Republican |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-republican-tunnell-inaugurated-jan/129599761/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 15, 1901<br>{{small|(did not run)}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=113}} |[[1896 Delaware gubernatorial election|1896]]{{efn|Because Marvil died so early in his term, the General Assembly decided to conduct an election for a full term in 1896, changing the election schedule.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1895-04-14 |title=Delaware's Change in Elections |page=6 |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-new-york-times-delawares-change-in/132454410/ |access-date=2023-09-26}}</ref>}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|51 |data-sort-value="Hunn, John"|[[File:Hunn.gif|75px]] |rowspan="9" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[John Hunn (governor)|John Hunn]]'''<br>{{Small|(1849–1926)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=235}}<ref name="nga-hunn">{{Cite web |title=John Hunn |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-hunn/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=852–853}} |{{dts|January 15, 1901}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1901-01-15 |title=Governor Hunn Duly Inaugurated |page=5 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-hunn-inaugurated-januar/129599880/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 17, 1905<br>{{small|(did not run)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1900 Delaware gubernatorial election|1900]] |rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";|&nbsp; |{{sortname|Philip L.|Cannon}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|52 |data-sort-value="Lea, Preston"|[[File:Preston Lea.gif|75px]] |'''[[Preston Lea]]'''<br>{{Small|(1841–1916)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=235–236}}<ref name="nga-lea">{{Cite web |title=Preston Lea |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/preston-lea/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref>{{sfn|Conrad|1908|pp=853–854}} |{{dts|January 17, 1905}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1905-01-17 |title=Governor Lea Duly Inaugurated |page=5 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-lea-inaugurated-january/129599958/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 19, 1909<br>{{small|(did not run)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1904 Delaware gubernatorial election|1904]] |{{sortname|Isaac T.|Parker}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|53 |data-sort-value="Pennewill, Simeon"|[[File:PENNEWILL, S.S. GOVERNOR LCCN2016857560 (cropped).jpg|75px]] |'''[[Simeon S. Pennewill]]'''<br>{{Small|(1867–1935)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=236}}<ref name="nga-pennewill">{{Cite web |title=Simeon Selby Pennewill |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/simeon-selby-pennewill/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 19, 1909}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1909-01-19 |title=New Governor Was Sworn Into Office at Noon |page=1 |work=The Evening Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-journal-pennewill-inaugurate/129600051/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 21, 1913<br>{{small|(did not run)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1908 Delaware gubernatorial election|1908]] |{{sortname|John M.|Mendinhall}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|54 |data-sort-value="Miller, Charles"|[[File:Miller 2989417695 76253e1e15 o.jpg|75px]] |'''[[Charles R. Miller (politician)|Charles R. Miller]]'''<br>{{Small|(1857–1927)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=237}}<ref name="nga-miller">{{Cite web |title=Charles Robert Miller |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/charles-robert-miller/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 21, 1913}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1913-01-21 |title=The Inauguration of Governor C. R. Miller |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-miller-inaugurated-janu/129600122/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 16, 1917<br>{{small|(did not run)}}{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=237}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=237}} |[[1912 Delaware gubernatorial election|1912]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|Colen|Ferguson}}{{efn|Represented the [[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic Party]]|name=lt-dem}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|55 |data-sort-value="Townsend, John"|[[File:John G. Townsend, Jr.jpg|75px]] |'''[[John G. Townsend Jr.]]'''<br>{{Small|(1871–1964)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=237–238}}<ref name="nga-townsend">{{Cite web |title=John Gillis Townsend |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-gillis-townsend/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 16, 1917}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1917-01-16 |title=John G. Townsend Inaugurated Governor; Declares for Woman's Suffrage, Workmen's Compensation and Praises Du Pont Boulevard |page=1 |work=The Evening Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-journal-townsend-inaugurated/129603044/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 18, 1921<br>{{small|(did not run)}}{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=237–238}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1916 Delaware gubernatorial election|1916]] |{{sortname|Lewis E.|Eliason}}{{efn|name=lt-dem}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|56 |data-sort-value="Denney, William"|[[File:William duHamel Denney.png|75px]] |'''[[William D. Denney]]'''<br>{{Small|(1873–1953)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=238–239}}<ref name="nga-denney">{{Cite web |title=William Du Hamel Denney |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/william-du-hamel-denney/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 18, 1921}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1921-01-18 |title=New Executive Sounds Keynote for Adequate School System; Urges Program of Economy |page=1 |work=The Evening Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-journal-denney-inaugurated-j/129603126/ |access-date=2023-08-07}}</ref><br />–<br />January 20, 1925<br>{{small|(did not run)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1920 Delaware gubernatorial election|1920]] |rowspan="4" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|J. Danforth|Bush}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|57 |data-sort-value="Robinson, Robert"|[[File:Robert P. Robinson LCCN2014717858.jpg|75px]] |'''[[Robert P. Robinson (Delaware politician)|Robert P. Robinson]]'''<br>{{Small|(1869–1939)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=239–240}}<ref name="nga-robinson">{{Cite web |title=Robert Pyle Robinson |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/robert-pyle-robinson/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 20, 1925}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=McVey |first=William J. |date=1925-01-20 |title=Robert P. Robinson Becomes Governor |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-robinson-inaugurated-ja/129649012/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 15, 1929<br>{{small|(did not run)}}{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=239–240}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1924 Delaware gubernatorial election|1924]] |{{sortname|James H.|Anderson|dab=politician}} |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|58 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Buck, C. Douglass"|[[File:C. Douglass Buck.jpg|75px]] |rowspan="2"|'''[[C. Douglass Buck]]'''<br>{{Small|(1890–1965)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=240–241}}<ref name="nga-buck">{{Cite web |title=Clayton Douglass Buck |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/clayton-douglass-buck/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 15, 1929}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1929-01-15 |title=Governor C. Douglass Buck Takes Office; for Lower Taxes and 'Pay-As-You-Go' Plan |page=1 |work=The Evening Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-evening-journal-buck-inaugurated-jan/129649098/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 19, 1937<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|Under the 1897 constitution, governors were not eligible a third time to the office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Del. Const. art. III, § 5 |url=http://www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu/Search/results.aspx?srch=1&state=%27DE%27&CID=156&art=3&sec=5&amd=&key=&Yr= |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=www.stateconstitutions.umd.edu}}</ref>|name=limits-1897}} |rowspan="2"|[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1928 Delaware gubernatorial election|1928]] |{{sortname|James H.|Hazel}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[1932 Delaware gubernatorial election|1932]] |{{sortname|Roy F.|Corley}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|59 |data-sort-value="McMullen, Richard"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Richard McMullen]]'''<br>{{Small|(1868–1944)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=241}}<ref name="nga-mcmullen">{{Cite web |title=Richard Cann McMullen |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/richard-cann-mcmullen/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 19, 1937}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1937-01-19 |title=McMullen Inaugurated Governor |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-mcmullen-inaugurated-ja/129649150/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 21, 1941<br>{{small|(did not run)}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1936 Delaware gubernatorial election|1936]] |rowspan="4" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|Edward W.|Cooch}} |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|60 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Bacon, Walter"|[[File:No image.svg|75px]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|'''[[Walter W. Bacon]]'''<br>{{Small|(1880–1962)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=242}}<ref name="nga-bacon">{{Cite web |title=Walter Wolfkiel Bacon |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/walter-wolfkiel-bacon/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 21, 1941}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1941-01-22 |title=Bacon Opens Term With Economy Plea |page=1 |work=The Morning News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-news-bacon-inaugurated-janua/129649330/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 18, 1949<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1897}} |rowspan="2"|[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1940 Delaware gubernatorial election|1940]] |{{sortname|Isaac J.|MacCollum}}{{efn|name=lt-dem}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[1944 Delaware gubernatorial election|1944]] |{{sortname|Elbert N.|Carvel}}{{efn|name=lt-dem}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|61 |data-sort-value="Carvel, Elbert"|[[File:Elbert N. Carvel (DE 2).png|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Elbert N. Carvel]]'''<br>{{Small|(1910–2005)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=242–243}}<ref name="nga-carvel">{{Cite web |title=Elbert Nortrand Carvel |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/elbert-nortrand-carvel/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 18, 1949}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=1949-01-19 |title=Revamping of State Agencies Highlight of Carvel Program |page=1 |work=The Morning News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-news-carvel-inaugurated-janu/129649369/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 20, 1953<br>{{small|(lost election)}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1948 Delaware gubernatorial election|1948]] |{{sortname|Alexis I. du Pont|Bayard}} |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|62 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Boggs, J. Caleb"|[[File:J. Caleb Boggs.jpg|75px]] |rowspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|'''[[J. Caleb Boggs]]'''<br>{{Small|(1909–1993)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=243–244}}<ref name="nga-boggs">{{Cite web |title=James Caleb Boggs |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/james-caleb-boggs/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 20, 1953}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanger |first=Richard P. |date=1953-01-20 |title=Delaware's 62nd Chief Executive Sworn In at 12:11 |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-boggs-inaugurated-janua/129649510/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />December 30, 1960<br>{{small|(resigned)}}{{efn|Boggs resigned, having been [[1960 United States Senate election in Delaware|elected]] to the [[United States Senate]].<ref name="nga-boggs" />}} |rowspan="2"|[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1952 Delaware gubernatorial election|1952]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|John W.|Rollins}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[1956 Delaware gubernatorial election|1956]] |{{sortname|David P.|Buckson}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|63 |data-sort-value="Buckson, David"|[[File:David Buckson (DE).png|75px]] |'''[[David P. Buckson]]'''<br>{{Small|(1920–2017)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=244–245}}<ref name="nga-buckson">{{Cite web |title=David Penrose Buckson |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/david-penrose-buckson/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|December 30, 1960}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Russell |first=Jack K. |date=1960-12-30 |title=Buckson Assumes Office As Short-Term Governor |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-buckson-succeeds-boggs/129649553/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 17, 1961<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Succeeded from<br>lieutenant<br>governor}} | colspan="2" style="background:#eee;"|''Vacant'' |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|64 |data-sort-value="Carvel, Elbert"|[[File:Elbert Carvel (1963) (cropped).png|75px]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Elbert N. Carvel]]'''<br>{{Small|(1910–2005)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=242–243}}<ref name="nga-carvel" /> |{{dts|January 17, 1961}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Liberman |first=Cy |date=1961-01-18 |title=Carvel Code for Aides Applauded |page=1 |work=The Morning News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-news-carvel-inaugurated-janu/129650124/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 19, 1965<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1897}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1960 Delaware gubernatorial election|1960]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|Eugene|Lammot}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|65 |data-sort-value="Terry, Charles"|[[File:Charles Terry (1965).png|75px]] |'''[[Charles L. Terry Jr.]]'''<br>{{Small|(1900–1970)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=245}}<ref name="nga-terry">{{Cite web |title=Charles L. Terry |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/charles-l-terry/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 19, 1965}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Perry |first=Christopher |date=1965-01-19 |title=Gov. Terry Pledges Equality |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-terry-inaugurated-janua/129650203/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 21, 1969<br>{{small|(lost election)}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1964 Delaware gubernatorial election|1964]] |{{sortname|Sherman W.|Tribbitt}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|66 |data-sort-value="Peterson, Russell"| [[File:Russell W. Peterson, c. 1971–1972.jpg|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Russell W. Peterson]]'''<br>{{Small|(1916–2011)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|pp=245–246}}<ref name="nga-peterson">{{Cite web |title=Russell W. Peterson |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/russell-w-peterson/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 21, 1969}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Distelheim |first=Joe |date=1969-01-22 |title=Peterson Seeks Progress via Unity |page=1 |work=The Morning News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-news-peterson-inaugurated-ja/129650261/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 16, 1973<br>{{small|(lost election)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1968 Delaware gubernatorial election|1968]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|{{sortname|Eugene|Bookhammer}}{{efn|Represented the [[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican Party]]|name=lt-rep}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|67 |data-sort-value="Tribbitt, Sherman"|[[File:Sherman W. Tribbett (1922–2010), Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Delaware.jpg|75px]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |'''[[Sherman W. Tribbitt]]'''<br>{{Small|(1922–2010)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=246}}<ref name="nga-tribbitt">{{Cite web |title=Sherman W. Tribbitt |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/sherman-w-tribbitt/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 16, 1973}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Schmadeke |first=John |date=1973-01-17 |title=Tribbitt Sworn; Pledges Fiscal Study |page=1 |work=The Morning News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-news-tribbitt-inaugurated-ja/129650356/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 18, 1977<br>{{small|(lost election)}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]{{sfn|Kallenbach|1977|p=114}} |[[1972 Delaware gubernatorial election|1972]] |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|68 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="du Pont, Pete"|[[File:DupontPETE (cropped).jpg|75px]] |rowspan="5" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|'''[[Pete du Pont]]'''<br>{{Small|(1935–2021)}}<br>{{sfn|Sobel|1978|p=247}}<ref name="nga-dupont">{{Cite web |title=Pierre Samuel Du Pont |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/pierre-samuel-du-pont/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 18, 1977}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Moyed |first=Ralph S. |date=1977-01-19 |title=Severe Tests Face Du Point As He Begins Term As Governor |page=1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-du-pont-inaugurated-jan/129650407/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 15, 1985<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1897}} |rowspan="2"|[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]<ref name="nga-dupont" /> |[[1976 Delaware gubernatorial election|1976]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|James D.|McGinnis}}{{efn|name=lt-dem}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[1980 Delaware gubernatorial election|1980]] |style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|Mike|Castle}} |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|69 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Castle, Mike"|[[File:Mike Castle 1982.jpg|75px]] |rowspan="2"|'''[[Mike Castle]]'''<br>{{Small|(1939–2025)}}<br><ref name="nga-castle">{{Cite web |title=Michael Newbold Castle |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/michael-newbold-castle/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 15, 1985}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cohen |first=Celia |date=1985-01-16 |title=Castle Sworn In As Governor |page=A1 |work=The Morning News |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-morning-news-castle-inaugurated-janu/129650465/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 2, 1993<br>{{small|(resigned)}}{{efn|Castle resigned, having been [[1992 United States House of Representatives election in Delaware|elected]] to the [[United States House of Representatives]].<ref name="nga-castle" />}} |rowspan="2"|[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]<ref name="nga-castle" /> |[[1984 Delaware gubernatorial election|1984]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|Shien Biau|Woo}}{{efn|name=lt-dem}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[1988 Delaware gubernatorial election|1988]] |style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|Dale E.|Wolf}} |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|70 |data-sort-value="Wolf, Dale"|[[File:Dale E. Wolf.jpg|75px]] |'''[[Dale E. Wolf]]'''<br>{{Small|(1924–2021)}}<br><ref name="nga-wolf">{{Cite web |title=Dale Edward Wolf |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/dale-edward-wolf/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |{{dts|January 3, 1993}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kesler |first=Nancy |date=1993-01-04 |title=Wolf Sworn In As Del. Governor |page=A1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-wolf-succeeds-castle-ja/129650694/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 19, 1993<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Republican State Committee of Delaware|Republican]]<ref name="nga-wolf" /> | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Succeeded from<br>lieutenant<br>governor}} | colspan="2" style="background:#eee;"|''Vacant'' |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|71 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Carper, Tom"|[[File:Thomas Carper.jpg|75px]] |rowspan="12" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|'''[[Tom Carper]]'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1947)}}<br><ref name="nga-carper">{{Cite web |title=Thomas R. Carper |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/thomas-r-carper/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 19, 1993}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kesler |first=Nancy |date=1993-01-20 |title=Committed to Posterity |page=A1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-carper-inaugurated-janu/129650805/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 3, 2001<br>{{small|(resigned)}}{{efn|Carper resigned, having been [[2000 United States Senate election in Delaware|elected]] to the [[United States Senate]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Tom Carper |url=https://www.carper.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/biography-and-pictures |access-date=December 20, 2018 |publisher=[[United States Senate]] |archive-date=April 14, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414104401/https://www.carper.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/biography-and-pictures |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |rowspan="2"|[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]<ref name="nga-carper" /> |[[1992 Delaware gubernatorial election|1992]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|{{sortname|Ruth Ann|Minner}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[1996 Delaware gubernatorial election|1996]] |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="3" scope="rowgroup"|72 |rowspan="3" data-sort-value="Minner, Ruth Ann"|[[File:Ruth Ann Minner.jpg|75px]] |rowspan="3"|'''[[Ruth Ann Minner]]'''<br>{{Small|(1935–2021)}}<br><ref name="nga-minner">{{Cite web |title=Ruth Ann Minner |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/ruth-ann-minner/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|{{dts|January 3, 2001}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Merriweather |first=James |date=2001-01-04 |title=Minner Is State's First Female Governor |page=B1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-minner-succeeds-carper/129651013/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 20, 2009<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1897}} |rowspan="3"|[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]<ref name="nga-minner" /> | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Succeeded from<br>lieutenant<br>governor}} | colspan="2" style="background:#eee;"|''Vacant'' |- style="height:2em;" |[[2000 Delaware gubernatorial election|2000]] |rowspan="4" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |rowspan="2"|{{sortname|John|Carney|dab=Delaware politician}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[2004 Delaware gubernatorial election|2004]] |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="3" scope="rowgroup"|73 |rowspan="3" data-sort-value="Markell, Jack"|[[File:Jack Markell 48-DPA-944 DSC 9158 (cropped).jpg|75px]] |rowspan="3"|'''[[Jack Markell]]'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1960)}}<br><ref name="nga-markell">{{Cite web |title=Jack Markell |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/jack-markell/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="3"|{{dts|January 20, 2009}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Beth |date=2009-01-20 |title=Markell, Denn Take Reins In Delaware |page=A1 |work=The News Journal |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-news-journal-markall-inaugurated-jan/129651215/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 17, 2017<br>{{small|(term-limited)}}{{efn|name=limits-1897}} |rowspan="3"|[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]<ref name="nga-markell" /> |[[2008 Delaware gubernatorial election|2008]] |rowspan="2"|{{sortname|Matthew|Denn}}<br />{{small|(resigned January 6, 2015)}} |- style="height:2em;" |rowspan="2"|[[2012 Delaware gubernatorial election|2012]] |- style="height:2em;" | colspan="2" style="background:#eee;"|''Vacant'' |- style="height:2em;" !rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|74 |rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Carney, John"|[[File:John C. Carney Jr. 2017.jpg|75px]] |rowspan="2"|'''[[John Carney (Delaware politician)|John Carney]]'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1956)}}<br><ref name="nga-carney">{{Cite web |title=John Carney |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/john-carney/ |access-date=February 18, 2023 |publisher=[[National Governors Association]]}}</ref> |rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 17, 2017}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-18 |title=John Carney Becomes 74th Governor Of Delaware |language=en-US |url=https://firststateupdate.com/2017/01/john-carney-becomes-74th-governor-of-delaware/ |access-date=2023-08-08}}</ref><br />–<br />January 7, 2025<br>{{small|(resigned)}}{{efn|Carney resigned, having been [[2024 Wilmington mayoral election|elected]] [[List of mayors of Wilmington, Delaware|mayor of Wilmington]].}} |rowspan="2"|[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]<ref name="nga-carney" /> |[[2016 Delaware gubernatorial election|2016]] |rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}" ; | |rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Bethany|Hall-Long}} |- style="height:2em;" |[[2020 Delaware gubernatorial election|2020]] |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|75 |data-sort-value="Hall-Long, Bethany"|[[File:Bethany Hall-Long.jpg|109x109px]] |'''[[Bethany Hall-Long]]'''<br>{{small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1963)}}<br><ref name="nga-halllong">{{Cite web |title=Bethany Hall-Long |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/bethany-hall-long/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=National Governors Association |date=7 January 2025 }}</ref> |{{dts|January 7, 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=jeffreyboyer |date=2025-01-07 |title=Swearing-In Ceremony of Bethany Hall-Long as Delaware's 75th Governor |url=https://news.delaware.gov/2025/01/07/swearing-in-ceremony-of-bethany-hall-long-as-delawares-75th-governor/ |access-date=2025-01-07 |website=State of Delaware News |language=en-US}}</ref><br>–<br>January 21, 2025<br>{{small|(successor took office)}} |[[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]]<ref name="nga-halllong" /> | style="background:#eee;"|{{small|Succeeded from<br>lieutenant<br>governor}} | colspan="2" style="background:#eee;"|''Vacant'' |- style="height:2em;" !scope="row"|76 |data-sort-value="Meyer, Matt" |[[File: Delmarva Chicken Association Booster BBQ - 55313846273 (cropped).jpg |75px]] |'''[[Matt Meyer]]'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1971)}}<br><ref name="nga-meyer">{{Cite web |title=Matt Meyer |url=https://www.nga.org/governor/matt-meyer/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=National Governors Association}}</ref> |{{dts|January 21, 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-21 |title=Matthew S. Meyer Sworn-in as the 76th Governor of the State of Delaware |url=https://news.delaware.gov/2025/01/21/mathew-s-meyer-sworn-in-as-the-76th-governor-of-the-state-of-delaware/ |access-date=2025-01-23 |website=State of Delaware News |language=en-US}}</ref><br>–<br>Incumbent{{efn|Meyer's term [[2028 Delaware gubernatorial election|expires]] on January 16, 2029.}} |[[Delaware Democratic Party|Democratic]]<ref name="nga-meyer" /> |[[2024 Delaware gubernatorial election|2024]] |style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}}";| |{{sortname|Kyle Evans|Gay}} |} == Living former Governors of Delaware == As of February 2026, there are four living former Governors of Delaware, the oldest being [[Tom Carper]], who served as the 71st Governor of Delaware from 1993-2001 and then as a U.S. Senator for the state from 2001-2025, at 70. The most recent death of a former governor was that of [[Mike Castle]], who served as the 69th Governor of Connecticut (served 1985-1992) on August 14, 2025.{{Gallery|Tom Carper, official portrait, 112th Congress (cropped).jpg|[[Tom Carper]]<br/>(1993-2001)<br/>Born {{Birth date|1947|1|23}}<br/>(age {{age in years and days|1947|1|23}})|Jack Markell, U.S. Ambassador.jpg|[[Jack Markell]]<br/>(2009-2017)<br/>Born {{Birth date|1960|11|26}}<br/>(age {{age in years and days|1960|11|26}})|John C. Carney Jr. White House.jpg|[[John C. Carney Jr.|John Carney]]<br/>(January 17, 2017-January 7, 2025)<br/>Born {{Birth date|1956|5|20}}<br/>(age {{age in years and days|1956|5|20}}){{Efn|Resigned as governor right after taking the oath of office as Mayor of Wilmington}}|Sheriff's House Welcome Center Ribbon Cutting (2e9a4eab-9a7c-47fc-826d-375997671ceb) (cropped).jpg|[[Bethany Hall-Long]]<br/>(January 7-January 21, 2025)<br/>Born {{Birth date|1963|11|12}}<br/>(age {{age in years and days|1963|11|12}}){{Efn|Hall-Long had served as the 75th Governor of Delaware for a period of 14 days after John Carney had resigned to be sworn in as the Mayor of Wilmington}}|||title=|align=center|footer=|style=|state=|height=170|width=130|captionstyle=text-align: center|alt1=|alt2=|alt3=|alt4=|alt6=}} ==Notes== {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Other websites== * [http://governor.delaware.gov/ Office of the Governor of Delaware] * [http://regulations.delaware.gov/Tour/information/Governors/index.shtml Delaware Hall of Governors] [[Category:Governors of Delaware|*]] {{US-stub}} a16dwugazqyzgjx2c0c5rahibhjs85k 4 721040 11024598 7809805 2026-10-09T11:11:43Z Haoreima 1043157 /* */ 11024598 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Asian Month/2026]] erloh6ydr9mh2qxwwj1f6lrk1ps35kw 0 723831 11024468 9850642 2026-10-09T07:02:00Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024468 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Viki Gabor (2021).jpg|thumb|Gabor in 2021]] '''Wiktoria''' "'''Viki'''" '''Gabor''' (born 10 July 2007) is a [[Poland|Polish]] [[singing|singer]]. She started her career in 2019, as a finalist on the second season of ''[[The Voice Kids Poland]]'', and then later won the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2019]] with the song "Superhero". She is the second Polish person to win the contest. Her win marked the first time a country had won the contest twice in a row.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://polskatimes.pl/szansa-na-sukces-wiktoria-gabor-wygrala-drugi-odcinek-programu-finalistka-voice-kids-poland-zaspiewala-you-may-be-in-love/ar/c13-14094193 |title=Szansa na sukces: Wiktoria Gabor wygrała drugi odcinek programu. Finalistka Voice Kids Poland zaśpiewała "You May Be In Love" |first=Tomasz |last=Dereszyński |website=polskatimes.pl |date=2019-05-01 |language=Polish |access-date=2020-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929211423/https://polskatimes.pl/szansa-na-sukces-wiktoria-gabor-wygrala-drugi-odcinek-programu-finalistka-voice-kids-poland-zaspiewala-you-may-be-in-love/ar/c13-14094193 |archive-date=2019-09-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://gazetakrakowska.pl/viki-gabor-z-nowej-huty-finalistka-the-voice-kids-2/ar/13952611 |title=Viki Gabor z Nowej Huty – finalistka "The Voice Kids 2" |website=gazetakrakowska.pl |publisher=Gazeta Krakowska |date=2019-03-10 |language=Polish}}</ref> ==''The Voice Kids Poland (2019)''== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:16px;" |- ! scope="col" | Stage ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" | Original Artist ! scope="col" | Date ! scope="col" | Order ! scope="col" | Result |- ! scope="row" | Blind Auditions | "[[Roar (song)|Roar]]" | [[Katy Perry]] | January 19, 2019 | 7.7 | All three chairs turned<br>Joined Team [[Afromental|Tomson & Baron]] |- ! scope="row" | Battle Rounds (Top 54) | "[[Problem (Ariana Grande song)|Problem]]" <small>(vs. Maria N. & Oliwia T.)</small> | [[Ariana Grande]] | rowspan="2"| February 2, 2019 | 11.1 | rowspan="3"| Saved by Coach |- ! scope="row" | Sing-off Rounds (Top 18) | "Roar" | Katy Perry | 11.11 |- ! scope="row" | Finale (Top 9) | "[[Who You Are (Jessie J song)|Who You Are]]" | [[Jessie J]] | rowspan="3"| February 23, 2019 | 14.3 |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Grand-Finale (Final 3) | "[[Human (Rag'n'Bone Man song)|Human]]" <small>(with [[Afromental|Tomson & Baron]])</small> | [[Rag'n'Bone Man]] | 14.10 | style="background:silver;" rowspan="2" | '''Runner-up''' |- | "Time" <small>(original)</small> | Viki Gabor | 14.13 |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gabor, Viki}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Child singers]] [[Category:Singers from Kraków]] {{bio-stub}} 47dy79mch5iefnmi1lfv6lh1q37cvo4 0 732706 11024152 9149432 2026-10-08T21:42:14Z ~2026-54177-91 1887217 11024152 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Peroxisome.svg|thumb]] '''Peroxisomes''' or '''microbodies''' are [[Organelle|organelles]] inside [[Eukaryote|eukaryotic]] [[Cell|cells]] which are enclosed with a [[membrane]]. They are involved in various processes, and use up [[oxygen]]. Peroxisomes play an important role in metabolism, reducing reactive oxygen species, detoxification, and signaling. Peroxisomes derive their name from their creation of [[hydrogen peroxide]]. These organelles are largely associated with lipid (fat) metabolism and the processing of reactive oxygen species. The products are sent to the mitochondria for use as an energy source. [[Category:Cell biology]] {{biology-stub}} 04rwfhj69i8uakee4fa5kgcnh3um7jz 0 739479 11024485 7576114 2026-10-09T07:15:44Z ~2026-54142-65 1887420 /* */ 11024485 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Herzimber.jpg|thumb|200px|Naftali Herz Imber]] '''Naftali Herz Imber''' ({{lang-he-n|נפתלי הרץ אימבר}}, {{lang-yi|{{Hebrew|נפתלי הערץ אימבער}}}}&lrm;; 27 December 1856 &ndash; 8 October 1909) was a [[Zionism|Zionist & Atheist]] poet of the [[Hebrew language]]. He is most notable for writing a poem on which "[[Hatikvah]]", the [[Israel]]i [[national anthem]], is based. He was born in [[Zolochiv|Złoczów]] (now Zolochiv, [[Ukraine]]), a city in [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]], which then was part of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Naphtali-Herz-Imber|title=Naphtali Herz Imber|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica.com]]|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref> As he has been part of the Zionist ideology, he is not a [[Jew]] by [[Torah|laws of the Torah]] and is considered a [[gentile]] and [[Atheism|atheist]]. In 1892, Imber moved to the [[United States]]. He died due to [[alcoholism]] on 8 October 1909 in [[New York City]]. He was 52. ==References== {{Commons category}} {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Imber, Naftali Herz}} [[Category:1856 births]] [[Category:1909 deaths]] [[Category:Drug-related deaths in the United States]] [[Category:Jewish writers]] [[Category:Poets]] {{Bio-stub}} g4yd9f34p42j7gfeo5wwguzjnhbw7md 11024497 11024485 2026-10-09T07:47:07Z Nil NZ 1559470 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54142-65|~2026-54142-65]] ([[User talk:~2026-54142-65|talk]]): Unsourced . ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024497 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Herzimber.jpg|thumb|200px|Naftali Herz Imber]] '''Naftali Herz Imber''' ({{lang-he-n|נפתלי הרץ אימבר}}, {{lang-yi|{{Hebrew|נפתלי הערץ אימבער}}}}&lrm;; 27 December 1856 &ndash; 8 October 1909) was a [[Jewish]] poet of the [[Hebrew language]]. He is most notable for writing a poem on which "[[Hatikvah]]", the [[Israel]]i [[national anthem]], is based. He was born in [[Zolochiv|Złoczów]] (now Zolochiv, [[Ukraine]]), a city in [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]], which then was part of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Naphtali-Herz-Imber|title=Naphtali Herz Imber|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica|Britannica.com]]|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref> In 1892, Imber moved to the [[United States]]. He died due to [[alcoholism]] on 8 October 1909 in [[New York City]]. He was 52. ==References== {{Commons category}} {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Imber, Naftali Herz}} [[Category:1856 births]] [[Category:1909 deaths]] [[Category:Drug-related deaths in the United States]] [[Category:Jewish writers]] [[Category:Poets]] {{Bio-stub}} 88ev99cpvopa3xdce57tb601plio26k 0 748095 11024221 8335556 2026-10-09T00:58:59Z Lawace 1028817 11024221 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lonnie David Franklin Jr.''' (August 30, 1952 &ndash; March 28, 2020), better known by the nickname '''Grim Sleeper''', was a convicted American [[serial killer]]. He was responsible for at least ten murders and one attempted murder in [[Los Angeles]], California.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://people.com/crime/grim-sleeper-serial-killer-lonnie-franklin-dead/ | title='Grim Sleeper' Serial Killer Lonnie Franklin Dies in California Prison Cell }}</ref> He was also convicted for [[rape]] and [[sexual violence]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/grim-sleeper-guilty-killings_us_572bb5e3e4b016f37895382f|title=Man Found Guilty For All 10 'Grim Sleeper' Killings Of Women|date=2016-05-05|website=The Huffington Post|access-date=2016-05-05}}</ref><ref name=LAWeekly0>Christine Pelisek, [http://www.laweekly.com/2008-08-28/news/grim-sleeper/. Grim Sleeper Returns: He's Murdering Angelenos, as Cops Hunt his DNA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141223085642/http://www.laweekly.com/2008-08-28/news/grim-sleeper/. |date=2014-12-23 }}, ''LA Weekly'', August 28, 2008</ref><ref name=sky>[http://news.sky.com/story/631629/grim-sleeper-serial-killer-hunted Grim Sleeper Serial Killer Hunted ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610190831/http://news.sky.com/story/631629/grim-sleeper-serial-killer-hunted |date=2016-06-10 }}, SkyNews Report</ref> Franklin earned his nickname when he appeared to have taken a 14-year break from his crimes, from 1988 to 2002.<ref name=msn>{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/38133825 |title=Arrest in 'Grim Sleeper' killings of ten women, man |publisher=NBC News |access-date=2010-07-08}}</ref> In July 2010, Franklin was arrested as a suspect, and, after many delays, his trial began in February 2016. On May 5, 2016, the jury convicted him of killing nine women and one teenage girl.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/05/us/grim-sleeper-trial-verdict/index.html|title=Jury convicts 'Grim Sleeper' of 10 murders|author=Scott Glover and Paul Vercammen|website=CNN|date=5 May 2016 |access-date=2016-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://abcnews.go.com/US/trial-begins-alleged-grim-sleeper-serial-killer-lonnie/story?id=36974945|title=Trial Begins for Accused 'Grim Sleeper' Serial Killer|date=2016-02-17|publisher=ABC News|access-date=2016-05-05}}</ref> On June 6, 2016, the jury returned a death verdict,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-ln-grim-sleeper-death-verdict-20160606-snap-story.html|title=Jurors vote for death sentence for 'Grim Sleeper' serial killer|last=Times|first=Los Angeles|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=2016-06-06}}</ref> and on August 10, 2016, the Los Angeles Superior Court sentenced him to death.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/local/lanow/la-me-grim-sleeper-sentencing-20160810-snap-story.html|title=The 'Grim Sleeper' is sentenced to death for string of murders|last1=Gerber|first1=Marisa|last2=Queally|first2=James|date=10 August 2016|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=2016-08-10}}</ref> On March 28, 2020, he was found unresponsive in his cell at [[San Quentin]] and pronounced dead at the age of 67.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-03-29/grim-sleeper-serial-killer-lonnie-franklin-dies-death-row-san-quentin | title='Grim Sleeper' serial killer Lonnie Franklin dies on death row at San Quentin | website=[[Los Angeles Times]] | date=29 March 2020 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1952 births]] [[Category:2020 deaths]] [[Category:American rapists]] [[Category:American people convicted of assault]] [[Category:American people convicted of murder]] [[Category:People who died in prison custody in the United States]] [[Category:Criminals from California]] [[Category:People from Los Angeles]] {{US-bio-stub}} e844tcvdlu4n12uxkm4trq1ci3n0l1d 0 751132 11024277 10565489 2026-10-09T02:50:20Z Raippa-Valli 1879802 Image 11024277 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GovEdmundLawrence.jpg|thumb|Sir Edmund Lawrence (2014)]] '''Sir Edmund Wickham Lawrence''' {{postnominals|country=GBR|GCMG|OBE|CSM|JP}} (14 February 1932 &ndash; 7 September 2025) was an economist. He was the [[Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis|Governor-General]] of [[St. Kitts and Nevis]] from 2013 to 2015.<ref name=sknobserver>{{cite news|last=Lawrenzi Jr.|first=Geno|title=Sir Cuthbert Steps Down, Sir Edmund Steps Up|url=http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2012/12/21/new-governor-general.html|access-date=15 January 2013|newspaper=The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer|date=25 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231133321/http://www.thestkittsnevisobserver.com/2012/12/21/new-governor-general.html|archive-date=31 December 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the [[1999 New Year Honours]], Sir Edmund was honored as an Officer of the Most Excellent [[Order of the British Empire]] (OBE). Lawrence died at his home in [[St Kitts]] on 7 September 2025 at the age of 93.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McLeod |first=Sheri-kae |date=2025-09-09 |title=St. Kitts and Nevis mourns passing of former Governor-General Sir Edmund Lawrence |url=https://www.caribbeannationalweekly.com/news/st-kitts-and-nevis-mourns-passing-of-former-governor-general-sir-edmund-lawrence/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=CNW Network |language=en-US}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Lawrence, Edmund Wickham}} [[Category:1932 births]] [[Category:Governors-general of Saint Kitts and Nevis]] [[Category:2025 deaths]] [[Category:Business people]] [[Category:Economists]] {{bio-stub}} a5saop7ebi4i7vpazwz64ugv3t2fglc 0 760409 11024310 7409482 2026-10-09T03:24:45Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024310 wikitext text/x-wiki The [[United States]] '''Senate Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy''' is one of four subcommittees of the [[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources|U.S. Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee]]. Some of the things they deal with include [[Nuclear power|nuclear]], [[coal]] and [[synthetic fuel]]s [[research and development]]; nuclear and non-nuclear energy projects and oil/gas pipelines. ==Current members== {| class=wikitable ! Majority ! Minority |- | {{party shading/Democratic}} valign=top | * [[Joe Manchin]], West Virginia, ''Chairman'' * [[Ron Wyden]], Oregon * [[Maria Cantwell]], Washington * <span {{party shading/Independent (United States)}}>[[Bernie Sanders]], Vermont<ref name=indy>Sens. Sanders and King are Independents, but caucus with Democrats on the committee.</ref></span> * [[Martin Heinrich]], New Mexico * [[Mazie Hirono]], Hawaii *<span {{party shading/Independent (United States)}}>[[Angus King]], Maine<ref name=indy /></span> * [[Catherine Cortez Masto]], Nevada * [[Mark Kelly]], Arizona * [[John Hickenlooper]], Colorado | {{party shading/Republican}} valign=top | * [[John Barrasso]], Wyoming, ''Ranking Member'' * [[Jim Risch]], Idaho * [[Mike Lee (American politician)|Mike Lee]], Utah * [[Steve Daines]], Montana * [[Lisa Murkowski]], Alaska * [[John Hoeven]], North Dakota * [[James Lankford]], Oklahoma * [[Bill Cassidy]], Louisiana * [[Cindy Hyde-Smith]], Mississippi * [[Roger Marshall]], Kansas |- ! colspan=2 | ''Ex officio'' |- | {{party shading/Democratic}} valign=top| | {{party shading/Republican}} valign=top| |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190113021847/https://www.energy.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=About.Subcommittee&Subcommittee_id=ce189d44-42c8-4565-b062-b72410945a6b U.S. Senate Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on Energy, official web site] [[Category:Subcommittees of the United States Senate|Energy Senate Energy]] {{Multistub|politics|US}} pdk3i4bvdp57jbnucreisk4403fpr8v 0 760410 11024312 7123257 2026-10-09T03:26:29Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024312 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Senate Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on National Parks''' is one of four subcommittees of the [[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources|U.S. Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee]]. They deal with issues about the country's [[national parks]]. ==Current members== {| class=wikitable ! Majority ! Minority |- | {{party shading/Republican}} valign=top | * [[Steve Daines]], Montana, ''Chairman'' * [[John Barrasso]], Wyoming * [[Mike Lee]], Utah * [[Cory Gardner]], Colorado *[[Cindy Hyde-Smith]], Mississippi * [[Lamar Alexander]], Tennessee * [[John Hoeven]], North Dakota | {{party shading/Democratic}} valign=top | *<span {{party shading/Independent (United States)}}>[[Angus King]], Maine, ''Ranking Member''<ref name=indy>Sens. Sanders and King are Independents, but caucus with Democrats on the committee.</ref></span> * <span {{party shading/Independent (United States)}}>[[Bernie Sanders]], Vermont<ref name=indy>Sens. Sanders and King are Independents, but caucus with Democrats on the committee.</ref></span> * [[Debbie Stabenow]], Michigan * [[Martin Heinrich]], New Mexico *[[Mazie Hirono]], Hawaii |- ! colspan=2 | ''Ex Officio'' |- | {{party shading/Republican}} valign=top| * [[Lisa Murkowski]], Alaska | {{party shading/Democratic}} valign=top| *[[Joe Manchin]], West Virginia |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20200812033803/https://www.energy.senate.gov/public/index.cfm?FuseAction=About.Subcommittee&Subcommittee_id=dadc9cc7-6579-4b44-bc3e-d560e0fbe1b9 U.S. Senate Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee on National Parks, official web site] [[Category:Subcommittees of the United States Senate|Energy Senate National Parks]] {{Multistub|politics|US}} 6lk3ekv6kzssbqy5qwgrakqxpp2hqrq 0 771925 11024491 7628907 2026-10-09T07:33:23Z Tamara Logisddha 687114 Marina Storozhenko, 2011 (cropped).jpg 11024491 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Marina Storozhenko, 2011 (cropped).jpg|thumb]] '''Marina Storozhenko''' (born 6 June 1985) is a [[Kazakhstan]]i [[volleyball player]]. She played at the [[2010 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship]], [[2012 Asian Women's Volleyball Cup]], [[2013 FIVB World Grand Prix]],<ref name=fivb>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldGrandPrix/2013/Teams.asp?Team=KAZ|title=FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix 2013|website=www.fivb.org|access-date=2020-07-02}}</ref> [[2014 Asian Games]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://todor66.com/volleyball/Asia/Women_AG_2014.html|title=Women Volleyball 17th Asia Games 2014 Incheon (KOR) 20.09 - 02.10 - Winner South Korea|website=todor66.com|access-date=2020-06-28}}</ref> [[2014 FIVB World Grand Prix]], [[2014 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship]], and [[2018 FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://japan2018.fivb.com/en/competition/teams/kaz-kazakhstan/players/marina-storozhenko?id=68489|title=Player - Marina Storozhenko - FIVB Volleyball Women's World Championship Japan 2018|website=japan2018.fivb.com|access-date=2020-07-02}}</ref> She played for [[VC Zhetysu]].<ref name=fivb/> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JvjnOhJH_9c Kazakhstan's libero previews FIVB Grand Prix Group 3 Finals] Volleyball World, Aug 15, 2014 {{DEFAULTSORT:Storozhenko, Marina}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Kazakhstani volleyball players]] {{sports-bio-stub}} dxtoplzcmcfyk20mzpvd6y0a9hdg5th 0 775343 11024062 10961635 2026-10-08T18:18:09Z ~2026-54350-92 1886650 /* */ 11024062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox movie | name = The Devil's Advocate | image = Devils-advocate.png | caption = Official Logo | director = [[Taylor Hackford]] | producer = {{Plainlist | * Arnon Milchan * [[Arnold Kopelson]] * Anne Kopelson }} | screenplay = {{plainlist| * Jonathan Lemkin * Tony Gilroy }} | based_on = {{based on|''The Devil's Advocate''|[[Andrew Neiderman]]}} | starring = {{Plainlist | * [[Keanu Reeves]] * [[Al Pacino]] * [[Charlize Theron]] * [[Jeffrey Jones]] * [[Judith Ivey]] * [[Craig T. Nelson]] }} | music = [[James Newton Howard]] | cinematography = Andrzej Bartkowiak | editing = Mark Warner | studio = Regency Enterprises<br>[[Arnold Kopelson|Kopelson Entertainment]] | distributor = [[Warner Bros.]] | released = {{Film date|1997|10|17}} | runtime = 144 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 143:48--><ref>{{cite web|title=''Devil's Advocate'' (18)|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-devils-advocate-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdezndi1|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=October 31, 1997|access-date=April 19, 2013|archive-date=November 13, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113071224/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/devils-advocate-1970-9|url-status=dead|quote=Approved Running time 143m 48s}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $57 million<ref name="mojo">{{cite web |url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=devilsadvocate.htm |title=The Devil's Advocate (1997) |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=August 18, 2017 |archive-date=August 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810055252/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=devilsadvocate.htm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=NUM>{{cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Devils-Advocate-(1997)|title=Devil's Advocate (1997)|work=[[The Numbers (website)|The Numbers]]|publisher=Nash Information Services, LLC|access-date=August 8, 2019|archive-date=June 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615113114/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Devils-Advocate#tab=summary|url-status=live}}</ref> | gross = $153 million<ref name="mojo"/><ref name="NUM" /> }} '''''The Devil's Advocate''''' (marketed as '''''Devil's Advocate''''') is a 1997 American [[supernatural]] [[Horror movie|horror]] [[thriller movie]] directed by [[Taylor Hackford]], written by Jonathan Lemkin and Tony Gilroy. It starred [[Keanu Reeves]], [[Al Pacino]], and [[Charlize Theron]]. It is based on [[Andrew Neiderman]]'s novel of the same name. It is about a successful young [[Florida|Floridian]] [[lawyer]] (Reeves) invited to [[New York City]] to work for a major firm. As his wife (Theron) becomes haunted by visuals, the lawyer slowly begins to realize the owner of the firm (Pacino) is the [[Devil]]. The movie has a 67% on [[Rotten Tomatoes]].<ref>{{cite web |url= https://rottentomatoes.com/m/devils_advocate/ |title=The Devil's Advocate (1997)|publisher= [[Flixster]] | work = [[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=June 25, 2019}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == * [https://letterboxd.com/film/the-devils-advocate/ The Devil's Advocate] on Letterboxd {{DEFAULTSORT:Devil's Advocate, The}} [[Category:1997 horror movies]] [[Category:American horror movies]] [[Category:Movies based on books]] [[Category:Movies about lawyers]] [[Category:Movies directed by Taylor Hackford]] [[Category:NC-17 rated movies]] {{movie-stub}} dahue29i868i2g5mfcxzm5vt8ryapd1 0 788202 11023960 11023800 2026-10-08T13:44:48Z ~2026-54329-97 1886977 11023960 wikitext text/x-wiki 11023963 11023960 2026-10-08T13:46:19Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54329-97|~2026-54329-97]] ([[User talk:~2026-54329-97|talk]]) to last version by WalnutBloom: reverting [[WP:VAN|vandalism]] 11023800 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = English Americans | population = 22.8 million (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B04006&t=Ancestry&vintage=2018&hidePreview=true|title=U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|website=data.census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><br>50,000,000+ {{unchanged}} (1980)<ref name="U.S. Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/pc80-s1-10.pdf#page=6|title=1980 United States census|website=census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>In the 1980 census, 49,598,035 Americans identified as being of English ancestry, although in later censuses most of these same people identified as being of "[[American ancestry|American]]" ancestry, when that was added as an option.</ref> | regions = Throughout the entire United States | region1 = [[California]] | pop1 = 4,946,554 | ref1 = <ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf|title=Table 3. Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions, Divisions, and States: 1980.|website=Census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref> | region2 = [[Texas]] | pop2 = 3,083,323 | ref2 = <ref name="census" /> | region3 = [[Ohio]] | pop3 = 2,371,236<ref name="census" /> | ref3 = | region4 = [[New York (state)|New York]] | pop4 = 2,320,503<ref name="census" /> | ref4 = | region5 = [[Florida]] | pop5 = 2,232,514<ref name="census" /> | ref5 = | region6 = [[Michigan]] | pop6 = 2,036,021<ref name="census" /> | ref6 = | region7 = [[Illinois]] | pop7 = 1,808,333<ref name="census" /> | ref7 = | region8 = [[North Carolina]] | pop8 = 1,778,008<ref name="census" /> | ref8 = | region9 = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | pop9 = 1,584,303<ref name="census" /> | ref9 = | region10 = [[Tennessee]] | pop10 = 1,435,147<ref name="census" /> | ref10 = | region11 = [[Pennsylvania]] | pop11 = 1,058,737 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|title=American FactFinder - Results|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|website=factfinder.census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65BIC1Omt?url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|archive-date=3 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | langs = [[English language|English]] ([[Comparison of American and British English|American and British English dialects]]) | rels = {{flatlist| * [[Christianity]] ** [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] ** [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholicism]] ** [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter Day Saints]] ** [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] or [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Oriental Orthodox]] * Minorities ** [[American Jews|Judaism]] ** [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] ** [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]] ** [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]] ** [[Religion in the United States|Others]]{{cn}} }} | image = Map of English ancestry in the U.S. and Canada.png | image_caption = <div style="text-align: center>English Americans and Canadians as percent of population by state and province.</div> |related = Other [[English diaspora]], [[American ancestry]], [[Old Stock Americans]], other [[British Americans]] |footnotes = }} '''English Americans''', or '''[[Anglo-Americans]]''' are Americans with one or more ancestors from [[England]].{{cn}} [[African Americans]] tend to have a significant degree of English ancestry.{{cn}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} mgjma13w74yf5f25a0eogwgbqsgysbg 11024238 11023963 2026-10-09T01:41:04Z MexicanBeyonceLatinafan 1887312 11024238 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024249 11024238 2026-10-09T01:48:04Z Nil NZ 1559470 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|MexicanBeyonceLatinafan]] ([[User talk:MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Veritas Sapientiae. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = English Americans | population = 22.8 million (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B04006&t=Ancestry&vintage=2018&hidePreview=true|title=U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|website=data.census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><br>50,000,000+ {{unchanged}} (1980)<ref name="U.S. Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/pc80-s1-10.pdf#page=6|title=1980 United States census|website=census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>In the 1980 census, 49,598,035 Americans identified as being of English ancestry, although in later censuses most of these same people identified as being of "[[American ancestry|American]]" ancestry, when that was added as an option.</ref> | regions = Throughout the entire United States | region1 = [[California]] | pop1 = 4,946,554 | ref1 = <ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf|title=Table 3. Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions, Divisions, and States: 1980.|website=Census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref> | region2 = [[Texas]] | pop2 = 3,083,323 | ref2 = <ref name="census" /> | region3 = [[Ohio]] | pop3 = 2,371,236<ref name="census" /> | ref3 = | region4 = [[New York (state)|New York]] | pop4 = 2,320,503<ref name="census" /> | ref4 = | region5 = [[Florida]] | pop5 = 2,232,514<ref name="census" /> | ref5 = | region6 = [[Michigan]] | pop6 = 2,036,021<ref name="census" /> | ref6 = | region7 = [[Illinois]] | pop7 = 1,808,333<ref name="census" /> | ref7 = | region8 = [[North Carolina]] | pop8 = 1,778,008<ref name="census" /> | ref8 = | region9 = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | pop9 = 1,584,303<ref name="census" /> | ref9 = | region10 = [[Tennessee]] | pop10 = 1,435,147<ref name="census" /> | ref10 = | region11 = [[Pennsylvania]] | pop11 = 1,058,737 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|title=American FactFinder - Results|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|website=factfinder.census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65BIC1Omt?url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|archive-date=3 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | langs = [[English language|English]] ([[Comparison of American and British English|American and British English dialects]]) | rels = {{flatlist| * [[Christianity]] ** [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] ** [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholicism]] ** [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter Day Saints]] ** [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] or [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Oriental Orthodox]] * Minorities ** [[American Jews|Judaism]] ** [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] ** [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]] ** [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]] ** [[Religion in the United States|Others]]{{cn}} }} | image = Map of English ancestry in the U.S. and Canada.png | image_caption = <div style="text-align: center>English Americans and Canadians as percent of population by state and province.</div> |related = Other [[English diaspora]], [[American ancestry]], [[Old Stock Americans]], other [[British Americans]] |footnotes = }} '''English Americans''', or '''[[Anglo-Americans]]''' are Americans with one or more ancestors from [[England]].{{cn}} [[African Americans]] tend to have a significant degree of English ancestry.{{cn}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} mgjma13w74yf5f25a0eogwgbqsgysbg 11024283 11024249 2026-10-09T03:04:44Z MexicanLatina2026 1887338 11024283 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024285 11024283 2026-10-09T03:08:04Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/MexicanLatina2026|MexicanLatina2026]] ([[User talk:MexicanLatina2026|talk]]) to last version by Nil NZ 11024249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = English Americans | population = 22.8 million (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B04006&t=Ancestry&vintage=2018&hidePreview=true|title=U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|website=data.census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><br>50,000,000+ {{unchanged}} (1980)<ref name="U.S. Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/pc80-s1-10.pdf#page=6|title=1980 United States census|website=census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>In the 1980 census, 49,598,035 Americans identified as being of English ancestry, although in later censuses most of these same people identified as being of "[[American ancestry|American]]" ancestry, when that was added as an option.</ref> | regions = Throughout the entire United States | region1 = [[California]] | pop1 = 4,946,554 | ref1 = <ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf|title=Table 3. Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions, Divisions, and States: 1980.|website=Census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref> | region2 = [[Texas]] | pop2 = 3,083,323 | ref2 = <ref name="census" /> | region3 = [[Ohio]] | pop3 = 2,371,236<ref name="census" /> | ref3 = | region4 = [[New York (state)|New York]] | pop4 = 2,320,503<ref name="census" /> | ref4 = | region5 = [[Florida]] | pop5 = 2,232,514<ref name="census" /> | ref5 = | region6 = [[Michigan]] | pop6 = 2,036,021<ref name="census" /> | ref6 = | region7 = [[Illinois]] | pop7 = 1,808,333<ref name="census" /> | ref7 = | region8 = [[North Carolina]] | pop8 = 1,778,008<ref name="census" /> | ref8 = | region9 = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | pop9 = 1,584,303<ref name="census" /> | ref9 = | region10 = [[Tennessee]] | pop10 = 1,435,147<ref name="census" /> | ref10 = | region11 = [[Pennsylvania]] | pop11 = 1,058,737 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|title=American FactFinder - Results|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|website=factfinder.census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65BIC1Omt?url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|archive-date=3 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | langs = [[English language|English]] ([[Comparison of American and British English|American and British English dialects]]) | rels = {{flatlist| * [[Christianity]] ** [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] ** [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholicism]] ** [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter Day Saints]] ** [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] or [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Oriental Orthodox]] * Minorities ** [[American Jews|Judaism]] ** [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] ** [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]] ** [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]] ** [[Religion in the United States|Others]]{{cn}} }} | image = Map of English ancestry in the U.S. and Canada.png | image_caption = <div style="text-align: center>English Americans and Canadians as percent of population by state and province.</div> |related = Other [[English diaspora]], [[American ancestry]], [[Old Stock Americans]], other [[British Americans]] |footnotes = }} '''English Americans''', or '''[[Anglo-Americans]]''' are Americans with one or more ancestors from [[England]].{{cn}} [[African Americans]] tend to have a significant degree of English ancestry.{{cn}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} mgjma13w74yf5f25a0eogwgbqsgysbg 11024313 11024285 2026-10-09T03:26:59Z ~2026-54050-03 1887341 11024313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove}} White people should get burned. Their white trash ancestors owned Black slaves and stoled Native American land. {{Infobox ethnic group | group = English Americans | population = 22.8 million (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B04006&t=Ancestry&vintage=2018&hidePreview=true|title=U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|website=data.census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><br>50,000,000+ {{unchanged}} (1980)<ref name="U.S. Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/pc80-s1-10.pdf#page=6|title=1980 United States census|website=census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>In the 1980 census, 49,598,035 Americans identified as being of English ancestry, although in later censuses most of these same people identified as being of "[[American ancestry|American]]" ancestry, when that was added as an option.</ref> | regions = Throughout the entire United States | region1 = [[California]] | pop1 = 4,946,554 | ref1 = <ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf|title=Table 3. Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions, Divisions, and States: 1980.|website=Census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref> | region2 = [[Texas]] | pop2 = 3,083,323 | ref2 = <ref name="census" /> | region3 = [[Ohio]] | pop3 = 2,371,236<ref name="census" /> | ref3 = | region4 = [[New York (state)|New York]] | pop4 = 2,320,503<ref name="census" /> | ref4 = | region5 = [[Florida]] | pop5 = 2,232,514<ref name="census" /> | ref5 = | region6 = [[Michigan]] | pop6 = 2,036,021<ref name="census" /> | ref6 = | region7 = [[Illinois]] | pop7 = 1,808,333<ref name="census" /> | ref7 = | region8 = [[North Carolina]] | pop8 = 1,778,008<ref name="census" /> | ref8 = | region9 = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | pop9 = 1,584,303<ref name="census" /> | ref9 = | region10 = [[Tennessee]] | pop10 = 1,435,147<ref name="census" /> | ref10 = | region11 = [[Pennsylvania]] | pop11 = 1,058,737 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|title=American FactFinder - Results|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|website=factfinder.census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65BIC1Omt?url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|archive-date=3 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | langs = [[English language|English]] ([[Comparison of American and British English|American and British English dialects]]) | rels = {{flatlist| * [[Christianity]] ** [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] ** [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholicism]] ** [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter Day Saints]] ** [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] or [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Oriental Orthodox]] * Minorities ** [[American Jews|Judaism]] ** [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] ** [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]] ** [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]] ** [[Religion in the United States|Others]]{{cn}} }} | image = Map of English ancestry in the U.S. and Canada.png | image_caption = <div style="text-align: center>English Americans and Canadians as percent of population by state and province.</div> |related = Other [[English diaspora]], [[American ancestry]], [[Old Stock Americans]], other [[British Americans]] |footnotes = }} '''English Americans''', or '''[[Anglo-Americans]]''' are Americans with one or more ancestors from [[England]].{{cn}} [[African Americans]] tend to have a significant degree of English ancestry.{{cn}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} cgwpz869wqethmcx65501130q0j7ifg 11024315 11024313 2026-10-09T03:27:23Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54050-03|~2026-54050-03]] ([[User talk:~2026-54050-03|talk]]) to last version by Veritas Sapientiae: reverting [[WP:VAN|vandalism]] 11024249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = English Americans | population = 22.8 million (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B04006&t=Ancestry&vintage=2018&hidePreview=true|title=U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|website=data.census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><br>50,000,000+ {{unchanged}} (1980)<ref name="U.S. Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/pc80-s1-10.pdf#page=6|title=1980 United States census|website=census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>In the 1980 census, 49,598,035 Americans identified as being of English ancestry, although in later censuses most of these same people identified as being of "[[American ancestry|American]]" ancestry, when that was added as an option.</ref> | regions = Throughout the entire United States | region1 = [[California]] | pop1 = 4,946,554 | ref1 = <ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf|title=Table 3. Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions, Divisions, and States: 1980.|website=Census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref> | region2 = [[Texas]] | pop2 = 3,083,323 | ref2 = <ref name="census" /> | region3 = [[Ohio]] | pop3 = 2,371,236<ref name="census" /> | ref3 = | region4 = [[New York (state)|New York]] | pop4 = 2,320,503<ref name="census" /> | ref4 = | region5 = [[Florida]] | pop5 = 2,232,514<ref name="census" /> | ref5 = | region6 = [[Michigan]] | pop6 = 2,036,021<ref name="census" /> | ref6 = | region7 = [[Illinois]] | pop7 = 1,808,333<ref name="census" /> | ref7 = | region8 = [[North Carolina]] | pop8 = 1,778,008<ref name="census" /> | ref8 = | region9 = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | pop9 = 1,584,303<ref name="census" /> | ref9 = | region10 = [[Tennessee]] | pop10 = 1,435,147<ref name="census" /> | ref10 = | region11 = [[Pennsylvania]] | pop11 = 1,058,737 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|title=American FactFinder - Results|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|website=factfinder.census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65BIC1Omt?url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|archive-date=3 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | langs = [[English language|English]] ([[Comparison of American and British English|American and British English dialects]]) | rels = {{flatlist| * [[Christianity]] ** [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] ** [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholicism]] ** [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter Day Saints]] ** [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] or [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Oriental Orthodox]] * Minorities ** [[American Jews|Judaism]] ** [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] ** [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]] ** [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]] ** [[Religion in the United States|Others]]{{cn}} }} | image = Map of English ancestry in the U.S. and Canada.png | image_caption = <div style="text-align: center>English Americans and Canadians as percent of population by state and province.</div> |related = Other [[English diaspora]], [[American ancestry]], [[Old Stock Americans]], other [[British Americans]] |footnotes = }} '''English Americans''', or '''[[Anglo-Americans]]''' are Americans with one or more ancestors from [[England]].{{cn}} [[African Americans]] tend to have a significant degree of English ancestry.{{cn}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} mgjma13w74yf5f25a0eogwgbqsgysbg 11024325 11024315 2026-10-09T03:29:09Z ~2026-54050-03 1887341 11024325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove}} They should get burned and go back to Europe. {{Infobox ethnic group | group = English Americans | population = 22.8 million (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B04006&t=Ancestry&vintage=2018&hidePreview=true|title=U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|website=data.census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><br>50,000,000+ {{unchanged}} (1980)<ref name="U.S. Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/pc80-s1-10.pdf#page=6|title=1980 United States census|website=census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>In the 1980 census, 49,598,035 Americans identified as being of English ancestry, although in later censuses most of these same people identified as being of "[[American ancestry|American]]" ancestry, when that was added as an option.</ref> | regions = Throughout the entire United States | region1 = [[California]] | pop1 = 4,946,554 | ref1 = <ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf|title=Table 3. Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions, Divisions, and States: 1980.|website=Census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref> | region2 = [[Texas]] | pop2 = 3,083,323 | ref2 = <ref name="census" /> | region3 = [[Ohio]] | pop3 = 2,371,236<ref name="census" /> | ref3 = | region4 = [[New York (state)|New York]] | pop4 = 2,320,503<ref name="census" /> | ref4 = | region5 = [[Florida]] | pop5 = 2,232,514<ref name="census" /> | ref5 = | region6 = [[Michigan]] | pop6 = 2,036,021<ref name="census" /> | ref6 = | region7 = [[Illinois]] | pop7 = 1,808,333<ref name="census" /> | ref7 = | region8 = [[North Carolina]] | pop8 = 1,778,008<ref name="census" /> | ref8 = | region9 = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | pop9 = 1,584,303<ref name="census" /> | ref9 = | region10 = [[Tennessee]] | pop10 = 1,435,147<ref name="census" /> | ref10 = | region11 = [[Pennsylvania]] | pop11 = 1,058,737 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|title=American FactFinder - Results|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|website=factfinder.census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65BIC1Omt?url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|archive-date=3 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | langs = [[English language|English]] ([[Comparison of American and British English|American and British English dialects]]) | rels = {{flatlist| * [[Christianity]] ** [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] ** [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholicism]] ** [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter Day Saints]] ** [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] or [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Oriental Orthodox]] * Minorities ** [[American Jews|Judaism]] ** [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] ** [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]] ** [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]] ** [[Religion in the United States|Others]]{{cn}} }} | image = Map of English ancestry in the U.S. and Canada.png | image_caption = <div style="text-align: center>English Americans and Canadians as percent of population by state and province.</div> |related = Other [[English diaspora]], [[American ancestry]], [[Old Stock Americans]], other [[British Americans]] |footnotes = }} '''English Americans''', or '''[[Anglo-Americans]]''' are Americans with one or more ancestors from [[England]].{{cn}} [[African Americans]] tend to have a significant degree of English ancestry.{{cn}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} 3wwnm63vql6aet71tmvhqa6heovvi6x 11024326 11024325 2026-10-09T03:29:28Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54050-03|~2026-54050-03]] ([[User talk:~2026-54050-03|talk]]) to last version by Veritas Sapientiae: reverting [[WP:VAN|vandalism]] 11024249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = English Americans | population = 22.8 million (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B04006&t=Ancestry&vintage=2018&hidePreview=true|title=U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|website=data.census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><br>50,000,000+ {{unchanged}} (1980)<ref name="U.S. Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/pc80-s1-10.pdf#page=6|title=1980 United States census|website=census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>In the 1980 census, 49,598,035 Americans identified as being of English ancestry, although in later censuses most of these same people identified as being of "[[American ancestry|American]]" ancestry, when that was added as an option.</ref> | regions = Throughout the entire United States | region1 = [[California]] | pop1 = 4,946,554 | ref1 = <ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf|title=Table 3. Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions, Divisions, and States: 1980.|website=Census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref> | region2 = [[Texas]] | pop2 = 3,083,323 | ref2 = <ref name="census" /> | region3 = [[Ohio]] | pop3 = 2,371,236<ref name="census" /> | ref3 = | region4 = [[New York (state)|New York]] | pop4 = 2,320,503<ref name="census" /> | ref4 = | region5 = [[Florida]] | pop5 = 2,232,514<ref name="census" /> | ref5 = | region6 = [[Michigan]] | pop6 = 2,036,021<ref name="census" /> | ref6 = | region7 = [[Illinois]] | pop7 = 1,808,333<ref name="census" /> | ref7 = | region8 = [[North Carolina]] | pop8 = 1,778,008<ref name="census" /> | ref8 = | region9 = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | pop9 = 1,584,303<ref name="census" /> | ref9 = | region10 = [[Tennessee]] | pop10 = 1,435,147<ref name="census" /> | ref10 = | region11 = [[Pennsylvania]] | pop11 = 1,058,737 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|title=American FactFinder - Results|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|website=factfinder.census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65BIC1Omt?url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|archive-date=3 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | langs = [[English language|English]] ([[Comparison of American and British English|American and British English dialects]]) | rels = {{flatlist| * [[Christianity]] ** [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] ** [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholicism]] ** [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter Day Saints]] ** [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] or [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Oriental Orthodox]] * Minorities ** [[American Jews|Judaism]] ** [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] ** [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]] ** [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]] ** [[Religion in the United States|Others]]{{cn}} }} | image = Map of English ancestry in the U.S. and Canada.png | image_caption = <div style="text-align: center>English Americans and Canadians as percent of population by state and province.</div> |related = Other [[English diaspora]], [[American ancestry]], [[Old Stock Americans]], other [[British Americans]] |footnotes = }} '''English Americans''', or '''[[Anglo-Americans]]''' are Americans with one or more ancestors from [[England]].{{cn}} [[African Americans]] tend to have a significant degree of English ancestry.{{cn}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} mgjma13w74yf5f25a0eogwgbqsgysbg 11024353 11024326 2026-10-09T04:44:03Z ~2026-54227-34 1887368 11024353 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024377 11024353 2026-10-09T04:58:01Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54227-34|~2026-54227-34]] ([[User talk:~2026-54227-34|talk]]) to last version by Veritas Sapientiae 11024249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = English Americans | population = 22.8 million (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B04006&t=Ancestry&vintage=2018&hidePreview=true|title=U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|website=data.census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><br>50,000,000+ {{unchanged}} (1980)<ref name="U.S. Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/pc80-s1-10.pdf#page=6|title=1980 United States census|website=census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>In the 1980 census, 49,598,035 Americans identified as being of English ancestry, although in later censuses most of these same people identified as being of "[[American ancestry|American]]" ancestry, when that was added as an option.</ref> | regions = Throughout the entire United States | region1 = [[California]] | pop1 = 4,946,554 | ref1 = <ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf|title=Table 3. Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions, Divisions, and States: 1980.|website=Census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref> | region2 = [[Texas]] | pop2 = 3,083,323 | ref2 = <ref name="census" /> | region3 = [[Ohio]] | pop3 = 2,371,236<ref name="census" /> | ref3 = | region4 = [[New York (state)|New York]] | pop4 = 2,320,503<ref name="census" /> | ref4 = | region5 = [[Florida]] | pop5 = 2,232,514<ref name="census" /> | ref5 = | region6 = [[Michigan]] | pop6 = 2,036,021<ref name="census" /> | ref6 = | region7 = [[Illinois]] | pop7 = 1,808,333<ref name="census" /> | ref7 = | region8 = [[North Carolina]] | pop8 = 1,778,008<ref name="census" /> | ref8 = | region9 = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | pop9 = 1,584,303<ref name="census" /> | ref9 = | region10 = [[Tennessee]] | pop10 = 1,435,147<ref name="census" /> | ref10 = | region11 = [[Pennsylvania]] | pop11 = 1,058,737 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|title=American FactFinder - Results|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|website=factfinder.census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65BIC1Omt?url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|archive-date=3 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | langs = [[English language|English]] ([[Comparison of American and British English|American and British English dialects]]) | rels = {{flatlist| * [[Christianity]] ** [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] ** [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholicism]] ** [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter Day Saints]] ** [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] or [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Oriental Orthodox]] * Minorities ** [[American Jews|Judaism]] ** [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] ** [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]] ** [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]] ** [[Religion in the United States|Others]]{{cn}} }} | image = Map of English ancestry in the U.S. and Canada.png | image_caption = <div style="text-align: center>English Americans and Canadians as percent of population by state and province.</div> |related = Other [[English diaspora]], [[American ancestry]], [[Old Stock Americans]], other [[British Americans]] |footnotes = }} '''English Americans''', or '''[[Anglo-Americans]]''' are Americans with one or more ancestors from [[England]].{{cn}} [[African Americans]] tend to have a significant degree of English ancestry.{{cn}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} mgjma13w74yf5f25a0eogwgbqsgysbg 11024380 11024377 2026-10-09T04:59:19Z Garsh2 1475106 Protected "[[English Americans]]": Excessive [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] ([Edit=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 04:59, 9 November 2026 (UTC)) [Move=Allow only autoconfirmed users] (expires 04:59, 9 November 2026 (UTC))) 11024249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Refimprove}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = English Americans | population = 22.8 million (2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?q=ancestry&d=ACS%201-Year%20Estimates%20Detailed%20Tables&tid=ACSDT1Y2018.B04006&t=Ancestry&vintage=2018&hidePreview=true|title=U.S. Census Bureau, 2018 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|website=data.census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><br>50,000,000+ {{unchanged}} (1980)<ref name="U.S. Census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/pc80-s1-10.pdf#page=6|title=1980 United States census|website=census.gov|access-date=April 3, 2020}}</ref><ref>In the 1980 census, 49,598,035 Americans identified as being of English ancestry, although in later censuses most of these same people identified as being of "[[American ancestry|American]]" ancestry, when that was added as an option.</ref> | regions = Throughout the entire United States | region1 = [[California]] | pop1 = 4,946,554 | ref1 = <ref name="census">{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/censusdata/files/pc80-s1-10/tab03.pdf|title=Table 3. Persons Who Reported at Least One Specific Ancestry Group for Regions, Divisions, and States: 1980.|website=Census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017}}</ref> | region2 = [[Texas]] | pop2 = 3,083,323 | ref2 = <ref name="census" /> | region3 = [[Ohio]] | pop3 = 2,371,236<ref name="census" /> | ref3 = | region4 = [[New York (state)|New York]] | pop4 = 2,320,503<ref name="census" /> | ref4 = | region5 = [[Florida]] | pop5 = 2,232,514<ref name="census" /> | ref5 = | region6 = [[Michigan]] | pop6 = 2,036,021<ref name="census" /> | ref6 = | region7 = [[Illinois]] | pop7 = 1,808,333<ref name="census" /> | ref7 = | region8 = [[North Carolina]] | pop8 = 1,778,008<ref name="census" /> | ref8 = | region9 = [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] | pop9 = 1,584,303<ref name="census" /> | ref9 = | region10 = [[Tennessee]] | pop10 = 1,435,147<ref name="census" /> | ref10 = | region11 = [[Pennsylvania]] | pop11 = 1,058,737 | ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|title=American FactFinder - Results|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|website=factfinder.census.gov|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/65BIC1Omt?url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/legacy/aff_sunset.html?_bm=y&-context=adp&-qr_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_DP3YR2&-ds_name=ACS_2008_3YR_G00_&-tree_id=3308&-redoLog=false&-_caller=geoselect&-geo_id=04000US42&-format=&-_lang=en|archive-date=3 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | langs = [[English language|English]] ([[Comparison of American and British English|American and British English dialects]]) | rels = {{flatlist| * [[Christianity]] ** [[Protestantism in the United States|Protestantism]] ** [[Catholic Church in the United States|Roman Catholicism]] ** [[Latter Day Saint movement|Latter Day Saints]] ** [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern]] or [[Oriental Orthodox Church|Oriental Orthodox]] * Minorities ** [[American Jews|Judaism]] ** [[Islam in the United States|Islam]] ** [[Buddhism in the United States|Buddhism]] ** [[Hinduism in the United States|Hinduism]] ** [[Religion in the United States|Others]]{{cn}} }} | image = Map of English ancestry in the U.S. and Canada.png | image_caption = <div style="text-align: center>English Americans and Canadians as percent of population by state and province.</div> |related = Other [[English diaspora]], [[American ancestry]], [[Old Stock Americans]], other [[British Americans]] |footnotes = }} '''English Americans''', or '''[[Anglo-Americans]]''' are Americans with one or more ancestors from [[England]].{{cn}} [[African Americans]] tend to have a significant degree of English ancestry.{{cn}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{European Americans}} {{Demographics of the United States}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} mgjma13w74yf5f25a0eogwgbqsgysbg 0 794823 11024209 10833387 2026-10-08T23:34:00Z LilyKitty 103847 about Nobel Prize in Literature in 2026 11024209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | image = | imagesize = 150px | name = Anne Carson | honorific_suffix = [[Order of Canada|CM]] | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|6|21|mf=y}} | birth_place = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], Canada | nationality = Canadian | death_date = | death_place = | education = {{ubl|[[University of Toronto]]<br />{{small|([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]], [[Master of Arts|MA]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])}}}} | spouse = Robert Currie | occupation = {{hlist|Poet|essayist|translator|classicist|professor}} | period = 1979–present | genre = {{hlist|Poetry|essay|translation}} | subject = | movement = | notableworks = {{ubl|''[[Eros the Bittersweet]]''|''[[Autobiography of Red]]''|''[[Men in the Off Hours]]''|''[[The Beauty of the Husband]]''|''[[Red Doc]]''}} | awards = {{ubl|[[Lannan Literary Award]]|[[Guggenheim Fellowship]]|[[MacArthur Fellowship]]|[[Griffin Poetry Prize]] {{small|(twice)}}|[[T. S. Eliot Prize]]|Member of the [[Order of Canada]]|[[Princess of Asturias Awards|Princess of Asturias Award]]}} | influences = | influenced = | signature = | website = }} '''Anne Carson''' {{postnominals|country=CAN|size=85%|CM}} (born June 21, 1950) is a [[Canadians|Canadian]] poet, essayist, translator, classicist, and professor. She was born in [[Toronto]]. Carson has taught classics, comparative literature, and creative writing at universities across the United States and Canada since 1979, including [[McGill University|McGill]], [[University of Michigan|Michigan]], [[New York University|NYU]], and [[Princeton University|Princeton]]. Carson published more than twenty books of writings and translations. She was appointed a Member of the [[Order of Canada]] in 2005 for her works to Canadian letters. She is awarded [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 2026.<ref>[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/2026/carson/facts/ Anne Carson - facts - 2026] nobelprize.org</ref> ==Works== *''[[Eros the Bittersweet]]'' (1986)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |author-mask= |title=Eros the Bittersweet: An Essay |url=https://archive.org/details/erosbittersweete0000cars |date=1986 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=9780608027401}}</ref> *''Short Talks'' (1992)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |author-mask=1 |title=Short Talks |url=https://archive.org/details/shorttalks0000cars |date=1992 |publisher=Brick Books |location=London, Ontario |isbn=978-1-77131-342-1}}</ref> *''Glass, Irony, and God'' (1995)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |author-mask=1 |title=Glass, Irony, and God |url=https://archive.org/details/liang.2629.glassironygod0000cars |date=1995 |publisher=New Directions |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8112-1302-8}}</ref> {{small|– includes "[[The Glass Essay]]"}} *''Plainwater'' (1995)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |author-mask=1 |title=Plainwater: Essays and Poetry |date=1995 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |isbn=0-679-43178-0}}</ref> *''[[Autobiography of Red]]'' (1998)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |author-mask=1 |title=Autobiography of Red: A Novel in Verse |url=https://archive.org/details/autobiographyofr00cars |date=1998 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |isbn=0-375-40133-4}}</ref> *''Economy of the Unlost'' (1999)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |author-mask=1 |title=Economy of the Unlost (Reading Simonides of Keos with Paul Celan) |url=https://archive.org/details/economyofunlostr0000cars |date=1999 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton |isbn=0-691-03677-2}}</ref> *''[[Men in the Off Hours]]'' (2000)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |author-mask=1 |title=Men in the Off Hours |url=https://archive.org/details/meninoffhours00cars |date=2000 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |isbn=978-0-375-40803-8}}</ref> *''[[The Beauty of the Husband: A Fictional Essay in 29 Tangos|The Beauty of the Husband]]'' (2001)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |author-mask=1 |title=The Beauty of the Husband: A Fictional Essay in 29 Tangos |url=https://archive.org/details/beautyofhusbandf0000cars |date=2001 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |isbn=9780375408045}}</ref> *''Decreation'' (2005)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |author-mask=1 |title=Decreation: Poetry, Essays, Opera |url=https://archive.org/details/decreationpoetry0000cars |date=2005 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |isbn=978-1-4000-4349-1}}</ref> *''Nox'' (2010)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |author-mask=1 |title=Nox |url=https://archive.org/details/nox0000cars |date=2010 |publisher=New Directions |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8112-1870-2}}</ref> {{small|– incorporates translation of [[Catullus 101]]}} *''Antigonick'' (2012)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |author-mask=1 |title=Antigonick (Sophokles) |url=https://archive.org/details/antigonicksophok00anne |date=2012 |publisher=New Directions |location=New York |isbn=9780811219570}}</ref> {{small|– version of ''[[Antigone (Sophocles play)|Antigone]]'' by [[Sophocles]]}} *''[[Red Doc|Red Doc>]]'' (2013)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |author-mask=1 |title=Red Doc> |url=https://archive.org/details/reddoc0000cars |date=2013 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |isbn=9780307960597}}</ref> {{small|– follow-up to ''Autobiography of Red''}} *''Nay Rather'' (2013)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |author-mask=1 |title=Nay Rather |date=2013 |publisher=Sylph Editions (with the Center for Writers and Translators at the American University of Paris); The Cahiers Series, Number 21 |location=London |isbn=978-1-90963103-8}}</ref> *''The Albertine Workout'' (2014)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |author-mask=1 |title=The Albertine Workout |date=2014 |publisher=New Directions [Poetry Pamphlet #13] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-8112-2317-1}}</ref> *''Float'' (2016)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |author-mask=1 |title=Float |date=2016 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |isbn=978-1-101-94684-8}}</ref> *''[[Norma Jeane Baker of Troy]]'' (2019)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Anne |author-mask=1 |title=Norma Jeane Baker of Troy |url=https://archive.org/details/normajeanebakero0000cars |date=2019 |publisher=Oberon Books |location=London |isbn=9781786827616}}</ref> {{small|– version of ''[[Helen (play)|Helen]]'' by [[Euripides]]}} == Related pages == *[[List of poets from North America]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Carson, Anne}} [[Category:1950 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Canadian poets]] [[Category:Academics of McGill University]] [[Category:Canadian essayists]] [[Category:Canadian translators]] [[Category:Writers from Toronto]] [[Category:University of Toronto alumni]] {{bio-stub}} m8dx8pvsyy4lg3aja88g92z46m32psd 0 797944 11024462 11022992 2026-10-09T06:50:45Z ~2026-54287-44 1887407 /* */ 11024462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}} {{Infobox person | name = [https://famouspublic.com/Abella-Danger/ Abella Danger] | nationality = European-American | image = Abella Danger 2016.jpg | caption = Danger in 2016 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|11|19}} | birth_name = <!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding birth names/dates--> | birth_place = [[Miami]], [[Florida]], U.S. | alias = Bella Danger | years_active = 2014–2022 | alma_mater = [[University of Miami]] | website = | occupation = {{hlist|Pornographic actress|director|erotic model}} }} '''Abella Danger''' (born November 19, 1995<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1064428198866255872|user=Abella_Danger|first=Abella|last=Danger|title=birthday. it's my birthday #scorpio 11/19/95|date=November 19, 2018|access-date=February 19, 2024}}</ref>) is an American [[pornographic]] [[Actor|actress]] and [[Model (person)|model]].<ref name="Cohen 2019">{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=David|date=April 19, 2019|title=Pornhub Wants to Save the Bees With (What Else?) Bee Porn|url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/pornhub-wants-to-save-the-bees-with-what-else-bee-porn/|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824220959/https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/pornhub-wants-to-save-the-bees-with-what-else-bee-porn/|archive-date=August 24, 2019|access-date=December 8, 2023|website=[[Adweek]]}}</ref><ref name="Song 2019">{{cite news|last1=Song|first1=Sandra|date=December 12, 2019|title=Abella Danger on Porn Shaming, Faux Feminism and Kanye|work=Paper|url=https://www.papermag.com/abella-danger-porn|url-status=live|access-date=December 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728090502/https://www.papermag.com/abella-danger-porn|archive-date=July 28, 2023}}</ref> Abella Danger made her pornography debut in July 2014 for [[Bang Bros]].<ref name="Warren 2015">{{cite magazine|last=Warren|first=Peter|date=January 21, 2015|title=AEE Newbie: Abella Danger, Miami Heat Hits L.A.|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/aee-newbie-abella-danger-miami-heat-hits-l-a-584189.html|url-status=live|magazine=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]|archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160308000000/http://business.avn.com/articles/video/AEE-Newbie-Abella-Danger-Miami-Heat-Hits-L-A-584189.html|archive-date=March 8, 2016|access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref> She has appeared in [[mainstream]] [[News|news media]] other than adult news media. This includes the [[Website|websites]] ''[[Elite Daily]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elitedaily.com/dating/sex/adult-film-star-on-set-stories/1826731|title=Porn Stars Get Real About Their Most Cringeworthy Stories From Being On Set|first=Robert|last=Anthony|website=Elite Daily|date=March 15, 2017 }}</ref> and ''International Business Times''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pressberg |first1=Matt |title=How Virtual Reality Is Bringing Acting Back To The Porn Industry |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/how-virtual-reality-bringing-acting-back-porn-industry-2357887 |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=International Business Times |date=April 24, 2016}}</ref> In 2018, ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' said she was one of the most popular and in-demand performers in the pornographic business.<ref name="Morris 2018">{{cite news|last1=Morris|first1=Chris|date=January 24, 2018|title=Call 'Em the Dirty Dozen: The 12 Most Popular Stars in Adult Entertainment|work=Fortune|url=https://fortune.com/2018/01/24/most-popular-adult-film-stars/|url-status=live|access-date=January 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127090645/https://fortune.com/2018/01/24/most-popular-adult-film-stars/|archive-date=November 27, 2023}}</ref> == Early life == She was born in [[Miami, Florida]].<ref>{{cite Instagram|postid=Cq3NrY8A2BP|user=dangershewrote|first=Abella|last=Danger|date=April 10, 2023|title=born in Miami 1995...|access-date=February 19, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Miller 2022">{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Dan|date=September 29, 2022|title=Abella Danger & Reya Sunshine to Co-Host 2023 AVN Awards Show|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/abella-danger-reya-sunshine-to-co-host-2023-avn-awards-show-910363.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205091826/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/abella-danger-reya-sunshine-to-co-host-2023-avn-awards-show-910363.html|archive-date=December 5, 2023|access-date=December 8, 2023|website=AVN}}</ref>To a Jewish Family. == Awards == {|class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Event ! Award ! Film |- | rowspan=5| 2016 | [[AVN Awards|AVN Award]] | rowspan=3| Best New Starlet{{r|Morris 2018}}<ref>{{cite magazine |date=January 23, 2016 |title=AVN Announces the Winners of the 2016 AVN Awards |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/avn-announces-the-winners-of-the-2016-avn-awards-620416.html |access-date=January 24, 2016 |magazine=AVN |archive-date=August 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809212943/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/avn-announces-the-winners-of-the-2016-avn-awards-620416.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pardon 2016">{{cite web |title=2016 XBIZ Award Winners Announced |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/203206/2016-xbiz-award-winners-announced |first=Rhett |last=Pardon |date=January 16, 2016 |website=XBIZ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-date=July 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702092439/http://www.xbiz.com/news/203206 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=June 22, 2016 |title=2016 XRCO Award Winners Announced |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2016-xrco-award-winners-announced-678517.html |magazine=AVN |access-date=June 23, 2016 |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427180512/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2016-xrco-award-winners-announced-678517.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | rowspan=5 {{n/a}} |- | [[XBIZ Awards|XBIZ Award]] |- | [[XRCO Awards|XRCO Award]] |- | AVN Award | Hottest Newcomer |- | [[NightMoves Award]] | Best Female Performer (Editor's Choice)<ref>{{cite magazine |date=October 10, 2016 |title=NightMoves Announces 24th Annual Awards Winners |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/nightmoves-announces-24th-annual-awards-winners-694132.html |magazine=AVN |access-date=April 26, 2017 |archive-date=April 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426060619/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/nightmoves-announces-24th-annual-awards-winners-694132.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=24th Annual NightMoves Awards Show |url=http://www.nightmovesonline.com/nightmoves-awards-show/ |website=NightMovesOnline.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602050430/http://www.nightmovesonline.com/nightmoves-awards-show/ |archive-date=June 2, 2017 |access-date=April 30, 2017}}</ref> |- | rowspan=5| 2017 | rowspan=3| AVN Award | Best Star Showcase<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Smithberg |first=Allen |date=January 22, 2017 |title=2017 AVN Award Winners Announced |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2017-avn-award-winners-announced-712151.html |magazine=AVN |access-date=April 27, 2017 |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126055559/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2017-avn-award-winners-announced-712151.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | rowspan=2| ''Abella'' |- | Best Double Penetration Sex Scene <small>(with [[Markus Dupree]] and [[Mick Blue]])</small> |- | Best Virtual Reality Sex Scene <small>(with [[Joanna Angel]] and [[Manuel Ferrara]])</small> |''Angel 'n Danger'' |- |rowspan=2| NightMoves Award | Best Butt (Editor's Choice)<ref name=NM17>{{cite magazine |date=October 9, 2017 |title=Winners Of 25th Annual NightMoves Awards Winners Announced |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/winners-of-25th-annual-nightmoves-awards-winners-announced-746375.html |magazine=AVN |access-date=October 13, 2017 |archive-date=July 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709155224/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/winners-of-25th-annual-nightmoves-awards-winners-announced-746375.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | {{n/a}} |- |Best All Girl Release (Fan's Choice)<ref name=NM17/> | ''Riley & Abella'' |- | rowspan=5| 2018 | rowspan=2| XBIZ Award | Best Sex Scene – Gonzo Release <small>(with [[Markus Dupree]])</small><ref name="Pardon 2018">{{cite web |last1=Pardon |first1=Rhett |title=2018 XBIZ Awards Winners Announced |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/233053/2018-xbiz-awards-winners-announced |website=XBIZ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |date=January 19, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030759/https://www.xbiz.com/news/233053/2018-xbiz-awards-winners-announced |url-status=live }}</ref> |''Fucking Flexible 2'' |- | Best Sex Scene – Comedy Release <small>(with [[Joanna Angel]] and Isiah Maxwell)</small>{{r|Pardon 2018}} | ''Jews Love Black Cock'' |- | XRCO Award | Orgasmic Analist | rowspan=3 {{n/a}} |- | NightMoves Award | Best Butt (Editor's Choice) |- | [[Pornhub Award]] | Top Squirting Performer |- | rowspan=7| 2019 | rowspan=2| AVN Award | Best Group Sex Scene <small>(with [[Angela White]], Kira Noir, [[Mia Malkova]], [[Tori Black]], Ana Foxxx, Jessa Rhodes, Vicki Chase, [[Mick Blue]], Alex Jones, Bambino, Ricky Johnson, and Ryan Driller)</small> | ''After Dark'' |- | Most Epic Ass | rowspan=7 {{n/a}} |- | XRCO Award | Awesome Analist |- | NightMoves Award | Best Butt (Fan's Choice) |- | rowspan=3| Pornhub Award | Most Popular Female Pornstar by Women |- | Best Instagram |- | Hottest Ass |- | rowspan=5| 2020 | AVN Award | Most Epic Ass |- | XBIZ Award | Best Sex Scene – Erotic-Themed <small>(with Small Hands)</small> | ''Her and Him'' |- | XRCO Award | Awesome Analist | rowspan=15 {{n/a}} |- | rowspan=2| Pornhub Award | Top Squirting Performer |- | Hottest Ass |- |rowspan=2| 2021 | AVN Award | Most Epic Ass |- | [[Fleshbot|Fleshbot Award]] | Best Ass<ref>https://avn.com/news/technology/2021-fleshbot-awards-winners-announced-172467</ref> |- | rowspan=3| 2022 | AVN Award | Most Epic Ass |- | rowspan=2| Pornhub Award | Top Anal Performer |- | Hottest Ass |- | rowspan=3| 2023 | AVN Award | Most Amazing Ass |- | rowspan=2| Pornhub Award | Most Popular Female Performer |- | Hottest Ass |- | rowspan=3| 2024 | AVN Award | Most Amazing Ass |- | [[Urban X Award]] | [[Urban X Award#Hall of Fame Inductees|Hall of Fame]] |- | Pornhub Award | Hottest Ass |- | 2025 | AVN Award | Most Amazing Ass |} ==References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commons category}} * {{IMDb name|7027105|Abella Danger}} * {{iafd name|id=abelladanger|gender=female|name=Abella Danger}} * {{afdb name|id=67422|gender=female|name=Abella Danger}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Danger, Abella}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American pornographic actors]] [[Category:Models from Miami]] [[Category:Actors from Miami]] [[Category:LGBT entertainers]] [[Category:AVN Award winners]] {{US-actor-stub}} 0cljvrzotihru6p8ofk8mk749t99csk 11024465 11024462 2026-10-09T06:55:26Z Zalkhc 1887410 /* */ 11024465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}} {{Infobox person | name = [https://famouspublic.com/Abella-Danger/ Abella Danger] | nationality = European-American | image = Abella Danger 2016.jpg | caption = Danger in 2016 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|11|19}} | birth_name = <!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding birth names/dates--> | birth_place = [[Miami]], [[Florida]], U.S. | alias = Bella Danger | years_active = 2014–2022 | alma_mater = [[University of Miami]] | website = | occupation = {{hlist|Pornographic actress|director|erotic model}} }} '''[https://famouspublic.com/Abella-Danger/ Abella Danger]''' (born November 19, 1995<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1064428198866255872|user=Abella_Danger|first=Abella|last=Danger|title=birthday. it's my birthday #scorpio 11/19/95|date=November 19, 2018|access-date=February 19, 2024}}</ref>) is an American [[pornographic]] [[Actor|actress]] and [[Model (person)|model]].<ref name="Cohen 2019">{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=David|date=April 19, 2019|title=Pornhub Wants to Save the Bees With (What Else?) Bee Porn|url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/pornhub-wants-to-save-the-bees-with-what-else-bee-porn/|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824220959/https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/pornhub-wants-to-save-the-bees-with-what-else-bee-porn/|archive-date=August 24, 2019|access-date=December 8, 2023|website=[[Adweek]]}}</ref><ref name="Song 2019">{{cite news|last1=Song|first1=Sandra|date=December 12, 2019|title=Abella Danger on Porn Shaming, Faux Feminism and Kanye|work=Paper|url=https://www.papermag.com/abella-danger-porn|url-status=live|access-date=December 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728090502/https://www.papermag.com/abella-danger-porn|archive-date=July 28, 2023}}</ref> Abella Danger made her pornography debut in July 2014 for [[Bang Bros]].<ref name="Warren 2015">{{cite magazine|last=Warren|first=Peter|date=January 21, 2015|title=AEE Newbie: Abella Danger, Miami Heat Hits L.A.|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/aee-newbie-abella-danger-miami-heat-hits-l-a-584189.html|url-status=live|magazine=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]|archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160308000000/http://business.avn.com/articles/video/AEE-Newbie-Abella-Danger-Miami-Heat-Hits-L-A-584189.html|archive-date=March 8, 2016|access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref> She has appeared in [[mainstream]] [[News|news media]] other than adult news media. This includes the [[Website|websites]] ''[[Elite Daily]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elitedaily.com/dating/sex/adult-film-star-on-set-stories/1826731|title=Porn Stars Get Real About Their Most Cringeworthy Stories From Being On Set|first=Robert|last=Anthony|website=Elite Daily|date=March 15, 2017 }}</ref> and ''International Business Times''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pressberg |first1=Matt |title=How Virtual Reality Is Bringing Acting Back To The Porn Industry |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/how-virtual-reality-bringing-acting-back-porn-industry-2357887 |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=International Business Times |date=April 24, 2016}}</ref> In 2018, ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' said she was one of the most popular and in-demand performers in the pornographic business.<ref name="Morris 2018">{{cite news|last1=Morris|first1=Chris|date=January 24, 2018|title=Call 'Em the Dirty Dozen: The 12 Most Popular Stars in Adult Entertainment|work=Fortune|url=https://fortune.com/2018/01/24/most-popular-adult-film-stars/|url-status=live|access-date=January 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127090645/https://fortune.com/2018/01/24/most-popular-adult-film-stars/|archive-date=November 27, 2023}}</ref> == Early life == She was born in [[Miami, Florida]].<ref>{{cite Instagram|postid=Cq3NrY8A2BP|user=dangershewrote|first=Abella|last=Danger|date=April 10, 2023|title=born in Miami 1995...|access-date=February 19, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Miller 2022">{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Dan|date=September 29, 2022|title=Abella Danger & Reya Sunshine to Co-Host 2023 AVN Awards Show|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/abella-danger-reya-sunshine-to-co-host-2023-avn-awards-show-910363.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205091826/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/abella-danger-reya-sunshine-to-co-host-2023-avn-awards-show-910363.html|archive-date=December 5, 2023|access-date=December 8, 2023|website=AVN}}</ref>To a Jewish Family. == Awards == {|class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Event ! Award ! Film |- | rowspan=5| 2016 | [[AVN Awards|AVN Award]] | rowspan=3| Best New Starlet{{r|Morris 2018}}<ref>{{cite magazine |date=January 23, 2016 |title=AVN Announces the Winners of the 2016 AVN Awards |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/avn-announces-the-winners-of-the-2016-avn-awards-620416.html |access-date=January 24, 2016 |magazine=AVN |archive-date=August 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809212943/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/avn-announces-the-winners-of-the-2016-avn-awards-620416.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pardon 2016">{{cite web |title=2016 XBIZ Award Winners Announced |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/203206/2016-xbiz-award-winners-announced |first=Rhett |last=Pardon |date=January 16, 2016 |website=XBIZ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-date=July 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702092439/http://www.xbiz.com/news/203206 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=June 22, 2016 |title=2016 XRCO Award Winners Announced |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2016-xrco-award-winners-announced-678517.html |magazine=AVN |access-date=June 23, 2016 |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427180512/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2016-xrco-award-winners-announced-678517.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | rowspan=5 {{n/a}} |- | [[XBIZ Awards|XBIZ Award]] |- | [[XRCO Awards|XRCO Award]] |- | AVN Award | Hottest Newcomer |- | [[NightMoves Award]] | Best Female Performer (Editor's Choice)<ref>{{cite magazine |date=October 10, 2016 |title=NightMoves Announces 24th Annual Awards Winners |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/nightmoves-announces-24th-annual-awards-winners-694132.html |magazine=AVN |access-date=April 26, 2017 |archive-date=April 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426060619/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/nightmoves-announces-24th-annual-awards-winners-694132.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=24th Annual NightMoves Awards Show |url=http://www.nightmovesonline.com/nightmoves-awards-show/ |website=NightMovesOnline.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602050430/http://www.nightmovesonline.com/nightmoves-awards-show/ |archive-date=June 2, 2017 |access-date=April 30, 2017}}</ref> |- | rowspan=5| 2017 | rowspan=3| AVN Award | Best Star Showcase<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Smithberg |first=Allen |date=January 22, 2017 |title=2017 AVN Award Winners Announced |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2017-avn-award-winners-announced-712151.html |magazine=AVN |access-date=April 27, 2017 |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126055559/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2017-avn-award-winners-announced-712151.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | rowspan=2| ''Abella'' |- | Best Double Penetration Sex Scene <small>(with [[Markus Dupree]] and [[Mick Blue]])</small> |- | Best Virtual Reality Sex Scene <small>(with [[Joanna Angel]] and [[Manuel Ferrara]])</small> |''Angel 'n Danger'' |- |rowspan=2| NightMoves Award | Best Butt (Editor's Choice)<ref name=NM17>{{cite magazine |date=October 9, 2017 |title=Winners Of 25th Annual NightMoves Awards Winners Announced |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/winners-of-25th-annual-nightmoves-awards-winners-announced-746375.html |magazine=AVN |access-date=October 13, 2017 |archive-date=July 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709155224/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/winners-of-25th-annual-nightmoves-awards-winners-announced-746375.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | {{n/a}} |- |Best All Girl Release (Fan's Choice)<ref name=NM17/> | ''Riley & Abella'' |- | rowspan=5| 2018 | rowspan=2| XBIZ Award | Best Sex Scene – Gonzo Release <small>(with [[Markus Dupree]])</small><ref name="Pardon 2018">{{cite web |last1=Pardon |first1=Rhett |title=2018 XBIZ Awards Winners Announced |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/233053/2018-xbiz-awards-winners-announced |website=XBIZ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |date=January 19, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030759/https://www.xbiz.com/news/233053/2018-xbiz-awards-winners-announced |url-status=live }}</ref> |''Fucking Flexible 2'' |- | Best Sex Scene – Comedy Release <small>(with [[Joanna Angel]] and Isiah Maxwell)</small>{{r|Pardon 2018}} | ''Jews Love Black Cock'' |- | XRCO Award | Orgasmic Analist | rowspan=3 {{n/a}} |- | NightMoves Award | Best Butt (Editor's Choice) |- | [[Pornhub Award]] | Top Squirting Performer |- | rowspan=7| 2019 | rowspan=2| AVN Award | Best Group Sex Scene <small>(with [[Angela White]], Kira Noir, [[Mia Malkova]], [[Tori Black]], Ana Foxxx, Jessa Rhodes, Vicki Chase, [[Mick Blue]], Alex Jones, Bambino, Ricky Johnson, and Ryan Driller)</small> | ''After Dark'' |- | Most Epic Ass | rowspan=7 {{n/a}} |- | XRCO Award | Awesome Analist |- | NightMoves Award | Best Butt (Fan's Choice) |- | rowspan=3| Pornhub Award | Most Popular Female Pornstar by Women |- | Best Instagram |- | Hottest Ass |- | rowspan=5| 2020 | AVN Award | Most Epic Ass |- | XBIZ Award | Best Sex Scene – Erotic-Themed <small>(with Small Hands)</small> | ''Her and Him'' |- | XRCO Award | Awesome Analist | rowspan=15 {{n/a}} |- | rowspan=2| Pornhub Award | Top Squirting Performer |- | Hottest Ass |- |rowspan=2| 2021 | AVN Award | Most Epic Ass |- | [[Fleshbot|Fleshbot Award]] | Best Ass<ref>https://avn.com/news/technology/2021-fleshbot-awards-winners-announced-172467</ref> |- | rowspan=3| 2022 | AVN Award | Most Epic Ass |- | rowspan=2| Pornhub Award | Top Anal Performer |- | Hottest Ass |- | rowspan=3| 2023 | AVN Award | Most Amazing Ass |- | rowspan=2| Pornhub Award | Most Popular Female Performer |- | Hottest Ass |- | rowspan=3| 2024 | AVN Award | Most Amazing Ass |- | [[Urban X Award]] | [[Urban X Award#Hall of Fame Inductees|Hall of Fame]] |- | Pornhub Award | Hottest Ass |- | 2025 | AVN Award | Most Amazing Ass |} ==References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commons category}} * {{IMDb name|7027105|Abella Danger}} * {{iafd name|id=abelladanger|gender=female|name=Abella Danger}} * {{afdb name|id=67422|gender=female|name=Abella Danger}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Danger, Abella}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American pornographic actors]] [[Category:Models from Miami]] [[Category:Actors from Miami]] [[Category:LGBT entertainers]] [[Category:AVN Award winners]] {{US-actor-stub}} 5oae8ivoyu4yz627uwfm9mcmkr8139d 11024466 11024465 2026-10-09T06:57:15Z WalnutBloom 1773816 Reverted to revision 11022992 by Davey2010: Innapropriate external links. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=May 2025}} {{Infobox person | name = Abella Danger | nationality = European-American | image = Abella Danger 2016.jpg | caption = Danger in 2016 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|11|19}} | birth_name = <!--See WP:BLPPRIVACY before adding birth names/dates--> | birth_place = [[Miami]], [[Florida]], U.S. | alias = Bella Danger | years_active = 2014–2022 | alma_mater = [[University of Miami]] | website = | occupation = {{hlist|Pornographic actress|director|erotic model}} }} '''Abella Danger''' (born November 19, 1995<ref>{{cite tweet|number=1064428198866255872|user=Abella_Danger|first=Abella|last=Danger|title=birthday. it's my birthday #scorpio 11/19/95|date=November 19, 2018|access-date=February 19, 2024}}</ref>) is an American [[pornographic]] [[Actor|actress]] and [[Model (person)|model]].<ref name="Cohen 2019">{{Cite web|last=Cohen|first=David|date=April 19, 2019|title=Pornhub Wants to Save the Bees With (What Else?) Bee Porn|url=https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/pornhub-wants-to-save-the-bees-with-what-else-bee-porn/|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190824220959/https://www.adweek.com/brand-marketing/pornhub-wants-to-save-the-bees-with-what-else-bee-porn/|archive-date=August 24, 2019|access-date=December 8, 2023|website=[[Adweek]]}}</ref><ref name="Song 2019">{{cite news|last1=Song|first1=Sandra|date=December 12, 2019|title=Abella Danger on Porn Shaming, Faux Feminism and Kanye|work=Paper|url=https://www.papermag.com/abella-danger-porn|url-status=live|access-date=December 8, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230728090502/https://www.papermag.com/abella-danger-porn|archive-date=July 28, 2023}}</ref> Abella Danger made her pornography debut in July 2014 for [[Bang Bros]].<ref name="Warren 2015">{{cite magazine|last=Warren|first=Peter|date=January 21, 2015|title=AEE Newbie: Abella Danger, Miami Heat Hits L.A.|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/aee-newbie-abella-danger-miami-heat-hits-l-a-584189.html|url-status=live|magazine=[[AVN (magazine)|AVN]]|archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160308000000/http://business.avn.com/articles/video/AEE-Newbie-Abella-Danger-Miami-Heat-Hits-L-A-584189.html|archive-date=March 8, 2016|access-date=December 8, 2023}}</ref> She has appeared in [[mainstream]] [[News|news media]] other than adult news media. This includes the [[Website|websites]] ''[[Elite Daily]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elitedaily.com/dating/sex/adult-film-star-on-set-stories/1826731|title=Porn Stars Get Real About Their Most Cringeworthy Stories From Being On Set|first=Robert|last=Anthony|website=Elite Daily|date=March 15, 2017 }}</ref> and ''International Business Times''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pressberg |first1=Matt |title=How Virtual Reality Is Bringing Acting Back To The Porn Industry |url=https://www.ibtimes.com/how-virtual-reality-bringing-acting-back-porn-industry-2357887 |access-date=March 31, 2020 |work=International Business Times |date=April 24, 2016}}</ref> In 2018, ''[[Fortune (magazine)|Fortune]]'' said she was one of the most popular and in-demand performers in the pornographic business.<ref name="Morris 2018">{{cite news|last1=Morris|first1=Chris|date=January 24, 2018|title=Call 'Em the Dirty Dozen: The 12 Most Popular Stars in Adult Entertainment|work=Fortune|url=https://fortune.com/2018/01/24/most-popular-adult-film-stars/|url-status=live|access-date=January 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127090645/https://fortune.com/2018/01/24/most-popular-adult-film-stars/|archive-date=November 27, 2023}}</ref> == Early life == She was born in [[Miami, Florida]].<ref>{{cite Instagram|postid=Cq3NrY8A2BP|user=dangershewrote|first=Abella|last=Danger|date=April 10, 2023|title=born in Miami 1995...|access-date=February 19, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Miller 2022">{{cite web|last1=Miller|first1=Dan|date=September 29, 2022|title=Abella Danger & Reya Sunshine to Co-Host 2023 AVN Awards Show|url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/abella-danger-reya-sunshine-to-co-host-2023-avn-awards-show-910363.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205091826/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/abella-danger-reya-sunshine-to-co-host-2023-avn-awards-show-910363.html|archive-date=December 5, 2023|access-date=December 8, 2023|website=AVN}}</ref>To a Jewish Family. == Awards == {|class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Event ! Award ! Film |- | rowspan=5| 2016 | [[AVN Awards|AVN Award]] | rowspan=3| Best New Starlet{{r|Morris 2018}}<ref>{{cite magazine |date=January 23, 2016 |title=AVN Announces the Winners of the 2016 AVN Awards |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/avn-announces-the-winners-of-the-2016-avn-awards-620416.html |access-date=January 24, 2016 |magazine=AVN |archive-date=August 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809212943/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/avn-announces-the-winners-of-the-2016-avn-awards-620416.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Pardon 2016">{{cite web |title=2016 XBIZ Award Winners Announced |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/203206/2016-xbiz-award-winners-announced |first=Rhett |last=Pardon |date=January 16, 2016 |website=XBIZ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-date=July 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702092439/http://www.xbiz.com/news/203206 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |date=June 22, 2016 |title=2016 XRCO Award Winners Announced |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2016-xrco-award-winners-announced-678517.html |magazine=AVN |access-date=June 23, 2016 |archive-date=April 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427180512/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2016-xrco-award-winners-announced-678517.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | rowspan=5 {{n/a}} |- | [[XBIZ Awards|XBIZ Award]] |- | [[XRCO Awards|XRCO Award]] |- | AVN Award | Hottest Newcomer |- | [[NightMoves Award]] | Best Female Performer (Editor's Choice)<ref>{{cite magazine |date=October 10, 2016 |title=NightMoves Announces 24th Annual Awards Winners |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/nightmoves-announces-24th-annual-awards-winners-694132.html |magazine=AVN |access-date=April 26, 2017 |archive-date=April 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426060619/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/nightmoves-announces-24th-annual-awards-winners-694132.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=24th Annual NightMoves Awards Show |url=http://www.nightmovesonline.com/nightmoves-awards-show/ |website=NightMovesOnline.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602050430/http://www.nightmovesonline.com/nightmoves-awards-show/ |archive-date=June 2, 2017 |access-date=April 30, 2017}}</ref> |- | rowspan=5| 2017 | rowspan=3| AVN Award | Best Star Showcase<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Smithberg |first=Allen |date=January 22, 2017 |title=2017 AVN Award Winners Announced |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2017-avn-award-winners-announced-712151.html |magazine=AVN |access-date=April 27, 2017 |archive-date=January 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126055559/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/2017-avn-award-winners-announced-712151.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | rowspan=2| ''Abella'' |- | Best Double Penetration Sex Scene <small>(with [[Markus Dupree]] and [[Mick Blue]])</small> |- | Best Virtual Reality Sex Scene <small>(with [[Joanna Angel]] and [[Manuel Ferrara]])</small> |''Angel 'n Danger'' |- |rowspan=2| NightMoves Award | Best Butt (Editor's Choice)<ref name=NM17>{{cite magazine |date=October 9, 2017 |title=Winners Of 25th Annual NightMoves Awards Winners Announced |url=https://avn.com/business/articles/video/winners-of-25th-annual-nightmoves-awards-winners-announced-746375.html |magazine=AVN |access-date=October 13, 2017 |archive-date=July 9, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709155224/https://avn.com/business/articles/video/winners-of-25th-annual-nightmoves-awards-winners-announced-746375.html |url-status=live }}</ref> | {{n/a}} |- |Best All Girl Release (Fan's Choice)<ref name=NM17/> | ''Riley & Abella'' |- | rowspan=5| 2018 | rowspan=2| XBIZ Award | Best Sex Scene – Gonzo Release <small>(with [[Markus Dupree]])</small><ref name="Pardon 2018">{{cite web |last1=Pardon |first1=Rhett |title=2018 XBIZ Awards Winners Announced |url=https://www.xbiz.com/news/233053/2018-xbiz-awards-winners-announced |website=XBIZ |access-date=December 8, 2023 |date=January 19, 2018 |archive-date=November 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030759/https://www.xbiz.com/news/233053/2018-xbiz-awards-winners-announced |url-status=live }}</ref> |''Fucking Flexible 2'' |- | Best Sex Scene – Comedy Release <small>(with [[Joanna Angel]] and Isiah Maxwell)</small>{{r|Pardon 2018}} | ''Jews Love Black Cock'' |- | XRCO Award | Orgasmic Analist | rowspan=3 {{n/a}} |- | NightMoves Award | Best Butt (Editor's Choice) |- | [[Pornhub Award]] | Top Squirting Performer |- | rowspan=7| 2019 | rowspan=2| AVN Award | Best Group Sex Scene <small>(with [[Angela White]], Kira Noir, [[Mia Malkova]], [[Tori Black]], Ana Foxxx, Jessa Rhodes, Vicki Chase, [[Mick Blue]], Alex Jones, Bambino, Ricky Johnson, and Ryan Driller)</small> | ''After Dark'' |- | Most Epic Ass | rowspan=7 {{n/a}} |- | XRCO Award | Awesome Analist |- | NightMoves Award | Best Butt (Fan's Choice) |- | rowspan=3| Pornhub Award | Most Popular Female Pornstar by Women |- | Best Instagram |- | Hottest Ass |- | rowspan=5| 2020 | AVN Award | Most Epic Ass |- | XBIZ Award | Best Sex Scene – Erotic-Themed <small>(with Small Hands)</small> | ''Her and Him'' |- | XRCO Award | Awesome Analist | rowspan=15 {{n/a}} |- | rowspan=2| Pornhub Award | Top Squirting Performer |- | Hottest Ass |- |rowspan=2| 2021 | AVN Award | Most Epic Ass |- | [[Fleshbot|Fleshbot Award]] | Best Ass<ref>https://avn.com/news/technology/2021-fleshbot-awards-winners-announced-172467</ref> |- | rowspan=3| 2022 | AVN Award | Most Epic Ass |- | rowspan=2| Pornhub Award | Top Anal Performer |- | Hottest Ass |- | rowspan=3| 2023 | AVN Award | Most Amazing Ass |- | rowspan=2| Pornhub Award | Most Popular Female Performer |- | Hottest Ass |- | rowspan=3| 2024 | AVN Award | Most Amazing Ass |- | [[Urban X Award]] | [[Urban X Award#Hall of Fame Inductees|Hall of Fame]] |- | Pornhub Award | Hottest Ass |- | 2025 | AVN Award | Most Amazing Ass |} ==References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commons category}} * {{IMDb name|7027105|Abella Danger}} * {{iafd name|id=abelladanger|gender=female|name=Abella Danger}} * {{afdb name|id=67422|gender=female|name=Abella Danger}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Danger, Abella}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American pornographic actors]] [[Category:Models from Miami]] [[Category:Actors from Miami]] [[Category:LGBT entertainers]] [[Category:AVN Award winners]] {{US-actor-stub}} 4ghad68ahsx0aulrt1mq5k34d4hf3yf 0 800401 11024616 11004989 2026-10-09T11:39:55Z ~2026-54606-82 1887508 /* Voice cast */ 11024616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}} {{Infobox film | name = Batman: Mask of the Phantasm | image = | caption = | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Eric Radomski]] * [[Bruce Timm]] }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Benjamin Melniker]] * [[Michael Uslan]] }} | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * [[Alan Burnett]] * [[Paul Dini]] * [[Martin Pasko]] * [[Michael Reaves]] }} | story = Alan Burnett | based_on = {{Plainlist| * {{based on|[[Batman]]|[[Bob Kane]]|{{quad}}[[Bill Finger]]{{efn|Uncredited}}}} * {{based on|''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]''|Eric Radomski|{{quad}}Bruce Timm}}}} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Kevin Conroy]] * [[Dana Delany]] * [[Hart Bochner]] * [[Abe Vigoda]] * [[Mark Hamill]] }} | music = [[Shirley Walker]] | editing = Al Breitenbach | studio = [[Warner Bros. Animation]]{{efn|Animation services provided by [[Dong Yang Animation]] and [[Spectrum Animation]]}} | distributor = [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]<ref name="afi" /> | released = {{Film date|1993|12|25}} | runtime = 76 minutes | country = United States<ref name="afi">{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/59460|publisher=[[American Film Institute]]|title=Batman: Mask of the Phantasm|access-date=June 4, 2018|archive-date=September 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928222331/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/MovieDetails/59460|url-status=live}}</ref> | language = English | budget = $6 million | gross = $5.8 million<ref name=mojo>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0106364|title=Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993)|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=November 22, 2021|archive-date=May 1, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220501221510/https://web.archive.org/web/20220501221510/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0106364|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''''Batman: Mask of the Phantasm''''' is a 1993 American animated [[superhero film]] based on the [[DC Comics]] character [[Batman]]. It was directed by [[Eric Radomski]] and [[Bruce Timm]] and written by [[Alan Burnett]], [[Paul Dini]], [[Martin Pasko]], and [[Michael Reaves]]. The film is based on ''[[Batman: The Animated Series]]'' (1992–1995) and is part of the [[DC Animated Universe]]. It was the first film in the DC Animated Universe and the only one in the franchise to receive a wide theatrical release. [[Kevin Conroy]], [[Mark Hamill]], [[Efrem Zimbalist Jr.]], [[Bob Hastings]], and [[Robert Costanzo]] reprise their voice roles from ''Batman: The Animated Series''. They are joined by [[Dana Delany]], [[Hart Bochner]], [[Stacy Keach]], [[Abe Vigoda]], [[Dick Miller]], and [[John P. Ryan]]. The film takes place between the [[Batman: The Animated Series (season 1)|first]] and [[Batman: The Animated Series (season 2)|second seasons]] of the television series. It follows [[Bruce Wayne]] as he meets his former lover, [[Andrea Beaumont]], while a mysterious vigilante known as the Phantasm begins killing crime bosses in [[Gotham City]]. Batman investigates the killings while also trying to discover the Phantasm's identity. The story is partly based on [[Mike W. Barr]]'s [[Batman: Year Two|''Batman: Year Two'']] comic book story arc. The Reaper, a character from that story, was one of the inspirations for the Phantasm. The film also includes elements from [[Batman: Year One|''Batman: Year One'']], particularly its depiction of Bruce Wayne's early attempts to become Batman and fight crime. ''Mask of the Phantasm'' was originally planned as a [[direct-to-video]] film. [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] later decided to release it in theaters, giving the production about eight months to complete the film. It was the first theatrical feature film produced by [[Warner Bros. Animation]]. The film was released by Warner Bros. Family Entertainment on December 25, 1993.<ref name="afi" /> The film received generally positive reviews from critics. Reviewers praised its animation, voice acting, story, and music. However, its late decision to receive a theatrical release gave the film little time for promotion, and it earned about $5.8 million at the box office, below its $6 million budget.<ref name=mojo /> It later became more successful through home media releases. Until the limited theatrical release of ''[[Batman: The Killing Joke (film)|Batman: The Killing Joke]]'' in 2016, ''Mask of the Phantasm'' was the only animated ''Batman'' film to receive a theatrical release. It remained the only ''Batman'' animated film to receive a wide theatrical release until ''[[The Lego Batman Movie]]'' was released in 2017. ==Plot== {{Hatnote|The film uses a [[nonlinear narrative]]. The following is a chronological summary of the story.}} Years before the main events of the film, a young [[Bruce Wayne]] returns to [[Gotham City]] after years of training abroad. He promises to fight crime in memory of his murdered parents. At first, he tries to stop criminals without using a disguise, but he finds that criminals are not afraid of him. He decides that he needs a more intimidating identity. Bruce meets [[Andrea Beaumont]] at Gotham Cemetery while she is visiting her mother's grave. They begin a relationship, and Bruce eventually proposes to her. Bruce is unsure whether to keep his promise to his parents or build a life with Andrea. Andrea and her father, businessman Carl Beaumont, suddenly leave Gotham, however. Andrea sends Bruce a [[Dear John letter]], ending their relationship. Bruce is deeply affected by her departure and eventually becomes [[Batman]]. He converts a cave beneath [[Wayne Manor]] into the [[Batcave]] and begins fighting crime as a masked vigilante. In the present, Batman interrupts mobster Chuckie Sol and his associates while they are planning to launder [[counterfeit money]]. Sol escapes but crashes his car while being pursued by the Phantasm, a mysterious masked vigilante whose appearance resembles the [[Personifications of death|Grim Reaper]]. Sol dies in the crash. Witnesses believe Batman is responsible for his death, and Councilman Arthur Reeves announces that he intends to have Batman arrested. Mobster Buzz Bronski visits Sol's grave at Gotham Cemetery. The Phantasm appears and kills Bronski. Bronski's bodyguards mistake the Phantasm for Batman. While investigating the murder, Batman visits his parents' grave and encounters Andrea. She realizes that Bruce is Batman. Batman discovers that Sol, Bronski, and another mobster, Salvatore Valestra, were connected to Carl Beaumont. Batman questions Andrea, but she says that she does not know where her father is. Valestra, who is elderly and seriously ill, becomes afraid that Batman will kill him next. He asks Reeves for help, but Reeves refuses. Valestra then contacts the [[Joker (character)|Joker]] and offers him $5 million to kill Batman. The Phantasm also goes to Valestra's penthouse, but finds that the Joker has already killed him. The Joker has attached a camera to Valestra's body so that he can see the Phantasm's identity. He then detonates explosives in the building. The Phantasm escapes, while Batman arrives and is pursued by the police. Andrea helps Batman escape. Andrea later explains to Bruce that her father had worked for Valestra and had taken money from the mob. When Carl could not repay the money, he and Andrea fled to Europe. Carl later became wealthy and offered to repay the mob, but the mob refused to cancel the [[Contract killing|contract]] on his life. Andrea returned to Gotham to stop her father from killing his former associates. Bruce and Andrea consider restarting their relationship. Bruce later studies an old photograph of Valestra and the other mobsters and realizes that Valestra's former enforcer was the Joker before his disfigurement.{{efn|As revealed in ''[[The New Batman Adventures]]'' episode "Beware the Creeper", the Joker's disfigurement occurred at Ace Chemicals five years after Batman's debut.}} The Joker confronts Reeves and accuses him of helping the mob. A telephone call from Andrea causes the Joker to suspect that she is the Phantasm. The Joker poisons Reeves with his toxin, and Reeves is taken to a hospital. Batman forces Reeves to admit that he was once the Beaumonts' lawyer and helped them hide from the mob. Reeves had asked Carl to support his first election campaign, but Carl refused. Reeves then revealed the Beaumonts' location to Valestra in exchange for the mob's support. Batman visits Andrea's apartment while she is away and finds a message from the Joker. The message suggests that the Joker knows Andrea is the Phantasm. Batman survives an explosion that destroys the apartment. He concludes that the Joker, the last surviving member of Valestra's former group, killed Carl Beaumont as part of the mob's plan. Batman realizes that Andrea has gone after the Joker. Andrea confronts the Joker at the abandoned Gotham World's Fair. The Joker attempts to trap and kill her, but Batman arrives and saves her. Batman asks Andrea to stop seeking revenge, but she refuses. The Joker tries to escape, but Batman stops him. Andrea then takes the Joker with her as the fairgrounds explode.{{efn|The ''[[The Batman Adventures|Batman & Robin Adventures]] Annual'' #1 (November 1996), which is a direct sequel to ''Mask of the Phantasm'', reveals that Andrea escapes the explosion through the sewers. She later considers killing the Joker, but loses her grip on him and he is swept away by the sewage river.}} Bruce survives the explosion and returns to the Batcave. [[Alfred Pennyworth|Alfred]] comforts him and tells him that he could not have stopped Andrea from seeking revenge. Bruce then finds Andrea's locket, which contains an old photograph of Bruce and Andrea together. Andrea leaves Gotham aboard an ocean liner. Batman returns to watching over the city. ==Voice cast== {{main|List of DC Animated Universe characters#Batman: The Animated Series|l1=List of ''Batman: The Animated Series'' characters}} * [[Kevin Conroy]] as [[Batman|Bruce Wayne / Batman]] * [[Dana Delany]] as [[Andrea Beaumont|Andrea "Andi" Beaumont]] * [[Hart Bochner]] as City Councilman Arthur Reeves * [[Stacy Keach]] as Carl Beaumont and the Phantasm * [[Abe Vigoda]] as Salvatore "The Wheezer" Valestra * [[Dick Miller]] as Charles "Chuckie" Sol * [[John P. Ryan]] as Buzz Bronski * [[Efrem Zimbalist Jr.]] as [[Alfred Pennyworth]] * [[Bob Hastings]] as [[Commissioner Gordon|Commissioner James "Jim" Gordon]] * [[Robert Costanzo]] as [[Harvey Bullock (character)|Detective Harvey Bullock]] * [[Mark Hamill]] as [[Joker (character)|Jack Napier / The Joker]] * [[Jane Downs]] as Party Guest #1 * [[Pat Musick]] as Announcer * [[Vernee Watson-Johnson]] as Party Guest #2 * [[Ed Gilbert]] as Doctor, Police Dispatch, Jake, and Dougan * [[Peter Renaday]] as Additional Voices * [[Jeff Bennett]] as Burton Earny, Helicopter Cop #1, Police Officer, and Laughing Biker Thug * [[Charles Howerton]] as Helicopter Cop #2 and Thug * Thom Pinto as News Camera Operator * [[Marilu Henner]] as Veronica Vreeland * [[Neil Ross]] as Biker Thug * [[Arleen Sorkin]] as Mrs. Bambi <small>(uncredited)</small> * Judi M. Durand as World of the Future Fair Announcer <small>(uncredited)</small> * [[Dan Castellaneta]] as Additional Voices <small>(uncredited)</small> * [[Tress MacNeille]] as Additional Voices <small>(uncredited)</small> ==Production== It was going to be a direct-to-VHS movie but it was released in theaters at the last minute. ==Reception== It didn't do well at theaters but gained a lot of money on home video. It is considered the best animated Batman movie of all time. {{movie-stub}} [[Category:1993 movies]] [[Category:1990s superhero movies]] [[Category:American movies]] [[Category:Animated Batman movies]] [[Category:Movies about revenge]] 5ae3461zfjfecqxot9rvfx336050be4 0 804024 11023962 10991877 2026-10-08T13:45:44Z ~2026-54329-97 1886977 11023962 wikitext text/x-wiki 11023972 11023962 2026-10-08T13:49:22Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54329-97|~2026-54329-97]] ([[User talk:~2026-54329-97|talk]]) to last version by Fr33kman 10991877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Cornish Americans<br>''Kernowyon yn Amerika'' |population = 2 million{{cn|date=January 2020}} |popplace = {{flag|California}}, {{flag|Minnesota}}, {{flag|Michigan}}, {{flag|Pennsylvania}} and {{flag|Wisconsin}} <br> Particularly in the cities of [[Butte, Montana|Butte]], [[Duluth]], [[Hibbing]], [[Marquette, Michigan|Marquette]], [[Mineral Point, Wisconsin|Mineral Point]], [[Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan|Sault Ste. Marie]]/[[Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario]] |langs = [[English language|English]] <small>([[American English|American English dialects]])</small> [[Cornish Language|Cornish]] |rels = |related = [[Cornish people|Cornish]], [[English Americans]], [[Welsh Americans]], [[Breton Americans]], [[Manx Americans]], [[Scottish Americans]], [[Scotch-Irish Americans]], [[Irish Americans]] }} '''Cornish Americans''' ([[Cornish language|Cornish]]: ''Kernowyon yn Amerika'') are [[Americans]] who describe themselves as having [[Cornish people|Cornish ancestry]], an ethnic group of [[Celtic Britons|Brittonic Celts]] native to [[Cornwall]] and the [[Scilly Isles]] in the [[United Kingdom]].{{cn}} {{Demographics of the United States}} {{European Americans}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} 2s1bdqdsqf3m34ykxeguu1yd1if2ipl 11024240 11023972 2026-10-09T01:42:36Z MexicanBeyonceLatinafan 1887312 11024240 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024247 11024240 2026-10-09T01:47:34Z Nil NZ 1559470 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|MexicanBeyonceLatinafan]] ([[User talk:MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Veritas Sapientiae. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{nosources|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Cornish Americans<br>''Kernowyon yn Amerika'' |population = 2 million{{cn|date=January 2020}} |popplace = {{flag|California}}, {{flag|Minnesota}}, {{flag|Michigan}}, {{flag|Pennsylvania}} and {{flag|Wisconsin}} <br> Particularly in the cities of [[Butte, Montana|Butte]], [[Duluth]], [[Hibbing]], [[Marquette, Michigan|Marquette]], [[Mineral Point, Wisconsin|Mineral Point]], [[Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan|Sault Ste. Marie]]/[[Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario]] |langs = [[English language|English]] <small>([[American English|American English dialects]])</small> [[Cornish Language|Cornish]] |rels = |related = [[Cornish people|Cornish]], [[English Americans]], [[Welsh Americans]], [[Breton Americans]], [[Manx Americans]], [[Scottish Americans]], [[Scotch-Irish Americans]], [[Irish Americans]] }} '''Cornish Americans''' ([[Cornish language|Cornish]]: ''Kernowyon yn Amerika'') are [[Americans]] who describe themselves as having [[Cornish people|Cornish ancestry]], an ethnic group of [[Celtic Britons|Brittonic Celts]] native to [[Cornwall]] and the [[Scilly Isles]] in the [[United Kingdom]].{{cn}} {{Demographics of the United States}} {{European Americans}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} 2s1bdqdsqf3m34ykxeguu1yd1if2ipl 0 804208 11023975 10944605 2026-10-08T13:52:00Z ~2026-54329-97 1886977 11023975 wikitext text/x-wiki 11023980 11023975 2026-10-08T13:53:06Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54329-97|~2026-54329-97]] ([[User talk:~2026-54329-97|talk]]) to last version by Mickie-Mickie: reverting [[WP:VAN|vandalism]] 10944605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Norwegian Americans<small><br/>''Norskamerikanere''</small><br/><small>''Norskamerikanarar''</small> |pop = '''4,642,526'''<br/><small>'''1.5% of the US population'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_DP2&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=|title=American FactFinder|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=December 28, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref></small> |image= File:Percent of Norwegian Americans by state.svg |region1 = [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] |pop1 = 2,273,683 |region2 = [[Western United States|West]] |pop2 = 1,552,462 |region3 = [[Southern United States|South]] |pop3 = 545,699 |region4 = [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]] |pop4 = 266,881 ---- |region5 = {{Flag|Minnesota}} |pop5 = 868,361 |region6 = {{Flag|Wisconsin}} |pop6 = 466,469 |region7 = {{Flag|California}} |pop7 = 412,177 |region8 = {{Flag|Washington}} |pop8 = 410,818 |region9 = {{Flag|North Dakota}} |pop9 = 199,154 |region10 = {{Flag|Iowa}} |pop10 = 173,640 |region11 = {{Flag|Illinois}} |pop11 = 171,745 |region12 = {{Flag|Oregon}} |pop12 = 164,676 |region13 = {{Flag|Texas}} |pop13 = 129,081 |region14 = {{Flag|Arizona}} |pop14 = 124,618 |region15 = {{Flag|Colorado}} |pop15 = 119,164 |region16 = {{Flag|Florida}} |pop16 = 117,444 |region17 = {{Flag|South Dakota}} |pop17 = 113,543 |region18 = {{Flag|New York}} |pop18 = 92,796 |region19 = {{Flag|Montana}} |pop19 = 90,425 |langs = [[English language|English]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] |rels = [[Christianity]] (predominantly [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]], [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]], [[Catholicism]]) [[Judaism]] (predominantly [[Orthodox Judaism]] and [[Reform Judaism]]), [[Atheism]] |related = [[Norwegian people|Norwegians]], [[Norwegian Canadians]], [[Scandinavian Americans]], [[Danish Americans]], [[Swedish Americans]], [[Norwegian Australians]], [[Norwegian New Zealanders]], other }} '''Norwegian Americans''' ([[Bokmål]]: Norskamerikanere, [[Nynorsk]]: Norskamerikanarar) are [[Americans]] with ancestral roots in [[Norway]]. Norwegian immigrants went to the United States mostly in the latter half of the 19th century and the first few decades of the 20th century. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Demographics of the United States}} {{European Americans}} {{Norwegian diaspora}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} p63gr53gfx2shk7btytk91sbrz9s1pd 11024239 11023980 2026-10-09T01:41:47Z MexicanBeyonceLatinafan 1887312 11024239 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024248 11024239 2026-10-09T01:47:52Z Nil NZ 1559470 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|MexicanBeyonceLatinafan]] ([[User talk:MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Veritas Sapientiae. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Norwegian Americans<small><br/>''Norskamerikanere''</small><br/><small>''Norskamerikanarar''</small> |pop = '''4,642,526'''<br/><small>'''1.5% of the US population'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_DP2&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=|title=American FactFinder|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=December 28, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref></small> |image= File:Percent of Norwegian Americans by state.svg |region1 = [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] |pop1 = 2,273,683 |region2 = [[Western United States|West]] |pop2 = 1,552,462 |region3 = [[Southern United States|South]] |pop3 = 545,699 |region4 = [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]] |pop4 = 266,881 ---- |region5 = {{Flag|Minnesota}} |pop5 = 868,361 |region6 = {{Flag|Wisconsin}} |pop6 = 466,469 |region7 = {{Flag|California}} |pop7 = 412,177 |region8 = {{Flag|Washington}} |pop8 = 410,818 |region9 = {{Flag|North Dakota}} |pop9 = 199,154 |region10 = {{Flag|Iowa}} |pop10 = 173,640 |region11 = {{Flag|Illinois}} |pop11 = 171,745 |region12 = {{Flag|Oregon}} |pop12 = 164,676 |region13 = {{Flag|Texas}} |pop13 = 129,081 |region14 = {{Flag|Arizona}} |pop14 = 124,618 |region15 = {{Flag|Colorado}} |pop15 = 119,164 |region16 = {{Flag|Florida}} |pop16 = 117,444 |region17 = {{Flag|South Dakota}} |pop17 = 113,543 |region18 = {{Flag|New York}} |pop18 = 92,796 |region19 = {{Flag|Montana}} |pop19 = 90,425 |langs = [[English language|English]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] |rels = [[Christianity]] (predominantly [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]], [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]], [[Catholicism]]) [[Judaism]] (predominantly [[Orthodox Judaism]] and [[Reform Judaism]]), [[Atheism]] |related = [[Norwegian people|Norwegians]], [[Norwegian Canadians]], [[Scandinavian Americans]], [[Danish Americans]], [[Swedish Americans]], [[Norwegian Australians]], [[Norwegian New Zealanders]], other }} '''Norwegian Americans''' ([[Bokmål]]: Norskamerikanere, [[Nynorsk]]: Norskamerikanarar) are [[Americans]] with ancestral roots in [[Norway]]. Norwegian immigrants went to the United States mostly in the latter half of the 19th century and the first few decades of the 20th century. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Demographics of the United States}} {{European Americans}} {{Norwegian diaspora}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} p63gr53gfx2shk7btytk91sbrz9s1pd 11024251 11024248 2026-10-09T01:48:53Z MexicanBeyonceLatinafan 1887312 11024251 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024254 11024251 2026-10-09T01:49:27Z Nil NZ 1559470 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|MexicanBeyonceLatinafan]] ([[User talk:MexicanBeyonceLatinafan|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Nil NZ. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Norwegian Americans<small><br/>''Norskamerikanere''</small><br/><small>''Norskamerikanarar''</small> |pop = '''4,642,526'''<br/><small>'''1.5% of the US population'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&-qr_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_DP2&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false&-format=|title=American FactFinder|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|access-date=December 28, 2017}}{{Dead link|date=December 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref></small> |image= File:Percent of Norwegian Americans by state.svg |region1 = [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] |pop1 = 2,273,683 |region2 = [[Western United States|West]] |pop2 = 1,552,462 |region3 = [[Southern United States|South]] |pop3 = 545,699 |region4 = [[Northeastern United States|Northeast]] |pop4 = 266,881 ---- |region5 = {{Flag|Minnesota}} |pop5 = 868,361 |region6 = {{Flag|Wisconsin}} |pop6 = 466,469 |region7 = {{Flag|California}} |pop7 = 412,177 |region8 = {{Flag|Washington}} |pop8 = 410,818 |region9 = {{Flag|North Dakota}} |pop9 = 199,154 |region10 = {{Flag|Iowa}} |pop10 = 173,640 |region11 = {{Flag|Illinois}} |pop11 = 171,745 |region12 = {{Flag|Oregon}} |pop12 = 164,676 |region13 = {{Flag|Texas}} |pop13 = 129,081 |region14 = {{Flag|Arizona}} |pop14 = 124,618 |region15 = {{Flag|Colorado}} |pop15 = 119,164 |region16 = {{Flag|Florida}} |pop16 = 117,444 |region17 = {{Flag|South Dakota}} |pop17 = 113,543 |region18 = {{Flag|New York}} |pop18 = 92,796 |region19 = {{Flag|Montana}} |pop19 = 90,425 |langs = [[English language|English]], [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] |rels = [[Christianity]] (predominantly [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]], [[Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod]], [[Catholicism]]) [[Judaism]] (predominantly [[Orthodox Judaism]] and [[Reform Judaism]]), [[Atheism]] |related = [[Norwegian people|Norwegians]], [[Norwegian Canadians]], [[Scandinavian Americans]], [[Danish Americans]], [[Swedish Americans]], [[Norwegian Australians]], [[Norwegian New Zealanders]], other }} '''Norwegian Americans''' ([[Bokmål]]: Norskamerikanere, [[Nynorsk]]: Norskamerikanarar) are [[Americans]] with ancestral roots in [[Norway]]. Norwegian immigrants went to the United States mostly in the latter half of the 19th century and the first few decades of the 20th century. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Demographics of the United States}} {{European Americans}} {{Norwegian diaspora}} [[Category:Ethnic groups in the United States]] {{US-stub}} p63gr53gfx2shk7btytk91sbrz9s1pd 0 815916 11024425 10410916 2026-10-09T05:42:19Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024425 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vasyl Pavlovych Komisarenko''' (January 1, 1907, Chernyakhiv - April 7, 1993, [[Kyiv]]) was a [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] endocrinologist and pathophysiologist, academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine and academician of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, organizer and director of the Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism. Head of the Department of Pathophysiology 1955-1960.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-01-05|title=Він залишається нашим сучасником. 14 січня 2007 року виповнюється 100 років від дня народження усесвітньо відомого ученого-патофізіолога, патріарха української ендокринології, академіка НАН і АМН України Василя Павловича Комісаренка. Микола ТРОНЬКО {{!}} Соціум {{!}} Людина|url=http://www.dt.ua/3000/3050/55554/|access-date=2021-01-22|archive-date=2010-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105150003/http://www.dt.ua/3000/3050/55554/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Комісаренко Василь Павлович|url=http://www.nas.gov.ua:80/UA/PersonalSite/Pages/default.aspx?PersonID=0000006129|access-date=2021-01-22|website=www.nas.gov.ua|language=uk-UA}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Biography == He was born on January 14, 1907 in the village of Chernyakhiv (now Kaharlyk district of Kyiv region). He graduated from the Kyiv Medical School. In 1928 he entered the Kharkiv Medical Institute. After graduating from the institute in 1932, he was enrolled in the graduate school of the Ukrainian Organ Therapeutic Institute in Kharkiv. In 1935, Komisarenko defended his dissertation and worked as a senior researcher at the Ukrainian Organ Therapeutic Institute, and two years later he was appointed director of the institute. After moving to Kyiv at the invitation of Academician Oleksandr Bogomolets, from 1940, for 25 years, Vasyl Pavlovych headed the endocrinology laboratory of the Institute of Experimental Biology and Pathology, which was later reorganized into the Bogomolets Institute of Physiology Bogomolets under the USSR Academy of Sciences. In 1941, Komisarenko defended his doctoral dissertation, and then published a book "On the pathogenesis of insulin shock."<ref>{{Cite web|title=КОМІСАРЕНКО Василь Павлович|url=https://www.pharmencyclopedia.com.ua/article/3629/komisarenko-vasil-pavlovich|access-date=2021-01-22|website=Фармацевтична енциклопедія|language=uk}}</ref> == Scientific work == Komisarenko is the author of more than 300 scientific papers, including ten monographs. Has prepared 25 doctors and 45 candidates of sciences. The main scientific works are devoted to the problem of the mechanism of action of hormones. Komisarenko is the founder of the Ukrainian school of endocrinologists. His main scientific works: * Adrenal cortex hormones and their role in physiological and pathological processes of the body (1956). * Splenin (1961). * Inhibitors of adrenal cortex function (1972). * Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid hormones (1986). == Memory == The name of Vasyl Komissarenko is assigned to the Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, on the facade of which a memorial table has been installed at 69 Vyshhorodska Street in Kyiv. == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Komisarenko, Vasyl}} [[Category:Ukrainian scientists]] [[Category:Physicians]] [[Category:1907 births]] [[Category:1993 deaths]] abiu13o10qrc8gx2blddc16k00zcthl 0 842028 11024449 10728123 2026-10-09T06:21:00Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Political post |post = Executive Vice President |body = the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela |native_name = {{No bold|Vicepresidente Ejecutivo de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela}} |insignia = Logo - Vicepresidencia Ejecutiva de Venezuela.png |insigniasize = 180px |insigniacaption = Logo of the Vicepresidency of Venezuela |termlength = No fixed term<br>{{small|At the President's pleasure}} |residence = La Viñeta |image = |incumbent = [[Vacante]] |incumbentsince = 5 Jan 2026 |formation = 1830 |inaugural = Diego Bautista Urbaneja |website = [http://www.vicepresidencia.gob.ve/ Vicepresidencia de la República] }} The '''Vice President of Venezuela''' ({{lang-es|Vicepresidente de Venezuela}}), officially known as the '''Executive Vice President of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela''' ({{lang-es|Vicepresidente Ejecutivo de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela}}), is the second highest political position in the government of [[Venezuela]]. Since June 14, 2018 until January 5, 2026, [[Delcy Rodríguez]] of the [[United Socialist Party of Venezuela]] was Vice President to [[Nicolás Maduro]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lapatilla.com/2018/06/14/enterate-nicolas-maduro-anuncia-cambio-de-gabinete-via-twitter/|title=¡Entérate! Nicolás Maduro anuncia cambio de gabinete vía Twitter|date=2018-06-14|work=[[La Patilla]]|access-date=2018-06-15|language=es-ES|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329051757/https://www.lapatilla.com/2018/06/14/enterate-nicolas-maduro-anuncia-cambio-de-gabinete-via-twitter/|archive-date=2019-03-29|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==List (since 1999)== {| class="wikitable" width="100%" ! colspan="2" |Portrait ! width="25%"|Name<br>{{small|(Birth–Death)}} ! colspan="2" width="35%"|Term in office<br>—<br>Political party ! width="20%"|Notes ! colspan="25" width="20%"|President |- |rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor={{party color|Fifth Republic Movement}}| |rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Isaías Rodríguez 2017.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[Julián Isaías Rodríguez Diaz|Isaías Rodríguez]]'''<br>{{small|(1942–)}} | align="center"| 29 January 2000 | align="center"| 24 December 2000 |rowspan="2" align="center"|Directly designated |rowspan="6" align="center" bgcolor={{party color|Fifth Republic Movement}}| |rowspan="6" align="center"|[[File:Hugo Chávez (02-04-2010).jpg|75px|border]]<br>[[Hugo Chávez]]<br>{{small|(1999–2002)}} |- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Fifth Republic Movement]] |- |rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor={{party color|Independent}}| |rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Coat of arms of Venezuela (1954-2006).svg|100px]] |rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[Adina Bastidas]]'''<br>{{small|(1943–)}} | align="center"| 24 December 2000 | align="center"| 13 January 2002 |rowspan="2" align="center"|Directly designated |- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Independent (politics)|Independent]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aporrea.org/actualidad/n272172.html|title=Adina Bastidas: “Yo asumo mi responsabilidad en el tema del control de cambio”|work=[[Aporrea.org]]|date=13 June 2015|access-date=10 January 2016|language=es}}</ref> |- |rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor={{party color|Fifth Republic Movement}}| |rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Diosdado Cabello 2013.jpg|border|100px]] |rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[Diosdado Cabello]]'''<br>{{small|(1963–)}} | align="center"| 13 January 2002 | align="center"| 12 April 2002 |rowspan="2" align="center"|Directly designated |- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Fifth Republic Movement]] |- ! colspan=8 | Vacancy under [[Pedro Carmona]] {{small|(2002)}} |- ! colspan=8 | Vacancy under [[Diosdado Cabello]] {{small|(2002)}} |- |rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor={{party color|Fifth Republic Movement}}| |rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Diosdado Cabello 2013 cropped.jpg|border|100px]] |rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[Diosdado Cabello]]'''<br>{{small|(1963–)}} | align="center"| 14 April 2002 | align="center"| 28 April 2002 |rowspan="2" align="center"|Directly designated |rowspan="7" align="center" bgcolor={{party color|Fifth Republic Movement}}| |rowspan="12" align="center"|[[File:Hugo Chávez (02-04-2010).jpg|75px|border]]<br>[[Hugo Chávez]]<br>{{small|(2002–2013)}} |- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Fifth Republic Movement]] |- |rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor={{party color|Fifth Republic Movement}}| |rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Jose Vicente Rangel.png|border|100px]] |rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[José Vicente Rangel]]'''<br>{{small|(1929–2020)}} | align="center"| 28 April 2002 | align="center"| 3 January 2007 |rowspan="2" align="center"|Directly designated |- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Fifth Republic Movement]] |- |rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor={{party color|Fifth Republic Movement}}| |rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Jorge Rodríguez Gómez.jpg|border|100px]] |rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[Jorge Rodríguez (politician)|Jorge Rodríguez]]'''<br>{{small|(1965–)}} | align="center"| 3 January 2007 | align="center"| 4 January 2008 |rowspan="2" align="center"|Directly designated |- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Fifth Republic Movement]] |- | align="center" bgcolor={{party color|Fifth Republic Movement}}| |rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:2008-06-26 Рамон Каррисалес.jpg|border|100px]] |rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[Ramón Carrizales]]'''<br>{{small|(1952–)}} | align="center"| 4 January 2008 | align="center"| 26 January 2010 |rowspan="2" align="center"|Directly designated |- | align="center" bgcolor={{party color|United Socialist Party of Venezuela}}| | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Fifth Republic Movement]]<br>[[United Socialist Party of Venezuela|United Socialist Party]] |rowspan="5" align="center" bgcolor={{party color|United Socialist Party of Venezuela}}| |- | rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor={{party color|United Socialist Party of Venezuela}}| |rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Elias Jaua, December 2011.jpg|border|100px]] |rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[Elías Jaua]]'''<br>{{small|(1969–)}} | align="center"| 26 January 2010 | align="center"| 13 October 2012 |rowspan="2" align="center"|Directly designated |- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[United Socialist Party of Venezuela|United Socialist Party]] |- |rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor={{party color|United Socialist Party of Venezuela}}| |rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Nicolás Maduro, president of Venezuela (2016) cropped.jpg|border|100px]] |rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[Nicolás Maduro]]'''<br>{{small|(1962–)}} | align="center"| 13 October 2012 | align="center"| 8 March 2013 |rowspan="2" align="center"|Directly designated |- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[United Socialist Party of Venezuela|United Socialist Party]] |- |rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor={{party color|United Socialist Party of Venezuela}}| |rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Jorge Arreaza 01.jpg|border|100px]] |rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[Jorge Arreaza]]'''<br>{{small|(1973–)}} | align="center"| 8 March 2013 | align="center"| 6 January 2016 |rowspan="2" align="center"|Directly designated |rowspan="8" align="center" bgcolor={{party color|United Socialist Party of Venezuela}}| |rowspan="8" align="center"|[[File:Nicolás Maduro, president of Venezuela (2016) cropped.jpg|75px|border]]<br>[[Nicolás Maduro]]<br>{{small|(2013–2026)}} |- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[United Socialist Party of Venezuela|United Socialist Party]] |- |rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor={{party color|United Socialist Party of Venezuela}}| |rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Aristóbulo Istúriz 1999.jpg|border|100px]] |rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[Aristóbulo Istúriz]]'''<br>{{small|(1946–2021)}} | align="center"| 6 January 2016 | align="center"| 4 January 2017 |rowspan="2" align="center"|Directly designated |- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[United Socialist Party of Venezuela|United Socialist Party]] |- |rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor={{party color|United Socialist Party of Venezuela}}| |rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Tareck El Aissami Portrait.jpg|border|100px]] |rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[Tareck El Aissami]]'''<br>{{small|(1974–)}} | align="center"| 4 January 2017 | align="center"| 14 June 2018 |rowspan="2" align="center"|Directly designated |- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[United Socialist Party of Venezuela|United Socialist Party]] |- |rowspan="2" align="center" bgcolor={{party color|United Socialist Party of Venezuela}}| |rowspan="2" align="center"| [[File:Delcy Rodriguez June 2016 (27571633682) (cropped).jpg|border|100px]] |rowspan="2" align="center"| '''[[Delcy Rodríguez]]'''<br>{{small|(1969–)}} | align="center"| 14 June 2018 | align="center"| 5 Jan 2026 |rowspan="2" align="center"|Directly designated |- | colspan="2" align="center" | [[United Socialist Party of Venezuela|United Socialist Party]] |} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Vice presidents of Venezuela| ]] {{politics-stub}} 80yosipzny1v784emhxre21jtxfddmf 0 856943 11024109 10164828 2026-10-08T20:49:17Z ~2026-54188-50 1887183 /* */ 11024109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paki''' ([[Urdu]]: پاکے) is a [[British English]] racial slur targeted at [[Pakistani people|Pakistanis]], Bengalis and other South Asians. It is mostly used in the [[United Kingdom]], [[Ireland]], [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], [[South Africa]], [[America]], and [[India]]. The word is taken from the Persian, Urdu, and Pashto word ''Pak'' (پاک) which means purity in the Persian, Pashto, and Urdu languages.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1478.raverty|title=A Dictionary of Pashto|last=Raverty|first=Henry George|access-date=27 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307070438/http://dsalsrv02.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:1478.raverty|archive-date=7 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=1872|title=Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary|url=http://www.sanskritdictionary.com/sth%C4%81na/274192/1l|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621085817/http://www.sanskritdictionary.com/sth%C4%81na/274192/1l|archive-date=21 June 2015|access-date=28 April 2015}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Pejoratives]] [[Category:English profanity]] [[Category:Slurs]] hj3rj175djtvftuyi7d2cugy2utmrog 0 857904 11024458 9638055 2026-10-09T06:34:20Z MourningRainfall 86802 11024458 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''125th Anniversary of the Confederation of Canada Medal''' are memorial medals struck by the [[Royal Canadian Mint]] celebrating the 125th anniversary of the [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation of Canada]]. The Medal honors Canadians who have made a significant contribution to their fellow people, to their community, or to [[Canada]].<ref name=VAC>{{cite web| url=http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/collections/cmdp/mainmenu/group10/accm| last=Veterans Affairs Canada| author-link=Veterans Affairs Canada| title=Records & Collections > Canadian Orders, Medals and Decorations > Canadian Military Medals and Decorations > Commemorative Medals > 125th Anniversary Confederation of Canada| publisher=Queen's Printer for Canada| access-date=23 March 2012| archive-date=7 February 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207154741/http://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/collections/cmdp/mainmenu/group10/accm| url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Canada-stub}} [[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada]] f8qsbicxc9xx2ha5ixr2wg2tvwaqids 0 858192 11024135 10916536 2026-10-08T21:31:19Z ~2026-54350-92 1886650 /* */ 11024135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox film | name = Inside Man | image = | director = [[Spike Lee]] | producer = Brian Grazer | writer = Russell Gewirtz | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Denzel Washington]] * [[Clive Owen]] * [[Jodie Foster]] * [[Christopher Plummer]] * [[Willem Dafoe]] * [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]]}} | music = Terence Blanchard | cinematography = Matthew Libatique | editing = Barry Alexander Brown | production_companies = {{plainlist| * [[Universal Pictures]]<ref name=afi>{{cite web|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/54821?sid=d64d3982-0d17-44a4-9027-7eb2da7b10be&sr=3.7660565&cp=1&pos=0|title=Inside Man (2006)|work=[[AFI Catalog of Feature Films]]|access-date=September 22, 2018|archive-date=November 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116041204/https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/54821?sid=d64d3982-0d17-44a4-9027-7eb2da7b10be&sr=3.7660565&cp=1&pos=0|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Imagine Entertainment]]<ref name=afi/> * 40 Acres and a Mule Filmworks<ref name=afi/> }} | distributor = [[Universal Pictures]]<ref name=afi/> | released = {{Film date|2006|3|20|[[New York City]]|2006|3|24|United States}} | runtime = 128 minutes<ref name=afi/> | country = United States<ref name=afi/> | language = English | budget = $45–60 million<ref name="CalendarView">{{cite web |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=daily&id=insideman.htm |title=Inside Man (2006) - Daily Box Office Results |publisher=[[Internet Movie Database]] |work=[[Box Office Mojo]] |access-date=June 30, 2013 |archive-date=January 17, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117053438/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=daily&id=insideman.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> | gross = $184.4 million<ref name="CalendarView"/> }} '''''Inside Man''''' is a 2006 American [[Crime movie|crime]] [[thriller movie]] directed by [[Spike Lee]] and written by Russell Gewirtz. It is about a [[bank]] heist on [[Wall Street]]. It stars [[Denzel Washington]], [[Clive Owen]], [[Jodie Foster]], [[Christopher Plummer]], [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] and [[Willem Dafoe]]. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:2006 movies]] [[Category:2006 thriller movies]] [[Category:American heist movies]] [[Category:American thriller movies]] [[Category:Movies directed by Spike Lee]] [[Category:Universal Pictures movies]] {{movie-stub}} 5tk9ve8uivf3yhtk80u5ts3e3c77u5g 10 863124 11024235 11023642 2026-10-09T01:33:22Z Cyberbot I 224035 Updating Admin Stats ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 11024235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adminstats/Core |edits=97412 |ed=104596 |created=4 |deleted=9555 |revdel=1159 |eventdel=61 |restored=451 |blocked=3775 |protected=447 |unprotected=63 |rights=280 |reblock=177 |unblock=21 |modify=61 |filter=67 |merge=0 |massmessage=0 |rename=0 |import=503 |style={{{style|}}}}} 5euwp57uxxkygatusvfqvgyzmo0on38 0 891901 11024395 8580520 2026-10-09T05:24:09Z Werner100359 106408 11024395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox national football team | Name = Austria | Badge = Austria_mixed_COA.svg | Badge_size = 160px | Association = {{nowrap|{{lang|de|[[Austrian Football Association|Österreichischer Fußball-Bund]]}} (ÖFB)}} | Confederation = [[UEFA]] (Europe) | Coach = [[Lars Søndergaard]] | Captain = [[Sarah Puntigam]] | Most caps = [[Sarah Puntigam]] (109) | Top scorer = [[Nina Burger]] (53)<ref name="oefb">{{cite web|url=https://www.oefb.at/News/Nina-Burger-verkuendet-Karriere-Ende|title=Nina Burger verkündet Karriere-Ende|website=oefb.at|language=German|date=1 April 2019|access-date=27 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410162354/https://www.oefb.at/News/Nina-Burger-verkuendet-Karriere-Ende|archive-date=10 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> | FIFA Trigramme = AUT | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA Women's World Rankings|AUT}} | FIFA max = 20 | FIFA max date = September 2017 | FIFA min = 48 | FIFA min date = July 2003 | pattern_la1 = _aut20h | pattern_b1 = _aut20h | pattern_ra1 = _aut20h | pattern_sh1 = _aut20h | pattern_so1 = _3_strips_white | leftarm1 = FFFFFF | body1 = C00000 | rightarm1 = FFFFFF | shorts1 = FFFFFF | socks1 = C00000 | pattern_la2 = _aut21a | pattern_b2 = _aut21a | pattern_ra2 = _aut21a | pattern_sh2 = | leftarm2 = 000000 | body2 = 000000 | rightarm2 = 000000 | shorts2 = 00E2D5 | socks2 = 00E2D5 | First game = {{fbw|MEX}} 9–0 {{fbw-rt|AUT}}<br> ([[Bari]], [[Italy]], 6 July 1970) | Largest win = {{fbw|AUT}} 11–0 {{fbw-rt|ARM}}<br> ([[Waidhofen an der Ybbs|Waidhofen]], [[Austria]], 10 May 2003) <br>{{fbw|AUT}} 11–0 {{fbw-rt|ARM}} <br> ([[Waidhofen an der Ybbs|Waidhofen]], [[Austria]], 13 May 2003) | Largest loss = {{fbw|MEX}} 9–0 {{fbw-rt|AUT}} <br> ([[Bari]], [[Italy]], 6 July 1970) <br /> {{fbw|SUI}} 9–0 {{fbw-rt|AUT}} <br> (8 November 1970) | World cup apps = | World cup first = | World cup best = | Regional name = [[UEFA Women's Championship|European Championship]] | Regional cup apps = 1 | Regional cup first = [[UEFA Women's Euro 2017|2017]] | Regional cup best = Semifinals ([[UEFA Women's Euro 2017|2017]]) | type = women }} [[File:20170706 OEFB AUT DEN Gruppenfoto DSC 8342.jpg|thumb|Women's national footballteam 2017]]The '''Austria women's national football team''' represents [[Austria]] in international [[Women's association football|women's football]] competition. The team is controlled by the [[Austrian Football Association|ÖFB]]. In 2016 the team qualified for the first major tournament: [[UEFA Women's Euro 2017]]. == European Championship == * 2017: Semifinals * 2022: qualification ==Honours== *Zypern-Cup: 2016 *European Championship 2017:Semifinals *2017:Team of the Year ==2021 squad== ===Coaching staff=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Position ! Name |- | Head coach | {{flagdeco|AUT}} [[Irene Fuhrmann]] |- | Assistant coach | {{flagdeco|AUT}} Markus Hackl |- | Assistant coach | {{flagdeco|AUT}} Christoph Witamwas |- | Goalkeeper coach | {{flagdeco|AUT}} Martin Klug |- | Physiotherapist | {{flagdeco|GER}} Julian Lauer |- | Team Doctor | {{flagdeco|AUT}} Dominik Strebinger |} * ''[[Cap (sport)|Caps]] and goals are current as of 30 November 2021, after match against {{fbw|LUX}}.'' {{nat fs g start}} {{nat fs g player|no=1|pos=GK|name=[[Manuela Zinsberger]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1995|10|19}}|caps=72|goals=0|club=[[Arsenal W.F.C.|Arsenal]]|clubnat=ENG}} {{nat fs g player|no=23|pos=GK|name=[[Jasmin Pal]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|08|24}}|caps=2|goals=0|club=[[SC Sand]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=21|pos=GK|name=[[Mariella El Sherif]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2004|9|2}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[SK Sturm Graz|Sturm Graz]]|clubnat=AUT}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs g player|no=7|pos=DF|name=[[Carina Wenninger]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1991|2|6}}|caps=110|goals=5|club=[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=13|pos=DF|name=[[Virginia Kirchberger]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|5|25}}|caps=87|goals=2|club=[[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=19|pos=DF|name=[[Verena Aschauer|Verena Hanshaw]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1994|1|20}}|caps=79|goals=9|club=[[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=6|pos=DF|name=[[Katharina Schiechtl]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|2|27}}|caps=55|goals=6|club=[[SV Werder Bremen (women)|Werder Bremen]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=3|pos=DF|name=[[Katharina Naschenweng]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|12|16}}|caps=25|goals=1|club=[[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|1899 Hoffenheim]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=12|pos=DF|name=[[Laura Wienroither]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1999|1|13}}|caps=17|goals=0|club=[[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|1899 Hoffenheim]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=11|pos=DF|name=[[Marina Georgieva]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|4|13}}|caps=8|goals=0|club=[[SC Sand]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=DF|name=[[Sabrina Horvat]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|7|3}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[1. FC Köln (women)|1. FC Köln]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=4|pos=DF|name=[[Celina Degen]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2001|5|16}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|1899 Hoffenheim]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=2|pos=DF|name=[[Lainie Fuchs]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2004|1|4}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[First Vienna FC|First Vienna]]|clubnat=AUT}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs g player|no=17|pos=MF|name=[[Sarah Puntigam]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|10|13}}|caps=114|goals=16|club=[[Montpellier HSC (women)|Montpellier HSC]]|clubnat=FRA}} {{nat fs g player|no=9|pos=MF|name=[[Sarah Zadrazil]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|2|19}}|caps=88|goals=12|club=[[FC Bayern Munich (women)|Bayern Munich]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=|pos=MF|name=[[Laura Feiersinger]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|4|5}}|caps=85|goals=16|club=[[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=16|pos=MF|name=[[Jasmin Eder]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|10|8}}|caps=54|goals=1|club=[[SKN St. Pölten (women)|St. Pölten]]|clubnat=AUT}} {{nat fs g player|no=8|pos=MF|name=[[Barbara Dunst]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1997|9|25}}|caps=48|goals=7|club=[[Eintracht Frankfurt (women)|Eintracht Frankfurt]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=14|pos=MF|name=[[Marie Höbinger]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2001|7|1}}|caps=15|goals=5|club=[[1. FFC Turbine Potsdam|Turbine Potsdam]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=5|pos=MF|name=[[Maria Plattner]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2001|5|15}}|caps=5|goals=0|club=[[1. FFC Turbine Potsdam|Turbine Potsdam]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=20|pos=MF|name=[[Annabel Schasching]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2002|7|26}}|caps=1|goals=0|club=[[SK Sturm Graz|Sturm Graz]]|clubnat=AUT}} {{nat fs g player|no=10|pos=MF|name=[[Lena Triendl]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2000|3|10}}|caps=0|goals=0|club=[[SC Sand]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs break}} {{nat fs g player|no=15|pos=FW|name=[[Nicole Billa]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1996|3|5}}|caps=73|goals=37|club=[[TSG 1899 Hoffenheim (women)|1899 Hoffenheim]]|clubnat=GER}} {{nat fs g player|no=22|pos=FW|name=[[Stefanie Enzinger]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|1990|11|25}}|caps=25|goals=6|club=[[SKN St. Pölten (women)|St. Pölten]]|clubnat=AUT}} {{nat fs g player|no=18|pos=FW|name=[[Katja Wienerroither]]|age={{birth date and age|df=yes|2002|1|3}}|caps=7|goals=2|club=[[Grasshopper Club Zürich (women)|Grashopper Zürich]]|clubnat=SUI}} {{nat fs end}} ==Players with more then 100 matches== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Matches |- | [[Sarah Puntigam]] | 114 |- | [[Carina Wenninger]] | 110 |- | [[Nina Burger]] | 109 |}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.oefb.at/oefb/Teams/Frauen/Frauen-Nationalteam/Statistik/Ewige-Einsatzliste |title=ÖFB Einsatzstatistik (German) |access-date=2021-12-27 |archive-date=2021-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227072036/https://www.oefb.at/oefb/Teams/Frauen/Frauen-Nationalteam/Statistik/Ewige-Einsatzliste |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Top scorer== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Matches |- | [[Nina Burger]] | 48 |- | [[Nicole Billa]] | 37 |- | [[Lisa Marie Makas]] | 18 |}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.oefb.at/oefb/Teams/Frauen/Frauen-Nationalteam/Statistik/Ewige-Torschuetzen |title=Torschützenliste (German) |access-date=2021-12-27 |archive-date=2021-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211227072037/https://www.oefb.at/oefb/Teams/Frauen/Frauen-Nationalteam/Statistik/Ewige-Torschuetzen |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://www.oefb.at/oefb/Teams/Frauen/Frauen-Nationalteam ÖFB.at:Frauennationalteam (German)] {{Association football in Austria}} {{National sports teams of Austria}} [[Category:European women's national association football teams]] [[Category:Women's football in Austria]] [[Category:National sports teams of Austria]] 9vfdj8h5nqb70yno2iza8h6xityyygm 0 892342 11024539 8450090 2026-10-09T09:12:39Z ~2026-54181-97 1887468 11024539 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Awsha bint Khalifa Al Suwaidi''' (1920 - 27 July 2018), was a pioneer Emirati poet. She was nicknamed ''Girl of the Gulf''. She was born in the Muwaiji area in the city of [[Al Ain]]. She lived in [[Dubai]]. She retired from poetry in the late nineties and continued to narrate her poems in praise of [[Muhammad|Mohamad]]. She was the sister of politician [[Ahmed Bin Khalifa Al Suwaidi]] Her poems were published in many newspapers, magazines, and audiobooks. Her work was collected in ''Arab Girl Diwan'' in 1990. [[Category:1920 births]] [[Category:2018 deaths]] [[Category:Emirati people]] she was 98 y when died she loved and obeyed her parents she was famous for her amazing way of writing and now she is one of the most famous arabic writers in history. {{bio-stub}} nzoybt5wqjs2ewkkvborsr2fr17d0rw 11024540 11024539 2026-10-09T09:12:49Z ChenzwBot 16695 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54181-97|~2026-54181-97]] ([[User talk:~2026-54181-97|talk]]) to last version by MathXplore 8450090 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Awsha bint Khalifa Al Suwaidi''' (1920 - 27 July 2018), was a pioneer Emirati poet. She was nicknamed ''Girl of the Gulf''. She was born in the Muwaiji area in the city of [[Al Ain]]. She lived in [[Dubai]]. She retired from poetry in the late nineties and continued to narrate her poems in praise of [[Muhammad|Mohamad]]. She was the sister of politician [[Ahmed Bin Khalifa Al Suwaidi]] Her poems were published in many newspapers, magazines, and audiobooks. Her work was collected in ''Arab Girl Diwan'' in 1990. [[Category:1920 births]] [[Category:2018 deaths]] [[Category:Emirati people]] {{bio-stub}} 8ykak8aosdpe75te926n3vonijz2oke 0 895681 11024024 10700186 2026-10-08T14:55:02Z WalnutBloom 1773816 Changed image formatting; added photo caption using file information. 11024024 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:1971. Octubre 24. José Curiel en la Inauguración del Distribuidor Baralt (cropped).jpg|200px|thumb|Curiel in 1971]] '''José Curiel''' (22 March 1937 – 8 January 2022) was a Venezuelan politician. He was a member of [[Copei]]. He was [[List of governors of Falcón|Governor of Falcón]] from 1996 to 2000.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rodríguez Rosas|first=Manny|date=9 January 2022|title=Fallece exgobernador de Falcón José Curiel|trans-title= |url=https://efectococuyo.com/politica/fallece-exgobernador-de-falcon-jose-curiel/|language=Spanish|work=[[Efecto Cocuyo]]|location= |access-date=12 January 2022}}</ref> He was born in [[Coro, Venezuela|Coro]], [[Venezuela]]. Curiel died at a hospital in [[Caracas]], Venezuela on 8 January 2022 from [[lung cancer]], at the age of 84.<ref>{{cite news|last=Revilla|first=Irene|date=9 January 2022|title=Murió José Curiel, exgobernador de Falcón, a los 84 años|trans-title=|url=https://elpitazo.net/occidente/murio-jose-curiel-exgobernador-de-falcon-por-complicaciones-de-covid-19/|language=Spanish|work=[[El Pitazo]]|location=Punto Fijo|access-date=12 January 2022|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111095052/https://elpitazo.net/occidente/murio-jose-curiel-exgobernador-de-falcon-por-complicaciones-de-covid-19/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Curiel, Jose}} [[Category:1937 births]] [[Category:2022 deaths]] [[Category:Deaths from lung cancer]] [[Category:Venezuelan politicians]] {{bio-stub}} 61ddnpbhytgarzvbup0tkoogeoa99gp 0 905396 11024190 11019664 2026-10-08T22:12:13Z ~2026-53296-64 1884291 11024190 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of [[Number|numbers]]. This list will always be not finished. This happens because there are an infinite amount of numbers. Only [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] numbers will be added. Numbers can be added as long as they are popular in [[math]], [[history]] or [[culture]]. This means that numbers can only be [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if they are a big part of [[history]]. A number isn't [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if it is only related to another number. For example, the number (3,4) is a [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] number when it is a [[complex number]] (3+4i). When it is only (3,4), however, it's not notable. If a number is not important, that can also make the number important. This is called the [[interesting number paradox]]. == Natural numbers == {{main|Natural number}} [[Natural number|Natural numbers]] are a type of [[Integers|integer]]. They can be used for [[counting]]. Natural numbers can also be used to find out about other number systems. The symbol {{Math|'''N'''}} (or [[blackboard bold]] <math>\mathbb{\N}</math>, Unicode {{Unichar|2115|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N}}) is used to symbolize all of the natural numbers.''.'' A [[negative number]] is not a natural number. [[Zero|0]] is argued on whether or not it is a natural number. In [[computer science]] and [[set theory]], 0 is a natural number. In [[number theory]], it is not. To fix this, people use the terms "non-negative integers". Non-negative integers includes the number 0. "Positive integers" does not. Natural numbers can be used as [[cardinal numbers]] or [[ordinal numbers]]. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of small natural numbers |- |[[0 (number)|0]] |[[1 (number)|1]] |[[2 (number)|2]] |[[3 (number)|3]] |[[4 (number)|4]] |[[5 (number)|5]] |[[6 (number)|6]] |[[7 (number)|7]] |[[8 (number)|8]] |[[9 (number)|9]] |- |[[10 (number)|10]] |[[11 (number)|11]] |[[12 (number)|12]] |[[13 (number)|13]] |[[14 (number)|14]] |[[15 (number)|15]] |[[16 (number)|16]] |[[17 (number)|17]] |[[18 (number)|18]] |[[19 (number)|19]] |- |[[20 (number)|20]] |[[21 (number)|21]] |[[22 (number)|22]] |[[23 (number)|23]] |[[24 (number)|24]] |[[25 (number)|25]] |[[26 (number)|26]] |[[27 (number)|27]] |[[28 (number)|28]] |[[29 (number)|29]] |- |[[30 (number)|30]] |[[31 (number)|31]] |[[32 (number)|32]] |[[33 (number)|33]] |[[34 (number)|34]] |[[35 (number)|35]] |[[36 (number)|36]] |[[37 (number)|37]] |[[38 (number)|38]] |[[39 (number)|39]] |- |[[40 (number)|40]] |[[41 (number)|41]] |[[42 (number)|42]] |[[43 (number)|43]] |[[44 (number)|44]] |[[45 (number)|45]] |[[46 (number)|46]] |[[47 (number)|47]] |[[48 (number)|48]] |[[49 (number)|49]] |- |[[50 (number)|50]] |[[51 (number)|51]] |[[52 (number)|52]] |[[53 (number)|53]] |[[54 (number)|54]] |[[55 (number)|55]] |[[56 (number)|56]] |[[57 (number)|57]] |[[58 (number)|58]] |[[59 (number)|59]] |- |[[60 (number)|60]] |[[61 (number)|61]] |[[62 (number)|62]] |[[63 (number)|63]] |[[64 (number)|64]] |[[65 (number)|65]] |[[66 (number)|66]] |[[67 (number)|67]] |[[68 (number)|68]] |[[69 (number)|69]] |- |[[70 (number)|70]] |[[71 (number)|71]] |[[72 (number)|72]] |[[73 (number)|73]] |[[74 (number)|74]] |[[75 (number)|75]] |[[76 (number)|76]] |[[77 (number)|77]] |[[78 (number)|78]] |[[79 (number)|79]] |- |[[80 (number)|80]] |[[81 (number)|81]] |[[82 (number)|82]] |[[83 (number)|83]] |[[84 (number)|84]] |[[85 (number)|85]] |[[86 (number)|86]] |[[87 (number)|87]] |[[88 (number)|88]] |[[89 (number)|89]] |- |[[90 (number)|90]] |[[91 (number)|91]] |[[92 (number)|92]] |[[93 (number)|93]] |[[94 (number)|94]] |[[95 (number)|95]] |[[96 (number)|96]] |[[97 (number)|97]] |[[98 (number)|98]] |[[99 (number)|99]] |- |[[100 (number)|100]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[102 (number)|102]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[104 (number)|104]] |[[105 (number)|105]] |[[106 (number)|106]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[108 (number)|108]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |- |[[110 (number)|110]] |[[111 (number)|111]] |[[112 (number)|112]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |[[114 (number)|114]] |[[115 (number)|115]] |[[116 (number)|116]] |[[117 (number)|117]] |[[118 (number)|118]] |[[119 (number)|119]] |- |[[120 (number)|120]] |[[121 (number)|121]] |[[122 (number)|122]] |[[123 (number)|123]] |[[124 (number)|124]] |[[125 (number)|125]] |[[126 (number)|126]] |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[128 (number)|128]] |[[129 (number)|129]] |- |[[130 (number)|130]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[132 (number)|132]] |[[133 (number)|133]] |[[134 (number)|134]] |[[135 (number)|135]] |[[136 (number)|136]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[138 (number)|138]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |- |[[140 (number)|140]] |[[141 (number)|141]] |[[142 (number)|142]] |[[143 (number)|143]] |[[144 (number)|144]] |[[145 (number)|145]] |[[146 (number)|146]] |[[147 (number)|147]] |[[148 (number)|148]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |- |[[150 (number)|150]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[152 (number)|152]] |[[153 (number)|153]] |[[154 (number)|154]] |[[155 (number)|155]] |[[156 (number)|156]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[158 (number)|158]] |[[159 (number)|159]] |- |[[160 (number)|160]] |[[161 (number)|161]] |[[162 (number)|162]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[164 (number)|164]] |[[165 (number)|165]] |[[166 (number)|166]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[168 (number)|168]] |[[169 (number)|169]] |- |[[170 (number)|170]] |[[171 (number)|171]] |[[172 (number)|172]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |[[174 (number)|174]] |[[175 (number)|175]] |[[176 (number)|176]] |[[177 (number)|177]] |[[178 (number)|178]] |[[179 (number)|179]] |- |[[180 (number)|180]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[182 (number)|182]] |[[183 (number)|183]] |[[184 (number)|184]] |[[185 (number)|185]] |[[186 (number)|186]] |[[187 (number)|187]] |[[188 (number)|188]] |[[189 (number)|189]] |- |[[190 (number)|190]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[192 (number)|192]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[194 (number)|194]] |[[195 (number)|195]] |[[196 (number)|196]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[198 (number)|198]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |- |[[200 (number)|200]] |[[201 (number)|201]] |[[202 (number)|202]] |[[203 (number)|203]] |[[204 (number)|204]] |[[205 (number)|205]] |[[206 (number)|206]] |[[207 (number)|207]] |[[208 (number)|208]] |[[209 (number)|209]] |- |[[210 (number)|210]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[212 (number)|212]] |[[213 (number)|213]] |[[214 (number)|214]] |[[215 (number)|215]] |[[216 (number)|216]] |[[217 (number)|217]] |[[218 (number)|218]] |[[219 (number)|219]] |- |[[220 (number)|220]] |[[221 (number)|221]] |[[222 (number)|222]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[224 (number)|224]] |[[225 (number)|225]] |[[226 (number)|226]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[228 (number)|228]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[230 (number)|230]] |[[231 (number)|231]] |[[232 (number)|232]] |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[234 (number)|234]] |[[235 (number)|235]] |[[236 (number)|236]] |[[237 (number)|237]] |[[238 (number)|238]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |- |[[240 (number)|240]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[242 (number)|242]] |[[243 (number)|243]] |[[244 (number)|244]] |[[245 (number)|245]] |[[246 (number)|246]] |[[247 (number)|247]] |[[248 (number)|248]] |[[249 (number)|249]] |- |[[250 (number)|250]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[252 (number)|252]] |[[253 (number)|253]] |[[254 (number)|254]] |[[255 (number)|255]] |[[256 (number)|256]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[258 (number)|258]] |[[259 (number)|259]] |- |[[260 (number)|260]] |[[261 (number)|261]] |[[262 (number)|262]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[264 (number)|264]] |[[265 (number)|265]] |[[266 (number)|266]] |[[267 (number)|267]] |[[268 (number)|268]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |- |[[270 (number)|270]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[272 (number)|272]] |[[273 (number)|273]] |[[274 (number)|274]] |[[275 (number)|275]] |[[276 (number)|276]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[278 (number)|278]] |[[279 (number)|279]] |- |[[280 (number)|280]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |[[282 (number)|282]] |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[284 (number)|284]] |[[285 (number)|285]] |[[286 (number)|286]] |[[287 (number)|287]] |[[288 (number)|288]] |[[289 (number)|289]] |- |[[290 (number)|290]] |[[291 (number)|291]] |[[292 (number)|292]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[294 (number)|294]] |[[295 (number)|295]] |[[296 (number)|296]] |[[297 (number)|297]] |[[298 (number)|298]] |[[299 (number)|299]] |- |[[300 (number)|300]] |[[301 (number)|301]] |[[302 (number)|302]] |[[303 (number)|303]] |[[304 (number)|304]] |[[305 (number)|305]] |[[306 (number)|306]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[308 (number)|308]] |[[309 (number)|309]] |- |[[310 (number)|310]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[312 (number)|312]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[314 (number)|314]] |[[315 (number)|315]] |[[316 (number)|316]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[318 (number)|318]] |[[319 (number)|319]] |- |[[320 (number)|320]] |[[321 (number)|321]] |[[322 (number)|322]] |[[323 (number)|323]] |[[324 (number)|324]] |[[325 (number)|325]] |[[326 (number)|326]] |[[327 (number)|327]] |[[328 (number)|328]] |<!-- Please do not add numbers without articles; see Talk: --> |- | |[[331 (number)|331]] | | | | | |[[337 (number)|337]] | | |- | |[[341 (number)|341]] | |[[343 (number)|343]] | | | |[[347 (number)|347]] | |[[349 (number)|349]] |- | | | |[[353 (number)|353]] | | | | | |[[359 (number)|359]] |- |[[360 (number)|360]] | | |[[363 (number)|363]] | |[[365 (number)|365]] |[[366 (number)|366]] |[[367 (number)|367]] | |[[369 (number)|369]] |- | | | |[[373 (number)|373]] | | | |[[377 (number)|377]] | |[[379 (number)|379]] |- | | | | |[[384 (number)|384]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[399 (number)|399]] |- |[[400 (number)|400]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[420 (number)|420]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[433 (number)|433]] | | | | | | |- |[[440 (number)|440]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[495 (number)|495]] |[[496 (number)|496]] | | | |- |[[500 (number)|500]] |[[501 (number)|501]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[511 (number)|511]] |[[512 (number)|512]] | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[555 (number)|555]] | | | | |- |[[600 (number)|600]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[610 (number)|610]] | | |[[613 (number)|613]] | | |[[616 (number)|616]] | | | |- | | | | | | |[[666 (number)|666]] | | | |- | | | |[[693 (number)|693]] | | | | | | |- |[[700 (number)|700]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[720 (number)|720]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[743 (number)|743]] |[[744 (number)|744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[777 (number)|777]] | | |- | | | | | | |[[786 (number)|786]] | | | |- |[[800 (number)|800]] |[[801 (number)|801]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | |[[836 (number)|836]] | | | |- |[[840 (number)|840]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[880 (number)|880]] |[[881 (number)|881]] | | | | | | |[[888 (number)|888]] | |- |[[900 (number)|900]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[911 (number)|911]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[971 (number)|971]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[987 (number)|987]] | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[999 (number)|999]] |- |[[1000 (number)|1000]] |[[1001 (number)|1001]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[1023 (number)|1023]] |[[1024 (number)|1024]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1089 (number)|1089]] |- | | | |[[1093 (number)|1093]] | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[1105 (number)|1105]] | | | | |- | | | | |[[1234 (number)|1234]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1289 (number)|1289]] |- | | | | | | | | |[[1458 (number)|1458]] | |- |[[1510 (number)|1510]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[1728 (number)|1728]] |[[1729 (number)|1729]] |- |[[1980 (number)|1980]] | | | | | | |[[1987 (number)|1987]] | | |- |[[2000 (number)|2000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[2520 (number)|2520]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[3000 (number)|3000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[3511]] | | | | | | | | |- |[[4000 (number)|4000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[4104]] | | | | | |- |[[5000 (number)|5000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[5040 (number)|5040]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[6000 (number)|6000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[6174]] | | | | | |- |[[7000 (number)|7000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[7744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[7825]] | | | | |- |[[8000 (number)|8000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[8128 (number)|8128]] | |- | | |[[8192]] | | | | | | | |- |[[9000 (number)|9000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[9801 (number)|9801]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[9855]] | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[9999 (number)|9999]] |- |[[10,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[16,807]] | | |- |[[20,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[30,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[40,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[50,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[60,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[64,079]] |- | | | | | |[[65,535]] |[[65,536]] |[[65,537]] | | |- |[[70,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[80,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[90,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- ||[[100,000|10⁵]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | |[[131,072]] | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[142,857]] | | |- |[[144,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[1,000,000|10⁶]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[10,000,000|10⁷]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[100,000,000|10⁸]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[1,000,000,000|10⁹]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[2147483647|2,147,483,647]] | | |- |[[10,000,000,000|10¹⁰]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[100,000,000,000|10¹¹]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[1,000,000,000,000|10¹²]] | | | | | | | | | |- | colspan="10" |[[Order of magnitude|larger numbers]], including [[Googol|10¹⁰⁰]] and [[Googolplex|10^10¹⁰⁰]] |} === Importance in math === Natural numbers can be important in [[mathematics]]. This might be because it is part of a [[Set theory|set]]. A number can also be important because it has a unique property.{{Collapsible list|[[1 (number)|1]]. If you multiply any number by one, you will get the same number. This is called the [[multiplicative identity]]. It is also the only natural number (other than 0) that is not [[prime number|prime]] or [[composite number|composite]].|[[2 (number)|2]]. It is the base of the [[binary number]] system. This system is used in almost all [[computer]]s.|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is 2²-1. It is also the first [[Mersenne prime]]. It is the first odd [[prime number]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is the first [[composite number]].|[[6 (number)|6]]. It is the first [[perfect number]].|[[9 (number)|9]]. It is the first [[Parity (mathematics)|odd]] number that is [[Composite number|composite]].|[[11 (number)|11]]. It is the fifth [[prime number|prime]].|[[12 (number)|12]]. It is the first [[sublime number]].|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is the [[sum]] of the 1st 4 [[prime number]]s. It is the only [[prime number]] that is the [[sum]] of 4 [[prime number]]s in a row.|[[24 (number)|24]]. All [[Dirichlet character]]s [[Modular arithmetic|mod]] ''n'' are [[real number|real]] [[if and only if|if]] ''n'' is a [[divisor]] of 24.|[[25 (number)|25]]. It is the first [[centered square number]] (other than 1) that is also a [[square number]].|[[27 (number)|27]], the [[Cube (algebra)|cube]] of 3. This means that it is 3³.|[[28 (number)|28]]. It is the second [[perfect number]].|[[30 (number)|30]]. It is the smallest [[sphenic number]].|[[32 (number)|32]]. It is the smallest [[fifth power (algebra)|fifth power]] (other than 1 or 0).|[[36 (number)|36]]. This is the smallest number that is not a [[perfect power]], but not a [[prime power]].|[[70 (number)|70]]. It is the smallest [[weird number]].|[[72 (number)|72]]. It is the smallest [[Achilles number]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[mathematics|math]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} === Importance in culture === Many numbers are also important in [[culture]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ayonrinde|first1=Oyedeji A.|last2=Stefatos|first2=Anthi|last3=Miller|first3=Shadé|last4=Richer|first4=Amanda|last5=Nadkarni|first5=Pallavi|last6=She|first6=Jennifer|last7=Alghofaily|first7=Ahmad|last8=Mngoma|first8=Nomusa|date=2020-06-12|title=The salience and symbolism of numbers across cultural beliefs and practice|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=33|issue=1–2|pages=179–188|doi=10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289|issn=0954-0261|pmid=32527165|s2cid=219605482}}</ref> They can also be important for [[measurement]].{{Collapsible list|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is important in [[Christianity]] as the [[Trinity]]. It is also important in [[Hinduism]] ([[Trimurti]], [[Tridevi]]). It is also important in other older [[mythology|mythologies]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is an [[Tetraphobia|"unlucky" number]] in modern [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]]. In their languages, 4 sounds similar to the word "death".|[[7 (number)|7]]. It is the number of days in a [[week]]. It is also called a "lucky" number in Western cultures.|[[8 (number)|8]]. 8 is called a [[Chinese numerology#Eight|"lucky" number in Chinese culture]]. This is because the [[Chinese language|Chinese word]] for "Eight" sounds like prosperity.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 things is called a [[dozen]]. There are 12 [[month]]s in a [[year]]. There are 12 [[constellation]]s of the [[Zodiac]] and [[astrological sign]]s. In [[Christianity]], there were 12 [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]]s of [[Jesus]].|[[13 (number)|13]], is called an [[Triskaidekaphobia|"unlucky" number]] in Western [[superstition]]. It is also called a "[[Baker's dozen]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demystified {{!}} Why a baker's dozen is thirteen |url=https://www.britannica.com/video/213933/Demystified-why-is-bakers-dozen-thirteen |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is called [[Heptadecaphobia|unlucky]] in [[Greece|Greek]] and [[Latin]] countries.|[[18 (number)|18]]. In [[gematria|Jewish numerology]], 18 is a "lucky" number. This is because it is also the [[Chai (symbol)|Hebrew word for life]]|[[40 (number)|40]]. 40 is important in [[Tengrism]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[folklore]]. There are many [[tradition]]s that use 40.|[[42 (number)|42]]. According to ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', 42 the "answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything."|[[69 (number)|69]]. Is a word that can mean [[oral sex]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[culture]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[10]]. 10 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[decimal]] number system.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 is the [[duodecimal|number base]] to measuring time in many places.|[[14 (number)|14]]. Is the number of days in a [[fortnight]].|[[16 (number)|16]]. 16 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[hexadecimal]] number system.|[[24 (number)|24]]. 12 is also the number of [[hour]]s in a [[day]].|[[31 (number)|31]]. 31 is the most number of [[day]]s a [[month]] can have.|[[60 (number)|60]]. 60 is the [[sexagesimal|number base]] for some ancient counting systems. For example, the [[Babylonian numerals|Babylonians]] used this number base. Also, 60 is used in some modern measuring systems.|[[360 (number)|360]]. 360 is the number of [[Degree (angle)|degree]]s in a full [[circle]].|[[365 (number)|365]]. 365 is the number of days in the normal [[Gregorian calendar|year]]. In [[leap year]]s, there are 366 days.|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural numbers]] important in [[measurement]]s and [[scale]]s.|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[4]]. 4 is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[nibble]].|[[8]]. 8 is the number of [[bit]]s in an [[Octet (computing)|octet]] and a [[byte]].|[[256 (number)|256]]. 256 is the number of possible numbers in [[8-bit|8 bits]].|[[1024 (number)|1024]]. 1024 is the number of [[byte]]s in a [[kibibyte]]. It is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[kibibit]].|[[65535 (number)|65535]]. 2¹⁶ − 1. It is the largest number in a [[16-bit]] number.|[[65536 (number)|65536]]. 2¹⁶. It is the number of possible numbers in [[16-bits]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural number]]s in [[computer]]s|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} == Classes of natural numbers == === Prime numbers === {{Main|Prime number|List of prime numbers}} A [[prime number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It only has two [[Divisor|divisors]]: 1 and itself. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |The first 100 prime numbers |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[2 (number)|2]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[3 (number)|3]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[5 (number)|5]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[7 (number)|7]] |&nbsp;[[11 (number)|11]] |&nbsp;[[13 (number)|13]] |&nbsp;[[17 (number)|17]] |&nbsp;[[19 (number)|19]] |&nbsp;[[23 (number)|23]] |&nbsp;[[29 (number)|29]] |- |&nbsp;[[31 (number)|31]] |&nbsp;[[37 (number)|37]] |&nbsp;[[41 (number)|41]] |&nbsp;[[43 (number)|43]] |&nbsp;[[47 (number)|47]] |&nbsp;[[53 (number)|53]] |&nbsp;[[59 (number)|59]] |&nbsp;[[61 (number)|61]] |&nbsp;[[67 (number)|67]] |&nbsp;[[71 (number)|71]] |- |&nbsp;[[73 (number)|73]] |&nbsp;[[79 (number)|79]] |&nbsp;[[83 (number)|83]] |&nbsp;[[89 (number)|89]] |&nbsp;[[97 (number)|97]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |- |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |- |[[179 (number)|179]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |- |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[331 (number)|331]] |[[337 (number)|337]] |[[347 (number)|347]] |[[349 (number)|349]] |- |[[353 (number)|353]] |[[359 (number)|359]] |[[367 (number)|367]] |[[373 (number)|373]] |[[379 (number)|379]] |[[383 (number)|383]] |[[389 (number)|389]] |[[397 (number)|397]] |[[401 (number)|401]] |[[409 (number)|409]] |- |[[419 (number)|419]] |[[421 (number)|421]] |[[431 (number)|431]] |[[433 (number)|433]] |[[439 (number)|439]] |[[443 (number)|443]] |[[449 (number)|449]] |[[457 (number)|457]] |[[461 (number)|461]] |[[463 (number)|463]] |- |[[467 (number)|467]] |[[479 (number)|479]] |[[487 (number)|487]] |[[491 (number)|491]] |[[499 (number)|499]] |[[503 (number)|503]] |[[509 (number)|509]] |[[521 (number)|521]] |[[523 (number)|523]] |[[541 (number)|541]] |} === Highly composite numbers === A highly [[composite number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It has more [[Divisor|divisors]] than any smaller [[natural number]]. They are used a lot in [[geometry]], grouping, and time [[measurement]]. The first 20 highly composite numbers are: [[1 (number)|1]], [[2 (number)|2]], [[4 (number)|4]], [[6 (number)|6]], [[12 (number)|12]], [[24 (number)|24]], [[36 (number)|36]], [[48 (number)|48]], [[60 (number)|60]], [[120 (number)|120]], [[180 (number)|180]], [[240 (number)|240]], [[360 (number)|360]], [[720 (number)|720]], [[840 (number)|840]], [[1260 (number)|1260]], [[1680 (number)|1680]], [[2520 (number)|2520]], [[5040 (number)|5040]], [[7560 (number)|7560]] === Perfect numbers === {{main|Perfect number}} A [[perfect number]] is a type of [[integer]]. It has the [[sum]] of its [[Positive number|positive]] [[Divisor|divisors]] (all divisors except itself). The first 10 perfect numbers: {{ordered list|type=decimal|&nbsp; [[6 (number)|6]]|&nbsp; [[28 (number)|28]]|&nbsp; [[496 (number)|496]]|&nbsp; [[8128 (number)|8128]]|&nbsp; 33 550 336|&nbsp; 8 589 869 056|&nbsp; 137 438 691 328|&nbsp; 2 305 843 008 139 952 128|&nbsp; 2 658 455 991 569 831 744 654 692 615 953 842 176|&nbsp; 191 561 942 608 236 107 294 793 378 084 303 638 130 997 321 548 169 216}} == Integers == {{main|Integer}} [[Integer|Integers]] are a [[Set (mathematics)|set]] of numbers. They usually are in [[arithmetic]] and [[number theory]]. There are many [[Subset|subsets]] of integers. These can cover [[natural numbers]], [[prime numbers]], [[perfect numbers]], etc. Popular [[integers]] are [[−1]] and [[0]]. === Orders of magnitude === [[Integers]] can be written in [[orders of magnitude]]. This can be written as 10^''k'', where ''k'' is an [[integer]]. If ''k''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0, 1, 2, 3, then the powers of ten for them are 1, 10, 100 and 1000. This is used in [[scientific notation]]. Each number has its own [[Prefix notation|prefix]]. Each prefix has its own symbol. For example, ''[[kilo-]]'' may be added to the beginning of ''[[gram]].'' This changes the meaning of ''[[gram]]'' to mean that the [[gram]] is 1000 times more than a [[gram]]: one kilogram is the same as 1000 [[grams]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/definition/Kilo-mega-giga-tera-peta-and-all-that | title=What is Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta and All That? }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Number !1000^''m'' !Name !Symbol |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10^-24 |Yokto |y |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10^-21 |Zepto |z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10^-18 |Atto |a |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|001}} |10^-15 |Femto |f |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|001}} |10^-12 |Pico |p |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|001}} |10^-9 |Nano |n |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|001|}} |10^-6 |Micro |μ |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.001 |10^-3 |[[Kilo-|Milli]] |m |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.01 |10^-2 |[[Kilo-|Centi]] |c |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.1 |10^-1 |[[Kilo-|Deci]] |d |- | style="text-align:right;" |10 |10¹ |[[Kilo-|Deca]] |da |- | style="text-align:right;" |100 |10² |[[Kilo-|Hecto]] |h |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000}} |10³ |[[Kilo-|Kilo]] |k |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000}} |10⁶ |[[Mega-|Mega]] |M |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000}} |10⁹ |[[Giga-|Giga]] |G |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000}} |10¹² |[[Tera-|Tera]] |T |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000}} |10¹⁵ |[[Peta-|Peta]] |P |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10¹⁸ |[[Exa-|Exa]] |E |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10²¹ |[[Zetta-|Zetta]] |Z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10²⁴ |[[Yotta-|Yotta]] |Y |} == Rational numbers == {{main|Rational number}} A [[rational number]] is a number that can be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]] with two [[Integer|integers]]. The [[numerator]] is written as <math>p</math>. The [[denominator]](which cannot be zero) is written as <math>q</math>.<ref name="Rosen">{{cite book|title=Discrete Mathematics and its Applications|url=https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815|last=Rosen|first=Kenneth|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-288008-3|edition=6th|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815/page/n130 105], 158–160}}</ref> Every [[integer]] is a [[rational number]]. This is because, in integers, 1 is always the [[denominator]] of a fraction. Rational numbers can be written in [[Infinity|infinitely]] many ways. For example, 0.12 can be written as ''three twenty-fifths'' (<math>\frac{3}{25}</math>), ''nine seventy-fifths'' (<math>\frac{9}{75}</math>), etc. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; width:800px;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of notable rational numbers !Decimal expansion !Fraction !Reason |- |1.0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar1</math> | rowspan="2" |<math>\bar1</math> is equal to [[1 (number)|1]], a notable real number. |- |1 |- |0.5 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar2</math> |<math>\bar2</math> is a popular number in math. For example, you can use <math>\bar2</math> to find the [[area]] of a [[Triangle]]. |- |3.142 857... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> is a number slightly above <math>\pi</math> and is an [[approximation]] of <math>\pi</math>. |- |0.166 666... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar6</math> |One sixth is seen in a lot of [[Equation|equations]]. For example, the solution to the Basel problem uses 1/6. |} == Irrational numbers == {{main|Irrational number}}[[Irrational number|Irrational numbers]] are numbers that cannot be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]]. These are written as [[Algebraic number|algebraic numbers]] or [[Transcendental number|transcendental numbers]]. === Algebraic numbers === {{main|Algebraic number}} {| class="wikitable" !Name !Expression !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |[[Square root of two]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\sqrt{2}</math> |{{val|1.414213562373095048801688724210}} |The [[Square root of 2]](also called Pythagoras' constant) is a number used in math a lot. It can be used to find the [[ratio]] of [[diagonal]] to [[side]] length in a [[Square (geometry)|square]]. |- |[[Triangular number#Triangular roots and tests for triangular numbers|Triangular root]] of 2 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{\sqrt{17}-1}{2}</math> |{{val|1.561552812808830274910704927987}} | |- |Phi, [[Golden ratio]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\phi</math> |{{val|1.618033988749894848204586834366}} |The golden ratio is a famous number used in both [[Mathematics|math]] and [[science]]. |} === Transcendental numbers === {{main|Transcendental number}} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Symbol or Formula !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |e, Euler's number |[[Euler's number|e]] |{{val|2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247}}... |e is the [[Base (mathematics)|base]] of a [[natural logarithm]]. |- |Pi |[[Pi|{{pi}}]] |{{val|3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169}}... |Pi is an irrational number that is the result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter. |} === Real numbers === The real numbers are a superset(or category) of numbers. They cover [[Algebraic number|algebraic]] and [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] numbers. === Real but not known if irrational or transcendental === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Name and symbol !Decimal expansion !Notes |- |[[Euler–Mascheroni constant]], γ |{{val|0.577215664901532860606512090082}}...<ref>{{Cite web|title=A001620 - OEIS|url=https://oeis.org/A001620|access-date=2020-10-14|website=oeis.org}}</ref> |The [[Euler–Mascheroni constant]] is used in [[Limit (mathematics)|limits]] and [[Logarithm|logarithms]]. It is thought to be [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] but not [[Proof (mathematics)|proven]] to be so. |- |[[Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|Twin prime constant]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-16|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|reason= }}, C₂ |{{val|0.660161815846869573927812110014}}... | |} == Hypercomplex numbers == A hypercomplex number is a word for an [[Element (mathematics)|element]] of a unital [[algebra]] over the [[Field (mathematics)|field]] of [[Real number|real numbers]]. === Algebraic complex numbers === * i, [[Imaginary unit]]: <math display="inline">i=\sqrt{-1}</math> == Transfinite numbers == {{main|Transfinite number}} [[Transfinite number|Transfinite numbers]] are numbers that are "[[Infinity|infinite]]". They are larger than any [[Finite set|finite]] number. They are, however, not absolutely infinite. == Physical Constants == {{main|Physical constant}} [[Physical constant|Physical constants]] are [[Constant|constants]] that can be used in the [[universe]] to figure out information. * [[Avogadro constant]] * [[Gravitational constant]] * [[Planck constant]] * [[Rydberg constant]] * [[Speed of light|Speed of light in vacuum]] == Named numbers == * [[Googol]], 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 * [[Googolplex]], 10^{10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000} * [[Graham's number]], G * [[Skewes's number]], S == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * {{citation|last=Finch|first=Steven R.|title=Mathematical Constants (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Series Number 94)|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0521818052|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicalcons0000finc/page/130 130–133]|year=2003|contribution=Anmol Kumar Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521818052}} * {{Citation|first=Roger|last=Apéry|title=Irrationalité de <math>\zeta(2)</math> et <math>\zeta(3)</math>|year=1979|journal=Astérisque|volume=61|pages=11–13}}. == Further reading == * ''Kingdom of Infinite Number: A Field Guide'' by Bryan Bunch, W.H. Freeman & Company, 2001. {{isbn|0-7167-4447-3}} == Other websites == * [http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html The Database of Number Correlations: 1 to 2000+] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724110717/http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html |date=2017-07-24 }} * [http://www.archimedes-lab.org/numbers/Num1_69.html What's Special About This Number? A Zoology of Numbers: from 0 to 500] * [http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/number.html Name of a Number] * [http://www.mathcats.com/explore/reallybignumbers.html See how to write big numbers] * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127194324/http://pages.prodigy.net/jhonig/bignum/indx.html|title=About big numbers|date=27 November 2010}} * [http://www.mrob.com/pub/math/largenum.html Robert P. Munafo's Large Numbers page] * [http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~susan/cyc/b/big.htm Different notations for big numbers – by Susan Stepney] * [http://www.ibiblio.org/units/large.html Names for Large Numbers], in ''How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement'' by Russ Rowlett * [http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html What's Special About This Number?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223062027/http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html|date=2018-02-23}} (from 0 to 9999) [[Category:Numbers]] [[Category:Mathematics lists]] 5cudya8wf0en2zf7uz8c2rvn43lpu1f 11024607 11024190 2026-10-09T11:28:10Z ~2026-53296-64 1884291 /* Natural numbers */ 11024607 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of [[Number|numbers]]. This list will always be not finished. This happens because there are an infinite amount of numbers. Only [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] numbers will be added. Numbers can be added as long as they are popular in [[math]], [[history]] or [[culture]]. This means that numbers can only be [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if they are a big part of [[history]]. A number isn't [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if it is only related to another number. For example, the number (3,4) is a [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] number when it is a [[complex number]] (3+4i). When it is only (3,4), however, it's not notable. If a number is not important, that can also make the number important. This is called the [[interesting number paradox]]. == Natural numbers == {{main|Natural number}} [[Natural number|Natural numbers]] are a type of [[Integers|integer]]. They can be used for [[counting]]. Natural numbers can also be used to find out about other number systems. The symbol {{Math|'''N'''}} (or [[blackboard bold]] <math>\mathbb{\N}</math>, Unicode {{Unichar|2115|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N}}) is used to symbolize all of the natural numbers.''.'' A [[negative number]] is not a natural number. [[Zero|0]] is argued on whether or not it is a natural number. In [[computer science]] and [[set theory]], 0 is a natural number. In [[number theory]], it is not. To fix this, people use the terms "non-negative integers". Non-negative integers includes the number 0. "Positive integers" does not. Natural numbers can be used as [[cardinal numbers]] or [[ordinal numbers]]. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of small natural numbers |- | | | | | | |[[-3 (number)|-3]] |[[-2 (number)|-2]] |[[-1 (number)|-1]] |- |[[0 (number)|0]] |[[1 (number)|1]] |[[2 (number)|2]] |[[3 (number)|3]] |[[4 (number)|4]] |[[5 (number)|5]] |[[6 (number)|6]] |[[7 (number)|7]] |[[8 (number)|8]] |[[9 (number)|9]] |- |[[10 (number)|10]] |[[11 (number)|11]] |[[12 (number)|12]] |[[13 (number)|13]] |[[14 (number)|14]] |[[15 (number)|15]] |[[16 (number)|16]] |[[17 (number)|17]] |[[18 (number)|18]] |[[19 (number)|19]] |- |[[20 (number)|20]] |[[21 (number)|21]] |[[22 (number)|22]] |[[23 (number)|23]] |[[24 (number)|24]] |[[25 (number)|25]] |[[26 (number)|26]] |[[27 (number)|27]] |[[28 (number)|28]] |[[29 (number)|29]] |- |[[30 (number)|30]] |[[31 (number)|31]] |[[32 (number)|32]] |[[33 (number)|33]] |[[34 (number)|34]] |[[35 (number)|35]] |[[36 (number)|36]] |[[37 (number)|37]] |[[38 (number)|38]] |[[39 (number)|39]] |- |[[40 (number)|40]] |[[41 (number)|41]] |[[42 (number)|42]] |[[43 (number)|43]] |[[44 (number)|44]] |[[45 (number)|45]] |[[46 (number)|46]] |[[47 (number)|47]] |[[48 (number)|48]] |[[49 (number)|49]] |- |[[50 (number)|50]] |[[51 (number)|51]] |[[52 (number)|52]] |[[53 (number)|53]] |[[54 (number)|54]] |[[55 (number)|55]] |[[56 (number)|56]] |[[57 (number)|57]] |[[58 (number)|58]] |[[59 (number)|59]] |- |[[60 (number)|60]] |[[61 (number)|61]] |[[62 (number)|62]] |[[63 (number)|63]] |[[64 (number)|64]] |[[65 (number)|65]] |[[66 (number)|66]] |[[67 (number)|67]] |[[68 (number)|68]] |[[69 (number)|69]] |- |[[70 (number)|70]] |[[71 (number)|71]] |[[72 (number)|72]] |[[73 (number)|73]] |[[74 (number)|74]] |[[75 (number)|75]] |[[76 (number)|76]] |[[77 (number)|77]] |[[78 (number)|78]] |[[79 (number)|79]] |- |[[80 (number)|80]] |[[81 (number)|81]] |[[82 (number)|82]] |[[83 (number)|83]] |[[84 (number)|84]] |[[85 (number)|85]] |[[86 (number)|86]] |[[87 (number)|87]] |[[88 (number)|88]] |[[89 (number)|89]] |- |[[90 (number)|90]] |[[91 (number)|91]] |[[92 (number)|92]] |[[93 (number)|93]] |[[94 (number)|94]] |[[95 (number)|95]] |[[96 (number)|96]] |[[97 (number)|97]] |[[98 (number)|98]] |[[99 (number)|99]] |- |[[100 (number)|100]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[102 (number)|102]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[104 (number)|104]] |[[105 (number)|105]] |[[106 (number)|106]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[108 (number)|108]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |- |[[110 (number)|110]] |[[111 (number)|111]] |[[112 (number)|112]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |[[114 (number)|114]] |[[115 (number)|115]] |[[116 (number)|116]] |[[117 (number)|117]] |[[118 (number)|118]] |[[119 (number)|119]] |- |[[120 (number)|120]] |[[121 (number)|121]] |[[122 (number)|122]] |[[123 (number)|123]] |[[124 (number)|124]] |[[125 (number)|125]] |[[126 (number)|126]] |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[128 (number)|128]] |[[129 (number)|129]] |- |[[130 (number)|130]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[132 (number)|132]] |[[133 (number)|133]] |[[134 (number)|134]] |[[135 (number)|135]] |[[136 (number)|136]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[138 (number)|138]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |- |[[140 (number)|140]] |[[141 (number)|141]] |[[142 (number)|142]] |[[143 (number)|143]] |[[144 (number)|144]] |[[145 (number)|145]] |[[146 (number)|146]] |[[147 (number)|147]] |[[148 (number)|148]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |- |[[150 (number)|150]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[152 (number)|152]] |[[153 (number)|153]] |[[154 (number)|154]] |[[155 (number)|155]] |[[156 (number)|156]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[158 (number)|158]] |[[159 (number)|159]] |- |[[160 (number)|160]] |[[161 (number)|161]] |[[162 (number)|162]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[164 (number)|164]] |[[165 (number)|165]] |[[166 (number)|166]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[168 (number)|168]] |[[169 (number)|169]] |- |[[170 (number)|170]] |[[171 (number)|171]] |[[172 (number)|172]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |[[174 (number)|174]] |[[175 (number)|175]] |[[176 (number)|176]] |[[177 (number)|177]] |[[178 (number)|178]] |[[179 (number)|179]] |- |[[180 (number)|180]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[182 (number)|182]] |[[183 (number)|183]] |[[184 (number)|184]] |[[185 (number)|185]] |[[186 (number)|186]] |[[187 (number)|187]] |[[188 (number)|188]] |[[189 (number)|189]] |- |[[190 (number)|190]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[192 (number)|192]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[194 (number)|194]] |[[195 (number)|195]] |[[196 (number)|196]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[198 (number)|198]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |- |[[200 (number)|200]] |[[201 (number)|201]] |[[202 (number)|202]] |[[203 (number)|203]] |[[204 (number)|204]] |[[205 (number)|205]] |[[206 (number)|206]] |[[207 (number)|207]] |[[208 (number)|208]] |[[209 (number)|209]] |- |[[210 (number)|210]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[212 (number)|212]] |[[213 (number)|213]] |[[214 (number)|214]] |[[215 (number)|215]] |[[216 (number)|216]] |[[217 (number)|217]] |[[218 (number)|218]] |[[219 (number)|219]] |- |[[220 (number)|220]] |[[221 (number)|221]] |[[222 (number)|222]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[224 (number)|224]] |[[225 (number)|225]] |[[226 (number)|226]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[228 (number)|228]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[230 (number)|230]] |[[231 (number)|231]] |[[232 (number)|232]] |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[234 (number)|234]] |[[235 (number)|235]] |[[236 (number)|236]] |[[237 (number)|237]] |[[238 (number)|238]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |- |[[240 (number)|240]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[242 (number)|242]] |[[243 (number)|243]] |[[244 (number)|244]] |[[245 (number)|245]] |[[246 (number)|246]] |[[247 (number)|247]] |[[248 (number)|248]] |[[249 (number)|249]] |- |[[250 (number)|250]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[252 (number)|252]] |[[253 (number)|253]] |[[254 (number)|254]] |[[255 (number)|255]] |[[256 (number)|256]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[258 (number)|258]] |[[259 (number)|259]] |- |[[260 (number)|260]] |[[261 (number)|261]] |[[262 (number)|262]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[264 (number)|264]] 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(number)|309]] |- |[[310 (number)|310]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[312 (number)|312]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[314 (number)|314]] |[[315 (number)|315]] |[[316 (number)|316]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[318 (number)|318]] |[[319 (number)|319]] |- |[[320 (number)|320]] |[[321 (number)|321]] |[[322 (number)|322]] |[[323 (number)|323]] |[[324 (number)|324]] |[[325 (number)|325]] |[[326 (number)|326]] |[[327 (number)|327]] |[[328 (number)|328]] |<!-- Please do not add numbers without articles; see Talk: --> |- | |[[331 (number)|331]] | | | | | |[[337 (number)|337]] | | |- | |[[341 (number)|341]] | |[[343 (number)|343]] | | | |[[347 (number)|347]] | |[[349 (number)|349]] |- | | | |[[353 (number)|353]] | | | | | |[[359 (number)|359]] |- |[[360 (number)|360]] | | |[[363 (number)|363]] | |[[365 (number)|365]] |[[366 (number)|366]] |[[367 (number)|367]] | |[[369 (number)|369]] |- | | | |[[373 (number)|373]] | | | |[[377 (number)|377]] | |[[379 (number)|379]] |- | | | | |[[384 (number)|384]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[399 (number)|399]] |- |[[400 (number)|400]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[420 (number)|420]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[433 (number)|433]] | | | | | | |- |[[440 (number)|440]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[495 (number)|495]] |[[496 (number)|496]] | | | |- |[[500 (number)|500]] |[[501 (number)|501]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[511 (number)|511]] |[[512 (number)|512]] | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[555 (number)|555]] | | | | |- |[[600 (number)|600]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[610 (number)|610]] | | |[[613 (number)|613]] | | |[[616 (number)|616]] | | | |- | | | | | | |[[666 (number)|666]] | | | |- | | | |[[693 (number)|693]] | | | | | | |- |[[700 (number)|700]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[720 (number)|720]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[743 (number)|743]] |[[744 (number)|744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[777 (number)|777]] | | |- | | | | | | |[[786 (number)|786]] | | | |- |[[800 (number)|800]] |[[801 (number)|801]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | |[[836 (number)|836]] | | | |- |[[840 (number)|840]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[880 (number)|880]] |[[881 (number)|881]] | | | | | | |[[888 (number)|888]] | |- |[[900 (number)|900]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[911 (number)|911]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[971 (number)|971]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[987 (number)|987]] | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[999 (number)|999]] |- |[[1000 (number)|1000]] |[[1001 (number)|1001]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[1023 (number)|1023]] |[[1024 (number)|1024]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1089 (number)|1089]] |- | | | |[[1093 (number)|1093]] | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[1105 (number)|1105]] | | | | |- | | | | |[[1234 (number)|1234]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1289 (number)|1289]] |- | | | | | | | | |[[1458 (number)|1458]] | |- |[[1510 (number)|1510]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[1728 (number)|1728]] |[[1729 (number)|1729]] |- |[[1980 (number)|1980]] | | | | | | |[[1987 (number)|1987]] | | |- |[[2000 (number)|2000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[2520 (number)|2520]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[3000 (number)|3000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[3511]] | | | | | | | | |- |[[4000 (number)|4000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[4104]] | | | | | |- |[[5000 (number)|5000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[5040 (number)|5040]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[6000 (number)|6000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[6174]] | | | | | |- |[[7000 (number)|7000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[7744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[7825]] | | | | |- |[[8000 (number)|8000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[8128 (number)|8128]] | |- | | |[[8192]] | | | | | | | |- |[[9000 (number)|9000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[9801 (number)|9801]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[9855]] | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[9999 (number)|9999]] |- |[[10,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[16,807]] | | |- |[[20,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[30,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[40,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[50,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[60,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[64,079]] |- | | | | | |[[65,535]] |[[65,536]] |[[65,537]] | | |- |[[70,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[80,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[90,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- ||[[100,000|10⁵]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | |[[131,072]] | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[142,857]] | | |- |[[144,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[1,000,000|10⁶]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[10,000,000|10⁷]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[100,000,000|10⁸]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[1,000,000,000|10⁹]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[2147483647|2,147,483,647]] | | |- |[[10,000,000,000|10¹⁰]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[100,000,000,000|10¹¹]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[1,000,000,000,000|10¹²]] | | | | | | | | | |- | colspan="10" |[[Order of magnitude|larger numbers]], including [[Googol|10¹⁰⁰]] and [[Googolplex|10^10¹⁰⁰]] |} === Importance in math === Natural numbers can be important in [[mathematics]]. This might be because it is part of a [[Set theory|set]]. A number can also be important because it has a unique property.{{Collapsible list|[[1 (number)|1]]. If you multiply any number by one, you will get the same number. This is called the [[multiplicative identity]]. It is also the only natural number (other than 0) that is not [[prime number|prime]] or [[composite number|composite]].|[[2 (number)|2]]. It is the base of the [[binary number]] system. This system is used in almost all [[computer]]s.|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is 2²-1. It is also the first [[Mersenne prime]]. It is the first odd [[prime number]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is the first [[composite number]].|[[6 (number)|6]]. It is the first [[perfect number]].|[[9 (number)|9]]. It is the first [[Parity (mathematics)|odd]] number that is [[Composite number|composite]].|[[11 (number)|11]]. It is the fifth [[prime number|prime]].|[[12 (number)|12]]. It is the first [[sublime number]].|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is the [[sum]] of the 1st 4 [[prime number]]s. It is the only [[prime number]] that is the [[sum]] of 4 [[prime number]]s in a row.|[[24 (number)|24]]. All [[Dirichlet character]]s [[Modular arithmetic|mod]] ''n'' are [[real number|real]] [[if and only if|if]] ''n'' is a [[divisor]] of 24.|[[25 (number)|25]]. It is the first [[centered square number]] (other than 1) that is also a [[square number]].|[[27 (number)|27]], the [[Cube (algebra)|cube]] of 3. This means that it is 3³.|[[28 (number)|28]]. It is the second [[perfect number]].|[[30 (number)|30]]. It is the smallest [[sphenic number]].|[[32 (number)|32]]. It is the smallest [[fifth power (algebra)|fifth power]] (other than 1 or 0).|[[36 (number)|36]]. This is the smallest number that is not a [[perfect power]], but not a [[prime power]].|[[70 (number)|70]]. It is the smallest [[weird number]].|[[72 (number)|72]]. It is the smallest [[Achilles number]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[mathematics|math]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} === Importance in culture === Many numbers are also important in [[culture]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ayonrinde|first1=Oyedeji A.|last2=Stefatos|first2=Anthi|last3=Miller|first3=Shadé|last4=Richer|first4=Amanda|last5=Nadkarni|first5=Pallavi|last6=She|first6=Jennifer|last7=Alghofaily|first7=Ahmad|last8=Mngoma|first8=Nomusa|date=2020-06-12|title=The salience and symbolism of numbers across cultural beliefs and practice|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=33|issue=1–2|pages=179–188|doi=10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289|issn=0954-0261|pmid=32527165|s2cid=219605482}}</ref> They can also be important for [[measurement]].{{Collapsible list|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is important in [[Christianity]] as the [[Trinity]]. It is also important in [[Hinduism]] ([[Trimurti]], [[Tridevi]]). It is also important in other older [[mythology|mythologies]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is an [[Tetraphobia|"unlucky" number]] in modern [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]]. In their languages, 4 sounds similar to the word "death".|[[7 (number)|7]]. It is the number of days in a [[week]]. It is also called a "lucky" number in Western cultures.|[[8 (number)|8]]. 8 is called a [[Chinese numerology#Eight|"lucky" number in Chinese culture]]. This is because the [[Chinese language|Chinese word]] for "Eight" sounds like prosperity.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 things is called a [[dozen]]. There are 12 [[month]]s in a [[year]]. There are 12 [[constellation]]s of the [[Zodiac]] and [[astrological sign]]s. In [[Christianity]], there were 12 [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]]s of [[Jesus]].|[[13 (number)|13]], is called an [[Triskaidekaphobia|"unlucky" number]] in Western [[superstition]]. It is also called a "[[Baker's dozen]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demystified {{!}} Why a baker's dozen is thirteen |url=https://www.britannica.com/video/213933/Demystified-why-is-bakers-dozen-thirteen |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is called [[Heptadecaphobia|unlucky]] in [[Greece|Greek]] and [[Latin]] countries.|[[18 (number)|18]]. In [[gematria|Jewish numerology]], 18 is a "lucky" number. This is because it is also the [[Chai (symbol)|Hebrew word for life]]|[[40 (number)|40]]. 40 is important in [[Tengrism]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[folklore]]. There are many [[tradition]]s that use 40.|[[42 (number)|42]]. According to ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', 42 the "answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything."|[[69 (number)|69]]. Is a word that can mean [[oral sex]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[culture]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[10]]. 10 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[decimal]] number system.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 is the [[duodecimal|number base]] to measuring time in many places.|[[14 (number)|14]]. Is the number of days in a [[fortnight]].|[[16 (number)|16]]. 16 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[hexadecimal]] number system.|[[24 (number)|24]]. 12 is also the number of [[hour]]s in a [[day]].|[[31 (number)|31]]. 31 is the most number of [[day]]s a [[month]] can have.|[[60 (number)|60]]. 60 is the [[sexagesimal|number base]] for some ancient counting systems. For example, the [[Babylonian numerals|Babylonians]] used this number base. Also, 60 is used in some modern measuring systems.|[[360 (number)|360]]. 360 is the number of [[Degree (angle)|degree]]s in a full [[circle]].|[[365 (number)|365]]. 365 is the number of days in the normal [[Gregorian calendar|year]]. In [[leap year]]s, there are 366 days.|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural numbers]] important in [[measurement]]s and [[scale]]s.|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[4]]. 4 is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[nibble]].|[[8]]. 8 is the number of [[bit]]s in an [[Octet (computing)|octet]] and a [[byte]].|[[256 (number)|256]]. 256 is the number of possible numbers in [[8-bit|8 bits]].|[[1024 (number)|1024]]. 1024 is the number of [[byte]]s in a [[kibibyte]]. It is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[kibibit]].|[[65535 (number)|65535]]. 2¹⁶ − 1. It is the largest number in a [[16-bit]] number.|[[65536 (number)|65536]]. 2¹⁶. It is the number of possible numbers in [[16-bits]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural number]]s in [[computer]]s|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} == Classes of natural numbers == === Prime numbers === {{Main|Prime number|List of prime numbers}} A [[prime number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It only has two [[Divisor|divisors]]: 1 and itself. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |The first 100 prime numbers |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[2 (number)|2]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[3 (number)|3]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[5 (number)|5]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[7 (number)|7]] |&nbsp;[[11 (number)|11]] |&nbsp;[[13 (number)|13]] |&nbsp;[[17 (number)|17]] |&nbsp;[[19 (number)|19]] |&nbsp;[[23 (number)|23]] |&nbsp;[[29 (number)|29]] |- |&nbsp;[[31 (number)|31]] |&nbsp;[[37 (number)|37]] |&nbsp;[[41 (number)|41]] |&nbsp;[[43 (number)|43]] |&nbsp;[[47 (number)|47]] |&nbsp;[[53 (number)|53]] |&nbsp;[[59 (number)|59]] |&nbsp;[[61 (number)|61]] |&nbsp;[[67 (number)|67]] |&nbsp;[[71 (number)|71]] |- |&nbsp;[[73 (number)|73]] |&nbsp;[[79 (number)|79]] |&nbsp;[[83 (number)|83]] |&nbsp;[[89 (number)|89]] |&nbsp;[[97 (number)|97]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |- |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |- |[[179 (number)|179]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |- |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[331 (number)|331]] |[[337 (number)|337]] |[[347 (number)|347]] |[[349 (number)|349]] |- |[[353 (number)|353]] |[[359 (number)|359]] |[[367 (number)|367]] |[[373 (number)|373]] |[[379 (number)|379]] |[[383 (number)|383]] |[[389 (number)|389]] |[[397 (number)|397]] |[[401 (number)|401]] |[[409 (number)|409]] |- |[[419 (number)|419]] |[[421 (number)|421]] |[[431 (number)|431]] |[[433 (number)|433]] |[[439 (number)|439]] |[[443 (number)|443]] |[[449 (number)|449]] |[[457 (number)|457]] |[[461 (number)|461]] |[[463 (number)|463]] |- |[[467 (number)|467]] |[[479 (number)|479]] |[[487 (number)|487]] |[[491 (number)|491]] |[[499 (number)|499]] |[[503 (number)|503]] |[[509 (number)|509]] |[[521 (number)|521]] |[[523 (number)|523]] |[[541 (number)|541]] |} === Highly composite numbers === A highly [[composite number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It has more [[Divisor|divisors]] than any smaller [[natural number]]. They are used a lot in [[geometry]], grouping, and time [[measurement]]. The first 20 highly composite numbers are: [[1 (number)|1]], [[2 (number)|2]], [[4 (number)|4]], [[6 (number)|6]], [[12 (number)|12]], [[24 (number)|24]], [[36 (number)|36]], [[48 (number)|48]], [[60 (number)|60]], [[120 (number)|120]], [[180 (number)|180]], [[240 (number)|240]], [[360 (number)|360]], [[720 (number)|720]], [[840 (number)|840]], [[1260 (number)|1260]], [[1680 (number)|1680]], [[2520 (number)|2520]], [[5040 (number)|5040]], [[7560 (number)|7560]] === Perfect numbers === {{main|Perfect number}} A [[perfect number]] is a type of [[integer]]. It has the [[sum]] of its [[Positive number|positive]] [[Divisor|divisors]] (all divisors except itself). The first 10 perfect numbers: {{ordered list|type=decimal|&nbsp; [[6 (number)|6]]|&nbsp; [[28 (number)|28]]|&nbsp; [[496 (number)|496]]|&nbsp; [[8128 (number)|8128]]|&nbsp; 33 550 336|&nbsp; 8 589 869 056|&nbsp; 137 438 691 328|&nbsp; 2 305 843 008 139 952 128|&nbsp; 2 658 455 991 569 831 744 654 692 615 953 842 176|&nbsp; 191 561 942 608 236 107 294 793 378 084 303 638 130 997 321 548 169 216}} == Integers == {{main|Integer}} [[Integer|Integers]] are a [[Set (mathematics)|set]] of numbers. They usually are in [[arithmetic]] and [[number theory]]. There are many [[Subset|subsets]] of integers. These can cover [[natural numbers]], [[prime numbers]], [[perfect numbers]], etc. Popular [[integers]] are [[−1]] and [[0]]. === Orders of magnitude === [[Integers]] can be written in [[orders of magnitude]]. This can be written as 10^''k'', where ''k'' is an [[integer]]. If ''k''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0, 1, 2, 3, then the powers of ten for them are 1, 10, 100 and 1000. This is used in [[scientific notation]]. Each number has its own [[Prefix notation|prefix]]. Each prefix has its own symbol. For example, ''[[kilo-]]'' may be added to the beginning of ''[[gram]].'' This changes the meaning of ''[[gram]]'' to mean that the [[gram]] is 1000 times more than a [[gram]]: one kilogram is the same as 1000 [[grams]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/definition/Kilo-mega-giga-tera-peta-and-all-that | title=What is Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta and All That? }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Number !1000^''m'' !Name !Symbol |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10^-24 |Yokto |y |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10^-21 |Zepto |z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10^-18 |Atto |a |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|001}} |10^-15 |Femto |f |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|001}} |10^-12 |Pico |p |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|001}} |10^-9 |Nano |n |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|001|}} |10^-6 |Micro |μ |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.001 |10^-3 |[[Kilo-|Milli]] |m |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.01 |10^-2 |[[Kilo-|Centi]] |c |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.1 |10^-1 |[[Kilo-|Deci]] |d |- | style="text-align:right;" |10 |10¹ |[[Kilo-|Deca]] |da |- | style="text-align:right;" |100 |10² |[[Kilo-|Hecto]] |h |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000}} |10³ |[[Kilo-|Kilo]] |k |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000}} |10⁶ |[[Mega-|Mega]] |M |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000}} |10⁹ |[[Giga-|Giga]] |G |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000}} |10¹² |[[Tera-|Tera]] |T |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000}} |10¹⁵ |[[Peta-|Peta]] |P |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10¹⁸ |[[Exa-|Exa]] |E |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10²¹ |[[Zetta-|Zetta]] |Z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10²⁴ |[[Yotta-|Yotta]] |Y |} == Rational numbers == {{main|Rational number}} A [[rational number]] is a number that can be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]] with two [[Integer|integers]]. The [[numerator]] is written as <math>p</math>. The [[denominator]](which cannot be zero) is written as <math>q</math>.<ref name="Rosen">{{cite book|title=Discrete Mathematics and its Applications|url=https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815|last=Rosen|first=Kenneth|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-288008-3|edition=6th|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815/page/n130 105], 158–160}}</ref> Every [[integer]] is a [[rational number]]. This is because, in integers, 1 is always the [[denominator]] of a fraction. Rational numbers can be written in [[Infinity|infinitely]] many ways. For example, 0.12 can be written as ''three twenty-fifths'' (<math>\frac{3}{25}</math>), ''nine seventy-fifths'' (<math>\frac{9}{75}</math>), etc. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; width:800px;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of notable rational numbers !Decimal expansion !Fraction !Reason |- |1.0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar1</math> | rowspan="2" |<math>\bar1</math> is equal to [[1 (number)|1]], a notable real number. |- |1 |- |0.5 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar2</math> |<math>\bar2</math> is a popular number in math. For example, you can use <math>\bar2</math> to find the [[area]] of a [[Triangle]]. |- |3.142 857... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> is a number slightly above <math>\pi</math> and is an [[approximation]] of <math>\pi</math>. |- |0.166 666... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar6</math> |One sixth is seen in a lot of [[Equation|equations]]. For example, the solution to the Basel problem uses 1/6. |} == Irrational numbers == {{main|Irrational number}}[[Irrational number|Irrational numbers]] are numbers that cannot be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]]. These are written as [[Algebraic number|algebraic numbers]] or [[Transcendental number|transcendental numbers]]. === Algebraic numbers === {{main|Algebraic number}} {| class="wikitable" !Name !Expression !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |[[Square root of two]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\sqrt{2}</math> |{{val|1.414213562373095048801688724210}} |The [[Square root of 2]](also called Pythagoras' constant) is a number used in math a lot. It can be used to find the [[ratio]] of [[diagonal]] to [[side]] length in a [[Square (geometry)|square]]. |- |[[Triangular number#Triangular roots and tests for triangular numbers|Triangular root]] of 2 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{\sqrt{17}-1}{2}</math> |{{val|1.561552812808830274910704927987}} | |- |Phi, [[Golden ratio]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\phi</math> |{{val|1.618033988749894848204586834366}} |The golden ratio is a famous number used in both [[Mathematics|math]] and [[science]]. |} === Transcendental numbers === {{main|Transcendental number}} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Symbol or Formula !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |e, Euler's number |[[Euler's number|e]] |{{val|2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247}}... |e is the [[Base (mathematics)|base]] of a [[natural logarithm]]. |- |Pi |[[Pi|{{pi}}]] |{{val|3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169}}... |Pi is an irrational number that is the result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter. |} === Real numbers === The real numbers are a superset(or category) of numbers. They cover [[Algebraic number|algebraic]] and [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] numbers. === Real but not known if irrational or transcendental === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Name and symbol !Decimal expansion !Notes |- |[[Euler–Mascheroni constant]], γ |{{val|0.577215664901532860606512090082}}...<ref>{{Cite web|title=A001620 - OEIS|url=https://oeis.org/A001620|access-date=2020-10-14|website=oeis.org}}</ref> |The [[Euler–Mascheroni constant]] is used in [[Limit (mathematics)|limits]] and [[Logarithm|logarithms]]. It is thought to be [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] but not [[Proof (mathematics)|proven]] to be so. |- |[[Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|Twin prime constant]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-16|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|reason= }}, C₂ |{{val|0.660161815846869573927812110014}}... | |} == Hypercomplex numbers == A hypercomplex number is a word for an [[Element (mathematics)|element]] of a unital [[algebra]] over the [[Field (mathematics)|field]] of [[Real number|real numbers]]. === Algebraic complex numbers === * i, [[Imaginary unit]]: <math display="inline">i=\sqrt{-1}</math> == Transfinite numbers == {{main|Transfinite number}} [[Transfinite number|Transfinite numbers]] are numbers that are "[[Infinity|infinite]]". They are larger than any [[Finite set|finite]] number. They are, however, not absolutely infinite. == Physical Constants == {{main|Physical constant}} [[Physical constant|Physical constants]] are [[Constant|constants]] that can be used in the [[universe]] to figure out information. * [[Avogadro constant]] * [[Gravitational constant]] * [[Planck constant]] * [[Rydberg constant]] * [[Speed of light|Speed of light in vacuum]] == Named numbers == * [[Googol]], 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 * [[Googolplex]], 10^{10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000} * [[Graham's number]], G * [[Skewes's number]], S == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * {{citation|last=Finch|first=Steven R.|title=Mathematical Constants (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Series Number 94)|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0521818052|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicalcons0000finc/page/130 130–133]|year=2003|contribution=Anmol Kumar Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521818052}} * {{Citation|first=Roger|last=Apéry|title=Irrationalité de <math>\zeta(2)</math> et <math>\zeta(3)</math>|year=1979|journal=Astérisque|volume=61|pages=11–13}}. == Further reading == * ''Kingdom of Infinite Number: A Field Guide'' by Bryan Bunch, W.H. Freeman & Company, 2001. {{isbn|0-7167-4447-3}} == Other websites == * [http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html The Database of Number Correlations: 1 to 2000+] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724110717/http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html |date=2017-07-24 }} * [http://www.archimedes-lab.org/numbers/Num1_69.html What's Special About This Number? A Zoology of Numbers: from 0 to 500] * [http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/number.html Name of a Number] * [http://www.mathcats.com/explore/reallybignumbers.html See how to write big numbers] * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127194324/http://pages.prodigy.net/jhonig/bignum/indx.html|title=About big numbers|date=27 November 2010}} * [http://www.mrob.com/pub/math/largenum.html Robert P. Munafo's Large Numbers page] * [http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~susan/cyc/b/big.htm Different notations for big numbers – by Susan Stepney] * [http://www.ibiblio.org/units/large.html Names for Large Numbers], in ''How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement'' by Russ Rowlett * [http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html What's Special About This Number?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223062027/http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html|date=2018-02-23}} (from 0 to 9999) [[Category:Numbers]] [[Category:Mathematics lists]] 16zumlqy5uei0wmxzz4crh9026njjvy 11024608 11024607 2026-10-09T11:28:30Z ~2026-53296-64 1884291 /* Natural numbers */ 11024608 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of [[Number|numbers]]. This list will always be not finished. This happens because there are an infinite amount of numbers. Only [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] numbers will be added. Numbers can be added as long as they are popular in [[math]], [[history]] or [[culture]]. This means that numbers can only be [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if they are a big part of [[history]]. A number isn't [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] if it is only related to another number. For example, the number (3,4) is a [[Wikipedia:Notable|notable]] number when it is a [[complex number]] (3+4i). When it is only (3,4), however, it's not notable. If a number is not important, that can also make the number important. This is called the [[interesting number paradox]]. == Natural numbers == {{main|Natural number}} [[Natural number|Natural numbers]] are a type of [[Integers|integer]]. They can be used for [[counting]]. Natural numbers can also be used to find out about other number systems. The symbol {{Math|'''N'''}} (or [[blackboard bold]] <math>\mathbb{\N}</math>, Unicode {{Unichar|2115|DOUBLE-STRUCK CAPITAL N}}) is used to symbolize all of the natural numbers.''.'' A [[negative number]] is not a natural number. [[Zero|0]] is argued on whether or not it is a natural number. In [[computer science]] and [[set theory]], 0 is a natural number. In [[number theory]], it is not. To fix this, people use the terms "non-negative integers". Non-negative integers includes the number 0. "Positive integers" does not. Natural numbers can be used as [[cardinal numbers]] or [[ordinal numbers]]. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of small natural numbers |- | | | | | | | |[[-3 (number)|-3]] |[[-2 (number)|-2]] |[[-1 (number)|-1]] |- |[[0 (number)|0]] |[[1 (number)|1]] |[[2 (number)|2]] |[[3 (number)|3]] |[[4 (number)|4]] |[[5 (number)|5]] |[[6 (number)|6]] |[[7 (number)|7]] |[[8 (number)|8]] |[[9 (number)|9]] |- |[[10 (number)|10]] |[[11 (number)|11]] |[[12 (number)|12]] |[[13 (number)|13]] |[[14 (number)|14]] |[[15 (number)|15]] |[[16 (number)|16]] |[[17 (number)|17]] |[[18 (number)|18]] |[[19 (number)|19]] |- |[[20 (number)|20]] |[[21 (number)|21]] |[[22 (number)|22]] |[[23 (number)|23]] |[[24 (number)|24]] |[[25 (number)|25]] |[[26 (number)|26]] |[[27 (number)|27]] |[[28 (number)|28]] |[[29 (number)|29]] |- |[[30 (number)|30]] |[[31 (number)|31]] |[[32 (number)|32]] |[[33 (number)|33]] |[[34 (number)|34]] |[[35 (number)|35]] |[[36 (number)|36]] |[[37 (number)|37]] |[[38 (number)|38]] |[[39 (number)|39]] |- |[[40 (number)|40]] |[[41 (number)|41]] |[[42 (number)|42]] |[[43 (number)|43]] |[[44 (number)|44]] |[[45 (number)|45]] |[[46 (number)|46]] |[[47 (number)|47]] |[[48 (number)|48]] |[[49 (number)|49]] |- |[[50 (number)|50]] |[[51 (number)|51]] |[[52 (number)|52]] |[[53 (number)|53]] |[[54 (number)|54]] |[[55 (number)|55]] |[[56 (number)|56]] |[[57 (number)|57]] |[[58 (number)|58]] |[[59 (number)|59]] |- |[[60 (number)|60]] |[[61 (number)|61]] |[[62 (number)|62]] |[[63 (number)|63]] |[[64 (number)|64]] |[[65 (number)|65]] |[[66 (number)|66]] |[[67 (number)|67]] |[[68 (number)|68]] |[[69 (number)|69]] |- |[[70 (number)|70]] |[[71 (number)|71]] |[[72 (number)|72]] |[[73 (number)|73]] |[[74 (number)|74]] |[[75 (number)|75]] |[[76 (number)|76]] |[[77 (number)|77]] |[[78 (number)|78]] |[[79 (number)|79]] |- |[[80 (number)|80]] |[[81 (number)|81]] |[[82 (number)|82]] |[[83 (number)|83]] |[[84 (number)|84]] |[[85 (number)|85]] |[[86 (number)|86]] |[[87 (number)|87]] |[[88 (number)|88]] |[[89 (number)|89]] |- |[[90 (number)|90]] |[[91 (number)|91]] |[[92 (number)|92]] |[[93 (number)|93]] |[[94 (number)|94]] |[[95 (number)|95]] |[[96 (number)|96]] |[[97 (number)|97]] |[[98 (number)|98]] |[[99 (number)|99]] |- |[[100 (number)|100]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[102 (number)|102]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[104 (number)|104]] |[[105 (number)|105]] |[[106 (number)|106]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[108 (number)|108]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |- |[[110 (number)|110]] |[[111 (number)|111]] |[[112 (number)|112]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |[[114 (number)|114]] |[[115 (number)|115]] |[[116 (number)|116]] |[[117 (number)|117]] |[[118 (number)|118]] |[[119 (number)|119]] |- |[[120 (number)|120]] |[[121 (number)|121]] |[[122 (number)|122]] |[[123 (number)|123]] |[[124 (number)|124]] |[[125 (number)|125]] |[[126 (number)|126]] |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[128 (number)|128]] |[[129 (number)|129]] |- |[[130 (number)|130]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[132 (number)|132]] |[[133 (number)|133]] |[[134 (number)|134]] |[[135 (number)|135]] |[[136 (number)|136]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[138 (number)|138]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |- |[[140 (number)|140]] |[[141 (number)|141]] |[[142 (number)|142]] |[[143 (number)|143]] |[[144 (number)|144]] |[[145 (number)|145]] |[[146 (number)|146]] |[[147 (number)|147]] |[[148 (number)|148]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |- |[[150 (number)|150]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[152 (number)|152]] |[[153 (number)|153]] |[[154 (number)|154]] |[[155 (number)|155]] |[[156 (number)|156]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[158 (number)|158]] |[[159 (number)|159]] |- |[[160 (number)|160]] |[[161 (number)|161]] |[[162 (number)|162]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[164 (number)|164]] |[[165 (number)|165]] |[[166 (number)|166]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[168 (number)|168]] |[[169 (number)|169]] |- |[[170 (number)|170]] |[[171 (number)|171]] |[[172 (number)|172]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |[[174 (number)|174]] |[[175 (number)|175]] |[[176 (number)|176]] |[[177 (number)|177]] |[[178 (number)|178]] |[[179 (number)|179]] |- |[[180 (number)|180]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[182 (number)|182]] |[[183 (number)|183]] |[[184 (number)|184]] |[[185 (number)|185]] |[[186 (number)|186]] |[[187 (number)|187]] |[[188 (number)|188]] |[[189 (number)|189]] |- |[[190 (number)|190]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[192 (number)|192]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[194 (number)|194]] |[[195 (number)|195]] |[[196 (number)|196]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[198 (number)|198]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |- |[[200 (number)|200]] |[[201 (number)|201]] |[[202 (number)|202]] |[[203 (number)|203]] |[[204 (number)|204]] |[[205 (number)|205]] |[[206 (number)|206]] |[[207 (number)|207]] |[[208 (number)|208]] |[[209 (number)|209]] |- |[[210 (number)|210]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[212 (number)|212]] |[[213 (number)|213]] |[[214 (number)|214]] |[[215 (number)|215]] |[[216 (number)|216]] |[[217 (number)|217]] |[[218 (number)|218]] |[[219 (number)|219]] |- |[[220 (number)|220]] |[[221 (number)|221]] |[[222 (number)|222]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[224 (number)|224]] |[[225 (number)|225]] |[[226 (number)|226]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[228 (number)|228]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[230 (number)|230]] |[[231 (number)|231]] |[[232 (number)|232]] |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[234 (number)|234]] |[[235 (number)|235]] |[[236 (number)|236]] |[[237 (number)|237]] |[[238 (number)|238]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |- |[[240 (number)|240]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[242 (number)|242]] |[[243 (number)|243]] |[[244 (number)|244]] |[[245 (number)|245]] |[[246 (number)|246]] |[[247 (number)|247]] |[[248 (number)|248]] |[[249 (number)|249]] |- |[[250 (number)|250]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[252 (number)|252]] |[[253 (number)|253]] |[[254 (number)|254]] |[[255 (number)|255]] |[[256 (number)|256]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[258 (number)|258]] |[[259 (number)|259]] |- |[[260 (number)|260]] |[[261 (number)|261]] |[[262 (number)|262]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[264 (number)|264]] |[[265 (number)|265]] |[[266 (number)|266]] |[[267 (number)|267]] |[[268 (number)|268]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |- |[[270 (number)|270]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[272 (number)|272]] |[[273 (number)|273]] |[[274 (number)|274]] |[[275 (number)|275]] |[[276 (number)|276]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[278 (number)|278]] |[[279 (number)|279]] |- |[[280 (number)|280]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |[[282 (number)|282]] |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[284 (number)|284]] |[[285 (number)|285]] |[[286 (number)|286]] |[[287 (number)|287]] |[[288 (number)|288]] |[[289 (number)|289]] |- |[[290 (number)|290]] |[[291 (number)|291]] |[[292 (number)|292]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[294 (number)|294]] |[[295 (number)|295]] |[[296 (number)|296]] |[[297 (number)|297]] |[[298 (number)|298]] |[[299 (number)|299]] |- |[[300 (number)|300]] |[[301 (number)|301]] |[[302 (number)|302]] |[[303 (number)|303]] |[[304 (number)|304]] |[[305 (number)|305]] |[[306 (number)|306]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[308 (number)|308]] |[[309 (number)|309]] |- |[[310 (number)|310]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[312 (number)|312]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[314 (number)|314]] |[[315 (number)|315]] |[[316 (number)|316]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[318 (number)|318]] |[[319 (number)|319]] |- |[[320 (number)|320]] |[[321 (number)|321]] |[[322 (number)|322]] |[[323 (number)|323]] |[[324 (number)|324]] |[[325 (number)|325]] |[[326 (number)|326]] |[[327 (number)|327]] |[[328 (number)|328]] |<!-- Please do not add numbers without articles; see Talk: --> |- | |[[331 (number)|331]] | | | | | |[[337 (number)|337]] | | |- | |[[341 (number)|341]] | |[[343 (number)|343]] | | | |[[347 (number)|347]] | |[[349 (number)|349]] |- | | | |[[353 (number)|353]] | | | | | |[[359 (number)|359]] |- |[[360 (number)|360]] | | |[[363 (number)|363]] | |[[365 (number)|365]] |[[366 (number)|366]] |[[367 (number)|367]] | |[[369 (number)|369]] |- | | | |[[373 (number)|373]] | | | |[[377 (number)|377]] | |[[379 (number)|379]] |- | | | | |[[384 (number)|384]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[399 (number)|399]] |- |[[400 (number)|400]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[420 (number)|420]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[433 (number)|433]] | | | | | | |- |[[440 (number)|440]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[495 (number)|495]] |[[496 (number)|496]] | | | |- |[[500 (number)|500]] |[[501 (number)|501]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[511 (number)|511]] |[[512 (number)|512]] | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[555 (number)|555]] | | | | |- |[[600 (number)|600]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[610 (number)|610]] | | |[[613 (number)|613]] | | |[[616 (number)|616]] | | | |- | | | | | | |[[666 (number)|666]] | | | |- | | | |[[693 (number)|693]] | | | | | | |- |[[700 (number)|700]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[720 (number)|720]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[743 (number)|743]] |[[744 (number)|744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[777 (number)|777]] | | |- | | | | | | |[[786 (number)|786]] | | | |- |[[800 (number)|800]] |[[801 (number)|801]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | |[[836 (number)|836]] | | | |- |[[840 (number)|840]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[880 (number)|880]] |[[881 (number)|881]] | | | | | | |[[888 (number)|888]] | |- |[[900 (number)|900]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[911 (number)|911]] | | | | | | | | |- | |[[971 (number)|971]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[987 (number)|987]] | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[999 (number)|999]] |- |[[1000 (number)|1000]] |[[1001 (number)|1001]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | |[[1023 (number)|1023]] |[[1024 (number)|1024]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1089 (number)|1089]] |- | | | |[[1093 (number)|1093]] | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[1105 (number)|1105]] | | | | |- | | | | |[[1234 (number)|1234]] | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[1289 (number)|1289]] |- | | | | | | | | |[[1458 (number)|1458]] | |- |[[1510 (number)|1510]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[1728 (number)|1728]] |[[1729 (number)|1729]] |- |[[1980 (number)|1980]] | | | | | | |[[1987 (number)|1987]] | | |- |[[2000 (number)|2000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[2520 (number)|2520]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[3000 (number)|3000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[3511]] | | | | | | | | |- |[[4000 (number)|4000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[4104]] | | | | | |- |[[5000 (number)|5000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[5040 (number)|5040]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[6000 (number)|6000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[6174]] | | | | | |- |[[7000 (number)|7000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | |[[7744]] | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[7825]] | | | | |- |[[8000 (number)|8000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | |[[8128 (number)|8128]] | |- | | |[[8192]] | | | | | | | |- |[[9000 (number)|9000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | |[[9801 (number)|9801]] | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | |[[9855]] | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[9999 (number)|9999]] |- |[[10,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[16,807]] | | |- |[[20,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[30,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[40,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[50,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[60,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | | | |[[64,079]] |- | | | | | |[[65,535]] |[[65,536]] |[[65,537]] | | |- |[[70,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[80,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[90,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- ||[[100,000|10⁵]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | |[[131,072]] | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[142,857]] | | |- |[[144,000]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[1,000,000|10⁶]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[10,000,000|10⁷]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[100,000,000|10⁸]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[1,000,000,000|10⁹]] | | | | | | | | | |- | | | | | | | |[[2147483647|2,147,483,647]] | | |- |[[10,000,000,000|10¹⁰]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[100,000,000,000|10¹¹]] | | | | | | | | | |- |[[1,000,000,000,000|10¹²]] | | | | | | | | | |- | colspan="10" |[[Order of magnitude|larger numbers]], including [[Googol|10¹⁰⁰]] and [[Googolplex|10^10¹⁰⁰]] |} === Importance in math === Natural numbers can be important in [[mathematics]]. This might be because it is part of a [[Set theory|set]]. A number can also be important because it has a unique property.{{Collapsible list|[[1 (number)|1]]. If you multiply any number by one, you will get the same number. This is called the [[multiplicative identity]]. It is also the only natural number (other than 0) that is not [[prime number|prime]] or [[composite number|composite]].|[[2 (number)|2]]. It is the base of the [[binary number]] system. This system is used in almost all [[computer]]s.|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is 2²-1. It is also the first [[Mersenne prime]]. It is the first odd [[prime number]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is the first [[composite number]].|[[6 (number)|6]]. It is the first [[perfect number]].|[[9 (number)|9]]. It is the first [[Parity (mathematics)|odd]] number that is [[Composite number|composite]].|[[11 (number)|11]]. It is the fifth [[prime number|prime]].|[[12 (number)|12]]. It is the first [[sublime number]].|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is the [[sum]] of the 1st 4 [[prime number]]s. It is the only [[prime number]] that is the [[sum]] of 4 [[prime number]]s in a row.|[[24 (number)|24]]. All [[Dirichlet character]]s [[Modular arithmetic|mod]] ''n'' are [[real number|real]] [[if and only if|if]] ''n'' is a [[divisor]] of 24.|[[25 (number)|25]]. It is the first [[centered square number]] (other than 1) that is also a [[square number]].|[[27 (number)|27]], the [[Cube (algebra)|cube]] of 3. This means that it is 3³.|[[28 (number)|28]]. It is the second [[perfect number]].|[[30 (number)|30]]. It is the smallest [[sphenic number]].|[[32 (number)|32]]. It is the smallest [[fifth power (algebra)|fifth power]] (other than 1 or 0).|[[36 (number)|36]]. This is the smallest number that is not a [[perfect power]], but not a [[prime power]].|[[70 (number)|70]]. It is the smallest [[weird number]].|[[72 (number)|72]]. It is the smallest [[Achilles number]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[mathematics|math]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} === Importance in culture === Many numbers are also important in [[culture]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ayonrinde|first1=Oyedeji A.|last2=Stefatos|first2=Anthi|last3=Miller|first3=Shadé|last4=Richer|first4=Amanda|last5=Nadkarni|first5=Pallavi|last6=She|first6=Jennifer|last7=Alghofaily|first7=Ahmad|last8=Mngoma|first8=Nomusa|date=2020-06-12|title=The salience and symbolism of numbers across cultural beliefs and practice|journal=International Review of Psychiatry|volume=33|issue=1–2|pages=179–188|doi=10.1080/09540261.2020.1769289|issn=0954-0261|pmid=32527165|s2cid=219605482}}</ref> They can also be important for [[measurement]].{{Collapsible list|[[3 (number)|3]]. It is important in [[Christianity]] as the [[Trinity]]. It is also important in [[Hinduism]] ([[Trimurti]], [[Tridevi]]). It is also important in other older [[mythology|mythologies]].|[[4 (number)|4]]. It is an [[Tetraphobia|"unlucky" number]] in modern [[China]], [[Japan]], and [[Korea]]. In their languages, 4 sounds similar to the word "death".|[[7 (number)|7]]. It is the number of days in a [[week]]. It is also called a "lucky" number in Western cultures.|[[8 (number)|8]]. 8 is called a [[Chinese numerology#Eight|"lucky" number in Chinese culture]]. This is because the [[Chinese language|Chinese word]] for "Eight" sounds like prosperity.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 things is called a [[dozen]]. There are 12 [[month]]s in a [[year]]. There are 12 [[constellation]]s of the [[Zodiac]] and [[astrological sign]]s. In [[Christianity]], there were 12 [[Apostles in the New Testament|Apostle]]s of [[Jesus]].|[[13 (number)|13]], is called an [[Triskaidekaphobia|"unlucky" number]] in Western [[superstition]]. It is also called a "[[Baker's dozen]]".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demystified {{!}} Why a baker's dozen is thirteen |url=https://www.britannica.com/video/213933/Demystified-why-is-bakers-dozen-thirteen |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>|[[17 (number)|17]]. It is called [[Heptadecaphobia|unlucky]] in [[Greece|Greek]] and [[Latin]] countries.|[[18 (number)|18]]. In [[gematria|Jewish numerology]], 18 is a "lucky" number. This is because it is also the [[Chai (symbol)|Hebrew word for life]]|[[40 (number)|40]]. 40 is important in [[Tengrism]] and [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[folklore]]. There are many [[tradition]]s that use 40.|[[42 (number)|42]]. According to ''[[The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy]]'', 42 the "answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe, and everything."|[[69 (number)|69]]. Is a word that can mean [[oral sex]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of important [[natural numbers]] in [[culture]]|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[10]]. 10 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[decimal]] number system.|[[12 (number)|12]]. 12 is the [[duodecimal|number base]] to measuring time in many places.|[[14 (number)|14]]. Is the number of days in a [[fortnight]].|[[16 (number)|16]]. 16 is the number of [[digit]]s in the [[hexadecimal]] number system.|[[24 (number)|24]]. 12 is also the number of [[hour]]s in a [[day]].|[[31 (number)|31]]. 31 is the most number of [[day]]s a [[month]] can have.|[[60 (number)|60]]. 60 is the [[sexagesimal|number base]] for some ancient counting systems. For example, the [[Babylonian numerals|Babylonians]] used this number base. Also, 60 is used in some modern measuring systems.|[[360 (number)|360]]. 360 is the number of [[Degree (angle)|degree]]s in a full [[circle]].|[[365 (number)|365]]. 365 is the number of days in the normal [[Gregorian calendar|year]]. In [[leap year]]s, there are 366 days.|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural numbers]] important in [[measurement]]s and [[scale]]s.|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}}{{Collapsible list|[[4]]. 4 is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[nibble]].|[[8]]. 8 is the number of [[bit]]s in an [[Octet (computing)|octet]] and a [[byte]].|[[256 (number)|256]]. 256 is the number of possible numbers in [[8-bit|8 bits]].|[[1024 (number)|1024]]. 1024 is the number of [[byte]]s in a [[kibibyte]]. It is the number of [[bit]]s in a [[kibibit]].|[[65535 (number)|65535]]. 2¹⁶ − 1. It is the largest number in a [[16-bit]] number.|[[65536 (number)|65536]]. 2¹⁶. It is the number of possible numbers in [[16-bits]].|expand=y|framestyle=|titlestyle=|title=List of [[natural number]]s in [[computer]]s|liststyle=|hlist=|bullets=on}} == Classes of natural numbers == === Prime numbers === {{Main|Prime number|List of prime numbers}} A [[prime number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It only has two [[Divisor|divisors]]: 1 and itself. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center;" |+ class="nowrap" |The first 100 prime numbers |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[2 (number)|2]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[3 (number)|3]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[5 (number)|5]] |&nbsp;&nbsp;[[7 (number)|7]] |&nbsp;[[11 (number)|11]] |&nbsp;[[13 (number)|13]] |&nbsp;[[17 (number)|17]] |&nbsp;[[19 (number)|19]] |&nbsp;[[23 (number)|23]] |&nbsp;[[29 (number)|29]] |- |&nbsp;[[31 (number)|31]] |&nbsp;[[37 (number)|37]] |&nbsp;[[41 (number)|41]] |&nbsp;[[43 (number)|43]] |&nbsp;[[47 (number)|47]] |&nbsp;[[53 (number)|53]] |&nbsp;[[59 (number)|59]] |&nbsp;[[61 (number)|61]] |&nbsp;[[67 (number)|67]] |&nbsp;[[71 (number)|71]] |- |&nbsp;[[73 (number)|73]] |&nbsp;[[79 (number)|79]] |&nbsp;[[83 (number)|83]] |&nbsp;[[89 (number)|89]] |&nbsp;[[97 (number)|97]] |[[101 (number)|101]] |[[103 (number)|103]] |[[107 (number)|107]] |[[109 (number)|109]] |[[113 (number)|113]] |- |[[127 (number)|127]] |[[131 (number)|131]] |[[137 (number)|137]] |[[139 (number)|139]] |[[149 (number)|149]] |[[151 (number)|151]] |[[157 (number)|157]] |[[163 (number)|163]] |[[167 (number)|167]] |[[173 (number)|173]] |- |[[179 (number)|179]] |[[181 (number)|181]] |[[191 (number)|191]] |[[193 (number)|193]] |[[197 (number)|197]] |[[199 (number)|199]] |[[211 (number)|211]] |[[223 (number)|223]] |[[227 (number)|227]] |[[229 (number)|229]] |- |[[233 (number)|233]] |[[239 (number)|239]] |[[241 (number)|241]] |[[251 (number)|251]] |[[257 (number)|257]] |[[263 (number)|263]] |[[269 (number)|269]] |[[271 (number)|271]] |[[277 (number)|277]] |[[281 (number)|281]] |- |[[283 (number)|283]] |[[293 (number)|293]] |[[307 (number)|307]] |[[311 (number)|311]] |[[313 (number)|313]] |[[317 (number)|317]] |[[331 (number)|331]] |[[337 (number)|337]] |[[347 (number)|347]] |[[349 (number)|349]] |- |[[353 (number)|353]] |[[359 (number)|359]] |[[367 (number)|367]] |[[373 (number)|373]] |[[379 (number)|379]] |[[383 (number)|383]] |[[389 (number)|389]] |[[397 (number)|397]] |[[401 (number)|401]] |[[409 (number)|409]] |- |[[419 (number)|419]] |[[421 (number)|421]] |[[431 (number)|431]] |[[433 (number)|433]] |[[439 (number)|439]] |[[443 (number)|443]] |[[449 (number)|449]] |[[457 (number)|457]] |[[461 (number)|461]] |[[463 (number)|463]] |- |[[467 (number)|467]] |[[479 (number)|479]] |[[487 (number)|487]] |[[491 (number)|491]] |[[499 (number)|499]] |[[503 (number)|503]] |[[509 (number)|509]] |[[521 (number)|521]] |[[523 (number)|523]] |[[541 (number)|541]] |} === Highly composite numbers === A highly [[composite number]] is a type of [[natural number]]. It has more [[Divisor|divisors]] than any smaller [[natural number]]. They are used a lot in [[geometry]], grouping, and time [[measurement]]. The first 20 highly composite numbers are: [[1 (number)|1]], [[2 (number)|2]], [[4 (number)|4]], [[6 (number)|6]], [[12 (number)|12]], [[24 (number)|24]], [[36 (number)|36]], [[48 (number)|48]], [[60 (number)|60]], [[120 (number)|120]], [[180 (number)|180]], [[240 (number)|240]], [[360 (number)|360]], [[720 (number)|720]], [[840 (number)|840]], [[1260 (number)|1260]], [[1680 (number)|1680]], [[2520 (number)|2520]], [[5040 (number)|5040]], [[7560 (number)|7560]] === Perfect numbers === {{main|Perfect number}} A [[perfect number]] is a type of [[integer]]. It has the [[sum]] of its [[Positive number|positive]] [[Divisor|divisors]] (all divisors except itself). The first 10 perfect numbers: {{ordered list|type=decimal|&nbsp; [[6 (number)|6]]|&nbsp; [[28 (number)|28]]|&nbsp; [[496 (number)|496]]|&nbsp; [[8128 (number)|8128]]|&nbsp; 33 550 336|&nbsp; 8 589 869 056|&nbsp; 137 438 691 328|&nbsp; 2 305 843 008 139 952 128|&nbsp; 2 658 455 991 569 831 744 654 692 615 953 842 176|&nbsp; 191 561 942 608 236 107 294 793 378 084 303 638 130 997 321 548 169 216}} == Integers == {{main|Integer}} [[Integer|Integers]] are a [[Set (mathematics)|set]] of numbers. They usually are in [[arithmetic]] and [[number theory]]. There are many [[Subset|subsets]] of integers. These can cover [[natural numbers]], [[prime numbers]], [[perfect numbers]], etc. Popular [[integers]] are [[−1]] and [[0]]. === Orders of magnitude === [[Integers]] can be written in [[orders of magnitude]]. This can be written as 10^''k'', where ''k'' is an [[integer]]. If ''k''&nbsp;=&nbsp;0, 1, 2, 3, then the powers of ten for them are 1, 10, 100 and 1000. This is used in [[scientific notation]]. Each number has its own [[Prefix notation|prefix]]. Each prefix has its own symbol. For example, ''[[kilo-]]'' may be added to the beginning of ''[[gram]].'' This changes the meaning of ''[[gram]]'' to mean that the [[gram]] is 1000 times more than a [[gram]]: one kilogram is the same as 1000 [[grams]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.techtarget.com/searchstorage/definition/Kilo-mega-giga-tera-peta-and-all-that | title=What is Kilo, Mega, Giga, Tera, Peta, Exa, Zetta and All That? }}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Number !1000^''m'' !Name !Symbol |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10^-24 |Yokto |y |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10^-21 |Zepto |z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|000|001}} |10^-18 |Atto |a |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|000|001}} |10^-15 |Femto |f |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|000|001}} |10^-12 |Pico |p |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|000|001}} |10^-9 |Nano |n |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|0.000|001|}} |10^-6 |Micro |μ |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.001 |10^-3 |[[Kilo-|Milli]] |m |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.01 |10^-2 |[[Kilo-|Centi]] |c |- | style="text-align:right;" |0.1 |10^-1 |[[Kilo-|Deci]] |d |- | style="text-align:right;" |10 |10¹ |[[Kilo-|Deca]] |da |- | style="text-align:right;" |100 |10² |[[Kilo-|Hecto]] |h |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000}} |10³ |[[Kilo-|Kilo]] |k |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000}} |10⁶ |[[Mega-|Mega]] |M |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000}} |10⁹ |[[Giga-|Giga]] |G |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000}} |10¹² |[[Tera-|Tera]] |T |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000}} |10¹⁵ |[[Peta-|Peta]] |P |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10¹⁸ |[[Exa-|Exa]] |E |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10²¹ |[[Zetta-|Zetta]] |Z |- | style="text-align:right;" |{{gaps|1|000|000|000|000|000|000|000|000}} |10²⁴ |[[Yotta-|Yotta]] |Y |} == Rational numbers == {{main|Rational number}} A [[rational number]] is a number that can be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]] with two [[Integer|integers]]. The [[numerator]] is written as <math>p</math>. The [[denominator]](which cannot be zero) is written as <math>q</math>.<ref name="Rosen">{{cite book|title=Discrete Mathematics and its Applications|url=https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815|last=Rosen|first=Kenneth|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2007|isbn=978-0-07-288008-3|edition=6th|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/discretemathemat00rose_815/page/n130 105], 158–160}}</ref> Every [[integer]] is a [[rational number]]. This is because, in integers, 1 is always the [[denominator]] of a fraction. Rational numbers can be written in [[Infinity|infinitely]] many ways. For example, 0.12 can be written as ''three twenty-fifths'' (<math>\frac{3}{25}</math>), ''nine seventy-fifths'' (<math>\frac{9}{75}</math>), etc. {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="text-align:center; width:800px;" |+ class="nowrap" |Table of notable rational numbers !Decimal expansion !Fraction !Reason |- |1.0 | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar1</math> | rowspan="2" |<math>\bar1</math> is equal to [[1 (number)|1]], a notable real number. |- |1 |- |0.5 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar2</math> |<math>\bar2</math> is a popular number in math. For example, you can use <math>\bar2</math> to find the [[area]] of a [[Triangle]]. |- |3.142 857... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> |<math>\frac{22}{7}</math> is a number slightly above <math>\pi</math> and is an [[approximation]] of <math>\pi</math>. |- |0.166 666... | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\bar6</math> |One sixth is seen in a lot of [[Equation|equations]]. For example, the solution to the Basel problem uses 1/6. |} == Irrational numbers == {{main|Irrational number}}[[Irrational number|Irrational numbers]] are numbers that cannot be written as a [[Fraction (mathematics)|fraction]]. These are written as [[Algebraic number|algebraic numbers]] or [[Transcendental number|transcendental numbers]]. === Algebraic numbers === {{main|Algebraic number}} {| class="wikitable" !Name !Expression !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |[[Square root of two]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\sqrt{2}</math> |{{val|1.414213562373095048801688724210}} |The [[Square root of 2]](also called Pythagoras' constant) is a number used in math a lot. It can be used to find the [[ratio]] of [[diagonal]] to [[side]] length in a [[Square (geometry)|square]]. |- |[[Triangular number#Triangular roots and tests for triangular numbers|Triangular root]] of 2 | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\frac{\sqrt{17}-1}{2}</math> |{{val|1.561552812808830274910704927987}} | |- |Phi, [[Golden ratio]] | style="text-align:center;" |<math>\phi</math> |{{val|1.618033988749894848204586834366}} |The golden ratio is a famous number used in both [[Mathematics|math]] and [[science]]. |} === Transcendental numbers === {{main|Transcendental number}} {| class="wikitable sortable" !Name !Symbol or Formula !Decimal expansion !Reason |- |e, Euler's number |[[Euler's number|e]] |{{val|2.718281828459045235360287471352662497757247}}... |e is the [[Base (mathematics)|base]] of a [[natural logarithm]]. |- |Pi |[[Pi|{{pi}}]] |{{val|3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169}}... |Pi is an irrational number that is the result of dividing the circumference of a circle by its diameter. |} === Real numbers === The real numbers are a superset(or category) of numbers. They cover [[Algebraic number|algebraic]] and [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] numbers. === Real but not known if irrational or transcendental === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Name and symbol !Decimal expansion !Notes |- |[[Euler–Mascheroni constant]], γ |{{val|0.577215664901532860606512090082}}...<ref>{{Cite web|title=A001620 - OEIS|url=https://oeis.org/A001620|access-date=2020-10-14|website=oeis.org}}</ref> |The [[Euler–Mascheroni constant]] is used in [[Limit (mathematics)|limits]] and [[Logarithm|logarithms]]. It is thought to be [[Transcendental number|transcendental]] but not [[Proof (mathematics)|proven]] to be so. |- |[[Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|Twin prime constant]]{{Broken anchor|date=2025-05-16|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=Twin prime conjecture#First Hardy–Littlewood conjecture|reason= }}, C₂ |{{val|0.660161815846869573927812110014}}... | |} == Hypercomplex numbers == A hypercomplex number is a word for an [[Element (mathematics)|element]] of a unital [[algebra]] over the [[Field (mathematics)|field]] of [[Real number|real numbers]]. === Algebraic complex numbers === * i, [[Imaginary unit]]: <math display="inline">i=\sqrt{-1}</math> == Transfinite numbers == {{main|Transfinite number}} [[Transfinite number|Transfinite numbers]] are numbers that are "[[Infinity|infinite]]". They are larger than any [[Finite set|finite]] number. They are, however, not absolutely infinite. == Physical Constants == {{main|Physical constant}} [[Physical constant|Physical constants]] are [[Constant|constants]] that can be used in the [[universe]] to figure out information. * [[Avogadro constant]] * [[Gravitational constant]] * [[Planck constant]] * [[Rydberg constant]] * [[Speed of light|Speed of light in vacuum]] == Named numbers == * [[Googol]], 10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 * [[Googolplex]], 10^{10,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000} * [[Graham's number]], G * [[Skewes's number]], S == References == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * {{citation|last=Finch|first=Steven R.|title=Mathematical Constants (Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications, Series Number 94)|url=https://isbnsearch.org/isbn/0521818052|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mathematicalcons0000finc/page/130 130–133]|year=2003|contribution=Anmol Kumar Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=0521818052}} * {{Citation|first=Roger|last=Apéry|title=Irrationalité de <math>\zeta(2)</math> et <math>\zeta(3)</math>|year=1979|journal=Astérisque|volume=61|pages=11–13}}. == Further reading == * ''Kingdom of Infinite Number: A Field Guide'' by Bryan Bunch, W.H. Freeman & Company, 2001. {{isbn|0-7167-4447-3}} == Other websites == * [http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html The Database of Number Correlations: 1 to 2000+] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724110717/http://www.virtuescience.com/number.html |date=2017-07-24 }} * [http://www.archimedes-lab.org/numbers/Num1_69.html What's Special About This Number? A Zoology of Numbers: from 0 to 500] * [http://www.isthe.com/chongo/tech/math/number/number.html Name of a Number] * [http://www.mathcats.com/explore/reallybignumbers.html See how to write big numbers] * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127194324/http://pages.prodigy.net/jhonig/bignum/indx.html|title=About big numbers|date=27 November 2010}} * [http://www.mrob.com/pub/math/largenum.html Robert P. Munafo's Large Numbers page] * [http://www-users.cs.york.ac.uk/~susan/cyc/b/big.htm Different notations for big numbers – by Susan Stepney] * [http://www.ibiblio.org/units/large.html Names for Large Numbers], in ''How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement'' by Russ Rowlett * [http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html What's Special About This Number?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223062027/http://www2.stetson.edu/~efriedma/numbers.html|date=2018-02-23}} (from 0 to 9999) [[Category:Numbers]] [[Category:Mathematics lists]] 9fh7v8wtktuot5eq1qva9c1uxc1jpvm 0 926677 11024229 8694180 2026-10-09T01:24:48Z EtalonGlapfh 1887305 11024229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Law of large numbers}} The '''law of truly large numbers''' (a [[Statistics|statistical]] comment), says that with a large enough number of [[Independence (statistics)|independent]] samples, any result with constant probability <math>>0</math> is likely to be seen.<ref>Everitt B.S. 2002. ''Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics'', 2nd ed. ISBN 978-0521810999</ref> We may highlight unlikely events and notice them more. The law is often used to falsify different [[pseudoscience|pseudo-scientific]] claims.<ref>Beitman, Bernard D. (15 Apr 2018) [https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/connecting-coincidence/201804/intrigued-the-low-probability-synchronicities Intrigued by the Low Probability of Synchronicities? Coincidence theorists and statisticians dispute the meaning of rare events.] at [https://www.psychologytoday.com psychologytoday]</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Statistics]] bt3uttjqd2dazgjuzomt5ey8lphevd7 0 940479 11024119 10942151 2026-10-08T21:12:45Z ~2026-54191-80 1887198 11024119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BLP sources|date=May 2017}} {{Infobox person | name = Collin Dean | image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --> | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2005|1|8}} | birth_place = [[Gilbert, Arizona]], [[United States]] | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2010–present | notable_works = ''[[The Loud House]]'' as Lincoln Loud }} '''Collin Dean''' (born January 8, 2005)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://voicechasers.com/database/showactor.php?actorid=14219 |title=Collin Dean - Voice Actor Profile at Voice Chasers |accessdate=August 9, 2017 |archive-date=August 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810052208/http://voicechasers.com/database/showactor.php?actorid=14219 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is an American actor. ==Early life== Collin hails from [[Gilbert, Arizona]], and he has an older sister.<ref name=azrep>{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/gilbert/2014/10/14/gilbert-boy-stars-alongside-elijah-wood-on-cartoon-network-show/17252863/|title=Gilbert boy stars with Elijah Wood in Cartoon Network series|publisher=|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref> ==Career== ===Voice acting=== Dean was the voice of [[Lincoln Loud]] in the [[Nickelodeon]] animated series, ''[[The Loud House]]'' after replacing [[Grant Palmer]] in Season 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20161019005965/en/Nickelodeon-Greenlights-Season-Number-One-Animated-Series-Loud|title=Nickelodeon Greenlights Third Season of Number-One Animated Series The Loud House - Business Wire|publisher=|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref> Collin Dean is also known for guest starring in the [[Cartoon Network]] animated series ''[[Adventure Time]]'' as "Tiffany," and for his background role in ''[[Hotel Transylvania]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/local/gilbert/article_188ce3b4-5659-11e4-8889-4bfdddf512fc.html|title=Role in Cartoon Network series latest of Gilbert boy’s voice-acting gigs|publisher=|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref> Dean also had a minor role as one of the campers in the ''[[American Dad!]]'' episode, ''Camp Campawanda,'' and co-starred with Elijah Wood in the 2014 Cartoon Network miniseries ''[[Over the Garden Wall]].''<ref name=azrep/> ===Live-action acting=== In 2012, he was cast as Todd in the Funny or Die short film, ''Will Ferrell & Zach Galifianakis Debate Children''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2r_ZG6CeU8 |title=Will Ferrell & Zach Galifianakis Debate Children - YouTube |accessdate=August 9, 2017}}</ref> In 2015, he appeared as Ruprecht the Elf, in the comedy horror Christmas film, ''[[Krampus (film)|Krampus]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywood.com/celebrities/collin-dean-58171827/ |title=Collin Dean - Biography and Filmography - Hollywood.com |accessdate=August 9, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/collin_dean/ |title=Collin Dean - Rotten Tomatoes |accessdate=August 9, 2017}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes |- | 2010 || ''Welcome to the Space Show'' || Hiroshi || English version |- | rowspan="2"|2012 || ''Will Ferrell & Zach Galifianakis Debate Children'' || Todd || |- | ''[[Hotel Transylvania]]'' || Additional Voices || |- | 2015 || ''[[Krampus (film)|Krampus]]'' || Ruprecht the Elf || |- | 2017 || ''House Shark'' || Kid || |} ===Television=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes |- | 2013 || ''Tome of the Unknown'' || Greg || TV pilot |- | 2013–2014, 2016 || ''[[Adventure Time]]'' || Tiffany,<br>Candy Kids || 4 episodes |- | 2014 || ''[[Over the Garden Wall]]'' || Gregory<br>Additional Voices || TV mini-series |- | 2015 || ''Halo: The Fall of Reach'' || Fred (Child) || TV mini-series<br>Episode: "Act 1" |- | 2015–present || ''[[Boomerang (TV channel)|Boomerang]]'' || Commercial Announcer || Commercials [[Boomerang (TV channel)|Boomerang]]-related |- | 2016–2017|| ''[[The Loud House]]'' || [[Lincoln Loud]]<br>Additional Voices || Main role season 2 |- | 2016–2017 || ''[[American Dad!]]'' || Camper || 2 episodes |- | 2017–18 || ''Doki'' || Oto || Season 3-4 |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb name|id=5242354}} * {{Instagram|officialcollindean|Collin Dean}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dean, Collin}} [[Category:2005 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American child actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:Actors from Arizona]] liblfqvlsshvdjnjp8jpbzyusa2sh7h 11024122 11024119 2026-10-08T21:17:21Z ~2026-54191-80 1887198 11024122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{BLP sources|date=May 2017}} {{Infobox person | name = Collin Dean | image = <!-- filename only, no "File:" or "Image:" prefix, and no enclosing [[brackets]] --> | alt = <!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --> | caption = | birth_name = <!-- only use if different from name --> | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2005|1|8}} | birth_place = [[Gilbert, Arizona]], [[United States]] | occupation = Actor | years_active = 2010–present | notable_works = ''[[The Loud House]]'' as Lincoln Loud }} '''Collin Dean''' (born January 8, 2005)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://voicechasers.com/database/showactor.php?actorid=14219 |title=Collin Dean - Voice Actor Profile at Voice Chasers |accessdate=August 9, 2017 |archive-date=August 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810052208/http://voicechasers.com/database/showactor.php?actorid=14219 |url-status=dead }}</ref> is an American actor. ==Early life== Collin hails from [[Gilbert, Arizona]], and he has an older sister.<ref name=azrep>{{cite web|url=http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/gilbert/2014/10/14/gilbert-boy-stars-alongside-elijah-wood-on-cartoon-network-show/17252863/|title=Gilbert boy stars with Elijah Wood in Cartoon Network series|publisher=|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref> ==Career== ===Voice acting=== Dean was the voice of [[Lincoln Loud]] in the [[Nickelodeon]] animated series, ''[[The Loud House]]'', replacing [[Grant Palmer]] in Season 2.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20161019005965/en/Nickelodeon-Greenlights-Season-Number-One-Animated-Series-Loud|title=Nickelodeon Greenlights Third Season of Number-One Animated Series The Loud House - Business Wire|publisher=|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref> Collin Dean is also known for guest starring in the [[Cartoon Network]] animated series ''[[Adventure Time]]'' as "Tiffany," and for his background role in ''[[Hotel Transylvania]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/local/gilbert/article_188ce3b4-5659-11e4-8889-4bfdddf512fc.html|title=Role in Cartoon Network series latest of Gilbert boy’s voice-acting gigs|publisher=|accessdate=28 December 2016}}</ref> Dean also had a minor role as one of the campers in the ''[[American Dad!]]'' episode, ''Camp Campawanda,'' and co-starred with Elijah Wood in the 2014 Cartoon Network miniseries ''[[Over the Garden Wall]].''<ref name=azrep/> ===Live-action acting=== In 2012, he was cast as Todd in the Funny or Die short film, ''Will Ferrell & Zach Galifianakis Debate Children''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T2r_ZG6CeU8 |title=Will Ferrell & Zach Galifianakis Debate Children - YouTube |accessdate=August 9, 2017}}</ref> In 2015, he appeared as Ruprecht the Elf, in the comedy horror Christmas film, ''[[Krampus (film)|Krampus]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywood.com/celebrities/collin-dean-58171827/ |title=Collin Dean - Biography and Filmography - Hollywood.com |accessdate=August 9, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/collin_dean/ |title=Collin Dean - Rotten Tomatoes |accessdate=August 9, 2017}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes |- | 2010 || ''Welcome to the Space Show'' || Hiroshi || English version |- | rowspan="2"|2012 || ''Will Ferrell & Zach Galifianakis Debate Children'' || Todd || |- | ''[[Hotel Transylvania]]'' || Additional Voices || |- | 2015 || ''[[Krampus (film)|Krampus]]'' || Ruprecht the Elf || |- | 2017 || ''House Shark'' || Kid || |} ===Television=== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes |- | 2013 || ''Tome of the Unknown'' || Greg || TV pilot |- | 2013–2014, 2016 || ''[[Adventure Time]]'' || Tiffany,<br>Candy Kids || 4 episodes |- | 2014 || ''[[Over the Garden Wall]]'' || Gregory<br>Additional Voices || TV mini-series |- | 2015 || ''Halo: The Fall of Reach'' || Fred (Child) || TV mini-series<br>Episode: "Act 1" |- | 2015–present || ''[[Boomerang (TV channel)|Boomerang]]'' || Commercial Announcer || Commercials [[Boomerang (TV channel)|Boomerang]]-related | 2016–2017 || ''[[American Dad!]]'' || Camper || 2 episodes |- | 2016–2017|| ''[[The Loud House]]'' || [[Lincoln Loud]]<br>Additional Voices || Main role season 2 |- |- | 2017–18 || ''Doki'' || Oto || Season 3-4 |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb name|id=5242354}} * {{Instagram|officialcollindean|Collin Dean}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dean, Collin}} [[Category:2005 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American child actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:Actors from Arizona]] 437u3cldd2sv8q5ocrwxfhw8il01r5q 0 944706 11024005 11011181 2026-10-08T14:08:49Z ~2026-53689-70 1886356 11024005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = Make Way for Noddy.png | num_seasons = 2 | num_episodes = 100 | list_episodes = #Episodes | runtime = 11 minutes | country = United Kingdom | language = English | genre = [[Comedy]]<br>[[Musical movie|Musical]] | based_on = {{Plainlist| *{{Based on |''[[Noddy's Toyland Adventures]]'' by [[Cosgrove Hall Films]] *{{Based on |Classic ''[[Noddy (character)|Noddy]]'' works and characters of [[Enid Blyton]]}}}} }} | creator = [[Jymn Magon]] | director = Byron Vaughns | voices = Martin Skews<br>[[Joanna Ruiz]]<br>[[Pavel Douglas]]<br>[[Ben Small]]<br>Carrie Mullan<br>[[Andrea Harris]] | opentheme = "Make Way for Noddy"<br>by [[Kidsongs|the Kidsongs Kids]] | theme_music_composer = Steven Bernstein<br>Julie Bernstein | composer = '''Score:'''<br />Steven Bernstein<br>Julie Bernstein<br />'''Original Songs:'''<br />Steven Bernstein<br>Julie Bernstein<br>[[Lorraine Feather]]<br>[[Larry Grossman (composer)|Larry Grossman]]<br />'''Music Direction:'''<br />Sharon Sampson<br>Terry Sampson | producer = Robert Winthrop <br> Byron Vaughns | executive_producer = Paul Sabella <br> Jonathan Dern <br> Carolyn Monroe <br> Malorrie Lewis <br> Bradley Hood-Stevenson | editor = [[Jymn Magon]] | company = [[Chorion (company)|Chorion]]<br>BLT Productions<br>[[SD Entertainment]]{{efn|Animation outsourced to [[Wang Film Productions]]}} | first_aired = {{Start date|2002|9|2|df=yes}} | last_aired = {{End date|2006|4|7|df=yes}} | network = [[Channel 5 (British TV channel)|Channel 5/Five]] (United Kingdom)<br>[[PBS Kids Sprout]] (United States)<br>Teletoon (Canada) | related = ''[[Noddy's Toyland Adventures]]'' (1992-2000)<br>''[[Noddy in Toyland]]'' (2009)<br>''[[Noddy, Toyland Detective]]'' (2016-2020) }} '''''Make Way for Noddy''''' is a [[United Kingdom|British]] CGI children's musical computer-animated television series by Enid Blyton. It originally aired on Channel 5's Milkshake! in the [[United Kingdom]] for the first and the second seasons from 2 September 2002 to 7 April 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Make Way For Noddy|url=https://www.channel5.com/show/make-way-for-noddy|access-date=2021-03-05|website=Channel 5|language=en-UK}}</ref> In the [[United States]], the series got an [[United States|American]] dub using a [[United Kingdom|British]] voice actors by BLT Productions and Koko Studios using the [[United States|American]] with an [[United States|American]] accents by The Character Development and The Sound Company Ltd. on PBS Kids Sprout in 2005. Only the first 2 seasons were dubbed. ==Characters== *[[Noddy (character)|Noddy]] (voiced by Edward Chun in the UK and [[David Kaye (voice actor)|David A. Kaye]] in the US) is the [[protagonist]] of the series. Noddy is an imaginative wooden boy who lives in [[wikt:Toyland|Toyland]]. Although Noddy is characterised as a child, he also serves as the main taxi driver. He sometimes begins nodding uncontrollably, such as after sneezing, and has to physically stop himself from nodding. *Tessie Bear (voiced by [[Joanna Ruiz]] in the UK and [[Britt McKillip]] in the US) is a neutral and child-like female [[teddy bear]] who is Noddy's best friend, always ready to try something new and help everyone she sees. *[[Big Ears (character)|Big Ears]] (voiced by [[Pavel Douglas]] in the UK and [[Michael Dobson (actor)|Michael Dobson]] in the US) is a [[gnome]] who serves as a father figure to Noddy and the other toys with astute knowledge and a fine sense-of-humour. *Dinah Doll (voiced by Andrea Harris in the UK and [[Tabitha St. Germain]] in the US) is a Toy Town shopkeeper and a big sibling support figure to Noddy. *[[Mr. Plod]] (voiced by [[Pavel Douglas]] in the UK and [[Richard Newman (actor)|Richard Newman]] in the US) is Toyland's sole police officer who is persistent for maintaining a certain order but means well and whose catchphrase is "Halt/Stop, in the name of Plod!" *Bumpy Dog (voiced by [[Ben Small]] in the UK and [[Lee Tockar]] in the US) is Tessie Bear's extremely playful but loyal and sensitive dog. *Gobbo and Sly (voiced by [[Ben Small]] in the UK and [[Don Brown (voice actor)|Don Brown]] and [[Doug Parker (voice actor)|Doug Parker]] in the US) are two [[goblin]]s who serve as the series' antagonists. Gobbo is the more conniving and intelligent one while Sly is the more airheaded and curious of the two members. *Mr. Sparks (voiced by Ben Small in the UK and Lee Tockar in the US) is Toyland's street-smart mechanic. *Miss Pink Cat (voiced by Carrie Mullan in the UK and Tabitha St. Germain in the US) is the pessimistic and sophisticated owner of Toy Town's ice cream shop. She speaks with a French accent. *Master Tubby Bear (voiced by Carrie Mullan in the UK and Manny Petruzzelli in the US) is a young [[teddy bear]] whose role was changed from a tricky [[mummy's boy]] (in previous incarnations) to a moody but lovable anti-idol kid in this series, though this was clearly done as it lent more to having him involved in stories, this time in noticeable contrast as a boy hero to Noddy. *Martha Monkey (voiced by [[Joanna Ruiz]] in the UK and [[Kathleen Barr]] in the US) is a stuffed [[monkey]] with an energetic but bossy tomboy personality. *Mr. Jumbo (voiced by [[Ben Small]] in the UK and [[Ian James Corlett]] in the US) is a mild-mannered stuffed [[elephant]]. *Clockwork Mouse (voiced by Joanna Ruiz in the UK and Kathleen Barr in the US) is a perky wind-up toy mouse who isn't sometimes feeling dwarfed by the other inhabitants of Toyland for his size. *Mr. Wobblyman (voiced by Ben Small in the UK and Ian James Corlett in the US) is a [[roly-poly toy]] who is always diligent about doing the right thing. *Clockwork Clown (voiced by Ben Small in the UK and Ian James Corlett in the US) is a toy [[clown]]. *The Skittles (voiced by Joanna Ruiz, Carrie Johnston and Ben Small in the UK and [[Teryl Rothery]] and [[Chantal Strand]] in the US) are a family of orderly [[bowling pin]]s. *Harvey (voiced by Ben Small in the UK and in the US) and Cecilia (voiced by Joanna Ruiz in the UK and in the US) are two beetles. *Mr. Train Driver (voiced by Ben Small in the UK and Ian James Corlett in the US) is a train driver who takes the toytown train. *Mr. Noah (voiced by Pavel Douglas in the UK and Michael Dobson in the US) is Mrs. Noah's husband. *Mrs. Noah (voiced by Andrea Harris in the UK and [[Tabitha St. Germain]] in the US) is Mr. Noah's wife. ==Episodes== === Season 1 (2002) === {{Episode table|overall=|series=|background=#702E71|airdateT=Air date (UK)|altdate=Air date (US)|airdate=Air date (UK)|altdateT=Air date (US)|title=|titleT=UK title (top)<hr />US title (bottom)|episodes={{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 1 | EpisodeNumber2 = 1 | Title = Too Many Noddies | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|02|df=yes}} | AltDate = 11 September 2005 | ShortSummary = When wanting to have fun, Noddy uses Big Ears's spell to duplicate himself. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 2 | EpisodeNumber2 = 2 | Title = Noddy and the New Taxi | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|03|df=yes}} | AltDate = 18 September 2005 | ShortSummary = Sly and Gobbo set up a rival taxi business forcing Noddy off the road. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 3 | EpisodeNumber2 = 3 | Title = Noddy and the Magic Bagpipes | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|04|df=yes}} | AltDate = {{Start date|2005|09|25|df=y}} | ShortSummary = Noddy wants to learn to play the bagpipes, so he borrows a pair of magic bagpipes from Big Ears, but the bagpipes run away when Noddy doesn't play them. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 4 | EpisodeNumber2 = 4 | Title = Noddy Has a Visitor | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|05|df=yes}} | AltDate = 2 October 2005 | ShortSummary = Martha Monkey stays at Noddy's and forces him to be nice to her because she's his visitor. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 5 | EpisodeNumber2 = 5 | Title = Noddy's Perfect Gift | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|06|df=yes}} | AltDate = 9 October 2005 | ShortSummary = Noddy wants to find the perfect gift for Tessie Bear's birthday. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 6 | EpisodeNumber2 = 6 | Title = Noddy's Lucky Day | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|09|df=yes}} | AltDate = 16 October 2005 | ShortSummary = Mr. Sparks's newest invention tells Noddy that tomorrow will be his lucky day, but it doesn't seem that his invention is right the next morning. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 7 | EpisodeNumber2 = 7 | Title = Policeman for a Day | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|10|df=yes}} | AltDate = 23 October 2005 | ShortSummary = Mr. Plod gives Noddy the job of putting up posters around the town (along with his official policeman's badge). However Noddy starts taking advantage of his job and causes trouble. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 8 | EpisodeNumber2 = 8 | Title = Bounce Alert in Toyland | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|11|df=yes}} | AltDate = 30 October 2005 | ShortSummary = Bouncing balls come to Toytown and play, but Gobbo and Sly capture them. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 9 | EpisodeNumber2 = 9 | Title = Tickled Pink | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|12|df=yes}} | AltDate = 6 November 2005 | ShortSummary = Noddy puts a spell on himself to make others laugh to his jokes, but everyone who hears him becomes pink in the face and starts laughing uncontrollably. With a little help of Martha Monkey, she tells him that he is not really funny at all, which makes the spell off of him, and the pink toys turn back to normal. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 10 | EpisodeNumber2 = 10 | Title = Noddy's Pet Chicken | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|13|df=yes}} | AltDate = 13 November 2005 | ShortSummary = Noddy finds a chicken and takes it as his pet. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 11 | EpisodeNumber2 = 11 | Title = Noddy Goes Shopping | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|16|df=yes}} | AltDate = 20 November 2005 | ShortSummary = Big Ears can't sleep so he sends Noddy to bring him the things he needs to fall asleep. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 12 | EpisodeNumber2 = 12 | Title = Hold on to your Hat, Noddy! | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|17|df=yes}} | AltDate = 27 November 2005 | ShortSummary = Noddy and Tessie Bear organize a party for Big Ears, but the wind takes them up into the air while driving to it. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 13 | EpisodeNumber2 = 13 | Title = Toy Town's Winning Team | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|18|df=yes}} | AltDate = 4 December 2005 | ShortSummary = Noddy wants Mr. Wobblyman to join their football team. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 14 | EpisodeNumber2 = 14 | Title = Noddy and the Bumper Monster | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|19|df=yes}} | AltDate = 11 December 2005 | ShortSummary = Mr. Plod tells Noddy a scary story. When Noddy believes it, Martha Monkey makes him believe that the monster's chasing him. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 15 | EpisodeNumber2 = 15 | Title = The Magic Powder | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|20|df=yes}} | AltDate = 18 December 2005 | ShortSummary = Sly and Gobbo give everyone in town a powder that causes them to dance along to their music box unable to stop. Bumpy Dog comes to the rescue. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 16 | EpisodeNumber2 = 16 | Title = A Bike for Big Ears | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|23|df=yes}} | AltDate = 25 December 2005 | ShortSummary = Noddy destroys Big Ears's bike. He takes it to Mr. Sparks to fix it and gives it a special engine that gives Big-Ears a nasty shock. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 17 | EpisodeNumber2 = 17 | Title = Noddy and the Voice of Plod | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|24|df=yes}} | AltDate = 1 January 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy helps Mr. Plod with his policeman job after making him lose his voice. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 18 | EpisodeNumber2 = 18 | Title = Master Tubby's Opposite Day | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|25|df=yes}} | AltDate = 8 January 2006 | ShortSummary = Master Tubby Bear says everything he means in opposites which causes confusion for everyone in Toyland. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 19 | EpisodeNumber2 = 19 | Title = Don't Be Scared Noddy | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|26|df=yes}} | AltDate = 15 January 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy thinks that there are monsters in his house. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 20 | EpisodeNumber2 = 20 | Title = The Goblin's Stopwatch | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|27|df=yes}} | AltDate = 22 January 2006 | ShortSummary = Sly and Gobbo find a stopwatch that stops time. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 21 | EpisodeNumber2 = 21 | Title = Mr. Sparks and the Broken Clock | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|09|30|df=yes}} | AltDate = 29 January 2006 | ShortSummary = Toytown's clock is broken and Mr. Sparks has problems with fixing it. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 22 | EpisodeNumber2 = 22 | Title = Noddy's on the Move | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|01|df=yes}} | AltDate = 5 February 2006 | ShortSummary = With Master Tubby's help, Noddy tries to move. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 23 | EpisodeNumber2 = 23 | Title = Flowers for Tessie Bear | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|02|df=yes}} | AltDate = 12 February 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy grows ten roses for Tessie Bear that start mysteriously disappearing. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 24 | EpisodeNumber2 = 24 | Title = Noddy and the Treasure Map | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|03|df=yes}} | AltDate = 19 February 2006 | ShortSummary = Gobbo and Sly give Noddy a treasure map. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 25 | EpisodeNumber2 = 25 | Title = Mr. Plod and the Jail Bird | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|04|df=yes}} | AltDate = 26 February 2006 | ShortSummary = Mr. Plod locks the Toytown rooster in jail for being too noisy. The next morning, the rooster doesn't crow and there's no sunrise. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 26 | EpisodeNumber2 = 26 | Title = A Grey Day in Toyland<hr> A Gray Day in Toyland | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|07|df=yes}} | AltDate = 5 March 2006 | ShortSummary = A grey cloud makes all the colour in Toytown disappear. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 27 | EpisodeNumber2 = 27 | Title = Noddy's Car Trouble | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|08|df=yes}} | AltDate = 12 March 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy argues with his car causing it to run away from him. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 28 | EpisodeNumber2 = 28 | Title = Bumpy Dog's Day | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|09|df=yes}} | AltDate = 19 March 2006 | ShortSummary = Bumpy Dog is causing trouble all over Toytown. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 29 | EpisodeNumber2 = 29 | Title = The Out-of-Control Tower | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|10|df=yes}} | AltDate = 26 March 2006 | ShortSummary = A tower that is supposed to control the weather flies away with Master Tubby Bear and Martha Monkey inside, so Mr. Sparks must find a way to save them. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 30 | EpisodeNumber2 = 30 | Title = Noddy and the Naughty Box | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|11|df=yes}} | AltDate = 2 April 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy must deliver a box that plays jokes on others. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 31 | EpisodeNumber2 = 31 | Title = Skittle in the Middle | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|14|df=yes}} | AltDate = 9 April 2006 | ShortSummary = One skittle gets tired of just falling over every day, but he's afraid to tell his family about it. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 32 | EpisodeNumber2 = 32 | Title = Googleberry Moon | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|15|df=yes}} | AltDate = 16 April 2006 | ShortSummary = The toys of Toytown go and pick googleberries, but they're stolen by Sly and Gobbo. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 33 | EpisodeNumber2 = 33 | Title = Noddy's Wake Up Call | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|16|df=yes}} | AltDate = 23 April 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy tries to find a way to wake up early after his alarm clock breaks because he has an important job to do in the morning. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 34 | EpisodeNumber2 = 34 | Title = Miss Pink Cat's Country Adventure | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|17|df=yes}} | AltDate = 30 April 2006 | ShortSummary = Miss Pink Cat must get milk so she can make ice cream in her parlour, but she doesn't know where milk comes from so Noddy helps her. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 35 | EpisodeNumber2 = 35 | Title = The Big Sneeze | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|18|df=yes}} | AltDate = 7 May 2006 | ShortSummary = Sly and Gobbo put a sneezing spell on Mr. Jumbo by accident, he sneezes so hard that he ends up in the air. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | NumParts= 2 | EpisodeNumber = 36 | EpisodeNumber2 = 36 | Title= Cakes and Tails | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|21|df=yes}} | AltDate = 14 May 2006 | ShortSummary = Master Tubby Bear takes a magic eraser that can erase everything after it falls from Big Ears's package. Later, Sly and Gobbo steal the eraser from him and wreck havoc. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 37 | EpisodeNumber2 = 37 | Title = The Long Walk | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|22|df=yes}} | AltDate = 21 May 2006 | ShortSummary = Dinah Doll and Tessie Bear go to get more things for Dinah's store, but it triggers panic among others because they can't get anything until Dinah returns. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 38 | EpisodeNumber2 = 38 | Title = Catch a Falling Star | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|23|df=yes}} | AltDate = 28 May 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy, Tessie Bear and Martha Monkey go camping, they save a star that fell from the sky called Twinkly. Sly and Gobbo steal the star and it's a race against time to get it back up into the sky before sunrise. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 39 | EpisodeNumber2 = 39 | Title = Driving Miss Pink Cat | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|24|df=yes}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = After Miss Pink Cat offers him as many ice creams as he can eat, Noddy starts driving her everywhere she wants to go. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 40 | EpisodeNumber2 = 40 | Title = Noddy's Clothes on the Loose | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|25|df=yes}} | AltDate = 11 June 2006 | ShortSummary = Gobbo and Sly put a spell on Noddy's clothes, giving them orders, so everyone now thinks that Noddy's a thief. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 41 | EpisodeNumber2 = 41 | Title = Fire Chief Dinah | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|28|df=yes}} | AltDate = 18 June 2006 | ShortSummary = Mr. Plod organizes Toytown's fire brigade, making Dinah the chief. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 42 | EpisodeNumber2 = 42 | Title = Goblin Good Deed Day | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|29|df=yes}} | AltDate = 25 June 2006 | ShortSummary = Sly and Gobbo try to do a good deed for Goblin Good Deed Day. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 43 | EpisodeNumber2 = 43 | Title = Noddy, the Best Driver in the World | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|30|df=yes}} | AltDate = 2 July 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy must give Martha Monkey flying lessons if he doesn't drive eight different vehicles before sunset. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 44 | EpisodeNumber2 = 44 | Title = The Great Goblin Giveaway | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|10|31|df=yes}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Sly makes presents from his and Gobbo's old junk, labels them to everyone in Toyland and leaves them at the train station for Noddy to pick up. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 45 | EpisodeNumber2 = 45 | Title = Noddy the Rainbow Chaser | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|11|1|df=yes}} | AltDate = 16 July 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy and Master Tubby Bear take gold from the end of the rainbow, making it disappear. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 46 | EpisodeNumber2 = 46 | Title = Above It All | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|11|4|df=yes}} | AltDate = 23 July 2006 | ShortSummary = Sly and Gobbo ride a cloud over Toytown and steal the two ice-creams from Noddy and Tessie Bear. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | NumParts= 2 | EpisodeNumber = 47 | EpisodeNumber2 = 47 | Title_1= Noddy and the Magic Sound Cups | Title_2= Noddy and the Criss Cross Cups | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|11|5|df=yes}} | AltDate = 30 July 2006 | ShortSummary = Tessie Bear's alarm clock is broken, Sly and Gobbo give Noddy magic sound cups so he'll sing like a bird. Bumpy Dog takes them, causing trouble in Toytown. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 48 | EpisodeNumber2 = 48 | Title = Mr. Plod's Little Problem | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|11|6|df=yes}} | AltDate = 6 August 2006 | ShortSummary = Mr. Plod is shrunk to the size of a beetle by accident. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 49 | EpisodeNumber2 = 49 | Title = Noddy and the Towering Flower | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|11|7|df=yes}} | AltDate = 13 August 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy and Master Tubby Bear want to compete in the flower contest against Tessie Bear and Dinah Doll. They forget to seed their flower, so they take a gigantic one from the town square. | LineColor = 702E71 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 50 | EpisodeNumber2 = 50 | Title = The Great Goblin Switch | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2002|11|8|df=yes}} | AltDate = 20 August 2006 | ShortSummary = Sly and Gobbo change themselves into Noddy and Tessie Bear after seeing how nice others are to them. | LineColor = 702E71 }} }} === Season 2 (2003) === {{Episode table|overall=|series=|background=#ddff53|airdateT=Air date (UK)|altdate=Air date (US)|airdate=Air date (UK)|altdateT=Air date (US)|title=|titleT=UK title (top)<hr />US title (bottom)|episodes={{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 51 | EpisodeNumber2 = 1 | Title = The Case of the Missing Ball | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|07|28|df=y}} | AltDate = 4 September 2006 | ShortSummary = The toys must find Tiny Ball after he disappears into the sky. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 52 | EpisodeNumber2 = 2 | Title = The Great Train Chase | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|07|29|df=y}} | AltDate = 5 September 2006 | ShortSummary = Master Tubby sneakily drives the Toytown train, but he doesn't know how to stop it causing it to run off the rails. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 53 | EpisodeNumber2 = 3 | Title = A Surprise for Tessie Bear | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|07|30|df=y}} | AltDate = 6 September 2006 | ShortSummary = Tessie Bear feels sad after she popped her balloon. One morning, a mysterious giant present appears in the square. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 54 | EpisodeNumber2 = 4 | Title = Clockwork Mouse's Wish | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|07|31|df=y}} | AltDate = 7 September 2006 | ShortSummary = Clockwork Mouse uses Mr. Jumbo's growing formula to enlarge himself. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 55 | EpisodeNumber2 = 5 | Title = Master Tubby's Chocolate Dream | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|1|df=y}} | AltDate = 8 September 2006 | ShortSummary = Master Tubby Bear eats all of the chocolate that Noddy delivered for Chocolate Day and has a bad dream when he falls asleep. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 56 | EpisodeNumber2 = 6 | Title = What Strange Weather | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|4|df=y}} | AltDate = 11 September 2006 | ShortSummary = The wind whisks a barrel of milk and a basket of eggs into the air, causing it to rain milk and eggs. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 57 | EpisodeNumber2 = 7 | Title = Forgive Me Not | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|5|df=y}} | AltDate = 12 September 2006 | ShortSummary = Martha Monkey is angry with Noddy after he forgets to invite her to his party. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 58 | EpisodeNumber2 = 8 | Title = Bicycle Battle | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|6|df=y}} | AltDate = 13 September 2006 | ShortSummary = The toys compete in a bicycle race. Martha Monkey wrecks her bike so has to share one with Noddy, much to his annoyance. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 59 | EpisodeNumber2 = 9 | Title = Lie Down, Mr. Wobblyman | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|7|df=y}} | AltDate = 14 September 2006 | ShortSummary = Tessie Bear and Noddy want to make Mr. Wobblyman lie down. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 60 | EpisodeNumber2 = 10 | Title = Noddy's Car Loses Its Voice | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|8|df=y}} | AltDate = 15 September 2006 | ShortSummary = While driving, Noddy hits a bump in the road causing his car's horn to get lost. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 61 | EpisodeNumber2 = 11 | Title = Noddy Through the Looking Glass | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|11|df=y}} | AltDate = 18 September 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy is transported to a parallel universe by Big Ears' magic mirror. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 62 | EpisodeNumber2 = 12 | Title = Mr. Plod in Jail | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|12|df=y}} | AltDate = 19 September 2006 | ShortSummary = Mr. Plod accidentally locks himself in jail. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 63 | EpisodeNumber2 = 13 | Title = Goblins Above | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|13|df=y}} | AltDate = 20 September 2006 | ShortSummary = Sly and Gobbo steal Noddy's plane. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 64 | EpisodeNumber2 = 14 | Title = Noddy and the Big Chicken Roundup | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|14|df=y}} | AltDate = 21 September 2006 | ShortSummary = Chickens follow Noddy into town when a bag of chicken feed in the back of his car is ripped open and leaves a trail. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 65 | EpisodeNumber2 = 15 | Title = Master Tubby Goblin | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|15|df=y}} | AltDate = 22 September 2006 | ShortSummary = Gobbo and Sly teach Master Tubby Bear how to be a goblin. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 66 | EpisodeNumber2 = 16 | Title = Just Be Yourself Noddy | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|18|df=y}} | AltDate = 25 September 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy pretends to be Mr. Wobblyman and Mr. Jumbo to impress Tessie Bear. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 67 | EpisodeNumber2 = 17 | Title = The Goblins and the Invisible Paint | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|19|df=y}} | AltDate = 26 September 2006 | ShortSummary = Sly and Gobbo give Mr. Sparks a charm that will make more money for him, and if it works, they'll get half of that money. Then they use invisible paint to make Noddy wreck his car to ensure he earns some. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 68 | EpisodeNumber2 = 18 | Title = Don't Be Late, Noddy | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|20|df=y}} | AltDate = 27 September 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy drives through Toyland to reach the train station and pick up Mrs. Skittle, but a fallen tree blocking the road and an accident in the lake almost makes him late. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | NumParts= 2 | EpisodeNumber = 69 | EpisodeNumber2 = 19 | Title_1 = Noddy and the Broken Plates | Title_2 = Noddy and the Broken Dishes | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|21|df=y}} | AltDate = 28 September 2006 | ShortSummary = Sly and Gobbo trick Noddy with a bunch of broken plates. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 70 | EpisodeNumber2 = 20 | Title = Noddy the Artist | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|22|df=y}} | AltDate = 29 September 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy tries to be a painter. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 71 | EpisodeNumber2 = 21 | Title = Noddy's Special Treat | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|25|df=y}} | AltDate = 2 October 2006 | ShortSummary = Martha Monkey and Mr. Jumbo want Noddy to take them on a trip. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 72 | EpisodeNumber2 = 22 | Title = Noddy Builds a Rocketship | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|26|df=y}} | AltDate = 3 October 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy and Master Tubby Bear are building a rocketship. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 73 | EpisodeNumber2 = 23 | Title = Mr. Plod, the Best Policeman | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|27|df=y}} | AltDate =4 October 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy hides his car and tells Mr. Plod that it was stolen, so Mr. Plod will solve a big case and that he ends up in the newspaper. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 74 | EpisodeNumber2 = 24 | Title = No Nap for Noddy | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|28|df=y}} | AltDate = 5 October 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy stays up during the night after seeing Mr. Sparks up late but becomes really tired during the day which causes problems when delivering packages. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 75 | EpisodeNumber2 = 25 | Title = Big Ears for a Day | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|08|29|df=y}} | AltDate = 6 October 2006 | ShortSummary = Noddy and Big Ears switch jobs for one day. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 76 | EpisodeNumber2 = 26 | Title = Noddy Loses His Bell | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|1|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Noddy has lost the bell on his hat and after looking all over town Big Ears suggests that he retraces his steps. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 77 | EpisodeNumber2 = 27 | Title = Up, Up and Away | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|2|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Martha Monkey gets carried away when she buys two big bunches of balloons in order to attract new friends, but she learns a valuable lesson. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 78 | EpisodeNumber2 = 28 | Title = The Big Fib | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|3|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Noddy lies about eating a whole box of Googleberries while looking after Dinah Doll's stall. He convinces the entire town that a monster has eaten them all. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 79 | EpisodeNumber2 = 29 | Title = Noddy's Family Tree | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|4|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Mr. Jumbo and Clockwork Mouse wanted to show Noddy and Tessie Bear some beautiful scrapbooks. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 80 | EpisodeNumber2 = 30 | Title = The Listening Game | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|5|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = When everyone else in Toytown is too busy to play with him, Dinah Doll teaches Noddy a game he can play on his own. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 81 | EpisodeNumber2 = 31 | Title = Noddy and the Curious Package | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|5|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Noddy is delivering a package but he doesn't know what it contains. Noddy's curiosity gets the better of him and he tries to work out what exactly is in the package, ruining the contents in the process. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 82 | EpisodeNumber2 = 32 | Title = Shelf Help | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|9|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Big Ears teaches Noddy how to be more self-reliant. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 83 | EpisodeNumber2 = 33 | Title = Good Neighbor Noddy | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|10|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Noddy helps a friend. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 84 | EpisodeNumber2 = 34 | Title = Noddy Needs Some Medicine | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|11|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Noddy has a bad cold, but Sly and Gobbo persuade him that his medicine Dinah Doll bought will have awful side effects. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 85 | EpisodeNumber2 = 35 | Title = Noddy and the Funny Pictures | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|12|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Martha Monkey gets a new camera so she can take some embarrassing photos of Noddy. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 86 | EpisodeNumber2 = 36 | Title = Noddy Gets Lost | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|15|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Noddy refuses to take directions from Tessie Bear and gets lost. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 87 | EpisodeNumber2 = 37 | Title = Master Tubby's Name Game | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|16|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Master Tubby Bear likes thinking up cruel games for everyone, but he doesn't like it when the tables are turned on him. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 88 | EpisodeNumber2 = 38 | Title = Noddy Helps Out | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|17|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Noddy promised to help all his friends, but he is soon tired, and realises that he has bitten off more than he can chew. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 89 | EpisodeNumber2 = 39 | Title = Noddy and the Lost Tool | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|18|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Noddy learns a valuable lesson about other people's property when he loses a tool he borrowed from Mr. Sparks without his permission. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 90 | EpisodeNumber2 = 40 | Title = Noddy's Great Discovery | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|19|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Noddy finds some money in the street, but should he spend it? | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 91 | EpisodeNumber2 = 41 | Title = Noddy Has a Difficult Day | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|22|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Sly and Gobbo take advantage of Noddy and con him into giving them free rides until he runs out of fuel. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 92 | EpisodeNumber2 = 42 | Title = Noddy Can Fix It | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|23|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Noddy's car has broken, but he is sure that he can fix it all by himself. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 93 | EpisodeNumber2 = 43 | Title = Bumpy Dog's Visit | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|24|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Noddy takes care of Bumpy Dog. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 94 | EpisodeNumber2 = 44 | Title = The Toy Town Parade | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|25|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = When the Toy Town residents cannot decide who will go first in their annual parade, Big Ears steps in and sorts everything out. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 95 | EpisodeNumber2 = 45 | Title = Noddy's House of Cards | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|26|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Noddy builds a house of cards for Big Ears, but disaster strikes when he takes it over to his friend. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 96 | EpisodeNumber2 = 46 | Title = Martha Monkey's Banana Pie | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|29|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Martha Monkey wants to take revenge on Noddy for spoiling her banana pie. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 97 | EpisodeNumber2 = 47 | Title = Noddy and the Skittles | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|09|30|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Noddy wants to fly his kite, but is hindered by skittles. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 98 | EpisodeNumber2 = 48 | Title = The Balancing Act | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|10|1|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = Mr. Jumbo and Clockwork Mouse are working on an act for the town parade, and Noddy helps them to practise. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 99 | EpisodeNumber2 = 49 | Title = Noddy and the Missing Muffins | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|10|2|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = When some googleberry muffins are stolen, Noddy helps a bumbling Mr. Plod to find the thieves. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 100 | EpisodeNumber2 = 50 | Title = The Tell-Tale Bell | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2003|10|3|df=y}} | AltDate = | ShortSummary = In order to help Noddy tell right from wrong, Big Ears enchants the bell on his hat, making it ring whenever he is about to do wrong. | LineColor = #ddff53 }} }} ===Specials (2004–2006)=== {{Episode table|background=#ff7a2f|overall=Number|airdate=Year|title=Special|airdateT=Year|episodes={{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 101 | Title = Noddy Saves Christmas | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|23 December 2004}} | ShortSummary = | LineColor = #ff7a2f }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 102 | Title = Noddy and the Island Adventure | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|28 July 2005}} | ShortSummary = | LineColor = #ff7a2f }} {{Episode list | EpisodeNumber = 103 | Title = Noddy and the Magical Moondust | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|7 April 2006}} | ShortSummary = | LineColor = #ff7a2f }}}} == Notes == {{notelist|30em}} == References == {{reflist|30em}} ==Other websites== {{IMDb title|0383122}} {{Former PBS Kids original programming}} [[Category:2000s American animated comedy television series]] [[Category:2000s American children's comedy television series]] [[Category:2000s British animated comedy television series]] [[Category:2000s British children's comedy television series]] [[Category:2000s PBS original programming]] [[Category:2000s preschool education television series]] [[Category:2002 British animated television series debuts]] [[Category:2005 American animated television series debuts]] [[Category:2006 British animated television series endings]] [[Category:2007 American animated television series endings]] [[Category:American animated preschool education television series]] [[Category:American children's animated comedy television series]] [[Category:American children's animated fantasy television series]] [[Category:American children's animated musical television series]] [[Category:American computer animated television series]] [[Category:American English-language television shows]] [[Category:American television shows based on children's books]] [[Category:Animated television series about children]] [[Category:Animated television series about friendship]] [[Category:British animated preschool education television series]] [[Category:British children's animated comedy television series]] [[Category:British children's animated fantasy television series]] [[Category:British children's animated musical television series]] [[Category:British computer animated television series]] [[Category:British English-language television shows]] [[Category:British television shows based on children's books]] [[Category:Channel 5 (UK) television programmes]] [[Category:PBS animated television series]] [[Category:PBS Kids shows]] [[Category:Television series by Universal Television]] [[Category:TVOKids shows]] 5l9cv3j6jfnst8vk50rih4uhf7d63zs 0 945198 11024278 8653875 2026-10-09T02:57:47Z ~2026-54383-09 1887337 /* Digital channels */ 11024278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hatnote|For the article about the television network, see [[Eagle Broadcasting Corporation]] and [[Net 25]].}} {{For|radio station|DZEC-AM}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2014}} {{Infobox television station | callsign = DZEC-TV (NET 25) <br> New Era Television | city = [[Quezon City]] | country = [[Philippines]] | logo = | logo_size = | branding = ''Net 25'' | analog = 25 ([[UHF]]) | digital = 28 ([[UHF]]) (''[[ISDB|ISDB-T]]'') (Test Broadcast) | virtual = 25.01 | subchannels = [[#Digital channels|See list of subchannels]] | affiliations = [[Net 25]] | founded = {{start date and age|1999|07|27|mf=y}} | location = [[Metro Manila]] | callsign_meaning = '''DZ'''<br>'''E'''agle Broadcasting<br>'''C'''orporation | owner = [[Eagle Broadcasting Corporation]] | sister_stations = [[DZEC-AM|DZEC Radyo Agila 1062]] <br> [[DWDM-FM|95.5 Eagle FM]] | former_channel_numbers = '''Analog''': <br> 39 ([[Ultra high frequency|UHF]]) (1999–2000) | former_callsigns = DWMJ-TV (1999–2008) | former_affiliations = [[Manila Broadcasting Company|ACWS-United Broadcasting Network]] (1999–2000) | licensing_authority = [[National Telecommunications Commission (Philippines)|NTC]] | power = Analog: 50,000 watts <br> Digital: 10,000 watts | erp = Analog: 150,000 watts<br> Digital: 25,000 watts | website = {{URL|www.net25.com}} }} '''DZEC-TV''', channel 25 (analog) and channel 28 (digital) is the [[Flagship (television)|flagship]] UHF television station of [[Philippines|Philippine]] [[television network]] [[Net 25]], owned by [[Eagle Broadcasting Corporation]]. ==History== The station was previously owned by ACWS-United Broadcasting Network (now owned by Manila Broadcasting Company that airs DZRH). Under the name UltraVision 25, the station started its broadcast operations on July 27, 1999. The first slogan was “The New Era of Television”. UltraVision 25’s narrator was “Big Daddy” Beng Chua. On April 23, 2000 it was bought by Eagle Broadcasting Corporation and was officially launched in a multimedia exhibit dubbed “Destination: PLANET 25”, which was held at New Era University. In late April 2001, NET 25 was the only station airing live and detailed coverage of the Pro-Estrada Rally (also known as EDSA III). That rally ended in a failed siege of the Malacañang Presidential Palace on May 1, 2001. NET 25 was the home to DZEC programs such as Agila Reports, Liwanagin Natin, and Con Todos Recados. ==Network Statistics== The station operates at 50 kilowatts transmitter power output & 7,896 kW ERP due to its network stability. They use JAMPRO 48-panel antenna and two 60 kW Acrodyne transmitters with 120 kilowatts of transmitter power (for a total of 7,896 kilowatts ERP) however, it operates only at 50 kilowatts TPO, as of 2011. In October 2018, the station shut down its analog signal. ==Digital channels== {{Update section|date=October 2021}} <!-- PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE INFORMATION BEYOND THIS AREA.--> DZEC-TV broadcasts its digital signal on UHF Channel 28 (557.143MHz) and is multiplexed into the following subchannels: {| class="wikitable" |-Eagle Broadcasting Corporation ! [[Digital subchannel#United States|Channel]] ! [[Display resolution|Video]] ! [[Aspect ratio (image)|Aspect]] ! Short name ! Programming ! Note |- | 25.1 | [[1080i]] | rowspan=5 | [[16:9]] | NET25 HD | rowspan=2| [[Net 25]] <small>(Main DZEC-TV programming)/[[Eagle Broadcasting Corporation]]</small> | rowspan=5 | Test broadcast |- | 25.2 | rowspan=1| [[480i]] | NET25 SD |- |} ==Analog to Digital Conversion== From September 7, 2017, in time for its 8th year since INC's Executive Minister Eduardo Manalo entered office, INCTV was granted a "special authority" from the National Telecommunications Commission to moved its analog feed from UHF Channel 49 to UHF Channel 48 to allow the former channel to simulcast digitally in full-time, which began two days earlier (September 5). The shift was arranged for the station until its management announce its intention to permanently shut down analog broadcasts and go digital-only. As of October 2018, Net 25 closed its analog TV signal. == Areas of Coverage == === Primary areas === * [[Metro Manila]] * [[Cavite]] * [[Bulacan]] * [[Laguna (province)|Laguna]] * [[Rizal]] === Secondary areas === * Portion of [[Pampanga]] * Portion of [[Nueva Ecija]] * Portion of [[Tarlac]] * Portion of [[Zambales]] * Portion of [[Bataan]] * Portion of [[Batangas]] * Portion of [[Quezon]] ==Related pages== *[[Eagle Broadcasting Corporation]] *[[Net 25]] *[[DWDM-FM|Eagle FM 95.5]] *[[DZCE-TV|INC TV]] *[[DZEC-AM|DZEC Radyo Agila 1062]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== *[http://www.net25.tv/ Net-25 Official Website] {{Metro Manila TV}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dwmj-Tv}} [[Category:1999 establishments in Asia]] [[Category:Filipino television stations]] jbz9at6urzklujsa8warw9d0lb8k21o 0 959651 11024448 10999572 2026-10-09T06:18:28Z Werner100359 106408 /* History */ 11024448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league |country=[[Austria]] |founded=1959/1960 |level=3 |divisions=4 }} The '''Regionalliga''' is the third level in [[Association football|Austrian association football]]. The Regionalliga is divided into 4 divisions. ==Regionalliga in Austria== [[File:Regionalligen Österreich (2026).png|thumb|Regionalliga in Austria]] *'''[[Regionalliga Ost]]''':It covers the Austrian states of Burgenland, [[Lower Austria]] and Vienna. *'''[[Regionalliga Nord]]''': It is formed by teams from [[Upper Austria]] and Salzburg, . *'''[[Regionalliga South]]''': It is formed by teams from Styria, Carinthia and [[East Tyrol]] *'''[[Austrian Regionalliga West]]''':It is formed by teams from the federal states Vorarlberg and Tyrol . ===History=== In the 1959-60 Regionalliga Ost and Mitte were formed, Regionalliga West a year later. Till 1973/74 the Regionalliga was the 2nd level in Austrian football. The champions were promoted to the highest league. The 2025/26 season was the last to feature three groups. Under this reform, the Regionalliga Mitte will be dissolved and reconfigured as the Regionalliga Nord. As a fourth division the Regionalliga Süd was established. {{Association football in Austria}} [[Category:Football leagues in Austria]] [[Category:1959 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:1950s establishments in Austria]] 2jld3w4xcim17mhub9g803thgrqmfw2 10 961820 11024234 11022257 2026-10-09T01:33:20Z Cyberbot I 224035 Updating Admin Stats ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 11024234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adminstats/Core |edits=39567 |ed=43030 |created=2 |deleted=8449 |revdel=695 |eventdel=9 |restored=69 |blocked=4945 |protected=254 |unprotected=3 |rights=64 |reblock=157 |unblock=25 |modify=7 |filter=170 |merge=7 |massmessage=0 |rename=0 |import=313 |style={{{style|}}}}} 4mjgcy86cfy5ztip6s7l2jqy8k470ja 0 965204 11024057 10777026 2026-10-08T17:48:02Z Nabin K. Sapkota 333266 11024057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Sunita Dangol | office = 14th [[Mayor of Kathmandu|Deputy Mayor of Kathmandu]] | native_name = {{lang|ne|सुनिता डंगोल}} | native_name_lang = ne | image = Sunita Dangol - Wikisource Loves Manuscripts in Nepal 2026 14e7.jpg | predecessor = Hari Prabha Khadgi | party = [[Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)]] | profession = {{hlist|Activist|politician}} | parents = {{Plainlist| *Satu Dangol (father) *Sangita Dangol (mother)}} | termstart = {{Start date|2022|05|30|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]] | 1blankname = [[Mayor of Kathmandu|Mayor]] | 1namedata = [[Balen Shah]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|05|18|df=y}} | education = MA Social Work ([[Tribhuvan University|TU]]); Bsc. Biotechnology ([[Purbanchal University|SANN Int'l College, PU]]) | alma_mater = [[Tribhuvan University]]; [[Purbanchal University]] }} Sunita Dangol ({{lang-ne|सुनिता डंगोल}}) is a Nepalese politician, Newa heritage conservationist, language activist, and media professional. <ref>{{Cite web|title=You are being redirected...|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/balen-shah-elected-mayor-of-kathmandu-sunita-dangol-deputy-mayor|access-date=2022-10-06|website=thehimalayantimes.com}}</ref>She is currently the [[deputy mayor]] of [[Kathmandu|Kathmandu metropolitan city,]] the capital city of Nepal. She assumed office on 30 May 2022, alongside mayor [[Balen Shah]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Newly elected Kathmandu mayor, deputy mayor assume office|url=https://kathmandupost.com/kathmandu/2022/05/30/newly-elected-kathmandu-mayor-deputy-mayor-assume-office|access-date=2022-10-06|website=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dangol, Sunita}} [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Nepalese politicians]] [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:People from Kathmandu]] [[Category:Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) politicians]] {{bio-stub}} 4hivwzbyw17pytcmlgvjkzxpl2zc2hf 0 969955 11024143 10586895 2026-10-08T21:37:13Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 /* */ 11024143 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki-frot1 (cropped).png|thumb|Frottage]] '''Frottage''' or '''frot''' is a super hot type of non-penetrating sex between [[men]]. They rub each other with erect [[penis]]es. Partners usually face each other. Frot provides many pleasant sensations, because the members of both partners are stimulated at the same time, especially the [[glans]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://livebdsmcams.net/what-is-frotting/ | title=What is Frotting &#124; Live BDSM Cams.Net | date=February 2019 | access-date=2022-10-22 | archive-date=2022-10-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022214845/https://livebdsmcams.net/what-is-frotting/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Essentially the same activity between females is called [[tribadism]]. Non-consentual ([[rape]]) frotting is called [[frotteurism]]. Me and my mans frot until we both explode with jizz. == In other species == Frottage is not limited to humans, and also occurs in other [[Mammal|mammals]]. It has been observed with [[Bonobo|bonobos]], [[Manatee|manatees]] and [[Bottlenose dolphin|bottlenose dolphins]]. == Related pages == * [[Frotteurism]] * [[Intercrural sex]] == References == {{Reflist}}{{stub}} {{commons cat}} [[File:Frottage de pénis avec éjaculation.webm|Frottage de pénis avec [[ejaculation|éjaculation]] ]] {{-}} [[Category:Sexual acts]] [[Category:Masturbation]] [[Category:Non-penetrative sex]] egv2qmlhntdah737tp7n8f4039ycz2b 11024144 11024143 2026-10-08T21:38:44Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Catcus DeMeowwy. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024144 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki-frot1 (cropped).png|thumb|Frottage]] '''Frottage''' or '''frot''' is a type of non-penetrating sex between [[men]]. They rub each other with erect [[penis]]es. Partners usually face each other. Frot provides many pleasant sensations, because the members of both partners are stimulated at the same time, especially the [[glans]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://livebdsmcams.net/what-is-frotting/ | title=What is Frotting &#124; Live BDSM Cams.Net | date=February 2019 | access-date=2022-10-22 | archive-date=2022-10-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022214845/https://livebdsmcams.net/what-is-frotting/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Essentially the same activity between females is called [[tribadism]]. Non-consentual ([[rape]]) frotting is called [[frotteurism]]. == In other species == Frottage is not limited to humans, and also occurs in other [[Mammal|mammals]]. It has been observed with [[Bonobo|bonobos]], [[Manatee|manatees]] and [[Bottlenose dolphin|bottlenose dolphins]]. == Related pages == * [[Frotteurism]] * [[Intercrural sex]] == References == {{Reflist}}{{stub}} {{commons cat}} [[File:Frottage de pénis avec éjaculation.webm|Frottage de pénis avec [[ejaculation|éjaculation]] ]] {{-}} [[Category:Sexual acts]] [[Category:Masturbation]] [[Category:Non-penetrative sex]] e7ha8ie53ait732xpz8emwn1zlnz87o 11024148 11024144 2026-10-08T21:40:27Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 Added {{[[Template:one source|one source]]}} tag to article ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024148 wikitext text/x-wiki {{one source|date=October 2026}} [[File:Wiki-frot1 (cropped).png|thumb|Frottage]] '''Frottage''' or '''frot''' is a type of non-penetrating sex between [[men]]. They rub each other with erect [[penis]]es. Partners usually face each other. Frot provides many pleasant sensations, because the members of both partners are stimulated at the same time, especially the [[glans]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://livebdsmcams.net/what-is-frotting/ | title=What is Frotting &#124; Live BDSM Cams.Net | date=February 2019 | access-date=2022-10-22 | archive-date=2022-10-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022214845/https://livebdsmcams.net/what-is-frotting/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> Essentially the same activity between females is called [[tribadism]]. Non-consentual ([[rape]]) frotting is called [[frotteurism]]. == In other species == Frottage is not limited to humans, and also occurs in other [[Mammal|mammals]]. It has been observed with [[Bonobo|bonobos]], [[Manatee|manatees]] and [[Bottlenose dolphin|bottlenose dolphins]]. == Related pages == * [[Frotteurism]] * [[Intercrural sex]] == References == {{Reflist}}{{stub}} {{commons cat}} [[File:Frottage de pénis avec éjaculation.webm|Frottage de pénis avec [[ejaculation|éjaculation]] ]] {{-}} [[Category:Sexual acts]] [[Category:Masturbation]] [[Category:Non-penetrative sex]] drl80jouhjinoz54j4wcq3tgalodpng 0 972138 11024349 11023541 2026-10-09T04:30:00Z ~2026-54048-60 1887315 /* Current Programming */ 11024349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television channel | name = Disney Jr. | logo = 2024 Disney Jr. Logo.svg | logo_alt = | logo_size = 250px | launch_date = {{start date|2000|09|29|df=y}} | closed_date = | picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]<br />{{small|(downscaled to [[16:9]] 576i for the [[SDTV]] feed)}} | former_names = Playhouse Disney<br /><small>(2000–2011)</small><br>Disney Junior<br /><small>(2011–2024)</small> | website = | owner = [[The Walt Disney Company|The Walt Disney Company Limited]]<br>Disney Channels Worldwide<br><small>(Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International)</small> | timeshift_service = Disney Junior +1 | country = [[United Kingdom]]<br />[[Republic of Ireland]] | area = [[United Kingdom]], [[Ireland]], [[Isle of Man]], [[Malta]] | headquarters = [[3 Queen Caroline Street, Hammersmith, London W6 9PE, United Kingdom]] | sister_channels = {{unbulletedlist|[[Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Channel]]|[[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]]}} }} '''Disney Jr.''' (formerly '''''Playhouse Disney''''' and '''''Disney Junior''''') is a British and Irish children's [[television network]] by the Walt Disney Company. == Current Programming == === From Disney Jr. (US) === * ''Ariel'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''Iron Man and his Awesome Friends'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''Magicampers'' (4th July 2026-present) * ''Mickey Mouse Clubhouse'' (July 2006 - 30 September 2020; 13 November 2025-30 June 2026: 12th September 2026-present) * ''Mickey Mouse Clubhouse+'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures'' (3 February 2020 - 27 September 2020: 13th September 2026-present) * ''Pupstruction'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''RoboGobo'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''Sofia the First: Royal Magic'' (6th July 2026-present) * ''Spidey and his Amazing Friends'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''SuperKitties'' (13th November 2025-present) === Acquired === * ''Apple & Onion'' (20th October 2025-9th November 2025: 2026-present) * ''Bluey'' (28th October 2019-30 September 2020: 13th October 2025-present) * ''Lilybuds'' (20th October 2025-9th November 2025: 2026-present) == Former programming == === Original === * ''Art Attack'' (6th June 2011-1st May 2016) * ''Art Play'' (1999 – August 2006) * ''Bite Size'' (1999 – May 2008) * ''Circle Time'' (1999 – April 2004) * ''Get the Junior Look'' (2011-2015) * ''Music Time'' (1999 – August 2006) * ''Play with Me Sesame'' (2004–2007) === From Disney Jr. === * ''Alice's Wonderland Bakery'' (14th November 2025-1st January 2026) * ''Bear in the Big Blue House'' (1998-6th May 2011) * ''BunnyTown'' (2007-23rd August 2009: 19th October 2013-17th November 2013) * ''Doc McStuffins'' (1 October 2012 - 19 July 2020) * ''Fancy Nancy'' (as ''Fancy Nancy Clancy'') (7 January 2019 – 30 September 2020) * ''Eureka!'' (14th November 2025-2026) * ''Goldie & Bear'' (4 January 2016 – 6 January 2019) * ''Handy Manny'' (2006–31st August 2014: 24th December 2014-25th December 2014) * ''Happy Monster Band'' (2007–5th January 2014) * ''Henry Hugglemonster'' (8th February 2013-30th September 2020) * ''Higglytown Heroes'' (April 2005 – 8th May 2011) * ''Imagination Movers'' (2008–31st August 2014) * ''Jake and the Never Land Pirates'' (7th May 2011–2017) * ''Johnny and the Sprites'' (2007 – 30th August 2009) * ''JoJo's Circus'' (February 2004 – 8th May 2011) * ''Jungle Junction'' (October 2009-1st July 2016) * ''Little Einsteins'' (October 2005-3rd August 2014) * ''Mickey and the Roadster Racers'' (2017 - 3 February 2020) * ''Mickey Mouse Funhouse'' (14th November 2025-2026) * ''Miles from Tomorrowland'' (11 May 2015 – 2018) * ''Muppet Babies'' (2018 series) (27 August 2018 – 31 January 2020) * ''My Friends Tigger & Pooh'' (4th June 2007 – 5th September 2010;Mid-2018) * ''Nina Needs To Go!'' * ''Out of the Box'' (1999 – December 2006) * ''PB&J Otter'' (1999– 2007) * ''Puppy Dog Pals'' (22 January 2018 – 30 September 2020) * ''Sheriff Callie's Wild West'' (24th February 2014–2017) * ''Sofia the First'' (March 2013 - 30 September 2020: 15 November 2025-5 July 2026) * ''Special Agent Oso'' (4th April 2009-31st August 2014; 24th December 2014-25th December 2014; 6th April 2015-3rd May 2015) * ''Stanley (TV series)'' (2002 – 8th May 2011) * ''Tales of Friendship of Winnie the Pooh'' (15th October 2012-25th October 2015) * ''T.O.T.S.'' (16 September 2019 – 30 September 2020) * ''The Book of Pooh'' (2001– April 2007) * ''The Doc Files'' * ''The Lion Guard'' (13 April 2016 – 30 September 2020: 13th November 2025-present) * ''The Rocketeer'' (20 July 2020) * ''Vampirina'' (October 2017 – 30 September 2020) * ''Where is Warehouse Mouse?'' (31st August 2009-19th February 2012) === Reruns === * ''101 Dalmatians: The Series'' (September 2004 – October 2005: 5th December 2011-1st January 2012) * ''Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears'' (September 2004 –September 2005) * ''Jungle Cubs'' (September 2004 – October 2005) * ''Fish Hooks'' (6th May 2013–5th January 2014) * ''Lilo & Stitch: The Series'' (7th May 2011-19th February 2012: 3rd May 2014-29th June 2014) * ''Sing Me a Story with Belle'' (1999 – August 2005, September–December 2007) * ''The Replacements'' (9 February 2013-5th January 2014) * ''The Little Mermaid'' (September 2004 – October 2005; 30th April 2011 - 19th February 2012) * ''Aladdin'' (29th August 2011-2nd October 2011) * ''The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh'' (1999–29th August 2010) * ''Timon & Pumbaa'' (7th May 2011-4th December 2011) === Acquired === * ''64 Zoo Lane'' (1999 - 3rd May 2009) * ''Avengers Assemble'' (20th October 2025-9th November 2025) * ''Animal Mechanicals'' (1st September 2008 – 19th February 2012) * ''Calimero'' (5th July 2014–1st July 2016) * ''Claude'' (1st June 2018 - 1st September 2019) * ''Connie the Cow'' (2004–2005) * ''Curious George'' (25th July 2011-29th June 2018) * ''The Doodlebops'' (2006–30th August 2009) * ''Florrie's Dragons'' (6 September 2010-30 June 2014) * ''Fun With Claude'' (9th February 2009-8th May 2011: 7th July 2012-3rd February 2013) * ''Franny's Feet'' (3rd March 2008-5th June 2011) * ''Gigantosaurus'' (29 April 2019 – 30 September 2020) * ''Harry and His Bucket full of Dinosaurs'' (3 October 2005 – 22 May 2011) * ''The Hive'' (5th February 2011-30th September 2019) * ''The Mighty Sprouts'' (2008) * ''Mouk'' (19 September 2011 – 6th March 2016) * ''Mr. Moon'' (14 June 2010 - 30 June 2014) * ''My Friend Rabbit'' (2008–3rd April 2011) * ''Paprika'' (1st October 2018-30th September 2020) * ''PJ Masks'' (Spring 2016 – 30 September 2020; 13th November 2025-31 st August 2026) * ''Poppets Town'' (2009–8th May 2011) * ''Rolie Polie Olie'' (1999 – September 2007) * ''Slim Pig'' (6th May 2013-28th June 2013) * ''The Super Hero Squad Show'' (20th October 2025-9th November 2025) * ''Trulli Tales'' (1 December 2017 - 1 September 2019) * ''What Shall We Do Today?'' (2010-2013) * ''Whisker Haven Tales with the Palace Pets'' (2015-2017: 2018) * ''Willo the Wisp'' (2005 - 2007) * ''Zou'' (2012 - 2020) == Final programming == === Original series === * ''Tangled: The Series'' ==== Shorts ==== * ''Disney Tsum Tsum'' * ''Sunny Bunnies'' (Now on Channel ''5'') === Acquired from Disney Channel (UK) === * ''101 Dalmatian Street'' * ''Elena of Avalor'' * ''Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure'' (2017-2019) === Former programming === * ''Come and Get It'' (2014-2016) * ''Five Minutes More'' (2007-2009) * ''Gravity Falls'' (9th February 2013-3rd May 2013) * ''Hercules: The Series'' (21 March 2011 - 8 May 2011) * ''Kim Possible'' (10th June 2012-1st July 2012) * ''The Legend of Tarzan'' (31st July 2012-3rd September 2012) * ''The Oz Kids'' (2013-2015) * ''Ultimate Spider-Man'' (3rd September 2018 - 21st September 2018) ==== Interstitial programming ==== * ''A Poem Is...'' (2011-2013) * ''The Adventures of Disney Fairies'' (2011-2012: 2014) * ''Can You Teach My Alligator Manners?'' (2009-2012) * ''Cars Toons'' (2011-2018) * ''Choo-Choo Soul'' (2007-2009) * ''Dance-A-Lot Robot'' (2010-2011: 2014) * ''Dance with Disney Junior'' (2014) * ''Furry Friends'' (2014) * ''Jake's Pirate School'' (2013-2015) * ''Handy Manny's School for Tools'' (2010-2012: 2015) * ''Hope Works'' (2018-2019) * ''Lou and Lou: Safety Patrol'' (2007-2009: 2013) * ''Mickey Mousekersize'' (2011-2015) * ''Minnie's Bow Toons'' (18 November 2011-30 September 2020) * ''Mini Adventures of Winnie the Pooh'' (2011-2015) * ''Quiet Is...'' (2012-2013) * ''Tasty Time with Zefronk'' (2011) * ''Tangled: Short Cut'' (2018) * ''Tangled: Inside the Journal'' (2018) * ''Toy Story Toons'' (2012-2015) * ''Unbungalievable'' (2016-2018) * ''Playing with Skully (2012-2013)'' * ''Special Agent Oso: Three Healthy Steps'' (2011-2014) * ''Where's Pluto'' (2010-2011) * ''Mickey's World Record Animals'' (2011-2012) * ''Frozen: Magic of the Northern Lights'' (December 2016-8th January 2017) * ''Two Best Friends'' (31st August 2013-5th January 2014) == Shorts == * ''Jake's Buccaneer Blast'' * ''Wildlife Jack'' * ''Hi5'' == Others programming == * ''Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers'' * ''Disney Junior Music: Lullabies'' * ''Disney Junior Music: Nursery Rhymes'' * ''Franklin and the Green Knight'' * ''Globie's Colorful World'' * ''Jasper the Penguin'' * ''Meg and Mog'' * ''Mickey Mouse: Hot Diggity-Dog Tales'' * ''Muppet Babies (1984)'' * ''Ooh, Aah & You'' * ''The Adventures of Spot'' * ''The Bite-Sized Adventures of Sam Sandwich'' * ''Bibigon-tan and Friends'' * ''Brum'' * ''Cars Toon'' * ''Cars: Comics'' * ''Chiro'' * ''Clover's Cool Little World'' * ''Danny & Daddy'' * ''Dibo the Gift Dragon'' * ''Edebits'' * ''Ella the Elephant'' * ''Engie Benjy'' * ''Fabian's Stories'' * ''Fifi and the Flowertots'' * ''Gloria's Little Life'' * ''Guess How Much I Love You'' * ''Jack'' * ''Juanito Jones'' * ''Justin Time'' * ''LEGO Friends'' * ''Let's Go Luna!'' * ''Little Jacky Boy'' * ''Little Jacob's Chatty Adventures'' * ''Little King Macius'' * ''Little Parker'' * ''Little Sabrina's Adorable World'' * ''Lola's Theatre'' * ''Loopdidoo'' * ''Martha Speaks'' * ''Maryoku Yummy'' * ''Mason and Stancey'' * ''Matt and Sam'' * ''Maya & Miguel'' * ''Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir'' * ''Morko and Mali'' * ''Musti (2007)'' * ''Musti (2023)'' * ''My Little Sims: Equestria Miis'' * ''My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic'' * ''Nouky and Friends'' * ''Ozie Boo!'' * ''Paco, Nouky and Lola'' * ''Peg + Cat'' * ''Penny Tape Eel'' * ''PICME'' * ''Pink Wonder!'' * ''PJ Masks: Power Heroes'' * ''Plim Plim'' * ''Raggs'' * ''Rita and Whatsit'' * ''Roary the Racing Car'' * ''Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat'' * ''Seven Little Monsters'' * ''Skyline Gang'' * ''Super Why!'' * ''The Adventures in Nutrition with Captain Carlos'' * ''The Adventures of Chuck & Friends'' * ''The Adventures of the Great Wolf Kids'' * ''The Canopus'' * ''The New Adventures Of Roary the Racing Car'' * ''The Playing Puppies'' * ''The Raccoons'' * ''The Secret World of Benjamin Bear'' * ''The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!'' * ''Threads'' * ''Welcome to Silver Hatch'' * ''Wibbly Pig'' * ''Woody's Roundup'' * ''Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!'' * ''Xuxinha and Guto against the Space Monsters'' * ''Yo Gabba Gabba!'' * ''Zoobles!'' * ''Zoomix'' * ''Kit & Pup'' * ''Yo Gabba GabbaLand!'' * ''Hey A.J.!'' * ''Mechanimals'' * ''The Mr. Men Show'' * ''The Backyardigans'' * ''Playdate with Winnie the Pooh'' * ''Disney's Olaf-a-lots'' * ''Mission Force One'' * ''As told by Emoji'' * ''I am A Princess'' * ''Doc Mcstuffins: Pet Rescue'' * ''Captain Jake and the Never Land Pirates'' * ''PJ Masks Shorts'' * ''Messages From Miles'' * ''Doc Mcstuffins: Toy Hospital'' * ''Lights, Camera, Lexi!'' * ''Goldie & Bear And The Magic Map'' * ''Muppet Babies: Show and Tell'' * ''Meet Spidey and His Amazing Friends'' * ''Mickey Mouse'' * ''Have a Laugh!'' * ''Disney Princess'' * ''Dreams Big, Princess'' * ''Vampirina: Bat-Chat'' * ''Vampirina: The Ghoul Girls'' * ''Doki'' * ''Quiz Time'' * ''Wildlife Yogurt'' * ''Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams'' * ''Fuzzy Tales'' * ''Firebuds'' * ''The Chicken Squad'' * ''Move and Groove with Rhys'' * ''Mira, Royal Detective'' * ''My World Kitchen'' * ''Mickey Mornings'' * ''Mater's Tall Tales'' * ''Cars: Lightning Racers'' * ''Avengers: Mightiest Friends'' * ''Bluey Minisodes'' * ''Vida the Vet'' * ''My Big Big Friend'' * ''Flip and Flash'' * ''Kids Songs and Nursery Rhymes'' [[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2000]] [[Category:2000 establishments in England]] [[Category:2000s establishments in the Republic of Ireland]] [[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2020]] [[Category:2020 disestablishments]] [[Category:2020 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:The Walt Disney Company]] [[Category:British television networks]] [[Category:Preschool education television networks]] {{tv-stub}} szeig1r8xzjapslwtfspj8v5mlvp9f0 11024435 11024349 2026-10-09T05:50:28Z ~2026-54048-60 1887315 /* Former programming */ 11024435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television channel | name = Disney Jr. | logo = 2024 Disney Jr. Logo.svg | logo_alt = | logo_size = 250px | launch_date = {{start date|2000|09|29|df=y}} | closed_date = | picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]<br />{{small|(downscaled to [[16:9]] 576i for the [[SDTV]] feed)}} | former_names = Playhouse Disney<br /><small>(2000–2011)</small><br>Disney Junior<br /><small>(2011–2024)</small> | website = | owner = [[The Walt Disney Company|The Walt Disney Company Limited]]<br>Disney Channels Worldwide<br><small>(Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International)</small> | timeshift_service = Disney Junior +1 | country = [[United Kingdom]]<br />[[Republic of Ireland]] | area = [[United Kingdom]], [[Ireland]], [[Isle of Man]], [[Malta]] | headquarters = [[3 Queen Caroline Street, Hammersmith, London W6 9PE, United Kingdom]] | sister_channels = {{unbulletedlist|[[Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Channel]]|[[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]]}} }} '''Disney Jr.''' (formerly '''''Playhouse Disney''''' and '''''Disney Junior''''') is a British and Irish children's [[television network]] by the Walt Disney Company. == Current Programming == === From Disney Jr. (US) === * ''Ariel'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''Iron Man and his Awesome Friends'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''Magicampers'' (4th July 2026-present) * ''Mickey Mouse Clubhouse'' (July 2006 - 30 September 2020; 13 November 2025-30 June 2026: 12th September 2026-present) * ''Mickey Mouse Clubhouse+'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures'' (3 February 2020 - 27 September 2020: 13th September 2026-present) * ''Pupstruction'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''RoboGobo'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''Sofia the First: Royal Magic'' (6th July 2026-present) * ''Spidey and his Amazing Friends'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''SuperKitties'' (13th November 2025-present) === Acquired === * ''Apple & Onion'' (20th October 2025-9th November 2025: 2026-present) * ''Bluey'' (28th October 2019-30 September 2020: 13th October 2025-present) * ''Lilybuds'' (20th October 2025-9th November 2025: 2026-present) == Former programming == === Original === * ''Art Attack'' (6th June 2011-1st May 2016) * ''Art Play'' (1999 – August 2006) * ''Bite Size'' (1999 – May 2008) * ''Circle Time'' (1999 – April 2004) * ''Get the Junior Look'' (2011-2015) * ''Music Time'' (1999 – August 2006) * ''Play with Me Sesame'' (2004–2007) === From Disney Jr. === * ''Alice's Wonderland Bakery'' (14th November 2025-1st January 2026) * ''Bear in the Big Blue House'' (1998-6th May 2011) * ''BunnyTown'' (2007-23rd August 2009: 19th October 2013-17th November 2013) * ''Doc McStuffins'' (1 October 2012 - 19 July 2020) * ''Fancy Nancy'' (as ''Fancy Nancy Clancy'') (7 January 2019 – 30 September 2020) * ''Eureka!'' (14th November 2025-2026) * ''Goldie & Bear'' (4 January 2016 – 6 January 2019) * ''Handy Manny'' (2006–31st August 2014: 24th December 2014-25th December 2014) * ''Happy Monster Band'' (2007–5th January 2014) * ''Henry Hugglemonster'' (8th February 2013-30th September 2020) * ''Higglytown Heroes'' (April 2005 – 8th May 2011) * ''Imagination Movers'' (2008–31st August 2014) * ''Jake and the Never Land Pirates'' (7th May 2011–2017) * ''Johnny and the Sprites'' (2007 – 30th August 2009) * ''JoJo's Circus'' (February 2004 – 8th May 2011) * ''Jungle Junction'' (October 2009-1st July 2016) * ''Little Einsteins'' (October 2005-3rd August 2014) * ''Mickey and the Roadster Racers'' (2017 - 3 February 2020) * ''Mickey Mouse Funhouse'' (14th November 2025-2026) * ''Miles from Tomorrowland'' (11 May 2015 – 2018) * ''Muppet Babies'' (2018 series) (27 August 2018 – 31 January 2020) * ''My Friends Tigger & Pooh'' (4th June 2007 – 5th September 2010;Mid-2018) * ''Nina Needs To Go!'' * ''Out of the Box'' (1999 – December 2006) * ''PB&J Otter'' (1999– 2007) * ''Puppy Dog Pals'' (22 January 2018 – 30 September 2020) * ''Sheriff Callie's Wild West'' (24th February 2014–2017) * ''Sofia the First'' (March 2013 - 30 September 2020: 15 November 2025-5 July 2026) * ''Special Agent Oso'' (4th April 2009-31st August 2014; 24th December 2014-25th December 2014; 6th April 2015-3rd May 2015) * ''Stanley (TV series)'' (2002 – 8th May 2011) * ''Tales of Friendship of Winnie the Pooh'' (15th October 2012-25th October 2015) * ''T.O.T.S.'' (16 September 2019 – 30 September 2020) * ''The Book of Pooh'' (2001– April 2007) * ''The Doc Files'' * ''The Lion Guard'' (13 April 2016 – 30 September 2020: 13th November 2025-present) * ''The Rocketeer'' (20 July 2020) * ''Vampirina'' (October 2017 – 30 September 2020) * ''Where is Warehouse Mouse?'' (31st August 2009-19th February 2012) === Reruns === * ''101 Dalmatians: The Series'' (September 2004 – October 2005: 5th December 2011-1st January 2012) * ''Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears'' (September 2004 –September 2005) * ''Jungle Cubs'' (September 2004 – October 2005) * ''Fish Hooks'' (6th May 2013–5th January 2014) * ''Lilo & Stitch: The Series'' (7th May 2011-19th February 2012: 3rd May 2014-29th June 2014) * ''Sing Me a Story with Belle'' (1999 – August 2005, September–December 2007) * ''The Replacements'' (9 February 2013-5th January 2014) * ''The Little Mermaid'' (September 2004 – October 2005; 30th April 2011 - 19th February 2012) * ''Aladdin'' (29th August 2011-2nd October 2011) * ''The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh'' (1999–29th August 2010) * ''Timon & Pumbaa'' (7th May 2011-4th December 2011) === Acquired === * ''64 Zoo Lane'' (1999 - 3rd May 2009) * ''Avengers Assemble'' (20th October 2025-9th November 2025) * ''Animal Mechanicals'' (1st September 2008 – 19th February 2012) * ''Calimero'' (5th July 2014–1st July 2016) * ''Claude'' (1st June 2018 - 1st September 2019) * ''Connie the Cow'' (2004–2005) * ''Curious George'' (25th July 2011-29th June 2018) * ''The Doodlebops'' (2006–30th August 2009) * ''Florrie's Dragons'' (6 September 2010-30 June 2014) * ''Fun With Claude'' (9th February 2009-8th May 2011: 7th July 2012-3rd February 2013) * ''Franny's Feet'' (3rd March 2008-5th June 2011) * ''Gigantosaurus'' (29 April 2019 – 30 September 2020) * ''Harry and His Bucket full of Dinosaurs'' (3 October 2005 – 22 May 2011) * ''The Hive'' (5th February 2011-30th September 2019) * ''The Mighty Sprouts'' (2008) * ''Mouk'' (19 September 2011 – 6th March 2016) * ''Mr. Moon'' (14 June 2010 - 30 June 2014) * ''My Friend Rabbit'' (2008–3rd April 2011) * ''Paprika'' (1st October 2018-30th September 2020) * ''PJ Masks'' (Spring 2016 – 30 September 2020; 13th November 2025-31 st August 2026) * ''Poppets Town'' (2009–8th May 2011) * ''Rolie Polie Olie'' (1999 – September 2007) * ''Slim Pig'' (6th May 2013-28th June 2013) * ''The Super Hero Squad Show'' (20th October 2025-9th November 2025) * ''Trulli Tales'' (1 December 2017 - 1 September 2019) * ''What Shall We Do Today?'' (2010-2013) * ''Whisker Haven Tales with the Palace Pets'' (2015-2017: 2018) * ''Willo the Wisp'' (2005 - 2007) * ''Zou'' (2012 - 2020) == Final programming == === Original series === * ''Tangled: The Series'' ==== Shorts ==== * ''Disney Tsum Tsum'' * ''Sunny Bunnies'' (Now on Channel ''5'') === Acquired from Disney Channel (UK) === * ''101 Dalmatian Street'' * ''Elena of Avalor'' * ''Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure'' (2017-2019) === Former programming === * ''Come and Get It'' (2014-2016) * ''Five Minutes More'' (2007-2009) * ''Gravity Falls'' (9th February 2013-3rd May 2013) * ''Hercules'' (21 March 2011 - 8 May 2011) * ''Kim Possible'' (10th June 2012-1st July 2012) * ''The Legend of Tarzan'' (31st July 2012-3rd September 2012) * ''The Oz Kids'' (2013-2015) * ''Ultimate Spider-Man'' (3rd September 2018 - 21st September 2018) ==== Interstitial programming ==== * ''A Poem Is...'' (2011-2013) * ''The Adventures of Disney Fairies'' (2011-2012: 2014) * ''Can You Teach My Alligator Manners?'' (2009-2012) * ''Cars Toons'' (2011-2018) * ''Choo-Choo Soul'' (2007-2009) * ''Dance-A-Lot Robot'' (2010-2011: 2014) * ''Dance with Disney Junior'' (2014) * ''Furry Friends'' (2014) * ''Jake's Pirate School'' (2013-2015) * ''Handy Manny's School for Tools'' (2010-2012: 2015) * ''Hope Works'' (2018-2019) * ''Lou and Lou: Safety Patrol'' (2007-2009: 2013) * ''Mickey Mousekersize'' (2011-2015) * ''Minnie's Bow Toons'' (18 November 2011-30 September 2020) * ''Mini Adventures of Winnie the Pooh'' (2011-2015) * ''Quiet Is...'' (2012-2013) * ''Tasty Time with Zefronk'' (2011) * ''Tangled: Short Cut'' (2018) * ''Tangled: Inside the Journal'' (2018) * ''Toy Story Toons'' (2012-2015) * ''Unbungalievable'' (2016-2018) * ''Playing with Skully (2012-2013)'' * ''Special Agent Oso: Three Healthy Steps'' (2011-2014) * ''Where's Pluto'' (2010-2011) * ''Mickey's World Record Animals'' (2011-2012) * ''Frozen: Magic of the Northern Lights'' (December 2016-8th January 2017) * ''Two Best Friends'' (31st August 2013-5th January 2014) == Shorts == * ''Jake's Buccaneer Blast'' * ''Wildlife Jack'' * ''Hi5'' == Others programming == * ''Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers'' * ''Disney Junior Music: Lullabies'' * ''Disney Junior Music: Nursery Rhymes'' * ''Franklin and the Green Knight'' * ''Globie's Colorful World'' * ''Jasper the Penguin'' * ''Meg and Mog'' * ''Mickey Mouse: Hot Diggity-Dog Tales'' * ''Muppet Babies (1984)'' * ''Ooh, Aah & You'' * ''The Adventures of Spot'' * ''The Bite-Sized Adventures of Sam Sandwich'' * ''Bibigon-tan and Friends'' * ''Brum'' * ''Cars Toon'' * ''Cars: Comics'' * ''Chiro'' * ''Clover's Cool Little World'' * ''Danny & Daddy'' * ''Dibo the Gift Dragon'' * ''Edebits'' * ''Ella the Elephant'' * ''Engie Benjy'' * ''Fabian's Stories'' * ''Fifi and the Flowertots'' * ''Gloria's Little Life'' * ''Guess How Much I Love You'' * ''Jack'' * ''Juanito Jones'' * ''Justin Time'' * ''LEGO Friends'' * ''Let's Go Luna!'' * ''Little Jacky Boy'' * ''Little Jacob's Chatty Adventures'' * ''Little King Macius'' * ''Little Parker'' * ''Little Sabrina's Adorable World'' * ''Lola's Theatre'' * ''Loopdidoo'' * ''Martha Speaks'' * ''Maryoku Yummy'' * ''Mason and Stancey'' * ''Matt and Sam'' * ''Maya & Miguel'' * ''Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir'' * ''Morko and Mali'' * ''Musti (2007)'' * ''Musti (2023)'' * ''My Little Sims: Equestria Miis'' * ''My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic'' * ''Nouky and Friends'' * ''Ozie Boo!'' * ''Paco, Nouky and Lola'' * ''Peg + Cat'' * ''Penny Tape Eel'' * ''PICME'' * ''Pink Wonder!'' * ''PJ Masks: Power Heroes'' * ''Plim Plim'' * ''Raggs'' * ''Rita and Whatsit'' * ''Roary the Racing Car'' * ''Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat'' * ''Seven Little Monsters'' * ''Skyline Gang'' * ''Super Why!'' * ''The Adventures in Nutrition with Captain Carlos'' * ''The Adventures of Chuck & Friends'' * ''The Adventures of the Great Wolf Kids'' * ''The Canopus'' * ''The New Adventures Of Roary the Racing Car'' * ''The Playing Puppies'' * ''The Raccoons'' * ''The Secret World of Benjamin Bear'' * ''The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!'' * ''Threads'' * ''Welcome to Silver Hatch'' * ''Wibbly Pig'' * ''Woody's Roundup'' * ''Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!'' * ''Xuxinha and Guto against the Space Monsters'' * ''Yo Gabba Gabba!'' * ''Zoobles!'' * ''Zoomix'' * ''Kit & Pup'' * ''Yo Gabba GabbaLand!'' * ''Hey A.J.!'' * ''Mechanimals'' * ''The Mr. Men Show'' * ''The Backyardigans'' * ''Playdate with Winnie the Pooh'' * ''Disney's Olaf-a-lots'' * ''Mission Force One'' * ''As told by Emoji'' * ''I am A Princess'' * ''Doc Mcstuffins: Pet Rescue'' * ''Captain Jake and the Never Land Pirates'' * ''PJ Masks Shorts'' * ''Messages From Miles'' * ''Doc Mcstuffins: Toy Hospital'' * ''Lights, Camera, Lexi!'' * ''Goldie & Bear And The Magic Map'' * ''Muppet Babies: Show and Tell'' * ''Meet Spidey and His Amazing Friends'' * ''Mickey Mouse'' * ''Have a Laugh!'' * ''Disney Princess'' * ''Dreams Big, Princess'' * ''Vampirina: Bat-Chat'' * ''Vampirina: The Ghoul Girls'' * ''Doki'' * ''Quiz Time'' * ''Wildlife Yogurt'' * ''Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams'' * ''Fuzzy Tales'' * ''Firebuds'' * ''The Chicken Squad'' * ''Move and Groove with Rhys'' * ''Mira, Royal Detective'' * ''My World Kitchen'' * ''Mickey Mornings'' * ''Mater's Tall Tales'' * ''Cars: Lightning Racers'' * ''Avengers: Mightiest Friends'' * ''Bluey Minisodes'' * ''Vida the Vet'' * ''My Big Big Friend'' * ''Flip and Flash'' * ''Kids Songs and Nursery Rhymes'' [[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2000]] [[Category:2000 establishments in England]] [[Category:2000s establishments in the Republic of Ireland]] [[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2020]] [[Category:2020 disestablishments]] [[Category:2020 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:The Walt Disney Company]] [[Category:British television networks]] [[Category:Preschool education television networks]] {{tv-stub}} 33nc4gr4v95ctr462o8820i8uvs0507 11024445 11024435 2026-10-09T06:10:21Z ~2026-54324-79 1887398 /* Former programming */ 11024445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television channel | name = Disney Jr. | logo = 2024 Disney Jr. Logo.svg | logo_alt = | logo_size = 250px | launch_date = {{start date|2000|09|29|df=y}} | closed_date = | picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]<br />{{small|(downscaled to [[16:9]] 576i for the [[SDTV]] feed)}} | former_names = Playhouse Disney<br /><small>(2000–2011)</small><br>Disney Junior<br /><small>(2011–2024)</small> | website = | owner = [[The Walt Disney Company|The Walt Disney Company Limited]]<br>Disney Channels Worldwide<br><small>(Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International)</small> | timeshift_service = Disney Junior +1 | country = [[United Kingdom]]<br />[[Republic of Ireland]] | area = [[United Kingdom]], [[Ireland]], [[Isle of Man]], [[Malta]] | headquarters = [[3 Queen Caroline Street, Hammersmith, London W6 9PE, United Kingdom]] | sister_channels = {{unbulletedlist|[[Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Channel]]|[[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]]}} }} '''Disney Jr.''' (formerly '''''Playhouse Disney''''' and '''''Disney Junior''''') is a British and Irish children's [[television network]] by the Walt Disney Company. == Current Programming == === From Disney Jr. (US) === * ''Ariel'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''Iron Man and his Awesome Friends'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''Magicampers'' (4th July 2026-present) * ''Mickey Mouse Clubhouse'' (July 2006 - 30 September 2020; 13 November 2025-30 June 2026: 12th September 2026-present) * ''Mickey Mouse Clubhouse+'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures'' (3 February 2020 - 27 September 2020: 13th September 2026-present) * ''Pupstruction'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''RoboGobo'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''Sofia the First: Royal Magic'' (6th July 2026-present) * ''Spidey and his Amazing Friends'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''SuperKitties'' (13th November 2025-present) === Acquired === * ''Apple & Onion'' (20th October 2025-9th November 2025: 2026-present) * ''Bluey'' (28th October 2019-30 September 2020: 13th October 2025-present) * ''Lilybuds'' (20th October 2025-9th November 2025: 2026-present) == Former programming == === Original === * ''Art Attack'' (6th June 2011-1st May 2016) * ''Art Play'' (1999 – August 2006) * ''Bite Size'' (1999 – May 2008) * ''Circle Time'' (1999 – April 2004) * ''Get the Junior Look'' (2011-2015) * ''Music Time'' (1999 – August 2006) * ''Play with Me Sesame'' (2004–2007) === From Disney Jr. === * ''Alice's Wonderland Bakery'' (14th November 2025-1st January 2026) * ''Bear in the Big Blue House'' (1998-6th May 2011) * ''BunnyTown'' (2007-23rd August 2009: 19th October 2013-17th November 2013) * ''Doc McStuffins'' (1 October 2012 - 19 July 2020) * ''Fancy Nancy'' (as ''Fancy Nancy Clancy'') (7 January 2019 – 30 September 2020) * ''Eureka!'' (14th November 2025-2026) * ''Goldie & Bear'' (4 January 2016 – 6 January 2019) * ''Handy Manny'' (2006–31st August 2014: 24th December 2014-25th December 2014) * ''Happy Monster Band'' (2007–5th January 2014) * ''Henry Hugglemonster'' (8th February 2013-30th September 2020) * ''Higglytown Heroes'' (April 2005 – 8th May 2011) * ''Imagination Movers'' (2008–31st August 2014) * ''Jake and the Never Land Pirates'' (7th May 2011–2017) * ''Johnny and the Sprites'' (2007 – 30th August 2009) * ''JoJo's Circus'' (February 2004 – 8th May 2011) * ''Jungle Junction'' (October 2009-1st July 2016) * ''Little Einsteins'' (October 2005-3rd August 2014) * ''Mickey and the Roadster Racers'' (2017 - 3 February 2020) * ''Mickey Mouse Funhouse'' (14th November 2025-2026) * ''Miles from Tomorrowland'' (11 May 2015 – 2018) * ''Muppet Babies'' (2018 series) (27 August 2018 – 31 January 2020) * ''My Friends Tigger & Pooh'' (4th June 2007 – 5th September 2010;Mid-2018) * ''Nina Needs To Go!'' * ''Out of the Box'' (1999 – December 2006) * ''PB&J Otter'' (1999– 2007) * ''Puppy Dog Pals'' (22 January 2018 – 30 September 2020) * ''Sheriff Callie's Wild West'' (24th February 2014–2017) * ''Sofia the First'' (March 2013 - 30 September 2020: 15 November 2025-5 July 2026) * ''Special Agent Oso'' (4th April 2009-31st August 2014; 24th December 2014-25th December 2014; 6th April 2015-3rd May 2015) * ''Stanley (TV series)'' (2002 – 8th May 2011) * ''Tales of Friendship of Winnie the Pooh'' (15th October 2012-25th October 2015) * ''T.O.T.S.'' (16 September 2019 – 30 September 2020) * ''The Book of Pooh'' (2001– April 2007) * ''The Doc Files'' (2013-2015) * ''The Lion Guard'' (13 April 2016 – 30 September 2020: 13th November 2025-present) * ''The Rocketeer'' (20 July 2020) * ''Vampirina'' (October 2017 – 30 September 2020) * ''Where is Warehouse Mouse?'' (31st August 2009-19th February 2012) === Reruns === * ''101 Dalmatians: The Series'' (September 2004 – October 2005: 5th December 2011-1st January 2012) * ''Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears'' (September 2004 –September 2005) * ''Jungle Cubs'' (September 2004 – October 2005) * ''Fish Hooks'' (6th May 2013–5th January 2014) * ''Lilo & Stitch: The Series'' (7th May 2011-19th February 2012: 3rd May 2014-29th June 2014) * ''Sing Me a Story with Belle'' (1999 – August 2005, September–December 2007) * ''The Replacements'' (9 February 2013-5th January 2014) * ''The Little Mermaid'' (September 2004 – October 2005; 30th April 2011 - 19th February 2012) * ''Aladdin'' (29th August 2011-2nd October 2011) * ''The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh'' (1999–29th August 2010) * ''Timon & Pumbaa'' (7th May 2011-4th December 2011) === Acquired === * ''64 Zoo Lane'' (1999 - 3rd May 2009) * ''Avengers Assemble'' (20th October 2025-9th November 2025) * ''Animal Mechanicals'' (1st September 2008 – 19th February 2012) * ''Calimero'' (5th July 2014–1st July 2016) * ''Claude'' (1st June 2018 - 1st September 2019) * ''Connie the Cow'' (2004–2005) * ''Curious George'' (25th July 2011-29th June 2018) * ''The Doodlebops'' (2006–30th August 2009) * ''Florrie's Dragons'' (6 September 2010-30 June 2014) * ''Fun With Claude'' (9th February 2009-8th May 2011: 7th July 2012-3rd February 2013) * ''Franny's Feet'' (3rd March 2008-5th June 2011) * ''Gigantosaurus'' (29 April 2019 – 30 September 2020) * ''Harry and His Bucket full of Dinosaurs'' (3 October 2005 – 22 May 2011) * ''The Hive'' (5th February 2011-30th September 2019) * ''The Mighty Sprouts'' (2008) * ''Mouk'' (19 September 2011 – 6th March 2016) * ''Mr. Moon'' (14 June 2010 - 30 June 2014) * ''My Friend Rabbit'' (2008–3rd April 2011) * ''Paprika'' (1st October 2018-30th September 2020) * ''PJ Masks'' (Spring 2016 – 30 September 2020; 13th November 2025-31 st August 2026) * ''Poppets Town'' (2009–8th May 2011) * ''Rolie Polie Olie'' (1999 – September 2007) * ''Slim Pig'' (6th May 2013-28th June 2013) * ''The Super Hero Squad Show'' (20th October 2025-9th November 2025) * ''Trulli Tales'' (1 December 2017 - 1 September 2019) * ''What Shall We Do Today?'' (2010-2013) * ''Whisker Haven Tales with the Palace Pets'' (2015-2017: 2018) * ''Willo the Wisp'' (2005 - 2007) * ''Zou'' (2012 - 2020) == Final programming == === Original series === * ''Tangled: The Series'' ==== Shorts ==== * ''Disney Tsum Tsum'' * ''Sunny Bunnies'' (Now on Channel ''5'') === Acquired from Disney Channel (UK) === * ''101 Dalmatian Street'' * ''Elena of Avalor'' * ''Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure'' (2017-2019) === Former programming === * ''Come and Get It'' (2014-2016) * ''Five Minutes More'' (2007-2009) * ''Gravity Falls'' (9th February 2013-3rd May 2013) * ''Hercules'' (21 March 2011 - 8 May 2011) * ''Kim Possible'' (10th June 2012-1st July 2012) * ''The Legend of Tarzan'' (31st July 2012-3rd September 2012) * ''The Oz Kids'' (2013-2015) * ''Ultimate Spider-Man'' (3rd September 2018 - 21st September 2018) ==== Interstitial programming ==== * ''A Poem Is...'' (2011-2013) * ''The Adventures of Disney Fairies'' (2011-2012: 2014) * ''Can You Teach My Alligator Manners?'' (2009-2012) * ''Cars Toons'' (2011-2018) * ''Choo-Choo Soul'' (2007-2009) * ''Dance-A-Lot Robot'' (2010-2011: 2014) * ''Dance with Disney Junior'' (2014) * ''Furry Friends'' (2014) * ''Jake's Pirate School'' (2013-2015) * ''Handy Manny's School for Tools'' (2010-2012: 2015) * ''Hope Works'' (2018-2019) * ''Lou and Lou: Safety Patrol'' (2007-2009: 2013) * ''Mickey Mousekersize'' (2011-2015) * ''Minnie's Bow Toons'' (18 November 2011-30 September 2020) * ''Mini Adventures of Winnie the Pooh'' (2011-2015) * ''Quiet Is...'' (2012-2013) * ''Tasty Time with Zefronk'' (2011) * ''Tangled: Short Cut'' (2018) * ''Tangled: Inside the Journal'' (2018) * ''Toy Story Toons'' (2012-2015) * ''Unbungalievable'' (2016-2018) * ''Playing with Skully (2012-2013)'' * ''Special Agent Oso: Three Healthy Steps'' (2011-2014) * ''Where's Pluto'' (2010-2011) * ''Mickey's World Record Animals'' (2011-2012) * ''Frozen: Magic of the Northern Lights'' (December 2016-8th January 2017) * ''Two Best Friends'' (31st August 2013-5th January 2014) == Shorts == * ''Jake's Buccaneer Blast'' * ''Wildlife Jack'' * ''Hi5'' == Others programming == * ''Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers'' * ''Disney Junior Music: Lullabies'' * ''Disney Junior Music: Nursery Rhymes'' * ''Franklin and the Green Knight'' * ''Globie's Colorful World'' * ''Jasper the Penguin'' * ''Meg and Mog'' * ''Mickey Mouse: Hot Diggity-Dog Tales'' * ''Muppet Babies (1984)'' * ''Ooh, Aah & You'' * ''The Adventures of Spot'' * ''The Bite-Sized Adventures of Sam Sandwich'' * ''Bibigon-tan and Friends'' * ''Brum'' * ''Cars Toon'' * ''Cars: Comics'' * ''Chiro'' * ''Clover's Cool Little World'' * ''Danny & Daddy'' * ''Dibo the Gift Dragon'' * ''Edebits'' * ''Ella the Elephant'' * ''Engie Benjy'' * ''Fabian's Stories'' * ''Fifi and the Flowertots'' * ''Gloria's Little Life'' * ''Guess How Much I Love You'' * ''Jack'' * ''Juanito Jones'' * ''Justin Time'' * ''LEGO Friends'' * ''Let's Go Luna!'' * ''Little Jacky Boy'' * ''Little Jacob's Chatty Adventures'' * ''Little King Macius'' * ''Little Parker'' * ''Little Sabrina's Adorable World'' * ''Lola's Theatre'' * ''Loopdidoo'' * ''Martha Speaks'' * ''Maryoku Yummy'' * ''Mason and Stancey'' * ''Matt and Sam'' * ''Maya & Miguel'' * ''Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir'' * ''Morko and Mali'' * ''Musti (2007)'' * ''Musti (2023)'' * ''My Little Sims: Equestria Miis'' * ''My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic'' * ''Nouky and Friends'' * ''Ozie Boo!'' * ''Paco, Nouky and Lola'' * ''Peg + Cat'' * ''Penny Tape Eel'' * ''PICME'' * ''Pink Wonder!'' * ''PJ Masks: Power Heroes'' * ''Plim Plim'' * ''Raggs'' * ''Rita and Whatsit'' * ''Roary the Racing Car'' * ''Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat'' * ''Seven Little Monsters'' * ''Skyline Gang'' * ''Super Why!'' * ''The Adventures in Nutrition with Captain Carlos'' * ''The Adventures of Chuck & Friends'' * ''The Adventures of the Great Wolf Kids'' * ''The Canopus'' * ''The New Adventures Of Roary the Racing Car'' * ''The Playing Puppies'' * ''The Raccoons'' * ''The Secret World of Benjamin Bear'' * ''The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!'' * ''Threads'' * ''Welcome to Silver Hatch'' * ''Wibbly Pig'' * ''Woody's Roundup'' * ''Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!'' * ''Xuxinha and Guto against the Space Monsters'' * ''Yo Gabba Gabba!'' * ''Zoobles!'' * ''Zoomix'' * ''Kit & Pup'' * ''Yo Gabba GabbaLand!'' * ''Hey A.J.!'' * ''Mechanimals'' * ''The Mr. Men Show'' * ''The Backyardigans'' * ''Playdate with Winnie the Pooh'' * ''Disney's Olaf-a-lots'' * ''Mission Force One'' * ''As told by Emoji'' * ''I am A Princess'' * ''Doc Mcstuffins: Pet Rescue'' * ''Captain Jake and the Never Land Pirates'' * ''PJ Masks Shorts'' * ''Messages From Miles'' * ''Doc Mcstuffins: Toy Hospital'' * ''Lights, Camera, Lexi!'' * ''Goldie & Bear And The Magic Map'' * ''Muppet Babies: Show and Tell'' * ''Meet Spidey and His Amazing Friends'' * ''Mickey Mouse'' * ''Have a Laugh!'' * ''Disney Princess'' * ''Dreams Big, Princess'' * ''Vampirina: Bat-Chat'' * ''Vampirina: The Ghoul Girls'' * ''Doki'' * ''Quiz Time'' * ''Wildlife Yogurt'' * ''Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams'' * ''Fuzzy Tales'' * ''Firebuds'' * ''The Chicken Squad'' * ''Move and Groove with Rhys'' * ''Mira, Royal Detective'' * ''My World Kitchen'' * ''Mickey Mornings'' * ''Mater's Tall Tales'' * ''Cars: Lightning Racers'' * ''Avengers: Mightiest Friends'' * ''Bluey Minisodes'' * ''Vida the Vet'' * ''My Big Big Friend'' * ''Flip and Flash'' * ''Kids Songs and Nursery Rhymes'' [[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2000]] [[Category:2000 establishments in England]] [[Category:2000s establishments in the Republic of Ireland]] [[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2020]] [[Category:2020 disestablishments]] [[Category:2020 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:The Walt Disney Company]] [[Category:British television networks]] [[Category:Preschool education television networks]] {{tv-stub}} 8s0bkclbuteg1ejxnof954xuw88ky0h 11024447 11024445 2026-10-09T06:16:14Z ~2026-54324-79 1887398 /* Former programming */ 11024447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television channel | name = Disney Jr. | logo = 2024 Disney Jr. Logo.svg | logo_alt = | logo_size = 250px | launch_date = {{start date|2000|09|29|df=y}} | closed_date = | picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]<br />{{small|(downscaled to [[16:9]] 576i for the [[SDTV]] feed)}} | former_names = Playhouse Disney<br /><small>(2000–2011)</small><br>Disney Junior<br /><small>(2011–2024)</small> | website = | owner = [[The Walt Disney Company|The Walt Disney Company Limited]]<br>Disney Channels Worldwide<br><small>(Walt Disney Direct-to-Consumer & International)</small> | timeshift_service = Disney Junior +1 | country = [[United Kingdom]]<br />[[Republic of Ireland]] | area = [[United Kingdom]], [[Ireland]], [[Isle of Man]], [[Malta]] | headquarters = [[3 Queen Caroline Street, Hammersmith, London W6 9PE, United Kingdom]] | sister_channels = {{unbulletedlist|[[Disney Channel (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney Channel]]|[[Disney XD (British and Irish TV channel)|Disney XD]]}} }} '''Disney Jr.''' (formerly '''''Playhouse Disney''''' and '''''Disney Junior''''') is a British and Irish children's [[television network]] by the Walt Disney Company. == Current Programming == === From Disney Jr. (US) === * ''Ariel'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''Iron Man and his Awesome Friends'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''Magicampers'' (4th July 2026-present) * ''Mickey Mouse Clubhouse'' (July 2006 - 30 September 2020; 13 November 2025-30 June 2026: 12th September 2026-present) * ''Mickey Mouse Clubhouse+'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures'' (3 February 2020 - 27 September 2020: 13th September 2026-present) * ''Pupstruction'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''RoboGobo'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''Sofia the First: Royal Magic'' (6th July 2026-present) * ''Spidey and his Amazing Friends'' (13th November 2025-present) * ''SuperKitties'' (13th November 2025-present) === Acquired === * ''Apple & Onion'' (20th October 2025-9th November 2025: 2026-present) * ''Bluey'' (28th October 2019-30 September 2020: 13th October 2025-present) * ''Lilybuds'' (20th October 2025-9th November 2025: 2026-present) == Former programming == === Original === * ''Art Attack'' (6th June 2011-1st May 2016) * ''Art Play'' (1999 – August 2006) * ''Bite Size'' (1999 – May 2008) * ''Circle Time'' (1999 – April 2004) * ''Get the Junior Look'' (2011-2015) * ''Music Time'' (1999 – August 2006) * ''Play with Me Sesame'' (2004–2007) === From Disney Jr. === * ''Alice's Wonderland Bakery'' (14th November 2025-1st January 2026) * ''Bear in the Big Blue House'' (1998-6th May 2011) * ''BunnyTown'' (2007-23rd August 2009: 19th October 2013-17th November 2013) * ''Doc McStuffins'' (1 October 2012 - 19 July 2020) * ''Fancy Nancy'' (as ''Fancy Nancy Clancy'') (7 January 2019 – 30 September 2020) * ''Eureka!'' (14th November 2025-2026) * ''Goldie & Bear'' (4 January 2016 – 6 January 2019) * ''Handy Manny'' (2006–31st August 2014: 24th December 2014-25th December 2014) * ''Happy Monster Band'' (2007–5th January 2014) * ''Henry Hugglemonster'' (8th February 2013-30th September 2020) * ''Higglytown Heroes'' (April 2005 – 8th May 2011) * ''Imagination Movers'' (2008–31st August 2014) * ''Jake and the Never Land Pirates'' (7th May 2011–2017) * ''Johnny and the Sprites'' (2007 – 30th August 2009) * ''JoJo's Circus'' (February 2004 – 8th May 2011) * ''Jungle Junction'' (October 2009-1st July 2016) * ''Little Einsteins'' (October 2005-3rd August 2014) * ''Mickey and the Roadster Racers'' (2017 - 3 February 2020) * ''Mickey Mouse Funhouse'' (14th November 2025-2026) * ''Miles from Tomorrowland'' (11 May 2015 – 2018) * ''Muppet Babies'' (2018 series) (27 August 2018 – 31 January 2020) * ''My Friends Tigger & Pooh'' (4th June 2007 – 5th September 2010;Mid-2018) * ''Nina Needs To Go!'' (17th February 2014-2015: 2017) * ''Out of the Box'' (1999 – December 2006) * ''PB&J Otter'' (1999– 2007) * ''Puppy Dog Pals'' (22 January 2018 – 30 September 2020) * ''Sheriff Callie's Wild West'' (24th February 2014–2017) * ''Sofia the First'' (March 2013 - 30 September 2020: 15 November 2025-5 July 2026) * ''Special Agent Oso'' (4th April 2009-31st August 2014; 24th December 2014-25th December 2014; 6th April 2015-3rd May 2015) * ''Stanley (TV series)'' (2002 – 8th May 2011) * ''Tales of Friendship of Winnie the Pooh'' (15th October 2012-25th October 2015) * ''T.O.T.S.'' (16 September 2019 – 30 September 2020) * ''The Book of Pooh'' (2001– April 2007) * ''The Doc Files'' (2013-2015) * ''The Lion Guard'' (13 April 2016 – 30 September 2020: 13th November 2025-present) * ''The Rocketeer'' (20 July 2020) * ''Vampirina'' (October 2017 – 30 September 2020) * ''Where is Warehouse Mouse?'' (31st August 2009-19th February 2012) === Reruns === * ''101 Dalmatians: The Series'' (September 2004 – October 2005: 5th December 2011-1st January 2012) * ''Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears'' (September 2004 –September 2005) * ''Jungle Cubs'' (September 2004 – October 2005) * ''Fish Hooks'' (6th May 2013–5th January 2014) * ''Lilo & Stitch: The Series'' (7th May 2011-19th February 2012: 3rd May 2014-29th June 2014) * ''Sing Me a Story with Belle'' (1999 – August 2005, September–December 2007) * ''The Replacements'' (9 February 2013-5th January 2014) * ''The Little Mermaid'' (September 2004 – October 2005; 30th April 2011 - 19th February 2012) * ''Aladdin'' (29th August 2011-2nd October 2011) * ''The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh'' (1999–29th August 2010) * ''Timon & Pumbaa'' (7th May 2011-4th December 2011) === Acquired === * ''64 Zoo Lane'' (1999 - 3rd May 2009) * ''Avengers Assemble'' (20th October 2025-9th November 2025) * ''Animal Mechanicals'' (1st September 2008 – 19th February 2012) * ''Calimero'' (5th July 2014–1st July 2016) * ''Claude'' (1st June 2018 - 1st September 2019) * ''Connie the Cow'' (2004–2005) * ''Curious George'' (25th July 2011-29th June 2018) * ''The Doodlebops'' (2006–30th August 2009) * ''Florrie's Dragons'' (6 September 2010-30 June 2014) * ''Fun With Claude'' (9th February 2009-8th May 2011: 7th July 2012-3rd February 2013) * ''Franny's Feet'' (3rd March 2008-5th June 2011) * ''Gigantosaurus'' (29 April 2019 – 30 September 2020) * ''Harry and His Bucket full of Dinosaurs'' (3 October 2005 – 22 May 2011) * ''The Hive'' (5th February 2011-30th September 2019) * ''The Mighty Sprouts'' (2008) * ''Mouk'' (19 September 2011 – 6th March 2016) * ''Mr. Moon'' (14 June 2010 - 30 June 2014) * ''My Friend Rabbit'' (2008–3rd April 2011) * ''Paprika'' (1st October 2018-30th September 2020) * ''PJ Masks'' (Spring 2016 – 30 September 2020; 13th November 2025-31 st August 2026) * ''Poppets Town'' (2009–8th May 2011) * ''Rolie Polie Olie'' (1999 – September 2007) * ''Slim Pig'' (6th May 2013-28th June 2013) * ''The Super Hero Squad Show'' (20th October 2025-9th November 2025) * ''Trulli Tales'' (1 December 2017 - 1 September 2019) * ''What Shall We Do Today?'' (2010-2013) * ''Whisker Haven Tales with the Palace Pets'' (2015-2017: 2018) * ''Willo the Wisp'' (2005 - 2007) * ''Zou'' (2012 - 2020) == Final programming == === Original series === * ''Tangled: The Series'' ==== Shorts ==== * ''Disney Tsum Tsum'' * ''Sunny Bunnies'' (Now on Channel ''5'') === Acquired from Disney Channel (UK) === * ''101 Dalmatian Street'' * ''Elena of Avalor'' * ''Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure'' (2017-2019) === Former programming === * ''Come and Get It'' (2014-2016) * ''Five Minutes More'' (2007-2009) * ''Gravity Falls'' (9th February 2013-3rd May 2013) * ''Hercules'' (21 March 2011 - 8 May 2011) * ''Kim Possible'' (10th June 2012-1st July 2012) * ''The Legend of Tarzan'' (31st July 2012-3rd September 2012) * ''The Oz Kids'' (2013-2015) * ''Ultimate Spider-Man'' (3rd September 2018 - 21st September 2018) ==== Interstitial programming ==== * ''A Poem Is...'' (2011-2013) * ''The Adventures of Disney Fairies'' (2011-2012: 2014) * ''Can You Teach My Alligator Manners?'' (2009-2012) * ''Cars Toons'' (2011-2018) * ''Choo-Choo Soul'' (2007-2009) * ''Dance-A-Lot Robot'' (2010-2011: 2014) * ''Dance with Disney Junior'' (2014) * ''Furry Friends'' (2014) * ''Jake's Pirate School'' (2013-2015) * ''Handy Manny's School for Tools'' (2010-2012: 2015) * ''Hope Works'' (2018-2019) * ''Lou and Lou: Safety Patrol'' (2007-2009: 2013) * ''Mickey Mousekersize'' (2011-2015) * ''Minnie's Bow Toons'' (18 November 2011-30 September 2020) * ''Mini Adventures of Winnie the Pooh'' (2011-2015) * ''Quiet Is...'' (2012-2013) * ''Tasty Time with Zefronk'' (2011) * ''Tangled: Short Cut'' (2018) * ''Tangled: Inside the Journal'' (2018) * ''Toy Story Toons'' (2012-2015) * ''Unbungalievable'' (2016-2018) * ''Playing with Skully (2012-2013)'' * ''Special Agent Oso: Three Healthy Steps'' (2011-2014) * ''Where's Pluto'' (2010-2011) * ''Mickey's World Record Animals'' (2011-2012) * ''Frozen: Magic of the Northern Lights'' (December 2016-8th January 2017) * ''Two Best Friends'' (31st August 2013-5th January 2014) == Shorts == * ''Jake's Buccaneer Blast'' * ''Wildlife Jack'' * ''Hi5'' == Others programming == * ''Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers'' * ''Disney Junior Music: Lullabies'' * ''Disney Junior Music: Nursery Rhymes'' * ''Franklin and the Green Knight'' * ''Globie's Colorful World'' * ''Jasper the Penguin'' * ''Meg and Mog'' * ''Mickey Mouse: Hot Diggity-Dog Tales'' * ''Muppet Babies (1984)'' * ''Ooh, Aah & You'' * ''The Adventures of Spot'' * ''The Bite-Sized Adventures of Sam Sandwich'' * ''Bibigon-tan and Friends'' * ''Brum'' * ''Cars Toon'' * ''Cars: Comics'' * ''Chiro'' * ''Clover's Cool Little World'' * ''Danny & Daddy'' * ''Dibo the Gift Dragon'' * ''Edebits'' * ''Ella the Elephant'' * ''Engie Benjy'' * ''Fabian's Stories'' * ''Fifi and the Flowertots'' * ''Gloria's Little Life'' * ''Guess How Much I Love You'' * ''Jack'' * ''Juanito Jones'' * ''Justin Time'' * ''LEGO Friends'' * ''Let's Go Luna!'' * ''Little Jacky Boy'' * ''Little Jacob's Chatty Adventures'' * ''Little King Macius'' * ''Little Parker'' * ''Little Sabrina's Adorable World'' * ''Lola's Theatre'' * ''Loopdidoo'' * ''Martha Speaks'' * ''Maryoku Yummy'' * ''Mason and Stancey'' * ''Matt and Sam'' * ''Maya & Miguel'' * ''Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir'' * ''Morko and Mali'' * ''Musti (2007)'' * ''Musti (2023)'' * ''My Little Sims: Equestria Miis'' * ''My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic'' * ''Nouky and Friends'' * ''Ozie Boo!'' * ''Paco, Nouky and Lola'' * ''Peg + Cat'' * ''Penny Tape Eel'' * ''PICME'' * ''Pink Wonder!'' * ''PJ Masks: Power Heroes'' * ''Plim Plim'' * ''Raggs'' * ''Rita and Whatsit'' * ''Roary the Racing Car'' * ''Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat'' * ''Seven Little Monsters'' * ''Skyline Gang'' * ''Super Why!'' * ''The Adventures in Nutrition with Captain Carlos'' * ''The Adventures of Chuck & Friends'' * ''The Adventures of the Great Wolf Kids'' * ''The Canopus'' * ''The New Adventures Of Roary the Racing Car'' * ''The Playing Puppies'' * ''The Raccoons'' * ''The Secret World of Benjamin Bear'' * ''The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!'' * ''Threads'' * ''Welcome to Silver Hatch'' * ''Wibbly Pig'' * ''Woody's Roundup'' * ''Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!'' * ''Xuxinha and Guto against the Space Monsters'' * ''Yo Gabba Gabba!'' * ''Zoobles!'' * ''Zoomix'' * ''Kit & Pup'' * ''Yo Gabba GabbaLand!'' * ''Hey A.J.!'' * ''Mechanimals'' * ''The Mr. Men Show'' * ''The Backyardigans'' * ''Playdate with Winnie the Pooh'' * ''Disney's Olaf-a-lots'' * ''Mission Force One'' * ''As told by Emoji'' * ''I am A Princess'' * ''Doc Mcstuffins: Pet Rescue'' * ''Captain Jake and the Never Land Pirates'' * ''PJ Masks Shorts'' * ''Messages From Miles'' * ''Doc Mcstuffins: Toy Hospital'' * ''Lights, Camera, Lexi!'' * ''Goldie & Bear And The Magic Map'' * ''Muppet Babies: Show and Tell'' * ''Meet Spidey and His Amazing Friends'' * ''Mickey Mouse'' * ''Have a Laugh!'' * ''Disney Princess'' * ''Dreams Big, Princess'' * ''Vampirina: Bat-Chat'' * ''Vampirina: The Ghoul Girls'' * ''Doki'' * ''Quiz Time'' * ''Wildlife Yogurt'' * ''Disney Princess Enchanted Tales: Follow Your Dreams'' * ''Fuzzy Tales'' * ''Firebuds'' * ''The Chicken Squad'' * ''Move and Groove with Rhys'' * ''Mira, Royal Detective'' * ''My World Kitchen'' * ''Mickey Mornings'' * ''Mater's Tall Tales'' * ''Cars: Lightning Racers'' * ''Avengers: Mightiest Friends'' * ''Bluey Minisodes'' * ''Vida the Vet'' * ''My Big Big Friend'' * ''Flip and Flash'' * ''Kids Songs and Nursery Rhymes'' [[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2000]] [[Category:2000 establishments in England]] [[Category:2000s establishments in the Republic of Ireland]] [[Category:Television channels and stations disestablished in 2020]] [[Category:2020 disestablishments]] [[Category:2020 disestablishments in the United Kingdom]] [[Category:The Walt Disney Company]] [[Category:British television networks]] [[Category:Preschool education television networks]] {{tv-stub}} fxwzwhw7igpxl3dtxs76ob77xxiexpf 0 976737 11024245 11013590 2026-10-09T01:47:25Z ~2026-54048-60 1887315 /* First launch programming */ 11024245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television channel | name = Disney Junior | logo = 2019 Disney Junior logo.svg | logo_size = 220px | logo_alt = | image = | launch_date = {{start date and age|2006}} (channel)<br />{{start date and age|2024}} (block on Disney Channel) | closed_date = {{end date and age|2024|04|01|df=y}} (channel) {{end date and age|2024|03|01|df=y}} (Denmark, channel) | language = {{plainlist| * English * Danish * Finnish * Norwegian * Russian (2012-2023) * Swedish }} | picture_format = {{ubl| * [[HDTV]] [[1080i]] * [[SDTV]] [[576i]] }} | owner = The Walt Disney Company (Europe) Limited. | country = [[United Kingdom]] | area = [[Nordic countries]] | headquarters = | former_names = Playhouse Disney (2006-2011) | replaced = | sister_channels = [[Disney Channel (Scandinavian TV channel)|Disney Channel]]<br>[[Disney XD (Scandinavian TV channel)|Disney XD]] | website = | terr_serv_1 = [[DNA Oy|dna Welho]] <small>(Finland)</small> | terr_chan_1 = Channel 89 }} '''Disney Junior''' was a Scandinavian television channel. It is for preschoolers targeting the Nordic countries. It does not screen advertisements. The channel is funded by subscriptions instead. == Programming == === Current programming === ==== Original programming ==== ===== Animated series ===== * ''Disney Junior's Ariel'' (June 29, 2024 - present) * ''Firebuds'' (September 24, 2022 – present) * ''Kindergarten: The Musical'' (September 7, 2024 - present) * ''Mickey Mouse Clubhouse+'' (July 26, 2025 - present) * ''Pupstruction'' (June 17, 2023 – present) * ''RoboGobo'' (January 18, 2025 - present) * ''Spidey and His Amazing Friends'' (August 7, 2021 – present) * ''Star Wars: Young Jedi Adventures'' (May 4, 2023 – present) * ''SuperKitties'' (January 12, 2023 – present) ==== Acquired programming ==== * ''Bluey'' (October 4, 2020 – present) * ''Morphle And The Magic Pets'' (June 7, 2024 – present) ===== Acquired from Treehouse TV ===== * ''Agent Binky: Pets of the Universe'' (August 2023 – present) ==== Reruns of ended series ==== ==== Original programming ==== * ''Mickey Mouse Funhouse'' (August 22, 2021 – present) * ''Puppy Dog Pals'' (April 23, 2017 – present) * ''Sofia the First'' (December 1, 2015 – August 31, 2019; September 1, 2023 (current run)) ==== Reruns of acquired programming ==== * ''Esme'' ''and Roy (march 9, 2019-October 26, 2023)'' * ''Maggie and the Ferocious Beast'' (March 10, 2023 – present) * ''Mike the Knight'' (January 1, 2018 – March 9, 2023; July 31, 2023 (current run)) * ''The Berenstain Bears'' (September 3, 2016 – August 30, 2018; July 31, 2023 (current run)) * ''Trucktown'' (September 1, 2018 – present) * ''The ZhuZhus'' (November 20, 2017 – present) === Former programming === ==== Original programming ==== * ''Alice's Wonderland Bakery'' (February 12, 2022 – August 30, 2024) * ''Doc McStuffins'' (December 1, 2015 – September 1, 2020; November 6, 2020 – September 1, 2021) * ''Elena of Avalor'' (July 23, 2016 - September 1, 2020) * ''Eureka!'' (June 25, 2022 – June 11, 2023) * ''Fancy Nancy'' (July 14, 2018 – August 29, 2022) * ''Goldie & Bear'' (December 1, 2015 – September 1, 2019) * ''Handy Manny'' (December 1, 2015 – August 31, 2016) * ''Henry Hugglemonster'' (December 1, 2015 – August 26, 2017) * ''Jake and the Never Land Pirates'' (December 1, 2015 – August 28, 2017) * ''Little Einsteins'' (December 1, 2015 – August 26, 2017) * ''Mickey Mouse Clubhouse'' (December 1, 2015 – September 1, 2019) * ''Mickey Mouse Mixed-Up Adventures'' (January 21, 2017 – August 29, 2022) * ''Miles from Tomorrowland'' (December 1, 2015 – September 1, 2019) * ''Mira, Royal Detective'' (March 22, 2020 – September 1, 2023) * ''Muppet Babies'' (March 24, 2018 – August 29, 2022) * ''Sheriff Callie's Wild West'' (December 1, 2015 – August 28, 2017) * ''Special Agent Oso'' (December 1, 2015 – August 31, 2016) * ''T.O.T.S.'' (June 22, 2019 – August 29, 2022; September 1, 2023 – August 31, 2024) * ''The Chicken Squad'' (May 16, 2021 – August 2022) * ''The Lion Guard'' (January 17, 2016 – September 1, 2020) * ''The Rocketeer'' (November 10, 2019 – August 30, 2020) * ''Vampirina'' (October 7, 2017 –August 28, 2021) ===== Live-action series ===== * ''Imagination Movers'' (December 1, 2015 – August 31, 2016) ==== Acquired programming ==== * ''Chuggington'' (January 23, 2017 – January 1, 2021; July 5, 2021 – March 9, 2023) * ''Dinopaws'' (August 28, 2017 – December 30, 2018) * ''Gigantosaurus'' (January 19, 2019 – September 1, 2023) * ''Guess with Jess'' (December 1, 2015 – September 2, 2016; December 5 – 30, 2016) * ''Harry and His Bucket Full of Dinosaurs'' (January 6, 2020 – August 15, 2020) * ''Jane and the Dragon'' (December 1, 2015 – September 2, 2016) * ''Kiya & the Kimoja Heroes'' (March 25, 2023 – September 1, 2024) * ''Little Charmers'' (December 31, 2018 – August 31, 2024) * ''My Big Big Friend'' (September 1, 2018 – February 25, 2019) * ''My Friend Rabbit'' (December 1, 2015 – August 30, 2018) * ''Pikwik Pack'' (January 14, 2022 – August 2023) * ''PJ Masks'' (February 7, 2016 – September 1, 2024) * ''Rolie Polie Olie'' (December 1, 2015 – August 30, 2018) * ''The Cat in the Hat Knows a Lot About That!'' (August 17, 2020 – May 26, 2023) * ''The Remarkable Mr. King'' (September 11, 2021 – August 27, 2023) * ''Timothy Goes to School'' (September 3, 2016 – August 27, 2017) * ''Willa's Wild Life'' (December 1, 2015 – August 30, 2018) * ''Zigby'' (January 2, 2017 – May 28, 2017) === First launch programming === * ''13 Kapt'' * ''321 Penguins'' * ''3rd & Bird'' * ''4 Square'' * ''Abby's Amazing Adventures'' * ''Adventurous Allan'' * ''Animal Mechanicals'' * ''Anittinha's Club'' * ''Ants In Your Pants'' * ''Are We There Yet?'' * ''Ariel: Mermaid Tales'' * ''Ariel in the Little Mermaid: Songs from the Crystal Cavern'' * ''Ashton and His Bucket Full of Sprunki'' * ''A Poem Is...'' * ''Art Attack'' * ''Arthur'' * ''Audrey's World'' * ''Babar'' * ''Babar and the Adventures of Badou'' * ''Baby Washington'' * ''Back at the Barnyard'' * ''Bananas in Pyjamas'' * ''[[Barnacle Lou]]'' * ''Barney & Friends Reboot Series'' * ''Batttle for Dream Island'' * ''Bear in the Big Blue House'' * ''Ben'' ''and Holly's Little Kingdom'' * ''Bibigon-tan and Friends'' * ''Bimo'' * ''Bluey Minisodes'' * ''Bob the Builder'' * ''Boo!'' * ''Boohbah'' * ''Bubble Guppies'' * ''Bubble's Hotel'' * ''Bunnytown'' * ''Buzz Lightyear of Star Command'' * ''Caled Humphreys'' * ''Calling All T.O.T.S.'' * ''Can You Teach My Alligator Manners?'' * ''Care Bears: Adventures in Care-a-lot'' * ''Cars Toons: Mater's Tall Tales'' * ''Chica vampiro'' * ''Chip 'n Dale: Rescue Rangers'' * ''Chiro'' * ''Choo Choo Soul'' * ''Chuggington: Tales From The Rails'' * ''Cinderella II: Dreams Come True'' * ''Clara in Foodland'' * ''Clock's Friends'' * ''Cocomong'' * ''Coconut the Little Dragon'' * ''Conch Bay'' * ''Contes de I'alphabet'' * ''Cookie Monster's Foodie Truck'' * ''Crazy Quilt'' * ''Crumby Pictures'' * ''Damien'' * ''Dance-a-Lot Robot'' * ''Danger Rangers'' * ''Dandy's World (TV Show)'' * ''Darkwing Duck'' * ''David the Adventurer'' * ''Dibo Sing-a-Long'' * ''Dibo the Gift Dragon'' * ''Die Sendung mit der Mas'' * ''Digby Dragon'' * ''Dinocity'' * ''Dino Ranch'' * ''Disney Junior Lullabies'' * ''Disney Junior Music Nursery Rhymes'' * ''Disney Junior Ready For Preschool'' * ''Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears'' * ''Dog Team'' * ''Doggyworld'' * ''Donald Duck Presents'' * ''Dora the Explorer'' * ''Dot & Dash'' * ''Dragon'' * ''DuckTales'' * ''DuckTales (2017)'' * ''El Chavo Animado'' * ''Elena and the Secret of Avalor'' * ''Ellen's Acres'' * ''Elliot Moose'' * ''Elmo's World'' * ''Emily's Magical World'' * ''Emma and Gemma'' * ''Ethelbert the Tiger'' * ''Evan and Kevin'' * ''Feeling Good with JoJo'' * ''Fifi and the Flowertots'' * ''Final Space'' * ''Finley the Fire Engine'' * ''Fireman Sam'' * ''Floogals'' * ''Franny's Feet'' * ''Franny's Treasures'' * ''Fun with Claude'' * ''Garth and Bev'' * ''Gaspard and Lisa'' * ''Gerald McBoing-Boing'' * ''Global Grover'' * ''Goof Troop'' * ''Handy Manny's School for Tools'' * ''Happy Monster Band'' * ''Henry's World'' * ''Hero Elementary'' * ''Hey A.J.!'' * ''Higglytown Heroes'' * ''Hi-5'' ''( Series 2 )'' ''(USA TV Series)'' * ''Hi-5 (Series 11)'' * ''Hi-5 House (Series 2)'' * ''Hoota and Snoz'' * ''Horrid Henry'' * ''I Can Make A Difference'' * ''Isla: Adventures in Blockland'' * ''Jared the Greatest Mindreader'' * ''Jarmies'' * ''Jelly Jamm'' * ''Joao Modado Kung Fu Poland'' * ''Johnny and the Sprites'' * ''JoJo's Circus'' * ''Julia's Diary'' * ''Julius Jr.'' * ''Jungle Junction'' * ''Justin Time'' * ''Kameko's World'' * ''Kate and Mim-Mim'' * ''Katie and Orbie'' * ''Kenny and Goorie'' * ''Kitaro beldurgarria'' * ''Lalaloopsy'' * ''Land O' Hands'' * ''Lazy Lucy'' * ''Lazy Town'' * ''Let's Go Luna!'' * ''Lily's Driftwood Bay'' * ''Little Eric'' * ''Little People'' * ''Little Red Tractor'' * ''Little Star'' * ''Lou and Lou: Safety Patrol'' * ''Louie'' * ''Lunar Jim'' * ''Madeline'' * ''Magic Madge'' * ''Magicampers'' * ''Marvel Super Hero Adventures'' * ''Maryoku Yummy'' * ''Matt and Sam'' * ''Max & Ruby'' * ''Me & Mickey'' * ''Me & Winnie the Pooh'' * ''Meet Iron Man and his Awesome Friends'' * ''Meet Spidey and His Amazing Friends'' * ''Mecha Builders'' * ''Megan and Friends'' * ''Meet the Huffmans'' * ''Mermicorno: Starfall'' * ''Mickey and the Roadster Racers'' * ''Mickey's Mousekersize'' * ''Minnie's Bow-Toons'' * ''Minnie's Bow-Toons: Pet Hotel'' * ''Mini Beat Power Rockets'' * ''Missy Mila Twisted Tales'' * ''Morphle'' * ''Mr Moon'' * ''Murray Has a Little Lamb'' * ''My Friends Tigger & Pooh'' * ''My Friends Tigger & Pooh: Jamie The Vet'' * ''Nature Cat'' * ''Niamh the Wildlife Girl'' * ''Nini's Treehouse'' * ''Noonbory and the Super Seven'' * ''Numberblocks'' * ''Numberjacks'' * ''Octonauts'' * ''Oddbods'' * ''Oggy and the Cockroaches'' * ''Olivia'' * ''Ooh, Aah & You'' * ''Oscar's Oasis'' * ''Out of the Box'' * ''Overflow'' * ''Paper Mario: The Thousand-Year Door'' * ''P. King Duckling'' * ''PB&J Otter'' * ''Pecola'' * ''Peg + Cat'' * ''Peppa Pig'' * ''Percy's Tiger Tales'' * ''Petit Rocky'' * ''Phineas and Ferb'' * ''Pingu'' * ''Pink Wonder!'' * ''Play with Me Sesame'' * ''Playdate with Winnie the Pooh'' * ''Pocoyo'' * ''Pooples'' * ''Pororo Sing-A-Long'' * ''Pororo the Little Penguin'' * ''Postman Pat'' * ''Professor Iris'' * ''Professor Pato'' * ''Quiet Is...'' * ''Ranger Rob'' * ''Remy & Boo'' * ''Rev & Roll'' * ''Ricky Zoom'' * ''Rise Up, Sing Out'' * ''Roary the Racing Car'' * ''Roll Play'' * ''Roobarb and Custard Too'' * ''Rubbadubbers'' * ''Sabrina: The Animated Series'' * ''Sam Tân'' * ''Sapphire Einsteins'' * ''Sarah & Duck'' * ''Sara's Way'' * ''Scandrew and Charlotte, Two of a Kind!'' * ''Sesame Street: Best Friends'' * ''Seven Little Monsters'' * ''Shane's Kindergarten Countdown'' * ''Shanna's Show'' * ''Shaun the Sheep'' * ''Shimmer and Shine'' * ''Silly Sally'' * ''Sing, Dance and Play with Bobs and LoLo'' * ''Sofia the First: Once Upon a Princess'' * ''Sofia the First: Royal Magic'' * ''Sonic Generations'' * ''Special Agent Oso: Three Healthy Steps'' * ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' * ''SpongeBoy Ahoy!'' * ''Sprunki Swapped: The Series'' * ''Stan Can'' * ''Stanley'' * ''Star Wars Galactic Pals'' * ''Star Wars of Galaxy Creatures'' * ''Star Wars: Fun with Nubs'' * ''Star Wars: Young Jedi Adventures Shorts'' * ''Stella and Sam'' * ''Strawberry Shortcake's Berry Bitty Adventures'' * ''Sunny Bunnies'' * ''Sullivan's Crossing'' * ''SuperKitties: Su-Purr Adventures'' * ''Super Monsters'' * ''Super-Pal!'' * ''Super Paper Mario'' * ''Super Wings'' * ''Tabaluga (TV series)'' * ''Taco's Travels'' * ''TaleSpin'' * ''Tasty Time with ZeFronk'' * ''Tayo the Little Bus'' * ''Texter in Planet 6JK'' * ''The Secret World of Benjamin Bear'' * ''The 7D'' * ''The Adventures of Bottle Top Bill and Corky'' * ''The Adventures of Pinky & Doogie'' * ''The Adventures of Yoshi'' * ''The Big Comfy Couch'' * ''The Bite-Sized Adventures of Sam Sandwich'' * ''The Book of Pooh'' * ''The Doodlebops'' * ''The Fairy OddParents'' * ''The Furchester Hotel'' * ''The Garfield Show'' * ''The Hive'' * ''The Koala Brothers'' * ''The Little Mermaid'' * ''The Loud House'' * ''The Mattias Show'' * ''The Mighty Jungle'' * ''The Most Magnificent Thing'' * ''The Mr. Men Show'' * ''The New Adventures Of Roary the Racing Car'' * ''The Paz Show'' * ''The Pirate Fairy'' * ''The Simpsons'' * ''The Snoopy Show'' * ''The Stumble Guys Show'' * ''The Wiggles'' * ''The World of Nintendo Switch'' * ''The Wuzzles'' * ''This is Daniel Cook'' * ''This is Emily Yeung'' * ''Thomas & Friends'' * ''Tickety Toc'' * ''Timmy Time'' * ''Tinga Tinga Tales'' * ''Titi Pangpang'' * ''Titi Pangpang Rescue'' * ''Titipo Titipo'' * ''Tobias the Cheeky Clown'' * ''Toby's Travelling Circus'' * ''Toopy and Binoo'' * ''Toopy and Binoo: The Patchy-Patch Show'' * ''Topsy and Tim'' * ''Topsy and Tim (2013)'' * ''Topsy and Tim: The New Adventures'' * ''Toy Story Toons'' * ''TUGS'' * ''Turma do Tonzinho'' * ''Twirlywoos'' * ''Tractor Tom'' * ''Vida the Vet'' * ''Vida the Vet: Clinic Helpers'' * ''Wallykazam!'' * ''Wanda and the Alien'' * ''Wanda's Pantry'' * ''Where Is Warehouse Mouse?'' * ''Will and Dewitt'' * ''Wishbone'' * ''Wonderland (TV series)'' * ''WordWorld'' * ''Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!'' * ''Wubbzy's Big Movie!'' * ''Yo Gabba Gabba!'' * ''Yo Gabba GabbaLand!'' * ''Yup Yups'' * ''Zack & Quack'' * ''Zombies: The Re–Animated Series'' * ''Zou'' [[Category:Television channels in Europe]] [[Category:Defunct TV channels]] {{tv-stub}} 3n4vu2dmhz2qqxc4acq6rlp42ysd9gf 11024572 11024245 2026-10-09T10:20:23Z Davey2010 314522 update article , RM programmes as unsourced 11024572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|Disney Junior in Scandinavia|the original, American version|Disney Jr.|other international versions|Disney Jr. (international)}} {{use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox television channel | image = [[File:2019 Disney Junior logo.svg|frameless]] | caption = Final logo, used from 11 February 2019 to 1 April 2024 (1 March 2024 in Denmark) | name = Disney Junior | launch_date = {{start date and age|2006}} (channel) <br> {{start date and age|2024}} <br /> (block on [[Disney Channel (Scandinavia)|Disney Channel]]) | language = {{plainlist| * [[English Language|English]] * [[Danish language|Danish]] * [[Finnish language|Finnish]] * [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] * [[Russian language|Russian]] (2012–2023) * [[Swedish language|Swedish]] }} | picture_format = [[SDTV]] [[576i]] | owner = {{plainlist| * [[The Walt Disney Company Limited]] * [[Disney Branded Television]] ([[Disney Entertainment]]) }} | country = United Kingdom | area = [[Nordic countries]] | headquarters = [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Television Broadcast Licensing Update September 2011 |url=https://licensing.ofcom.org.uk/tv-broadcast-licences/updates/092011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220182321/https://licensing.ofcom.org.uk/tv-broadcast-licences/updates/092011 |archive-date=2015-02-20 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=[[Ofcom]]}}</ref> | former_names = Playhouse Disney (2006-2011) | closed_date = {{end date and age|2024|03|01|df=y}} (Denmark, channel)<br />{{end date and age|2024|04|01|df=y}}<br />(channel) | sister_channels = [[Disney Channel (Scandinavia)|Disney Channel]] }} '''Disney Junior''' was a Scandinavian television channel. It is for preschoolers targeting the Nordic countries. It does not screen advertisements. The channel is funded by subscriptions instead. == References == <references /> ==External links== * [http://disneyinternational.com/disney-junior/ Disney Junior Gateway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923231513/http://disneyinternational.com/disney-junior/ |date=23 September 2011 }} {{Disney Channel}} {{Norwegian television channels}} {{Danish television channels}} {{Greenlandic television channels}} {{Swedish television channels}} {{Finnish television channels}} [[Category:Children's television networks]] [[Category:Television channels in Europe]] [[Category:Defunct TV channels]] {{tv-stub}} 6cd2ueiu0axh0bwge6vy6t3yhsdugwy 11024573 11024572 2026-10-09T10:21:31Z Davey2010 314522 /* External links */ rename, RM uncreated temps 11024573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|Disney Junior in Scandinavia|the original, American version|Disney Jr.|other international versions|Disney Jr. (international)}} {{use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox television channel | image = [[File:2019 Disney Junior logo.svg|frameless]] | caption = Final logo, used from 11 February 2019 to 1 April 2024 (1 March 2024 in Denmark) | name = Disney Junior | launch_date = {{start date and age|2006}} (channel) <br> {{start date and age|2024}} <br /> (block on [[Disney Channel (Scandinavia)|Disney Channel]]) | language = {{plainlist| * [[English Language|English]] * [[Danish language|Danish]] * [[Finnish language|Finnish]] * [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] * [[Russian language|Russian]] (2012–2023) * [[Swedish language|Swedish]] }} | picture_format = [[SDTV]] [[576i]] | owner = {{plainlist| * [[The Walt Disney Company Limited]] * [[Disney Branded Television]] ([[Disney Entertainment]]) }} | country = United Kingdom | area = [[Nordic countries]] | headquarters = [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Television Broadcast Licensing Update September 2011 |url=https://licensing.ofcom.org.uk/tv-broadcast-licences/updates/092011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220182321/https://licensing.ofcom.org.uk/tv-broadcast-licences/updates/092011 |archive-date=2015-02-20 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=[[Ofcom]]}}</ref> | former_names = Playhouse Disney (2006-2011) | closed_date = {{end date and age|2024|03|01|df=y}} (Denmark, channel)<br />{{end date and age|2024|04|01|df=y}}<br />(channel) | sister_channels = [[Disney Channel (Scandinavia)|Disney Channel]] }} '''Disney Junior''' was a Scandinavian television channel. It is for preschoolers targeting the Nordic countries. It does not screen advertisements. The channel is funded by subscriptions instead. == References == <references /> ==Other websites == * [http://disneyinternational.com/disney-junior/ Disney Junior Gateway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923231513/http://disneyinternational.com/disney-junior/ |date=23 September 2011 }} * [[Category:Children's television networks]] [[Category:Television channels in Europe]] [[Category:Defunct TV channels]] {{tv-stub}} 70ugbzh5u25bjx9fy381o97a8a5c7js 11024574 11024573 2026-10-09T10:23:25Z Davey2010 314522 Update lead 11024574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|Disney Junior in Scandinavia|the original, American version|Disney Jr.|other international versions|Disney Jr. (international)}} {{use dmy dates|date=May 2021}} {{Infobox television channel | image = [[File:2019 Disney Junior logo.svg|frameless]] | caption = Final logo, used from 11 February 2019 to 1 April 2024 (1 March 2024 in Denmark) | name = Disney Junior | launch_date = {{start date and age|2006}} (channel) <br> {{start date and age|2024}} <br /> (block on [[Disney Channel (Scandinavia)|Disney Channel]]) | language = {{plainlist| * [[English Language|English]] * [[Danish language|Danish]] * [[Finnish language|Finnish]] * [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] * [[Russian language|Russian]] (2012–2023) * [[Swedish language|Swedish]] }} | picture_format = [[SDTV]] [[576i]] | owner = {{plainlist| * [[The Walt Disney Company Limited]] * [[Disney Branded Television]] ([[Disney Entertainment]]) }} | country = United Kingdom | area = [[Nordic countries]] | headquarters = [[London]], [[United Kingdom]]<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Television Broadcast Licensing Update September 2011 |url=https://licensing.ofcom.org.uk/tv-broadcast-licences/updates/092011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220182321/https://licensing.ofcom.org.uk/tv-broadcast-licences/updates/092011 |archive-date=2015-02-20 |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=[[Ofcom]]}}</ref> | former_names = Playhouse Disney (2006-2011) | closed_date = {{end date and age|2024|03|01|df=y}} (Denmark, channel)<br />{{end date and age|2024|04|01|df=y}}<br />(channel) | sister_channels = [[Disney Channel (Scandinavia)|Disney Channel]] }} '''Disney Junior''' was a Scandinavian television channel. It was for [[Preschool|preschoolers]] targeting the [[Nordic countries]]. It does not show advertisements. The channel was funded by subscriptions instead. == References == <references /> ==Other websites == * [http://disneyinternational.com/disney-junior/ Disney Junior Gateway] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923231513/http://disneyinternational.com/disney-junior/ |date=23 September 2011 }} * [[Category:Children's television networks]] [[Category:Television channels in Europe]] [[Category:Defunct TV channels]] {{tv-stub}} t7gtfbeqn2xzcw5r2178fa05ptckrpr 0 985042 11024140 10955797 2026-10-08T21:35:22Z ~2026-54188-04 1887204 /* */ 11024140 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hyakinthos.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] painting of intercrural sex (a form of non-penetrative sex) between a winged [[god]] ([[Eros]] or [[Zephyrus]]) and a youth (perhaps [[Hyacinth (mythology)|Hyacinthus]]) ]] '''Intercrural sex''' is a form of [[non-penetrative sex]] where a person's [[penis]] is stimulated between the [[Thigh|thighs]] of another person.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-18|title=What Is Intercrural Sex?|url=https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/a63116017/what-is-intercrural-sex/|access-date=2025-10-12|website=Men's Health|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-09-08|title=This Old-School Sex Move Is Making a Comeback—Here's Why|url=https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/a65998346/intercrural-sex-benefits/|access-date=2025-10-12|website=Men's Health|language=en-US}}</ref> It is known from [[Ancient Greece]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tchou|first=Kang|date=2014-04-25|title=Purificatory Hermeneutics of Desire|url=https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/chr/vol2/iss1/2|journal=Comparative Humanities Review|volume=2|issue=1}}</ref> and it is sometimes done because it spreads [[Sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted diseases]] less than [[Sexual intercourse|vaginal or anal sex]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karim|first1=Q A|last2=Karim|first2=S S|last3=Soldan|first3=K|last4=Zondi|first4=M|date=November 1995|title=Reducing the risk of HIV infection among South African sex workers: socioeconomic and gender barriers.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_1995-11_85_11/page/1521|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=85|issue=11|pages=1521–1525|doi=10.2105/AJPH.85.11.1521|issn=0090-0036|pmc=1615708|pmid=7485664}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hott|first1=Jaqueline Rose|last2=Bell|first2=Jane L.|last3=Barile|first3=Linda A.|date=1991|title=Speaking of Sex|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3426449|journal=The American Journal of Nursing|volume=91|issue=1|pages=82|doi=10.2307/3426449|jstor=3426449 |pmid=1984363 |issn=0002-936X}}</ref> [[File:Nineteenth-century_erotic_alphabet_L_cropped.jpg|thumb|A 19th-century erotic artwork depicting intercrural sex between a man and a woman]] I love using my creamy thighs to get daddy’s {{text|c}}ock hard. == References == [[Category:Sexual acts]] [[Category:Non-penetrative sex]] 33ns9h3prulefkdpbk7rzdm769t8zc8 11024164 11024140 2026-10-08T21:49:16Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54188-04|~2026-54188-04]] ([[User talk:~2026-54188-04|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by InternetArchiveBot. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024164 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hyakinthos.jpg|thumb|[[Ancient Greece|Ancient Greek]] painting of intercrural sex (a form of non-penetrative sex) between a winged [[god]] ([[Eros]] or [[Zephyrus]]) and a youth (perhaps [[Hyacinth (mythology)|Hyacinthus]]) ]] '''Intercrural sex''' is a form of [[non-penetrative sex]] where a person's [[penis]] is stimulated between the [[Thigh|thighs]] of another person.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-12-18|title=What Is Intercrural Sex?|url=https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/a63116017/what-is-intercrural-sex/|access-date=2025-10-12|website=Men's Health|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-09-08|title=This Old-School Sex Move Is Making a Comeback—Here's Why|url=https://www.menshealth.com/sex-women/a65998346/intercrural-sex-benefits/|access-date=2025-10-12|website=Men's Health|language=en-US}}</ref> It is known from [[Ancient Greece]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Tchou|first=Kang|date=2014-04-25|title=Purificatory Hermeneutics of Desire|url=https://digitalcommons.bucknell.edu/chr/vol2/iss1/2|journal=Comparative Humanities Review|volume=2|issue=1}}</ref> and it is sometimes done because it spreads [[Sexually transmitted disease|sexually transmitted diseases]] less than [[Sexual intercourse|vaginal or anal sex]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karim|first1=Q A|last2=Karim|first2=S S|last3=Soldan|first3=K|last4=Zondi|first4=M|date=November 1995|title=Reducing the risk of HIV infection among South African sex workers: socioeconomic and gender barriers.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-public-health_1995-11_85_11/page/1521|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=85|issue=11|pages=1521–1525|doi=10.2105/AJPH.85.11.1521|issn=0090-0036|pmc=1615708|pmid=7485664}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Hott|first1=Jaqueline Rose|last2=Bell|first2=Jane L.|last3=Barile|first3=Linda A.|date=1991|title=Speaking of Sex|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3426449|journal=The American Journal of Nursing|volume=91|issue=1|pages=82|doi=10.2307/3426449|jstor=3426449 |pmid=1984363 |issn=0002-936X}}</ref> [[File:Nineteenth-century_erotic_alphabet_L_cropped.jpg|thumb|A 19th-century erotic artwork depicting intercrural sex between a man and a woman]] == References == [[Category:Sexual acts]] [[Category:Non-penetrative sex]] 4ave5nxjipa5z80rklugmwixb91j4ai 0 985296 11024090 8605934 2026-10-08T19:36:20Z ~2026-54397-28 1887133 /* */ 11024090 wikitext text/x-wiki The name '''sex comedy''' is used for a [[genre]] of [[comedy]] which mostly describes sexual situations and love affairs. Other names are '''erotic comedy''', and '''sexual comedy'''. The name is mostly used for [[Movie|movies]] and [[Play (theatre)|theatre plays]], but some books have also been titled sex comedy, for example works of [[Publius Ovidius Naso]] and [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]. Sex comedy was popular in the English Restoration theatre, of the 17th century. In the 20th century, a number of sex comedies were made into movies. Especially between 1953 and 1965 many such movies were produced. Especially in the 1970s, some sex comedy movies were made in the United Kingdom. Other countries that produced such movies include Brazil, Italy, and Mexico. == Antiquity == The [[Theatre of ancient Greece|ancient Greek theatre]] genre of the [[satyr play]] contained farcical sex. Perhaps the best-known ancient comedy motivated by sexual gamesmanship is [[Aristophanes]]' ''Lysistrata'' (411 BC). In Lysistrata, the title character persuades her fellow women of Greece to protest against the [[Peloponnesian War]] by not having sex. The "boy-meets-girl" plot that is distinctive of Western sexual comedy can be traced to [[Menander]] (343–291 BC), who differs from Aristophanes in focusing on the courtship and marital dilemmas of the middle classes rather than social and political satire. His successor [[Plautus]], the Roman playwright whose comedies inspired the musical ''A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum'', regularly based his plots on sexual situations. The popularity of Plautus's comedies was a major influence on the creation of [[Situation comedy|situation sex comedy]]. == Further reading == * McDonald, Tamar Jeffers. 2007. ''Romantic Comedy: Boy Meets Girl Meets Genre.'' Wallflower Press * McDonald, Tamar Jeffers, ed. 2010. ''Virgin Territory: Representing Sexual Inexperience in Film.'' Wayne State University Press. * Sheridan, Simon. 2011. ''Keeping the British End Up: Four Decades of Saucy Cinema.'' Titan Books. 4th edition. [[Category:Comedy movies by genre]] 2o46dxl69we2qa4kjxr1umcrznzv41d 0 1004457 11024308 11018115 2026-10-09T03:23:26Z ~2026-54050-03 1887341 11024308 wikitext text/x-wiki White people should get burned. They owned slaves. [[File:Indian_Land_for_Sale.jpg|thumb|"Indian Land For Sale" by the United States Department of the Interior (1911)]] When foreign people move and settle down on a piece of land that is already occupied by other people this is called '''settler colonialism'''. It is a form of [[colonialism]].The people that were there before are called [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]], or native. The new people will take away the land of the people who were already there, and replace them with what is called a [[settler society]].<ref name="oxfordbiblio">{{cite web|last1=LeFevre|first1=Tate|title=Settler Colonialism|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0125.xml|access-date=19 October 2017|website=oxfordbibliographies.com|publisher=Tate A. LeFevre|quote=Though often conflated with colonialism more generally, settler colonialism is a distinct imperial formation. Both colonialism and settler colonialism are premised on exogenous domination, but only settler colonialism seeks to replace the original population of the colonized territory with a new society of settlers (usually from the colonial metropole).}}</ref><ref>Compare: {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dp8DAAAQBAJ|title=Settler Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview|last1=Veracini|first1=Lorenzo|date=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230299191|edition=reprint|series=Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series|location=Basingstoke|page=17|quote=In this chapter, I interpret the settler colonial situation as primarily premised on the irruption into a specific locale of a sovereign collective of settlers.|access-date=2019-01-29}}</ref> Many people say that this is like a [[genocide]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywE1EAAAQBAJ&q=inherently+genocidal&pg=PP1|title=Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide|last1=Short|first1=Damien|date=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-84813-546-8|page=69|language=en}}</ref> There are different ways in which this can be done,ranging from violent [[depopulation]] of the previous inhabitants to less deadly means, such as [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] or recognition of Indigenous identity within a colonial framework.<ref name="Wolfe 2006">{{cite journal|last1=Wolfe|first1=Patrick|author-link=Patrick Wolfe|date=2006|title=Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|volume=8|issue=4|pages=387–409|doi=10.1080/14623520601056240|s2cid=143873621}}</ref> Like other forms of colonialism, this kind is organized or supported by a central authority, for example a [[kingdom]] or [[empire]].<ref name="oxfordbiblio" /> Settler colonialism contrasts with [[exploitation colonialism]], which results from an [[economic policy]] of [[Conquest|conquering territory]] to exploit its population as cheap or free labor and its [[Exploitation of natural resources|natural resources]] as [[raw material]]. In this way, settler colonialism lasts indefinitely, except in the rare event of complete evacuation or settler [[decolonization]].<ref name="Wolfe 2006" /> Political theorist [[Mahmoud Mamdani]] suggested that settlers could never succeed in their effort to become native, and therefore the only way to end settler colonialism was to erase the political significance of the settler–native [[w:Dichotomy|dichotomy]].<ref name="Englert">{{cite journal|last1=Englert|first1=Sai|date=2020|title=Settlers, Workers, and the Logic of Accumulation by Dispossession|journal=Antipode|volume=52|issue=6|pages=1647–1666|doi=10.1111/anti.12659|s2cid=225643194}}</ref> During the 1960s, settlement and colonization were seen as separate phenomena from [[colonialism]]. Settlement endeavors were seen as taking place in empty areas, downplaying the Indigenous inhabitants. Later on in the 1970s and 1980s, settler colonialism was seen as bringing high living standards in contrast to the failed political systems associated with classical colonialism. Beginning in the mid-1990s, the field of settler colonial studies was established.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Veracini|first1=Lorenzo|date=2013|title='Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=41|issue=2|pages=313–333|doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.768099|s2cid=159666130}}</ref> It is different from [[Indigenous studies]] but connected to it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shoemaker|first=Nancy|date=1 October 2015|title=A Typology of Colonialism {{!}} Perspectives on History|url=https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october-2015/a-typology-of-colonialism|access-date=28 April 2022|website=[[American Historical Association]]}}</ref> [[Patrick Wolfe]] theorized settler colonialism as a structure (rather than an event) focused on the elimination rather than exploitation of the native population. He distinguished it from classical colonialism. Wolfe also argued that settler colonialism was centered on the control of land and that it continued after the closing of the frontier. His approach was defining for the field, but has been challenged by other scholars on the basis that many situations involve a combination of elimination and exploitation.<ref name="Englert" /> Settler colonial studies has often focused on British colonies in North America, [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], which are close to the complete, prototypical form of settler colonialism, but is also applied to other cases including [[British Kenya]], the [[Canary Islands]], [[French Algeria]], [[Generalplan Ost]], [[German South West Africa]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Plantations of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Zionism as settler colonialism|Israel/Palestine]], [[Italian Libya]] and [[Italian East Africa|East Africa]], [[Japanese Korea|Korea]], [[Latin America]], [[Liberia]], [[Manchukuo]], [[Germanisation of the Province of Posen|Posen]] and [[Germanisation of Prussia|West Prussia]], [[Rhodesia]] and [[South Africa]].<ref name="Adhikari2017">{{cite journal|last1=Adhikari|first1=Mohamed|date=7 September 2017|title=Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863|journal=African Historical Review|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–26|doi=10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=165086773}}</ref><ref name="Adhikari2022">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ht9dEAAAQBAJ|title=Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples|last=Adhikari|first=Mohamed|date=25 July 2022|publisher=Hackett Publishing Company|isbn=978-1647920548|location=Indianapolis|pages=1–32}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mushtaq|first1=Samreen|last2=Mudasir|first2=Amin|date=16 October 2021|title='We will memorise our home': exploring settler colonialism as an interpretive framework for Kashmir|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2021.1984877|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=42|issue=12|pages=3012–3029|doi=10.1080/01436597.2021.1984877|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=244607271}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Raman|first=Anita D.|year=2004|title=Of Rivers and Human Rights: The Northern Areas, Pakistan's forgotten colony in Jammu and Kashmir.|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24675261|journal=International Journal on Minority and Group Rights|volume=11|issue=1/2|pages=187–228|doi=10.1163/157181104323383929|jstor=24675261 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barclay|first1=Fiona|last2=Chopin|first2=Charlotte Ann|last3=Evans|first3=Martin|date=12 January 2017|title=Introduction: settler colonialism and French Algeria|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2016.1273862|journal=Settler Colonial Studies|volume=8|issue=2|pages=115–130|doi=10.1080/2201473X.2016.1273862|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=151527670}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Veracini|first1=Lorenzo|date=25 March 2013|title='Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2013.768099|journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=41|issue=2|pages=313–333|doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.768099|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=159666130}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ertola|first1=Emanuele|date=15 March 2016|title='Terra promessa': migration and settler colonialism in Libya, 1911–1970|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2016.1153251|journal=Settler Colonial Studies|volume=7|issue=3|pages=340–353|doi=10.1080/2201473X.2016.1153251|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=164009698}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Veracini|first1=Lorenzo|date=Winter 2018|title=Italian Colonialism through a Settler Colonial Studies Lens|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/712080|journal=Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History|volume=19|issue=3|doi=10.1353/cch.2018.0023|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=165512037}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=Sidney Xu|date=June 2019|title=Eastward Ho! Japanese Settler Colonialism in Hokkaido and the Making of Japanese Migration to the American West, 1869–1888|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/eastward-ho-japanese-settler-colonialism-in-hokkaido-and-the-making-of-japanese-migration-to-the-american-west-18691888/540D1FCAC210EBAC61BE93712B01A6AB|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=78|issue=3|pages=521–547|doi=10.1017/S0021911819000147|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=197847093}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1x07x37|title=Brokers of Empire: Japanese Settler Colonialism in Korea, 1876–1945|last=Uchida|first=Jun|date=3 March 2014|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|isbn=978-0674492028|volume=337|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1x07x37|jstor=j.ctt1x07x37}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lerp|first1=Dörte|date=11 October 2013|title=Farmers to the Frontier: Settler Colonialism in the Eastern Prussian Provinces and German Southwest Africa|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2013.836361|journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=41|issue=4|pages=567–583|doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.836361|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=159707103}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Browning|first1=Christopher R.|date=8 February 2022|title=Yehuda Bauer, the Concepts of Holocaust and Genocide, and the Issue of Settler Colonialism|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2021.2012985|journal=The Journal of Holocaust Research|volume=36|issue=1|pages=30–38|doi=10.1080/25785648.2021.2012985|access-date=30 April 2022|s2cid=246652960}}</ref><ref name="Englert" /> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Colonialism]] p968xz1ntumflolq25sd9vxhy89zk8e 11024314 11024308 2026-10-09T03:27:09Z Mickie-Mickie 1391867 Undid revision 11024308 by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54050-03|~2026-54050-03]] ([[User talk:~2026-54050-03|talk]]) as per [[WP:NOTFORUM]] policy 11024314 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Indian_Land_for_Sale.jpg|thumb|"Indian Land For Sale" by the United States Department of the Interior (1911)]] When foreign people move and settle down on a piece of land that is already occupied by other people this is called '''settler colonialism'''. It is a form of [[colonialism]].The people that were there before are called [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]], or native. The new people will take away the land of the people who were already there, and replace them with what is called a [[settler society]].<ref name="oxfordbiblio">{{cite web|last1=LeFevre|first1=Tate|title=Settler Colonialism|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0125.xml|access-date=19 October 2017|website=oxfordbibliographies.com|publisher=Tate A. LeFevre|quote=Though often conflated with colonialism more generally, settler colonialism is a distinct imperial formation. Both colonialism and settler colonialism are premised on exogenous domination, but only settler colonialism seeks to replace the original population of the colonized territory with a new society of settlers (usually from the colonial metropole).}}</ref><ref>Compare: {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dp8DAAAQBAJ|title=Settler Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview|last1=Veracini|first1=Lorenzo|date=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230299191|edition=reprint|series=Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series|location=Basingstoke|page=17|quote=In this chapter, I interpret the settler colonial situation as primarily premised on the irruption into a specific locale of a sovereign collective of settlers.|access-date=2019-01-29}}</ref> Many people say that this is like a [[genocide]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywE1EAAAQBAJ&q=inherently+genocidal&pg=PP1|title=Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide|last1=Short|first1=Damien|date=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-84813-546-8|page=69|language=en}}</ref> There are different ways in which this can be done,ranging from violent [[depopulation]] of the previous inhabitants to less deadly means, such as [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] or recognition of Indigenous identity within a colonial framework.<ref name="Wolfe 2006">{{cite journal|last1=Wolfe|first1=Patrick|author-link=Patrick Wolfe|date=2006|title=Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|volume=8|issue=4|pages=387–409|doi=10.1080/14623520601056240|s2cid=143873621}}</ref> Like other forms of colonialism, this kind is organized or supported by a central authority, for example a [[kingdom]] or [[empire]].<ref name="oxfordbiblio" /> Settler colonialism contrasts with [[exploitation colonialism]], which results from an [[economic policy]] of [[Conquest|conquering territory]] to exploit its population as cheap or free labor and its [[Exploitation of natural resources|natural resources]] as [[raw material]]. In this way, settler colonialism lasts indefinitely, except in the rare event of complete evacuation or settler [[decolonization]].<ref name="Wolfe 2006" /> Political theorist [[Mahmoud Mamdani]] suggested that settlers could never succeed in their effort to become native, and therefore the only way to end settler colonialism was to erase the political significance of the settler–native [[w:Dichotomy|dichotomy]].<ref name="Englert">{{cite journal|last1=Englert|first1=Sai|date=2020|title=Settlers, Workers, and the Logic of Accumulation by Dispossession|journal=Antipode|volume=52|issue=6|pages=1647–1666|doi=10.1111/anti.12659|s2cid=225643194}}</ref> During the 1960s, settlement and colonization were seen as separate phenomena from [[colonialism]]. Settlement endeavors were seen as taking place in empty areas, downplaying the Indigenous inhabitants. Later on in the 1970s and 1980s, settler colonialism was seen as bringing high living standards in contrast to the failed political systems associated with classical colonialism. Beginning in the mid-1990s, the field of settler colonial studies was established.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Veracini|first1=Lorenzo|date=2013|title='Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=41|issue=2|pages=313–333|doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.768099|s2cid=159666130}}</ref> It is different from [[Indigenous studies]] but connected to it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shoemaker|first=Nancy|date=1 October 2015|title=A Typology of Colonialism {{!}} Perspectives on History|url=https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october-2015/a-typology-of-colonialism|access-date=28 April 2022|website=[[American Historical Association]]}}</ref> [[Patrick Wolfe]] theorized settler colonialism as a structure (rather than an event) focused on the elimination rather than exploitation of the native population. He distinguished it from classical colonialism. Wolfe also argued that settler colonialism was centered on the control of land and that it continued after the closing of the frontier. His approach was defining for the field, but has been challenged by other scholars on the basis that many situations involve a combination of elimination and exploitation.<ref name="Englert" /> Settler colonial studies has often focused on British colonies in North America, [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], which are close to the complete, prototypical form of settler colonialism, but is also applied to other cases including [[British Kenya]], the [[Canary Islands]], [[French Algeria]], [[Generalplan Ost]], [[German South West Africa]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Plantations of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Zionism as settler colonialism|Israel/Palestine]], [[Italian Libya]] and [[Italian East Africa|East Africa]], [[Japanese Korea|Korea]], [[Latin America]], [[Liberia]], [[Manchukuo]], [[Germanisation of the Province of Posen|Posen]] and [[Germanisation of Prussia|West Prussia]], [[Rhodesia]] and [[South Africa]].<ref name="Adhikari2017">{{cite journal|last1=Adhikari|first1=Mohamed|date=7 September 2017|title=Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863|journal=African Historical Review|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–26|doi=10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=165086773}}</ref><ref name="Adhikari2022">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ht9dEAAAQBAJ|title=Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples|last=Adhikari|first=Mohamed|date=25 July 2022|publisher=Hackett Publishing Company|isbn=978-1647920548|location=Indianapolis|pages=1–32}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mushtaq|first1=Samreen|last2=Mudasir|first2=Amin|date=16 October 2021|title='We will memorise our home': exploring settler colonialism as an interpretive framework for Kashmir|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2021.1984877|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=42|issue=12|pages=3012–3029|doi=10.1080/01436597.2021.1984877|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=244607271}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Raman|first=Anita D.|year=2004|title=Of Rivers and Human Rights: The Northern Areas, Pakistan's forgotten colony in Jammu and Kashmir.|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24675261|journal=International Journal on Minority and Group Rights|volume=11|issue=1/2|pages=187–228|doi=10.1163/157181104323383929|jstor=24675261 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barclay|first1=Fiona|last2=Chopin|first2=Charlotte Ann|last3=Evans|first3=Martin|date=12 January 2017|title=Introduction: settler colonialism and French Algeria|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2016.1273862|journal=Settler Colonial Studies|volume=8|issue=2|pages=115–130|doi=10.1080/2201473X.2016.1273862|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=151527670}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Veracini|first1=Lorenzo|date=25 March 2013|title='Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2013.768099|journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=41|issue=2|pages=313–333|doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.768099|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=159666130}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ertola|first1=Emanuele|date=15 March 2016|title='Terra promessa': migration and settler colonialism in Libya, 1911–1970|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2016.1153251|journal=Settler Colonial Studies|volume=7|issue=3|pages=340–353|doi=10.1080/2201473X.2016.1153251|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=164009698}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Veracini|first1=Lorenzo|date=Winter 2018|title=Italian Colonialism through a Settler Colonial Studies Lens|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/712080|journal=Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History|volume=19|issue=3|doi=10.1353/cch.2018.0023|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=165512037}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=Sidney Xu|date=June 2019|title=Eastward Ho! Japanese Settler Colonialism in Hokkaido and the Making of Japanese Migration to the American West, 1869–1888|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/eastward-ho-japanese-settler-colonialism-in-hokkaido-and-the-making-of-japanese-migration-to-the-american-west-18691888/540D1FCAC210EBAC61BE93712B01A6AB|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=78|issue=3|pages=521–547|doi=10.1017/S0021911819000147|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=197847093}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1x07x37|title=Brokers of Empire: Japanese Settler Colonialism in Korea, 1876–1945|last=Uchida|first=Jun|date=3 March 2014|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|isbn=978-0674492028|volume=337|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1x07x37|jstor=j.ctt1x07x37}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lerp|first1=Dörte|date=11 October 2013|title=Farmers to the Frontier: Settler Colonialism in the Eastern Prussian Provinces and German Southwest Africa|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2013.836361|journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=41|issue=4|pages=567–583|doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.836361|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=159707103}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Browning|first1=Christopher R.|date=8 February 2022|title=Yehuda Bauer, the Concepts of Holocaust and Genocide, and the Issue of Settler Colonialism|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2021.2012985|journal=The Journal of Holocaust Research|volume=36|issue=1|pages=30–38|doi=10.1080/25785648.2021.2012985|access-date=30 April 2022|s2cid=246652960}}</ref><ref name="Englert" /> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Colonialism]] hlxyaob2llbh4o2fwe88hva0nsp2c30 11024359 11024314 2026-10-09T04:48:10Z ~2026-54227-34 1887368 11024359 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024375 11024359 2026-10-09T04:58:01Z Garsh2 1475106 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54227-34|~2026-54227-34]] ([[User talk:~2026-54227-34|talk]]) to last version by Mickie-Mickie 11024314 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Indian_Land_for_Sale.jpg|thumb|"Indian Land For Sale" by the United States Department of the Interior (1911)]] When foreign people move and settle down on a piece of land that is already occupied by other people this is called '''settler colonialism'''. It is a form of [[colonialism]].The people that were there before are called [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]], or native. The new people will take away the land of the people who were already there, and replace them with what is called a [[settler society]].<ref name="oxfordbiblio">{{cite web|last1=LeFevre|first1=Tate|title=Settler Colonialism|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199766567/obo-9780199766567-0125.xml|access-date=19 October 2017|website=oxfordbibliographies.com|publisher=Tate A. LeFevre|quote=Though often conflated with colonialism more generally, settler colonialism is a distinct imperial formation. Both colonialism and settler colonialism are premised on exogenous domination, but only settler colonialism seeks to replace the original population of the colonized territory with a new society of settlers (usually from the colonial metropole).}}</ref><ref>Compare: {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dp8DAAAQBAJ|title=Settler Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview|last1=Veracini|first1=Lorenzo|date=2010|publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230299191|edition=reprint|series=Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies Series|location=Basingstoke|page=17|quote=In this chapter, I interpret the settler colonial situation as primarily premised on the irruption into a specific locale of a sovereign collective of settlers.|access-date=2019-01-29}}</ref> Many people say that this is like a [[genocide]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ywE1EAAAQBAJ&q=inherently+genocidal&pg=PP1|title=Redefining Genocide: Settler Colonialism, Social Death and Ecocide|last1=Short|first1=Damien|date=2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-84813-546-8|page=69|language=en}}</ref> There are different ways in which this can be done,ranging from violent [[depopulation]] of the previous inhabitants to less deadly means, such as [[Cultural assimilation|assimilation]] or recognition of Indigenous identity within a colonial framework.<ref name="Wolfe 2006">{{cite journal|last1=Wolfe|first1=Patrick|author-link=Patrick Wolfe|date=2006|title=Settler colonialism and the elimination of the native|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|volume=8|issue=4|pages=387–409|doi=10.1080/14623520601056240|s2cid=143873621}}</ref> Like other forms of colonialism, this kind is organized or supported by a central authority, for example a [[kingdom]] or [[empire]].<ref name="oxfordbiblio" /> Settler colonialism contrasts with [[exploitation colonialism]], which results from an [[economic policy]] of [[Conquest|conquering territory]] to exploit its population as cheap or free labor and its [[Exploitation of natural resources|natural resources]] as [[raw material]]. In this way, settler colonialism lasts indefinitely, except in the rare event of complete evacuation or settler [[decolonization]].<ref name="Wolfe 2006" /> Political theorist [[Mahmoud Mamdani]] suggested that settlers could never succeed in their effort to become native, and therefore the only way to end settler colonialism was to erase the political significance of the settler–native [[w:Dichotomy|dichotomy]].<ref name="Englert">{{cite journal|last1=Englert|first1=Sai|date=2020|title=Settlers, Workers, and the Logic of Accumulation by Dispossession|journal=Antipode|volume=52|issue=6|pages=1647–1666|doi=10.1111/anti.12659|s2cid=225643194}}</ref> During the 1960s, settlement and colonization were seen as separate phenomena from [[colonialism]]. Settlement endeavors were seen as taking place in empty areas, downplaying the Indigenous inhabitants. Later on in the 1970s and 1980s, settler colonialism was seen as bringing high living standards in contrast to the failed political systems associated with classical colonialism. Beginning in the mid-1990s, the field of settler colonial studies was established.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Veracini|first1=Lorenzo|date=2013|title='Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept|journal=The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=41|issue=2|pages=313–333|doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.768099|s2cid=159666130}}</ref> It is different from [[Indigenous studies]] but connected to it.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shoemaker|first=Nancy|date=1 October 2015|title=A Typology of Colonialism {{!}} Perspectives on History|url=https://www.historians.org/publications-and-directories/perspectives-on-history/october-2015/a-typology-of-colonialism|access-date=28 April 2022|website=[[American Historical Association]]}}</ref> [[Patrick Wolfe]] theorized settler colonialism as a structure (rather than an event) focused on the elimination rather than exploitation of the native population. He distinguished it from classical colonialism. Wolfe also argued that settler colonialism was centered on the control of land and that it continued after the closing of the frontier. His approach was defining for the field, but has been challenged by other scholars on the basis that many situations involve a combination of elimination and exploitation.<ref name="Englert" /> Settler colonial studies has often focused on British colonies in North America, [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]], which are close to the complete, prototypical form of settler colonialism, but is also applied to other cases including [[British Kenya]], the [[Canary Islands]], [[French Algeria]], [[Generalplan Ost]], [[German South West Africa]], [[Hokkaido]], [[Plantations of Ireland|Ireland]], [[Zionism as settler colonialism|Israel/Palestine]], [[Italian Libya]] and [[Italian East Africa|East Africa]], [[Japanese Korea|Korea]], [[Latin America]], [[Liberia]], [[Manchukuo]], [[Germanisation of the Province of Posen|Posen]] and [[Germanisation of Prussia|West Prussia]], [[Rhodesia]] and [[South Africa]].<ref name="Adhikari2017">{{cite journal|last1=Adhikari|first1=Mohamed|date=7 September 2017|title=Europe's First Settler Colonial Incursion into Africa: The Genocide of Aboriginal Canary Islanders|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863|journal=African Historical Review|volume=49|issue=1|pages=1–26|doi=10.1080/17532523.2017.1336863|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=165086773}}</ref><ref name="Adhikari2022">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ht9dEAAAQBAJ|title=Destroying to Replace: Settler Genocides of Indigenous Peoples|last=Adhikari|first=Mohamed|date=25 July 2022|publisher=Hackett Publishing Company|isbn=978-1647920548|location=Indianapolis|pages=1–32}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mushtaq|first1=Samreen|last2=Mudasir|first2=Amin|date=16 October 2021|title='We will memorise our home': exploring settler colonialism as an interpretive framework for Kashmir|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/01436597.2021.1984877|journal=Third World Quarterly|volume=42|issue=12|pages=3012–3029|doi=10.1080/01436597.2021.1984877|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=244607271}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Raman|first=Anita D.|year=2004|title=Of Rivers and Human Rights: The Northern Areas, Pakistan's forgotten colony in Jammu and Kashmir.|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/24675261|journal=International Journal on Minority and Group Rights|volume=11|issue=1/2|pages=187–228|doi=10.1163/157181104323383929|jstor=24675261 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barclay|first1=Fiona|last2=Chopin|first2=Charlotte Ann|last3=Evans|first3=Martin|date=12 January 2017|title=Introduction: settler colonialism and French Algeria|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2016.1273862|journal=Settler Colonial Studies|volume=8|issue=2|pages=115–130|doi=10.1080/2201473X.2016.1273862|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=151527670}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Veracini|first1=Lorenzo|date=25 March 2013|title='Settler Colonialism': Career of a Concept|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2013.768099|journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=41|issue=2|pages=313–333|doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.768099|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=159666130}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ertola|first1=Emanuele|date=15 March 2016|title='Terra promessa': migration and settler colonialism in Libya, 1911–1970|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2201473X.2016.1153251|journal=Settler Colonial Studies|volume=7|issue=3|pages=340–353|doi=10.1080/2201473X.2016.1153251|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=164009698}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Veracini|first1=Lorenzo|date=Winter 2018|title=Italian Colonialism through a Settler Colonial Studies Lens|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/712080|journal=Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History|volume=19|issue=3|doi=10.1353/cch.2018.0023|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=165512037}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lu|first1=Sidney Xu|date=June 2019|title=Eastward Ho! Japanese Settler Colonialism in Hokkaido and the Making of Japanese Migration to the American West, 1869–1888|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-asian-studies/article/abs/eastward-ho-japanese-settler-colonialism-in-hokkaido-and-the-making-of-japanese-migration-to-the-american-west-18691888/540D1FCAC210EBAC61BE93712B01A6AB|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|volume=78|issue=3|pages=521–547|doi=10.1017/S0021911819000147|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=197847093}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1x07x37|title=Brokers of Empire: Japanese Settler Colonialism in Korea, 1876–1945|last=Uchida|first=Jun|date=3 March 2014|publisher=Harvard University Asia Center|isbn=978-0674492028|volume=337|doi=10.2307/j.ctt1x07x37|jstor=j.ctt1x07x37}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lerp|first1=Dörte|date=11 October 2013|title=Farmers to the Frontier: Settler Colonialism in the Eastern Prussian Provinces and German Southwest Africa|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/03086534.2013.836361|journal=Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History|volume=41|issue=4|pages=567–583|doi=10.1080/03086534.2013.836361|access-date=7 May 2022|s2cid=159707103}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Browning|first1=Christopher R.|date=8 February 2022|title=Yehuda Bauer, the Concepts of Holocaust and Genocide, and the Issue of Settler Colonialism|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/25785648.2021.2012985|journal=The Journal of Holocaust Research|volume=36|issue=1|pages=30–38|doi=10.1080/25785648.2021.2012985|access-date=30 April 2022|s2cid=246652960}}</ref><ref name="Englert" /> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Colonialism]] hlxyaob2llbh4o2fwe88hva0nsp2c30 0 1013294 11024442 11016365 2026-10-09T06:04:37Z Greenock125 652309 11024442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist discography | Artist = [[George Michael]] | Image = George Michael.jpeg | Studio = 5 | Compilation = 2 | Video = 5 | Live = 2 }} The discography for English singer-songwriter [[George Michael]]'s releases consist of five [[studio album]]s, two [[compilation album]]s, one [[extended play]], 44 [[Single (music)|singles]], eight [[promotional single]]s, 36 music videos, and five video albums. In his career, he sold an estimated 100 million to 125 million records worldwide, making him one of the {{ill|List of best-selling music artists|en|lt=world's best-selling artists of all time}}. ==Albums== ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]] |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK">{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/3/george-michael/|title=GEORGE MICHAEL songs and albums {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS">Peak positions in Australia: * Singles and albums peaks to 26 June 1988: {{cite book|title=Australian Chart Book 1970–1992|author-link=David Kent (historian)|publisher=Australian Chart Book|location=Sydney|year=1993|edition=Illustrated|page=199|isbn=0-646-11917-6}} * Singles and albums peaks from 26 June 1988: {{cite web|url=https://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=George+Michael|title=Discography George Michael|publisher=Hung Medien|website=australian-charts.com}} * Singles and albums peaks from January 1990 to December 2010: {{cite book|last=Ryan|first=Gavin|title=Australia's Music Charts 1988–2010|year=2011|publisher=Moonlight Publishing|location=Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia}} * For "Kissing a Fool": {{cite web|url=http://chartbeat.blogspot.com.au/2014/01/25-years-ago-this-week-january-15-1989.html|title=25 Years Ago This Week: January 15, 1989|publisher=chartbeat.blogspot.com.au|archive-date=28 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328135143/http://chartbeat.blogspot.com.au/2014/01/25-years-ago-this-week-january-15-1989.html|url-status=live}} * For "Cowboys and Angels": {{cite web|url=http://i.imgur.com/5ox8gOb.jpg|title=Response from ARIA re: chart inquiry, received 29 May 2015|publisher=imgur.com|archive-date=6 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006074249/http://i.imgur.com/5ox8gOb.jpg|url-status=live}} * For "White Light": {{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/Issue1174.pdf|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20120924042300/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20120924-1423/Issue1174.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-09-24|title=The ARIA Report Issue #1174 > Week Commencing ~ 27 August 2012|publisher=[[Australian Web Archive]] (original document published by [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]])|page=4|access-date=26 May 2017}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref name="AUT">{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=George+Michael|title=Discographie George Michael|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br/><ref name="FRA">{{cite web|url=https://www.lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=George+Michael|title=Discographie George Michael|publisher=Hung Medien|website=lescharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER">{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artist_search=George+Michael&do_search=do|title=Discographie von George Michael|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment]]|website=offiziellecharts.de}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE">{{cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=George+Michael|title=Discography George Michael|publisher=Hung Medien|website=irish-charts.com|access-date=2025-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713061116/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=george+michael|archive-date=2011-07-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Album Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL">{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=George+Michael|title=Discografie George Michael|publisher=Hung Medien|website=dutchcharts.nl}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE">{{cite web|url=http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=George+Michael|title=Discography George Michael|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swedishcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI">{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/artist/George_Michael|title=Discographie George Michael|publisher=Hung Medien|website=hitparade.ch}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]<br/><ref name="Billboard">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/george-michael/chart-history/|title=George Michael Chart History|publisher=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|website=billboard.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Faith (George Michael album)|Faith]]'' | * Released: 30 October 1987 * Label: [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] {{small|(#460000)}} * Formats: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Cassette tape|CS]], [[LP record|LP]], [[MiniDisc|MD]] | 1 || 3 || 3 || 52{{efn|name="Faith"|group=upper-alpha|Chart position of 2011 re-master}} || 3 || 52{{efn|name="Faith"|group=upper-alpha}} || 1 || 4 || 4 || 1 | * [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: 4× Platinum<ref name="BPI">{{cite web|url=https://www.bpi.co.uk/page/certified-awards|title=Certified Awards {{!}} BPI|publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]]|website=bpi.co.uk}}</ref> * [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]: 5× Platinum * [[List of music recording sales certifications|BVMI]]: Gold * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]] SWI: 2× Platinum * [[List of music recording sales certifications|NVPI]]: Platinum * [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: Diamond * [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]]: 2× Platinum |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1]]'' | * Released: 3 September 1990 * Label: Columbia {{small|(#467295)}} * Formats: CD, CS, LP, MD, DCC | 1 || 2 || 5 || 2 || 7 || 3 || 2 || 3 || 3 || 2 | * BPI: 4× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * ARIA: 2× Platinum * BVMI: Gold * GLF: Platinum * IFPI AUT: Gold * IFPI SWI: Platinum * NVPI: Platinum * RIAA: 2× Platinum * SNEP: Platinum |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Older (George Michael album)|Older]]'' | * Released: 13 May 1996 * Label: [[Virgin Records|Virgin]] {{small|(#V2802)}} * Formats: CD, CS, LP, MD | 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 6 | * BPI: 6× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * ARIA: 2× Platinum * BVMI: Platinum * GLF: Gold * IFPI AUT: Gold * IFPI SWI: Platinum * NVPI: Platinum * RIAA: Platinum * SNEP: 2× Gold |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Songs from the Last Century]]'' | * Released: 6 December 1999 * Label: Virgin {{small|(#V2920)}} * Formats: CD, CS, MD | 2 || 12 || 12 || 7 || 4 || 7 || 6 || 16 || 6 || 157 | * BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * ARIA: Gold * BVMI: Gold * IFPI SWI: Gold * SNEP: 2× Gold |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Patience (George Michael album)|Patience]]'' | * Released: 15 March 2004 * Label: [[Sony Music]] {{small|(#515402-2)}} * Formats: CD, [[Music download|digital download]] | 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 12 | * BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * ARIA: Platinum * BVMI: Platinum * GLF: Gold * IFPI AUT: Gold * IFPI SWI: Gold * NVPI: Gold * SNEP: Gold |} ===Compilation albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="9"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref name="AUT"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Album Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]<br/><ref name="Billboard"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Ladies & Gentlemen: The Best of George Michael]]'' | * Released: 9 November 1998 * Label: Sony {{small|(#200850-9)}} * Formats: CD, MD, CS | 1 || 2 || 2 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 5 || 24 | * BPI: 9× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * ARIA: 7× Platinum * BVMI: 3× Gold * GLF: Platinum * IFPI AUT: Platinum * IFPI SWI: Platinum * NVPI: 2× Platinum * RIAA: 2× Platinum * SNEP: 2× Platinum |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Twenty Five (album)|en|lt=Twenty Five}}'' | * Released: 11 November 2006 * Label: Sony {{small|(#88697009002)}} * Formats: CD, digital download | 1 || 9 || 19 || 13 || 3 || 2 || 3 || 2 || 12 | * BPI: 5× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * ARIA: 2× Platinum * BVMI: Gold * IFPI SWI: Platinum * [[List of music recording sales certifications|IRMA]]: 3× Platinum * SNEP: Gold |} ===Live albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="8"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref name="AUT"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Album Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]<br/><ref name="Billboard"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Symphonica (George Michael album)|en|lt=Symphonica}}'' | * Released: 14 March 2014 * Label: [[Virgin Records|Virgin EMI]] * Formats: Blu-ray Audio, CD, digital download, LP | 1 || 11 || 7 || 6 || 1 || 2 || 6 || 50 | * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|George Michael: The Faith Tour|en|lt=The Faith Tour}}'' | * Release date: 6 November 2026 * Label: Sony Music * Formats: CD, LP, Blu-ray audio, Digital | colspan="11" {{TBA}} |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Video albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col"| Certifications |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Faith (George Michael album)#Release|Faith]]'' | * Released: 9 August 1988 * Label: Sony * Format: [[VHS]] | * RIAA: 2× Platinum |- ! scope="row"| ''George Michael'' | * Released: 5 November 1990 * Label: Sony * Format: VHS | * RIAA: Platinum |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Ladies & Gentlemen: The Best of George Michael (video)|en|lt=Ladies & Gentlemen: The Best of George Michael}}'' | * Released: 29 November 1999 * Label: Sony * Format: [[DVD]], VHS | * ARIA: 3× Platinum * ABPD: Gold |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Twenty Five (video)|en|lt=Twenty Five}}'' | * Released: 13 November 2006 * Label: [[Sony BMG]] * Format: DVD | * ARIA: 2× Platinum |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Live in London (George Michael video)|en|lt=Live in London}}'' | * Released: 7 December 2009 * Studio: Sony * Format: DVD, [[Blu-ray]] | * ARIA: 2× Platinum * BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |} ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref name="AUT"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br/><ref name="FRA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Album Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]<br/><ref name="Billboard"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Five Live (George Michael and Queen EP)|en|lt=Five Live}}''<br />{{small|(with [[Queen (band)|Queen]] and {{ill|Lisa Stansfield|en}})}}{{efn|group=upper-alpha|In some markets (such as the United Kingdom), ''Five Live'' charted as a single, not an EP.}} | * Released: 19 April 1993 * Label: [[Parlophone]] {{small|(#0777-7-89418-2-8)}} * Formats: CD, CS, LP | 1 || 17 || 2 || 12 || 8 || 1 || 2 || 45 || 6 || 46 | * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> * BVMI: Gold * IFPI SWI: Gold * NVPI: Platinum * SNEP: Gold |} ==Singles== ===As lead artist=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref name="AUT"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br/><ref name="FRA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Single Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br/><ref name="Billboard"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Careless Whisper]]"{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Careless Whisper" is sometimes credited to "Wham!", or "Wham! feat. George Michael".}} | 1984 | 1 || 1 || 2 || 3 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 | * BPI: 3× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * ARIA: 2× Platinum * RIAA: 7× Platinum * SNEP: Silver | ''[[Make It Big]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[A Different Corner]]" | 1986 | 1 || 4 || 6 || 16 || 7 || 2 || 2 || 18 || 3 || 7 | * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> | ''[[Music from the Edge of Heaven]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)]]"<br/>{{small|(with [[Aretha Franklin]])}} | rowspan="4"| 1987 | 1 || 1 || 9 || — || 5 || 1 || 1 || 4 || 5 || 1 | * BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * ARIA: Gold | ''{{ill|Aretha (1986 album)|en|lt=Aretha}}'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[I Want Your Sex]]" | 3 || 2 || 2 || 11 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 8 || 4 || 2 | * RIAA: Platinum | rowspan="7"| ''[[Faith (George Michael album)|Faith]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Faith (George Michael song)|Faith]]" | 2 || 1 || 4 || 22 || 5 || 2 || 1 || 9 || 4 || 1 | * BPI: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * ARIA: 2× Platinum * RIAA: Gold |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Hard Day|en}}" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Father Figure (George Michael song)|Father Figure]]" | rowspan="4"| 1988 | 11 || 5 || 17 || 37 || 18 || 2 || 2 || — || 13 || 1 | * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> * ARIA: Gold |- ! scope="row"| "[[One More Try (George Michael song)|One More Try]]" | 8 || 34 || 19 || 5 || 22 || 1 || 4 || 4 || 4 || 1 | * RIAA: Gold * SNEP: Silver * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Monkey (song)|Monkey]]" | 13 || 12 || 22 || 34 || 24 || 8 || 7 || — || 5 || 1 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Kissing a Fool (song)|Kissing a Fool]]" | 18 || 55 || — || 45 || 44 || 9 || 13 || — || — || 5 | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Praying for Time|en}}" | rowspan="3"| 1990 | 6 || 16 || 20 || 19 || 19 || 3 || 11 || 9 || 6 || 1 | * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | rowspan="6"| ''Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Waiting for That Day|en}}" | 23 || 50 || — || — || — || 11 || 79 || — || — || 27 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Freedom! '90]]" | 28 || 18 || 25 || 23 || 41 || 17 || 15 || 20 || — || 8 | * BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * ARIA: Platinum * RIAA: Gold |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Heal the Pain|en}}" (original version) | rowspan="4"| 1991 | 31 || — || — || — || — || 16 || 16 || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Cowboys and Angels (George Michael song)|en|lt=Cowboys and Angels}}" | 45 || 164 || — || 36 || — || 15 || 15 || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Soul Free|en}}"{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Soul Free" was released commercially in Australia and Japan only.}} | — || 95 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me#George Michael and Elton John version|en|lt=Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me}}"<br />{{small|(with [[Elton John]])}} | 1 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 4 || 2 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 | * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> * RIAA: Gold * SNEP: Silver | ''{{ill|Duets (Elton John album)|en|lt=Duets}}'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Too Funky]]" | 1992 | 4 || 3 || 9 || 5 || 12 || 5 || 3 || 7 || 6 || 10 | * ARIA: Platinum * RIAA: Gold | ''{{ill|Red Hot + Dance|en}}'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Somebody to Love (Queen song)#George Michael and Queen version|Somebody to Love]]"<br/>{{small|(with [[Queen (band)|Queen]])}} | rowspan="2"| 1993 | 1 || 19 || 15 || 16 || 21 ||rowspan="2"| 1 || 6 || — || — || 30 | * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | rowspan="2"| ''Five Live EP'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Killer (Adamski song)#George Michael version|en|lt=Killer}} / {{ill|Papa Was a Rollin' Stone#Covers and remixes|en|lt=Papa Was a Rollin' Stone}}" | — || — || — || 197 || — || — || — || — || 69 | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Jesus to a Child|en}}" | rowspan="3"| 1996 | 1 || 1 || 11 || 7 || 12 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 4 || 7 | * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> * RIAA: Gold * SNEP: Gold | rowspan="5"| ''Older'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Fastlove]]" | 1 || 1 || 13 || 10 || 25 || 5 || 12 || 7 || 13 || 8 | * BPI: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * ARIA: Platinum * RIAA: Gold * SNEP: Gold |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Spinning the Wheel|en}}" | 2 || 14 || 29 || — || 67 || 14 || 24 || 18 || 24 || — | * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Older (George Michael song)|en|lt=Older}}" / "[[I Can't Make You Love Me#George Michael version|I Can't Make You Love Me]]" | rowspan="4"| 1997 | 3 || 61 || — || — || — || 6 || 46 || 60 || — || — | * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Star People (song)|en|lt=Star People '97}}" | 2 || 51 || 37 || — || 64 || 7 || 40 || 37 || 28 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Star People '97" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number one on the [[Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles]] chart.}} | * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Waltz Away Dreaming|en}}"<br />{{small|(with Toby Bourke)}} | 10 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Room 21'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|You Have Been Loved|en}}" | 2 || 75 || — || — || — || 11 || 44 || 53 || — || — | * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | ''Older'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Outside (George Michael song)|Outside]]" | 1998 | 2 || 13 || 17 || 26 || 30 || 7 || 14 || 15 || 19 || — | * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> * ARIA: Gold | rowspan="2"| ''Ladies & Gentlemen: The Best of George Michael'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[As (song)#George Michael and Mary J. Blige version|As]]"<br />{{small|(featuring [[Mary J. Blige]])}} | 1999 | 4 || 45 || — || 27 || 38 || 12 || 9 || 27 || 22 || — | * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|If I Told You That|en}}"<br />{{small|(with [[Whitney Houston]])}} | 2000 | 9 || 37 || — || — || 58 || 25 || 31 || 44 || 33 || — | | ''{{ill|Whitney: The Greatest Hits|en}}'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Freeek!|en}}" | rowspan="2"| 2002 | 7 || 5 || 7 || 7 || 7 || 14 || 12 || 26 || 2 || — | * ARIA: Gold | rowspan="6"| ''Patience'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Shoot the Dog|en}}" | 12 || 36 || 41 || 59 || 44 || 23 || 26 || 39 || 14 || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Amazing (George Michael song)|en|lt=Amazing}}" | rowspan="3"| 2004 | 4 || 6 || 23 || 37 || 19 || 4 || 9 || 16 || 10 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Amazing" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number eight on the [[Hot Singles Sales]] chart.}} | * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> * ARIA: Gold |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Flawless (Go to the City)|en}}" | 8 || 26 || 72 || — || 54 || 23 || 30 || — || 36 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Flawless (Go to the City)" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, but peaked at number 22 on the Hot Singles Sales chart.}} | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Round Here (George Michael song)|en|lt=Round Here}}" | 32 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 55 || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|John and Elvis Are Dead|en}}"{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"John and Elvis Are Dead" was not eligible to chart due to UK chart rules at that time.}} | 2005 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[An Easier Affair]]" | rowspan="2"| 2006 | 13 || 36 || 58 || 87 || 44 || 20 || 37 || 23 || 28 || — | | rowspan="2"| ''Twenty Five'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|This Is Not Real Love|en}}"<br />{{small|(featuring [[Mutya Buena]])}} | 15 || — || 62 || — || — || 27 || 32 || — || 36 || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[December Song (I Dreamed of Christmas)]]"{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"December Song (I Dreamed of Christmas)" was originally released as a free download in December 2008 and was not eligible to chart, but was re-released as a paid download in December 2009, and therefore became eligible.}} | 2008 | 14 || — || 63 || — || 37 || 40 || 18 || 43 || — || — | | rowspan="3" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|True Faith (song)#George Michael version|en|lt=True Faith}}" | 2011 | 27 || — || — || — || — || — || 38 || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|White Light (George Michael song)|en|lt=White Light}}" | 2012 | 15 || 88 || 53 || 73 || 21 || 32 || 6 || — || 34 || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Let Her Down Easy#George Michael version|en|lt=Let Her Down Easy}}" | 2014 | 53 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Symphonica'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Fantasy (George Michael song)|en|lt=Fantasy}}"<br />{{small|(featuring [[Nile Rodgers]])}} | 2017 | 85 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1|Listen Without Prejudice / MTV Unplugged]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|This Is How (We Want You to Get High)|en}}" | 2019 | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"This Is How (We Want You To Get High" did not enter the UK Singles Top 100 Chart, but peaked at number 10 on both the UK Singles Downloads and Singles Sales charts.}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[Last Christmas (soundtrack)|Last Christmas]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "Always"<br/>{{small|(with {{ill|Waze & Odyssey|en}}, [[Mary J. Blige]] and Tommy Theo)}} | 2020 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{Non-album single}} |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Promotional singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:20em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col"| Album |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|I Believe (When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever)#George Michael version|en|lt=I Believe (When I Fall in Love It Will Be Forever)}}"{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Promoted to [[urban radio]] in February 1992.}} | 1991 | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|These Are the Days of Our Lives#Live performances and covers|en|lt=These Are the Days of Our Lives}}"<br/>{{small|(with [[Queen (band)|Queen]] and [[Lisa Stansfield]])}} | 1993 | ''Five Live'' |- ! scope="row"| "You Know That I Want To" / "Safe" | 1996 | {{Non-album single|Issued in support of the ''[[Spinning the Wheel]] EP''.|uppercase=yes}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Roxanne (The Police song)|Roxanne]]" | rowspan="2"| 1999 | rowspan="2"| ''Songs from the Last Century'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Miss Sarajevo|en}}" |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Heal the Pain#2006 version|en|lt=Heal the Pain}}"<br/>{{small|(featuring [[Paul McCartney]])}}{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Paul McCartney is often uncredited on "Heal the Pain".}} | 2008 | ''Twenty Five'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|You and I (We Can Conquer the World)#George Michael version|en|lt=You and I}}" | 2011 | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Going to a Town#George Michael version|en|lt=Going to a Town}}" | rowspan="2"| 2014 | rowspan="2"| ''Symphonica'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Feeling Good]]" |} ==Other charted songs== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br/><ref name="Billboard"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Mother's Pride (song)|en|lt=Mother's Pride}}" | 1990 | 46 | ''Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1'' |} ==Other appearances== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:20em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col"| Album |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Turn to Gold|en}}" | 1984 | ''Turn to Gold'' |- ! scope="row"| "The Last Kiss" | rowspan="3"| 1985 | ''{{ill|Romance (David Cassidy album)|en|lt=Romance}}'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Nikita (song)|Nikita]]" | rowspan="2"| ''[[Ice on Fire]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Wrap Her Up]]" |- ! scope="row"| "Learn to Say No"<br/>{{small|(with [[Jody Watley]])}} | rowspan="2"| 1987 | ''{{ill|Jody Watley (album)|en|lt=Jody Watley}}'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Jive Talkin'#Boogie Box High version|en|lt=Jive Talkin{{'-}}}}" | ''{{ill|Boogie Box High|en|lt=Outrageous}}'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Heaven Help Me (Deon Estus song)|en|lt=Heaven Help Me}}" | 1989 | ''{{ill|Spell (album)|en|lt=Spell}}'' |- ! scope="row"| "Red Dress" | 1990 | ''{{ill|Son of Albert|en}}'' |- ! scope="row"| "Someday" | rowspan="2"| 1991 | ''{{ill|Pepsi & Shirlie|en|lt=Change}}'' |- ! scope="row"| "Tonight" | ''{{ill|Two Rooms: Celebrating the Songs of Elton John & Bernie Taupin|en}}'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[I'm Your Man (Wham! song)#Lisa Moorish version|I'm Your Man]]" | rowspan="2"| 1995 | ''I've Gotta Have It All'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)|en|lt=You Spin Me Round}}" | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Chameleon (Shed Your Skin)" | 1997 | ''Smoke + Mirrors'' |- ! scope="row"| "The Grave" | 2003 | ''{{ill|Hope (War Child album)|en|lt=Hope (War Child)}}'' |- ! scope="row"| "Blame It on the Sun"<br/>{{small|(with [[Ray Charles]])}} | 2005 | ''{{ill|Genius & Friends|en}}'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|How Do You Keep the Music Playing?|en}}"<br/>{{small|(with [[Tony Bennett]])}} | 2006 | ''{{ill|Duets: An American Classic|en}}'' |- ! scope="row"| "We Are Cinderella" | 2021 | ''{{ill|Sleeper (band)|en|lt=This Time Tomorrow}}'' |} ==Remix and production credits== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:20em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col"| Artist ! scope="col"| Album |- ! scope="row"| "Me or the Rumours"<br/>{{small|(The George Michael mix)}} | 1989 | Deon Estus | ''Spell'' |- ! scope="row"| "Only You"<br/>{{small|(Laker Boy mix)}} | rowspan="4"| 1991 | {{ill|Praise (band)|en|lt=Praise}} | ''Praise'' |- ! scope="row"| "Someday" | Pepsi & Shirlie | ''Change'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|One Nation Under a Groove (song)|en|lt=One Nation Under a Groove}}"{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Produced under the alias "Laker Boy".}} | Jay Henry | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Tripping on Your Love|en}}"<br/>{{small|(George Michael Metropolis mix)}} | [[Bananarama]] | ''{{ill|Pop Life (Bananarama album)|en|lt=Pop Life}}'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Brother Louie (Hot Chocolate song)|en|lt=Brother Louie}}"{{efn|group=upper-alpha|Produced under the alias "James Kennedy", the name of Michael's close friend Andros Georgiou's firstborn son.}} | 1993 | {{ill|Louie Louie (musician)|en|lt=Louie Louie}} | ''Let's Get Started'' |- ! scope="row"| "We Are Cinderella" | 2021 | Sleeper | ''This Time Tomorrow'' |} ==Music videos== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:20em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col"| Director(s) |- ! scope="row"| "Careless Whisper" | 1984 | {{ill|Duncan Gibbins|en}} |- ! scope="row"| "A Different Corner" | 1986 | Luc Roeg |- ! scope="row"| "I Knew You Were Waiting (For Me)"<br/>{{small|(with Aretha Franklin)}} | rowspan="4"| 1987 | Brian Grant |- ! scope="row"| "I Want Your Sex" | rowspan="3"| {{ill|Andy Morahan|en}} |- ! scope="row"| "Faith" |- ! scope="row"| "Father Figure" |- ! scope="row"| "One More Try" | rowspan="3"| 1988 | Tony Scott |- ! scope="row"| "Monkey" | Andy Morahan |- ! scope="row"| "Kissing a Fool" | |- ! scope="row"| "Praying for Time" | rowspan="2"| 1990 | Michael Borofsky |- ! scope="row"| "Freedom! '90" | [[David Fincher]] |- ! scope="row"| "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me"<br />{{small|(with Elton John)}} | 1991 | Andy Morahan |- ! scope="row"| "Too Funky" | 1992 | George Michael and [[Thierry Mugler]] |- ! scope="row"| "Killer / Papa Was a Rollin' Stone" | 1993 | {{ill|Marcus Nispel|en}} |- ! scope="row"| "Jesus to a Child" | rowspan="3"| 1996 | {{ill|Howard Greenhalgh|en}} |- ! scope="row"| "Fastlove" | rowspan="2"| {{ill|Vaughan Arnell|en}} and {{ill|Anthea Benton|en}} |- ! scope="row"| "Spinning the Wheel" |- ! scope="row"| "Star People '97" | rowspan="3"| 1997 | Milton Lage |- ! scope="row"| "Older" | Andy Morahan |- ! scope="row"| "Waltz Away Dreaming"<br />{{small|(with Toby Bourke)}} | The New Renaissance |- ! scope="row"| "Outside" | 1998 | Vaughan Arnell |- ! scope="row"| "As"<br />{{small|(featuring Mary J. Blige)}} | rowspan="2"| 1999 | Big TV! |- ! scope="row"| "Roxanne" | Joanna Bailey |- ! scope="row"| "If I Told You That"<br/>{{small|(with Whitney Houston)}} | 2000 | {{ill|Kevin Bray (director)|en|lt=Kevin Bray}} |- ! scope="row"| "Freeek!" | rowspan="2"| 2002 | {{ill|Joseph Kahn (director)|en|lt=Joseph Kahn}} |- ! scope="row"| "Shoot the Dog" | 2DTV |- ! scope="row"| "Amazing" | rowspan="3"| 2004 | {{ill|Matthew Rolston|en}} |- ! scope="row"| "Flawless (Go to the City)" | {{ill|Jake Scott (director)|en|lt=Jake Scott}} |- ! scope="row"| "Round Here" | Andy Morahan |- ! scope="row"| "John and Elvis Are Dead" | 2005 | Anthea Benton |- ! scope="row"| "An Easier Affair" | 2006 | Jake Nava |- ! scope="row"| "December Song (I Dreamed of Christmas)" | 2009 | rowspan="2"| M.I.E. |- ! scope="row"| "True Faith" | 2011 |- ! scope="row"| "White Light" | 2012 | Ryan Hope |- ! scope="row"| "Let Her Down Easy" | 2014 | Vaughan Arnell |- ! scope="row"| "Fantasy"<br />{{small|(featuring Nile Rodgers)}} | 2017 | |- ! scope="row"| "This Is How (We Want You to Get High)" | 2019 | |} ==Notes== {{notelist-ua}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{George Michael}} [[Category:Discographies]] [[Category:Discographies of British artists]] 4zi6m1zoyq9xge72534mha3ambnp8er 2 1019828 11023957 10998035 2026-10-08T13:40:12Z FusionSub 1248114 Logging quick deletion endorsement of [[Tourism in Pokhara]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11023957 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === June 2023 === # [[Speakers' Corner]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}) 9:23, 9 June 2023 (UTC) # [[:User:FusionSub/QDLog]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 09:54, 9 June 2023 (UTC) # [[:User:FusionSub/Sandbox]]: [[WP:QD#U1|CSD U1]] ({{tl|db-userreq}}) 12:32, 9 June 2023 (UTC) # [[:Religion in the Netherlands]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|50.205.154.84}} 13:36, 9 June 2023 (UTC) # [[:Weather in jamaica]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|195.188.173.180}} 09:00, 12 June 2023 (UTC) # [[:Valetudo (moon)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|116.15.253.137}} 09:22, 13 June 2023 (UTC) # [[:Daniel Burton]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|DMB563}} 12:00, 13 June 2023 (UTC) # [[:Shaun Donnelly (presenter)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:05, 13 June 2023 (UTC) # [[:Tanke]]: {{tl|QD}}; 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notified {{user|Swizz Dolce}} 09:03, 14 December 2023 (UTC) # [[:Karel VIII. Francouzský]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|193.32.56.82}} 12:03, 14 December 2023 (UTC) === January 2024 === # [[:Menshevik]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|193.156.161.104}} 10:20, 3 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:German cuisine]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|194.83.56.222}} 14:05, 9 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Black bean (color)]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|5.197.218.159}} 15:17, 11 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Piramide del Louvre]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|109.54.163.212}} 15:43, 13 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Domus Flavia]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|185.87.210.210}} 11:32, 15 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Nixon Kitimoi]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 09:13, 18 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Hard clam]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|156.110.44.1}} 13:58, 19 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Nordsee]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 10:17, 23 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Nordsee]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|77.22.65.128}} 10:18, 23 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jonny razor]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|167.21.42.148}} 15:12, 23 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Glacier Republic]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|24.40.134.15}} 15:19, 24 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bergedorf (quarter)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|216.125.26.82}} 19:53, 30 January 2024 (UTC) # [[:Anti-Muslim sentiment]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|89.101.180.190}} 11:30, 31 January 2024 (UTC) === February 2024 === # [[:Provably Fair]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:30, 1 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Alireza Jadidi musicians]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Spring20000001}} 14:03, 5 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Rufous-bellied thrush]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|109.236.42.75}} 15:10, 5 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2024/What are somme bad things moa zedong did]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 15:22, 8 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Clwyd South (UK Parliament constituency)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C7:91CB:D401:19E5:A13E:2B5D:233F}} 15:58, 8 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kim Thúy]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|192.139.27.23}} 17:45, 8 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Gümligen]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|175.35.33.226}} 08:59, 9 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Night Riders]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|62.101.34.94}} 09:08, 9 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Metropolis (1927 film)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|5.148.58.100}} 09:14, 9 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Hinduja Group]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|49.204.129.240}} 09:16, 9 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Rayo's Number]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|217.181.20.15}} 11:53, 9 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Norton-sub-Hamdon]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|81.144.218.60}} 13:59, 9 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Drmieㄹ]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|ㅣ ㅆ니ㄹㅜ ㅈㅣㄴㄴ ㅁㄱㅆㅣㅌㄹ}} 13:53, 12 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:McShittles]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|ㅣ ㅆ니ㄹㅜ ㅈㅣㄴㄴ ㅁㄱㅆㅣㅌㄹ}} 13:55, 12 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:F니erdai]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|ㅣ ㅆ니ㄹㅜ ㅈㅣㄴㄴ ㅁㄱㅆㅣㅌㄹ}} 13:58, 12 February 2024 (UTC) # [[:Sunda Island]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|64.114.197.19}} 22:37, 12 February 2024 (UTC) === March 2024 === # [[:Ghatam]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|108.191.174.229}} 13:56, 1 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ordinal number (linguistics)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:8D40:4101:A167:E8B5:7AFF:FE66:2247}} 14:10, 1 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:USS Cole]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|193.219.74.218}} 09:20, 4 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Brüder Lumière]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|185.10.109.210}} 11:49, 4 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Downtown Core]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|106.205.136.242}} 14:15, 4 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Internet literacy]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|198.232.183.2}} 20:13, 6 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:2023 Rolling Fork–Silver City tornado]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|69.58.60.10}} 20:26, 6 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fortnite: Save the World]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:189:8000:1ED0:F5E0:108:8A11:1925}} 20:39, 6 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bahamaa]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|159.86.135.8}} 09:21, 8 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Eileen Tate]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.158.43.46}} 11:27, 8 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Protests against the Iraq War]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|212.250.215.238}} 08:58, 13 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Geographicai position of London]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|46.226.205.126}} 10:26, 13 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Groove ware pot]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|86.174.115.37}} 11:45, 13 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Major record label]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:8A0:5F2B:C300:144D:3D8D:5F02:B3EE}} 15:18, 13 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jasminum sambac]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 14:39, 18 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dracaena cinnabari]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 14:51, 18 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Socotra dragon tree]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 14:51, 18 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Faidherbia albida]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 14:51, 18 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Arabian serin]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 14:52, 18 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:National animal of Turkmenistan]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 15:17, 18 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:National tree of Turkmenistan]]: [[WP:QD#R1|CSD R1]] ({{tl|db-redirnone}}) 15:17, 18 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Tax Day]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|83.136.92.151}} 09:10, 19 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:FusionSub/common.js]]: [[WP:QD#U1|CSD U1]] ({{tl|db-userreq}}) 09:28, 19 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Flashing Lights (Kanye West song)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|194.83.233.100}} 11:31, 19 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Michaelina Argy]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|192.166.210.138}} 12:43, 19 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Dracaena cinnabari]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 09:01, 20 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Arnel Bautista]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|110.54.152.134}} 09:05, 20 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Pi product operator]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2601:86:103:9620:C3:7E5C:816D:63CF}} 11:37, 20 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Lakewood Ranch Prep]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:12, 20 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Lake Balaton]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|85.51.14.7}} 15:40, 20 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Canute VI of Denmark]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|136.158.42.49}} 08:55, 21 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Charles Brandon, Duke of Suffolk]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.211.132.221}} 09:06, 21 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ancient Greek warfare]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|5.150.96.212}} 13:46, 22 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fitness gram pacer test]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|2001:4451:9EC:8600:5DCA:758B:A74:E8BD}} 12:42, 23 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:2014–15 Liverpool F.C. season]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|92.11.162.80}} 11:07, 24 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Christian Bautista]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Improving this right now}} 12:40, 24 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jison Ceasar]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|110.54.198.226}} 13:17, 24 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jojo maroc]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|110.54.198.132}} 13:21, 24 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Caterine]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:44C8:4181:D407:B913:3D59:BAD3:D6B5}} 10:23, 25 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of places in Cheshire]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|62.253.84.18}} 10:45, 25 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:2013 North Korean nuclear test]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|78.57.214.183}} 12:39, 25 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Disney Animation Studio]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2603:8001:8700:2D04:DCF2:A94B:2028:7BC1}} 16:52, 25 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:RSX 'Reality Synthesizer']]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:569:BD36:8100:FD05:4B24:B9E2:70D5}} 09:12, 28 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:ATTACKS]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 11:51, 28 March 2024 (UTC) # [[:When did malcom x die]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|98.164.58.240}} 14:09, 28 March 2024 (UTC) === April 2024 === # [[:Demographics of Mexico]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.108.195.174}} 12:53, 1 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:1900000 word]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|209.34.123.34}} 14:53, 1 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Endarged species]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|98.123.96.2}} 19:26, 1 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:2011 Rainsville tornado]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|WikiNoobie456312}} 12:57, 8 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Change may bank bank of india in sahara fund]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:201:2022:185C:AD9D:20CE:FB2:7A74}} 13:44, 9 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Lil Eazy-E]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.144.157.176}} 09:57, 15 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Chimta]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:D08:2072:604:F548:11D9:B6CC:7CF}} 09:57, 15 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fortnite: Save the World]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|216.73.77.224}} 16:05, 16 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Question Hour]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|122.171.20.212}} 12:55, 18 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Baniya (clan)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:4053:E16:39F8:CD:4D67:8739:B10D}} 19:56, 23 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Nila Hodges]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|69.67.85.168}} 19:57, 23 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Anna Maria Mussolini]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|5.90.76.224}} 18:11, 25 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kinect Adventures!]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|150.176.163.233}} 18:33, 25 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Elwood City]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|208.66.198.176}} 18:36, 25 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Alexey Gerasimov]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2.31.218.38}} 18:39, 25 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:SportsTiger]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|SportsUpdtae}} 11:53, 29 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fathers and Sons (album)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|171.33.192.20}} 09:02, 30 April 2024 (UTC) # [[:2005 Macquarie Fields riots]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|175.38.247.141}} 09:24, 30 April 2024 (UTC) === May 2024 === # [[:Charles Guthrie, Baron Guthrie of Craigiebank]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|188.39.132.98}} 09:12, 1 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:TeleTalk]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|103.121.104.214}} 13:10, 1 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jakub Błaszczykowski]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|154.46.90.2}} 10:54, 2 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:IPad Pro]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|103.127.0.214}} 12:50, 2 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Aarhus Gymnastikforening]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23EE:12C8:5D8:145C:E00F:2421:6F07}} 08:58, 3 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:British Rail Mark 4]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|83.98.48.242}} 10:53, 3 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Baselstone]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|154.47.75.108}} 13:01, 3 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:JGtn]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 20:42, 4 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Prefix ke word]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|154.198.92.233}} 15:36, 6 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Regnal years of English monarchs]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|136.158.42.50}} 08:01, 7 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Prussian Army]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|165.155.131.125}} 13:28, 7 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Inukai Takeru]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|105.184.112.25}} 08:31, 9 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Paul Frommer]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|217.181.22.213}} 09:46, 9 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|184.185.133.128}} 12:20, 9 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Olivier Giroud]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|142.147.113.66}} 13:03, 9 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Russian Empire at the Olympics]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|207.35.157.242}} 14:10, 9 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Max of Baden]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|89.248.29.99}} 07:49, 10 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Template:Strikethrough/doc]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|ParthiBai}} 08:19, 10 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Sam Fatu]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|210.18.140.154}} 10:35, 10 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:2026 MotoGP World Championship]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|180.74.216.10}} 18:31, 12 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:G.I. Jane]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2603:9001:8300:15C6:D9F8:2255:E272:EB80}} 19:01, 12 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bamboo Bottles in Lachen, Sikkim, India]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|JAAVIROMA}} 19:32, 12 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Blue Dream Group]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 07:59, 13 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fly Dhaka]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:01, 13 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Lukas Kempin]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|62.72.77.219}} 08:10, 13 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Tierpark Berlin]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|81.166.127.228}} 10:36, 13 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:I. A. Richards]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|87.42.89.2}} 11:56, 13 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Cactus Jack Records]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|212.219.63.226}} 12:53, 13 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:British Orthodontic Society]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|168.216.126.227}} 15:11, 13 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Not Very Nice Club]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|151.188.213.144}} 16:21, 13 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ptfs]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:FB1:86:FD1A:D8FE:27AC:5D3C:3B4C}} 10:38, 14 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Gotham Comedy Club]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Mahwish Tahir7}} 12:51, 14 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Charles ward]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:33, 15 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Official Monster Raving Loony Party]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|195.246.108.226}} 08:57, 16 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Pabellón criollo]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|188.126.4.217}} 10:32, 16 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fweh]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|178.164.26.58}} 10:35, 16 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Arthur I. Boreman]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|169.139.8.191}} 13:02, 16 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:The digital television service in New Zealand, which is also called Freeview]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7E:28D9:FE00:6801:F5A8:A9C1:4E2C}} 16:14, 16 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Battle of Amiens (1918)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|31.111.54.151}} 09:01, 17 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Rematch]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|159.86.182.136}} 13:05, 17 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Aquidneck Island]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|192.68.157.254}} 14:52, 17 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Internet Speculative Fiction Database]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|203.192.214.77}} 10:30, 20 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Queen Victoria Building]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2003:C0:7F04:CC00:3436:DE5C:B3FB:5D5}} 10:34, 20 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Pada Zaman Dahulu]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2404:160:812E:4FBF:1:0:BBFE:21E4}} 10:52, 20 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:BBC Studios]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7E:28D9:FE00:E1C0:B35E:74EA:7DC3}} 18:47, 20 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Burushal]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Abbas habiii}} 08:07, 21 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Saada Governorate]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C7:E92:3301:38E8:8211:957F:44AC}} 14:11, 21 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Traffic accident]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|46.102.197.237}} 08:21, 22 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Climate of Antarctica]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|185.252.83.20}} 13:18, 22 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Jigfib]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|67.55.163.125}} 17:03, 23 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Diane Crump]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|159.191.182.1}} 18:23, 23 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:FusionSub/Userbox/UK unionist]]: [[WP:QD#U1|CSD U1]] ({{tl|db-userreq}}) 08:09, 24 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Baldi's Birthday Bash]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:58, 25 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Breadstick]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2600:8807:4C83:3E00:B9F2:CC4B:47E0:E900}} 16:03, 25 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Baldi's Basics+]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 16:05, 25 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Baldi's Birthday Bash]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 16:13, 25 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|92.96.166.201}} 16:14, 25 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Baldi's Basics Classic Remastered]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 16:25, 25 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Baldi's Basics+]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:09, 25 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Baldi's Basics Classic Remastered]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:09, 25 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mystman12]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:10, 25 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Licentiate of the Medical Council of Canada]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 17:21, 25 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:TravelCenters of America]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:22, 25 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Cartoon Network MENA]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|94.72.155.195}} 11:28, 28 May 2024 (UTC) # [[:Soulja Girl]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|172.126.68.126}} 05:07, 30 May 2024 (UTC) === June 2024 === # [[:THE FAIRLY ODDPARENTS! in SHINY TEETH]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:23, 3 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bob Orton, Jr.]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|94.201.79.14}} 08:44, 3 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Itachi Uchiha]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|103.81.238.129}} 08:58, 3 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Track suit]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:1006:A113:AE59:8C81:3B6B:224F:EF74}} 10:09, 3 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Gorakhpur district]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|152.58.96.181}} 12:57, 3 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Volksgemeinschaft]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|194.168.23.46}} 08:19, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:2016 Malaysian Grand Prix]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|86.7.4.210}} 10:33, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:2016 Abu Dhabi Grand Prix]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|86.7.4.210}} 10:34, 6 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Organic food]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|81.131.46.99}} 08:25, 7 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Official Monster Raving Loony Party]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:22, 7 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Red (Taylor Swift album)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 15:57, 8 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Reichskanzler]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23CC:B74D:AF01:79A9:E996:CD8D:EE2D}} 16:39, 11 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Web portal]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|83.99.155.24}} 08:18, 12 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Cruise missile]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|86.188.186.18}} 11:27, 13 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:えのきだたもつ]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|2400:2200:64A:774D:F190:1A36:7585:AE3C}} 09:46, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Category:Early life]]: [[WP:QD#C1|CSD C1]] ({{tl|db-catempty}}) 13:10, 14 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Nippon Telegraph and telephone]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|151.213.155.251}} 16:38, 15 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:St. Thomas, Ontario]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|142.90.33.75}} 15:25, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fine Air]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|114.79.174.79}} 15:39, 16 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Combined Counties League]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|167.98.118.226}} 10:35, 17 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:How to save crayfish]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|148.253.182.199}} 13:07, 17 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Oh no! WASPS!!]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C7:91E7:B701:C408:E092:5DFE:4B42}} 12:51, 20 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:Smartafiahmed]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Smartafiahmed}} 13:10, 20 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Callum bracknell]]: [[WP:QD#G7|CSD G7]] ({{tl|db-author}}) 18:23, 22 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of Crayon Shin-chan episodes]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:408A:197:9D14:0:0:1DDB:30A4}} 16:45, 24 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dermatomyositis]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:56A:7944:4600:D9:8E3E:D253:8E1A}} 18:38, 24 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Belgium national under-20 football team]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-move}}) 10:03, 25 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Galunggung]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:4055:2D42:6D66:5FD4:3657:139B:6538}} 10:23, 25 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kunta Kinte]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|62.2.112.210}} 07:47, 27 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kita-ku, Saitama]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|136.158.48.216}} 07:51, 27 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Nilesh Keer (Satkeer's Cousin)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 08:10, 27 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:Nilesh Keer (Satkeer's Siblings)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|2409:4085:2E4A:B6F1:7DC6:B69A:F678:551F}} 08:14, 27 June 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:EAILNISTTEEDEAKD ANU]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|EAILNISTTEEDEAKD ANU}} 08:20, 27 June 2024 (UTC) === July 2024 === # [[:Upanayana]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|139.135.32.185}} 12:34, 2 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Christianity in the United States]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|38.121.43.183}} 08:24, 4 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:MARSOC]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:6E00:BCA:F300:F8DC:533B:5C93:7004}} 10:11, 4 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:SAHIBINTE PALLY]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|SAHIBINTE PALLY}} 13:07, 4 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:Salman Habib]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 08:05, 5 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Macronutrients]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2401:4900:791E:441C:B6D8:CAA:102A:E1E}} 10:31, 8 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Communion (religion)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|39.34.146.112}} 12:59, 8 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Erriapus]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C8:4A89:6201:1DB7:6FAA:5A33:1F95}} 17:08, 8 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Southern Charm]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|50.100.213.57}} 20:55, 10 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Madii Ansarii]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:36, 12 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Iqbal Eagles Foundation]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:43, 12 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Black Hole (roller coaster)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A00:23C7:3BA0:9A01:852F:603F:5B89:75B8}} 19:38, 12 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Puskás Aréna]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|2001:E68:5428:385:18D4:BB89:6A1:ED3D}} 05:55, 13 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:HV 2450]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|47.186.42.50}} 08:03, 13 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:HD 269953]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|47.186.42.50}} 08:07, 13 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Notable Mets occurrences on days I crapped my pants]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|65.98.241.2}} 20:38, 13 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mets records the days I crapped my pants in 2024]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|65.98.241.2}} 20:39, 13 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mets records the day I was touched by someone in a dress/skirt]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|65.98.241.2}} 20:39, 13 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Climbing]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|47.197.239.161}} 08:28, 16 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Foot-bag]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|47.197.239.161}} 08:28, 16 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Adel Geaisa]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:14, 16 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Hitsville U.S.A.]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|62.252.235.5}} 09:23, 18 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Zack and Quack: The Movie]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|47.149.21.220}} 16:45, 18 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:The Rookie (TV Series)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|120.147.138.192}} 07:50, 19 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:@daum.net]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|222.117.183.211}} 08:50, 22 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:YASHAR ASHRAFNJAD]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A0C:5C84:1:6003:0:0:0:190B}} 17:41, 22 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Dead Marshes]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2A02:6B67:D413:800:A3EA:2A4E:98AE:35C3}} 18:30, 22 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Timmonsville, South Carolina]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|74.143.39.66}} 16:50, 23 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Thuganomics]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|74.143.39.66}} 16:53, 23 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Skibidi toilet rizz]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|74.143.39.66}} 16:55, 23 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Age and health concerns of Joe Biden]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|74.143.39.66}} 16:57, 23 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:FusionSub/common.js]]: [[WP:QD#U1|CSD U1]] ({{tl|db-userreq}}) 07:35, 24 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mosotho]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|129.232.2.169}} 14:58, 25 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Buddhist anarchism]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|158.59.146.30}} 13:28, 29 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:British free-to-air commercial television channel]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 14:20, 29 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Intermediate host]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:408A:914:5632:0:0:17CA:80A4}} 16:30, 29 July 2024 (UTC) # [[:Red (Taylor Swift album)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|2401:4900:1C3C:8EA8:541D:35B1:BCEA:45FD}} 16:33, 29 July 2024 (UTC) === August 2024 === # [[:The Drew Carey Show]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 22:12, 2 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Christianity in West Bengal]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2409:40E1:C9:5A12:D813:B80F:25D7:C781}} 12:01, 7 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Morocco at the 1968 Winter Olympics]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|41.250.119.238}} 19:58, 9 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:1974–75 Football League]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|136.158.56.198}} 10:51, 12 August 2024 (UTC) # [[:Savoy]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:201:D019:D005:CDF:5807:F0C:2B7F}} 11:26, 31 August 2024 (UTC) === September 2024 === # [[:Unchair]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Joe.v.schalkwyk}} 20:07, 6 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User talk:FusionSub/Sandbox]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#U1|U1]], [[WP:QD#G2|G2]]); notified {{user|FusionSub}} 13:08, 7 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of Honda motorcycles]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2600:8803:B107:7D00:21B4:29FB:72E1:69F7}} 07:48, 9 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Despicable Me 5]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 15:55, 9 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Chemins de Fer Syriens]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2153SMS}} 10:05, 10 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Western Francia]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|194.80.22.2}} 12:53, 10 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:0818154459.]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|58.8.105.209}} 10:31, 19 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Gweedore]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|63.247.57.14}} 13:16, 20 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Ark the game]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|204.116.100.123}} 13:14, 23 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Chromoplast]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|84.45.255.10}} 14:14, 24 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Economic history of France]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|62.253.196.130}} 09:25, 25 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:If you like any tje kid loral music than you should die in a whole]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|If you like any tje kid loral music than you should die in a whole}} 09:56, 25 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Murad I]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2406:3003:2004:27B4:3D3A:C3D4:1001:5E17}} 12:43, 25 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Megalonyx]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}) 16:40, 26 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Cave art]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|143.159.247.22}} 16:53, 26 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Origine della terra]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A5|A5]]); notified {{user|91.254.20.181}} 09:33, 28 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Murtaza Javed Abbasi]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|223.123.93.118}} 06:48, 29 September 2024 (UTC) # [[:Demonologist]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2409:4060:411:A6DA:E972:94EB:2377:B5B8}} 13:46, 29 September 2024 (UTC) === October 2024 === # [[:Freedom riders]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|65.95.234.224}} 07:49, 7 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:1966–67 Soviet Cup]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|85.31.142.154}} 13:18, 15 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Estates General (France)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|81.0.157.205}} 10:31, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Double cheeseburger]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 13:09, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Parlamentiarism]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|213.179.105.116}} 14:15, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Pony Canyon]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Marconis De Lucca}} 17:00, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Flag of Chattanooga, Tennessee]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|69.167.206.130}} 17:07, 22 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Simply Almond]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|174.251.163.39}} 09:17, 23 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Culture of Africa]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|137.163.16.13}} 10:03, 23 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fish bites]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 10:31, 23 October 2024 (UTC) # [[:Teanna Kai]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2001:E68:542F:806D:8912:74F:1A2D:EB18}} 15:12, 30 October 2024 (UTC) === November 2024 === # [[:Renmar Arnejo:]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:37, 4 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Italian-American]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|152.26.84.30}} 14:43, 4 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bastighg]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|212.95.8.140}} 14:46, 4 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Oussama ben Laden]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A01:CB06:242:9D00:C72:9CE:A025:EB58}} 19:02, 6 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Izzy White]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|105.119.13.212}} 11:39, 8 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:LOMA Refined]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Sftgguyghg23}} 14:00, 12 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Tay-K]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:15, 12 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:How to edit wikipedia]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|149.107.144.119}} 12:27, 14 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Psaltery]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|24.134.167.201}} 11:39, 15 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Caseoh]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|208.67.143.166}} 13:54, 18 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:IBooks]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|183.82.109.156}} 11:25, 20 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:Fish bites]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 11:50, 20 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:SHOHANUR RAHMAN]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:06, 26 November 2024 (UTC) # [[:How to Be Indie]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7C:BE8E:9000:CED:F457:95AF:6880}} 11:32, 30 November 2024 (UTC) === December 2024 === # [[:Quantum boomerang effect]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Mmukhas}} 14:07, 2 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kalakuta]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2405:201:F021:18:1D0D:FFE9:5AE6:8865}} 14:18, 2 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:White British]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Nyi Nyi Tayza}} 11:57, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:White British]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 11:59, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Royal Danish Naval Academy]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|156.52.225.50}} 12:00, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:White British]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Nyi Nyi Tayza}} 12:00, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Rica Arnejo]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Moana2pretty}} 14:04, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Unfinished Music No.1: Two Virgins]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|82.17.209.139}} 18:03, 4 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Duxosko xabe]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|116.109.38.200}} 13:56, 11 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Margaret Gakuo Kenyatta]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|41.90.45.54}} 10:57, 12 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Terry A. Davis]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|193.0.108.47}} 14:17, 12 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Brenda Fricker]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|87.32.137.3}} 10:01, 16 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Angela Goethals]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|87.32.137.3}} 10:01, 16 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Michael C. Maronna]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|87.32.137.3}} 10:01, 16 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Gerry Bamman]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|87.32.137.3}} 10:02, 16 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Kristin Minter]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|87.32.137.3}} 10:02, 16 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Negerboll]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|62.88.128.149}} 10:05, 16 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Bleedng Through]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:56, 16 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:WrestleMania XL]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|2603:6011:35F0:9D60:9491:75CC:56AF:B0E8}} 13:55, 17 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Mr Hudson]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|87.40.222.2}} 17:39, 18 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:User:124UTp]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|124UTp}} 12:31, 19 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:List of gay]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Eram7}} 07:49, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:La+bohème]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|Eram7}} 07:53, 23 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Storefriendly]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-afd}}) 16:06, 24 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:Talk:List Of Movies And Specials/FX]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 21:23, 24 December 2024 (UTC) # [[:2022–23 Al-Nassr FC season]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Amankr34}} 22:45, 31 December 2024 (UTC) === January 2025 === # [[:Omar bin Laden]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2A02:C7C:C638:6100:5572:DDE0:A71D:850B}} 15:33, 2 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:टेरी ईगलटन]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Saz1234}} 12:23, 3 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Christianity and other religions]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|78.63.130.200}} 16:39, 5 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/A Pur Pur!]]: [[WP:QD#G6|CSD G6]] ({{tl|db-g6}}) 18:20, 5 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Werecockroach]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|182.178.11.41}} 09:32, 6 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Dummheit]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|24.40.157.122}} 09:37, 6 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Sir Paul Marshall]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|62.64.211.164}} 12:31, 6 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Kode Referral Tokocrypto Terbaru 2025: AYCH147X Cashback 20% Selamanya]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A5|A5]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|120.188.83.140}} 12:48, 6 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Mengjiang]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|204.113.45.34}} 17:26, 6 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:IF (film)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|2405:201:AC07:2960:51E9:46EE:F7AD:5CF2}} 15:11, 7 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Celtic mythology]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|209.16.166.205}} 20:25, 7 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Women's sports]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|185.58.164.88}} 13:58, 8 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Yard Farm]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|96.36.30.50}} 19:41, 8 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Werebulldog]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|182.178.29.214}} 12:35, 9 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Werecockroach]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|182.178.29.214}} 12:39, 9 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Werecat]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|182.178.29.214}} 12:40, 9 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:List of Oggy and the Cockroaches episodes]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|182.178.29.214}} 12:42, 9 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Weredog]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|182.178.29.214}} 12:46, 9 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Chocolate Penguin Figure]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 14:07, 9 January 2025 (UTC) # [[:Larry Cermak]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Boldcable}} 13:52, 13 January 2025 (UTC) === March 2025 === # [[:Ericteehee]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:13, 15 March 2025 (UTC) === May 2025 === # [[:Turbowrap]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:43, 31 May 2025 (UTC) === July 2025 === # [[:Mashrafi Hossain Antu]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 09:52, 10 July 2025 (UTC) # [[:International Journal of Cardiovascular Practice]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 05:13, 18 July 2025 (UTC) === September 2025 === # [[:War of Transnistria]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 16:06, 2 September 2025 (UTC) # [[:Waterbuffalo]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Fairyprincess123}} 17:21, 19 September 2025 (UTC) === October 2025 === # [[:Isvaradatta]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 11:27, 2 October 2025 (UTC) # [[:Robot Dreams vs. Night Garden]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 17:23, 5 October 2025 (UTC) # [[:X86 assembly language]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 11:07, 6 October 2025 (UTC) # [[:Winston Warwick]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 09:21, 15 October 2025 (UTC) # [[:Duct cleaning]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 09:23, 15 October 2025 (UTC) # [[:Dr. Vinod Kumar]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 08:42, 22 October 2025 (UTC) # [[:Urease]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 09:17, 30 October 2025 (UTC) === November 2025 === # [[:Censorship on social media]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 12:31, 3 November 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ranchod Vira Koli]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 12:31, 3 November 2025 (UTC) # [[:French America]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 13:07, 22 November 2025 (UTC) # [[:German Invasion of Poland 1939]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Russian Mapping849493}} 13:16, 28 November 2025 (UTC) === December 2025 === # [[:Mr. Morale & the Big Steppers]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 18:19, 2 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:HairCog TV Series]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 13:38, 5 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Phaedo]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 14:42, 7 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:The Incredibles (franchise)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 14:42, 7 December 2025 (UTC) # [[:Ghostbusters (franchise)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 14:43, 7 December 2025 (UTC) === January 2026 === # [[:Enteritis]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 23:10, 9 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sheldon Moldoff]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 13:21, 10 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:History of Vaajakoski]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 11:44, 30 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Vahan's War]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 11:45, 30 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Antti Achrenius]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 11:45, 30 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Economist Intelligence Unit]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 11:46, 30 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) 11:47, 30 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kota ,Rajasthan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-66134-6}} 17:24, 30 January 2026 (UTC) === March 2026 === # [[:The Laziest Men on Mars]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 10:59, 13 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Medieval Lviv]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 13:23, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:History of the Church of England]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 13:23, 24 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Portrait of Dmitry Andreevich Furmanov]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 16:59, 25 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Unit 8200]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 17:00, 25 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wendy Ashby]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 17:00, 25 March 2026 (UTC) === April 2026 === # [[:Resilient Harvests: Farming and Agricultural Transformation in Matabeleland South (2020–2025)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 09:55, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ultras Winners]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 09:56, 12 April 2026 (UTC) === May 2026 === # [[:Charles Arizechukwu Igwe]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 13:01, 6 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Francis V, Duke of Modena]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 09:15, 10 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Muo Zedong!]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-27849-33}} 09:20, 10 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:2025–26 Premier League]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 13:56, 21 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mycotoxin]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 17:58, 28 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Football at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 09:41, 29 May 2026 (UTC) === July 2026 === # [[:Elle]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 14:05, 21 July 2026 (UTC) === August 2026 === # [[:Akong Langmeisu]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 08:22, 15 August 2026 (UTC) # [[:Manipur State Kala Akademi]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 08:22, 15 August 2026 (UTC) # [[:Louis Léger (Prefect)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 18:28, 19 August 2026 (UTC) # [[:Loibi Tharangamba]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 18:28, 19 August 2026 (UTC) # [[:Superman & Lois]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 18:14, 26 August 2026 (UTC) === September 2026 === # [[:List of vehicles of the New York City Police Department]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 14:03, 5 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mitchell–Lama Housing Program]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 14:05, 5 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Findom]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 22:05, 16 September 2026 (UTC) === October 2026 === # [[:Tourism in Pokhara]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}) endorsing 13:40, 8 October 2026 (UTC) 5mc052lc3zqo6u1aul2gqirvgsa8g74 2 1020093 11024367 11023808 2026-10-09T04:55:03Z Werner100359 106408 /* Honours */ 11024367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Manuela Zinsberger | image = Valerenga-Arsenal WUCL 12-12-2024 CG3A4421 43 (cropped).jpg | fullname = Manuela Zinsberger | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|10 |19|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Stockerau]], [[Austria]] | height = 177 cm | position = [[Goalkeeper]] | currentclub = [[Borussia Dortmund (women)|Borussia Dortmund]] | clubnumber = 24 | youthyears1 = 2001-2010 | youthclubs1 = USV Leitzersdorf | youthyears2 = 2009-2010 | youthclubs2 = SV Stockerau (loan) | youthyears3 = | years1 = 2010 | clubs1 = | caps1 =9 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2010-2013 | clubs2 = [[USV Neulengbach|USV Neulengbach Juniors]] | caps2 = 14 | goals2 = 1 | years3 = 2010-2014 | clubs3 = USV Neulengbach | caps3 = 51 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2014-2019 | clubs4 = [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|FC Bayern Munich II]] | caps4= 5 | goals4 = 0 | years5 = 2014-2019 | clubs5 = [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|FC Bayern Munich]] | caps5 = 55 | goals5 = 0 | years6 = 2019-2026 | clubs6 = [[Arsenal W.F.C.|Arsenal FC]] | caps6 = 88 | goals6 = 0 | years6 = 2026- | clubs6 = [[Borussia Dortmund (women)|Borussia Dortmund]] | caps6 = 0 | goals6 = 0 | nationalyears1 = | nationalteam1 = [[Austria women's national under-17 football team|Austria U17]] | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 =0 | nationalyears2 = | nationalteam2 = [[Austria women's national under-19 football team|Austria U19]] | nationalcaps2 = 7 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2013- | nationalteam3 = [[Austria women's national football team|Austria]] | nationalcaps3 = 110 | nationalgoals3 = 0 | pcupdate = 8 October 2026 | ntupdate = 8 October 2026 | medaltemplates = }} '''Manuela Zinsberger''' (born 19 October 1995 in Stockerau) is an Austrian football goalkeeper. She plays Borussia Dortmund in the Regionalliga West (3rd tier). <ref>[https://www.bvb.de/de/de/aktuelles/news/news.html/2026/6/11/Manuela-Zinsberger-wechselt-zum-BVB.html Borussia Dortmund News ] </ref> She also plays for the and plays for [[Austria women's national football team|Austrian women's national football team]]. <ref>[https://www.oefb.at/NT-Profile/Spieler/956593?Manuela-Zinsberger ÖFB Players profile] </ref> ==Career == Zinsberger played for USV Leitzersdorf and SV Stockerau during her youth. During the 2009/10 winter transfer window, Manuela Zinsberger made the move to senior football. She joined USVG Großrußbach in the Lower Austrian State League. In the summer of 2010, she joined the Bundesliga club [[SV Neulengbach]]. She debuted on October 30, 2010 ,shortly after her 15th birthday,in a 1–1 home draw against [[FC Südburgenland]]. At the same time, she played for the Neulengbach Juniors in the 2nd League East/South until 2013. From the 2012/13 season onwards, she was the starting goalkeeper for SV Neulengbach. 2014, Zinsberger moved to FC Bayern Munich. <ref>[http://www.fcbayern-frauenfussball.de/news/FC+Bayern+verpflichtet+Manuela+Zinsberger,25853.htm FC Bayern München Frauenfußball] </ref> She played her first Bundesliga match for the first team on November 30, 2014 in a goalless draw away against SGS Essen. 2019 she was signed by [[Arsenal W.F.C.]]. Zinsberger quickly established herself as the first-choice goalkeeper. In her first twelve matches, she kept six clean sheets and conceded only 11 goals. On May 17, 2023, Zinsberger played her 100th competitive match for Arsenal in a 4–1 league victory over Everton. For the 2026-27 season she moved to Borussia Dortmund. ==International == After playing for the U-17 and U-19 national teams, Zinsberger made her debut on 2 June 2013 in a 3–1 friendly victory over Slovenia. She was a half-time substitute for Anna-Carina Kristler. She played in the [[UEFA Women's Euro 2022]]. As the starting goalkeeper, Zinsberger played in all group matches, as well as the quarter-final against [[Germany women's national football team|Germany]]. ==Honours == ===SV Neulengbach === *[[ÖFB-Frauenliga|Austrian Champion]]ː 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 * Austrian Cupː [[2009-10 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2010]], [[2010- 11 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2011]], [[2011-12 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2012]] ===FC Bayern Munich=== * [[Frauen Bundesliga|Women's Bundesliga]] : [[2014–15 Bundesliga (women)|2015]], [[2015–16 Bundesliga (women)|2016]] ===Arsenal WFC=== * [[UEFA Women's Champions League]]ː 2025 *League Cup: 2023 ===National team ̞=== *[[UEFA Women's Euro ]]ːSemifinals 2017 *[[Cyprus Cup]]ː2016 {{Commonscat|Manuela Zinsberger}} ==References == qfcuauctmui1m3ubh8ys2whdd1erqrw 11024384 11024367 2026-10-09T05:03:37Z Werner100359 106408 11024384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Manuela Zinsberger | image = Valerenga-Arsenal WUCL 12-12-2024 CG3A4421 43 (cropped).jpg | fullname = Manuela Zinsberger | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|10 |19|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Stockerau]], [[Austria]] | height = 177 cm | position = [[Goalkeeper]] | currentclub = [[Borussia Dortmund (women)|Borussia Dortmund]] | clubnumber = 24 | youthyears1 = 2001-2010 | youthclubs1 = USV Leitzersdorf | youthyears2 = 2009-2010 | youthclubs2 = SV Stockerau (loan) | youthyears3 = | years1 = 2010 | clubs1 = | caps1 =9 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2010-2013 | clubs2 = [[USV Neulengbach|USV Neulengbach Juniors]] | caps2 = 14 | goals2 = 1 | years3 = 2010-2014 | clubs3 = USV Neulengbach | caps3 = 51 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2014-2019 | clubs4 = [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|FC Bayern Munich II]] | caps4= 5 | goals4 = 0 | years5 = 2014-2019 | clubs5 = [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|FC Bayern Munich]] | caps5 = 55 | goals5 = 0 | years6 = 2019-2026 | clubs6 = [[Arsenal W.F.C.|Arsenal FC]] | caps6 = 88 | goals6 = 0 | years7 = 2026- | clubs7 = [[Borussia Dortmund (women)|Borussia Dortmund]] | caps7 = 0 | goals7 = 0 | nationalyears1 = | nationalteam1 = [[Austria women's national under-17 football team|Austria U17]] | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 =0 | nationalyears2 = | nationalteam2 = [[Austria women's national under-19 football team|Austria U19]] | nationalcaps2 = 7 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2013- | nationalteam3 = [[Austria women's national football team|Austria]] | nationalcaps3 = 110 | nationalgoals3 = 0 | pcupdate = 8 October 2026 | ntupdate = 8 October 2026 | medaltemplates = }} '''Manuela Zinsberger''' (born 19 October 1995 in Stockerau) is an Austrian football goalkeeper. She plays Borussia Dortmund in the Regionalliga West (3rd tier). <ref>[https://www.bvb.de/de/de/aktuelles/news/news.html/2026/6/11/Manuela-Zinsberger-wechselt-zum-BVB.html Borussia Dortmund News ] </ref> She also plays for the and plays for [[Austria women's national football team|Austrian women's national football team]]. <ref>[https://www.oefb.at/NT-Profile/Spieler/956593?Manuela-Zinsberger ÖFB Players profile] </ref> ==Career == Zinsberger played for USV Leitzersdorf and SV Stockerau during her youth. During the 2009/10 winter transfer window, Manuela Zinsberger made the move to senior football. She joined USVG Großrußbach in the Lower Austrian State League. In the summer of 2010, she joined the Bundesliga club [[SV Neulengbach]]. She debuted on October 30, 2010 ,shortly after her 15th birthday,in a 1–1 home draw against [[FC Südburgenland]]. At the same time, she played for the Neulengbach Juniors in the 2nd League East/South until 2013. From the 2012/13 season onwards, she was the starting goalkeeper for SV Neulengbach. 2014, Zinsberger moved to FC Bayern Munich. <ref>[http://www.fcbayern-frauenfussball.de/news/FC+Bayern+verpflichtet+Manuela+Zinsberger,25853.htm FC Bayern München Frauenfußball] </ref> She played her first Bundesliga match for the first team on November 30, 2014 in a goalless draw away against SGS Essen. 2019 she was signed by [[Arsenal W.F.C.]]. Zinsberger quickly established herself as the first-choice goalkeeper. In her first twelve matches, she kept six clean sheets and conceded only 11 goals. On May 17, 2023, Zinsberger played her 100th competitive match for Arsenal in a 4–1 league victory over Everton. For the 2026-27 season she moved to Borussia Dortmund. ==International == After playing for the U-17 and U-19 national teams, Zinsberger made her debut on 2 June 2013 in a 3–1 friendly victory over Slovenia. She was a half-time substitute for Anna-Carina Kristler. She played in the [[UEFA Women's Euro 2022]]. As the starting goalkeeper, Zinsberger played in all group matches, as well as the quarter-final against [[Germany women's national football team|Germany]]. ==Honours == ===SV Neulengbach === *[[ÖFB-Frauenliga|Austrian Champion]]ː 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 * Austrian Cupː [[2009-10 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2010]], [[2010- 11 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2011]], [[2011-12 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2012]] ===FC Bayern Munich=== * [[Frauen Bundesliga|Women's Bundesliga]] : [[2014–15 Bundesliga (women)|2015]], [[2015–16 Bundesliga (women)|2016]] ===Arsenal WFC=== * [[UEFA Women's Champions League]]ː 2025 *League Cup: 2023 ===National team ̞=== *[[UEFA Women's Euro ]]ːSemifinals 2017 *[[Cyprus Cup]]ː2016 {{Commonscat|Manuela Zinsberger}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Zinsberger, Manuela}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Austrian women's footballers]] [[Category:Players of the Austrian national football team]] 50ace016lwqtqbrybu2ea4uxhf41kim 11024398 11024384 2026-10-09T05:25:20Z Werner100359 106408 11024398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Manuela Zinsberger | image = Valerenga-Arsenal WUCL 12-12-2024 CG3A4421 43 (cropped).jpg | fullname = Manuela Zinsberger | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|10 |19|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Stockerau]], [[Austria]] | height = 177 cm | position = [[Goalkeeper]] | currentclub = [[Borussia Dortmund (women)|Borussia Dortmund]] | clubnumber = 24 | youthyears1 = 2001-2010 | youthclubs1 = USV Leitzersdorf | youthyears2 = 2009-2010 | youthclubs2 = SV Stockerau (loan) | youthyears3 = | years1 = 2010 | clubs1 = | caps1 =9 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2010-2013 | clubs2 = [[USV Neulengbach|USV Neulengbach Juniors]] | caps2 = 14 | goals2 = 1 | years3 = 2010-2014 | clubs3 = USV Neulengbach | caps3 = 51 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2014-2019 | clubs4 = [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|FC Bayern Munich II]] | caps4= 5 | goals4 = 0 | years5 = 2014-2019 | clubs5 = [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|FC Bayern Munich]] | caps5 = 55 | goals5 = 0 | years6 = 2019-2026 | clubs6 = [[Arsenal W.F.C.|Arsenal FC]] | caps6 = 88 | goals6 = 0 | years7 = 2026- | clubs7 = [[Borussia Dortmund (women)|Borussia Dortmund]] | caps7 = 0 | goals7 = 0 | nationalyears1 = | nationalteam1 = [[Austria women's national under-17 football team|Austria U17]] | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 =0 | nationalyears2 = | nationalteam2 = [[Austria women's national under-19 football team|Austria U19]] | nationalcaps2 = 7 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2013- | nationalteam3 = [[Austria women's national football team|Austria]] | nationalcaps3 = 110 | nationalgoals3 = 0 | pcupdate = 8 October 2026 | ntupdate = 8 October 2026 | medaltemplates = }} fkd7jim6at1tqxujnp85saoo8akj9qc 11024490 11024398 2026-10-09T07:22:38Z Werner100359 106408 11024490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[ÖFB-Frauenliga]] | season = 2014-15 | dates = 10 August 2013 - 8 June 2014 | winners = FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern 1st title | relegated = [[ASK Erlaa]] |promoted = [[Carinthians Soccer Women]] | matches = 90 | total goals = 333 | league topscorer = [[Nicole Billa]] (27 goals) | prevseason = [[2012-13 Austrian women's football championship|2012-13 ]] | nextseason = [[2014-15 Austrian women's football championship|2014-15]] }} The '''2014-15 Austrian women's football championship''' was the 43rd championship in Austrian women's football. It was organized by the [[Austrian Football Association]]. [[FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern]] won the Austrian football championship for the 1st time . [[ASK Erlaa]] was relegated. [[Carinthians Soccer Women]] was promoted for the 2014-15 season. The Sturm Graz/Stattegg joint team was dissolved, and the squad was taken over by Sturm Graz. ==Table == <ref>[https://www.austriasoccer.at/damen/nat/ms/o1__bundesliga_frauen__2014_15.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. !M ! Name ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. |18 |'''FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' | 18 |0 | 0 | 54 |- |2. |18 | '''USV Neulengbach''' | 16 |0 | 2 | 48 |- |3. |18 |''' SK Sturm Graz''' | 8 |3 | 7 | 27 |- |4. |18 |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' | 7 |2 | 9 | 23 |- |5. |18 | '''LUV Graz''' | 7 |1 | 10 |22 |- |6. |18 |''' Union Kleinmünchen ''' | 6 |3 | 9 | 21 |- |7. |18 |'''SKV Altenmarkt''' | 5 |5 | 8 | 20 |- |8. |18 |'''FC Südburgenland''' | 5 |1 | 12 | 16 |- |9. |18 |'''USC Landhaus''' | 4 |3 | 11 | 15 |- |10. |18 | '''ASK Erlaa''' | 4 |2 | 12 | 14 |} ==Matches == <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/damen/nat/ms/o1__bundesliga_frauen__2013_14.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |'''SKV Altenmarkt ''' | Carinthians Soccer Women |2-1 |- | LUV Graz |'''USC Landhaus''' |1-6 |- | '''USV Neulengbach''' | SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg |7-0 |- |Union Kleinmünchen | ''' FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |1-2 |- | '''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |FC Südburgenland |3-0 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- | '''Carinthians Soccer Women''' |Union Kleinmünchen |1-0 |- |'''USV Neulengbach''' |SKV Altenmarkt |2-0 |- | ''' FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |FC Wacker Innsbruck |2-0 |- |''' SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg''' | USC Landhaus |3-1 |- | '''FC Südburgenland''' |LUV Graz |6-0 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |'''SKV Altenmarkt''' |SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg |3-0 |- |LUV Graz |''' FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |0-4 |- | Union Kleinmünchen |'''USV Neulengbach''' |0-6 |- |''' USC Landhaus''' | FC Südburgenland |2-1 |- | '''FC Wacker Innsbruck ''' |Carinthians Soccer Women |5-0 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |'''USV Neulengbach''' |FC Wacker Innsbruck |4-2 |- |SKV Altenmarkt |Union Kleinmünchen |0-0 |- | SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg |'''FC Südburgenland''' |1-5 |- |Carinthians Soccer Women | '''LUV Graz''' |0-2 |- | ''' FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |USC Landhaus |4-0 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |Union Kleinmünchen |''' SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg''' |0-2 |- |'''USC Landhaus''' |Carinthians Soccer Women |4-0 |- |FC Wacker Innsbruck |SKV Altenmarkt |1-1 |- |FC Südburgenland |''' FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |1-5 |- | LUV Graz |'''USV Neulengbach''' |1-5 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |'''USV Neulengbach''' |USC Landhaus |7-0 |- |SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg |''' FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |1-3 |- |SKV Altenmarkt |LUV Graz |1-0 |- |Union Kleinmünchen |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |0-2 |- | Carinthians Soccer Women |'''FC Südburgenland''' |0-2 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |FC Südburgenland |'''USV Neulengbach''' |1-5 |- |LUV Graz |Union Kleinmünchen ' |1-1 |- |USC Landhaus | '''SKV Altenmarkt''' |0-2 |- |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg |3-0 |- | ''' FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |Carinthians Soccer Women |8-0 |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |'''USV Neulengbach''' |FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern |4-2 |- |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |LUV Graz |4-0 |- |SKV Altenmark | '''FC Südburgenland''' |0-3 |- |'''SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg ''' |Carinthians Soccer Women |3-0 |- | ''' Union Kleinmünchen ''' |USC Landhaus |3-1 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |Carinthians Soccer Women |'''USV Neulengbach''' |1-10 |- |FC Südburgenland |''' Union Kleinmünchen ''' |0-1 |- |'''FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |SKV Altenmark |4-1 |- |LUV Graz |'''SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg ''' |2-6 |- | '''USC Landhaus''' |FC Wacker Innsbruck |2-0 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg |'''USV Neulengbach''' |1-2 |- |FC Südburgenland |FC Wacker Innsbruck |2-2 |- |Carinthians Soccer Women |'''SKV Altenmark ''' |0-3 |- |'''FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |Union Kleinmünchen |7-0 |- | USC Landhaus |'''LUV Graz ''' |0-1 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |FC Wacker Innsbruck |'''FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |2-3 |- |LUV Graz |FC Südburgenland |1-1 |- |Union Kleinmünchen |Carinthians Soccer Women |1-1 |- |'''USC Landhaus''' | SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg |4-1 |- | SKV Altenmark |'''USV Neulengbach''' |1-6 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |'''FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |LUV Graz |5-0 |- |'''USV Neulengbach''' |Union Kleinmünchen |4-1 |- |'''Carinthians Soccer Women''' | FC Wacker Innsbruck |2-1 |- |FC Südburgenland |USC Landhaus |1-1 |- | SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg |'''SKV Altenmark''' |0-1 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |FC Wacker Innsbruck |'''USV Neulengbach''' |1-5 |- |FC Südburgenland | SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg |1-1 |- |LUV Graz | Carinthians Soccer Women |0-0 |- |'''Union Kleinmünchen''' |SKV Altenmark |1-0 |- | USC Landhaus |'''FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |0-3 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- | '''SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg''' |Union Kleinmünchen |3-1 |- |'''Carinthians Soccer Women''' |USC Landhaus |3-0 |- |'''FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' | FC Südburgenland |2-0 |- |'''USV Neulengbach''' |LUV Graz |7-0 |- | '''SKV Altenmark''' |FC Wacker Innsbruck |2-0 |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |'''FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg |6-0 |- |FC Wacker Innsbruck |'''Union Kleinmünchen''' |0-2 |- |USC Landhaus |'''USV Neulengbach''' |0-6 |- | '''FC Südburgenland''' |Carinthians Soccer Women |3-0 |- | LUV Graz |'''SKV Altenmark''' |0-2 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |'''USV Neulengbach''' |FC Südburgenland |4-0 |- |SKV Altenmark |'''USC Landhaus''' |1-5 |- |SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck ''' |1-4 |- | Union Kleinmünchen |'''LUV Graz''' |0-1 |- | Carinthians Soccer Women |'''FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |2-6 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |'''Carinthians Soccer Women''' |SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg |2-1 |- |FC Südburgenland |SKV Altenmark |1-1 |- |FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern |'''USV Neulengbach''' |1-4 |- |LUV Graz |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck ''' |1-2 |- | USC Landhaus |'''Union Kleinmünchen''' |0-1 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |'''USV Neulengbach''' |Carinthians Soccer Women |3-0 |- |SKV Altenmark |'''FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |1-5 |- |SG Sturm Graz/Stattegg |'''LUV Graz''' |0-3 |- |'''Union Kleinmünchen''' |FC Südburgenland''' ''' |4-0 |- |FC Wacker Innsbruck | '''USC Landhaus''' |2-5 |} ==References == {{reflist}} {{ÖFB-Frauenliga seasons}} {{Association football in Austria}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] [[Category:2013–14 in European football]] j8cmskvbk9688nvprq3ihraw6ulw6bw 0 1023616 11024422 10915656 2026-10-09T05:39:54Z Greenock125 652309 /* Singles */ Updated discography 11024422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Käärijä | image = Käärijä (2023).jpg | caption = Käärijä in 2023 | birth_name = Jere Mikael Pöyhönen | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1993|10|21}} | birth_place = [[Helsinki]], Finland | origin = [[Vantaa]], Finland | genre = [[Pop rap]], [[electronic music|electronic]], [[synth-pop]], [[rap metal]], punk rap | occupation = Rapper, singer, songwriter | years_active = 2016–present | label = Monsp Records, [[Warner Music Group|Warner Music Finland]] }} '''Jere Mikael Pöyhönen''' (born 21 October 1993),<ref>{{cite web|last=Harjumaa|first=Jarkko|date=10 May 2023|title=Käärijä on ihan tavallinen Jere ja äidin poika – Euroviisujen voittajasuosikin nivalalaislahtöinen äiti Arja Pöyhönen uskoo, että poika jaksaa hul-lunmyllyn läpi|url=https://www.kaleva.fi/kaarija-on-ihan-tavallinen-jere-ja-aidin-poika-eur/5517495|url-access=subscription|access-date=15 May 2023|work={{ill|Kaleva (newspaper)|en|lt=Kaleva}}|language=fi}}</ref> known by his [[stage name]] '''Käärijä''', is a [[Finland|Finnish]] rapper and singer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grace|first=Emily|date=2023-04-10|title=🇫🇮 Finland: "I've always been a crazy and energetic guy" - An Interview With Käärijä|url=https://eurovoix.com/2023/04/10/finland-interview-kaarija/|access-date=2023-05-17|website=Eurovoix|language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2023, he represented Finland in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2023]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Farren|first=Neil|date=25 February 2023|title=Finland: Käärijä to Eurovision 2023|url=https://eurovoix.com/2023/02/25/%f0%9f%87%ab%f0%9f%87%ae-finland-kaarija-to-eurovision-2023/|access-date=26 February 2023|website=Eurovoix|language=en-GB}}</ref> with the song "Cha Cha Cha". He came 4th in the jury vote and 1st in the public vote, but finished second overall, with [[Sweden|Swedish]] entry [[Loreen]] winning.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kataja|first=Marika|date=14 May 2023|title=Ruotsi voitti euroviisut - euroopapalaisten yleisöjen mukaan selvä voittaja oli kakkoseksi tullut Suomi|language=fi|work=[[Yle]]|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20031698|access-date=14 May 2023}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]<br/><ref name="FIN">{{cite web|url=https://ifpi.fi/lista/artistit/kaarija/|title=Käärijä|website=Musiikkituottajat|language=fi}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Fantastista'' | * Released: 7 February 2020 * Label: [[Warner Music Group|Warner Music Finland]], Monsp Records * Formats: [[CD]], [[LP record|LP]], [[Music download|digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]] | 4 |- ! scope="row"| ''People's Champion'' | * Released: 1 November 2024 * Label: Warner Music Finland * Formats: CD, LP, digital download, streaming | 2 |} ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]<br/><ref name="FIN"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Peliä'' | * Released: 27 July 2018 * Label: Warner Music Finland, Monsp * Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]] | 22 |- ! scope="row"| ''Cha Cha Cha Mixtape'' | * Released: 12 May 2023 * Label: Warner Music Finland, Monsp * Formats: Digital download, streaming, CD, LP | 2 |- ! scope="row"| ''Boyband''<br/>{{small|(with [[Joost Klein]] and [[Tommy Cash]])}} | * Released: 11 May 2026 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming | — |- ! scope="row"| ''Vitun hyvää joulua''<br/>{{small|(with Sanni)}} | * Released: 10 July 2026 * Label: Warner Music Finland * Formats: Digital download, streaming | — |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} === Singles === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]<br/><ref name="FIN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref name="AUT">{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=K%E4%E4rij%E4|title=Discographie Käärijä|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=K%E4%E4rij%E4|title=Discography Käärijä|publisher=Hung Medien|website=irish-charts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Iceland|ICE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://plotutidindi.is/tonlistinn/|title=Tónlistinn – Lög|trans-title=The Music – Songs|publisher=Plötutíðindi|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230520213300/http://plotutidindi.is/tonlistinn/|archive-date=20 May 2023|language=is}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Lithuania|LTU]]<br/><ref>Peak chart positions for singles in Lithuania: * "Cha Cha Cha": {{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s20-2/|title=2023 20-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt}} * "Trafik!": {{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s29-3/|title=2024 29-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt}} * "#eurodab": {{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s22-4/|title=2025 22-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Single Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=K%E4%E4rij%E4|title=Discografie Käärijä|publisher=Hung Medien|website=dutchcharts.nl}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=K%E4%E4rij%E4|title=Discography Käärijä|publisher=Hung Medien|website=norwegiancharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=K%E4%E4rij%E4|title=Discography Käärijä|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swedishcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/64745/kaarija/|title=KAARIJA songs and albums {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|website=officialcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Global 200|WW]]<br/><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/2023-05-27/|title=Billboard Global 200: Week of May 27, 2023|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Heila"<br/>{{small|(featuring Urho Ghettonen)}} | rowspan="3"| 2016 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Urheilujätkä"<br/>{{small|(featuring Jeskiedes)}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Puun takaa" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Tuuliviiri" | rowspan="4"| 2017 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ajoa" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Koppi tules" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Nou Roblem" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Klo23" | rowspan="3"| 2018 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="2"| ''Peliä'' |- ! scope="row"| "Puuta heinää" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Viulunkieli" | 30 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="4"| ''Fantastista'' |- ! scope="row"| "Rock Rock" | rowspan="3"| 2019 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Hirttää kiinni" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Mic mac" | 44 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Paidaton riehuja" | 2020 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="3" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Menestynyt yksilö" | rowspan="2"| 2021 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Siitä viis" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Välikuolema" | 2022 | 19 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="2" | ''Cha Cha Cha Mixtape'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Cha Cha Cha (Käärijä song)|en|lt=Cha Cha Cha}}" | rowspan="3"| 2023 | 1 || 7 || 7 || 2 || 1 || 13 || 3 || 1 || 6 || 27 |- ! scope="row"| "It's Crazy, It's Party"<br/>{{small|(featuring [[Tommy Cash]])}} | 4 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="4"| ''People's Champion'' |- ! scope="row"| "Huhhahhei" | 5 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ruoska"<br/>{{small|(with [[Erika Vikman]])}} | rowspan="5"| 2024 | 1 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Kot Kot" | 8 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Trafik!|en}}"<br/>{{small|(with [[Joost Klein]])}} | 5 || — || — || — || 60 || 84 || — || — || — || — | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Sex = Money" | 15 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="2"| ''People's Champion'' |- ! scope="row"| "Autiomaa" | 23 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "San Francisco Boy"<br/>{{small|(with {{ill|Hooja|en}})}} | rowspan="11"| 2025 | 8 || — || — || — || — || — || — || 5 || — || — | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Kaistaa"<br/>{{small|(with {{ill|Bess (singer)|en|lt=Bess}})}} | 4 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | ''Ultravioletti'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Eurodab|en|lt=#Eurodab}}"<br/>{{small|(with [[Baby Lasagna]])}} | 7 || — || — || — || 92 || — || — || 93 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"#Eurodab" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 17 on the UK Singles Downloads Chart and number 18 on the UK Singles Sales Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/kaarija-baby-lasagna-eurodab/|title=EURODAB – KAARIJA & BABY LASAGNA|publisher=[[Official Charts]]|website=officialcharts.com}}</ref>}} || — | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Raveyard"<br/>{{small|(with [[Lord of the Lost]])}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | ''Opvs Noir Vol. 2'' |- ! scope="row"| "Yhtä en saa" | 42 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="6"| ''Vain elämää kausi 16'' |- ! scope="row"| "Moottoritie on kuuma" | 24 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Hyväuskoinen" | 29 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Aamuun asti" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Vantaalainen" | 5 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Menoo (Get On)" | 49 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Disko Balls" | 17 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="4" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Mun mestoi"<br/>{{small|(with Rekami)}} | rowspan="3"| 2026 | 48 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ja eller nej"<br/>{{small|(with [[Basshunter]])}} | 12 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Hyvää Puuta"<br/><small>(with [[Joost Klein|Joost]])</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ==Notes== {{notelist-ua}} ==Sources== {{Reflist}} {{bio-stub}} [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Finnish singers]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] nhg7njf0xsxa2gosqk3d1fxquxwy9tq 11024426 11024422 2026-10-09T05:43:31Z Greenock125 652309 11024426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Käärijä | image = Käärijä (2023).jpg | caption = Käärijä in 2023 | birth_name = Jere Mikael Pöyhönen | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1993|10|21}} | birth_place = [[Helsinki]], Finland | origin = [[Vantaa]], Finland | genre = [[Pop rap]], [[electronic music|electronic]], [[synth-pop]], [[rap metal]], punk rap | occupation = Rapper, singer, songwriter | years_active = 2016–present | label = Monsp Records, [[Warner Music Group|Warner Music Finland]] }} '''Jere Mikael Pöyhönen''' (born 21 October 1993),<ref>{{cite web|last=Harjumaa|first=Jarkko|date=10 May 2023|title=Käärijä on ihan tavallinen Jere ja äidin poika – Euroviisujen voittajasuosikin nivalalaislahtöinen äiti Arja Pöyhönen uskoo, että poika jaksaa hul-lunmyllyn läpi|url=https://www.kaleva.fi/kaarija-on-ihan-tavallinen-jere-ja-aidin-poika-eur/5517495|url-access=subscription|access-date=15 May 2023|work={{ill|Kaleva (newspaper)|en|lt=Kaleva}}|language=fi}}</ref> known by his [[stage name]] '''Käärijä''', is a [[Finland|Finnish]] rapper and singer.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Grace|first=Emily|date=2023-04-10|title=🇫🇮 Finland: "I've always been a crazy and energetic guy" - An Interview With Käärijä|url=https://eurovoix.com/2023/04/10/finland-interview-kaarija/|access-date=2023-05-17|website=Eurovoix|language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2023, he represented Finland in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2023]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Farren|first=Neil|date=25 February 2023|title=Finland: Käärijä to Eurovision 2023|url=https://eurovoix.com/2023/02/25/%f0%9f%87%ab%f0%9f%87%ae-finland-kaarija-to-eurovision-2023/|access-date=26 February 2023|website=Eurovoix|language=en-GB}}</ref> with the song "Cha Cha Cha". He came 4th in the jury vote and 1st in the public vote, but finished second overall, with [[Sweden|Swedish]] entry [[Loreen]] winning.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kataja|first=Marika|date=14 May 2023|title=Ruotsi voitti euroviisut - euroopapalaisten yleisöjen mukaan selvä voittaja oli kakkoseksi tullut Suomi|language=fi|work=[[Yle]]|url=https://yle.fi/a/74-20031698|access-date=14 May 2023}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]<br/><ref name="FIN">{{cite web|url=https://ifpi.fi/lista/artistit/kaarija/|title=Käärijä|website=Musiikkituottajat|language=fi}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Fantastista'' | * Released: 7 February 2020 * Label: [[Warner Music Group|Warner Music Finland]], Monsp Records * Formats: [[CD]], [[LP record|LP]], [[Music download|digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]] | 4 |- ! scope="row"| ''People's Champion'' | * Released: 1 November 2024 * Label: Warner Music Finland * Formats: CD, LP, digital download, streaming | 2 |} ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]<br/><ref name="FIN"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Peliä'' | * Released: 27 July 2018 * Label: Warner Music Finland, Monsp * Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]] | 22 |- ! scope="row"| ''Cha Cha Cha Mixtape'' | * Released: 12 May 2023 * Label: Warner Music Finland, Monsp * Formats: Digital download, streaming, CD, LP | 2 |- ! scope="row"| ''Boyband''<br/>{{small|(with [[Joost Klein]] and [[Tommy Cash]])}} | * Released: 11 May 2026 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming | — |- ! scope="row"| ''Vitun hyvää joulua''<br/>{{small|(with Sanni)}} | * Released: 10 July 2026 * Label: Warner Music Finland * Formats: Digital download, streaming | — |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} === Singles === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]<br/><ref name="FIN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref name="AUT">{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=K%E4%E4rij%E4|title=Discographie Käärijä|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=K%E4%E4rij%E4|title=Discography Käärijä|publisher=Hung Medien|website=irish-charts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Iceland|ICE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://plotutidindi.is/tonlistinn/|title=Tónlistinn – Lög|trans-title=The Music – Songs|publisher=Plötutíðindi|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230520213300/http://plotutidindi.is/tonlistinn/|archive-date=20 May 2023|language=is}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Lithuania|LTU]]<br/><ref>Peak chart positions for singles in Lithuania: * "Cha Cha Cha": {{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s20-2/|title=2023 20-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt}} * "Trafik!": {{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s29-3/|title=2024 29-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt}} * "#eurodab": {{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s22-4/|title=2025 22-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Single Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=K%E4%E4rij%E4|title=Discografie Käärijä|publisher=Hung Medien|website=dutchcharts.nl}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=K%E4%E4rij%E4|title=Discography Käärijä|publisher=Hung Medien|website=norwegiancharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=K%E4%E4rij%E4|title=Discography Käärijä|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swedishcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/64745/kaarija/|title=KAARIJA songs and albums {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|website=officialcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Global 200|WW]]<br/><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/2023-05-27/|title=Billboard Global 200: Week of May 27, 2023|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Heila"<br/>{{small|(featuring Urho Ghettonen)}} | rowspan="3"| 2016 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Urheilujätkä"<br/>{{small|(featuring Jeskiedes)}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Puun takaa" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Tuuliviiri" | rowspan="4"| 2017 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ajoa" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Koppi tules" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Nou Roblem" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Klo23" | rowspan="3"| 2018 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="2"| ''Peliä'' |- ! scope="row"| "Puuta heinää" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Viulunkieli" | 30 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="4"| ''Fantastista'' |- ! scope="row"| "Rock Rock" | rowspan="3"| 2019 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Hirttää kiinni" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Mic mac" | 44 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Paidaton riehuja" | 2020 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="3" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Menestynyt yksilö" | rowspan="2"| 2021 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Siitä viis" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Välikuolema" | 2022 | 19 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="2" | ''Cha Cha Cha Mixtape'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Cha Cha Cha (Käärijä song)|en|lt=Cha Cha Cha}}" | rowspan="3"| 2023 | 1 || 7 || 7 || 2 || 1 || 13 || 3 || 1 || 6 || 27 |- ! scope="row"| "It's Crazy, It's Party"<br/>{{small|(featuring [[Tommy Cash]])}} | 4 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="4"| ''People's Champion'' |- ! scope="row"| "Huhhahhei" | 5 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ruoska"<br/>{{small|(with [[Erika Vikman]])}} | rowspan="5"| 2024 | 1 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Kot Kot" | 8 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Trafik!|en}}"<br/>{{small|(with [[Joost Klein]])}} | 5 || — || — || — || 60 || 84 || — || — || — || — | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Sex = Money" | 15 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="2"| ''People's Champion'' |- ! scope="row"| "Autiomaa" | 23 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "San Francisco Boy"<br/>{{small|(with {{ill|Hooja|en}})}} | rowspan="11"| 2025 | 8 || — || — || — || — || — || — || 5 || — || — | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Kaistaa"<br/>{{small|(with {{ill|Bess (singer)|en|lt=Bess}})}} | 4 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | ''Ultravioletti'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Eurodab|en|lt=#Eurodab}}"<br/>{{small|(with [[Baby Lasagna]])}} | 7 || — || — || — || 92 || — || — || 93 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"#Eurodab" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 17 on the UK Singles Downloads Chart and number 18 on the UK Singles Sales Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/kaarija-baby-lasagna-eurodab/|title=EURODAB – KAARIJA & BABY LASAGNA|publisher=[[Official Charts]]|website=officialcharts.com}}</ref>}} || — | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Raveyard"<br/>{{small|(with [[Lord of the Lost]])}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | ''Opvs Noir Vol. 2'' |- ! scope="row"| "Yhtä en saa" | 42 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="6"| ''Vain elämää kausi 16'' |- ! scope="row"| "Moottoritie on kuuma" | 24 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Hyväuskoinen" | 29 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Aamuun asti" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Vantaalainen" | 5 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Menoo (Get On)" | 49 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Disko Balls" | 17 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="3" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Mun mestoi"<br/>{{small|(with Rekami)}} | rowspan="4"| 2026 | 48 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ja eller nej"<br/>{{small|(with [[Basshunter]])}} | 12 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Booty Call"<br/>{{small|(with Sanni)}} | 25 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | ''Vitun hyvää joulua'' |- ! scope="row"| "Hyvää Puuta"<br/><small>(with [[Joost Klein|Joost]])</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | {{Non-album single}} |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ==Notes== {{notelist-ua}} ==Sources== {{Reflist}} {{bio-stub}} [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Finnish singers]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] 810zl4j0t0x3hu84smgx68i78ogpn9p 0 1035534 11024358 9698732 2026-10-09T04:47:17Z KCN-NCDHNCPATPS 1857216 /* */ Italicized name 11024358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox | image = Sphaeroforma arctica.jpg | image_alt = "Sphaeroforma arctica" | image_caption = ''[[Sphaeroforma arctica]]'' | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Ediacaran|recent}} | taxon = Ichthyosporea | authority = Cavalier-Smith, 1998<ref>Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. Neomonada and the origin of animals and fungi. In: Coombs GH, Vickerman K, Sleigh MA, Warren A (ed.) ''Evolutionary relationships among protozoa.'' Kluwer, London, pp. 375-407,</ref> | display_parents = 5 | synonyms = Mesomycetozoa <small>Mendoza et al., 2002</small> | synonyms_ref = | subdivision_ranks = Orders | subdivision = * [[Dermocystida]] * [[Ichthyophonida]] }} The '''Ichthyosporea''' (or '''DRIP''' [[clade]], or '''Mesomycetozoea''') is a group of [[Microorganism|microscopic organisms]] within the [[Opisthokont]] group. They are mostly parasites of fish and other animals. ==Terminology== The original name, ''ichthyosporea'', described the first discovered species in the group (such as ''Sphaeroforma arctica''). They were all parasites of fish. ==Phylogeny== Its main groups are Dermocystida and Ichthyophonida {{clade | style= font-size:90%; line-height:100%; line-width:150% | label1= Mesomycetozoa | 1= {{clade |label1=[[Dermocystida]] |1={{Clade |label1=[[Rhinosporidiaceae]] |1={{Clade |1=''[[Sphaerothecum]]'' |2={{Clade |1=''[[Dermocystidium]]'' |2={{Clade |1=''[[Valentines]]'' |2={{Clade |1=''[[Rhinosporidium]]''[[File:Rhinosporidiosis_spherules.jpg|60 px]] |2={{Clade |1=''[[Amphibiocystidium]]'' |2={{Clade |1=''[[Dermotheca]]'' |2=''[[Dermosporidium]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} |label2=[[Ichthyophonida]] |2={{Clade |label1=[[Creolimacidae]] |1={{Clade |1=''[[Anurofeca]]'' |2={{Clade |1=''[[Creolimax]]''[[File:Creolimax_fragrantissima.jpg|60 px]] |2=''[[Sphaeroforma]]''[[File:Sphaeroforma_arctica.jpg|60 px]] }} }} |2={{Clade |label1=''[[Psorospermidae]]'' |1=''[[Psorospermis]]'' |2={{Clade |label1=[[Piridae]] |1={{Clade |1=''[[Abeoforma]]''[[File:Abeoforma_whisleri_(23750077933).jpg|60 px]] |2={{Clade |1=''[[Caullerya]]'' |2=''[[Pirum]]''[[File:Pirum_gemmata.jpg|60 px]] }} }} |label2=[[Trichomycina]] |2={{Clade |label1=[[Amoebidiidae]] |1=''[[Amoebidium]]''[[File:Amoebidium_parasiticum.jpg|60 px]] |2={{Clade |label1=[[Ichthyophonidae]] |1=''[[Ichthyophonus]]''[[File:Ichthyophonus-hoferi-1.tif|60 px]] |2={{Clade |label1=[[Paramoebidiidae]] |1=''[[Paramoebidium]]''[[File:Amoebidiales_(10.3897-mycokeys.67.52055)_Figure_30.jpg|60 px]] |label2=Eccrinida |2={{Clade |label1=[[Parataeniellaceae]] |1=''[[Parataeniella]]'' |label2=[[Eccrinaceae]] |2={{Clade |1=''[[Eccrinidus]]'' |2={{Clade |1=''[[Enterobryus]]'' |2={{Clade |1=''[[Leidyomyces]]'' |2={{Clade |1={{Clade |1=''[[Enteromyces]]'' |2=''[[Arundinula]]'' }} |2={{Clade |1=''[[Enteropogon (ichthyosporean)|Enteropogon]]'' |2={{Clade |1=''[[Taeniella]]'' |2={{Clade |1=''[[Taeniellopsis]]'' |2={{Clade |1=''[[Astreptonema]]'' |2=''[[Palavascia]]'' }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} }} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Parasites]] [[Category:Protista]] {{bio-stub}} a5t1btts9w8gf4nejo3ga0tgnoawr7i 0 1036902 11024086 10892885 2026-10-08T19:30:47Z ~2026-54177-70 1887140 /* */ 11024086 wikitext text/x-wiki Suruga juku (駿河塾, ''Suruga juku'') is an artist based in the [[Shizuoka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.insightsofayoungecologicalartist.com/artfeatures/in-conversation%3A-ryota-matsumoto|title= In conversation Ryota Matsumoto|language=English|date=3 March 2023|accessdate=7 March 2023}}</ref> He is widely regarded as the forefather of the postdigital art and design movement .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.smartartisthub.com/blog/an-interview-with-ryota-matsumoto|title=Architecture, Multi-Dimensional Domains & Tracing Paper|language=English|date=3 January 2021|accessdate=9 January 2021|archive-date=10 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810231706/https://www.smartartisthub.com/blog/an-interview-with-ryota-matsumoto|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Matsumoto, Ryota}} [[Category:Japanese academics]] [[Category:Japanese artists]] [[Category:People from Tokyo]] {{bio-stub}} kycxa6uevdlvbcsbs6a3u35wf8ym8zr 0 1038965 11024205 9572985 2026-10-08T23:19:29Z Budew1234 1782565 added infobox and sources 11024205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nosources|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox company | name = Spike Chunsoft Co., Ltd. | native_name = {{lang|ja|株式会社スパイク・チュンソフト}} | romanized_name = Kabushiki-gaisha Supaiku Chunsofuto | logo = [[File:Spike Chunsoft Logo.png|200px]] | image = Gotanda JP Building.jpg | image_caption = Headquarters in [[Shinagawa, Tokyo]] | type = [[Subsidiary]] | industry = [[Video game industry|Video games]] | predecessor = [[Spike (company)|Spike Co., Ltd.]] | former_names = Chunsoft Co., Ltd. (1984–2012) | founded = {{start date and age|1984|04|09}}<ref name="sc_info"/> | founder = [[Koichi Nakamura]] | hq_location = [[Nishigotanda]] | hq_location_city = [[Shinagawa, Tokyo]] | hq_location_country = Japan | key_people = {{ubl|Mitsutoshi Sakurai ([[President (corporate title)|president]], [[Representative director (Japan)|representative director]])|Hiroyuki Kaneko (director)|Tatsuro Suzuki (director)|Sadahiro Hayashi (auditor)|Seiichiro Nagahata ([[executive officer]])|Yasuhiro Iizuka (executive officer)|Koji Yukita (executive officer)|Norihiro Takahashi (executive officer)}} | products = '''Chunsoft:'''<br />{{unbulleted list|''[[Dragon Quest]]'' series|''[[Otogirisō#Release and reception|Sound Novel]]'' series|''[[Mystery Dungeon]]'' series|''[[Zero Escape]]'' series|''[[The Portopia Serial Murder Case]]''}}'''Spike:'''<br />{{unbulleted list|''[[Fire Pro Wrestling]]'' series|''[[Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi]]'' series|''[[Danganronpa]]'' series|''[[Conception (video game)|Conception]]'' series|''Kenka Bancho'' series}} | revenue = {{ubl|class=nowrap|{{JPY|480.9 million}}<ref name="sc_info"/>}} | revenue_year = 2023 | operating_income = {{ubl|class=nowrap|{{Increase}} {{JPY|2.1 billion}} (2023)<ref name="sc_fy2023">{{cite web|url=https://gamebiz.jp/news/371970|date=July 18, 2023|script-title=ja:スパイク・チュンソフト、2023年3月期決算は最終利益33%増の7億6400万円…『メイドインアビス 闇を目指した連星』や『AI:ソムニウムファイル』など|publisher=gamebiz|language=ja|accessdate=August 21, 2023}}</ref>|{{JPY|1.7 billion}} (2022)<ref name="sc_fy2022">{{cite web|url=https://gamebiz.jp/news/353089|date=July 15, 2022|script-title=ja:スパイク・チュンソフト、2022年3月期の決算は最終利益が14%減の5億7500万円…「ダンガンロンパ」や「不思議のダンジョン」で知られる|publisher=gamebiz|language=ja|accessdate=August 21, 2023}}</ref>}} | net_income = {{ubl|class=nowrap|{{Increase}} {{JPY|764.3 million}} (2023)<ref name="sc_fy2023"/>|{{JPY|575.4 million}} (2022)<ref name="sc_fy2022"/>}} | assets = {{ubl|class=nowrap|{{Increase}} {{JPY|4.6 billion}} (2023)<ref name="sc_fy2023"/>|{{JPY|4.4 billion}} (2022)<ref name="sc_fy2022"/>}} | num_employees = 260<ref name="sc_info">{{cite web|url=https://www.spike-chunsoft.co.jp/company/information/|script-title=ja:株式会社スパイク・チュンソフトの公式サト|publisher=spike-chunsoft.co.jp|access-date=August 22, 2016|language=ja|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823004224/http://www.spike-chunsoft.co.jp/company/information.html|archive-date=August 23, 2016}}</ref> | num_employees_year = 2024 | owner = | parent = [[Dwango (company)|Dwango]] | subsid = Spike Chunsoft, Inc. | website = {{URL|spike-chunsoft.com}} }} Spike Chunsoft Co., Ltd. is a [[Japan|Japanese]] [[Video game developer|video game development]] and [[localization]] company that mostly makes [[Role-playing game|role-playing video games,]] [[Visual novel|visual novels]] and [[Adventure game|adventure games]]. The company was created in 1984 as Chunsoft Co., Ltd. and combined with Spike in 2012. It is owned by [[Dwango]].<ref name=":2">{{cite web|url=https://dwango.co.jp/english/history/|title=株式会社ドワンゴ|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310021429/http://info.dwango.co.jp/english/history/|archive-date=2014-03-10}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Video game companies of Japan]] {{stub}} 9bomv7h9c5yl85zp39vmqcxsy9musv8 0 1041103 11024220 11004228 2026-10-09T00:51:31Z ~2026-54414-27 1887298 /* RPTV Network Stations Nationwide */ 11024220 wikitext text/x-wiki These are the nationwide via satellite-reach TV and Radio stations of the '''Radio Philippines Network''' ('''RPTV''').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mom-rsf.org/uploads/tx_lfrogmom/documents/17-167_import.pdf |title=List of TV Broadcast Stations |website=www.mom-rsf.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NTC List of TV Stations as of Dec 2021 via FOI website |url=https://storage.googleapis.com/request-attachments/jZiprsxQDHeBZcU5N3OZkQZS32EvZFEAtAXhPYvIxcGMQS5pitCEEmd6UikmBoetqPJEoAzkVjS784GjzOFG478sR8rLEAu1Cg3q/TVDec2021.pdf|website=foi.gov.ph |date=July 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2021 NTC Broadcast Stations via FOI website|url=https://storage.googleapis.com/request-attachments/zhTxDwBdfUxS2bGNqNrxpPFpf64Gkx3vJMA8cgEevUpfDZj38FnxnGmHN0M5K8EVhtJhr9BSWe731JY3X4X5t2GFXMnzy9wVXXD3/TV%20Listing.pdf|publisher=[[National Telecommunications Commission]] |date=2021-09-04|via=Electronic Freedom of Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2019 NTC Broadcast Stations via FOI website|url=http://storage.googleapis.com/request-attachments/N5uaCKwbddYAquWCCHvUvOokbvECgv0lbuvAIHtjB1tcQvjGaIpfnmcLsYtwjZLFr5y7kGs1pJLeaT3bkkcmYu2JH2rmiEOR0krD/BROADCAST%20STATIONS_2019.pdf|publisher=National Telecommunications Commission |date=2019-08-17|via=Electronic Freedom of Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2021 NTC AM Radio Stations via FOI website|url=https://storage.googleapis.com/request-attachments/ptucs050MtxlkZ8ql783GCXH8YUeOW1lcZIeUNvsQQBTDkgjCDDRaoSo1p5rmKvJCLU9bH0TjyX6F1OnaMn3GD51cHTbo257l7c5/AM%20Listing.pdf|publisher=National Telecommunications Commission |date=2021-09-04|via=Electronic Freedom of Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2019 NTC AM Radio Stations via FOI website|url=http://storage.googleapis.com/request-attachments/bWsw5ImPipRZlKwfAvIa6tcvvR9qFC2KAdWY12L9WnvmvqiMAiZRL2KEfs2X4DZlqWnqkFchNetWStMYYrG5h3A38eukzMvUefOa/AM%20RADIO%20STATIONS_2019.pdf|publisher=National Telecommunications Commission|date=August 17, 2019|via=Electronic Freedom of Information}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|id=gASj5v9TZ-0|title=RPN 9 - Stations Nationwide ID 1997}}</ref> <!--- This is announced on all the press releases published by Nine Media. Do not edit afterall! .---> ==RPN Stations Nationwide== ===Analog=== {| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Branding ! Callsign ! Channel ! Power ! Type ! Location |- | RPTV Manila | [[DZKB-TV|DZKB]] | 9 | 50&nbsp;kW | Originating | style="white-space: nowrap;"|RPN South Tower Panay Avenue, Brgy. South Triangle Diliman, [[Quezon City]] |- | RPTV Baguio | [[DZBS-TV|DZBS]] | 12 | rowspan="4" |5&nbsp;kW | rowspan="9" | Relay | [[Mount Santo Tomas|Mt. Sto. Tomas]], [[Tuba, Benguet]] |- | RPTV Iriga | [[DWKI-TV|DWKI]] | 10 | Iriga-Baao Road Brgy. San Nicolas, [[Iriga]] |- | RPTV Bacolod | [[DYKB-TV|DYKB]] | 8 | Mt. Canlandog, [[Murcia, Negros Occidental]] |- | RPTV Cebu | DYKC | 9 | RPN Compound M.L. Quezon St., Maguikay, [[Mandaue]] |- |style="white-space: nowrap;"|RPTV Zamboanga |DXXX |5 |12.5&nbsp;kW |Brgy. Tumaga, [[Zamboanga City]] |- | RPTV Davao | [[DXWW-TV|DXWW]] | 9 |15&nbsp;kW | RPN Tower Broadcast Avenue, Shrine Hills, Matina, [[Davao City]] |} ==== Affiliates ==== {| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Branding ! Callsign ! Channel ! Power ! Location |- | RPTV Cebu{{efn|name=rptv|Licensed to [[Nation Broadcasting Corporation]].}} | DYAN | rowspan="2"| 29 | rowspan="2"| 10&nbsp;kW | TV5 Transmitter Compound, Mt. Busay, Brgy. Babag 1, [[Cebu City]] |- | style="white-space: nowrap;"|RPTV Davao{{efn|name=rptv}} | [[DXAN-TV|DXAN]] | style="white-space: nowrap;"|TV5 Heights, Broadcast Ave., Shrine Hills, Brgy. Matina Crossing, [[Davao City]] |} ====Digital Broadcast Stations==== RPN's upcoming expansion of its digital terrestrial television will be announced soon as possible in other key cities nationwide. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Branding ! Callsign ! Ch. # ! Frequency ! Power kW (ERP) ! class="unsortable"|Station Type ! class="unsortable"|Location (Transmitter site) |- | RPTV Manila | [[DZKB-TV]] | rowspan="4" | 19 (Digital Test Broadcast) | rowspan="4" | 503.143&nbsp;MHz | 5&nbsp;kW (10&nbsp;kW ERP) | Originating |Crestview Heights Subdivision, Brgy. San Roque, [[Antipolo]], [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]] under [[Metro Manila]] |- | RPTV Baguio | DZBS-TV | 10&nbsp;kW (75&nbsp;kW) | Relay | Mount Santo Tomas|Mt. Sto. Tomas, [[Tuba, Benguet|Tuba, Benguet Province]] under [[Baguio]], [[Benguet]] (Northern Luzon|North [[Central Luzon]]) |- |} {| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Main and Subchannels of RPTV (Digital) ! [[Virtual channel|LCN]] ! [[Display resolution|Video]] ! [[Aspect ratio (image)|Aspect]] ! Name ! Programming ! Notes |- | 19.02 | [[1080i]] | [[16:9]] | RPTV HD | [[RPTV (TV channel)|RPTV]] | style="white-space: nowrap;"|Commercial Broadcast |- | 19.03 | [[480i]] | [[4:3]] | style="white-space: nowrap;"|RPN SD Test 1 | style="white-space: nowrap;"|''(SMPTE Color Bars)'' | Test Broadcast |- | 19.06 | 180p | [[16:9]] | RPTV 1-seg | [[RPTV (TV channel)|RPTV]] | [[1seg]] |} ==RPN Radio stations== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Callsign ! Branding ! Frequency ! Power (kW) ! Coverage |- | Radyo Ronda Baguio | DZBS | 1368&nbsp;kHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Baguio]] |- | Radyo Ronda Batac | DZRL | 639&nbsp;kHz | 5&nbsp;kW | Batac |- | Radyo Ronda Tuguegarao | DZTG-AM|DZTG | 612&nbsp;kHz | 5&nbsp;kW | [[Tuguegarao]] |- | Radyo Ronda Iriga | DZKI | 1332&nbsp;kHz | 5&nbsp;kW | Iriga |- | Radyo Ronda Bacolod | DYKB-AM|DYKB | 1404&nbsp;kHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Bacolod]] |- | Radyo Ronda Cebu | DYKC-AM|DYKC | 675&nbsp;kHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Cebu City]] |- | Radyo Ronda Zamboanga | DXXX-AM|DXXX | 1008&nbsp;kHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Zamboanga City]] |- | Radyo Ronda Dipolog | DXKD | 1053&nbsp;kHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Dipolog]] |- | Radyo Ronda Pagadian | DXKP | 1377&nbsp;kHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Pagadian]] |- | Radyo Ronda Cagayan de Oro | DXKO-AM|DXKO | 1368&nbsp;kHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Cagayan de Oro]] |- | Radyo Ronda Davao | DXKT-AM|DXKT | 1071&nbsp;kHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Davao City]] |- | Radyo Ronda General Santos | DXDX-AM|DXDX | 693&nbsp;kHz | 5&nbsp;kW | [[General Santos]] |- | Radyo Ronda Surigao | DXKS-AM|DXKS | 1080&nbsp;kHz | 5&nbsp;kW | Surigao City |- |} ==See also== *[[RPTV (TV channel)|RPTV]] *[[Radio Philippines Network]] *[[Nine Media Corporation]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{TV5 Network Inc.}} {{Communications Group-Philippines}} {{Radio Philippines Network}} {{RPN Luzon}} {{RPN Visayas}} {{RPN Mindanao}} {{Nine Media Corporation}} [[Category:Radio stations in the Philippines]] [[Category:Philippine television-related lists]] 1iu515l3txzwna75uekero6i3rgtdz5 11024571 11024220 2026-10-09T10:14:19Z Davey2010 314522 Reverting edit(s) by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54414-27|~2026-54414-27]] ([[User_talk:~2026-54414-27|talk]]) : Unexplained content removal 11024571 wikitext text/x-wiki These are the nationwide via satellite-reach TV and Radio stations of the '''Radio Philippines Network''' ('''RPTV''').<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mom-rsf.org/uploads/tx_lfrogmom/documents/17-167_import.pdf |title=List of TV Broadcast Stations |website=www.mom-rsf.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NTC List of TV Stations as of Dec 2021 via FOI website |url=https://storage.googleapis.com/request-attachments/jZiprsxQDHeBZcU5N3OZkQZS32EvZFEAtAXhPYvIxcGMQS5pitCEEmd6UikmBoetqPJEoAzkVjS784GjzOFG478sR8rLEAu1Cg3q/TVDec2021.pdf|website=foi.gov.ph |date=July 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2021 NTC Broadcast Stations via FOI website|url=https://storage.googleapis.com/request-attachments/zhTxDwBdfUxS2bGNqNrxpPFpf64Gkx3vJMA8cgEevUpfDZj38FnxnGmHN0M5K8EVhtJhr9BSWe731JY3X4X5t2GFXMnzy9wVXXD3/TV%20Listing.pdf|publisher=[[National Telecommunications Commission]] |date=2021-09-04|via=Electronic Freedom of Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2019 NTC Broadcast Stations via FOI website|url=http://storage.googleapis.com/request-attachments/N5uaCKwbddYAquWCCHvUvOokbvECgv0lbuvAIHtjB1tcQvjGaIpfnmcLsYtwjZLFr5y7kGs1pJLeaT3bkkcmYu2JH2rmiEOR0krD/BROADCAST%20STATIONS_2019.pdf|publisher=National Telecommunications Commission |date=2019-08-17|via=Electronic Freedom of Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2021 NTC AM Radio Stations via FOI website|url=https://storage.googleapis.com/request-attachments/ptucs050MtxlkZ8ql783GCXH8YUeOW1lcZIeUNvsQQBTDkgjCDDRaoSo1p5rmKvJCLU9bH0TjyX6F1OnaMn3GD51cHTbo257l7c5/AM%20Listing.pdf|publisher=National Telecommunications Commission |date=2021-09-04|via=Electronic Freedom of Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2019 NTC AM Radio Stations via FOI website|url=http://storage.googleapis.com/request-attachments/bWsw5ImPipRZlKwfAvIa6tcvvR9qFC2KAdWY12L9WnvmvqiMAiZRL2KEfs2X4DZlqWnqkFchNetWStMYYrG5h3A38eukzMvUefOa/AM%20RADIO%20STATIONS_2019.pdf|publisher=National Telecommunications Commission|date=August 17, 2019|via=Electronic Freedom of Information}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|id=gASj5v9TZ-0|title=RPN 9 - Stations Nationwide ID 1997}}</ref> <!--- This is announced on all the press releases published by Nine Media. Do not edit afterall! .---> ==RPTV Network Stations Nationwide== ===RPTV Network=== ====Analog Broadcast Stations==== {| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Branding ! Callsign ! Channel ! Power ! Type ! Location |- | RPTV Manila | [[DZKB-TV|DZKB]] | 9 | 50&nbsp;kW | Originating | style="white-space: nowrap;"|RPN South Tower Panay Avenue, Brgy. South Triangle Diliman, [[Quezon City]] |- | RPTV Baguio | [[DZBS-TV|DZBS]] | 12 | rowspan="11" | 10&nbsp;kW | rowspan="11" | Relay | [[Mount Santo Tomas|Mt. Sto. Tomas]], [[Tuba, Benguet]] |- | RPTV Iriga | [[DWKI-TV|DWKI]] | 10 | Iriga-Baao Road Brgy. San Nicolas, [[Iriga]] |- | RPTV Bacolod | [[DYKB-TV|DYKB]] | 8 | Pta. Taytay Road, Sum-Ag, [[Bacolod]] |- | rowspan="2"| RPTV Cebu | DYKC | 9 | RPN Compound M.L. Quezon St., Maguikay, [[Mandaue]] |- | DYAN{{efn|name=rptv|Owned by [[Nation Broadcasting Corporation]].}} | 29 | TV5 Transmitter Compound, Mt. Busay, Brgy. Babag 1, [[Cebu|Cebu City]] |- | rowspan="2"| RPTV Davao | [[DXWW-TV|DXWW]] | 9 | RPN Tower Broadcast Avenue, Shrine Hills, Matina, [[Davao City]] |- | [[DXAN-TV|DXAN]]{{efn|name=rptv}} | 29 | TV5 Heights, Shrine Hills, Brgy. Matina Crossing, [[Davao City]] |- | RPTV Zamboanga | DXXX | 5 | Brgy. Tugbungan, [[Zamboanga City]] |- | style="white-space: nowrap;"|RPTV Cagayan de Oro | [[DXCO-TV|DXCO]]{{efn|name=rptv}} | 29 | Macapagal Drive, Brgy. Bulua, [[Cagayan de Oro]] |- |} {| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Branding ! Callsign ! Channel ! Power ! Type ! Location |- | RPTV Manila | [[DZKB-TV|DZKB]] | 9 | 50&nbsp;kW | Originating | style="white-space: nowrap;"|RPN South Tower Panay Avenue, Brgy. South Triangle Diliman, [[Quezon City]] |- | RPTV Baguio | [[DZBS-TV|DZBS]] | 12 | rowspan="11" | 10&nbsp;kW | rowspan="11" | Relay | [[Mount Santo Tomas|Mt. Sto. Tomas]], [[Tuba, Benguet]] |- | RPTV Iriga | [[DWKI-TV|DWKI]] | 10 | Iriga-Baao Road Brgy. San Nicolas, [[Iriga]] |- | RPTV Bacolod | [[DYKB-TV|DYKB]] | 8 | Pta. Taytay Road, Sum-Ag, [[Bacolod]] |- | rowspan="2"| RPTV Cebu | DYKC | 9 | RPN Compound M.L. Quezon St., Maguikay, [[Mandaue]] |- | DYAN{{efn|name=rptv|Owned by [[Nation Broadcasting Corporation]].}} | 29 | TV5 Transmitter Compound, Mt. Busay, Brgy. Babag 1, [[Cebu|Cebu City]] |- | rowspan="2"| RPTV Davao | [[DXWW-TV|DXWW]] | 9 | RPN Tower Broadcast Avenue, Shrine Hills, Matina, [[Davao City]] |- | [[DXAN-TV|DXAN]]{{efn|name=rptv}} | 29 | TV5 Heights, Shrine Hills, Brgy. Matina Crossing, [[Davao City]] |- | RPTV Zamboanga | DXXX | 5 | Brgy. Tugbungan, [[Zamboanga City]] |- | style="white-space: nowrap;"|RPTV Cagayan de Oro | [[DXCO-TV|DXCO]]{{efn|name=rptv}} | 29 | Macapagal Drive, Brgy. Bulua, [[Cagayan de Oro]] |- |} ====Digital Broadcast Stations==== RPN's upcoming expansion of its digital terrestrial television will be announced soon as possible in other key cities nationwide. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Branding ! Callsign ! Ch. # ! Frequency ! Power kW (ERP) ! class="unsortable"|Station Type ! class="unsortable"|Location (Transmitter site) |- | RPTV Manila | [[DZKB-TV]] | rowspan="4" | 19 (Digital Test Broadcast) | rowspan="4" | 503.143&nbsp;MHz | 5&nbsp;kW (10&nbsp;kW ERP) | Originating |Crestview Heights Subdivision, Brgy. San Roque, [[Antipolo]], [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]] under [[Metro Manila]] |- | RPTV Baguio | DZBS-TV | 10&nbsp;kW (75&nbsp;kW) | Relay | Mount Santo Tomas|Mt. Sto. Tomas, [[Tuba, Benguet|Tuba, Benguet Province]] under [[Baguio]], [[Benguet]] (Northern Luzon|North [[Central Luzon]]) |- |} ==RPN Radio stations== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Callsign ! Branding ! Frequency ! Power (kW) ! Coverage |- | Radyo Ronda Baguio | DZBS | 1368&nbsp;kHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Baguio]] |- | Radyo Ronda Batac | DZRL | 639&nbsp;kHz | 5&nbsp;kW | Batac |- | Radyo Ronda Tuguegarao | DZTG-AM|DZTG | 612&nbsp;kHz | 5&nbsp;kW | [[Tuguegarao]] |- | Radyo Ronda Iriga | DZKI | 1332&nbsp;kHz | 5&nbsp;kW | Iriga |- | Radyo Ronda Bacolod | DYKB-AM|DYKB | 1404&nbsp;kHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Bacolod]] |- | Radyo Ronda Cebu | DYKC-AM|DYKC | 675&nbsp;kHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Cebu City]] |- | Radyo Ronda Zamboanga | DXXX-AM|DXXX | 1008&nbsp;kHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Zamboanga City]] |- | Radyo Ronda Dipolog | DXKD | 1053&nbsp;kHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Dipolog]] |- | Radyo Ronda Pagadian | DXKP | 1377&nbsp;kHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Pagadian]] |- | Radyo Ronda Cagayan de Oro | DXKO-AM|DXKO | 1368&nbsp;kHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Cagayan de Oro]] |- | Radyo Ronda Davao | DXKT-AM|DXKT | 1071&nbsp;kHz | 10&nbsp;kW | [[Davao City]] |- | Radyo Ronda General Santos | DXDX-AM|DXDX | 693&nbsp;kHz | 5&nbsp;kW | [[General Santos]] |- | Radyo Ronda Surigao | DXKS-AM|DXKS | 1080&nbsp;kHz | 5&nbsp;kW | Surigao City |- |} ==See also== *[[RPTV (TV channel)|RPTV]] *[[Radio Philippines Network]] *[[Nine Media Corporation]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{TV5 Network Inc.}} {{Communications Group-Philippines}} {{Radio Philippines Network}} {{RPN Luzon}} {{RPN Visayas}} {{RPN Mindanao}} {{Nine Media Corporation}} [[Category:Radio stations in the Philippines]] [[Category:Philippine television-related lists]] jjhvyrvp5xt484szb2t7vntot2kp5s5 11024583 11024571 2026-10-09T10:39:16Z Davey2010 314522 Update article 11024583 wikitext text/x-wiki These are the nationwide via satellite-reach TV and Radio stations of the '''[[Radio Philippines Network]] ([[RPTV (TV channel)|RPTV]])'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=TV BROADCAST STATIONS (as of December 2024)|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-8H9esZMH8A0LiuqWkT2WTuG1ezNBJcU/view?usp=drivesdk|work=National Telecommunications Commission|date=March 31, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=AM RADIO STATIONS (as of December 2024)|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1-3VzFYcT4oSktnYwmPgMJbrfWDj0jROG/view?usp=drivesdk|work=National Telecommunications Commission|date=March 31, 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mom-rsf.org/uploads/tx_lfrogmom/documents/17-167_import.pdf |title=List of TV Broadcast Stations |website=www.mom-rsf.org }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=NTC List of TV Stations as of Dec 2021 via FOI website |url=https://storage.googleapis.com/request-attachments/jZiprsxQDHeBZcU5N3OZkQZS32EvZFEAtAXhPYvIxcGMQS5pitCEEmd6UikmBoetqPJEoAzkVjS784GjzOFG478sR8rLEAu1Cg3q/TVDec2021.pdf|website=foi.gov.ph |date=July 6, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2021 NTC Broadcast Stations via FOI website|url=https://storage.googleapis.com/request-attachments/zhTxDwBdfUxS2bGNqNrxpPFpf64Gkx3vJMA8cgEevUpfDZj38FnxnGmHN0M5K8EVhtJhr9BSWe731JY3X4X5t2GFXMnzy9wVXXD3/TV%20Listing.pdf|publisher=[[National Telecommunications Commission]] |date=2021-09-04|via=Electronic Freedom of Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2019 NTC Broadcast Stations via FOI website|url=http://storage.googleapis.com/request-attachments/N5uaCKwbddYAquWCCHvUvOokbvECgv0lbuvAIHtjB1tcQvjGaIpfnmcLsYtwjZLFr5y7kGs1pJLeaT3bkkcmYu2JH2rmiEOR0krD/BROADCAST%20STATIONS_2019.pdf|publisher=National Telecommunications Commission |date=2019-08-17|via=Electronic Freedom of Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2021 NTC AM Radio Stations via FOI website|url=https://storage.googleapis.com/request-attachments/ptucs050MtxlkZ8ql783GCXH8YUeOW1lcZIeUNvsQQBTDkgjCDDRaoSo1p5rmKvJCLU9bH0TjyX6F1OnaMn3GD51cHTbo257l7c5/AM%20Listing.pdf|publisher=National Telecommunications Commission |date=2021-09-04|via=Electronic Freedom of Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2019 NTC AM Radio Stations via FOI website|url=http://storage.googleapis.com/request-attachments/bWsw5ImPipRZlKwfAvIa6tcvvR9qFC2KAdWY12L9WnvmvqiMAiZRL2KEfs2X4DZlqWnqkFchNetWStMYYrG5h3A38eukzMvUefOa/AM%20RADIO%20STATIONS_2019.pdf|publisher=National Telecommunications Commission|date=August 17, 2019|via=Electronic Freedom of Information}}</ref><ref>{{YouTube|id=HluxT1b6BEc|title=RPN 9 - Stations Nationwide ID 1997}}</ref> <!--- This is announced on all the press releases published by Nine Media. Do not edit afterall! .---> ==RPTV Network Stations Nationwide== ===RPTV Network=== ====Analog Broadcast Stations==== {| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Branding ! Callsign ! Channel ! Power ! Type ! Location |- | RPTV Manila | [[DZKB-TV|DZKB]] | 9 | 50&nbsp;kW | Originating | style="white-space: nowrap;"|RPN South Tower Panay Avenue, Brgy. South Triangle Diliman, [[Quezon City]] |- | RPTV Baguio | [[DZBS-TV|DZBS]] | 12 | rowspan="11" | 10&nbsp;kW | rowspan="11" | Relay | [[Mount Santo Tomas|Mt. Sto. Tomas]], [[Tuba, Benguet]] |- | RPTV Iriga | [[DWKI-TV|DWKI]] | 10 | Iriga-Baao Road Brgy. San Nicolas, [[Iriga]] |- | RPTV Bacolod | [[DYKB-TV|DYKB]] | 8 | Pta. Taytay Road, Sum-Ag, [[Bacolod]] |- | rowspan="2"| RPTV Cebu | DYKC | 9 | RPN Compound M.L. Quezon St., Maguikay, [[Mandaue]] |- | DYAN{{efn|name=rptv|Owned by [[Nation Broadcasting Corporation]].}} | 29 | TV5 Transmitter Compound, Mt. Busay, Brgy. Babag 1, [[Cebu|Cebu City]] |- | rowspan="2"| RPTV Davao | [[DXWW-TV|DXWW]] | 9 | RPN Tower Broadcast Avenue, Shrine Hills, Matina, [[Davao City]] |- | [[DXAN-TV|DXAN]]{{efn|name=rptv}} | 29 | TV5 Heights, Shrine Hills, Brgy. Matina Crossing, [[Davao City]] |- | RPTV Zamboanga | DXXX | 5 | Brgy. Tugbungan, [[Zamboanga City]] |- | style="white-space: nowrap;"|RPTV Cagayan de Oro | [[DXCO-TV|DXCO]]{{efn|name=rptv}} | 29 | Macapagal Drive, Brgy. Bulua, [[Cagayan de Oro]] |- |} {| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Branding ! Callsign ! Channel ! Power ! Type ! Location |- | RPTV Manila | [[DZKB-TV|DZKB]] | 9 | 50&nbsp;kW | Originating | style="white-space: nowrap;"|RPN South Tower Panay Avenue, Brgy. South Triangle Diliman, [[Quezon City]] |- | RPTV Baguio | [[DZBS-TV|DZBS]] | 12 | rowspan="11" | 10&nbsp;kW | rowspan="11" | Relay | [[Mount Santo Tomas|Mt. Sto. Tomas]], [[Tuba, Benguet]] |- | RPTV Iriga | [[DWKI-TV|DWKI]] | 10 | Iriga-Baao Road Brgy. San Nicolas, [[Iriga]] |- | RPTV Bacolod | [[DYKB-TV|DYKB]] | 8 | Pta. Taytay Road, Sum-Ag, [[Bacolod]] |- | rowspan="2"| RPTV Cebu | DYKC | 9 | RPN Compound M.L. Quezon St., Maguikay, [[Mandaue]] |- | DYAN{{efn|name=rptv|Owned by [[Nation Broadcasting Corporation]].}} | 29 | TV5 Transmitter Compound, Mt. Busay, Brgy. Babag 1, [[Cebu|Cebu City]] |- | rowspan="2"| RPTV Davao | [[DXWW-TV|DXWW]] | 9 | RPN Tower Broadcast Avenue, Shrine Hills, Matina, [[Davao City]] |- | [[DXAN-TV|DXAN]]{{efn|name=rptv}} | 29 | TV5 Heights, Shrine Hills, Brgy. Matina Crossing, [[Davao City]] |- | RPTV Zamboanga | DXXX | 5 | Brgy. Tugbungan, [[Zamboanga City]] |- | style="white-space: nowrap;"|RPTV Cagayan de Oro | [[DXCO-TV|DXCO]]{{efn|name=rptv}} | 29 | Macapagal Drive, Brgy. Bulua, [[Cagayan de Oro]] |- |} ====Digital Broadcast Stations==== RPN's upcoming expansion of its digital terrestrial television will be announced soon as possible in other key cities nationwide. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Branding ! Callsign ! Ch. # ! Frequency ! Power kW (ERP) ! class="unsortable"|Station Type ! class="unsortable"|Location (Transmitter site) |- | RPTV Manila | [[DZKB-TV]] | rowspan="4" | 19 (Digital Test Broadcast) | rowspan="4" | 503.143&nbsp;MHz | 5&nbsp;kW (10&nbsp;kW ERP) | Originating |Crestview Heights Subdivision, Brgy. San Roque, [[Antipolo]], [[Rizal (province)|Rizal]] under [[Metro Manila]] |- | RPTV Baguio | DZBS-TV | 10&nbsp;kW (75&nbsp;kW) | Relay | Mount Santo Tomas|Mt. Sto. Tomas, [[Tuba, Benguet|Tuba, Benguet Province]] under [[Baguio]], [[Benguet]] (Northern Luzon|North [[Central Luzon]]) |- ==TV stations== ===Analog=== {| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Branding ! Callsign ! Channel ! Power ! Type ! Location |- | RPTV Manila | [[DZKB-TV|DZKB]] | 9 | 50&nbsp;kW | Originating | style="white-space: nowrap;"|RPN South Tower Panay Avenue, Brgy. South Triangle Diliman, [[Quezon City]] |- | RPTV Baguio | [[DZBS-TV|DZBS]] | 12 | rowspan="4" |5&nbsp;kW | rowspan="9" | Relay | [[Mount Santo Tomas|Mt. Sto. Tomas]], [[Tuba, Benguet]] |- | RPTV Iriga | [[DWKI-TV|DWKI]] | 10 | Iriga-Baao Road Brgy. San Nicolas, [[Iriga]] |- | RPTV Bacolod | [[DYKB-TV|DYKB]] | 8 | Mt. Canlandog, [[Murcia, Negros Occidental]] |- | RPTV Cebu | DYKC | 9 | RPN Compound M.L. Quezon St., Maguikay, [[Mandaue]] |- |style="white-space: nowrap;"|RPTV Zamboanga |DXXX |5 |12.5&nbsp;kW |Brgy. Tumaga, [[Zamboanga City]] |- | RPTV Davao | [[DXWW-TV|DXWW]] | 9 |15&nbsp;kW | RPN Tower Broadcast Avenue, Shrine Hills, Matina, [[Davao City]] |} ==== Affiliates ==== {| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Branding ! Callsign ! Channel ! Power ! Location |- | RPTV Cebu{{efn|name=rptv|Licensed to [[Nation Broadcasting Corporation]].}} | DYAN | rowspan="2"| 29 | rowspan="2"| 10&nbsp;kW | TV5 Transmitter Compound, Mt. Busay, Brgy. Babag 1, [[Cebu City]] |- | style="white-space: nowrap;"|RPTV Davao{{efn|name=rptv}} | [[DXAN-TV|DXAN]] | style="white-space: nowrap;"|TV5 Heights, Broadcast Ave., Shrine Hills, Brgy. Matina Crossing, [[Davao City]] |} ===Digital=== {| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Branding ! Callsign ! Channel ! Frequency ! Power ! Type ! Location |- | RPTV Manila | [[DZKB-TV|DZKB]] | rowspan="2" | 19 | rowspan="2" | 503.143&nbsp;MHz | rowspan="2" | 5&nbsp;kW | Originating | style="white-space: nowrap;"|Crestview Heights Subdivision, Brgy. San Roque, [[Antipolo]] |- | style="white-space: nowrap;"|RPTV Baguio | [[DZBS-TV|DZBS]] | Relay | [[Mount Santo Tomas|Mt. Sto. Tomas]], [[Tuba, Benguet]] |} {| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Main and Subchannels of RPTV (Digital) ! [[Virtual channel|LCN]] ! [[Display resolution|Video]] ! [[Aspect ratio (image)|Aspect]] ! Name ! Programming ! Notes |- | 19.02 | [[1080i]] | [[16:9]] | RPTV HD | [[RPTV (TV channel)|RPTV]] | style="white-space: nowrap;"|Commercial Broadcast |- | 19.03 | [[480i]] | [[4:3]] | style="white-space: nowrap;"|RPN SD Test 1 | style="white-space: nowrap;"|''(SMPTE Color Bars)'' | Test Broadcast |- | 19.06 | 180p | [[16:9]] | RPTV 1-seg | [[RPTV (TV channel)|RPTV]] | [[1seg]] |} ==Radio stations== {| class="wikitable unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Branding ! Callsign ! Frequency ! Location |- | Radyo Ronda Batac | [[DZRL]] | 639&nbsp;kHz | [[Batac]] |- | Radyo Ronda Baguio | [[DZBS]] | 1368&nbsp;kHz | [[Baguio]] |- | Radyo Ronda Iriga | [[DZKI]] | 1332&nbsp;kHz | [[Iriga]] |- | Radyo Ronda Cebu | [[DYKC-AM|DYKC]] | 675&nbsp;kHz | [[Cebu City]] |- | Radyo Ronda Bacolod | [[DYKB-AM|DYKB]] | 1404&nbsp;kHz | [[Bacolod]] |- | Radyo Ronda Davao | [[DXKT-AM|DXKT]] | 1071&nbsp;kHz | [[Davao City]] |- | Radyo Ronda General Santos | [[DXDX-AM|DXDX]] | 693&nbsp;kHz | [[General Santos]] |- | Radyo Ronda Surigao | [[DXKS-AM|DXKS]] | 1080&nbsp;kHz | [[Surigao City]] |- | style="white-space: nowrap;"|Radyo Ronda Cagayan de Oro | [[DXKO-AM|DXKO]] | 1368&nbsp;kHz | [[Cagayan de Oro]] |- | Radyo Ronda Dipolog | [[DXKD]] | 1053&nbsp;kHz | [[Dipolog]] |- | Radyo Ronda Pagadian | [[DXKP-AM|DXKP]] | 1377&nbsp;kHz | [[Pagadian]] |- | Radyo Ronda Zamboanga | [[DXXX-AM|DXXX]] | 1008&nbsp;kHz | style="white-space: nowrap;"|[[Zamboanga City]] |- |} ==Related pages== *[[RPTV (TV channel)|RPTV]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Radio stations in the Philippines]] [[Category:Philippine television-related lists]] 2gauo6ai2rgry7xjytwnozxz75pcdpn 0 1044295 11024052 9398808 2026-10-08T16:49:28Z ~2026-54185-23 1887068 11024052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{family name hatnote|Choe||lang=Korean}} {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Chasu|Vice Marshal]] | name = Choe Ryong-hae | native_name = {{nobold|최룡해}} | image = 18th Summit of Non-Aligned Movement gets underway in Baku 005 (cropped).jpg | caption = Choe in October 2019 | office = [[Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly]] | term_start = 11 April 2019 | term_end = | leader = [[Kim Jong Un]] | predecessor = [[Kim Yong-nam]] | office1 = First Vice President of the<br>[[State Affairs Commission of North Korea|State Affairs Commission]] | president1 = [[Kim Jong Un]] | term_start1 = 11 April 2019 | term_end1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = Vice President of the<br>[[State Affairs Commission of North Korea|State Affairs Commission]] | president2 = [[Kim Jong Un]] | term_start2 = 29 June 2016 | term_end2 = 11 April 2019 | predecessor2 = ''Position established'' | successor2 = | office3 = Director of the<br>[[Organization and Guidance Department]] | 1blankname3 = [[Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea|Chairman]] | 1namedata3 = [[Kim Jong Un]] | term_start3 = October 2017 | term_end3 = 10 April 2019 | predecessor3 = [[Kim Jong Un]] | successor3 = [[Ri Man-gon]] | office4 = Vice Chairman of the<br>[[Central Military Commission of the Workers' Party of Korea|Central Military Commission]] | predecessor4 = [[Ri Yong-ho (general)|Ri Yong-ho]] & [[Kim Jong Un]] | successor4 = [[Hwang Pyong-so]] | 1blankname4 = {{nowrap|Chairman}} | 1namedata4 = [[Kim Jong Un]] | term_start4 = 11 April 2012 | term_end4 = April 2014 | office5 = Vice Chairman of the<br>[[National Defence Commission of North Korea|National Defence Commission]] | predecessor5 = [[Jang Song-thaek]] | successor5 = [[Ri Yong-mu]] &<br>[[O Kuk-ryol]] | 1blankname5 = {{nowrap|Chairman}} | 1namedata5 = [[Kim Jong Un]] | term_start5 = 9 April 2014 | term_end5 = 25 September 2014 | office6 = Director of the [[General Political Bureau of the Korean People's Army]] | 1blankname6 = {{nowrap|[[Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army|Supreme Commander]]}} | 1namedata6 = [[Kim Jong Un]] | term_start6 = 12 April 2012 | term_end6 = 26 April 2014 | predecessor6 = [[Jo Myong-rok]] | successor6 = [[Hwang Pyong-so]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1950|01|15|df=y}} | death_date = | party = {{nowrap|[[Workers' Party of Korea]]}} | otherparty = | alma_mater = [[Kim Il Sung University]] | birth_place = [[Sinchon County]], [[South Hwanghae Province]], [[North Korea]] | death_place = | spouse = | children = 3 | module = {{Infobox Korean name | child = yes | hangul = 최룡해 | hanja = 崔龍海<ref name="nkinfo">{{cite web |script-title=ko:최룡해(남성)|script-work=ko:북한정보포털|publisher=통일부|access-date=6 March 2021 |url=https://nkinfo.unikorea.go.kr/nkp/theme/viewPeople.do?nkpmno=24305 |language=ko }}</ref> | rr = Choe Ryonghae | mr = Ch'oe Ryonghae | koreanipa = | context = north | text = }} | father = [[Choe Hyon]] | footnotes = {{Collapsible list |titlestyle = background-color:#FCF;text-align:center; |title = Central institution membership |bullets = on | 2016-present: Member, Presidium of the Political Bureau of the 7th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea | 1986-present: Full Member, 6th, 7th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea | 2010-2012: Alternate Member, Political Bureau of the 6th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea | 2010-2016: Member, Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea | 2012-present: Full Member, Political Bureau of the 6th, 7th Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea | 2016-present: Member, Executive Policy Bureau of the Workers' Party of Korea}} }} '''Choe Ryong-hae'''{{efn|{{korean|hangul=최룡해|context=north|labels=no}}}} (born 15 January 1950) is a [[North Korea]]n [[politician]] and [[military |military officer]]. In April 2019, he became the [[Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly]] and First Vice President of the [[State Affairs Commission]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=N.K. leader re-elected as chairman of State Affairs Commission|url=https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20190412001351325|work=[[Yonhap News Agency]]|date=12 April 2019|access-date=21 June 2020}}</ref> He was considered the [[head of state]] of North Korea before the [[Constitution of North Korea|country's constitution]] was changed to give the position to the [[President of the State Affairs Commission]], [[Kim Jong Un]]. Choe is also a member of the [[Presidium of the Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea|Presidium of the Politburo]] and [[Vice Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea]] (WPK). He second-in-command of the militay.<ref name=CRHUS>{{cite web|url=https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm568|title=Treasury Sanctions North Korean Officials and Entities in Response to the Regime's Serious Human Rights Abuses and Censorship|publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury}}</ref> Choe is the third top-ranking official in North Korea after Kim Jong Un and premier [[Kim Tok-hun]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-01 |title=North Korea's premier now ranks as top official. Is he Kim Jong Un's successor? |url=https://www.nknews.org/pro/north-koreas-premier-now-ranks-as-top-official-is-he-kim-jong-uns-successor/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |website=NK PRO |language=en-US}}</ref> . ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{commonscat}} {{reflist}} [[Category:1950 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:North Korean politicians]] {{bio-stub}} p9aouesnuv67k48psukduckigne3xn1 0 1048426 11023940 10936406 2026-10-08T12:15:17Z ~2026-54097-51 1886949 /* */ 11023940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Hindu temple | name = Vindhyachal Temple | native_name = विंध्याचल धाम, माँ विंध्यावासिनी शक्तिपीठ | native_name_lang = hi | image = Ma Vindhyavasini.jpg | image_upright = | alt = | Peetham = | caption = Maa Vindhyavasini Temple, Vindhyachal <!-- RELIGION --> | religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]] | deity =Vindhyavasini ([[Durga]]) | tradition = | organizational_status = | functional_status = Active | governing_body = | temple_board = | festival = [[Navratri]] | festivals = | tower = | temple_tank = | temple_tree = <!-- LOCATION --> | location = Vindhyachal | locale = | district = [[Mirzapur district]] | state = [[Uttar Pradesh]] | province = | country = India | map_type = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_relief = | map_caption = | coordinates = | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- ARCHITECTURE --> | architecture_type = | architecture_style = | founded_by = | creator = | established = | groundbreaking = | year_completed = | date_demolished = <!-- SPECIFICATIONS --> | facade_direction = | length = | width = | height_max = | site_area = | temple_quantity = | monument_quantity = | inscriptions = | materials = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | elevation_footnotes = <!-- NRHP --> | nrhp = | added = | refnum = | designated = <!-- DESIGNATION1 --> | embedded = | designation1 = | designation1_type = | designation1_offname = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_parent = | designation1_number = | designation1_free1value= | designation1_free2value= | designation1_free3value= <!-- WEBSITE --> | website = [https://vindhyachalmandir.com/ Vindhyachal Temple Website] <!-- BELOW --> | footnotes = }} '''Vindhyachal Temple''', also known as '''Maa Vindhyavasini Temple''' and '''Vindhyachal Dham''', is a [[Hinduism|Hindu]] temple dedicated to the mother goddess Vindhyavasini (a form of Goddess [[Durga]]). It is located on the bank of the [[Ganga River]] in Vindhyachal, [[Mirzapur district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The temple is recognized as one of the important Shakti Pitha temples in India.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sengar |first1=Resham |title=Vindhyachal–a unique hill station blessed with the presence of Durga and Ganga |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/destinations/vindhyachala-unique-hill-station-blessed-with-the-presence-of-durga-and-ganga/articleshow/69686124.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=Jun 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Vinay |title=Uttar Pradesh: Mauritian PM's mother offers birthday prayers at Vindhyavasini Temple in Mirzapur |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/uttar-pradesh-mauritian-pms-mother-offers-birthday-prayers-at-vindhyavasini-temple-in-mirzapur/articleshow/90957244.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=April 22, 2022}}</ref> == Mythology == According to an old story, Goddess [[Durga]] picked Vindhyachal as her home after beating the demon Mahishasura. Many people visit the Vindhyachal temples during the Navaratri festival, and the whole city gets decorated with lights and flowers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Sapna |title=उत्तर प्रदेश के इस शहर को माना जाता है देवी दुर्गा का निवास स्थान, नवरात्रों में अलग ही दिखती है यहां की रौनक |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/travel/religious-trip/vindhyachal-in-uttar-pradesh-blessed-with-the-presence-of-devi-durga/articleshow/90706937.cms?story=1 |publisher=Navbharat Times|date=April 7, 2022 |language=Hindi}}</ref> == Transport == To reach Vindhyachal Temple, you can use Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport, which is 72 kilometers away. The nearest railway station is Vindhyachal railway station (BDL), just 1 kilometer from the temple, with connections to Delhi-Howrah and Mumbai-Howrah routes. Mirzapur railway station (MZP) is another option, about 9 kilometers away. State-run buses, taxis, and local cars are available for travel, and National Highway 2 (NH 2) connects to the area.<ref>{{cite news |title=Vindhyachal Dham |url=https://mirzapur.nic.in/tourist-place/vindhyachal-dham/ |work=Mirzapur.nic.in |publisher=District Administration of Mirzapur}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Vindhyachal Corridor, worth ₹300 crore, aims to give 'grand view' to UP temple |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vindhyachal-corridor-worth-rs-300-crore-aims-to-give-grand-view-to-up-temple-101627774771197.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=August 1, 2021}}</ref> == Vindhya corridor == The government, led by Chief Minister [[Yogi Adityanath]], has a plan to build something similar to the Kashi Vishwanath Corridor. This project will go around the Vindhyachal Temple and is expected to cost about ₹224 crores.<ref>{{cite news |title=Complete Vindhya Corridor in six months: Yogi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/complete-vindhya-corridor-in-six-months-yogi-101664044828857.html |publisher=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=September 25, 2022}}</ref> Its goal is to make the pilgrimage experience better. They will make a 50-foot-wide path for people to walk around the temple, and they will provide good facilities for pilgrims. Skilled artisans from [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]], will use special pink stones from Ahraura to build it. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Temples in India]] [[Category:Hindu temples]] [[Category:Establishments in India]] {{religion-stub}} q03vf1mx5m5mk4gu43picu78v18v9bo 0 1049293 11024032 9087674 2026-10-08T15:27:23Z Kontributor 2K 1349344 11024032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Marsolan |commune status = [[Communes of France|Commune]] |image = Marsolan10.jpg |caption = The church in Marsolan |image coat of arms = Blason ville FR Marsolan (Gers).svg |arrondissement = Condom |canton = Lectoure-Lomagne |INSEE = 32239 |postal code = 32700 |mayor = Dominique Gonella |term = 2020&ndash;2026 |intercommunality = Lomagne Gersoise |coordinates = {{coord|43.9439|0.5403|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation min m = 87 |elevation max m = 214 |area km2 = 26.14 |population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}} |population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}} |population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}} }} '''Marsolan''' is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in the [[Gers]] [[Departments of France|department]]. It is in southwestern [[France]]. == Related pages == * [[Communes of the Gers department]] == References == {{reflist}} {{Gers communes}} {{France-geo-stub}} [[Category:Communes in Gers]] kgznhnbrxqqfxv0fbbxja8bb64vn5b2 0 1054139 11024042 9124745 2026-10-08T15:59:51Z Kontributor 2K 1349344 11024042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox French commune |name = Pouy-Loubrin |image coat of arms = Blason ville FR Pouy-Loubrin (Gers).svg |commune status = [[Communes of France|Commune]] |image = Pouy-Loubrin - Mairie.jpg |caption = The town hall in Pouy-Loubrin |arrondissement = Mirande |canton = Astarac-Gimone |INSEE = 32327 |postal code = 32260 |mayor = Philippe Mesnard |term = 2020&ndash;2026 |intercommunality = Val de Gers |coordinates = {{coord|43.4669|0.6189|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |elevation min m = 180 |elevation max m = 298 |area km2 = 9.64 |population = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_total}} |population date = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}} |population footnotes = {{France metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}} }} '''Pouy-Loubrin''' is a [[Communes of France|commune]] in the [[Gers]] [[Departments of France|department]]. It is in southwestern [[France]]. == Related pages == * [[Communes of the Gers department]] == References == {{reflist}} {{Gers communes}} {{France-geo-stub}} [[Category:Communes in Gers]] muxfmraqhxk3s52p4wzjv8uyyb45qc8 0 1061427 11023979 11019235 2026-10-08T13:53:01Z IrisChronomia Bot 1885647 BOT (Powered by [[User:IrisChronomia|IrisChronomia]]) 11023979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Kristian Kostov | native_name = Кристиан Костов | native_name_lang = bg | image = ESC2017 - Bulgaria 11.jpg | caption = Kostov in 2017 | birth_name = Kristian Konstantinov Kostov | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|03|15|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]] | origin = [[Bulgaria]]; [[Kazakhstan]] | genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[Acoustic music|acoustic]]|[[soul music|soul]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|musician|actor|model}} | instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|piano}} | years_active = 2014–present | label = {{Hlist|Holistic Monkeys|Xuman||Symphonix|[[Universal Music Group|Universal]]|Virginia}} | website = }} '''Kristian Konstantinov Kostov''' (born 15 March 2000) is a [[Bulgaria|Bulgarian]]-[[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] singer born in [[Moscow]]. He has taken part in several competitions including [[The Voice (TV series)|''The Voice Kids Russia'']], ''{{ill|X Factor (Bulgarian TV series)|en|lt=X Factor Bulgaria}}'' and the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]], where represented Bulgaria with the song "Beautiful Mess", finishing in second place.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Neves|first=Inês|date=2021-03-25|title=Eurovision 2017: Bulgaria’s Kristian Kostov in focus|url=https://eurovisionary.com/eurovision-2017-bulgarias-kristian-kostov-in-focus/|access-date=2023-11-12|website=EuroVisionary|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112133440/https://eurovisionary.com/eurovision-2017-bulgarias-kristian-kostov-in-focus/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Shower Thoughts'' | * Released: 10 August 2018 * Label: Symphonix * Formats: Digital download |- ! scope="row"| ''Prologue'' | * Released: 15 March 2019 * Label: Universal Music * Formats: Digital download |- ! scope="row"| ''Mood:'' | * Released: 10 July 2020 * Label: [[Polydor Records]] * Formats: Digital download |} ===Singles=== ====As lead artist==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="6"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kristian+Kostov|title=Discographie Kristian Kostov|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kristian+Kostov|title=Discographie Kristian Kostov|publisher=Hung Medien|website=lescharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Single Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kristian+Kostov|title=Discografie Kristian Kostov|publisher=Hung Medien|website=dutchcharts.nl}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Charts|SCO]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20170519/41/|title=Official Scottish Singles Chart Top 100: 19 May 2017 – 25 May 2017|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kristian+Kostov|title=Discography Kristian Kostov|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swedishcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kristian+Kostov|title=Discographie Kristian Kostov|publisher=Hung Medien|website=hitparade.ch}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Ne si za men|en}}" / "{{ill|Ne si za men|en|lt=You Got Me Girl}}" | 2016 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="7" {{n/a|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Beautiful Mess (Kristian Kostov song)|en|lt=Beautiful Mess}}" | rowspan="4"| 2017 | 60 || 160 || 91 || 75 || 51 || 85 |- ! scope="row"| "Слушай дождь" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Глубина" <span style="font-size:85%;">(Depth)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ты Мой Огонь" <span style="font-size:85%;">(You Are My Fire)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "The One (I Need You)" | rowspan="3"| 2018 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Burning Bridges"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Jowst]])</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Get It" | — || — || — || — || — || — | ''Shower Thoughts'' |- ! scope="row"| "Honest" | rowspan="10"| 2020 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="6"| ''Mood:'' |- ! scope="row"| "Better" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Things I Like" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Thinking" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Depressed On Wednesday" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Take Me Back" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Psycho"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="4"| ''Time'' |- ! scope="row"| "Welcome To The Show"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Time"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "2020"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Built Different" | rowspan="2"| 2021 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Alice"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Intentional"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | 2022 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="3"| ''Mine'' |- ! scope="row"| "Iris"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | rowspan="2"| 2023 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Mine" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Espresso" | rowspan="2"| 2024 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="7" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "So High"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Alma)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Аз съм ти" | rowspan="2"| 2025 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ти си сърце"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Mihaela Marinova)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Your Lie in April"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Kian)</span> | rowspan="3"| 2026 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Shh!"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Kian)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Digital Lover"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Kian)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released. |} ====As featured artist==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="width:20em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Album |- ! scope="row"| "Ready to Fly"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(MaxiGroove & Kristian Kostov)</span> | 2015 | {{n/a|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Vdigam Level|en}}"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(Pavell & Venci Venc' featuring Kristian Kostov)</span> | 2016 | ''SeTaaBrat'' |- ! scope="row"| "Live It Up"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(B-OK featuring {{ill|Roksana Węgiel|en|lt=Roxie}} and Kristian Kostov)</span> | 2019 | rowspan="2" {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Sorry"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(Tra$h featuring YKEY and Kristian Kostov)</span> | 2023 |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kostov, Kristian}} [[Category:2000 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Bulgarian singers]] [[Category:Russian singers]] [[Category:21st-century Russian singers]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] [[Category:People from Moscow]] {{bio-stub}} knxlwvawt7i9jdczn0kbgd76m7firjh 11023984 11023979 2026-10-08T13:53:45Z IrisChronomia Bot 1885647 BOT (Powered by [[User:IrisChronomia|IrisChronomia]]) 11023984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Kristian Kostov | native_name = Кристиан Костов | native_name_lang = bg | image = ESC2017 - Bulgaria 11.jpg | caption = Kostov in 2017 | birth_name = Kristian Konstantinov Kostov | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|03|15|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]] | origin = [[Bulgaria]]; [[Kazakhstan]] | genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[Acoustic music|acoustic]]|[[soul music|soul]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|musician|actor|model}} | instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|piano}} | years_active = 2014–present | label = {{Hlist|Holistic Monkeys|Xuman||Symphonix|[[Universal Music Group|Universal]]|Virginia}} | website = }} '''Kristian Konstantinov Kostov''' (born 15 March 2000) is a [[Bulgaria|Bulgarian]]-[[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] singer born in [[Moscow]]. He has taken part in several competitions including [[The Voice (TV series)|''The Voice Kids Russia'']], ''{{ill|X Factor (Bulgarian TV series)|en|lt=X Factor Bulgaria}}'' and the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]], where represented Bulgaria with the song "Beautiful Mess", finishing in second place.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Neves|first=Inês|date=2021-03-25|title=Eurovision 2017: Bulgaria’s Kristian Kostov in focus|url=https://eurovisionary.com/eurovision-2017-bulgarias-kristian-kostov-in-focus/|access-date=2023-11-12|website=EuroVisionary|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112133440/https://eurovisionary.com/eurovision-2017-bulgarias-kristian-kostov-in-focus/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Shower Thoughts'' | * Released: 10 August 2018 * Label: Symphonix * Formats: Digital download |- ! scope="row"| ''Prologue'' | * Released: 15 March 2019 * Label: Universal Music * Formats: Digital download |- ! scope="row"| ''Mood:'' | * Released: 10 July 2020 * Label: [[Polydor Records]] * Formats: Digital download |} ===Singles=== ====As lead artist==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="6"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kristian+Kostov|title=Discographie Kristian Kostov|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kristian+Kostov|title=Discographie Kristian Kostov|publisher=Hung Medien|website=lescharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Single Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kristian+Kostov|title=Discografie Kristian Kostov|publisher=Hung Medien|website=dutchcharts.nl}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Charts|SCO]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20170519/41/|title=Official Scottish Singles Chart Top 100: 19 May 2017 – 25 May 2017|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kristian+Kostov|title=Discography Kristian Kostov|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swedishcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kristian+Kostov|title=Discographie Kristian Kostov|publisher=Hung Medien|website=hitparade.ch}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Ne si za men|en}}" / "{{ill|Ne si za men|en|lt=You Got Me Girl}}" | 2016 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="7" {{n/a|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Beautiful Mess (Kristian Kostov song)|en|lt=Beautiful Mess}}" | rowspan="4"| 2017 | 60 || 160 || 91 || 75 || 51 || 85 |- ! scope="row"| "Слушай дождь" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Глубина" <span style="font-size:85%;">(Depth)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ты Мой Огонь" <span style="font-size:85%;">(You Are My Fire)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "The One (I Need You)" | rowspan="3"| 2018 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Burning Bridges"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Jowst]])</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Get It" | — || — || — || — || — || — | ''Shower Thoughts'' |- ! scope="row"| "Honest" | rowspan="10"| 2020 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="6"| ''Mood:'' |- ! scope="row"| "Better" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Things I Like" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Thinking" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Depressed On Wednesday" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Take Me Back" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Psycho"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="4"| ''Time'' |- ! scope="row"| "Welcome To The Show"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Time"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "2020"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Built Different" | rowspan="2"| 2021 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Alice"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Intentional"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | 2022 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="3"| ''Mine'' |- ! scope="row"| "Iris"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | rowspan="2"| 2023 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Mine" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Espresso" | rowspan="2"| 2024 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="6" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "So High"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Alma)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Аз съм ти" | rowspan="2"| 2025 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ти си сърце"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Mihaela Marinova)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Your Lie in April"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Kian)</span> | rowspan="2"| 2026 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Shh!"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Kian)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released. |} ====As featured artist==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="width:20em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Album |- ! scope="row"| "Ready to Fly"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(MaxiGroove & Kristian Kostov)</span> | 2015 | {{n/a|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Vdigam Level|en}}"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(Pavell & Venci Venc' featuring Kristian Kostov)</span> | 2016 | ''SeTaaBrat'' |- ! scope="row"| "Live It Up"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(B-OK featuring {{ill|Roksana Węgiel|en|lt=Roxie}} and Kristian Kostov)</span> | 2019 | rowspan="2" {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Sorry"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(Tra$h featuring YKEY and Kristian Kostov)</span> | 2023 |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kostov, Kristian}} [[Category:2000 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Bulgarian singers]] [[Category:Russian singers]] [[Category:21st-century Russian singers]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] [[Category:People from Moscow]] {{bio-stub}} ae6gzc3tzjxbltqj5wmvnjh1en7xc6r 11023996 11023984 2026-10-08T14:07:20Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia Bot|IrisChronomia Bot]] ([[User talk:IrisChronomia Bot|talk]]) to last version by Greenock125 11019235 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Kristian Kostov | native_name = Кристиан Костов | native_name_lang = bg | image = ESC2017 - Bulgaria 11.jpg | caption = Kostov in 2017 | birth_name = Kristian Konstantinov Kostov | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2000|03|15|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]] | origin = [[Bulgaria]]; [[Kazakhstan]] | genre = {{hlist|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[Acoustic music|acoustic]]|[[soul music|soul]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter|musician|actor|model}} | instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|guitar|piano}} | years_active = 2014–present | label = {{Hlist|Holistic Monkeys|Xuman||Symphonix|[[Universal Music Group|Universal]]|Virginia}} | website = }} '''Kristian Konstantinov Kostov''' (born 15 March 2000) is a [[Bulgaria|Bulgarian]]-[[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] singer born in [[Moscow]]. He has taken part in several competitions including [[The Voice (TV series)|''The Voice Kids Russia'']], ''{{ill|X Factor (Bulgarian TV series)|en|lt=X Factor Bulgaria}}'' and the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]], where represented Bulgaria with the song "Beautiful Mess", finishing in second place.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Neves|first=Inês|date=2021-03-25|title=Eurovision 2017: Bulgaria’s Kristian Kostov in focus|url=https://eurovisionary.com/eurovision-2017-bulgarias-kristian-kostov-in-focus/|access-date=2023-11-12|website=EuroVisionary|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112133440/https://eurovisionary.com/eurovision-2017-bulgarias-kristian-kostov-in-focus/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Shower Thoughts'' | * Released: 10 August 2018 * Label: Symphonix * Formats: Digital download |- ! scope="row"| ''Prologue'' | * Released: 15 March 2019 * Label: Universal Music * Formats: Digital download |- ! scope="row"| ''Mood:'' | * Released: 10 July 2020 * Label: [[Polydor Records]] * Formats: Digital download |} ===Singles=== ====As lead artist==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="6"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kristian+Kostov|title=Discographie Kristian Kostov|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kristian+Kostov|title=Discographie Kristian Kostov|publisher=Hung Medien|website=lescharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Single Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kristian+Kostov|title=Discografie Kristian Kostov|publisher=Hung Medien|website=dutchcharts.nl}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Charts|SCO]]<br /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-singles-chart/20170519/41/|title=Official Scottish Singles Chart Top 100: 19 May 2017 – 25 May 2017|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kristian+Kostov|title=Discography Kristian Kostov|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swedishcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Kristian+Kostov|title=Discographie Kristian Kostov|publisher=Hung Medien|website=hitparade.ch}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Ne si za men|en}}" / "{{ill|Ne si za men|en|lt=You Got Me Girl}}" | 2016 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="7" {{n/a|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Beautiful Mess (Kristian Kostov song)|en|lt=Beautiful Mess}}" | rowspan="4"| 2017 | 60 || 160 || 91 || 75 || 51 || 85 |- ! scope="row"| "Слушай дождь" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Глубина" <span style="font-size:85%;">(Depth)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ты Мой Огонь" <span style="font-size:85%;">(You Are My Fire)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "The One (I Need You)" | rowspan="3"| 2018 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Burning Bridges"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with [[Jowst]])</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Get It" | — || — || — || — || — || — | ''Shower Thoughts'' |- ! scope="row"| "Honest" | rowspan="10"| 2020 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="6"| ''Mood:'' |- ! scope="row"| "Better" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Things I Like" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Thinking" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Depressed On Wednesday" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Take Me Back" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Psycho"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="4"| ''Time'' |- ! scope="row"| "Welcome To The Show"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Time"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "2020"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Built Different" | rowspan="2"| 2021 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Alice"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Intentional"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | 2022 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="3"| ''Mine'' |- ! scope="row"| "Iris"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(as VOSTOK)</span> | rowspan="2"| 2023 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Mine" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Espresso" | rowspan="2"| 2024 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="8" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "So High"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Alma)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Аз съм ти" | rowspan="2"| 2025 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ти си сърце"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Mihaela Marinova)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Your Lie in April"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Kian)</span> | rowspan="4"| 2026 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Shh!"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Kian)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Digital Lover"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Kian)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "And We Didn't Even Kiss"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Kian)</span> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released. |} ====As featured artist==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="width:20em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="1" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" rowspan="1"| Album |- ! scope="row"| "Ready to Fly"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(MaxiGroove & Kristian Kostov)</span> | 2015 | {{n/a|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Vdigam Level|en}}"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(Pavell & Venci Venc' featuring Kristian Kostov)</span> | 2016 | ''SeTaaBrat'' |- ! scope="row"| "Live It Up"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(B-OK featuring {{ill|Roksana Węgiel|en|lt=Roxie}} and Kristian Kostov)</span> | 2019 | rowspan="2" {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Sorry"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(Tra$h featuring YKEY and Kristian Kostov)</span> | 2023 |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kostov, Kristian}} [[Category:2000 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Bulgarian singers]] [[Category:Russian singers]] [[Category:21st-century Russian singers]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] [[Category:People from Moscow]] {{bio-stub}} 9zu66lq0gnempjjum355a6wdc44s2nv 0 1061598 11024403 9983459 2026-10-09T05:27:53Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Indian English|date=August 2016}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2016}} {{Infobox person | name = Varun Sandesh | image = Varun Sandesh speech in Micheal movie's trailer lunch event.jpg | caption = Varun Sandesh in 2023 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1989|7|21}}<ref>{{Cite news|title=Varun Sandesh's birthday celebrations on the sets of his film in Hyderabad - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/hyderabad/varun-sandeshs-birthday-celebrations-on-the-sets-of-his-film-in-hyderabad/articleshow/15090904.cms|access-date=2021-02-25|website=The Times of India|language=en |last1=As |first1=Sashidhar }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Rayagada]], [[Odisha]], India<ref name="Varun Sandesh">{{cite web | title= Varun Sandesh | publisher= www.idlebrain.com | url= http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/happydays/sandesh.html | access-date= 2008-10-30 | archive-date= 4 November 2008 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081104004144/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/happydays/sandesh.html | url-status= dead }}</ref> | occupation = Film actor | yearsactive = 2007–present | spouse = [[Vithika Sheru]] }} '''Jeedigunta Varun Sandesh''' (born 21 July 1989) is an [[Indian American]] actor. He is known primarily for his works in [[Telugu cinema]]. He made his debut with [[Sekhar Kammula]]'s [[coming-of-age]] blockbuster drama ''[[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]'' (2007), and went on to star in films such as ''[[Kotha Bangaru Lokam]]'' (2008), ''[[Kurradu]]'' (2009), ''[[Yemaindi Ee Vela]]'' (2010), ''[[D for Dopidi]]'' (2013), ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda]]'' (2014), ''[[Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu]]'' (2015), and ''[[Michael (2023 film) | Michael]]'' (2023).<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/article902496.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Y. Sunita | last=Chowdhary | title=Singing sibling | date=2010-11-21}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/waiting-for-the-turn/article3388744.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | first=Y. Sunita | last=Chowdhary | title=Waiting for the turn | date=2012-05-06 | access-date=21 January 2013 | archive-date=16 February 2013 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130216212857/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/waiting-for-the-turn/article3388744.ece | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maastars.com/3097/varun-sandesh-interview|title=Varun Sandesh Interview Stills - MaaStars|website=www.maastars.com|access-date=21 January 2013|archive-date=11 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511210040/http://www.maastars.com/3097/varun-sandesh-interview|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Filmography== ===Films=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="text-align:center;" ! Year ! Film ! Role ! Notes |- | 2007 || ''[[Happy Days (2007 film)|Happy Days]]'' || Chandrashekar "Chandu" ||Debut Film |- | 2008 || ''[[Kotha Bangaru Lokam]]'' || Balu || |- | rowspan="2" | 2009 || ''[[Evaraina Epudaina]]'' || Venkat || |- | ''[[Kurradu]]'' || Varun || |- | rowspan="3" | 2010 || ''[[Maro Charitra (2010 film)|Maro Charitra]]'' || Balu || |- | ''Happy Happy Gaa'' || Santosh || |- | ''[[Yemaindi Ee Vela]]'' || Seenu || |- | rowspan="3" | 2011 || ''[[Kudirithe Kappu Coffee]]'' || Venu || |- | ''Brahmigadi Katha'' || Siva || |- | ''[[Priyudu]]'' || Karthik || |- | rowspan="5" | 2013 || ''[[Chammak Challo (film)|Chammak Challo]]'' || Shyam || |- | ''[[Priyathama Neevachata Kushalama]]'' || Varun || |- | ''[[Saradaga Ammayitho]]'' || Santosh || |- | ''[[Abbai Class Ammai Mass]]'' || Sri || |- | ''[[D for Dopidi]]'' || Vicky || |- | rowspan="3" | 2014 || ''[[Nuvvala Nenila]]'' || Krishna Mohan || |- | ''[[Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda]]'' || Varun || |- | ''[[Ee Varsham Sakshiga]]'' || Jai || |- | rowspan="3" | 2015 || ''Paddanandi Premalo Mari'' || Ram || |- | ''[[Mama Manchu Alludu Kanchu]]'' || Goutham Naidu || |- | ''[[Lava Kusa (2015 film)|Lava Kusa]]'' ||Prem / Kushal |Dual role |- | 2016 || ''Mister 420'' ||Avinash | |- | 2018 || ''Marla Puli'' || Varun|| |- | 2019 || ''[[Nuvvu Thopu Raa]]'' || Kaushik || <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Induvadana first-look sees Varun Sandesh and Farnaz Shetty in a romantic embrace - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/induvadana-first-look-sees-varun-sandesh-and-farnaz-shetty-in-a-romantic-embrace/articleshow/82372047.cms|access-date=2021-05-04|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> |- |2022 |''[[Induvadana]]''||Vasu|| 25th film |- | rowspan="4" |2023 |''[[Michael (2023 film)|Michael]]'' |Amarnath |Negative Role<ref>{{Cite news |title=Telugu star Varun Sandesh joins team of Ranjith Jeyakodi's 'Michael' - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/telugu-star-varun-sandesh-joins-team-of-ranjith-jeyakodis-michael/articleshow/90169098.cms |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> |- |''[[Organic Mama Hybrid Alludu]]'' |Actor |Cameo appearance |- |{{Pending film|Yadbhaavam Tadbhavati}} |{{TBA}} |Filming<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=Tollywood |date=2022-07-21 |title=Varun Sandesh's new film gets an interesting title |url=https://www.tollywood.net/varun-sandeshs-new-film-gets-an-interesting-title/ |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Tollywood |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113050402/https://www.tollywood.net/varun-sandeshs-new-film-gets-an-interesting-title/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{Pending film|Chitram Chudara}} |{{TBA}} |Announced<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-03-09 |title=Varun Sandesh's next title Chitram Chudara; first-look released |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/varun-sandeshs-next-title-chitram-chudara-first-look-released/articleshow/98456079.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> |- |} === Web Series === *''All films are in Telugu, unless otherwise noted.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Web Series ! Role ! Availability ! Notes |- | 2018 | Hey Krishna | Krishna | [[Yupp TV]] | |} ===Television=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Year !Show !Role !Channel !Notes |- | align="center" | 2019 |[[Bigg Boss (Telugu season 3)|''Bigg Boss 3'']] |Contestant (3rd Runner up) |[[Star Maa]] |Reality TV Series |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb name|id=2967763}} * {{Twitter|itsvarunsandesh}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sandesh, Varun}} [[Category:1989 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Indian movie actors]] [[Category:21st-century Indian actors]] [[Category:Actors from Odisha]] [[Category:People from New Jersey]] lyl7451hz07qbvuwskc9jyh7z46s149 0 1073915 11024169 10940648 2026-10-08T21:51:36Z ~2026-54224-53 1887219 /* Career */ Have added the other 2 World Cups and inserted information about her from Bailiwick Express News Jersey. 11024169 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ali Christie-Upton''' (born 1 December 1969 [[Jersey]]) is a Scottish [[rugby union]] player. ==Career== From 1994 to 2004, she competed for [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Owen Slot, Chief Rugby|date=2024-01-02|title=Why 20st 11lb Harry Williams is England's secret weapon|newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-20st-11lb-harry-williams-is-englands-secret-weapon-7pngz3xvv|access-date=2024-01-02|issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/scottish-daily-mail/20220912/282729115739337|access-date=2024-01-02|via=PressReader}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Roll of Honour|url=https://scottishrugby.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/RollOfHonour.pdf|website=scottishrugby.org}}</ref> gaining 61 caps. She competed at the 1994, 1998, 2002 Women's [[Rugby World Cup]] <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-01|title=World Rugby {{!}} world.rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/tournament/1107/teams/2522|access-date=2024-01-02|archive-date=2019-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201065901/https://www.world.rugby/tournament/1107/teams/2522|url-status=dead}}</ref> She competed in the Home Nations and Womens Six Nations Championship over that time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotland front row Alison Christie, Victoria Wiseman, and Karen Finlay|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/scotland-front-row-alison-christie-victoria-wiseman-and-news-photo/660872570|access-date=2024-01-02|website=Getty Images|date=30 March 2017 |language=en-us}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Part of the team to win the 2001 European Championships in Lille. She played for Richmond Rugby.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WOMEN'S INTERNATIONALS|url=https://www.richmondfc.co.uk/a/club-history-60700.html?page=4|access-date=2024-01-02|website=www.richmondfc.co.uk}}</ref> She has also represented the Classic Lionesses team, in the 2003 Bermuda Classics and in 2007 [[Murrayfield Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-14|title=Meet Ali • Jersey Sport|url=https://jerseysport.je/meet-ali/|access-date=2024-01-02|website=Jersey Sport|language=en|archive-date=2024-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102190502/https://jerseysport.je/meet-ali/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Alison played in the 1st Hong Kong 7's in 1997, Christie-Upton also holds the distinction of being the first person born in Jersey to play international rugby.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Bailiwick Express News|date=2023-07-07|title=FOCUS: 1989… Jersey’s worst Island Games medal haul|url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/sport/focus-1989-jerseys-worst-island-games-medal-haul/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Bailiwick Express News Jersey|language=en-GB}}</ref> She also participated in the 1st five Island Games as a swimmer, winning at least 1 gold in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Island Games and in her 5th, represented Jersey in athletics. She also represented Jersey in swimming at the 1986 Commonwealth Games.<ref name=":1" /> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Christie, Alison}} [[Category:Jersey people]] [[Category:Rugby union players]] [[Category:Scottish sportspeople]] [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Living people]] 18drez9hxof95pt9c31of6oktha0jhk 11024188 11024169 2026-10-08T22:04:38Z ~2026-54224-53 1887219 added that she scored a try both times representing Classic Lionesses. Also put in citations and reference to grandfather 11024188 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ali Christie-Upton''' (born 1 December 1969 [[Jersey]]) is a Scottish [[rugby union]] player. ==Career== From 1994 to 2004, she competed for [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Owen Slot, Chief Rugby|date=2024-01-02|title=Why 20st 11lb Harry Williams is England's secret weapon|newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-20st-11lb-harry-williams-is-englands-secret-weapon-7pngz3xvv|access-date=2024-01-02|issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/scottish-daily-mail/20220912/282729115739337|access-date=2024-01-02|via=PressReader}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Roll of Honour|url=https://scottishrugby.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/RollOfHonour.pdf|website=scottishrugby.org}}</ref> gaining 61 caps. She competed at the 1994, 1998, 2002 Women's [[Rugby World Cup]] <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-01|title=World Rugby {{!}} world.rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/tournament/1107/teams/2522|access-date=2024-01-02|archive-date=2019-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201065901/https://www.world.rugby/tournament/1107/teams/2522|url-status=dead}}</ref> She competed in the Home Nations and Womens Six Nations Championship over that time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotland front row Alison Christie, Victoria Wiseman, and Karen Finlay|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/scotland-front-row-alison-christie-victoria-wiseman-and-news-photo/660872570|access-date=2024-01-02|website=Getty Images|date=30 March 2017 |language=en-us}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Part of the team to win the 2001 European Championships in Lille. She played for Richmond Rugby.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WOMEN'S INTERNATIONALS|url=https://www.richmondfc.co.uk/a/club-history-60700.html?page=4|access-date=2024-01-02|website=www.richmondfc.co.uk}}</ref> She has also represented the Classic Lionesses team, in the 2003 Bermuda Classics and in 2007 [[Murrayfield Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-14|title=Meet Ali • Jersey Sport|url=https://jerseysport.je/meet-ali/|access-date=2024-01-02|website=Jersey Sport|language=en|archive-date=2024-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102190502/https://jerseysport.je/meet-ali/|url-status=dead}}</ref> scoring a try in both representations.<ref>{{Citation|title=Did you know we have our very own Lioness in Jersey? Islander Ali Christie-Upton played for The British and Irish lions on two occasions – in Bermuda in 2003, and at Murrayfield in 2008 for the Classic Lionesses – and she scored a try both times!|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/3583318808560515/|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref> Alison played in the 1st Hong Kong 7's in 1997<ref>{{Citation|title=1997 Hong Kong Women's Sevens|date=2025-10-29|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997_Hong_Kong_Women%27s_Sevens&oldid=1319402490|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref>, Christie-Upton also holds the distinction of being the first person born in Jersey to play international rugby.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Bailiwick Express News|date=2023-07-07|title=FOCUS: 1989… Jersey’s worst Island Games medal haul|url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/sport/focus-1989-jerseys-worst-island-games-medal-haul/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Bailiwick Express News Jersey|language=en-GB}}</ref> She also participated in the 1st five Island Games as a swimmer, winning at least 1 gold in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Island Games and in her 5th, represented Jersey in athletics. She also represented Jersey in swimming at the 1986 Commonwealth Games.<ref name=":1" /> == Family == Her grandfather, Graham Budge was also a Scottish player and a British and Irish Lion.<ref>{{Citation|title=Grahame Budge|date=2025-04-06|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grahame_Budge&oldid=1284222992|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Christie, Alison}} [[Category:Jersey people]] [[Category:Rugby union players]] [[Category:Scottish sportspeople]] [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Living people]] 64p5qo40ledqz9me3o3pibut29nzfdb 11024193 11024188 2026-10-08T22:21:14Z ~2026-54224-53 1887219 add citations 11024193 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ali Christie-Upton''' (born 1 December 1969 [[Jersey]]) is a Scottish [[rugby union]] player. ==Career== From 1994 to 2004, she competed for [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Owen Slot, Chief Rugby|date=2024-01-02|title=Why 20st 11lb Harry Williams is England's secret weapon|newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-20st-11lb-harry-williams-is-englands-secret-weapon-7pngz3xvv|access-date=2024-01-02|issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/scottish-daily-mail/20220912/282729115739337|access-date=2024-01-02|via=PressReader}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Roll of Honour|url=https://scottishrugby.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/RollOfHonour.pdf|website=scottishrugby.org}}</ref> gaining 61 caps. She competed at the 1994, 1998, 2002 Women's [[Rugby World Cup]] <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-01|title=World Rugby {{!}} world.rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/tournament/1107/teams/2522|access-date=2024-01-02|archive-date=2019-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201065901/https://www.world.rugby/tournament/1107/teams/2522|url-status=dead}}</ref> She competed in the Home Nations and Womens Six Nations Championship over that time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotland front row Alison Christie, Victoria Wiseman, and Karen Finlay|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/scotland-front-row-alison-christie-victoria-wiseman-and-news-photo/660872570|access-date=2024-01-02|website=Getty Images|date=30 March 2017 |language=en-us}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Part of the team to win the 2001 European Championships in Lille. She played for Richmond Rugby.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WOMEN'S INTERNATIONALS|url=https://www.richmondfc.co.uk/a/club-history-60700.html?page=4|access-date=2024-01-02|website=www.richmondfc.co.uk}}</ref> She has also represented the Classic Lionesses team, in the 2003 Bermuda Classics and in 2007 [[Murrayfield Stadium]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-14|title=Meet Ali • Jersey Sport|url=https://jerseysport.je/meet-ali/|access-date=2024-01-02|website=Jersey Sport|language=en|archive-date=2024-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102190502/https://jerseysport.je/meet-ali/|url-status=dead}}</ref> scoring a try in both representations.<ref>{{Citation|title=Did you know we have our very own Lioness in Jersey? Islander Ali Christie-Upton played for The British and Irish lions on two occasions – in Bermuda in 2003, and at Murrayfield in 2008 for the Classic Lionesses – and she scored a try both times!|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/3583318808560515/|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref> Alison played in the 1st Hong Kong 7's in 1997<ref>{{Citation|title=1997 Hong Kong Women's Sevens|date=2025-10-29|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997_Hong_Kong_Women%27s_Sevens&oldid=1319402490|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref>, Christie-Upton also holds the distinction of being the first person born in Jersey to play international rugby.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Bailiwick Express News|date=2023-07-07|title=FOCUS: 1989… Jersey’s worst Island Games medal haul|url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/sport/focus-1989-jerseys-worst-island-games-medal-haul/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Bailiwick Express News Jersey|language=en-GB}}</ref> She also participated in the 1st five Island Games as a swimmer, winning at least 1 gold in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Island Games and in her 5th, represented Jersey in athletics<ref name=":1" />. She also represented Jersey in swimming at the 1986 Commonwealth Games.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://calligo-tigers.squarespace.com/new-page|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Calligo Tigers Swimming Club - Jersey|language=en-US}}</ref> == Family == Her grandfather, Graham Budge was also a Scottish player and a British and Irish Lion.<ref>{{Citation|title=Grahame Budge|date=2025-04-06|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grahame_Budge&oldid=1284222992|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref> He was also a Baberian all in 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grahame Morris Budge|url=https://www.barbarianfc.co.uk/player/budge-grahame-morris/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Barbarians|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Grahame Budge - Lions Men - The British & Irish Lions Website|url=https://www.lionsrugby.com/en/teams/mens-team/grahame-budge-GB454277|access-date=2026-10-08|website=www.lionsrugby.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Graham Budge - the Evergreen International|url=https://worldrugbymuseum.com/from-the-vaults/players/remembering-graham-budge-the-evergreen-international|access-date=2026-10-08|website=World Rugby Museum|language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Christie, Alison}} [[Category:Jersey people]] [[Category:Rugby union players]] [[Category:Scottish sportspeople]] [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Living people]] ky62sphorz0esicopdkekoa30i3iocg 11024599 11024193 2026-10-09T11:12:51Z ~2026-54243-16 1887500 added swimming career to the site 11024599 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ali Christie-Upton''' (born 1 December 1969 [[Jersey]]) was a Scottish [[rugby union]] player and a Jersey and Scotland swimmer.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://calligo-tigers.squarespace.com/new-page|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Calligo Tigers Swimming Club - Jersey|language=en-US}}</ref> == Swimming Career == Alison started swimming in 1983. She won National Improved swimmer in 1984. in 1985 she competed in the 1st Island Games in Isle of Man, winning 1 gold and 4 silver<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Calligo Tigers Swimming Club - Island Games|url=https://uk.gomotionapp.com/team/tigsjsy/page/about-tigers/custom-page|access-date=2026-10-09|website=uk.gomotionapp.com}}</ref><ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1985/1985_swimming.pdf 1985_swimming.pdf] 1985 Swimming Results Isle of Man Island Games</ref>. She also swam for the English Schools team. She also represented Jersey in swimming at the 1986 Commonwealth Games.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Calligo Tigers Swimming Club - Roll of Honour|url=https://uk.gomotionapp.com/team/tigsjsy/page/about-tigers/roll-of-honour|access-date=2026-10-09|website=uk.gomotionapp.com}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Results & Records {{!}} Private School Devon {{!}} Mount Kelly|url=https://www.mountkelly.com/performance-swimming/results-records/|access-date=2026-10-09|language=en-GB}}</ref> 1987 saw her win 2 gold and 3 silver in the 2nd Island Games in Guernsey<ref name=":4" /><ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1987/1987_swimming.pdf 1987_swimming.pdf] 1987 Island Games. Guernsey</ref>. Her 3rd Island Games was in the Faroe Islands, winning 3 gold and 2 silver, setting a then Games record for 50m freestyle.<ref name=":4" /><ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1993/1993_swimming.pdf 1993_swimming.pdf] 5th Island Games. Isle of Wight</ref><ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1989/1989_swimming.pdf 1989_swimming.pdf] 1989 Island Games Faroe Islands.</ref>. She was the flag carrier at both the Opening and Closing ceremonies. The 4th Island Games in Aland, in which she was much favoured to bring gold back, was marred by viral tonilitis.<ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1991/1991_swimming.pdf 1991_swimming.pdf] 4th Island Games Aland</ref> In her 5th Island Games in Isle of Wight, she represented Jersey in athletics in both shot putt and 100m hurdles<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1993/1993_athletics.pdf 1993_athletics.pdf] 5th Island Games. Isle of Wight</ref>. She holds the distinction of being the first female born in Jersey to break the 1 min mark for 100m freestyle with a time of 59.7 sec. She swam for Scotland in 1985-6 and was in the squad for 1986-7.<ref name=":5" /> She also swam for the ESSA English Schools team in 1985. ==Rugby Career== From 1994 to 2004, she competed for [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Owen Slot, Chief Rugby|date=2024-01-02|title=Why 20st 11lb Harry Williams is England's secret weapon|newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-20st-11lb-harry-williams-is-englands-secret-weapon-7pngz3xvv|access-date=2024-01-02|issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/scottish-daily-mail/20220912/282729115739337|access-date=2024-01-02|via=PressReader}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Roll of Honour|url=https://scottishrugby.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/RollOfHonour.pdf|website=scottishrugby.org}}</ref> gaining 61 caps. She competed at the 1994, 1998, 2002 Women's [[Rugby World Cup]] <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-01|title=World Rugby {{!}} world.rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/tournament/1107/teams/2522|access-date=2024-01-02|archive-date=2019-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201065901/https://www.world.rugby/tournament/1107/teams/2522|url-status=dead}}</ref> She competed in the Home Nations and Womens Six Nations Championship over that time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotland front row Alison Christie, Victoria Wiseman, and Karen Finlay|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/scotland-front-row-alison-christie-victoria-wiseman-and-news-photo/660872570|access-date=2024-01-02|website=Getty Images|date=30 March 2017 |language=en-us}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Part of the team to win the 2001 European Championships in Lille. She played for Richmond Rugby.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WOMEN'S INTERNATIONALS|url=https://www.richmondfc.co.uk/a/club-history-60700.html?page=4|access-date=2024-01-02|website=www.richmondfc.co.uk}}</ref> She has also represented the Classic Lionesses team, in the 2003 Bermuda Classics and in 2007 [[Murrayfield Stadium]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-14|title=Meet Ali • Jersey Sport|url=https://jerseysport.je/meet-ali/|access-date=2024-01-02|website=Jersey Sport|language=en|archive-date=2024-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102190502/https://jerseysport.je/meet-ali/|url-status=dead}}</ref> scoring a try in both representations.<ref>{{Citation|title=Did you know we have our very own Lioness in Jersey? Islander Ali Christie-Upton played for The British and Irish lions on two occasions – in Bermuda in 2003, and at Murrayfield in 2008 for the Classic Lionesses – and she scored a try both times!|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/3583318808560515/|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref> Alison played in the 1st Hong Kong 7's in 1997<ref>{{Citation|title=1997 Hong Kong Women's Sevens|date=2025-10-29|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997_Hong_Kong_Women%27s_Sevens&oldid=1319402490|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref>, Christie-Upton also holds the distinction of being the first person born in Jersey to play international rugby.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Bailiwick Express News|date=2023-07-07|title=FOCUS: 1989… Jersey’s worst Island Games medal haul|url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/sport/focus-1989-jerseys-worst-island-games-medal-haul/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Bailiwick Express News Jersey|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Family == Her grandfather, Graham Budge was also a Scottish player and a British and Irish Lion.<ref>{{Citation|title=Grahame Budge|date=2025-04-06|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grahame_Budge&oldid=1284222992|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref> He was also a Baberian all in 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grahame Morris Budge|url=https://www.barbarianfc.co.uk/player/budge-grahame-morris/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Barbarians|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Grahame Budge - Lions Men - The British & Irish Lions Website|url=https://www.lionsrugby.com/en/teams/mens-team/grahame-budge-GB454277|access-date=2026-10-08|website=www.lionsrugby.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Graham Budge - the Evergreen International|url=https://worldrugbymuseum.com/from-the-vaults/players/remembering-graham-budge-the-evergreen-international|access-date=2026-10-08|website=World Rugby Museum|language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Christie, Alison}} [[Category:Jersey people]] [[Category:Rugby union players]] [[Category:Scottish sportspeople]] [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Living people]] bjzbqmcyygus5ul2xfri8wf5cjglqa3 11024623 11024599 2026-10-09T11:51:08Z A1i.cu 1887504 added photos 11024623 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:English Schools swimming 85.jpg|thumb|ESSA National Championship English Schools swimming team]] '''Ali Christie-Upton''' (born 1 December 1969 [[Jersey]]) was a Scottish [[rugby union]] player and a Jersey and Scotland swimmer.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://calligo-tigers.squarespace.com/new-page|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Calligo Tigers Swimming Club - Jersey|language=en-US}}</ref> == Swimming Career == [[File:Island Games 89 Faroes.jpg|thumb|Alison Christie flag carrier 1989 Island Games Faroes Islands]] Alison started swimming in 1983. She won National Improved swimmer in 1984. in 1985 she competed in the 1st Island Games in Isle of Man, winning 1 gold and 4 silver<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Calligo Tigers Swimming Club - Island Games|url=https://uk.gomotionapp.com/team/tigsjsy/page/about-tigers/custom-page|access-date=2026-10-09|website=uk.gomotionapp.com}}</ref><ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1985/1985_swimming.pdf 1985_swimming.pdf] 1985 Swimming Results Isle of Man Island Games</ref>. She also swam for the English Schools team. She also represented Jersey in swimming at the 1986 Commonwealth Games.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Calligo Tigers Swimming Club - Roll of Honour|url=https://uk.gomotionapp.com/team/tigsjsy/page/about-tigers/roll-of-honour|access-date=2026-10-09|website=uk.gomotionapp.com}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Results & Records {{!}} Private School Devon {{!}} Mount Kelly|url=https://www.mountkelly.com/performance-swimming/results-records/|access-date=2026-10-09|language=en-GB}}</ref> 1987 saw her win 2 gold and 3 silver in the 2nd Island Games in Guernsey<ref name=":4" /><ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1987/1987_swimming.pdf 1987_swimming.pdf] 1987 Island Games. Guernsey</ref>. Her 3rd Island Games was in the Faroe Islands, winning 3 gold and 2 silver, setting a then Games record for 50m freestyle.<ref name=":4" /><ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1993/1993_swimming.pdf 1993_swimming.pdf] 5th Island Games. Isle of Wight</ref><ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1989/1989_swimming.pdf 1989_swimming.pdf] 1989 Island Games Faroe Islands.</ref>. She was the flag carrier at both the Opening and Closing ceremonies. The 4th Island Games in Aland, in which she was much favoured to bring gold back, was marred by viral tonilitis.<ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1991/1991_swimming.pdf 1991_swimming.pdf] 4th Island Games Aland</ref> In her 5th Island Games in Isle of Wight, she represented Jersey in athletics in both shot putt and 100m hurdles<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1993/1993_athletics.pdf 1993_athletics.pdf] 5th Island Games. Isle of Wight</ref>. She holds the distinction of being the first female born in Jersey to break the 1 min mark for 100m freestyle with a time of 59.7 sec. [[File:English Schools swimming 85.jpg|thumb|ESSA National Championship English Schools swimming team 1985]] She swam for Scotland in 1985-6 and was in the squad for 1986-7.<ref name=":5" /> She also swam for the ESSA English Schools team in 1985. ==Rugby Career== [[File:Scotland v Ireland 3.jpg|thumb|Alison Christie on a line break against Ireland 2003 6 Nations]] From 1994 to 2004, she competed for [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Owen Slot, Chief Rugby|date=2024-01-02|title=Why 20st 11lb Harry Williams is England's secret weapon|newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-20st-11lb-harry-williams-is-englands-secret-weapon-7pngz3xvv|access-date=2024-01-02|issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/scottish-daily-mail/20220912/282729115739337|access-date=2024-01-02|via=PressReader}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Roll of Honour|url=https://scottishrugby.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/RollOfHonour.pdf|website=scottishrugby.org}}</ref> gaining 61 caps. She competed at the 1994, 1998, 2002 Women's [[Rugby World Cup]] <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-01|title=World Rugby {{!}} world.rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/tournament/1107/teams/2522|access-date=2024-01-02|archive-date=2019-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201065901/https://www.world.rugby/tournament/1107/teams/2522|url-status=dead}}</ref> She competed in the Home Nations and Womens Six Nations Championship over that time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotland front row Alison Christie, Victoria Wiseman, and Karen Finlay|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/scotland-front-row-alison-christie-victoria-wiseman-and-news-photo/660872570|access-date=2024-01-02|website=Getty Images|date=30 March 2017 |language=en-us}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Part of the team to win the 2001 European Championships in Lille. [[File:Bermuda 2003 160.jpg|thumb|Bermuda Classic Lioness team 2003]] She played for Richmond Rugby.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WOMEN'S INTERNATIONALS|url=https://www.richmondfc.co.uk/a/club-history-60700.html?page=4|access-date=2024-01-02|website=www.richmondfc.co.uk}}</ref> She has also represented the Classic Lionesses team, in the 2003 Bermuda Classics and in 2007 [[Murrayfield Stadium]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-14|title=Meet Ali • Jersey Sport|url=https://jerseysport.je/meet-ali/|access-date=2024-01-02|website=Jersey Sport|language=en|archive-date=2024-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102190502/https://jerseysport.je/meet-ali/|url-status=dead}}</ref> scoring a try in both representations.<ref>{{Citation|title=Did you know we have our very own Lioness in Jersey? Islander Ali Christie-Upton played for The British and Irish lions on two occasions – in Bermuda in 2003, and at Murrayfield in 2008 for the Classic Lionesses – and she scored a try both times!|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/3583318808560515/|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref> [[File:Scotland squad Hong Kong 7s 1997.jpg|thumb|Scotland squad Hong Kong 7s 1997]] [[File:Alison Christie presentation of international cap.jpg|thumb|Alison Christie presentation of international cap by Jim Telfer]] Alison played in the 1st Hong Kong 7's in 1997<ref>{{Citation|title=1997 Hong Kong Women's Sevens|date=2025-10-29|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997_Hong_Kong_Women%27s_Sevens&oldid=1319402490|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref>, Christie-Upton also holds the distinction of being the first person born in Jersey to play international rugby.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Bailiwick Express News|date=2023-07-07|title=FOCUS: 1989… Jersey’s worst Island Games medal haul|url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/sport/focus-1989-jerseys-worst-island-games-medal-haul/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Bailiwick Express News Jersey|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Family == [[File:Scotland front row.jpg|thumb|Scotland front row circa 2001]] [[File:Scottish props with the European trophy 2001.jpg|thumb|Scottish props with the European trophy 2001. Scotland won the Europeans.]] [[File:Alison Christie on her 50th cap.jpg|thumb|Alison Christie on her 50th cap]] Her grandfather, Graham Budge was also a Scottish player and a British and Irish Lion.<ref>{{Citation|title=Grahame Budge|date=2025-04-06|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grahame_Budge&oldid=1284222992|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref> He was also a Babarian all in 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grahame Morris Budge|url=https://www.barbarianfc.co.uk/player/budge-grahame-morris/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Barbarians|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Grahame Budge - Lions Men - The British & Irish Lions Website|url=https://www.lionsrugby.com/en/teams/mens-team/grahame-budge-GB454277|access-date=2026-10-08|website=www.lionsrugby.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Graham Budge - the Evergreen International|url=https://worldrugbymuseum.com/from-the-vaults/players/remembering-graham-budge-the-evergreen-international|access-date=2026-10-08|website=World Rugby Museum|language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Christie, Alison}} [[Category:Jersey people]] [[Category:Rugby union players]] [[Category:Scottish sportspeople]] [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Living people]] s84hnokcvy5ltsguyf1jluhhio1sjjc 11024625 11024623 2026-10-09T11:55:01Z A1i.cu 1887504 11024625 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:English Schools swimming 85.jpg|thumb|ESSA National Championship English Schools swimming team]] '''Ali Christie-Upton''' (born 1 December 1969 [[Jersey]]) was a Scottish [[rugby union]] player and a Jersey and Scotland swimmer.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=History|url=https://calligo-tigers.squarespace.com/new-page|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Calligo Tigers Swimming Club - Jersey|language=en-US}}</ref> == Swimming Career == [[File:Island Games 89 Faroes.jpg|thumb|Alison Christie flag carrier 1989 Island Games Faroes Islands]] Alison started swimming in 1983. She won National Improved swimmer in 1984. in 1985 she competed in the 1st Island Games in Isle of Man, winning 1 gold and 4 silver<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Calligo Tigers Swimming Club - Island Games|url=https://uk.gomotionapp.com/team/tigsjsy/page/about-tigers/custom-page|access-date=2026-10-09|website=uk.gomotionapp.com}}</ref><ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1985/1985_swimming.pdf 1985_swimming.pdf] 1985 Swimming Results Isle of Man Island Games</ref>. She also swam for the English Schools team. She also represented Jersey in swimming at the 1986 Commonwealth Games.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Calligo Tigers Swimming Club - Roll of Honour|url=https://uk.gomotionapp.com/team/tigsjsy/page/about-tigers/roll-of-honour|access-date=2026-10-09|website=uk.gomotionapp.com}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Results & Records {{!}} Private School Devon {{!}} Mount Kelly|url=https://www.mountkelly.com/performance-swimming/results-records/|access-date=2026-10-09|language=en-GB}}</ref> 1987 saw her win 2 gold and 3 silver in the 2nd Island Games in Guernsey<ref name=":4" /><ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1987/1987_swimming.pdf 1987_swimming.pdf] 1987 Island Games. Guernsey</ref>. Her 3rd Island Games was in the Faroe Islands, winning 3 gold and 2 silver, setting a then Games record for 50m freestyle.<ref name=":4" /><ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1993/1993_swimming.pdf 1993_swimming.pdf] 5th Island Games. Isle of Wight</ref><ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1989/1989_swimming.pdf 1989_swimming.pdf] 1989 Island Games Faroe Islands.</ref>. She was the flag carrier at both the Opening and Closing ceremonies. The 4th Island Games in Aland, in which she was much favoured to bring gold back, was marred by viral tonilitis.<ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1991/1991_swimming.pdf 1991_swimming.pdf] 4th Island Games Aland</ref> In her 5th Island Games in Isle of Wight, she represented Jersey in athletics in both shot putt and 100m hurdles<ref name=":1" /><ref>[https://www.iiga.org/media/1993/1993_athletics.pdf 1993_athletics.pdf] 5th Island Games. Isle of Wight</ref>. She holds the distinction of being the first female born in Jersey to break the 1 min mark for 100m freestyle with a time of 59.7 sec. [[File:English Schools swimming 85.jpg|thumb|ESSA National Championship English Schools swimming team 1985]] She swam for Scotland in 1985-6 and was in the squad for 1986-7.<ref name=":5" /> She also swam for the ESSA English Schools team in 1985. ==Rugby Career== [[File:Scotland v Ireland 3.jpg|thumb|Alison Christie on a line break against Ireland 2003 6 Nations]] From 1994 to 2004, she competed for [[Scotland]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Correspondent|first=Owen Slot, Chief Rugby|date=2024-01-02|title=Why 20st 11lb Harry Williams is England's secret weapon|newspaper=[[The Times]] |language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-20st-11lb-harry-williams-is-englands-secret-weapon-7pngz3xvv|access-date=2024-01-02|issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/scottish-daily-mail/20220912/282729115739337|access-date=2024-01-02|via=PressReader}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Roll of Honour|url=https://scottishrugby.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/RollOfHonour.pdf|website=scottishrugby.org}}</ref> gaining 61 caps. She competed at the 1994, 1998, 2002 Women's [[Rugby World Cup]] <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-01|title=World Rugby {{!}} world.rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/tournament/1107/teams/2522|access-date=2024-01-02|archive-date=2019-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201065901/https://www.world.rugby/tournament/1107/teams/2522|url-status=dead}}</ref> She competed in the Home Nations and Womens Six Nations Championship over that time.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotland front row Alison Christie, Victoria Wiseman, and Karen Finlay|url=https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/scotland-front-row-alison-christie-victoria-wiseman-and-news-photo/660872570|access-date=2024-01-02|website=Getty Images|date=30 March 2017 |language=en-us}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Part of the team to win the 2001 European Championships in Lille. [[File:Bermuda 2003 160.jpg|thumb|Bermuda Classic Lioness team 2003]] She played for Richmond Rugby.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WOMEN'S INTERNATIONALS|url=https://www.richmondfc.co.uk/a/club-history-60700.html?page=4|access-date=2024-01-02|website=www.richmondfc.co.uk}}</ref> She has also represented the Classic Lionesses team, in the 2003 Bermuda Classics and in 2007 [[Murrayfield Stadium]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2021-06-14|title=Meet Ali • Jersey Sport|url=https://jerseysport.je/meet-ali/|access-date=2024-01-02|website=Jersey Sport|language=en|archive-date=2024-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102190502/https://jerseysport.je/meet-ali/|url-status=dead}}</ref> scoring a try in both representations.<ref>{{Citation|title=Islander Ali Christie-Upton played for The British and Irish lions|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/3583318808560515/|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08|last=Sport|first=Jersey}}</ref> [[File:Scotland squad Hong Kong 7s 1997.jpg|thumb|Scotland squad Hong Kong 7s 1997]] [[File:Alison Christie presentation of international cap.jpg|thumb|Alison Christie presentation of international cap by Jim Telfer]] Alison played in the 1st Hong Kong 7's in 1997<ref>{{Citation|title=1997 Hong Kong Women's Sevens|date=2025-10-29|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1997_Hong_Kong_Women%27s_Sevens&oldid=1319402490|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref>, Christie-Upton also holds the distinction of being the first person born in Jersey to play international rugby.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Team|first=Bailiwick Express News|date=2023-07-07|title=FOCUS: 1989… Jersey’s worst Island Games medal haul|url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/sport/focus-1989-jerseys-worst-island-games-medal-haul/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Bailiwick Express News Jersey|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Family == [[File:Scotland front row.jpg|thumb|Scotland front row circa 2001]] [[File:Scottish props with the European trophy 2001.jpg|thumb|Scottish props with the European trophy 2001. Scotland won the Europeans.]] [[File:Alison Christie on her 50th cap.jpg|thumb|Alison Christie on her 50th cap]] Her grandfather, Graham Budge was also a Scottish player and a British and Irish Lion.<ref>{{Citation|title=Grahame Budge|date=2025-04-06|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grahame_Budge&oldid=1284222992|work=Wikipedia|language=en|access-date=2026-10-08}}</ref> He was also a Babarian all in 1950.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Grahame Morris Budge|url=https://www.barbarianfc.co.uk/player/budge-grahame-morris/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Barbarians|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Grahame Budge - Lions Men - The British & Irish Lions Website|url=https://www.lionsrugby.com/en/teams/mens-team/grahame-budge-GB454277|access-date=2026-10-08|website=www.lionsrugby.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Graham Budge - the Evergreen International|url=https://worldrugbymuseum.com/from-the-vaults/players/remembering-graham-budge-the-evergreen-international|access-date=2026-10-08|website=World Rugby Museum|language=en}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Christie, Alison}} [[Category:Jersey people]] [[Category:Rugby union players]] [[Category:Scottish sportspeople]] [[Category:1969 births]] [[Category:Living people]] qcmnbna4zii29tzenazstty736yxzgp 0 1080288 11024223 10990782 2026-10-09T01:08:57Z Professorroger 1878172 /* Incarnations */ 11024223 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronin''' is an alias used by multiple characters in the [[Marvel Comics]] universe. The Ronin identity was created by [[Brian Michael Bendis]] and [[Joe Quesada]], though the characters who have adopted the identity were pre-existing characters created by other writers. Following this, the Ronin mantle has been taken up by characters such as [[Echo (Marvel Comics)|Maya Lopez]], [[Hawkeye (Clint Barton)|Clint Barton]], [[Red Guardian|Alexei Shostakov]], [[Blade (character)|Eric Brooks]], and [[Bullseye (character)|Bullseye]]. == Incarnations == === Maya Lopez === {{further|Echo (Marvel Comics)}} Maya Lopez, also known as Echo, was the first person to don the Ronin identity. A deaf woman with photographic reflexes, Maya became Ronin to investigate the Silver Samurai in [[Wakanda]]. She first appeared as Ronin in ''New Avengers'' #11 (November 2005), though the character appeared on the covers of several earlier issues. === Clint Barton === {{further|Hawkeye (Clint Barton)}} Clint Barton is the second person to have the Ronin identity, becoming Ronin when he rejoined the New Avengers in the aftermath of Civil War. He attempted to hand the costume back to Lopez after the latter was rescued from the Hand, but Lopez declined and allowed him to keep it. Barton later resumed his Hawkeye identity during the Heroic Age. === Alexei Shostakov === {{further|Red Guardian}} The third individual who dons the Ronin identity is Alexei Shostakov, also known as the '''Red Guardian''', he was introduced as Ronin in the ''Widow Maker'' crossover between the Hawkeye & Mockingbird and Black Widow titles. This iteration initially starts assassinating spies and eventually targets [[Mockingbird]] and [[Black Widow (Marvel Comics)|Black Widow]]. === Eric Brooks === {{further|Blade (character)}} Eric Brooks, also known as '''Blade''', is the fourth and most recent character to take up the mantle of Ronin. His identity is kept from the reader when introduced in the Mighty Avengers and dons a Halloween-type costume, "Spider Hero", during the Infinity storyline. During the Inhumanity storyline, this character is supplied with the Ronin costume from a "big box of Clint Barton's old stuff". == In other media == The Clint Barton incarnation of Ronin appears in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] movie ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019) and the [[Disney+]] series ''[[Hawkeye (miniseries)|Hawkeye]]'' (2021), portrayed by [[Jeremy Renner]]. [[Category:Marvel Comics characters]] k0kmuiogrzhm3dvsvg4gx1uejglt5ag 11024224 11024223 2026-10-09T01:09:26Z Professorroger 1878172 /* Clint Barton */ 11024224 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronin''' is an alias used by multiple characters in the [[Marvel Comics]] universe. The Ronin identity was created by [[Brian Michael Bendis]] and [[Joe Quesada]], though the characters who have adopted the identity were pre-existing characters created by other writers. Following this, the Ronin mantle has been taken up by characters such as [[Echo (Marvel Comics)|Maya Lopez]], [[Hawkeye (Clint Barton)|Clint Barton]], [[Red Guardian|Alexei Shostakov]], [[Blade (character)|Eric Brooks]], and [[Bullseye (character)|Bullseye]]. == Incarnations == === Maya Lopez === {{further|Echo (Marvel Comics)}} Maya Lopez, also known as Echo, was the first person to don the Ronin identity. A deaf woman with photographic reflexes, Maya became Ronin to investigate the Silver Samurai in [[Wakanda]]. She first appeared as Ronin in ''New Avengers'' #11 (November 2005), though the character appeared on the covers of several earlier issues. === Clint Barton === {{further|Hawkeye (Clint Barton)}} Clinton Francis "Clint" Barton is the second person to have the Ronin identity, becoming Ronin when he rejoined the New Avengers in the aftermath of Civil War. He attempted to hand the costume back to Lopez after the latter was rescued from the Hand, but Lopez declined and allowed him to keep it. Barton later resumed his Hawkeye identity during the Heroic Age. === Alexei Shostakov === {{further|Red Guardian}} The third individual who dons the Ronin identity is Alexei Shostakov, also known as the '''Red Guardian''', he was introduced as Ronin in the ''Widow Maker'' crossover between the Hawkeye & Mockingbird and Black Widow titles. This iteration initially starts assassinating spies and eventually targets [[Mockingbird]] and [[Black Widow (Marvel Comics)|Black Widow]]. === Eric Brooks === {{further|Blade (character)}} Eric Brooks, also known as '''Blade''', is the fourth and most recent character to take up the mantle of Ronin. His identity is kept from the reader when introduced in the Mighty Avengers and dons a Halloween-type costume, "Spider Hero", during the Infinity storyline. During the Inhumanity storyline, this character is supplied with the Ronin costume from a "big box of Clint Barton's old stuff". == In other media == The Clint Barton incarnation of Ronin appears in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] movie ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019) and the [[Disney+]] series ''[[Hawkeye (miniseries)|Hawkeye]]'' (2021), portrayed by [[Jeremy Renner]]. [[Category:Marvel Comics characters]] bkokfsxz2uf2oz5kppej5v88r847hck 11024225 11024224 2026-10-09T01:11:32Z Professorroger 1878172 /* Clint Barton */ 11024225 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronin''' is an alias used by multiple characters in the [[Marvel Comics]] universe. The Ronin identity was created by [[Brian Michael Bendis]] and [[Joe Quesada]], though the characters who have adopted the identity were pre-existing characters created by other writers. Following this, the Ronin mantle has been taken up by characters such as [[Echo (Marvel Comics)|Maya Lopez]], [[Hawkeye (Clint Barton)|Clint Barton]], [[Red Guardian|Alexei Shostakov]], [[Blade (character)|Eric Brooks]], and [[Bullseye (character)|Bullseye]]. == Incarnations == === Maya Lopez === {{further|Echo (Marvel Comics)}} Maya Lopez, also known as Echo, was the first person to don the Ronin identity. A deaf woman with photographic reflexes, Maya became Ronin to investigate the Silver Samurai in [[Wakanda]]. She first appeared as Ronin in ''New Avengers'' #11 (November 2005), though the character appeared on the covers of several earlier issues. === Clint Barton === {{further|Hawkeye (Clint Barton)}} Clinton Francis "Clint" Barton is the second person to have the Ronin identity, becoming Ronin when he rejoined the New Avengers in the aftermath of Civil War. He attempted to hand the costume back to Lopez after the latter was rescued from the Hand, but Lopez declined and allowed him to keep it. Barton later resumed his '''Hawkeye''' identity during the Heroic Age. === Alexei Shostakov === {{further|Red Guardian}} The third individual who dons the Ronin identity is Alexei Shostakov, also known as the '''Red Guardian''', he was introduced as Ronin in the ''Widow Maker'' crossover between the Hawkeye & Mockingbird and Black Widow titles. This iteration initially starts assassinating spies and eventually targets [[Mockingbird]] and [[Black Widow (Marvel Comics)|Black Widow]]. === Eric Brooks === {{further|Blade (character)}} Eric Brooks, also known as '''Blade''', is the fourth and most recent character to take up the mantle of Ronin. His identity is kept from the reader when introduced in the Mighty Avengers and dons a Halloween-type costume, "Spider Hero", during the Infinity storyline. During the Inhumanity storyline, this character is supplied with the Ronin costume from a "big box of Clint Barton's old stuff". == In other media == The Clint Barton incarnation of Ronin appears in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] movie ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019) and the [[Disney+]] series ''[[Hawkeye (miniseries)|Hawkeye]]'' (2021), portrayed by [[Jeremy Renner]]. [[Category:Marvel Comics characters]] 6ntyt8usqak0nqiqe8pg086cefajkz0 11024226 11024225 2026-10-09T01:11:49Z Professorroger 1878172 /* Maya Lopez */ 11024226 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ronin''' is an alias used by multiple characters in the [[Marvel Comics]] universe. The Ronin identity was created by [[Brian Michael Bendis]] and [[Joe Quesada]], though the characters who have adopted the identity were pre-existing characters created by other writers. Following this, the Ronin mantle has been taken up by characters such as [[Echo (Marvel Comics)|Maya Lopez]], [[Hawkeye (Clint Barton)|Clint Barton]], [[Red Guardian|Alexei Shostakov]], [[Blade (character)|Eric Brooks]], and [[Bullseye (character)|Bullseye]]. == Incarnations == === Maya Lopez === {{further|Echo (Marvel Comics)}} Maya Lopez, also known as '''Echo''', was the first person to don the Ronin identity. A deaf woman with photographic reflexes, Maya became Ronin to investigate the Silver Samurai in [[Wakanda]]. She first appeared as Ronin in ''New Avengers'' #11 (November 2005), though the character appeared on the covers of several earlier issues. === Clint Barton === {{further|Hawkeye (Clint Barton)}} Clinton Francis "Clint" Barton is the second person to have the Ronin identity, becoming Ronin when he rejoined the New Avengers in the aftermath of Civil War. He attempted to hand the costume back to Lopez after the latter was rescued from the Hand, but Lopez declined and allowed him to keep it. Barton later resumed his '''Hawkeye''' identity during the Heroic Age. === Alexei Shostakov === {{further|Red Guardian}} The third individual who dons the Ronin identity is Alexei Shostakov, also known as the '''Red Guardian''', he was introduced as Ronin in the ''Widow Maker'' crossover between the Hawkeye & Mockingbird and Black Widow titles. This iteration initially starts assassinating spies and eventually targets [[Mockingbird]] and [[Black Widow (Marvel Comics)|Black Widow]]. === Eric Brooks === {{further|Blade (character)}} Eric Brooks, also known as '''Blade''', is the fourth and most recent character to take up the mantle of Ronin. His identity is kept from the reader when introduced in the Mighty Avengers and dons a Halloween-type costume, "Spider Hero", during the Infinity storyline. During the Inhumanity storyline, this character is supplied with the Ronin costume from a "big box of Clint Barton's old stuff". == In other media == The Clint Barton incarnation of Ronin appears in the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] movie ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]'' (2019) and the [[Disney+]] series ''[[Hawkeye (miniseries)|Hawkeye]]'' (2021), portrayed by [[Jeremy Renner]]. [[Category:Marvel Comics characters]] sf4pa9u7ct968r2tmftj10g76ejl7am 0 1081613 11024508 11010828 2026-10-09T08:17:51Z ~2026-42916-58 1887436 11024508 wikitext text/x-wiki Mzee Yoweri Hunter Wacha-Olwol (19 November 1923 – 2 May 2017) was a distinguished Ugandan civil servant, educator, diplomat, and statesman. He notably served as one of the three members of the Presidential Commission of Uganda, which provided interim titular head-of-state leadership between May and December 1980 following the overthrow of President Godfrey Binaisa.Early Life and Family Background (1923–1930)Yoweri Hunter Wacha-Olwol was born on Monday, 19 November 1923, at Loro Gombolola in Atura County (present-day Oyam District), at the location where Loro Secondary School stands today.His father, Erieza Olwol, hailed from the Okii Me Okabo clan in Apoi Village, Akokoro Gombolola (Maruzi County), and worked as a clerk to Yosia Omara, the Gombolola Chief of Loro from the Inomo clan. His mother, Cakayo Akullo (later baptized Loi, and known as Atat Loi Akullo), was the sister of Chief Yosia Omara. She was given in marriage to Erieza Olwol in appreciation for his loyal service to the chief and the people of Loro.Education (1931–1946)Wacha-Olwol began his formal education in Lango and completed his higher studies in central Uganda:1931: Attended Loro Preparatory School.1932–1935: Studied at Loro Elementary Vernacular School.1936–1938: Attended Boroboro Central School in Lango District.1939–1941: Attended Kabalega Secondary School in Masindi, Bunyoro. In 1941, he was among the first three students at Kabalega to sit for the newly introduced Junior Secondary III Leaving Examination.1942–1944: Studied at King's College Budo, completing the Uganda Senior School Leaving Examination.1945–1946: Enrolled at the Teacher Training College in Mukono, qualifying as a primary school teacher.Early Career and Civil Service in Lango (1947–1962)1947: Taught at the government Rehabilitation Centre in Lira (now Lira Technical Institute).1948–1949: Posted by the Church of Uganda to teach at Aculbanya Primary School in Aboke.1950–1952: Taught at Boroboro Teachers Training College.1953: Transitioned from teaching to public administration, joining the Lango African Local Government as a clerk to the Lango District Council and Personal Assistant to Yakobo Adoko, the Paramount Chief (Rwot Adwong).1957–1958: Sponsored by the Lango District Administration to study in Torquay, United Kingdom, where he earned a Diploma in Social and Public Administration.1958: Appointed Secretary to the Lango District Council upon returning from the UK.1960–1961: Selected by the Lango District Council to represent the administration at the Constitutional Conferences at Lancaster House in London to negotiate Uganda’s independence framework.1961–1962: Appointed Secretary General (Chief Executive Officer) of the Lango District Administration following local government restructuring prior to national independence on 9 October 1962.Central Government Service and Exile (1963–1979)July 1963: Entered the central public service as Assistant District Commissioner (ADC) for Acholi District, taking over the office following the reassignment of Charles Kole Oboth-Ofumbi.1964: Relocated to Gulu to oversee the broader Acholi District administration.August 1966: Appointed Principal Assistant Secretary in the Ministry of Local Government headquarters as an Inspector of Local Administrations.1967: Promoted to Under Secretary in the Ministry of Public Service and Cabinet Affairs within the President’s Office in Entebbe.1968–1970: Promoted to Permanent Secretary (PS) in the Office of the President under Dr. Apollo Milton Obote. During this period, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni joined the President's Office as a Research Officer, serving alongside Wacha-Olwol.1971–1972: Following the military coup led by Major General Idi Amin in January 1971, Wacha-Olwol was forcibly retired from the civil service in 1972. He subsequently established a commercial retail business in Lira Town.1977: In the aftermath of the state-sponsored murders of Archbishop Janani Luwum, Minister Charles Kole Oboth-Ofumbi, and Inspector General of Police Erinayo Oryema in February 1977, the Amin regime targeted prominent Lango figures suspected of supporting the exiled Milton Obote or Uganda People's Congress (UPC).1977 (Flight & Exile): Evading capture in Kampala, Wacha-Olwol initially went into hiding in Anaka with the assistance of Yovan Ochan, and later in Loro with Fenekasi Angole. Aided by his sons James Apali and Fred Olwol, and his wife Alice, he escaped to Kenya. The family lived in Nairobi and Bungoma, Western Kenya. While in exile, Wacha-Olwol maintained contact with Milton Obote in Dar es Salaam and assisted in recruiting Ugandan exiles (including future Lt. Col. John Charles Ogole) for the anti-Amin liberation forces.Return to Uganda and the Presidential Commission (1979–1980)May 1979: Following the overthrow of Idi Amin by the Tanzania People's Defence Force (TPDF) and the Uganda National Liberation Front (UNLF), Wacha-Olwol and his family returned from exile to Kampala.May 22, 1980 – December 15, 1980: Following the overthrow of President Godfrey Binaisa by the Military Commission headed by Paulo Muwanga and Yoweri Museveni, a three-member Presidential Commission was established to perform executive head-of-state duties. Wacha-Olwol was appointed as a member of the commission alongside High Court Justices Polycarp Nyamuchoncho and Saulo Musoke.December 1980: The Presidential Commission provided executive governance through the transition period and formally handed over state authority to Dr. Apollo Milton Obote following the general elections of 10 December 1980.Later Public Service, Community Leadership, and Death (1981–2017)1981–1986: Served as Chairman of the Uganda Advisory Board until its dissolution in 1986, and as a member of the Central Tender Board.1986: Following the takeover of government by the National Resistance Movement (NRM), Wacha-Olwol, alongside Henry Makmot, Omara Ojungu, and Omara Atubo, co-founded the Lango Community Association to assist displaced persons and victims of conflict in northern Uganda.1986–1990: Served as Deputy Chairman of the Public Service Commission under Chairman Canon John Bakinga.1990–1994: Served on the Board for the Re-organisation of the Civil Service within the Ministry of Public Service.1990–2017: Elected Clan Leader (Awitong) of the Okii Me Okabo Clan, a leadership position he held continuously for 27 years until his death.2 May 2017: Passed away in Kampala at the age of 93. He was accorded a State Funeral by President Yoweri Kaguta Museveni and buried with full military honours in Lira District on 7 May 2017.Personal LifeWacha-Olwol was married to Alice Labol Ochola-Wacha (1933–1999), a social worker, radio broadcaster on Radio Uganda, and entrepreneur who founded Peacock Fashioners Ltd. on Kampala Road. She was the sister of legal scholar Obol-Ochola and descended from the line of Rwot Ogwok of Padibe, Lamwo District.Wacha-Olwol had a large family comprising children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren across his marriages to Alice, his first wife, and his second wife Norah.Summary of Key RolesPeriodRole / Office1953–1962PA to Paramount Chief; Secretary to Lango District Council; Secretary General1960–1961Lango Delegate to the London Uganda Independence Conferences1963–1966Assistant District Commissioner (Acholi District)1968–1972Permanent Secretary, Office of the President1977–1979Exile in Kenya during the Idi Amin regimeMay–Dec 1980Member of the Presidential Commission of Uganda (Joint Head of State)1986–1990Deputy Chairman, Public Service Commission1990–2017Head (Awitong) of the Okii Me Okabo Clan{{multiple issues| {{NPOV|date=February 2024}} {{cleanup|reason=|date=February 2024}} {{complex|date=February 2024}} {{restructure|date=February 2024}} }} Mzee Yoweri Hunter Wacha-Olwol (1923-2017), was a prominent figure in Uganda’s history, from the years of the country's pursuance for independence from Britain to the subsequent post-colonial times. From a devoted Educator in various schools and Civil Servant in several government institutions and Boards, and later, as one of the country’s representatives who went to the [[United Kingdom]] in 1961 to negotiate for Uganda’s Independence from Great Britain. Wacha-Olwol was later nominated as a member of the three-man Presidential Commission that governed the affairs of the State of Uganda from May 22^nd to December 15^th 1980. This was after the [https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/key-numbers-that-changed-uganda-1735386 Military Commission] headed by [[:en:Paulo_Muwanga|Paulo Muwanga]] and deputized by [https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1284905/removed-binaisa-reveals-museveni Yoweri Kaguta Museveni] overthrew the government of President [https://blog.mulerasfireplace.com/engage/-i-wanted-to-appoint-museveni-vp-godfrey-binaisa-22854 Godfey Lukongwa Binaisa] in May 1980. Wacha-Olwol also served as the Clan Leader of Okii Me Okabo Fraternity continuously from 1990 until his demise in 2017. Wacha-Olwol was duly accorded a [https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/three-gun-salute-as-mzee-wacha-olwol-is-buried State Funeral] by [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yoweri--Museveni H.E Yoweri Kaguta Museveni] the President of [https://clintonwhitehouse3.archives.gov/Africa/uganda.html Uganda] in honour of his prominence and contributions as a Member of the [https://www.parliament.go.ug/news/5055/mps-want-former-leaders-paid Presidential Commission] that governed Uganda from May to December 1980.  The era during which Mzee Wacha-Olwol and his two colleagues; [https://nilepost.co.ug/featured/101250/museveni-directs-families-of-former-presidents-to-be-paid-shs-1-billion-each Justice Polycarp Nyamuchoncho] and [https://www.parliament.go.ug/cmis/views/41529896-6cd2-441e-9c5e-249938e06da3%253B1.0 Justice Saul (Saulo) Musoke] served as Interim Government, saw three governments in less than two years after the [https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/idi-amin-overthrown fall of Idi Amin] on April 11, 1979: from [https://blogs.loc.gov/law/2018/01/today-in-history-idi-amin-overthrows-president-milton-obote-in-uganda/ Idi Amin], the [https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/how-prof-yusuf-lule-s-68-day-reign-came-crashing-down-1832030 Prof. Yusuf Kironde Lule] government was in office for 70 days (April to June, 1979), followed by [https://nilepost.co.ug/featured/35931/when-binaisa-sacked-museveni-as-defence-minister-and-crisis-hit-the-nation Godfrey Lukongwa Binaisa] who ruled for close to a year and the [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/05/14/military-commission-forms-new-government-in-uganda/e803f8b4-b9ff-43ec-8705-4da57a8a5c34/ Military]/Presidential Commission which led to the [https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/1980-general-election-the-controversies-highs-and-lows-1893332 general elections of 1980] that brought in the [http://www.asiansfromuganda.org.uk/the_second_obote_regime.php Obote II regime]! Wacha-Olwol and his two colleagues are credited with providing titular leadership of State that handed power over to [https://countrystudies.us/uganda/12.htm Dr. Apollo Milton Obote] after the December 12^th, [https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/why-museveni-s-upm-party-lost-the-1980-election-1637946 1980 general elections]. Most people didn’t know who Wacha-Olwol was on his passing. [https://www.africa-confidential.com/profile/id/4656/Ruhakana_Rugunda The Rt. Hon. Dr. Ruhakana Rugunda] in paying tribute to Wacha-Olwol stated “[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/commentary/mzee-wacha-olwol-was-one-of-the-distinguished-sons-of-this-country-1699656 It is clear that we need to teach our history and current affairs better, especially to the young generation, to ensure that the people and significant milestones in our country’s journey, are well documented, understood and appreciated by the current and future generations].” President Yoweri Kaguta Museveni twitted, [https://twitter.com/KagutaMuseveni/status/861480226219577344 “I first met him in 1970 after I joined the President's Office as a Research Officer, where he was PS. Shortly after, there was the Amin coup."] == Early life == Wacha-Olwol was born on Monday 19 November 1923 at Loro Gombolola, then the [https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/why-museveni-s-upm-party-lost-the-1980-election-1637946 Atura County] (the present [https://uganda.places-in-the-world.com/226883-region2-oyam-county.html Oyam County]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}). The present site of [https://www.africalocal.org/UG/Northern-Region/Oyam/Cities/Aloro/Spots/Loro-Secondary-School/ Loro Secondary School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203234149/https://www.africalocal.org/UG/Northern-Region/Oyam/Cities/Aloro/Spots/Loro-Secondary-School/ |date=2024-02-03 }} is exactly where he was born. At the time of his birth, his father Erieza Olwol was working as a clerk to the [https://www.oed.com/dictionary/gombolola_n?tl=true Gombolola] Chief of Loro, Yosia Omara who was a prominent figure of the [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_A_eHpJD1TI Inomo] clan. His mother was called Cakayo Akulo but was later baptised Loi then she became known as Atat Loi Akullo. His mother was a sister to Yosia Omara the Gombolola Chief.  It was on a mutual understanding and appreciation of his father’s service to the Chief Yosia Omara and the people of Loro at large that he chose his sister as a wife to Wacha-Olwol’s father.  In reality, his mother was given to his father as a sign of love and loyalty for the services that his father rendered to the Chief. His father belonged to the [https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1452709/hundreds-welcomes-body-mzee-joel-wacha-lira Okii Me Okabo] Clan. He originated from Akokoro Gombolola, Maruzi County from an area called [https://mapcarta.com/12815866 Apoi Village], which was predominantly occupied by Okii Me Okabo Clan. His mother hailed from Loro which was also predominantly occupied by the Inomo Clan. == Education == He attended Loro Preparatory School in 1931 then joined Loro Elementary Vernacular School between 1932-1935.  He went to [https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1006332/parents-pull-boroboro-academic-dumps Boroboro Central School] in 1936-1938. Boroboro Central School at the time was the only highest academic school of learning in then [https://www.radiowa.org/lango-culture/ Lango] District (now [http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/apac-district.html#:~:text=Under%20the%201974%20provincial%20Administration,Apac%20and%20Lira%20Districts%20respectively.&text=Apac%20lies%20north%20of%20Lake,and%20Nakasongola%20in%20the%20south. Lira and Apac District] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203234150/http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/apac-district.html#:~:text=Under%20the%201974%20provincial%20Administration,Apac%20and%20Lira%20Districts%20respectively.&text=Apac%20lies%20north%20of%20Lake,and%20Nakasongola%20in%20the%20south. |date=2024-02-03 }}s) with only two classes; Central I and Central II.  He joined [https://kabalegafoundation.org/programmes/education-services-support/education-centre.html Kabalega Secondary School] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203234151/https://kabalegafoundation.org/programmes/education-services-support/education-centre.html |date=2024-02-03 }}, [https://www.masindi.go.ug/ Masindi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203234153/https://www.masindi.go.ug/ |date=2024-02-03 }}, in [http://www.bunyoro-kitara.org/ Bunyoro] District where he attended Junior Secondary School I to III from 1939-1941.  In 1941, the Ugandan Government introduced Junior Secondary III Leaving Examination for the first time.  Wacha-Olwol was among the first three students at Kabelega Secondary School to sit the examination. He was then admitted to [https://www.kingscollegebudo.com/ King’s College Budo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240302202626/https://www.kingscollegebudo.com/ |date=2024-03-02 }} in 1942 where he studied for three years and sat for the Uganda Senior School Leaving Examination at the end of 1944. His long-standing admiration for teachers compelled him to enroll at [https://www.facebook.com/p/Mukono-Integrated-Primary-Teachers-College-100064621731609/ Teacher Training College] in [https://mukono.go.ug/ Mukono] between 1945-1946 where he qualified as a Primary School Teacher. == Career == In 1947 the Government set up a Rehabilitation Centre at Lira (now [https://utcl.tvet.go.ug/ Lira Technical Institute]) where he taught for one year. Between 1948-1949, he was posted by the [https://churchofuganda.org/ Church of Uganda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319220358/http://churchofuganda.org/ |date=2024-03-19 }} to teach in Aboke at [https://mapcarta.com/W414191647 Aculbanya Primary Schoo]l. In 1950, he was posted to teach at [https://mapcarta.com/N3964749809 Boroboro Teachers Training College]. He gave up teaching at the beginning of 1953 and joined then Lango African Local Government as a clerk to the Lango District Council. He worked mainly as a Personal Assistant to [https://twitter.com/langocommunity/status/692878773562142724?lang=de Yakobo Adoko] who was the [[Chief executive officer|Chief Executive Officer]] known as Rwot Adwong (Paramount Chief). Wacha-Olwol was sponsored by the District Administration for further studies in the United Kingdom at [https://findacentre.cipd.org/centres/south-devon-college-torquay-campus#gref Torquay] for one academic year where he attained a Diploma in Social and [[Public administration|Public Administration]] in 1958.  On return from the UK, he was appointed as Secretary to the District Council. In 1960, he was selected by the District Council to represent Lango District Administration at the Constitutional Conference in London to prepare [https://kabiza.com/why-is-uganda-called-the-pearl-of-africa/ Uganda] for Independence.  He equally attended the second conference in London to finalise discussion on [https://www.uganda-embassy.jp/uganda_polytics.html#:~:text=Uganda%20gained%20her%20independence%20on,lake%20regions%20of%20central%20Africa. Uganda Independence] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203234149/https://www.uganda-embassy.jp/uganda_polytics.html#:~:text=Uganda%20gained%20her%20independence%20on,lake%20regions%20of%20central%20Africa. |date=2024-02-03 }}.  Uganda became independent on 9^th October 1962 under the leadership of [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Milton-Obote Dr. Apollo Milton Obote]. Following attainment of Independence, District Administration in Uganda underwent changes by enactment of laws by [https://www.parliament.go.ug/page/history-parliament Uganda Legislative Council]. Local Government were given more powers to run most of the local services such as Education, Health Services, Water Supply and Infrastructure. This led to the appointment of a Chief Executive Officer for each district known as the Secretary General.  The post of Rwot Adwong (Paramount Chief) was to be abolished which led to Wacha-Olwol’s nomination as the Secretary General of Lango District Administration. At that time, [https://www.parliament.go.ug/page/history-parliament Lango] was one District with seven counties and 42 sub counties. This was also the time when the Constitutional Heads ([https://pearlfmuganda.com/lango-paramount-chief-won-nyaci-yosam-odur-has-enthroned-former-rdc-as-clan-leader/ Won Nyaci]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}) of District were appointed for the district of Lango.  [https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/uganda-s-struggle-for-self-rule-and-men-who-spread-the-gospel-1587170 Yekosofati Engur] was appointed as the Won Nyaci of Lango until 1966 when the post of Constitutional Heads of Uganda districts was abolished.  This included the abolition of the [[c:\Users\MAMAN\Desktop\LUTWEDE_et_al\PADIBE\Political_History_of_Uganda:_Kingdoms_&_Wars_That_Helped_Shape_Ugandan_History|monarchies]]; [https://buganda.or.ug/ Kabaka of Buganda], [https://kitararcc.com/history-of-tooro/ Omukama of Tooro], [http://www.bunyoro-kitara.org/ Bunyoro] and [https://nembabazi.com/the-ankole-kingdom-a-fascinanting-journey-through-history/ Ankole] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203234149/https://nembabazi.com/the-ankole-kingdom-a-fascinanting-journey-through-history/ |date=2024-02-03 }}. In July 1963, he was appointed Assistant [https://presidentialinitiatives.go.ug/the-role-of-rdcs-in-implementing-presidential-initiatives/ District Commissioner] of Acholi to replace [https://www.independent.co.ug/remembering-arphaxad-charles-kole-oboth-ofumbi-1932-1977/ Charles Kole Oboth-Ofumbi] who was [https://observer.ug/news/headlines/68484-janani-luwum-amin-was-a-coward-to-kill-unarmed-critics-museveni murdered by Idi Amin] together with [https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/janani-luwum Reverend Janani Luwum] the Archbishop of Church of Uganda and [https://www.upf.go.ug/police-remembers-erinayo-oryema/ Erinayo Oryema] the Inspector General of police. In 1964, Wacha-Olwol relocated to [https://gulucity.go.ug/ Gulu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203234155/https://gulucity.go.ug/ |date=2024-02-03 }} which was the district head quarter of [https://www.lse.ac.uk/africa/centre-for-public-authority-and-international-development/research-projects/The-Family-Land-Project-Acholiland Acholiland].  By then [https://study.com/academy/lesson/acholi-culture-language-religion-people.html Acholi] District was one district comprising of East and West Acholi. It was the largest district in Uganda; on the East being [https://policy-practice.oxfam.org/resources/the-karamoja-conflict-origins-impacts-and-solutions-121081/ Karamoja] District and on the West the [https://www.britannica.com/place/Nile-River/Physiography River Nile] which was the boundary of [https://weatheringrisk.org/en/publication/climate-peace-and-security-study-uganda-west-nile-sub-region West Nile] including [https://www.moyo.go.ug/ Moyo District] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203235659/https://www.moyo.go.ug/ |date=2024-02-03 }}, on the South Lango and Bunyoro District and on the North, [https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ Sudan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210111020040/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/ |date=2021-01-11 }}. In August 1966, he was appointed to the post of Principal Assistant Secretary and posted to the Ministry of Local Government headquarters as an Inspector of Local Administrations. In 1967 he was promoted to the post of Under Secretary and moved to the [https://www.gou.go.ug/ministry/ministry-public-service Office of The Minister of Public Service] and Cabinet Affairs in the [https://op.go.ug/ President’s Office] at Entebbe dealing with procedural Administration. In 1968, he was promoted to Permanent Secretary. He occupied the post until he was retired by the [http://www.asiansfromuganda.org.uk/military_rule_under_amin.php Amin military regime] in 1972 that deposed the Obote I government forcing then [https://photius.com/countries/uganda/national_security/uganda_national_security_the_first_obote_regi~2506.html President Milton Obote] into exile in [https://www.britannica.com/place/Tanzania Tanzania].  He went into business by setting up a commercial shop in Lira town following his exodus as Permanent Secretary. After the murder of [https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/tracing-the-final-journey-of-archbishop-janani-luwum-1864978 Rev. Janani Luwum], the Inspector of Police [https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/tracing-the-final-journey-of-archbishop-janani-luwum-1864978 Erinayo Oryema] and the Secretary to the cabinet, [https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/oboth-ofumbi-s-nine-days-as-acting-president-1619248 Charles Kole Oboth-Ofumbi]; [https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/former-president-wacha-speaks-out-1594146 Wacha-Olwol states in his interview] with the Daily Monitor on December 13, 2014 that him and his business associates, Otim Obina and Omara Obua of Omara Obua Bus Company were forced into hiding because the [https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2019/12/20/uganda-idi-amin/ Amin regime] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228062109/https://sites.tufts.edu/atrocityendings/2019/12/20/uganda-idi-amin/ |date=2024-02-28 }} begun looking for all prominent Lango and all other tribes who were suspected to be supporters of [https://www.upcparty.net/upcparty/index.htm UPC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323015844/https://www.upcparty.net/upcparty/index.htm |date=2023-03-23 }} or relatives and close associates of deposed [https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/milton-obote-1925-2005/ President Milton Obote].   The news reached him in Kampala and he was forced to go in hiding at a neighbour’s house.  In the meantime, his sons James Apali and Fred Olwol, came to his rescue.  He didn’t wish to go into exile so he decided to continue hiding at his friend’s residence called Yovan Ochan in [https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/anaka-former-idp-town-gets-new-roads-worth-sh-NV_103183 Anaka] He stayed there for one month but had to get up very early in the morning equipped with a shout gun, and go to the park to hide himself under the shades of trees, occasionally facing wild animals like elephants and buffalos. His host soon became scared when word of Wacha-Olwol’s presence in the area begun to get around within the community. Mr. Ochan had a tractor which he used to transport Wacha-Olwol during the night from Anaka to Loro Gombolola, his birth place, where he again continued to go into hiding at a relative’s home by the name of Mr. Fenekasi Angole. After hiding for a month, he sent a message secretly to his wife ALICE.  Elated to hear that her husband was alive, she immediately made arrangements for her husband to flee to [[Kenya]]. Alice bundled all their children and joined Wacha-Olwol in exile until after the liberation war of Uganda in 1979 when [[:en:Kenya|Amin was overthrown]]. Whilst in exile, they initially stayed in Nairobi and later settled in [https://legacy.cs.indiana.edu/~port/kenyafriends/bung.hist.html Bungoma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203234149/https://legacy.cs.indiana.edu/~port/kenyafriends/bung.hist.html |date=2024-02-03 }}-Western Kenya. Life in exile was not as bad as anticipated; the family had all the basic necessities they needed though the money allocated to them as refugees was not quite adequate. Wacha-Olwol had a pickup truck which they then leased out to raise some income. Wacha-Olwol kept in touch with [https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/milton-obote-1925-2005/ Dr. Obote] who was also exiled in [https://www.brilliant-africa.com/tanzania/dar-es-salaam Dar-es-Salaam.] He helped recruit some young Ugandans exiled in Kenya at the same time e.g. [https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/lt-col-ogole-the-man-who-gave-museveni-s-nra-a-bloody-nose-1571858 Lt Col John Charles Ogole] and sent them to Tanzania to join the liberation war of Uganda. Wacha-Olwol and his family eventually returned to Uganda in May 1979 during the liberation war when the southern part of Uganda was already liberated. He stayed in Kampala given that Northern Uganda including Lira his home district was not yet liberated. In 1979 after the liberation war, the Liberators identified [https://statehouse.go.ug/the-state-house/past-presidents/president-yusuf-kironde-lule/ Prof. Yusuf Lule] as the next President of Uganda. His time in power was short-lived; he was ousted and replaced by [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/oct/03/godfrey-binaisa-obituary Mr. Godfrey Binaisa]. In May 1980, Binaisa was similarly expelled from presidency and Wacha-Olwol was appointed the [https://www.google.com/search?q=presidential+commission+uganda&sca_esv=60cbb9f0092e2b65&sxsrf=ACQVn09P8iNyn8KeyOq_x_MyJiRDkqoCJA%3A1707002460661&ei=XMq-ZYz3J5n-7_UPuryyMA&ved=0ahUKEwiMlbHap5CEAxUZ_7sIHTqeDAYQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=presidential+commission+uganda&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiHnByZXNpZGVudGlhbCBjb21taXNzaW9uIHVnYW5kYTIKECMYgAQYigUYJzILEAAYgAQYigUYhgNIwg5QpwRY9QVwAXgBkAEAmAHiAqABoQWqAQMzLTK4AQPIAQD4AQHCAgoQABhHGNYEGLAD4gMEGAAgQYgGAZAGCA&sclient=gws-wiz-serp#ip=1 Presidential Commissioner] together with two High Court Judges; [https://www.parliament.go.ug/news/5055/mps-want-former-leaders-paid Justice Polycarp Nyamuchoncho] and [https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/special-reports/uganda-50/the-sham-1980-election-intimidation-ballot-stuffing-give-free-reign-to-upc-1529192 Justice Saul (Saulo) Musoke]. The trio governed until the general election for Members of [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Parliament] in December 1980 when they handed over power to the elected government of UPC under the leadership of [https://countrystudies.us/uganda/12.htm Dr. Apollo Milton Obote] as the President of UPC and [https://countrystudies.us/uganda/12.htm Republic of Uganda]. Wacha-Olwol subsequently continued to serve Uganda in various capacities viz.: * 1981-1986: Chairman of Uganda Advisory Board. The Board was dissolved in 1986. * Member of Central Tender Board. * 1986-1990: Deputy Chairman, [https://www.africa2trust.com/Member/?l=1&c=1&sid=14650&CatID=6 Uganda Public Service Commission] under the Chairmanship of [https://allafrica.com/stories/200612260279.html Canon John Bakinga] for one term. During that time, he had the memorable occasion to visit [https://www.britannica.com/place/Malawi/People Malawi], [https://www.ghana.gov.gh/ Ghana] and [https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt Egypt].  In Egypt, (Cairo) he had the opportunity of visiting one of the seven [https://theplanetd.com/wonders-of-the-world/ wonders of the world]-the [https://web.archive.org/web/20210219171930/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/giza-pyramids pyramids]. * 1990-1994: he was appointed to serve on the Board for the Re-organisation of Civil Service within the [[:en:Ministry_of_Public_Service_(Uganda)|Ministry of Public Service]]. * In 1990 the clan of Okii Me Okabo elected Wacha-Olwol as their [https://crossculturalfoundation.or.ug/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Clan_Leaders_at_work.pdf Clan Leader]. He held the position until his untimely demise in 2017. When the [https://crossculturalfoundation.or.ug/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Clan_Leaders_at_work.pdf National Resistance Movement](NRM) took over government in 1986, Wacha-Olwol and his affliates; [https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/obote-met-us-in-tz-after-coup-1568862 Henry Makmot] who was Deputy Minister in the defunct UPC government, [https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1410663/lands-minister-dies-south-africa Mr. Omara Ojungu] and [https://dbpedia.org/page/Omara_Atubo Omara Atubo], founded Lango Community Association to assist victims of torture as well as the displaced persons who were victimized for being affiliated to the UPC government. Wacha-Olwol and his associates helped many displaced people of Lango get settled between 1986 to the millennium era 2000. == Personal life == Alice Labol Ochola-Wacha, Mzee-Wacha’s wife whose father died young, proved to be the pillar of her father and husband’s home. Hailing from the (Paramount Chief) [https://ms-my.facebook.com/kwanberpama/posts/mighty-rwot-ogwok-rwot-ogwok-reigned-1882-1912rwot-ogwok-of-padibe-was-one-of-th/321146135485383/ Rwot Ogwok] lineage of [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308395817_Reasons_for_the_British_Choice_of_the_Acholi_as_the_Martial_Race_of_Uganda_1862_to_1962 Padibe],[[Yoweri Hunter Wacha-Olwol# ftn1|[1]]] Lamwo District in [[:en:Acholi_people|Acholi]], she became a maternal soldier to all her siblings. Her brother, Obol-Ochola who became an outstanding legal scholar, celebrated advocate and politician, was brought up in her home. So were her other brothers David Otti-Ochola of [http://projects.nri.org/nret/SPCDR/Chapter3/services-3-2-2-3-3.htm BAT] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203234152/http://projects.nri.org/nret/SPCDR/Chapter3/services-3-2-2-3-3.htm |date=2024-02-03 }} (British American Tobacco) and William Lunyuta-Ochola, a professional hotelier as well as her younger sister Margaret Laloyo-Ochola, a social worker. Her nephews, nieces and many other relatives and friends also spent happy years in the Wacha-Olwol household. Alice brought up all the children in their lives with genuine love and affection. Alice was working as a social worker in Lira at the time after which, she took up hosting at Radio Uganda.  She used to tell stories on the radio and give good advice to women about home, cooking, children and other subjects. She was well known for her ‘ododo’ (folk tales) and many tuned into the programme just to listen to her. While the children were growing up, Alice embarked on a new career. She begun working at Bank of Uganda and was there for many years. At the time Alice and Wacha-Olwol were living at [https://www.brilliant-uganda.com/entebbe Entebbe]. Both Alice & Wacha-Olwol made many friends and were popular with their colleagues. They both enjoyed working and always worked hard. Another career then begun for Alice; she opened up a boutique on Kampala Road to preserve and promote the affluence of African print clothing. Her tailoring company, Peacock Fashioners Ltd. became one of the most popular boutiques in Uganda. The boutique appealed to multitudes all over the world. The wife of Zambian President [https://www.herald.co.zw/chilubas-wife-dies/ Mrs Chiluba], the late musician [https://www.bobmarley.com/history/ Bob Marley]’s mother, the South African singer [https://www.ubetoo.com/artists/yvonne-chaka-chaka-biography-age-children-husband-net-worth-family-more/ Yvonne Chaka Chaka] to name but a few, all frequented the boutique. [https://www.hillaryclinton.com/ Hilary Clinton] visited the shop as well when she was in Uganda. Alice also made uniforms for [https://www.marriott.com/search/findHotels.mi?searchType=InCity&destinationAddress.city=Kampala&destinationAddress.country=UG&marriottBrands=SI&showMore=true&nst=paid&cid=PAI_GLB00050K5_GLE000BM4F_GLF000OP2H&ppc=ppc&pId=corpimedia&gad_source=1&gclid=Cj0KCQiA5fetBhC9ARIsAP1UMgFn1gKzhOzY-9vW5xY35Ynt3IRpvDJbuGnxTaIuQird2us-zjx6BOoaAsvBEALw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds Sheraton Hote]l, [https://www.newvision.co.ug/category/news/watoto-church-founders-gary-and-marilyn-skinn-NV_153065 Reverend Skinner]’s singing group [https://watotochurch.com/ Watoto], who toured the world. Peacock had fashion shows on television and equally exported its merchandise overseas. Everyone knew Mrs Wacha from Peacock Fashions and the shop became a meeting place for many people, a place where they knew they would be welcomed. Mzee-Wacha and Alice were gentle souls who tried to help those in need in all possible ways within their reach. Alice’s spiritual conviction was partly formed and vindicated by their personal experiences. At the funeral of their son, James Apali, Alice prayed fervently to God to give her a sign that their son was in heaven. Many were present with her when someone pointed out to a rainbow that appeared in the sky. It was so bright. Hanging in a firmament, so low and falling down the horizon, so near to them that the awe stricken mourners could not help but gasp in awe. Alice built a monument where the rainbow fell in the form of a bible that stands today and can be seen by visitors to Amach where Apali was buried. Alice was a born again Christian. She not only prayed regularly, but also lived a true Christian life. Her heart was pure so was Mzee-Wacha’s nature.  Many hearts were filled with sadness at their passing. The vacuum they left remains empty. Although some will say that time will ease pain and others say God only takes the best and the pictures fade over the years, the memory of beautiful Alice and altruistic Wacha-Olwol will never die. To all who loved Alice and Wacha-Olwol; there was a light in the dark in their presence, their smile, the gift of laughter they brought to all; the joy the kindness will remain in many hearts forever. To all people who knocked, they opened the door, to those who asked they gave, to those who were naked they clothed. The world is grateful to have had a chance to have known them and thank God for the gift that was their life. May The Almighty God Rest Their Souls In Eternal Peace: Alice Labol Ochola Wacha: 1933 – 1999. Mzee Yoweri Hunter Wacha-Olwol: 1923-2017. Mzee Yoweri Hunter Wacha-Olwol was an effective Administrator, Arbitrator, Nationalist and a Gentleman who rose from humble beginnings to national prominence and leadership. Him and Alice had eight CHILDREN; Grace Wacha-Okia, Jackie Otunnu-Wacha, Lucy Wacha, James Apali Kamale-Wacha (RIP), Judy Wacha, Sunday Wacha Olwol (RIP), Lillian Wacha and Juliana Wacha. He had one child from his first wife; Peter Wacha AND  his second wife Norah bore; Fred Olwol, Celia Wacha (RIP), Guy Okori Wacha (RIP), Martin Wacha (RIP), Richard Okao Wacha, Sarah Akedo Wacha Monclair (Mrs) In his lifetime Mzee Wacha-Olwol was blessed with several GRANDCHILDREN including but not limited to; Cleopatra Kamale-Wacha, Fiona Kamale-Wacha, Klaus Wacha-Olwol, Yvonne Kamale-Wacha, Priscilla Kamale-Wacha, Kimberly Kamale-Wacha, Loi Elizabeth Wacha, Francis Mutyaba-Wacha, Julian Mutyaba-Wacha, Juliana Atim-Wacha, Victoria Wacha, Arianna Wacha-Salmon, Bruce Wacha, Michael Wacha, Malik Wacha, Linda Wacha, Derrick Wacha, Ben Wacha, Philip Wacha, Joel Wacha, Apali James Wacha, Atino Angel Mbabazi, Laureine Akullo Kpwilosongo, Gekete Princess Akedo, Joel wacha_Olwol. GREAT GRANDCHILDREN include; [https://nilepost.co.ug/news/63181/uk-based-rapper-ms-banks-spices-up-guvnors-snap-off Thyra Oji-Ms Banks], Nia Kamale-Wacha, Thalia Wacha-Engola, Tiana Wacha-Engola, Ava Wacha-Mutembe, Elijah Mutahi Gateran, Arielle James Gateran, Jodie Kamale-Wacha Inneh, Simi Kamale-Wacha Adeleye, Jada Kamale-Wacha Adeleye, Jasher Kamale-Wacha Adeleye, Imani Ferris-Wacha, Alayah Ferris-Wacha, Carmen Wacha Fooks, Julian Wacha Fooks, Neveah Wacha Penfold, Zian Wacha Clark… == References == # Asians From Uganda. “[http://www.asiansfromuganda.org.uk/the_second_obote_regime.php The Second Obote Regime: 1981-85].” AsiansfromUganda.org.uk. 2012. # Crace, John. The Guardian. “[http://www.asiansfromuganda.org.uk/the_second_obote_regime.php Godfrey Binaisa Orbituar]y.”  October 3, 2010. # Goitom, Hanibal. Library of Congress Blogs. “[http://www.asiansfromuganda.org.uk/the_second_obote_regime.php Today In History: Idi Amin Overthrows President Milton Obote In Uganda].” January 25, 2018. # History.com Editors. “[https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/idi-amin-overthrown Ugandan Dictator Idi Amin Overthrown].” A&E Television Networks. February 9, 2010. # Kapo, Nelson Bwire. NilePost. “[https://nilepost.co.ug/featured/35931/when-binaisa-sacked-museveni-as-defence-minister-and-crisis-hit-the-nation When Binaisa Sacked Museveni as Defence Minister and Crisis Hit The Nation].” February 3, 2019. # Mukasa, Henry. New Vision. “[https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1284905/removed-binaisa-reveals-museveni I Removed Binaisa, Reveals Museveni].” August 11, 2010. # Mulera, K. Muniini. Mulera’s Fireplace.com. “[https://blog.mulerasfireplace.com/engage/-i-wanted-to-appoint-museveni-vp-godfrey-binaisa-22854 I wanted to Appoint Museveni VP; Godfrey Binaisa].” Edited by Admin, December 14, 2023. # New Vision. In Pictures: Ex-leader Joel Wacha Wacha Send-off." May 7, 2017. # Okwera, Oyet. New Vision. “[https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1302856/wacha-olwol-forgotten-president Wacha Olwol The Forgotten President.]” June 24, 2012. # Ross, Jay & Martha Honey. The Washing Post: Democracy Dies In Darkness.  “[https://www.newvision.co.ug/news/1302856/wacha-olwol-forgotten-president Military Commission Forms New Government in Uganda].” May 14, 1980. # Scholtz, Kim. “[https://www.opinionglobal.cl/political-history-of-uganda-kingdoms-and-wars-that-helped-shape-ugandan-history/ Political History of Uganda: Kingdoms & Wars That Helped Shape Ugandan History, Keen History].” February 22, 2017. # The Daily Monitor. “[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/how-prof-yusuf-lule-s-68-day-reign-came-crashing-down-1832030 How Prof. Yusuf Lule’s 68-Day Reign Came Crashing Down].” June 15, 2019. # The Daily Monitor. “[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/key-numbers-that-changed-uganda-1735386 Key Numbers That Changed Uganda].” January 13, 2018. # The Daily Monitor. “1980 General Election: The Controversies, Highs & Lows.” June 5, 2020. # The Daily Monitor. "[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/former-president-wacha-speaks-out-1594146 Former 'President Wacha Speaks Out].", December 13, 2014. # The Daily Monitor. “[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/oped/commentary/mzee-wacha-olwol-was-one-of-the-distinguished-sons-of-this-country-1699656 Mzee Wacha-Olwol Was One of the Distinguished Sons of This Country].” May 4th 2017. # The Daily Monitor. “[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/why-museveni-s-upm-party-lost-the-1980-election-1637946 Why Museveni’s UPM Lost The 1980 Election].” January 23, 2016. # The Daily Monitor. “[[c:\Users\MAMAN\Desktop\LUTWEDE_et_al\PADIBE\Lt_Col_Ogole:_The_man_who_gave_Museveni’s_NRA_a_bloody_nose|Lt Col Ogole: The Man Who Gave Museveni’s NRA A Bloody Nose]].” May 10, 2014. # The Daily Monitor. “[https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/magazines/people-power/tracing-the-final-journey-of-archbishop-janani-luwum-1864978 Tracing The Final Journey Of Archbishop Janani Luwum].” December 15, 2019. # The Observer. “[https://observer.ug/news/headlines/68484-janani-luwum-amin-was-a-coward-to-kill-unarmed-critics-museveni Janani Luwum: Amin was a coward to kill unarmed critics – Museveni].” URN, February 16, 2021. # Uganda Radio Network. "[https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/three-gun-salute-as-mzee-wacha-olwol-is-buried Three Gun Salute As Mzee Wacha Olwol Is Buried]." Politics, Lira, Uganda. May 7, 2017. # World Culture Encyclopedia. "[https://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Lango-History-and-Cultural-Relations.html Countries & Their Cultures: Lango-History & Cultural Relations].” (https://www.everyculture.com/Africa-Middle-East/Lango.html). Advameg Inc. 2024. == Citations == [[Yoweri Hunter Wacha-Olwol# ftnref1|[1]]] “The standing army of Padibe Kingdom was the most powerful all over Acholi-land, thanks to the diplomacy and political manoeuvres of Rwot Ogwok…” Charles Amone, Reasons for the British Choice of the Acholi as the Martial Race of Uganda 1862-1962, Gulu University, May 2014. ---- [[Category:Ugandan people]] [[Category:Ugandan politicians]] [[Category:Civil servants]] [[Category:Teachers]] [[Category:1923 births]] [[Category:2017 deaths]] 19mt2x6ucvcrby7z9akr7ve28ez6cb8 828 1091337 11024048 10932851 2026-10-08T16:39:05Z Grufo 990800 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/mediawikiwiki/Q122696746|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 11024048 Scribunto text/plain require[[strict]] --- --- --- PRIVATE ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Abstract utilities ]]-- ---------------------------- -- Helper function for `string.gsub()` (for managing zero-padded numbers) local function zero_padded (str) return ('%03d%s'):format(#str, str) end -- Helper function for `table.sort()` (for natural sorting) local function natural_sort (var1, var2) return var1:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) < var2:gsub('%d+', zero_padded) end -- Return a copy or a reference to a table local function copy_or_ref_table (src, refonly) if refonly then return src end local newtab = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do newtab[key] = val end return newtab end -- Copy at most N items (of all kinds) from `src` to `dest` and return `dest` local function copy_table_maxn (dest, src, len) local idx = 1 for key, val in pairs(src) do dest[key], idx = val, idx + 1 if idx > len then break end end return dest end -- Remove some numeric elements from a table, shifting everything to the left local function remove_numeric_keys (tbl, idx, len) local cache, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key >= idx then if key > tmp then cache[key - len] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Make a reduced copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_reduced (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = 1 - idx for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > tmp then ret[key - tmp] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val elseif key < idx then ret[key + len] = val end end end return ret end -- Make an expanded copy of a table (shifting in both directions if necessary) local function copy_table_expanded (tbl, idx, len) local ret, tmp = {}, idx + len - 1 if idx > 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < idx then ret[key] = val else ret[key + len] = val end end elseif tmp > 0 then local nshift = idx - 1 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then ret[key] = val elseif key > 0 then ret[key + tmp] = val elseif key < 1 then ret[key + nshift] = val end end else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key > tmp then ret[key] = val else ret[key - len] = val end end end return ret end -- Given a table, create two new tables containing the sorted list of keys local function get_key_list_sorted (tbl, sort_fn) local nums, words, nn, nw = {}, {}, 0, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nn = nn + 1 nums[nn] = key else nw = nw + 1 words[nw] = key end end table.sort(nums) table.sort(words, sort_fn) return nums, words, nn, nw end -- Parse a parameter name string and return it as a string or a number local function get_parameter_name (par_str) local ret = par_str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if ret ~= '0' and ret:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' == nil then return ret end return tonumber(ret) end -- Move a key from a table to another, but only if under a different name and -- always parsing numeric strings as numbers local function steal_if_renamed (val, src, skey, dest, dkey) local realkey = get_parameter_name(dkey) if skey ~= realkey then dest[realkey], src[skey] = val, nil end end --[[ Public strings ]]-- ------------------------ -- Special match keywords (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local mkeywords = { ['or'] = 0, pattern = 1, plain = 2, strict = 3 } -- Sort functions (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local sortfunctions = { alphabetically = false, naturally = natural_sort } -- Callback styles for the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of modifiers -- (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) --[[ Meanings of the columns: col[1] = Loop type (0-3) col[2] = Number of module arguments that the style requires (1-3) col[3] = Minimum number of sequential parameters passed to the callback col[4] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter name col[5] = Name of the callback parameter where to place each parameter value col[6] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[4]` col[7] = Argument in the modifier's invocation that will override `col[5]` A value of `-1` indicates that no meaningful value is stored (i.e. `nil`) ]]-- local mapping_styles = { names_and_values = { 3, 2, 2, 1, 2, -1, -1 }, values_and_names = { 3, 2, 2, 2, 1, -1, -1 }, values_only = { 1, 2, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1 }, names_only = { 2, 2, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1 }, names_and_values_as = { 3, 4, 0, -1, -1, 2, 3 }, names_only_as = { 2, 3, 0, -1, -1, 2, -1 }, values_only_as = { 1, 3, 0, -1, -1, -1, 2 }, blindly = { 0, 2, 0, -1, -1, -1, -1 } } -- Memory slots (functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names) local memoryslots = { h = 'header', f = 'footer', i = 'itersep', l = 'lastsep', n = 'ifngiven', p = 'pairsep', s = 'oxfordsep' } -- Possible trimming modes for the `parsing` modifier local trim_parse_opts = { trim_none = { false, false }, trim_positional = { false, true }, trim_named = { true, false }, trim_all = { true, true } } -- Possible string modes for the iteration separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local isep_parse_opts = { splitter_pattern = false, splitter_string = true } -- Possible string modes for the key-value separator in the `parsing` and -- `reinterpreting` modifiers local psep_parse_opts = { setter_pattern = false, setter_string = true } -- Possible position references for the `splicing` modifier local position_references = { add_nothing = 0, add_smallest_number = 1, add_last_of_sequence = 2, add_largest_number = 3 } -- Possible modes for the `reassigning` modifier local a_modes = { transfer = 0, clone = 1, rename = 2, copy = 3, sacrifice = 4, provide = 5, spare = 7 } -- Functions and modifiers MUST avoid these names too: `here`, `in_substack`, -- `let`, `expose`, `use`, `with_flushed_glue`, `without_flushed_glue` -- `without_sorting` --[[ Private constants ]]-- --------------------------- -- Hard-coded name of the module (to avoid going through `frame:getTitle()`) local modulename = 'Module:Params' -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the `frame.args` -- metatable to be copied into a regular table; if they are modifiers they also -- guarantee that they will make their own (modified) copy available local refpipe = { call_for_each_group = true, --coins = true, count = true, evaluating = true, for_each = true, list = true, list_values = true, list_maybe_with_names = true, value_of = true } -- The functions listed here declare that they don't need the -- `frame:getParent().args` metatable to be copied into a regular table; if -- they are modifiers they also guarantee that they will make their own -- (modified) copy available local refparams = { call_for_each_group = true, combining = true, combining_by_calling = true, combining_values = true, concat_and_call = true, concat_and_invoke = true, concat_and_magic = true, count = true, grouping_by_calling = true, mixing_names_and_values = true, keeping_at_most = true, renaming_by_mixing = true, renaming_to_sequence = true, renaming_to_uppercase = true, renaming_to_lowercase = true, --renaming_to_values = true, shifting = true, splicing = true, --swapping_names_and_values = true, value_of = true, with_name_matching = true } -- Maximum number of numeric parameters that can be filled, if missing (we -- chose an arbitrary number for this constant; you can discuss about its -- optimal value at Module talk:Params) local maxfill = 1024 -- The private table of functions local library = {} -- Functions and modifiers that can only be invoked in first position local static_iface = {} --[[ Private functions ]]-- --------------------------- -- Create a new context local function context_new (child_frame) local main_frame = child_frame:getParent() return { frame = main_frame, opipe = child_frame.args, oparams = main_frame.args, firstposonly = static_iface, iterfunc = pairs, sorttype = 0, n_parents = 0, n_children = 0, n_available = maxfill } end -- Move to the next action within the user-given list local function context_iterate (ctx, n_forward) local nextfn if ctx.pipe[n_forward] ~= nil then nextfn = ctx.pipe[n_forward]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if nextfn == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end if library[nextfn] == nil then if ctx.firstposonly[nextfn] == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ does not exist', 0) else error(modulename .. ': The ‘' .. nextfn .. '’ directive can only appear in first position', 0) end end remove_numeric_keys(ctx.pipe, 1, n_forward) return library[nextfn] end -- Main loop local function main_loop (ctx, start_with) local fn = start_with repeat fn = fn(ctx) until not fn if ctx.n_parents > 0 then error(modulename .. ': One or more ‘merging_substack’ directives are missing', 0) end if ctx.n_children > 0 then error(modulename .. ', For some of the snapshots either the ‘flushing’ directive is missing or a group has not been properly closed with ‘merging_substack’', 0) end end -- Load a `setting`-like directive string into the `dest` table local function set_strings_from_opts (dest, opts, start_from) local cmd if opts[start_from] == nil then return start_from - 1 end cmd = opts[start_from]:gsub('%s+', ''):gsub('/+', '/') :match'^/*(.*[^/])' if cmd == nil then return start_from end local vname, chr local amap, sep, argc = {}, string.byte('/'), start_from + 1 for idx = 1, #cmd do chr = cmd:byte(idx) if chr == sep then for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val], amap[key] = opts[argc], nil end argc = argc + 1 else vname = memoryslots[string.char(chr)] if vname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: Unknown slot ‘' .. string.char(chr) .. '’', 0) end table.insert(amap, vname) end end for key, val in ipairs(amap) do dest[val] = opts[argc] end return argc end -- Add a new stack of parameters to `ctx.children` local function new_substack (ctx) local currsnap, newparams = ctx.n_children + 1, {} if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { newparams } else ctx.children[currsnap] = newparams end ctx.n_children = currsnap return newparams end -- Parse a raw argument containing a `sortfunctions` directive, or -- `'without_sorting'`, or `nil` local function load_sort_opt (raw_arg) if raw_arg == nil then return nil, 1, false end local trarg = raw_arg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if trarg == 'without_sorting' then return nil, 2, false, trarg end local tmp = sortfunctions[trarg] if tmp == nil then return nil, 1, false, trarg end return tmp or nil, 2, true, trarg end -- Parse optional user arguments of type `...|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]| -- [number of additional parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]` local function load_child_opts (src, start_from, append_after, params) local tnamed, tmp1, tmp2 local pin, tbl, mem = start_from, {}, {} while src[pin] ~= nil and src[pin + 1] ~= nil do tmp1 = src[pin]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp1 == 'let' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1]) mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = nil, src[pin + 2], pin + 3 --[[ elseif tmp1 == 'expose' then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[tmp1], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 2 ]]-- elseif tmp1 == 'use' and src[pin + 2] ~= nil then tmp1 = get_parameter_name(src[pin + 2]) tmp2 = params[tmp1] mem[tmp1], tbl[get_parameter_name(src[pin + 1])], pin = tmp2, tmp2, pin + 3 else break end end local tnew = copy_or_ref_table(params, next(mem) == nil) for key in pairs(mem) do tnew[key] = nil end if pin ~= start_from then tnamed, tbl = tbl, {} end tmp1 = tonumber(src[pin]) if tmp1 ~= nil and math.floor(tmp1) == tmp1 then if tmp1 < 0 then tmp1 = -1 end tmp2 = append_after - pin for idx = pin + 1, pin + tmp1 do tbl[idx + tmp2] = src[idx] end pin = pin + tmp1 + 1 end if tnamed ~= nil then for key, val in pairs(tnamed) do tbl[key] = val end end return tbl, pin, tnew, mem end -- Load the optional arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` -- class of modifiers local function load_callback_opts (src, n_skip, default_style, params) local style, shf local tmp = src[n_skip + 1] if tmp ~= nil then style = mapping_styles[tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if style == nil then style, shf = default_style, n_skip - 1 else shf = n_skip end local n_exist, karg, varg = style[3], style[4], style[5] tmp = style[6] if tmp > -1 then karg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if karg == '0' or karg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then karg = tonumber(karg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, karg) end end tmp = style[7] if tmp > -1 then varg = src[tmp + shf]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if varg == '0' or varg:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then varg = tonumber(varg) n_exist = math.max(n_exist, varg) end end local dest, argc, tnew, mem = load_child_opts(src, style[2] + shf, n_exist, params) tmp = style[1] if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 2) and dest[karg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 2 end if (tmp == 3 or tmp == 1) and dest[varg] ~= nil then tmp = tmp - 1 end return dest, argc, tmp, karg, varg, tnew, mem end -- Parse the arguments of some of the `mapping_*` and `renaming_*` class of -- modifiers local function load_replace_args (opts, whoami) if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern string was given', 0) end if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No replacement string was given', 0) end local ptn, repl, nmax, argc = opts[1], opts[2], tonumber(opts[3]), 3 if nmax ~= nil or (opts[3] or ''):match'^%s*$' ~= nil then argc = 4 end local flg = opts[argc] if flg ~= nil then flg = mkeywords[flg:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if flg == 0 then flg = nil elseif flg ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 end return ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, (nmax ~= nil and nmax < 1) or (flg == 3 and ptn == repl) end -- Parse the arguments of the `with_*_matching` class of modifiers local function load_pattern_args (opts, whoami) local keyw local ptns, state, nptns, cnt = {}, 0, 0, 1 for _, val in ipairs(opts) do if state == 0 then nptns, state = nptns + 1, -1 ptns[nptns] = { val, false, false } else keyw = val:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if keyw == nil or mkeywords[keyw] == nil or ( state > 0 and mkeywords[keyw] > 0 ) then break else state = mkeywords[keyw] if state > 1 then ptns[nptns][2] = true end if state == 3 then ptns[nptns][3] = true end end end cnt = cnt + 1 end if state == 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No pattern was given', 0) end return ptns, nptns, cnt end -- Load the optional arguments of the `parsing`, `reinterpreting` and -- `evaluating` modifiers local function load_parse_opts (opts, start_from, isp, psp) local tmp local optslots, noptslots, argc, trimn, trimu, iplain, pplain = { true, true, true }, 3, start_from, true, false, true, true repeat noptslots, tmp = noptslots - 1, opts[argc] if tmp == nil then break end tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if optslots[1] ~= nil and trim_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then tmp = trim_parse_opts[tmp] trimn, trimu, optslots[1] = tmp[1], tmp[2], nil elseif optslots[2] ~= nil and isep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 iplain, isp, optslots[2] = isep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc], nil elseif optslots[3] ~= nil and psep_parse_opts[tmp] ~= nil then argc = argc + 1 pplain, psp, optslots[3] = psep_parse_opts[tmp], opts[argc], nil else break end argc = argc + 1 until noptslots < 1 return isp, iplain, psp, pplain, trimn, trimu, argc end -- Map parameters' values using a custom callback and a referenced table local value_maps = { [0] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = fn() end end, [1] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[varg] = val tbl[key] = fn() end end, [2] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg] = key tbl[key] = fn() end end, [3] = function (tbl, margs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do margs[karg], margs[varg] = key, val tbl[key] = fn() end end } -- Private table for `map_names()` local name_thieves = { [0] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [1] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[varg] = val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [2] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg] = key steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end, [3] = function (cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do rargs[karg], rargs[varg] = key, val steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, fn()) end end } -- Map parameters' names using a custom callback and a referenced table local function map_names (tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, fn) local cache = {} name_thieves[looptype](cache, tbl, rargs, karg, varg, fn) for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end -- Return a new table that contains `src` regrouped according to the numeric -- suffixes in its keys local function make_groups (src) -- NOTE: `src` might be the original metatable! local prefix, gid local groups = {} for key, val in pairs(src) do -- `key` must only be a string or a number... if type(key) == 'string' then prefix, gid = key:match'^%s*(.-)%s*(%-?%d*)%s*$' gid = tonumber(gid) or '' else prefix, gid = '', key end if groups[gid] == nil then groups[gid] = {} end if prefix == '0' or prefix:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then prefix = tonumber(prefix) if prefix < 1 then prefix = prefix - 1 end end groups[gid][prefix] = val end return groups end -- Split into parts a string containing the `$#` and `$@` placeholders and -- return the information as a skeleton table, a canvas table and a length local function parse_placeholder_string (target) local idx, s_pos, skel, canvas = 1, 1, {}, {} local e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', 1, false) while e_pos ~= nil do canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos, e_pos - 1) skel[idx + 1] = target:sub(e_pos, e_pos + 1) == '$@' idx = idx + 2 s_pos = e_pos + 2 e_pos = string.find(target, '%$[@#]', s_pos, false) end if (s_pos > target:len()) then idx = idx - 1 else canvas[idx] = target:sub(s_pos) end return skel, canvas, idx end -- Populate a table by parsing a parameter string (heavy lifting for `parsing`, -- `reinterpreting` and `evaluating`) local function parse_parameter_string (tbl, str, isp, ipl, psp, ppl, trn, tru) local key, val, spos1, spos2, pos1, pos2 local pos3, idx, lenplone = 0, 1, #str + 1 if isp == nil or isp == '' then if psp == nil or psp == '' then if tru then tbl[idx] = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else tbl[idx] = str end return idx end spos1, spos2 = str:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = str:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' else val = str end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(str:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = str:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val return idx end if psp == nil or psp == '' then repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end tbl[idx], idx = val, idx + 1 until pos2 == nil return idx end repeat pos1 = pos3 + 1 pos2, pos3 = str:find(isp, pos1, ipl) val = str:sub(pos1, (pos2 or lenplone) - 1) spos1, spos2 = val:find(psp, 1, ppl) if spos1 == nil then key = idx if tru then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end idx = idx + 1 else key = get_parameter_name(val:sub(1, spos1 - 1)) val = val:sub(spos2 + 1) if trn then val = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end end tbl[key] = val until pos2 == nil return idx end -- Heavy lifting for `snapshotting` and `remembering` local function make_child (ctx, src, whoami) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len == 0 then local stack = new_substack(ctx) for key, val in pairs(src) do stack[key] = val end return len == nil and 1 or 2 end if len < 0 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: The number of parameters to copy must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end copy_table_maxn(new_substack(ctx), src, len) return 2 end -- Heavy lifting for `setting_by_flushing`, `combining` and `combining_values` local function set_strings_from_substack (ctx, dest, whoami) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children local stack = ctx.children[currsnap] for key, val in pairs(memoryslots) do if stack[key] ~= nil then dest[val] = stack[key] end end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 end -- Heavy lifting for `combining` and `combining_values` local function combine_parameters (ctx, keyval_fn, whoami) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! This function -- MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local argc local tbl, vars = ctx.params, {} local sortfn, varsarg0, do_sort, tmp = load_sort_opt(opts[2]) if varsarg0 == 2 then tmp = opts[3] and opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end if tmp == 'with_flushed_glue' then varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1 argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, vars, whoami) else if tmp == 'without_flushed_glue' then varsarg0 = varsarg0 + 1 end argc = set_strings_from_opts(vars, opts, varsarg0 + 1) end if argc < varsarg0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘' .. whoami .. '’: No setting directive was given', 0) end if next(tbl) == nil then if vars.ifngiven ~= nil then ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = vars.ifngiven } elseif tbl == ctx.oparams then ctx.params = {} end return argc end local cache, len if do_sort then local words cache, words, len, tmp = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, tmp do cache[len + idx] = words[idx] end len = len + tmp else len, cache = 0, {} for key in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = key end end local pmap, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, vars.pairsep or '', vars.itersep or '' for idx = 1, len do tmp, pmap[nss + 1] = cache[idx], pps pmap[nss + 2] = keyval_fn(tmp, tbl[tmp], kvs) nss = nss + 2 end tmp = vars.oxfordsep or vars.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and nss > 4 then pmap[nss - 1] = tmp elseif nss > 2 and vars.lastsep ~= nil then pmap[nss - 1] = vars.lastsep end pmap[1] = vars.header or '' if vars.footer ~= nil then pmap[nss + 1] = vars.footer end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = table.concat(pmap) } return argc end -- Concatenate the numeric keys from the table of parameters to the numeric -- keys from the table of options; non-numeric keys from the table of options -- will prevail over colliding non-numeric keys from the table of parameters local function concat_params (ctx) local retval, tbl, nmax = {}, ctx.params, table.maxn(ctx.pipe) if ctx.subset == 1 then -- We need only the sequence for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do retval[key + nmax] = val end else if ctx.subset == -1 then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then retval[key + nmax] = val else retval[key] = val end end end for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do retval[key] = val end return retval end -- Flush the parameters by calling a custom function for each value (after this -- function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function flush_params (ctx, fn) local tmp local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.subset == -1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end elseif ctx.subset == 1 then if ctx.pins == nil then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end return end tmp = {} for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tmp[key] = val end tbl = tmp end if ctx.pins ~= nil then local marker = ctx.sorttype < 1 and ctx.subset ~= -1 or nil for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do tmp = ctx.pins[idx] if tbl[tmp] ~= nil then fn(tmp, tbl[tmp]) tbl[tmp] = marker end end if ctx.subset == 1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end end return end end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end return end for idx = 1, nn do fn(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end for idx = 1, nw do fn(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end return end if ctx.subset == -1 or ctx.pins == nil then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn(key, val) end return end for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if val ~= true then fn(key, val) end end end -- Flush the parameters by calling one of two custom functions for each value -- (after this function has been invoked `ctx.params` will be no longer usable) local function mixed_flush_params (ctx, fn_seq, fn_oth) if ctx.subset == 1 then flush_params(ctx, fn_seq) return end if ctx.subset == -1 then flush_params(ctx, fn_oth) return end local tbl = ctx.params if ctx.pins == nil and ctx.sorttype < 1 then for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do fn_seq(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end return end local tseq = {} for key, val in ipairs(tbl) do tseq[key] = val end if ctx.pins ~= nil then local tmp local marker = ctx.sorttype < 1 or nil for idx = 1, #ctx.pins do tmp = ctx.pins[idx] if tseq[tmp] ~= nil then fn_seq(tmp, tbl[tmp]) tbl[tmp], tseq[tmp] = nil, marker elseif tbl[tmp] ~= nil then fn_oth(tmp, tbl[tmp]) tbl[tmp] = nil end end end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then local nums, words, nn, nw = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, natural_sort) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end for idx = 1, nn do if tseq[nums[idx]] ~= nil then fn_seq(nums[idx], tseq[nums[idx]]) else fn_oth(nums[idx], tbl[nums[idx]]) end end if ctx.sorttype ~= 2 then for idx = 1, nw do fn_oth(words[idx], tbl[words[idx]]) end end return end for key, val in ipairs(tseq) do if val ~= true then fn_seq(key, val) tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do fn_oth(key, val) end end -- Finalize and return a concatenated list local function finalize_and_return_concatenated_list (ctx, lst, len, modsize) if len > 0 then local tmp = ctx.oxfordsep or ctx.lastsep if tmp ~= nil and len > modsize * 2 then lst[len - modsize + 1] = tmp elseif len > modsize and ctx.lastsep ~= nil then lst[len - modsize + 1] = ctx.lastsep end lst[1] = ctx.header or '' if ctx.footer ~= nil then lst[len + 1] = ctx.footer end ctx.text = table.concat(lst) else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end --- --- --- PUBLIC ENVIRONMENT --- --- ________________________________ --- --- --- --[[ Modifiers ]]-- ------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sequential|pipe to library.sequential = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘non-sequential’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end if ctx.sorttype > 0 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ and ‘reassorted’ directives are redundant when followed by ‘sequential’', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = ipairs, 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|non-sequential|pipe to library['non-sequential'] = function (ctx) if ctx.subset == -1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘non-sequential’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘non-sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.iterfunc, ctx.subset = pairs, -1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|all_sorted|pipe to library.all_sorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘all_sorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘reassorted’ and ‘sequential’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassorted|pipe to library.reassorted = function (ctx) if ctx.sorttype == 2 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive has been provided more than once', 0) end if ctx.subset == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The ‘reassorted’ directive is redundant after ‘sequential’', 0) end if ctx.sorttype == 1 then error(modulename .. ': The two directives ‘sequential’ and ‘reassorted’ are in contradiction with each other', 0) end ctx.sorttype = 2 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pinned_until|sentinel|[parameter name 1]|[parameter -- name 2]|...|parameter name N|sentinel|pipe to library.pinned_until = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: No sentinel was provided', 0) end local tmp, bucket, curr, ncurr local sntl, idx = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$', 2 if ctx.pin_bucket == nil then bucket, curr, ncurr = {}, {}, 0 ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins = bucket, curr else bucket, curr, ncurr = ctx.pin_bucket, ctx.pins, ctx.npins end while opts[idx] ~= nil do tmp = opts[idx]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if tmp == sntl then if idx == 2 then error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: No parameters to pin were provided', 0) end ctx.npins = ncurr + idx - 2 return context_iterate(ctx, idx + 1) end if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tmp = tonumber(tmp) end if bucket[tmp] then error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: Duplicate pinned parameter ‘' .. tostring(tmp) .. '’', 0) end curr[ncurr + idx - 1], bucket[tmp], idx = tmp, true, idx + 1 end error(modulename .. ', ‘pinned_until’: Missing sentinel in position #' .. tostring(idx), 0) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting|directives|...|pipe to library.setting = function (ctx) local argc = set_strings_from_opts(ctx, ctx.pipe, 1) if argc < 2 then error(modulename .. ', ‘setting’: No directive was given', 0) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|scoring|new parameter name|[container]|pipe to library.scoring = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘scoring’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local tmp local retval, opts = 0, ctx.pipe for _ in pairs(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if opts[2] ~= nil then tmp = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == 'in_substack' then new_substack(ctx)[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end ctx.params[get_parameter_name(opts[1])] = tostring(retval) return context_iterate(ctx, tmp == 'here' and 3 or 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|squeezing|pipe to library.squeezing = function (ctx) local store, indices, tbl, newlen = {}, {}, ctx.params, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then newlen = newlen + 1 indices[newlen], store[key], tbl[key] = key, val, nil end end table.sort(indices) for idx = 1, newlen do tbl[idx] = store[indices[idx]] end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|filling_the_gaps|pipe to library.filling_the_gaps = function (ctx) local newval, tbl, tmp, nmin, nmax, nnums = ctx.pipe[1], ctx.params, {}, 1, nil, -1 if newval == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: No value was provided', 0) end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmax == nil then if key < nmin then nmin = key end nmax = key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end tmp[key], nnums = val, nnums + 1 end end if nmax ~= nil and nmax - nmin > nnums then ctx.n_available = ctx.n_available + nmin + nnums - nmax if ctx.n_available < 0 then error(modulename .. ', ‘filling_the_gaps’: It is possible to fill at most ' .. tostring(maxfill) .. ' parameters', 0) end for idx = nmin, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx] = newval end for key, val in pairs(tmp) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|clearing|pipe to library.clearing = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil end end for key, val in ipairs(numerics) do tbl[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cutting|left cut|right cut|pipe to library.cutting = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Left cut must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cutting’: Right cut must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local len = #tbl if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end local tot = lcut + rcut if tot > 0 then local cache = {} if tot >= len then for key in ipairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = nil end tot = len else for idx = len - rcut + 1, len, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = 1, lcut, 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and key > 0 then if key > len then cache[key - tot] = val else cache[key - lcut] = val end tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|cropping|left crop|right crop|pipe to library.cropping = function (ctx) local lcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if lcut == nil or math.floor(lcut) ~= lcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Left crop must be an integer number', 0) end local rcut = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if rcut == nil or math.floor(rcut) ~= rcut then error(modulename .. ', ‘cropping’: Right crop must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params local nmin, nmax for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if nmin == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end if nmin ~= nil then local len = nmax - nmin + 1 if lcut < 0 then lcut = len + lcut end if rcut < 0 then rcut = len + rcut end if lcut + rcut - len > -1 then for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key] = nil end end elseif lcut + rcut > 0 then for idx = nmax - rcut + 1, nmax do tbl[idx] = nil end for idx = nmin, nmin + lcut - 1 do tbl[idx] = nil end local lshift = nmin + lcut - 1 if lshift > 0 then for idx = lshift + 1, nmax, 1 do tbl[idx - lshift], tbl[idx] = tbl[idx], nil end end end end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|purging|start offset|length|pipe to library.purging = function (ctx) local idx = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if idx == nil or math.floor(idx) ~= idx then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘purging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local tbl = ctx.params if len < 1 then len = len + table.maxn(tbl) if idx > len then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = len - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(tbl, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|backpurging|start offset|length|pipe to library.backpurging = function (ctx) local last = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if last == nil or math.floor(last) ~= last then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Start offset must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘backpurging’: Length must be an integer number', 0) end local idx local tbl = ctx.params if len > 0 then idx = last - len + 1 else for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' and (idx == nil or key < idx) then idx = key end end if idx == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end idx = idx - len if last < idx then return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end len = last - idx + 1 end ctx.params = copy_table_reduced(ctx.params, idx, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|shifting|addend|pipe to library.shifting = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local nshift = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if nshift == nil or nshift == 0 or math.floor(nshift) ~= nshift then error(modulename .. ', ‘shifting’: A non-zero integer number must be provided', 0) end local tbl = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'number' then tbl[key + nshift] = val else tbl[key] = val end end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reversing_numeric_names|pipe to library.reversing_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl, numerics, nmax = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key], tbl[key] = val, nil if key > nmax then nmax = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax - key + 1] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pivoting_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.pivoting_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params local shift = #tbl + 1 if shift < 2 then return library.reversing_numeric_names(ctx) end local numerics = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[shift - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mirroring_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.mirroring_numeric_names = function (ctx) local nmax, nmin local tbl, numerics = ctx.params, {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then numerics[key] = val tbl[key] = nil if nmax == nil then nmin, nmax = key, key elseif key > nmax then nmax = key elseif key < nmin then nmin = key end end end for key, val in pairs(numerics) do tbl[nmax + nmin - key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_numeric_names|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp local tbl, cache, nsize = ctx.params, {}, 0 for key in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then nsize = nsize + 1 cache[nsize] = key end end table.sort(cache) for idx = math.floor(nsize / 2), 1, -1 do tmp = tbl[cache[idx] ] tbl[cache[idx] ] = tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] tbl[cache[nsize - idx + 1] ] = tmp end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|sorting_sequential_values|[criterion]|pipe to library.sorting_sequential_values = function (ctx) local sortfn if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then sortfn = sortfunctions[ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if sortfn then table.sort(ctx.params, sortfn) else table.sort(ctx.params) end -- i.e. either `false` or `nil` if sortfn == nil then return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|splicing|[add to position]|position|increment| -- [number of elements to write]|...|pipe to library.splicing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp2, argc, pos, refp local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params local tmp1 = opts[1] if tmp1 ~= nil then tmp2 = tonumber(tmp1) if tmp2 == nil or math.floor(tmp2) ~= tmp2 then pos, argc, tmp2 = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, tmp1:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if tmp2 ~= nil then refp = position_references[tmp2] if refp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: ‘' .. tostring(tmp2) .. '’ is not a valid first argument', 0) end else refp = 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tmp2, 3, 0 end else pos, argc, refp = tonumber(opts[2]), 4, 0 end if pos == nil or math.floor(pos) ~= pos then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The position must be an integer number', 0) end local len = tonumber(opts[argc - 1]) if len == nil or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: The increment must be an integer number', 0) end local insn = tonumber(opts[argc]) if len == 0 and (insn == nil or insn < 1) then error(modulename .. ', ‘splicing’: When the increment is zero the number of elements to write cannot be zero', 0) end if refp == 2 then for _ in ipairs(tbl) do pos = pos + 1 end refp = 0 end tmp1, tmp2 = nil, nil if refp ~= 0 or len ~= 0 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if type(key) == 'number' then if tmp1 == nil then tmp1, tmp2 = key, key elseif key < tmp1 then tmp1 = key elseif key > tmp2 then tmp2 = key end end end end if tmp2 == nil then len = 0 elseif refp == 3 then pos = pos + tmp2 elseif refp == 1 then pos = pos + tmp1 end if len > 0 and pos + len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_expanded(tbl, pos, len) elseif len < 0 and pos - len > tmp1 and pos <= tmp2 then tbl = copy_table_reduced(tbl, pos, -len) else tbl = copy_or_ref_table(tbl, tbl ~= ctx.oparams) end ctx.params = tbl if insn == nil or insn < 0 or math.floor(insn) ~= insn then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end tmp1 = argc - pos + 1 for key = pos, pos + insn - 1 do tbl[key] = opts[key + tmp1] end return context_iterate(ctx, argc + insn + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|imposing|name|value|pipe to library.imposing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘imposing’: Missing parameter name to impose', 0) end ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = ctx.pipe[2] return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|providing|name|value|pipe to library.providing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘providing’: Missing parameter name to provide', 0) end local key = get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1]) if ctx.params[key] == nil then ctx.params[key] = ctx.pipe[2] end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reassigning|source|destination|[mode]|pipe to library.reassigning = function (ctx) local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing source parameter', 0) end if opts[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reassigning’: Missing destination parameter', 0) end local mode, argc local src = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local val = tbl[src] if opts[3] ~= nil then mode = a_modes[opts[3]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$'] end if mode == nil then mode, argc = 0, 3 else argc = 4 end if val == nil and mode > 1 then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local dest = get_parameter_name(opts[2]) local tmp = tbl[dest] == nil if mode % 2 == 0 or (mode == 7 and tmp) then tbl[src] = nil end if tmp or mode < 4 then tbl[dest] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|discarding|name|[how many]|pipe to library.discarding = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: Missing parameter name to discard', 0) end local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[2]) if len == nil then ctx.params[get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[1])] = nil return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local key = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if key == nil or math.floor(key) ~= key then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range was provided, but the initial parameter name is not an integer number', 0) end if len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘discarding’: A range can only be an integer number greater than zero', 0) end for idx = key, key + len - 1 do ctx.params[idx] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_non-numeric_names|pipe to library['excluding_non-numeric_names'] = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) ~= 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|excluding_numeric_names|pipe to library.excluding_numeric_names = function (ctx) local tmp = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' then tmp[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]| -- [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_name_matching = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp, ptn local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_matching') local tbl, newparams = ctx.params, {} for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then tmp = ptn[1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tmp = tonumber(tmp) end newparams[tmp] = tbl[tmp] else for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then newparams[key] = val end end end end ctx.params = newparams return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_name_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]| -- [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_name_not_matching = function (ctx) local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_name_not_matching') local tbl = ctx.params if nptns == 1 and targets[1][3] then local tmp = targets[1][1] if tmp == '0' or tmp:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then tbl[tonumber(tmp)] = nil else tbl[tmp] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local yesmatch, ptn for key in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if tostring(key) ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not tostring(key):find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]|[or]| -- [target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[or]|[...]|[target N]|[plain flag -- N]|pipe to library.with_value_matching = function (ctx) local nomatch, ptn local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do nomatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val == ptn[1] then nomatch = false break end elseif val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then nomatch = false break end end if nomatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|with_value_not_matching|target 1|[plain flag 1]| -- [and]|[target 2]|[plain flag 2]|[and]|[...]|[target N]|[plain -- flag N]|pipe to library.with_value_not_matching = function (ctx) local yesmatch, ptn local tbl = ctx.params local targets, nptns, argc = load_pattern_args(ctx.pipe, 'with_value_not_matching') for key, val in pairs(tbl) do yesmatch = true for idx = 1, nptns do ptn = targets[idx] if ptn[3] then if val ~= ptn[1] then yesmatch = false break end elseif not val:find(ptn[1], 1, ptn[2]) then yesmatch = false break end end if yesmatch then tbl[key] = nil end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|keeping_at_most|number of parameters to pick|pipe to library.keeping_at_most = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘keeping_at_most’: The number of parameters to keep must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end ctx.params = copy_table_maxn({}, ctx.params, len) return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|trimming_values|pipe to library.trimming_values = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_lowercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_lowercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:lower() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_uppercase|pipe to library.mapping_to_uppercase = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:upper() end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_calling = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = margs } value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_invoking|module name|function name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_invoking = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = margs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.mapping_by_magic = function (ctx) local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local margs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.values_only, ctx.params) value_maps[looptype](tbl, margs, karg, varg, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, margs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.mapping_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'mapping_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then for key, val in pairs(tbl) do if val == ptn then tbl[key] = repl end end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = val:gsub(ptn, repl, nmax) end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.mapping_by_mixing = function (ctx) if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local tbl, mix = ctx.params, ctx.pipe[1] if mix == '$#' then for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(tbl) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end tbl[key] = table.concat(cnv) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mapping_to_names|pipe to --[[ library.mapping_to_names = function (ctx) local tbl = ctx.params for key in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = tostring(key) end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_lowercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_lowercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:lower()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_uppercase|pipe to library.renaming_to_uppercase = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do if type(key) == 'string' then cache[key:upper()] = val else cache[key] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_sequence|[sort order]|pipe to library.renaming_to_sequence = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache, len local tbl = ctx.params local sortfn, argc, do_sort = load_sort_opt(ctx.pipe[1]) if do_sort then local words, wl cache, words, len, wl = get_key_list_sorted(tbl, sortfn) for idx = 1, len do cache[idx] = tbl[cache[idx]] end for idx = 1, wl do cache[len + idx] = tbl[words[idx]] end else len, cache = 0, {} for _, val in pairs(tbl) do len = len + 1 cache[len] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_calling|template name|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- parameters]|[parameter 1]|[parameter 2]|[...]|[parameter N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_calling = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = tname, args = rargs } map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_invoking|module name|function -- name|[call style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of -- additional arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument -- N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_invoking = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 2, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = rargs } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_magic|parser function|[call -- style]|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.renaming_by_magic = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local rargs, argc, looptype, karg, varg, tbl, mem = load_callback_opts(opts, 1, mapping_styles.names_only, ctx.params) map_names(tbl, rargs, karg, varg, looptype, function () return ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, rargs) end) for key, val in pairs(mem) do tbl[key] = val end ctx.params = tbl return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_replacing|target|replace|[count]|[plain -- flag]|pipe to library.renaming_by_replacing = function (ctx) local ptn, repl, nmax, flg, argc, die = load_replace_args(ctx.pipe, 'renaming_by_replacing') if die then return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local tbl = ctx.params if flg == 3 then ptn = get_parameter_name(ptn) local val = tbl[ptn] if val ~= nil then tbl[ptn], tbl[get_parameter_name(repl)] = nil, val end else if flg == 2 then -- Copied from Module:String's `str._escapePattern()` ptn = ptn:gsub('[%(%)%.%%%+%-%*%?%[%^%$%]]', '%%%0') end local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do steal_if_renamed(val, tbl, key, cache, tostring(key):gsub(ptn, repl, nmax)) end for key, val in pairs(cache) do tbl[key] = val end end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_by_mixing|mixing string|pipe to library.renaming_by_mixing = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘renaming_by_mixing’: No mixing string was provided', 0) end local mix = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' local cache = {} if mix == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end else local skel, canvas, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(mix) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then canvas[idx] = val else canvas[idx] = tostring(key) end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(canvas))] = val end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|renaming_to_values|pipe to --[[ library.renaming_to_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = val end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|grouping_by_calling|template -- name|[let/use]|[...]|[let/use]|[...]|[number of additional -- arguments]|[argument 1]|[argument 2]|[...]|[argument N]|pipe to library.grouping_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tmp, argc, tbl, mem = load_child_opts(ctx.pipe, 2, 0, ctx.params) local gargs = {} for key, val in pairs(tmp) do if type(key) == 'number' and key < 1 then gargs[key - 1] = val else gargs[key] = val end end tmp = ctx.pipe[1] if tmp ~= nil then tmp = tmp:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘grouping_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local groups = make_groups(tbl) for gid, group in pairs(groups) do for key, val in pairs(gargs) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args = gid, group groups[gid] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end for key, val in pairs(mem) do groups[key] = val end ctx.params = groups return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|parsing|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.parsing = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘parsing’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') parse_parameter_string(ctx.params, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|reinterpreting|parameter to reinterpret|[trim -- flag]|[iteration delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter -- setter]|[...]|pipe to library.reinterpreting = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘reinterpreting’: No parameter to reinterpret was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '|', '=') local tbl, tmp = ctx.params, get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local str = tbl[tmp] if str ~= nil then tbl[tmp] = nil parse_parameter_string(tbl, str, isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) end return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|evaluating|string to parse|[trim flag]|[iteration -- delimiter setter]|[...]|[key-value delimiter setter]|[...]|pipe to library.evaluating = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘evaluating’: No string to parse was provided', 0) end local isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed, argc = load_parse_opts(opts, 2, '!', ':') if opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' == nil then ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(opts, opts ~= ctx.opipe) return context_iterate(ctx, argc) end local new_opts, cache = {}, {} local shift = parse_parameter_string(cache, opts[1], isep, iplain, psep, pplain, trimnamed, trimunnamed) - argc for key, val in pairs(opts) do if type(key) ~= 'number' or key < 1 then new_opts[key] = val elseif key >= argc then new_opts[key + shift] = val end end for key, val in pairs(cache) do new_opts[key] = val end ctx.pipe = new_opts return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|mixing_names_and_values|mixing string|pipe to library.mixing_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning if ctx.pipe[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter names', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mixing_names_and_values’: No mixing string was provided for parameter values', 0) end local tmp local mix_k = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' local cache, mix_v = {}, ctx.pipe[2] if mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$@' then for _, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = val end elseif mix_k == '$@' and mix_v == '$#' then for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[get_parameter_name(val)] = tostring(key) end elseif mix_k == '$#' and mix_v == '$#' then for key in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[key] = tostring(key) end else local skel_k, cnv_k, n_parts_k = parse_placeholder_string(mix_k) local skel_v, cnv_v, n_parts_v = parse_placeholder_string(mix_v) for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do tmp = tostring(key) for idx = 2, n_parts_k, 2 do if skel_k[idx] then cnv_k[idx] = val else cnv_k[idx] = tmp end end for idx = 2, n_parts_v, 2 do if skel_v[idx] then cnv_v[idx] = val else cnv_v[idx] = tmp end end cache[get_parameter_name(table.concat(cnv_k))] = table.concat(cnv_v) end end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|swapping_names_and_values|pipe to --[[ library.swapping_names_and_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local cache = {} for key, val in pairs(ctx.params) do cache[val] = key end ctx.params = cache return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return key .. kvs .. val end, 'combining' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_values|new parameter name|[sort -- order]|[with/without flushed glue]|setting directives|...|pipe to library.combining_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning return context_iterate(ctx, combine_parameters( ctx, function (key, val, kvs) return val end, 'combining_values' ) + 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_calling|template name|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_calling = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local tname = ctx.pipe[1] if tname ~= nil then tname = tname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No template name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_calling’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = ctx.params } } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_invoking|module name|function name|new -- parameter name|pipe to library.combining_by_invoking = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local mname = ctx.pipe[1] if mname ~= nil then mname = mname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No module name was provided', 0) end local fname = ctx.pipe[2] if fname ~= nil then fname = fname:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No function name was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[3] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_invoking’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = ctx.params } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘mapping_by_invoking’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[3])] = tostring(mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model))) } return context_iterate(ctx, 4) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|combining_by_magic|parser function|new parameter -- name|pipe to library.combining_by_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! As a modifier, -- this function MUST create a copy of it before returning local magic = ctx.pipe[1] if magic ~= nil then magic = magic:match'^%s*(.*%S)' else error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end if ctx.pipe[2] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘combining_by_magic’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end ctx.params = { [get_parameter_name(ctx.pipe[2])] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, ctx.params) } return context_iterate(ctx, 3) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|snapshotting|[maximum number]|pipe to library.snapshotting = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.params, 'snapshotting')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|remembering|[maximum number]|pipe to library.remembering = function (ctx) return context_iterate(ctx, make_child(ctx, ctx.oparams, 'remembering')) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|entering_substack|[new]|pipe to library.entering_substack = function (ctx) local tbl, ncurrparent = ctx.params, ctx.n_parents + 1 if ctx.parents == nil then ctx.parents = { tbl } else ctx.parents[ncurrparent] = tbl end ctx.n_parents = ncurrparent if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil and ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*new%s*$' then ctx.params = {} return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children if currsnap > 0 then ctx.params, ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = ctx.children[currsnap], nil, currsnap - 1 else local newparams = {} for key, val in pairs(tbl) do newparams[key] = val end ctx.params = newparams end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|pulling|parameter name|pipe to library.pulling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘pulling’: No parameter to pull was provided', 0) end local tmp = ctx.n_parents local parent = tmp < 1 and ctx.oparams or ctx.parents[tmp] tmp = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) if parent[tmp] ~= nil then ctx.params[tmp] = parent[tmp] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|recalling|parameter name|pipe to library.recalling = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘recalling’: No parameter to recall was provided', 0) end local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|finding|parameter name|pipe to --[[ library.finding = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘finding’: No parameter to find was provided', 0) end local arg = get_parameter_name(opts[1]) local parent for idx = ctx.n_parents, 1, -1 do parent = ctx.parents[idx] if parent[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = parent[arg] return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end end if ctx.oparams[arg] ~= nil then ctx.params[arg] = ctx.oparams[arg] end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|picking|number of parameters to pick|pipe to --[[ library.picking = function (ctx) local len = tonumber(ctx.pipe[1]) if len == nil or len < 1 or math.floor(len) ~= len then error(modulename .. ', ‘picking’: The number of parameters to pick must be an integer greater than zero', 0) end if ctx.n_parents < 1 then copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.oparams, len) else copy_table_maxn(ctx.params, ctx.parents[ctx.n_parents], len) end return context_iterate(ctx, 2) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|detaching_substack|pipe to library.detaching_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘detaching_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent = ctx.parents[ncurrparent] for key in pairs(ctx.params) do parent[key] = nil end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|dropping_substack|pipe to library.dropping_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘dropping_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|leaving_substack|pipe to library.leaving_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘leaving_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local currsnap = ctx.n_children + 1 if ctx.children == nil then ctx.children = { ctx.params } else ctx.children[currsnap] = ctx.params end ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents, ctx.n_children = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], nil, ncurrparent - 1, currsnap return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|merging_substack|pipe to library.merging_substack = function (ctx) local ncurrparent = ctx.n_parents if ncurrparent < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘merging_substack’: No substack has been created', 0) end local parent, child = ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.params ctx.params, ctx.parents[ncurrparent], ctx.n_parents = parent, nil, ncurrparent - 1 for key, val in pairs(child) do parent[key] = val end return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|flushing|pipe to library.flushing = function (ctx) if ctx.n_children < 1 then error(modulename .. ', ‘flushing’: There are no substacks to flush', 0) end local parent, currsnap = ctx.params, ctx.n_children for key, val in pairs(ctx.children[currsnap]) do parent[key] = val end ctx.children[currsnap], ctx.n_children = nil, currsnap - 1 return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|setting_by_flushing|pipe to library.setting_by_flushing = function (ctx) set_strings_from_substack(ctx, ctx, 'setting_by_flushing') return context_iterate(ctx, 1) end --[[ Functions ]]-- ----------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|count library.count = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local retval = 0 for _ in ctx.iterfunc(ctx.params) do retval = retval + 1 end if ctx.subset == -1 then retval = retval - #ctx.params end ctx.text = retval return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_call|template name|[prepend 1]|[prepend 2]| -- [...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n=value -- n]|[...] library.concat_and_call = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_call’: No template name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:expandTemplate{ title = tname, args = concat_params(ctx) } return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_invoke|module name|function name|[prepend -- 1]|[prepend 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- item n=value n]|[...] library.concat_and_invoke = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: No function name was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 2) local mfunc = require('Module:' .. mname)[fname] if mfunc == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_invoke’: The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end ctx.text = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild{ title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = concat_params(ctx) }) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:args|concat_and_magic|parser function|[prepend 1]|[prepend -- 2]|[...]|[item n]|[named item 1=value 1]|[...]|[named item n= -- value n]|[...] library.concat_and_magic = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.params` might be the original metatable! local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘concat_and_magic’: No parser function was provided', 0) end remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) ctx.text = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, concat_params(ctx)) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|value_of|parameter name library.value_of = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘value_of’: No parameter name was provided', 0) end local val local key = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.-)%s*$' if key == '0' or key:find'^%-?[1-9]%d*$' ~= nil then key = tonumber(key) val = ctx.params[key] -- No worries: #ctx.params is unused when the modifier is in -- first position (and therefore `ctx.params` is a metatable) if val ~= nil and ( ctx.subset ~= -1 or key > #ctx.params or key < 1 ) and ( ctx.subset ~= 1 or (key <= #ctx.params and key > 0) ) then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end else val = ctx.params[key] if ctx.subset ~= 1 and val ~= nil then ctx.text = (ctx.header or '') .. val .. (ctx.footer or '') else ctx.text = ctx.ifngiven or '' end end return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list library.list = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_values library.list_values = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! -- NOTE: `library.coins()` and `library.unique_coins()` rely on us local ret, nss, pps = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], nss = pps, val, nss + 2 end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|list_maybe_with_names library.list_maybe_with_names = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, kvs, pps = {}, 0, ctx.pairsep or '', ctx.itersep or '' mixed_flush_params( ctx, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, '', '', val, nss + 4 end, function (key, val) ret[nss + 1], ret[nss + 2], ret[nss + 3], ret[nss + 4], nss = pps, key, kvs, val, nss + 4 end ) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 4) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = value -- 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] --[[ library.coins = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tbl[key] = opts[get_parameter_name(val)] end return library.list_values(ctx) end ]]-- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|unique_coins|[first coin = value 1]|[second coin = -- value 2]|[...]|[last coin = value N] --[[ library.unique_coins = function (ctx) local tmp local opts, tbl = ctx.pipe, ctx.params for key, val in pairs(tbl) do tmp = get_parameter_name(val) tbl[key], opts[tmp] = opts[tmp], nil end return library.list_values(ctx) end ]] -- Syntax: #invoke:params|for_each|wikitext library.for_each = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` might be the original metatable! local ret, nss, pps, txt = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '', ctx.pipe[1] or '' local skel, cnv, n_parts = parse_placeholder_string(txt) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) for idx = 2, n_parts, 2 do if skel[idx] then cnv[idx] = val else cnv[idx] = tostring(key) end end ret[nss + 1], nss = pps, nss + 2 ret[nss] = table.concat(cnv) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each|template name|[append 1]|[append 2]| -- [...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each|module name|module function|[append -- 1]|[append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]| -- [named param n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each = function (ctx) local mname, fname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each|parser function|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each = function (ctx) local magic local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' table.insert(opts, 1, true) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], opts[2], ret[nss + 1], nss = key, val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_value|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_value = function (ctx) local tname local opts = ctx.pipe if opts[1] ~= nil then tname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_value’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tname, args = opts } local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|invoke_for_each_value|module name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.invoke_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local mname, fname if opts[1] ~= nil then mname = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if mname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No module name was provided', 0) end if opts[2] ~= nil then fname = opts[2]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘invoke_for_each_value’: No function name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = 'Module:' .. mname, args = opts } local mfunc = require(model.title)[fname] local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' remove_numeric_keys(opts, 1, 1) flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = mfunc(ctx.frame:newChild(model)) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|magic_for_each_value|parser function|[append 1]| -- [append 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named -- param n=value n]|[...] library.magic_for_each_value = function (ctx) local opts = ctx.pipe local magic if opts[1] ~= nil then magic = opts[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if magic == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘magic_for_each_value’: No parser function was provided', 0) end local ret, nss, ccs = {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' flush_params(ctx, function (key, val) opts[1], ret[nss + 1], nss = val, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:callParserFunction(magic, opts) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end -- Syntax: #invoke:params|call_for_each_group|template name|[append 1]|[append -- 2]|[...]|[append n]|[named param 1=value 1]|[...]|[named param -- n=value n]|[...] library.call_for_each_group = function (ctx) -- NOTE: `ctx.pipe` and `ctx.params` might be the original metatables! local tmp if ctx.pipe[1] ~= nil then tmp = ctx.pipe[1]:match'^%s*(.*%S)' end if tmp == nil then error(modulename .. ', ‘call_for_each_group’: No template name was provided', 0) end local model = { title = tmp } local opts, ret, nss, ccs = {}, {}, 0, ctx.itersep or '' for key, val in pairs(ctx.pipe) do if type(key) == 'number' then opts[key - 1] = val else opts[key] = val end end ctx.pipe = opts ctx.params = make_groups(ctx.params) flush_params(ctx, function (gid, group) for key, val in pairs(opts) do group[key] = val end group[0], model.args, ret[nss + 1], nss = gid, group, ccs, nss + 2 ret[nss] = ctx.frame:expandTemplate(model) end) finalize_and_return_concatenated_list(ctx, ret, nss, 2) return false end --[[ First-position-only modifiers ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|new|pipe to static_iface.new = function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, false) ctx.params = {} main_loop(ctx, context_iterate(ctx, 1)) return ctx.text end --[[ First-position-only functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- -- Syntax: #invoke:params|self static_iface.self = function (frame) return frame:getParent():getTitle() end --[[ Public metatable of functions ]]-- --------------------------------------- return setmetatable({}, { __index = function (_, query) local fname = query:match'^%s*(.*%S)' if fname == nil then error(modulename .. ': You must specify a function to call', 0) end local func = static_iface[fname] if func ~= nil then return func end func = library[fname] if func == nil then error(modulename .. ': The function ‘' .. fname .. '’ does not exist', 0) end return function (child_frame) local ctx = context_new(child_frame) ctx.pipe = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.opipe, refpipe[fname]) ctx.params = copy_or_ref_table(ctx.oparams, refparams[fname]) main_loop(ctx, func) return ctx.text end end }) jd4jhydnyce3tw9c50qwx3yd53quopx 0 1094362 11024288 11018120 2026-10-09T03:08:31Z MexicanLatina2026 1887338 11024288 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024295 11024288 2026-10-09T03:15:24Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/MexicanLatina2026|MexicanLatina2026]] ([[User talk:MexicanLatina2026|talk]]) to last version by Mickie-Mickie 11018120 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Great Replacement''' is a [[far-right]], [[racist]] discredited conspiracy theory that says globalist elites or [[Jew|Jews]] control mass [[immigration]]. It says that [[immigration]] is a threat to a nation's existence.{{cn}} The theory comes from [[France]], but has also spread to other nations, most notably the [[United States]], [[Germany]] and the [[United Kingdom]]. Supporters often use [[statistics]] showing that [[Birth rate|birth rates]] are declining among white people, meaning that the [[percentage]] of white people in the population is decreasing. This theory does not acknowledge that immigration has always been present in Europe, and white people have never even been close to [[extinction]]. The theory is mostly used to incite fear.{{cn}} Many far-right [[Mass murder|mass shooters]] have believed in the theory, most notably [[Brenton Tarrant]], a [[White nationalism|white nationalist]] and [[Ecofascism|ecofascist]] who killed more than 50 [[Muslims]] in two [[mosque]]s in [[Christchurch]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-06|title=Great Replacement {{!}} #TranslateHate {{!}} AJC|url=https://www.ajc.org/translatehate/great-replacement|access-date=2024-03-26|website=www.ajc.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-11-08|title=How France's 'great replacement' theory conquered the global far right|url=https://www.france24.com/en/europe/20211108-how-the-french-great-replacement-theory-conquered-the-far-right|access-date=2024-03-26|website=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hummel|first=Kristina|date=2019-07-18|title=The Christchurch Attacks: Livestream Terror in the Viral Video Age|url=https://ctc.westpoint.edu/christchurch-attacks-livestream-terror-viral-video-age/|access-date=2024-03-26|website=Combating Terrorism Center at West Point|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The 'Great Replacement'|url=https://www.isdglobal.org/explainers/the-great-replacement-explainer/|access-date=2024-03-26|website=ISD|language=en-GB}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Politics-stub}} [[Category:Conspiracy theories]] 164ylasygppvu57pwgdr12xnpplrkuo 10 1097347 11024602 11011558 2026-10-09T11:23:55Z ~2026-53296-64 1884291 11024602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name= Integers |title=[[Integer]]s |state=uncollapse |above=[[-3 (number)|-3]] [[-2 (number)|-2]] [[-1 (number)]] |listclass=hlist |list1={{Navbox|child |title=[[0]]s |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|zero|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *&nbsp;[[0]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[1]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[2]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[3]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[4]]&nbsp; 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(number)|768]] *[[769 (number)|769]] |list8= *[[770 (number)|770]] *[[771 (number)|771]] *[[772 (number)|772]] *[[773 (number)|773]] *[[774 (number)|774]] *[[775 (number)|775]] *[[776 (number)|776]] *[[777 (number)|777]] *[[778 (number)|778]] *[[779 (number)|779]] |list9= *[[780 (number)|780]] *[[781 (number)|781]] *[[782 (number)|782]] *[[783 (number)|783]] *[[784 (number)|784]] *[[785 (number)|785]] *[[786 (number)|786]] *[[787 (number)|787]] *[[788 (number)|788]] *[[789 (number)|789]] |list10= *[[790 (number)|790]] *[[791 (number)|791]] *[[792 (number)|792]] *[[793 (number)|793]] *[[794 (number)|794]] *[[795 (number)|795]] *[[796 (number)|796]] *[[797 (number)|797]] *[[798 (number)|798]] *[[799 (number)|799]] }} |list9={{Navbox|child |title=[[800 (number)|800s]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|8|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[800 (number)|800]] *[[801 (number)|801]] *[[802 (number)|802]] *[[803 (number)|803]] *[[804 (number)|804]] *[[805 (number)|805]] *[[806 (number)|806]] *[[807 (number)|807]] *[[808 (number)|808]] *[[809 (number)|809]] |list2= *[[810 (number)|810]] *[[811 (number)|811]] *[[812 (number)|812]] *[[813 (number)|813]] *[[814 (number)|814]] *[[815 (number)|815]] *[[816 (number)|816]] *[[817 (number)|817]] *[[818 (number)|818]] *[[819 (number)|819]] |list3= *[[820 (number)|820]] *[[821 (number)|821]] *[[822 (number)|822]] *[[823 (number)|823]] *[[824 (number)|824]] *[[825 (number)|825]] *[[826 (number)|826]] *[[827 (number)|827]] *[[828 (number)|828]] *[[829 (number)|829]] |list4= *[[830 (number)|830]] *[[831 (number)|831]] *[[832 (number)|832]] *[[833 (number)|833]] *[[834 (number)|834]] *[[835 (number)|835]] *[[836 (number)|836]] *[[837 (number)|837]] *[[838 (number)|838]] *[[839 (number)|839]] |list5= *[[840 (number)|840]] *[[841 (number)|841]] *[[842 (number)|842]] *[[843 (number)|843]] *[[844 (number)|844]] *[[845 (number)|845]] *[[846 (number)|846]] *[[847 (number)|847]] *[[848 (number)|848]] *[[849 (number)|849]] |list6= *[[850 (number)|850]] *[[851 (number)|851]] *[[852 (number)|852]] *[[853 (number)|853]] *[[854 (number)|854]] *[[855 (number)|855]] *[[856 (number)|856]] *[[857 (number)|857]] *[[858 (number)|858]] *[[859 (number)|859]] |list7= *[[860 (number)|860]] *[[861 (number)|861]] *[[862 (number)|862]] *[[863 (number)|863]] *[[864 (number)|864]] *[[865 (number)|865]] *[[866 (number)|866]] *[[867 (number)|867]] *[[868 (number)|868]] *[[869 (number)|869]] |list8= *[[870 (number)|870]] *[[871 (number)|871]] *[[872 (number)|872]] *[[873 (number)|873]] *[[874 (number)|874]] *[[875 (number)|875]] *[[876 (number)|876]] *[[877 (number)|877]] *[[878 (number)|878]] *[[879 (number)|879]] |list9= *[[880 (number)|880]] *[[881 (number)|881]] *[[882 (number)|882]] *[[883 (number)|883]] *[[884 (number)|884]] *[[885 (number)|885]] *[[886 (number)|886]] *[[887 (number)|887]] *[[888 (number)|888]] *[[889 (number)|889]] |list10= *[[890 (number)|890]] *[[891 (number)|891]] *[[892 (number)|892]] *[[893 (number)|893]] *[[894 (number)|894]] *[[895 (number)|895]] *[[896 (number)|896]] *[[897 (number)|897]] *[[898 (number)|898]] *[[899 (number)|899]] }} |list10={{Navbox|child |title=[[900 (number)|900s]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|9|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[900 (number)|900]] *[[901 (number)|901]] *[[902 (number)|902]] *[[903 (number)|903]] *[[904 (number)|904]] *[[905 (number)|905]] *[[906 (number)|906]] *[[907 (number)|907]] *[[908 (number)|908]] *[[909 (number)|909]] |list2= *[[910 (number)|910]] *[[911 (number)|911]] *[[912 (number)|912]] *[[913 (number)|913]] *[[914 (number)|914]] *[[915 (number)|915]] *[[916 (number)|916]] *[[917 (number)|917]] *[[918 (number)|918]] *[[919 (number)|919]] |list3= *[[920 (number)|920]] *[[921 (number)|921]] *[[922 (number)|922]] *[[923 (number)|923]] *[[924 (number)|924]] *[[925 (number)|925]] *[[926 (number)|926]] *[[927 (number)|927]] *[[928 (number)|928]] *[[929 (number)|929]] |list4= *[[930 (number)|930]] *[[931 (number)|931]] *[[932 (number)|932]] *[[933 (number)|933]] *[[934 (number)|934]] *[[935 (number)|935]] *[[936 (number)|936]] *[[937 (number)|937]] *[[938 (number)|938]] *[[939 (number)|939]] |list5= *[[940 (number)|940]] *[[941 (number)|941]] *[[942 (number)|942]] *[[943 (number)|943]] *[[944 (number)|944]] *[[945 (number)|945]] *[[946 (number)|946]] *[[947 (number)|947]] *[[948 (number)|948]] *[[949 (number)|949]] |list6= *[[950 (number)|950]] *[[951 (number)|951]] *[[952 (number)|952]] *[[953 (number)|953]] *[[954 (number)|954]] *[[955 (number)|955]] *[[956 (number)|956]] *[[957 (number)|957]] *[[958 (number)|958]] *[[959 (number)|959]] |list7= *[[960 (number)|960]] *[[961 (number)|961]] *[[962 (number)|962]] *[[963 (number)|963]] *[[964 (number)|964]] *[[965 (number)|965]] *[[966 (number)|966]] *[[967 (number)|967]] *[[968 (number)|968]] *[[969 (number)|969]] |list8= *[[970 (number)|970]] *[[971 (number)|971]] *[[972 (number)|972]] *[[973 (number)|973]] *[[974 (number)|974]] *[[975 (number)|975]] *[[976 (number)|976]] *[[977 (number)|977]] *[[978 (number)|978]] *[[979 (number)|979]] |list9= *[[980 (number)|980]] *[[981 (number)|981]] *[[982 (number)|982]] *[[983 (number)|983]] *[[984 (number)|984]] *[[985 (number)|985]] *[[986 (number)|986]] *[[987 (number)|987]] *[[988 (number)|988]] *[[989 (number)|989]] |list10= *[[990 (number)|990]] *[[991 (number)|991]] *[[992 (number)|992]] *[[993 (number)|993]] *[[994 (number)|994]] *[[995 (number)|995]] *[[996 (number)|996]] *[[997 (number)|997]] *[[998 (number)|998]] *[[999 (number)|999]] }} |list11={{Navbox|child |title=>[[1000 (number)|1000s]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|10|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[1000 (number)|1000]] **[[1001 (number)|1001]] **[[1100 (number)|1100]] **[[1729 (number)|1729]] *[[2000 (number)|2000]] *[[3000 (number)|3000]] *[[4000 (number)|4000]] *[[5000 (number)|5000]] *[[6000 (number)|6000]] *[[7000 (number)|7000]] *[[8000 (number)|8000]] **[[8128 (number)|8128]] *[[9000 (number)|9000]] **[[9999 (number)|9999]] |list2= *[[10,000]] *[[20,000]] *[[30,000]] *[[40,000]] *[[50,000]] *[[60,000]] *[[70,000]] *[[80,000]] *[[90,000]] |list3= *[[100,000]] *[[1,000,000]] *[[10,000,000]] *[[100,000,000]] *[[1,000,000,000]] **[[2,147,483,647]] }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> k0nczj71daglwkfkqo05g66204e3l9x 11024604 11024602 2026-10-09T11:25:22Z ~2026-53296-64 1884291 11024604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name= Integers |title=[[Integer]]s |state=uncollapse |above='''[[-3 (number)|-3]]''' '''[[-2 (number)|-2]]''' '''[[-1 (number)|-1]]''' |listclass=hlist |list1={{Navbox|child |title=[[0]]s |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|zero|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *&nbsp;[[0]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[1]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[2]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[3]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[4]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[5]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[6]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[7]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[8]]&nbsp; *&nbsp;[[9]]&nbsp; |list2= *[[10]] *[[11 (number)|11]] *[[12 (number)|12]] *[[13 (number)|13]] *[[14 (number)|14]] *[[15 (number)|15]] *[[16 (number)|16]] *[[17 (number)|17]] *[[18 (number)|18]] *[[19 (number)|19]] |list3= *[[20 (number)|20]] *[[21 (number)|21]] *[[22 (number)|22]] *[[23 (number)|23]] *[[24 (number)|24]] *[[25 (number)|25]] *[[26 (number)|26]] *[[27 (number)|27]] *[[28 (number)|28]] *[[29 (number)|29]] |list4= *[[30 (number)|30]] *[[31 (number)|31]] *[[32 (number)|32]] *[[33 (number)|33]] *[[34 (number)|34]] *[[35 (number)|35]] *[[36 (number)|36]] *[[37 (number)|37]] *[[38 (number)|38]] *[[39 (number)|39]] |list5= *[[40 (number)|40]] *[[41 (number)|41]] *[[42 (number)|42]] *[[43 (number)|43]] *[[44 (number)|44]] *[[45 (number)|45]] *[[46 (number)|46]] *[[47 (number)|47]] *[[48 (number)|48]] *[[49 (number)|49]] |list6= *[[50 (number)|50]] *[[51 (number)|51]] *[[52 (number)|52]] *[[53 (number)|53]] *[[54 (number)|54]] *[[55 (number)|55]] *[[56 (number)|56]] *[[57 (number)|57]] *[[58 (number)|58]] *[[59 (number)|59]] |list7= *[[60 (number)|60]] *[[61 (number)|61]] *[[62 (number)|62]] *[[63 (number)|63]] *[[64 (number)|64]] *[[65 (number)|65]] *[[66 (number)|66]] *[[67 (number)|67]] *[[68 (number)|68]] *[[69 (number)|69]] |list8= *[[70 (number)|70]] *[[71 (number)|71]] *[[72 (number)|72]] *[[73 (number)|73]] *[[74 (number)|74]] *[[75 (number)|75]] *[[76 (number)|76]] *[[77 (number)|77]] *[[78 (number)|78]] *[[79 (number)|79]] |list9= *[[80 (number)|80]] *[[81 (number)|81]] *[[82 (number)|82]] *[[83 (number)|83]] *[[84 (number)|84]] *[[85 (number)|85]] *[[86 (number)|86]] *[[87 (number)|87]] *[[88 (number)|88]] *[[89 (number)|89]] |list10= *[[90 (number)|90]] *[[91 (number)|91]] *[[92 (number)|92]] *[[93 (number)|93]] *[[94 (number)|94]] *[[95 (number)|95]] *[[96 (number)|96]] *[[97 (number)|97]] *[[98 (number)|98]] *[[99 (number)|99]] }} |list2={{Navbox|child |title=[[100 (number)|100]]s |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|1|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[100 (number)|100]] *[[101 (number)|101]] *[[102 (number)|102]] *[[103 (number)|103]] *[[104 (number)|104]] *[[105 (number)|105]] *[[106 (number)|106]] *[[107 (number)|107]] *[[108 (number)|108]] *[[109 (number)|109]] |list2= *[[110 (number)|110]] *[[111 (number)|111]] *[[112 (number)|112]] *[[113 (number)|113]] *[[114 (number)|114]] *[[115 (number)|115]] *[[116 (number)|116]] *[[117 (number)|117]] *[[118 (number)|118]] *[[119 (number)|119]] |list3= *[[120 (number)|120]] *[[121 (number)|121]] *[[122 (number)|122]] *[[123 (number)|123]] *[[124 (number)|124]] *[[125 (number)|125]] *[[126 (number)|126]] *[[127 (number)|127]] *[[128 (number)|128]] *[[129 (number)|129]] |list4= *[[130 (number)|130]] *[[131 (number)|131]] *[[132 (number)|132]] *[[133 (number)|133]] *[[134 (number)|134]] *[[135 (number)|135]] *[[136 (number)|136]] *[[137 (number)|137]] *[[138 (number)|138]] *[[139 (number)|139]] |list5= *[[140 (number)|140]] *[[141 (number)|141]] *[[142 (number)|142]] *[[143 (number)|143]] *[[144 (number)|144]] *[[145 (number)|145]] *[[146 (number)|146]] *[[147 (number)|147]] *[[148 (number)|148]] *[[149 (number)|149]] |list6= *[[150 (number)|150]] *[[151 (number)|151]] *[[152 (number)|152]] *[[153 (number)|153]] *[[154 (number)|154]] *[[155 (number)|155]] *[[156 (number)|156]] *[[157 (number)|157]] *[[158 (number)|158]] *[[159 (number)|159]] |list7= *[[160 (number)|160]] *[[161 (number)|161]] *[[162 (number)|162]] *[[163 (number)|163]] *[[164 (number)|164]] *[[165 (number)|165]] *[[166 (number)|166]] *[[167 (number)|167]] *[[168 (number)|168]] *[[169 (number)|169]] |list8= *[[170 (number)|170]] *[[171 (number)|171]] *[[172 (number)|172]] *[[173 (number)|173]] *[[174 (number)|174]] *[[175 (number)|175]] *[[176 (number)|176]] *[[177 (number)|177]] *[[178 (number)|178]] *[[179 (number)|179]] |list9= *[[180 (number)|180]] *[[181 (number)|181]] *[[182 (number)|182]] *[[183 (number)|183]] *[[184 (number)|184]] *[[185 (number)|185]] *[[186 (number)|186]] *[[187 (number)|187]] *[[188 (number)|188]] *[[189 (number)|189]] |list10= *[[190 (number)|190]] *[[191 (number)|191]] *[[192 (number)|192]] *[[193 (number)|193]] *[[194 (number)|194]] *[[195 (number)|195]] *[[196 (number)|196]] *[[197 (number)|197]] *[[198 (number)|198]] *[[199 (number)|199]] }} |list3={{Navbox|child |title=[[200 (number)|200]]s |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|2|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[200 (number)|200]] *[[201 (number)|201]] *[[202 (number)|202]] *[[203 (number)|203]] *[[204 (number)|204]] *[[205 (number)|205]] *[[206 (number)|206]] *[[207 (number)|207]] *[[208 (number)|208]] *[[209 (number)|209]] |list2= *[[210 (number)|210]] *[[211 (number)|211]] *[[212 (number)|212]] *[[213 (number)|213]] *[[214 (number)|214]] *[[215 (number)|215]] *[[216 (number)|216]] *[[217 (number)|217]] *[[218 (number)|218]] *[[219 (number)|219]] |list3= *[[220 (number)|220]] *[[221 (number)|221]] *[[222 (number)|222]] *[[223 (number)|223]] *[[224 (number)|224]] *[[225 (number)|225]] *[[226 (number)|226]] *[[227 (number)|227]] *[[228 (number)|228]] *[[229 (number)|229]] |list4= *[[230 (number)|230]] *[[231 (number)|231]] *[[232 (number)|232]] *[[233 (number)|233]] *[[234 (number)|234]] *[[235 (number)|235]] *[[236 (number)|236]] *[[237 (number)|237]] *[[238 (number)|238]] *[[239 (number)|239]] |list5= *[[240 (number)|240]] *[[241 (number)|241]] *[[242 (number)|242]] *[[243 (number)|243]] *[[244 (number)|244]] *[[245 (number)|245]] *[[246 (number)|246]] *[[247 (number)|247]] *[[248 (number)|248]] *[[249 (number)|249]] |list6= *[[250 (number)|250]] *[[251 (number)|251]] *[[252 (number)|252]] *[[253 (number)|253]] *[[254 (number)|254]] *[[255 (number)|255]] *[[256 (number)|256]] *[[257 (number)|257]] *[[258 (number)|258]] *[[259 (number)|259]] |list7= *[[260 (number)|260]] *[[261 (number)|261]] *[[262 (number)|262]] *[[263 (number)|263]] *[[264 (number)|264]] *[[265 (number)|265]] *[[266 (number)|266]] *[[267 (number)|267]] *[[268 (number)|268]] *[[269 (number)|269]] |list8= *[[270 (number)|270]] *[[271 (number)|271]] *[[272 (number)|272]] *[[273 (number)|273]] *[[274 (number)|274]] *[[275 (number)|275]] *[[276 (number)|276]] *[[277 (number)|277]] *[[278 (number)|278]] *[[279 (number)|279]] |list9= *[[280 (number)|280]] *[[281 (number)|281]] *[[282 (number)|282]] *[[283 (number)|283]] *[[284 (number)|284]] *[[285 (number)|285]] *[[286 (number)|286]] *[[287 (number)|287]] *[[288 (number)|288]] *[[289 (number)|289]] |list10= *[[290 (number)|290]] *[[291 (number)|291]] *[[292 (number)|292]] *[[293 (number)|293]] *[[294 (number)|294]] *[[295 (number)|295]] *[[296 (number)|296]] *[[297 (number)|297]] *[[298 (number)|298]] *[[299 (number)|299]] }} |list4={{Navbox|child |title=[[300 (number)|300s]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|3|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[300 (number)|300]] *[[301 (number)|301]] *[[302 (number)|302]] *[[303 (number)|303]] *[[304 (number)|304]] *[[305 (number)|305]] *[[306 (number)|306]] *[[307 (number)|307]] *[[308 (number)|308]] *[[309 (number)|309]] |list2= *[[310 (number)|310]] *[[311 (number)|311]] *[[312 (number)|312]] *[[313 (number)|313]] *[[314 (number)|314]] *[[315 (number)|315]] *[[316 (number)|316]] *[[317 (number)|317]] *[[318 (number)|318]] *[[319 (number)|319]] |list3= *[[320 (number)|320]] *[[321 (number)|321]] *[[322 (number)|322]] *[[323 (number)|323]] *[[324 (number)|324]] *[[325 (number)|325]] *[[326 (number)|326]] *[[327 (number)|327]] *[[328 (number)|328]] *[[329 (number)|329]] |list4= *[[330 (number)|330]] *[[331 (number)|331]] *[[332 (number)|332]] *[[333 (number)|333]] *[[334 (number)|334]] *[[335 (number)|335]] *[[336 (number)|336]] *[[337 (number)|337]] *[[338 (number)|338]] *[[339 (number)|339]] |list5= *[[340 (number)|340]] *[[341 (number)|341]] *[[342 (number)|342]] *[[343 (number)|343]] *[[344 (number)|344]] *[[345 (number)|345]] *[[346 (number)|346]] *[[347 (number)|347]] *[[348 (number)|348]] *[[349 (number)|349]] |list6= *[[350 (number)|350]] *[[351 (number)|351]] *[[352 (number)|352]] *[[353 (number)|353]] *[[354 (number)|354]] *[[355 (number)|355]] *[[356 (number)|356]] *[[357 (number)|357]] *[[358 (number)|358]] *[[359 (number)|359]] |list7= *[[360 (number)|360]] *[[361 (number)|361]] *[[362 (number)|362]] *[[363 (number)|363]] *[[364 (number)|364]] *[[365 (number)|365]] *[[366 (number)|366]] *[[367 (number)|367]] *[[368 (number)|368]] *[[369 (number)|369]] |list8= *[[370 (number)|370]] *[[371 (number)|371]] *[[372 (number)|372]] *[[373 (number)|373]] *[[374 (number)|374]] *[[375 (number)|375]] *[[376 (number)|376]] *[[377 (number)|377]] *[[378 (number)|378]] *[[379 (number)|379]] |list9= *[[380 (number)|380]] *[[381 (number)|381]] *[[382 (number)|382]] *[[383 (number)|383]] *[[384 (number)|384]] *[[385 (number)|385]] *[[386 (number)|386]] *[[387 (number)|387]] *[[388 (number)|388]] *[[389 (number)|389]] |list10= *[[390 (number)|390]] *[[391 (number)|391]] *[[392 (number)|392]] *[[393 (number)|393]] *[[394 (number)|394]] *[[395 (number)|395]] *[[396 (number)|396]] *[[397 (number)|397]] *[[398 (number)|398]] *[[399 (number)|399]] }} |list5={{Navbox|child |title=[[400 (number)|400s]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|4|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[400 (number)|400]] *[[401 (number)|401]] *[[402 (number)|402]] *[[403 (number)|403]] *[[404 (number)|404]] *[[405 (number)|405]] *[[406 (number)|406]] *[[407 (number)|407]] *[[408 (number)|408]] *[[409 (number)|409]] |list2= *[[410 (number)|410]] *[[411 (number)|411]] *[[412 (number)|412]] *[[413 (number)|413]] *[[414 (number)|414]] *[[415 (number)|415]] *[[416 (number)|416]] *[[417 (number)|417]] *[[418 (number)|418]] *[[419 (number)|419]] |list3= *[[420 (number)|420]] *[[421 (number)|421]] *[[422 (number)|422]] *[[423 (number)|423]] *[[424 (number)|424]] *[[425 (number)|425]] *[[426 (number)|426]] *[[427 (number)|427]] *[[428 (number)|428]] *[[429 (number)|429]] |list4= *[[430 (number)|430]] *[[431 (number)|431]] *[[432 (number)|432]] *[[433 (number)|433]] *[[434 (number)|434]] *[[435 (number)|435]] *[[436 (number)|436]] *[[437 (number)|437]] *[[438 (number)|438]] *[[439 (number)|439]] |list5= *[[440 (number)|440]] *[[441 (number)|441]] *[[442 (number)|442]] *[[443 (number)|443]] *[[444 (number)|444]] *[[445 (number)|445]] 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|list10= *[[490 (number)|490]] *[[491 (number)|491]] *[[492 (number)|492]] *[[493 (number)|493]] *[[494 (number)|494]] *[[495 (number)|495]] *[[496 (number)|496]] *[[497 (number)|497]] *[[498 (number)|498]] *[[499 (number)|499]] }} |list6={{Navbox|child |title=[[500 (number)|500s]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|5|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[500 (number)|500]] *[[501 (number)|501]] *[[502 (number)|502]] *[[503 (number)|503]] *[[504 (number)|504]] *[[505 (number)|505]] *[[506 (number)|506]] *[[507 (number)|507]] *[[508 (number)|508]] *[[509 (number)|509]] |list2= *[[510 (number)|510]] *[[511 (number)|511]] *[[512 (number)|512]] *[[513 (number)|513]] *[[514 (number)|514]] *[[515 (number)|515]] *[[516 (number)|516]] *[[517 (number)|517]] *[[518 (number)|518]] *[[519 (number)|519]] |list3= *[[520 (number)|520]] *[[521 (number)|521]] *[[522 (number)|522]] *[[523 (number)|523]] *[[524 (number)|524]] *[[525 (number)|525]] *[[526 (number)|526]] *[[527 (number)|527]] *[[528 (number)|528]] 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(number)|699]] }} |list8={{Navbox|child |title=[[700 (number)|700s]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|7|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[700 (number)|700]] *[[701 (number)|701]] *[[702 (number)|702]] *[[703 (number)|703]] *[[704 (number)|704]] *[[705 (number)|705]] *[[706 (number)|706]] *[[707 (number)|707]] *[[708 (number)|708]] *[[709 (number)|709]] |list2= *[[710 (number)|710]] *[[711 (number)|711]] *[[712 (number)|712]] *[[713 (number)|713]] *[[714 (number)|714]] *[[715 (number)|715]] *[[716 (number)|716]] *[[717 (number)|717]] *[[718 (number)|718]] *[[719 (number)|719]] |list3= *[[720 (number)|720]] *[[721 (number)|721]] *[[722 (number)|722]] *[[723 (number)|723]] *[[724 (number)|724]] *[[725 (number)|725]] *[[726 (number)|726]] *[[727 (number)|727]] *[[728 (number)|728]] *[[729 (number)|729]] |list4= *[[730 (number)|730]] *[[731 (number)|731]] *[[732 (number)|732]] *[[733 (number)|733]] *[[734 (number)|734]] *[[735 (number)|735]] *[[736 (number)|736]] *[[737 (number)|737]] *[[738 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*[[782 (number)|782]] *[[783 (number)|783]] *[[784 (number)|784]] *[[785 (number)|785]] *[[786 (number)|786]] *[[787 (number)|787]] *[[788 (number)|788]] *[[789 (number)|789]] |list10= *[[790 (number)|790]] *[[791 (number)|791]] *[[792 (number)|792]] *[[793 (number)|793]] *[[794 (number)|794]] *[[795 (number)|795]] *[[796 (number)|796]] *[[797 (number)|797]] *[[798 (number)|798]] *[[799 (number)|799]] }} |list9={{Navbox|child |title=[[800 (number)|800s]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|8|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[800 (number)|800]] *[[801 (number)|801]] *[[802 (number)|802]] *[[803 (number)|803]] *[[804 (number)|804]] *[[805 (number)|805]] *[[806 (number)|806]] *[[807 (number)|807]] *[[808 (number)|808]] *[[809 (number)|809]] |list2= *[[810 (number)|810]] *[[811 (number)|811]] *[[812 (number)|812]] *[[813 (number)|813]] *[[814 (number)|814]] *[[815 (number)|815]] *[[816 (number)|816]] *[[817 (number)|817]] *[[818 (number)|818]] *[[819 (number)|819]] |list3= *[[820 (number)|820]] *[[821 (number)|821]] *[[822 (number)|822]] *[[823 (number)|823]] *[[824 (number)|824]] *[[825 (number)|825]] *[[826 (number)|826]] *[[827 (number)|827]] *[[828 (number)|828]] *[[829 (number)|829]] |list4= *[[830 (number)|830]] *[[831 (number)|831]] *[[832 (number)|832]] *[[833 (number)|833]] *[[834 (number)|834]] *[[835 (number)|835]] *[[836 (number)|836]] *[[837 (number)|837]] *[[838 (number)|838]] *[[839 (number)|839]] |list5= *[[840 (number)|840]] *[[841 (number)|841]] *[[842 (number)|842]] *[[843 (number)|843]] *[[844 (number)|844]] *[[845 (number)|845]] *[[846 (number)|846]] *[[847 (number)|847]] *[[848 (number)|848]] *[[849 (number)|849]] |list6= *[[850 (number)|850]] *[[851 (number)|851]] *[[852 (number)|852]] *[[853 (number)|853]] *[[854 (number)|854]] *[[855 (number)|855]] *[[856 (number)|856]] *[[857 (number)|857]] *[[858 (number)|858]] *[[859 (number)|859]] |list7= *[[860 (number)|860]] *[[861 (number)|861]] *[[862 (number)|862]] *[[863 (number)|863]] *[[864 (number)|864]] *[[865 (number)|865]] *[[866 (number)|866]] *[[867 (number)|867]] *[[868 (number)|868]] *[[869 (number)|869]] |list8= *[[870 (number)|870]] *[[871 (number)|871]] *[[872 (number)|872]] *[[873 (number)|873]] *[[874 (number)|874]] *[[875 (number)|875]] *[[876 (number)|876]] *[[877 (number)|877]] *[[878 (number)|878]] *[[879 (number)|879]] |list9= *[[880 (number)|880]] *[[881 (number)|881]] *[[882 (number)|882]] *[[883 (number)|883]] *[[884 (number)|884]] *[[885 (number)|885]] *[[886 (number)|886]] *[[887 (number)|887]] *[[888 (number)|888]] *[[889 (number)|889]] |list10= *[[890 (number)|890]] *[[891 (number)|891]] *[[892 (number)|892]] *[[893 (number)|893]] *[[894 (number)|894]] *[[895 (number)|895]] *[[896 (number)|896]] *[[897 (number)|897]] *[[898 (number)|898]] *[[899 (number)|899]] }} |list10={{Navbox|child |title=[[900 (number)|900s]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|9|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[900 (number)|900]] *[[901 (number)|901]] *[[902 (number)|902]] *[[903 (number)|903]] *[[904 (number)|904]] *[[905 (number)|905]] *[[906 (number)|906]] *[[907 (number)|907]] *[[908 (number)|908]] *[[909 (number)|909]] |list2= *[[910 (number)|910]] *[[911 (number)|911]] *[[912 (number)|912]] *[[913 (number)|913]] *[[914 (number)|914]] *[[915 (number)|915]] *[[916 (number)|916]] *[[917 (number)|917]] *[[918 (number)|918]] *[[919 (number)|919]] |list3= *[[920 (number)|920]] *[[921 (number)|921]] *[[922 (number)|922]] *[[923 (number)|923]] *[[924 (number)|924]] *[[925 (number)|925]] *[[926 (number)|926]] *[[927 (number)|927]] *[[928 (number)|928]] *[[929 (number)|929]] |list4= *[[930 (number)|930]] *[[931 (number)|931]] *[[932 (number)|932]] *[[933 (number)|933]] *[[934 (number)|934]] *[[935 (number)|935]] *[[936 (number)|936]] *[[937 (number)|937]] *[[938 (number)|938]] *[[939 (number)|939]] |list5= *[[940 (number)|940]] *[[941 (number)|941]] *[[942 (number)|942]] *[[943 (number)|943]] *[[944 (number)|944]] *[[945 (number)|945]] *[[946 (number)|946]] *[[947 (number)|947]] *[[948 (number)|948]] *[[949 (number)|949]] |list6= *[[950 (number)|950]] *[[951 (number)|951]] *[[952 (number)|952]] *[[953 (number)|953]] *[[954 (number)|954]] *[[955 (number)|955]] *[[956 (number)|956]] *[[957 (number)|957]] *[[958 (number)|958]] *[[959 (number)|959]] |list7= *[[960 (number)|960]] *[[961 (number)|961]] *[[962 (number)|962]] *[[963 (number)|963]] *[[964 (number)|964]] *[[965 (number)|965]] *[[966 (number)|966]] *[[967 (number)|967]] *[[968 (number)|968]] *[[969 (number)|969]] |list8= *[[970 (number)|970]] *[[971 (number)|971]] *[[972 (number)|972]] *[[973 (number)|973]] *[[974 (number)|974]] *[[975 (number)|975]] *[[976 (number)|976]] *[[977 (number)|977]] *[[978 (number)|978]] *[[979 (number)|979]] |list9= *[[980 (number)|980]] *[[981 (number)|981]] *[[982 (number)|982]] *[[983 (number)|983]] *[[984 (number)|984]] *[[985 (number)|985]] *[[986 (number)|986]] *[[987 (number)|987]] *[[988 (number)|988]] *[[989 (number)|989]] |list10= *[[990 (number)|990]] *[[991 (number)|991]] *[[992 (number)|992]] *[[993 (number)|993]] *[[994 (number)|994]] *[[995 (number)|995]] *[[996 (number)|996]] *[[997 (number)|997]] *[[998 (number)|998]] *[[999 (number)|999]] }} |list11={{Navbox|child |title=>[[1000 (number)|1000s]] |state={{if|eq|{{{1|}}}|10|uncollapsed|collapsed}} |list1= *[[1000 (number)|1000]] **[[1001 (number)|1001]] **[[1100 (number)|1100]] **[[1729 (number)|1729]] *[[2000 (number)|2000]] *[[3000 (number)|3000]] *[[4000 (number)|4000]] *[[5000 (number)|5000]] *[[6000 (number)|6000]] *[[7000 (number)|7000]] *[[8000 (number)|8000]] **[[8128 (number)|8128]] *[[9000 (number)|9000]] **[[9999 (number)|9999]] |list2= *[[10,000]] *[[20,000]] *[[30,000]] *[[40,000]] *[[50,000]] *[[60,000]] *[[70,000]] *[[80,000]] *[[90,000]] |list3= *[[100,000]] *[[1,000,000]] *[[10,000,000]] *[[100,000,000]] *[[1,000,000,000]] **[[2,147,483,647]] }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> cnln5i6vjpfye10z6yrng9raqnqa2lw 0 1098037 11024008 10998680 2026-10-08T14:12:45Z ~2026-53689-70 1886356 11024008 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a list of programming which has aired on the British TV channel [[Nickelodeon (British and Irish TV channel)|Nickelodeon]]. == Current programming == *''[[Danger Force]]'' (4 September 2020 - present) *''[[Game Shakers]]'' (2 November 2015 - present) *''[[Henry Danger]]'' (13 February 2015 - present) *''[[Hunter Street (TV series)|Hunter Street]]'' (24 April 2017 - present) *''[[iCarly]]'' (8 March 2008 - present) *''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' (19 October 2026 - present) *''[[Popularity Papers]]'' (10 February 2024 - present) *''[[The Really Loud House]]'' (27 February 2023 - present) *''[[Rock Island Mysteries]]'' (4 July 2022 - present) *''[[Sam & Cat]]'' (20 April 2013 - present) *''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'' (3 January 2000 - present)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tv24.co.uk/channel/nickelodeon|title=Nickelodeon - TV Guide - TV24.co.uk}}</ref> *''[[The Thundermans]]'' (7 April 2014 - present) *''[[Tyler Perry's Young Dylan]]'' (5 June 2020 - present) *''[[Victorious]]'' (14 September 2010 - present) == Former programming == * ''[[100 Deeds for Eddie McDowd]]'' (2004) * ''[[The 45 Rules of Divorce]]'' (2022-2024) * ''[[The Adventures of Pete & Pete]]'' (1994–1997) * ''[[The Adventures of Portland Bill]]'' (1994–1999) * ''[[Lightning Point|Alien Surf Girls]]'' (2012–2013) * ''[[Albert the Fifth Musketeer]]'' * ''[[All That]]'' (2020–2021) * ''[[The Amanda Show]]'' (July 2001 – 2013) * ''[[America's Most Musical Family]]'' (2019–January 2020) * ''[[Animal Antics]]'' (1999–2000) * ''[[The Animals of Farthing Wood (TV series)|The Animals of Farthing Wood]]'' (1996–1997) * ''[[Animorphs (TV series)|Animorphs]]'' (1998–2001) * ''[[Are You Afraid of the Dark?]]'' (1994–1998; 2002–2003; 2008–2009; 2019–2023) * ''[[Arthur (TV series)|Arthur]]''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2001-09-28 |title=Nickelodeon UK Purchases Several CINAR Shows |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2001-09-28/nickelodeon-uk-purchases-several-cinar-shows |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]}}</ref> * ''[[The Astronauts (TV series)|The Astronauts]]'' (2022) * ''[[Attack of the Killer Tomatoes (TV series)|Attack of the Killer Tomatoes]]'' (1994–1997) * ''[[Bailey Kipper's P.O.V.]]'' (1995–1996) * ''[[Bananas in Pyjamas|Bananas In Pyjamas]]'' (1994–2000) * ''[[Batfink]]'' (1994–1995) * ''[[Bay City (TV series)|Bay City]]'' (1995–1996) * ''[[Bella and the Bulldogs]]'' (2015–2019; 2021) * ''Best Of Slimefest'' (2020-2021) * ''[[Big Time Rush]]'' (2010-2015; 2020-2021; 2023) * ''[[Bin Weevils]]'' (2006-2007) * ''The Blobheads'' (2004–2006) * ''[[Blossom (TV series)|Blossom]]'' (2004–2006) * ''[[Bob the Builder]]'' * ''[[Bod (TV series)|Bod]]'' * ''[[The Brothers García]]'' (2001–04) * ''Bubble and Squeak'' (2010) * ''[[Budgie the Little Helicopter]]'' * ''[[Bucket & Skinner's Epic Adventures]]'' (2011–2014) * ''[[The Bureau of Magical Things]]'' (2018–2021) * ''[[The Busy World of Richard Scarry]]''<ref name=":0"/> * ''[[California Dreams]]'' (1999–2002) * ''[[Camp Orange]]'' (2012) * ''[[Cardcaptor Sakura]]'' (2001) * ''[[Clangers]]'' * ''[[Clarissa Explains It All]]'' (1993–1997; 2010) * ''[[Clueless (TV series)|Clueless]]'' * ''[[Naturally, Sadie]]'' * ''[[Complete Savages]]'' (2005–2007) * ''[[Cousins for Life]]'' * ''[[Cousin Skeeter]]'' (1999–2002, 2010) * ''[[Count Duckula]]'' (1994–1998) * ''[[The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures]]'' (1998–2002) * ''[[Crime Time]]'' * ''[[The Crystal Maze]]'' (US) (2020) * ''[[Crystal Tipps and Alistair]]'' (1997–2000) * ''[[Cubeez]]'' (2004) * ''[[Dance Academy]]'' (2013) * ''Danger Force: Shorts'' (2021) * ''Danger Force: Super Charged'' (2020-2021) * ''[[Darcy's Wild Life]]'' (2005–2007) * ''Dawn Patrol'' * ''[[Denver, the Last Dinosaur]]'' (1994–1997) * ''[[Dig & Dug with Daisy]]'' (1993–2000) * ''[[Dino Babies]]'' * ''[[Dr. Zitbag's Transylvania Pet Shop]]'' * ''[[Dracula]]'' (1994–1995) * ''[[Dragon Tales]]''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UBd9a_dBoY | title=Nickelodeon UK - Continuity - Dragon Tales Promo - 2002 | website=[[YouTube]] }}</ref> * ''[[Drake & Josh]]'' (2004–2012; 2019; 2021) * ''[[Drama Club]]'' (2021–2022) * ''[[Driven Crazy]]'' * ''[[Dungeons & Dragons (TV series)|Dungeons & Dragons]]'' * ''[[The Elephant Show]]'' * ''Enid Blyton's Enchanted Lands'' (1998–1999) * ''[[Every Witch Way]]'' (2014–2019) * ''[[Extreme Ghostbusters]]'' (1998–2004) * ''[[The Fairly OddParents: Fairly Odder]]'' (2022–2023) * ''[[Find Me in Paris]]'' (2018–2023) * ''[[The Fresh Beat Band]]'' (2010–2017) * ''[[The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air]]'' (2011–2013) * ''[[Galaxy High School]]'' (1994–1995) * ''[[Garbage Pail Kids]]'' * ''[[Genie in the House]]'' * ''[[George of the Jungle]]'' (1994–1995) * ''[[Get the Picture (game show)|Get The Picture]]'' (1993–1994) * ''[[Gilmore Girls]]'' (2003–2004) * ''[[Girls in Love (TV series)|Girls In Love]]'' (2003–2005) * ''[[Nickelodeon Guts|Guts]]'' * ''Goldie's Oldies'' (2021–2023) * ''[[Gortimer Gibbon's Life on Normal Street]]'' * ''[[Grizzly Tales for Gruesome Kids (TV series)|Grizzly Tales for Gruesome Kids]]'' (2011–2012) * ''[[Group Chat (talk show)|Group Chat]]'' (2020–2021) * ''[[Guinevere Jones]]'' * ''[[Guys Like Us]]'' * ''[[Hairy Jeremy]]'' (1996–1999) * ''[[The Haunted Hathaways]]'' (2013–2021) * ''[[Help! I'm a Teenage Outlaw]]'' * ''[[Henry's Cat]]'' (1994–1999) * ''[[The Herbs]]'' (1995–2001) * ''[[Hey Dude]]'' (1993–1994) * ''[[House of Anubis]]'' (2011–2023) * ''[[How to Rock]]'' * ''[[Huxley Pig]]'' (1997–1999) * ''[[I Am Frankie]]'' * ''[[I Spy (2002 TV series)|I Spy]]'' * ''[[Insektors]]'' (1997–2000) * ''[[Instant Mom]]'' * ''[[Instant Star]]'' * ''[[Ivor the Engine]]'' (1995–2001) * ''[[James the Cat]]'' (1993–2001) * ''[[Jim Henson's Animal Show]]'' (1995–1998) * ''[[Jimbo and the Jet-Set]]'' (1994–2000) * ''[[Joe 90]]'' (1994–1995) * ''[[Joe (TV series)|Joe]]'' (1995–2001) * ''Jordan & Perri's Ultimate Block Party'' (2013) * ''[[The Journey of Allen Strange]]'' * ''[[Jumanji (TV series)|Jumanji]]'' (1996–1998) * ''[[Just Add Magic (TV series)|Just Add Magic]]'' (2018–2023) * ''[[Just Add Magic: Mystery City]]'' (2020) * ''[[Just Jordan]]'' (2007–2008) * ''[[Katie and Orbie]]'' (1993–1997) * ''[[Kenan & Kel]]'' (1997–2012) * ''[[King (2003 TV series)|King]]'' (2003–2006) * ''[[King Arthur's Disasters]]'' (2005–2007) * ''[[King Rollo]]'' (1995–2001) * ''[[Kipper (TV series)|Kipper]]'' * ''[[Kissyfur]]'' (1995–1996) * ''[[Kitu and Woofl]]'' (1997–1999) * ''[[Knight Squad]]'' (2018–2021) * ''[[Land of the Lost (1991 TV series)|Land of the Lost]]'' (1991 series) (1994–1995) * ''[[Laugh Out Loud (TV series)|Laugh Out Loud]]'' * ''[[Legends of the Hidden Temple]]'' (1993–1994) * ''[[Life with Boys]]'' (2011–2014) * ''[[Lip Sync Battle Shorties]]'' (2017) * ''[[Magic Adventures of Mumfie]]'' (1997–2002) * ''[[The Magic House (TV series)|The Magic House]]'' (1996–2002) * ''[[Magic Mountain (TV series)|Magic Mountain]]'' (1998–2000) * ''[[Maisy]]'' * ''[[Make It Pop]]'' * ''[[Make Way for Noddy]]'' (2002-2005) (Originally Also on [[Channel 5 (British TV channel)|Channel 5]] and MTV) * ''[[Mako: Island of Secrets]]'' * ''[[Marvin Marvin]]'' (2013–2014) * ''[[Mary-Kate and Ashley in Action!]]'' * ''[[Massive Monster Mayhem]]'' (Originally Also on [[Channel 5 (British TV channel)|Channel 5]] and MTV) * ''[[Max & Shred]]'' * ''[[Max Glick]]'' (1994) * ''[[Mia and Me]]'' (2014) * ''[[Mighty Max (TV series)|Mighty Max]]'' (1994–1997) * ''[[Mighty Morphin Power Rangers]]'' (2011–2014) * ''[[Mission Top Secret]]'' (1994-1995) * ''[[Moesha]]'' (1996–2001) * ''[[Mona the Vampire]]'' (1999–2006) (Originally also on [[CBBC]])<ref name=":0"/> * ''[[The Monkees (TV series)|The Monkees]]'' (1994) * ''[[Monsters vs. Aliens]]'' (2013–2015) * ''[[Monty the Dog]]'' (1996–1999) * ''[[Moschops (TV series)|Moschops]]'' (1996–2001) * ''[[Mother Goose and Grimm (TV series)|Mother Goose and Grimm]]'' (1994–1997) * ''[[Mouse and Mole]]'' (1996–1999) * ''[[Mr. Bean]]'' (2006–2009) * ''[[Mr Benn]]'' (1995–2001) * ''[[Mr. Meaty]]'' * ''[[Mr. Magoo]]'' (1993) * ''[[Mr. Men and Little Miss]]'' (1994–2000) * ''[[Muppet Babies (1984 TV series)|Muppet Babies]]'' (1997–2000) * ''[[The Muppet Show]]'' (1994–1997) * ''[[My Brother and Me]]'' (1998) * ''[[My Dad the Rock Star]]'' (2004) * ''[[My Parents Are Aliens]]'' (2005–2010) (Also on [[CITV]] until 2017) * ''[[The Naked Brothers Band (TV series)|The Naked Brothers Band]]'' (2007–2013) * ''[[The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries]]'' (1995–1996) * ''[[Naturally, Sadie]]'' * ''[[Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide]]'' * ''[[The New Adventures of Speed Racer]]'' (1994–1995) * ''[[Ni Hao, Kai-Lan]]'' (2007–2011) * ''[[Nickelodeon Guts]]'' (1993–1996) * ''Nick Kicks'' (2016–2017) * ''[[Nickelodeon UK Kids' Choice Awards]]'' (2007–2013) * ''[[Nicky, Ricky, Dicky & Dawn]]'' (2014–2023) * ''[[Noah Knows Best]]'' (November 2000 – 2002) * ''[[Noah's Ark (British TV series)|Noah's Ark]]'' (1998–2000) * ''[[Noah's Island]]'' (1998–2002) * ''[[Noddy (TV series)|Noddy]]'' (1996–1999) * ''[[Oakie Doke]]'' (1996–1999) * ''[[The Odyssey (TV series)|The Odyssey]]'' * ''[[Old Bear Stories]]'' (1997-2001) * ''[[Open Sesame (TV series)|Open Sesame]]'' (1997-2002) * ''[[Oscar and Friends]]'' * ''[[Oscar's Orchestra]]'' (1997–2000) * ''[[Out of Control (TV series)|Out of Control]]'' * ''[[Pablo the Little Red Fox]]'' (1999) * ''[[Paddington Bear]]'' (1995–2001) * ''[[Papa Beaver's Storytime]]'' (1997–2000) * ''[[The Herbs]]'' (1997–1999) * ''[[PB Bear and Friends]]'' (1998–2001) * ''[[Pee-wee's Playhouse]]'' (1993–1996) * ''[[Philbert Frog]]'' (1993–1995) * ''[[Pic Me]]'' * ''[[Pirate Islands]]'' * ''[[Plasmo]]'' (1997–1999) * ''[[Playbox (1987 TV series)|Playbox]]'' (1996–2000) * ''Playbus'' (1996–1999) * ''[[Playdays]]'' (1996–1999) * ''[[The Pondles]]'' (1993–1995) * ''[[Power Rangers Megaforce]]'' (2013–2017) * ''[[Power Rangers Samurai]]'' (2011–2016) * ''[[Press Gang]]'' (1997) * ''Rabbit Ears'' * ''[[Radio Free Roscoe]]'' (2004-2005) * ''[[Rainbow (TV series)|Rainbow]]'' (1994 series) (1999–2002) * ''[[Raising Dad]]'' * ''[[The Real Macaw]]'' * ''[[Redwall (TV series)|Redwall]]'' (2000) * ''[[Renford Rejects]]'' (1998–2020) * ''[[Romeo!]]'' (November 2003 – 2008) * ''[[Rotten Ralph]]'' (2000–2004) * ''[[Round the Twist]]'' (1996–1999) * ''[[Roundhouse (TV series)|Roundhouse]]'' (1994–1995) * ''[[Rubbadubbers]]'' * ''[[Rude Dog and the Dweebs|Rude Dog and The Dweebs]]'' (1995–1997) * ''[[Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series)|Sabrina the Teenage Witch]]'' (1996–January 2006) * ''[[Salute Your Shorts]]'' (1993–1994) * ''[[Santo Bugito]]'' (1995–1996) * ''[[Saved by the Bell]]'' (Original series) (September 2000–February 2008) * ''[[Saved by the Bell: The College Years]]'' * ''[[School of Rock (TV series)|School of Rock]]'' (2016-2021) * ''[[The Secret World of Alex Mack]]'' (1995–1999, 2002) * ''[[See Dad Run]]'' (2014–2019) * ''[[Sheeep]]'' * ''[[Ship to Shore]]'' (1994–1996) * ''[[The Shoe People]]'' (1995–1999) * ''[[Sister, Sister (TV series)|Sister, Sister]]'' (1995–2009) * ''[[The Sleepover Club]]'' (May 2004 – December 2008) * ''[[The Real Ghostbusters]]'' * ''[[The Smoggies]]'' (1994–1996) * ''[[Space Cases]]'' * ''[[Space Goofs]]'' (2006–28 March 2010) * ''[[Speed Racer]]'' (1994–1995) * ''[[Spider!]]'' (1996–1999) * ''[[Spider-Man: The New Animated Series]] (24 April 2004 – 2005)'' * ''[[The Substitute (American TV program)|The Substitute]]'' (2020–2022) * ''[[Supah Ninjas]]'' (2011–2014) * ''[[SuperTed]]'' (1993–1994) * ''[[Summer in Transylvania]]'' (October 2010 – 2012) * ''Takeshi's Castle Thailand'' (2018) * ''Teleshopping'' (2018–1 January 2019) * ''[[Taina (TV series)|Taina]]'' (October 2001–February 2003, January 2006) * ''Takeshi's Castle Thailand'' (2018–2021) * ''[[Tales from the Cryptkeeper]]'' (1997–1999) * ''[[Tales of the Tooth Fairies]]'' (1994–1999) * ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' (1993–1997) * ''[[That Girl Lay Lay (TV series)|That Girl Lay Lay]]'' (30 January 2023 – 30 March 2024) * ''[[The Three Friends and Jerry]]'' (1999–2009) * ''[[Tom Slick (TV series)|Tom Slick]]'' (1994) * ''[[Toucan Tecs]]'' (1994–1995) * ''[[A Town Called Panic]]'' (2005–2006) * ''[[Towser]]'' (1994 – 1998) * ''[[The Trap Door]]'' * ''[[The Treacle People]]'' (2000–2002) * ''[[The Troop]]'' (March 2010 – 2014; 2018 - 2020) * ''[[True Jackson, VP]]'' (2009–2014; 2021) * ''[[Trumpton]]'' (1997–2000) * ''[[Tube Mice]]'' (1994–1995) * ''[[Tucker (2005 TV program)|Tucker]]'' (2001–2004) * ''[[Two of a Kind (American TV series)|Two of a Kind]]'' (1998–2000) * ''Nickelodeon Un-edited'' (8 September 2021 – 22 September 2021) * ''[[Ultraman]]'' (1994–1995) * ''[[Unfabulous]]'' (April 2005 – 18 April 2010) * ''[[Nickelodeon's Unfiltered|Unfiltered]]'' (2020–2021) * ''[[Unleashed (TV program)|Unleashed]]'' (2021) * ''[[USA High]]'' * ''Victor & Maria'' (1997–1998) * ''[[Visionaries: Knights of the Magical Light]]'' * ''[[Warped!]]'' (2022) * ''[[Weinerville]]'' (1993–1994) * ''[[Welcome Freshmen]]'' (1993) * ''[[What I Like About You (TV series)|What I Like About You]]'' * ''[[Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego?]]'' (1994–1997) * ''[[Wiggly Park]]'' (1998–2001) * ''[[Wil Cwac Cwac]]'' (1993–2000) * ''The Wild Side Show'' * ''[[William's Wish Wellingtons]]'' (1996–1999) * ''[[Willo the Wisp]]'' (1995–1999) * ''[[Wimzie's House]]'' (1997–2000) * ''[[The World of David the Gnome]]'' (1993–1995) * ''[[Wishbone (TV series)|Wishbone]]'' (1996–1998) * ''[[WITS Academy]]'' * ''[[The Wombles (1996 TV series)|The Wombles]]'' (1995–2001) * ''[[The World of David the Gnome]]'' (1993–1996) * ''[[The World of Tosh]] (2004 – November 2006)'' * ''[[The Worst Witch (1998 TV series)|The Worst Witch]]'' (2003–2005) * ''You Do Too'' (2003 – 2007) * ''[[You Gotta See This]]'' (12 January 2013 – 17 August 2014) * ''[[Zoey 101]]'' (June 2005 – October 2008 – December 2009; 2011 – 2012; 2022) ==Programming blocks== ===Current blocks=== * ''Thank Nick It’s Friday'' (August 2001 – August 2002; 11 September 2020 – present) * After School Club (5 September 2022 – Present) === Former blocks === * CBBC on Nickelodeon (1996 – 1999) * [[TeenNick (UK and Irish TV channel)|TeenNick]] (2002 - 2010) * [[Nick Jr. Toons]] (1999) * [[Nick at Nite international versions#UK and Ireland|Nick at Nite]] (27 June 2016 – 2019) ==Related pages== * [[List of programmes broadcast by Nick Jr. (British and Irish TV channel)]] * [[List of programmes broadcast by Nicktoons (British and Irish TV channel)]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{Lists of TV programs by country}} {{Nickelodeon}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Nickelodeon}} [[Category:Lists of television series by network]] [[Category:Nickelodeon]] 90tqaqp2agcpjmupdhx5zdsrgiaa30e 0 1116534 11024335 9629771 2026-10-09T03:51:20Z Kai Burghardt 42836 remove space character at end of lines; repair [[Special: Diff/9622352|change 92D350]] by [[User: Eptalon|Eptalon]]: write out [[Wikipedia: Manual of Style#Contractions|contraction]] “don’t” → “do not” 11024335 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Reduced mass''' is an idea from [[physics]]. The [[two-body problem]] is a problem of two bodies influencing each other. It can be difficult to solve. With reduced mass, the two-body problem is changed to a one-body problem, which is much simpler to solve. The idea is to reduce the mass of one of the two bodies, and to increase the mass of the other. An example where reduced mass was used was the development of [[Heliocentrism]]. All the planets move around the sun. When calculating, people usually do not take into account that the planets also influence each other, or that a given planet and the sun influence each other. {{Physics-stub}} [[Category:Physics]] 5hu34o3emvlapctlvpl9ujodkbzeets 0 1119002 11024459 10998539 2026-10-09T06:35:19Z MourningRainfall 86802 11024459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Oxford spelling}} {{Use dmy dates}} [[File:British in the Americas.PNG|thumb|The colonies of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] in the [[Americas]]]] The '''British colonization of the Americas''' is the [[history]] of the first relationships between [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] with [[North America|North]], [[South America|South,]] and [[Central America]] and the [[Caribbean]]. This relationship is called [[colonization]] because an outside group forcefully took control of land and resources. This land that was taken over was called a [[colony]]. Between the late 1610s and the [[American Revolutionary War|American Revolution]], the British sent between 50,000 and 120,000 [[criminals]] to their American colonies.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Butler|first1=James Davie|date=1896|title=British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1896-10_2_1/page/12|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=2|issue=1|pages=12–33|doi=10.2307/1833611|jstor=1833611}}</ref><ref>Thomas Keneally, ''The Commonwealth of Thieves'', Random House Publishing, Sydney, 2005.{{pn|date=June 2024}}</ref> == History == Britain was not the first European country to build colonies in the Americas. People from [[Scandinavia]] built a colony called [[Vinland]] in the area of [[Newfoundland]] (now part of Canada) around 1000 AD. In 1492, [[Christopher Columbus]] told [[Spain]] about islands in the Carribean and it also built colonies. === 1500s - 1600s === English colonization started in 1585, when Sir [[Walter Raleigh]] built the doomed [[Roanoke Colony]]. The first successful English colony in the Americas was built in [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], [[Virginia]], in 1607. Around 30,000 [[Algonquian peoples]] lived in the region at the time. In 1620, a group of mostly [[Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrim]] people came to North America because they disagreed with [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] England about [[religion]]. They built a colony on the [[coast]] of what is now [[Massachusetts]]. These two were the first of many North American colonies. The English also took over land in the [[Caribbean]], including [[Barbados]] and [[Jamaica]]. In the 1670s, England took over control of [[New Netherland]] from the [[Dutch people|Dutch.]] In 1763, Britain took control of the [[Canada (New France)|French colony of Canada]], France's territory east of the [[Mississippi River]], and several Caribbean territories === 1700s - 1800s === Many of the North American colonies separated from Britain by winning the [[American Revolutionary War]], which ended in 1783. [[Historian|Historians]] refer to the British Empire after 1783 as the "Second British Empire." Britain cared about taking over [[Economy|economic]] control of [[Asia]] and [[Africa]] more than taking over land in the Americas. However, it did take over [[British Columbia]], [[Trinidad]], and [[British Guiana]] and build the [[Falkland Islands]] and [[British Honduras]]. Most of the remaining colonies in North American joined the [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation of Canada]] in the 1860s or 1870s, though [[Newfoundland]] did not [[1948 Newfoundland referendums|join Canada until 1949]]. Britain stopped all control of Canada with the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]]. However, Britain and Canada are still connected. Canada recognizes the [[British monarch]] as [[head of state]]. === 1900s - today === Other British colonies became [[Country|countries]] during the [[Cold War]]. Many joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] to work together. Colonies that did not become countries are now called [[British Overseas Territories]]. ==First failed colonies== {{Further|Pre-Columbian era|Age of Discovery|European colonization of the Americas}}England wanted to colonize North America to help in its [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|religious war]] with Spain. A colony would provide a home for English [[privateer]]s such as [[Francis Drake]] and [[Humphrey Gilbert]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n125 98]-100}}</ref> [[Walter Raleigh]] paid for 500 men to go to [[Roanoke Island]]. In 1584, they began to build a colony there.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n127 100]-102}}</ref> However, these men were not ready to live in North America. By 1590, they disappeared. People are not sure where they went. But many think that some of them left to find a new home, while others became part of local [[Native American]] groups.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n130 103]-107}}</ref> People also tried to build a colony in Newfoundland. But this failed, too.<ref>James (1997), p. 5</ref> Still, the English wanted to build colonies to help their [[economy]] and [[military]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n139 112]}}</ref> ==Early colonization, 1607–1630== [[File:James I of England 404446.jpg|thumb|[[James VI and I|King James I of England]] (1603–1625) was the king when people built Jamestown.]] In 1606, King [[James VI and I|James I of England]] allowed both the [[Plymouth Company]] and the [[London Company]] to build homes in North America. === Jamestown === In 1607, the London Company built a permanent colony at [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] on the [[Chesapeake Bay]]. About 30,000 Algonquian peoples lived in the region at the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=English Colonization Begins |url=https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3574 |website=Digital History |publisher=University of Houston}}</ref> However, the colonists at Jamestown found it very hard to live in Virginia. 1700 moved in, but by 1617, only 351 were alive.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=113–115}} Even though it was difficult, the settlers made a lot of money growing tobacco. This made more people move in. However, fighting with Native Americans took a lot of money. When the London Company ran out of money, the King took over. At this point, Jamestown and the area around it started to be called the [[Colony of Virginia]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=116–117}} === Bermuda === The first British people to live in [[Bermuda]] arrived in 1609 as an accident. People on the ship [[Sea Venture]] tried to go to Jamestown, but they stopped in Bermuda instead to avoid a hurricane. Most of them left for Jamestown in 1610. Only a few people stayed in Bermuda until 1612. Then more people arrived, including the first real leader, the Lieutenant-Governor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bermuda - History and Heritage|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/bermuda-history-and-heritage-14340790/|access-date=6 September 2019|website=Smithsonian.com}}</ref> Bermuda had more people and made more money then Jamestown at first. It made money from selling [[tobacco]]. In the 1620s, Virginia and colonies in the [[Caribbean]] also started to make money from selling tobacco. This meant that Bermuda's tobacco was worth less money. Farmers in Bermuda started to grow food instead.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} === Popham Colony === The Plymouth Company's [[Popham Colony]] did not last. Their first colony that lasted was built by a group of English [[Puritanism|Puritans]], a group that believed in a different type of [[Protestantism|Protestant Christianity]] than most of England.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n219 178]-179}}</ref> The people in this group who left England in 1620 are called the [[Pilgrims]] today.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n179 152]-157}}</ref> The Pilgrims moved across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] on the ''[[Mayflower (ship)|Mayflower]]''. Their first winter was very difficult. About fifty of the one hundred colonists died. In 1621, the Pilgrims became [[Alliance|allies]] with the nearby [[Wampanoag]] group of Native Americans. They helped the Pilgrims to farm better and traded fur and other items with them.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n180 153]-157}}</ref> At first, the English struggled to make money from taking over the Caribbean. In 1604, they tried to find gold in [[British Guiana|Guiana]] but failed.<ref>Canny (1998), p. 71</ref> They also failed in [[Saint Lucia|St Lucia]]&nbsp;(1605) and [[Grenada]]&nbsp;(1609).<ref>Canny (1998), p. 221</ref> Colonists failed to grow tobacco in [[Barbados]], but did well at growing [[sugar]].<ref name="james17">James (1997), p. 17</ref> ==Growth, 1630–1689== {{Simplifying}}[[File:English overseas possessions in 1700.png|thumb|English overseas possessions in 1700]] ===West Indies colonies=== Because Barbados was successful, England built more colonies in [[St. Kitts]], [[Antigua]], [[Nevis]], and [[Montserrat]].<ref name="james17" /> England also took over colonies that other [[Empire|empires]] had built, including [[Jamaica]] and the [[Caiman Islands]] from Spain<ref>James (1997), pp. 30–31</ref> and the islands of the [[British Virgin Islands]] from the Netherlands.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} These colonies grew sugar using the [[plantation]] plan and [[Slavery|slave]]<nowiki/>s.<ref>Lloyd (1996), pp.&nbsp;22–23.</ref> Money from selling sugar made these colonies important to England.<ref>Hilary Beckles, "The 'Hub of Empire': The Caribbean and Britain in the Seventeenth Century", ''The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume 1 The Origins of Empire'', ed. by Nicholas Canny (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 222.</ref> Britain brought 3.5 million African slaves [[Atlantic slave trade|across the Atlantic Ocean,]] mostly from [[West Africa]] and [[Madagascar]].<ref>Ferguson (2004), p. 62</ref> <ref>James (1997), p. 24</ref> ===Establishment of the Thirteen Colonies=== {{Main|Thirteen Colonies}} ====New England Colonies==== [[File:Thirteencolonies politics cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Thirteen Colonies]] of North America:<br /> Dark Red = [[New England Colonies|New England colonies]].<br /> Bright Red = [[Middle Colonies|Middle Atlantic colonies]].<br /> Red-brown = [[Southern Colonies|Southern colonies]].]] More English groups built colonies in [[New England]]. In 1629, a group of Puritans led by [[John Winthrop]] built the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]. By 1635, around ten thousand English settlers lived between the [[Connecticut River]] and the [[Kennebec River]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=157–159}} After defeating the [[Pequot]] in the [[Pequot War]], Puritans built the [[Connecticut Colony]] where the Pequots had lived.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=161–167}} The [[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations]] was built by [[Roger Williams]]. Williams was a Puritan leader. He was not allowed to stay in the Massachusetts Bay Colony because he wanted to leave the [[Church of England]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=196–197}} It was difficult to grow food in New England, so people fished and traded to make money and get what they needed.<ref name="Taylor 2016, p. 19">Taylor (2016), p. 19</ref> ====Southern Colonies==== In 1632, [[Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore]] founded the [[Province of Maryland]] to the north of Virginia.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=262–263}} Maryland and Virginia became known as the [[Chesapeake Colonies]], and experienced similar immigration and economic activities.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=203–204}} Though Baltimore and his descendants intended for the colony to be a refuge for Catholics, it attracted mostly Protestant immigrants, many of whom scorned the Calvert family's policy of religious toleration.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=303–304}} In the mid-17th century, the Chesapeake Colonies, inspired by the success of slavery in Barbados, began the mass [[History of slavery in Virginia|importation of African slaves]]. Though many early slaves eventually gained their freedom, after 1662 Virginia adopted policies that passed [[Partus sequitur ventrem|enslaved status from mother to child]] and granted slave owners near-total domination of their human property.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=272}} 640 miles (1,030&nbsp;km) East-South-East of [[Cape Hatteras]], in the Virginia Company's other former settlement, the Somers Isles, alias the Islands of Bermuda, where the spin-off Somers Isles Company still administered, the company and its shareholders in England only earned profits from the export of tobacco, placing them increasingly at odds with Bermudians for whom tobacco had become unprofitable to cultivate. As only those landowners who could attend the company's annual meetings in England were permitted to vote on company policy, the company worked to suppress the developing maritime economy of the colonists and to force the production of tobacco, which required unsustainable farming practices as more was required to be produced to make up for the diminished value. As many of the class of moneyed businessmen who were adventurers in the company were aligned to the Parliamentary cause during the [[English Civil War]], Bermuda was one of the [[English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|colonies that sided with the Crown during the war]], being the first to recognise [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] after the execution of his father. With control of their Assembly and the militia and volunteer [[coastal artillery]], the Royalist majority deposed the company-appointed Governor (by the 1630s, the company had ceased sending Governors to Bermuda and had instead appointed a succession of prominent Bermudians to the role, including religious Independent and Parliamentarian [[William Sayle]]) by force of arms and elected John Trimingham to replace him. Many of Bermuda's religious Independents, who had sided with Parliament, were forced into exile. Although some of the newer continental colonies settled largely by anti-Episcopalian Protestants sided with Parliament during the war, Virginia and other colonies like Bermuda supported the Crown and were subjected to the measures laid out in [[An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego]] until Parliament was able to force them to acknowledge its sovereignty. Bermudian anger at the policies of the Somers Isles Company ultimately saw them take their complaints to the Crown after [[Restoration in the English colonies|The Restoration]], leading to the Crown revoking the Royal Charter of the Somers Isles Company and taking over direct administration of Bermuda in 1684. From that date, Bermudians abandoned agriculture, diversifying their maritime industry to occupy many niches of inter-colonial trade between North America and the West Indies. Bermudians limited landmass and high birth rate meant that a steady outflow from the colony contributed about 10,000 settlers to other colonies, notably the southern continental colonies (including [[Carolina Province]], which was settled from Bermuda in 1670), as well as West Indian settlements, including the [[Providence Island colony]] in 1631, the [[Bahamas]] (settled by [[Eleutheran Adventurers]], Parliament-allied Civil War exiles from Bermuda, under William Sayle in the 1640s), and the seasonal occupation of the [[Turks and Caicos Islands|Turks Islands]] from 1681. Encouraged by the apparent weakness of Spanish rule in [[Spanish Florida|Florida]], Barbadian planter [[John Colleton]] and seven other supporters of [[Charles II of England]] established the [[Province of Carolina]] in 1663.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=236–238}} Settlers in the Carolina Colony established two main population centers, with many Virginians settling in the north of the province and many English Barbadians settling in the southern port city of [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charles Town]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=319}} In 1712, Carolina was divided into the crown colonies of [[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]] and [[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Hugh T. Lefler and William S. Powell |title=Colonial North Carolina: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/colonialnorthcar00hugh |url-access=registration |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons, New York |year=1973|isbn=9780684135366 |page=80}}</ref> The colonies of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina (as well as the [[Province of Georgia]], which was established in 1732) became known as the [[Southern Colonies]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Southern Colonies [ushistory.org]|url=https://www.ushistory.org/us/5.asp|access-date=2020-09-15|website=www.ushistory.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Settling the Southern Colonies {{!}} Boundless US History|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/settling-the-southern-colonies/|access-date=2020-09-15|website=courses.lumenlearning.com}}</ref> ====Middle Colonies==== [[File:James II (1685).jpg|thumb|[[James II of England|James II]] established the [[Colony of New York]] and the [[Dominion of New England]]. He succeeded his brother as King of England in 1685 but was overthrown in the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688.]] Beginning in 1609, Dutch traders had established fur trading posts on the [[Hudson River]], [[Delaware River]], and [[Connecticut River]], ultimately creating the Dutch colony of [[New Netherland]], with a capital at [[New Amsterdam]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=138–140}} In 1657, New Netherland expanded through conquest of [[New Sweden]], a [[Sweden|Swedish]] colony centered in the [[Delaware Valley]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=262}} Despite commercial success, New Netherland failed to attract the same level of settlement as the English colonies.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=215–217}} In 1664, during a [[Anglo-Dutch Wars|series of wars]] between the English and Dutch, English soldier [[Richard Nicolls]] captured New Netherland.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=248–249}} The Dutch briefly regained control of parts of New Netherland in the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]], but surrendered its claim to the territory in the 1674 [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)|Treaty of Westminster]], ending the Dutch colonial presence in North America.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=261}} In 1664, the [[Duke of York]], later known as [[James II of England]], was granted control of the English colonies north of the Delaware River. He created the [[Province of New York]] out of the former Dutch territory and renamed New Amsterdam as [[New York City]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=247–249}} He also created the provinces of [[West Jersey]] and [[East Jersey]] out of former Dutch land situated to the west of New York City, giving the territories to [[John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton|John Berkeley]] and [[George Carteret]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=249–251}} East Jersey and West Jersey would later be unified as the [[Province of New Jersey]] in 1702.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=252–253}} Charles II rewarded [[William Penn]], the son of distinguished [[William Penn (Royal Navy officer)|Admiral William Penn]], with the land situated between Maryland and the Jerseys. Penn named this land the [[Province of Pennsylvania]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=373}} Penn was also granted a lease to the [[Delaware Colony]], which gained its own legislature in 1701.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=251}} A devout [[Quaker]], Penn sought to create a haven of [[religious toleration]] in the New World.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=251}} Pennsylvania attracted Quakers and other settlers from across Europe, and the city of [[Philadelphia]] quickly emerged as a thriving port city.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=357}} With its fertile and cheap land, Pennsylvania became one of the most attractive destinations for immigrants in the late 17th century.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=358}} New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware became known as the [[Middle Colonies]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Economy of British America, 1607-1789|url=https://archive.org/details/economyofbritish0000mccu|last1=McCusker|first1=John J.|author1-link = John J. McCusker |last2=Menard|first2=Russell R.|date=1991|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|jstor=10.5149/9781469600000_mccusker |isbn=978-0-8078-4351-2 }}</ref> ===Hudson's Bay Company=== In 1670, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] incorporated by [[royal charter]] the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC), granting it a monopoly on the [[North American fur trade|fur trade]] in the area known as [[Rupert's Land]]. Forts and trading posts established by the HBC were frequently the subject of attacks by the French.<ref>Bucker (2008), p. 25</ref> ===Darien scheme=== In 1695, the [[Parliament of Scotland]] granted a charter to the [[Company of Scotland]], which established a settlement in 1698 on the [[Isthmus of Panama]]. Besieged by neighbouring Spanish colonists of [[New Kingdom of Granada|New Granada]], and afflicted by [[malaria]], the colony was abandoned two years later. The [[Darien scheme]] was a financial disaster for Scotland—a quarter of Scottish capital<ref>Magnusson (2003), p. 531</ref> was lost in the enterprise—and ended Scottish hopes of establishing its own overseas empire. The episode also had major political consequences, persuading the governments of both England and Scotland of the merits of a union of countries, rather than just crowns.<ref>Macaulay (1848), p. 509</ref> This occurred in 1707 with the [[Treaty of Union]], establishing the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. {{clear}} ==Expansion and conflict, 1689–1763== {{Simplifying}} ===Settlement and expansion in North America=== After succeeding his brother in 1685, King James II and his lieutenant, [[Edmund Andros]], sought to assert the crown's authority over colonial affairs.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=290–294}} James was deposed by the new joint monarchy of [[William III of England|William]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary]] in the [[Glorious Revolution]],{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=300–301}} but William and Mary quickly reinstated many of the James's colonial policies, including the [[Mercantilism|mercantilist]] Navigation Acts and the [[Board of Trade]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=310–311, 328}} The Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony and the [[Province of Maine]] were incorporated into the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]], and New York and the Massachusetts Bay Colony were reorganized as royal colonies, with a governor appointed by the king.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=314–315}} Maryland, which had experienced a [[Protestant Revolution (Maryland)|revolution]] against the Calvert family, also became a royal colony, though the Calverts retained much of their land and revenue in the colony.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=315}} Even those colonies that retained their charters or proprietors were forced to assent to much greater royal control than had existed before the 1690s.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=315–316}} Between immigration, the importation of slaves, and natural population growth, the colonial population in [[British North America]] grew immensely in the 18th century. According to historian Alan Taylor, the population of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] (the British North American colonies which would eventually form the United States) stood at 1.5 million in 1750.<ref>Taylor (2016), p. 20</ref> More than ninety percent of the colonists lived as farmers, though cities like Philadelphia, New York, and [[Boston]] flourished.<ref>Taylor (2016), p. 23</ref> With the defeat of the Dutch and the imposition of the Navigation Acts, the British colonies in North America became part of the global British trading network. The colonists traded foodstuffs, wood, tobacco, and various other resources for Asian tea, West Indian coffee, and West Indian sugar, among other items.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=329–330}} Native Americans far from the Atlantic coast supplied the Atlantic market with beaver fur and deerskins, and sought to preserve their independence by maintaining a balance of power between the French and English.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=332–336}} By 1770, the economic output of the Thirteen Colonies made up forty percent of the [[gross domestic product]] of the British Empire.<ref>Taylor (2016), p. 25</ref> Prior to 1660, almost all immigrants to the English colonies of North America had migrated freely, though most paid for their passage by becoming [[indentured servant]]s.<ref>James (1997), pp. 10–11</ref> Improved economic conditions and an easing of religious persecution in Europe made it increasingly difficult to recruit labor to the colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries. Partly due to this shortage of free labor, the population of slaves in British North America grew dramatically between 1680 and 1750; the growth was driven by a mixture of forced immigration and the reproduction of slaves.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=346–347}} In the Southern Colonies, which relied most heavily on slave labor, the slaves supported vast plantation economies lorded over by increasingly wealthy elites.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=346–347, 351–352}} By 1775, slaves made up one-fifth of the population of the Thirteen Colonies but less than ten percent of the population of the Middle Colonies and New England Colonies.<ref>Taylor (2016), p. 21</ref> Though a smaller proportion of the English population migrated to British North America after 1700, the colonies attracted new immigrants from other European countries,<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 18-19</ref> including Catholic settlers from [[Ireland]]{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=360}} and Protestant Germans.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=362}} As the 18th century progressed, colonists began to settle far from the Atlantic coast. Pennsylvania, Virginia, Connecticut, and Maryland all lay claim to the land in the [[Ohio River]] valley, and the colonies engaged in a scramble to expand west.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=373–374}} Following the 1684 revocation of the Somers Isles Company's Royal Charter, seafaring Bermudians established an inter-colonial trade network, with [[Charleston, South Carolina]] (settled from Bermuda in 1670 under William Sayle, and on the same latitude as Bermuda, although Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, is the nearest landfall to Bermuda) forming a continental hub for their trade (Bermuda itself produced only ships and seamen).<ref>Jarvis, Michael (2010). In the Eye of All Trade. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 386–391. {{ISBN|9780807872840}}.</ref> The widespread activities and settlement of Bermudians has resulted in [[Bermuda (disambiguation)|many localities named after Bermuda]] dotting the map of North America. ===Wars with the French and Spanish=== [[File:Non-Native Nations Claim over NAFTA countries 1763.png|thumb|After the end of the French and Indian War in 1763, North America was dominated by the British and Spanish Empires]] The Glorious Revolution and the succession of William III, who had long resisted French hegemony as the [[Stadtholder]] of the [[Dutch Republic]], ensured that England and its colonies would come into conflict with the [[French colonial empire|French empire]] of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] after 1689.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=296–298}} Under the leadership of [[Samuel de Champlain]], the French had established [[Quebec City]] on the St Lawrence River in 1608, and it became the center of French colony of [[Canada (New France)|Canada]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=130–135}} France and England engaged in a proxy war via Native American allies during and after the [[Nine Years' War]], while the powerful [[Iroquois]] declared their neutrality.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=317–318}} War between France and England continued in [[Queen Anne's War]], the North American component of the larger [[War of the Spanish Succession]]. In the 1713 [[Treaty of Utrecht]], which ended the War of Spanish Succession, the British won possession of the French territories of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Acadia]], the latter of which was renamed [[Nova Scotia]].<ref name="Taylor 2016, p. 19"/> In the 1730s, [[James Oglethorpe]] proposed that the area south of the Carolinas be colonized to provide a buffer against Spanish Florida, and he was part of a group of trustees that were granted temporary proprietorship over the [[Province of Georgia]]. Oglethorpe and his compatriots hoped to establish a utopian colony that banned slavery, but by 1750 the colony remained sparsely populated, and Georgia became a crown colony in 1752.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=358–359}} In 1754, the Ohio Company started to build a fort at the confluence of the [[Allegheny River]] and the [[Monongahela River]]. A larger French force initially chased the Virginians away, but was forced to retreat after the [[Battle of Jumonville Glen]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=385–387}} After reports of the battle reached the French and British capitals, the [[Seven Years' War]] broke out in 1756; the North American component of this war is known as the [[French and Indian War]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=388–389}} After the [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Duke of Newcastle]] returned to power as Prime Minister in 1757, he and his foreign minister, [[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|William Pitt]], devoted unprecedented financial resources to the transoceanic conflict.<ref>Taylor (2016), p. 45</ref> The British won a series of victories after 1758, [[Conquest of 1760|conquering]] much of New France by the end of 1760. Spain entered the war on France's side in 1762 and promptly lost several American territories to Britain.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=396–398}} The 1763 [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] ended the war, and France surrendered almost all of the portion of New France to the east of the Mississippi River to the British. France separately ceded its lands west of the [[Mississippi River]] to Spain, and Spain ceded Florida to Britain.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=406–407}} With the newly acquired territories, the British created the provinces of [[East Florida]], [[West Florida]], and [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Quebec]], all of which were placed under military governments.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=407–409}} In the Caribbean, Britain retained [[Grenada]], [[Saint Vincent (Antilles)|St. Vincent]], [[Dominica]], and [[Tobago]], but returned control of [[Martinique]], [[Havana]], and other colonial possessions to France or Spain.<ref>James (1997), p. 76</ref> ==The Americans break away, 1763–1783== {{Further|American Revolution|American Revolutionary War}}{{Simplifying}}[[File:Non-Native Nations Claim over NAFTA countries 1783.png|thumb|[[North America]] after the [[1783 Treaty of Paris]]]] The British subjects of North America believed the [[Constitution of the United Kingdom|unwritten British constitution]] protected their rights and that the governmental system—with the [[House of Commons of Great Britain|House of Commons]], the [[House of Lords]], and the monarch sharing power—found an ideal balance among democracy, oligarchy, and tyranny.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 31-35</ref> However, the British were saddled with huge debts following the French and Indian War. As much of the British debt had been generated by the defense of the colonies, British leaders felt that the colonies should contribute more funds, and they began imposing taxes such as the [[Sugar Act]] of 1764.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 51-53, 94–96</ref> Increased British control of the Thirteen Colonies upset the colonists and upended the notion many colonists held: that they were equal partners in the British Empire.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 51-52</ref> Meanwhile, seeking to avoid another expensive war with Native Americans, Britain issued the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]], which restricted settlement west of the [[Appalachian Mountains]]. However, it was effectively replaced five years later thanks to the [[Treaty of Fort Stanwix]].<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 60-61</ref> The Thirteen Colonies became increasingly divided between [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriots]], opposed to parliamentary taxation without representation, and [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]], who supported the king. In the British colonies nearest to the Thirteen Colonies, however, protests were muted, as most colonists accepted the new taxes. These provinces had smaller populations, were largely dependent on the British military, and had less of a tradition of self-rule.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 102-103, 137-138.</ref> At the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]] in April 1775, the Patriots repulsed a British force charged with seizing militia arsenals.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 132-133</ref> The [[Second Continental Congress]] assembled in May 1775 and sought to coordinate armed resistance to Britain. It established an impromptu government that recruited soldiers and printed its own money. Announcing a permanent break with Britain, the delegates adopted a [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] on 4&nbsp;July 1776 for the United States of America.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. pp. 139-141, 160-161</ref> The French formed a military alliance with the United States in 1778 following the British defeat at the [[Battle of Saratoga]]. Spain joined France in order to regain Gibraltar from Britain.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 187-191</ref> A combined Franco-American operation trapped a British invasion army at [[Yorktown, Virginia]], forcing them to surrender in October 1781.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 293-295</ref> The surrender shocked Britain. The king wanted to keep fighting, but he lost control of Parliament and peace negotiations began.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 295-297</ref> In the 1783 [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]], Britain ceded all of its North American territory south of the [[Great Lakes]], except for the two Florida colonies, which were ceded to Spain.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 306-308</ref> With their close ties of blood and trade with the continental colonies, especially Virginia and South Carolina, Bermudians leaned towards the rebels during the [[American War of Independence]], supplying them with privateering ships and gunpowder, but the power of the [[Royal Navy]] on the surrounding Atlantic left no possibility of their joining the rebellion, and they eventually availed themselves of the opportunities of [[Privateer#Bermudians|privateering]] against their former kinsmen. Although often mistaken for being in the West Indies, Bermuda is nearer to Canada (and was initially grouped within [[British North America]], retaining close links especially with the Nova Scotia and Newfoundland until the continental colonies were confederated into [[Canada]]) than to the West Indies, and the nearest landfall is North Carolina. Following the independence of the United States, this would make Bermuda of supreme importance to Britain's strategic control of the region, including its ability to protect its shipping in the area and its ability to project its power against the Atlantic seaboard of the United States, as was to be shown during the [[American War of 1812]]. Having defeated a combined Franco-Spanish naval force at the decisive 1782 [[Battle of the Saintes]], Britain retained control of Gibraltar and all its pre-war Caribbean possessions except for Tobago.<ref>James (1997), pp. 80–82</ref> Economically, the new nation became a major trading partner of Britain. ==Second British Empire, 1783–1945== {{Simplifying}} [[File:British Empire 1921.png|thumb|The British Empire in 1921]] The loss of a large portion of [[British America]] defined the transition between the "first" and "second" empires, in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific, and later Africa.<ref name="canny92">Canny (1998), p. 92</ref> Influenced by the ideas of [[Adam Smith]], Britain also shifted away from mercantile ideals and began to prioritize the expansion of trade rather than territorial possessions.<ref name="james119165">James (1997), pp. 119–121, 165</ref> During the nineteenth century, some observers described Britain as having an "unofficial" empire based on the export of goods and financial investments around the world, including the newly independent republics of Latin America. Though this unofficial empire did not require direct British political control, it often involved the use of [[gunboat diplomacy]] and military intervention to protect British investments and ensure the free flow of trade.<ref>James (1997), pp. 173–174, 177</ref> From 1793 to 1815, Britain was almost constantly at war, first in the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] and then in the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref>James (1997), p. 151</ref> During the wars, Britain took control of many French, Spanish, and Dutch Caribbean colonies.<ref>James (1997), p. 154</ref> Tensions between Britain and the United States escalated during the Napoleonic Wars, as the United States took advantage of its neutrality to undercut the British embargo on French-controlled ports, and Britain tried to cut off that American trade with France. The Royal Navy, which was desperately short of trained seamen and constantly losing deserters who sought better-paid work under less draconian discipline aboard American merchant vessels, boarded American ships to search for deserters, sometimes resulting in the [[Impressment]] of American sailors into the Royal Navy. The United States, at the same time, coveted the acquisition of Canada, which Britain could ill afford to lose as its naval and merchant fleets had been constructed largely from American timber before United States independence, and from Canadian timber thereafter. Taking advantage of Britain's absorption in its war with France, the United States began the [[American War of 1812]] with the invasion of the Canadas, but the British Army mounted a successful defence with minimal regular forces, supported by militia and native allies, while the Royal Navy blockaded the United States of America's Atlantic coastline from Bermuda, strangling its merchant trade, and carried out amphibious raids including the [[Chesapeake Campaign]] with its [[Burning of Washington]]. As the United States failed to make any gains before British victory against France in 1814 freed British forces from Europe to be wielded against it, and as Britain had no aim in its war with its former colonies other than to defend its remaining continental territory, the war ended with the pre-war boundaries reaffirmed by the 1814 [[Treaty of Ghent]], ensuring Canada's future would be separate from that of the United States.<ref>Jeremy Black, ''The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon'' (2009) pp 204–37.</ref> Following the final defeat of French Emperor [[Napoleon]] in 1815, Britain gained ownership of [[Trinidad]], Tobago, [[British Guiana]], and Saint Lucia, as well as other territories outside of the Western Hemisphere.<ref>James (1997), p. 165</ref> The [[Treaty of 1818]] with the United States set a large portion of the [[Canada–United States border]] at the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]] and also established a joint U.S.–British occupation of [[Oregon Country]].<ref name=JMforeign>{{cite web|title=James Monroe: Foreign Affairs|url=https://millercenter.org/president/monroe/foreign-affairs|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia|access-date=25 February 2017|date=4 October 2016}}</ref> In the 1846 [[Oregon Treaty]], the United States and Britain agreed to split Oregon Country along the 49th parallel north with the exception of [[Vancouver Island]], which was assigned in its entirety to Britain.<ref name="Noakes (2006)">{{cite news |last1=Noakes |first1=Taylor C. |title=Oregon Treaty |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/oregon-treaty |work=The Canadian Encyclopedia }}</ref> After warring throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in both Europe and the Americas, the British and French reached a lasting peace after 1815. Britain would fight only one war (the [[Crimean War]]) against a European power during the remainder of the nineteenth century, and that war did not lead to territorial changes in the Americas.<ref>James (1997), pp. 179–182</ref> However, the British Empire continued to engage in wars such as the [[First Opium War]] against China; it also put down rebellions such as the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the Canadian [[Rebellions of 1837–1838]], and the Jamaican [[Morant Bay rebellion]] of 1865.<ref>James (1997), pp. 190, 193</ref> A strong [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolition movement]] had emerged in the United Kingdom in the late-eighteenth century, and Britain abolished the slave trade in 1807.<ref>James (1997), pp. 185–186</ref> In the mid-nineteenth century, the economies of the British Caribbean colonies would suffer as a result of the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]], which abolished slavery throughout the British Empire, and the [[Sugar Duties Act 1846|1846 Sugar Duties Act]], which ended preferential tariffs for sugar imports from the Caribbean.<ref>James (1997), pp. 171–172</ref> To replace the labor of former slaves, British plantations on Trinidad and other parts of the Caribbean began to hire indentured servants from [[India]] and China.<ref>James (1997), p. 188</ref> ===Establishing the Dominion of Canada=== Despite its defeat in the American Revolutionary War and shift towards a new form of imperialism during the nineteenth century,<ref name="canny92"/><ref name="james119165"/> the British Empire retained numerous colonies in the Americas after 1783. During and after the American Revolutionary War, between 40,000 and 100,000 defeated [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] migrated from the United States to Canada.<ref>Zolberg (2006), p. 496</ref> The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the [[Saint John River (New Brunswick)|Saint John]] and [[Saint Croix River (Maine – New Brunswick)|Saint Croix river]] valleys, then part of [[Nova Scotia]], felt too far removed from the provincial government in Halifax, so London split off [[New Brunswick]] as a separate colony in 1784.<ref>Kelley & Trebilcock (2010), p. 43</ref> The [[Constitutional Act of 1791]] created the provinces of [[Upper Canada]] (mainly English-speaking) and [[Lower Canada]] (mainly [[French language|French-speaking]]) to defuse tensions between the French and British communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution.<ref name="smith2829">Smith (1998), p. 28</ref> The British also expanded their mercantile interests in the North Pacific. Spain and Britain had become rivals in the area which came to a head with the [[Nootka Crisis]] in 1789. Both sides mobilised for war, and Spain counted on France for support but when France refused, Spain had to back down and capitulated to British terms leading to the [[Nootka Convention]]. The outcome of the crisis was a humiliation for Spain and a triumph for Britain, for the former had practically renounced all sovereignty on the North Pacific coast.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blackmar |first1=Frank Wilson |title=Spanish Institutions of the Southwest Issue 10 of Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science |date=1891 |publisher=Hopkins Press |page=335 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F11GAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> This opened the way to British expansion in that area, and a number of expeditions took place; firstly a [[Vancouver Expedition|naval expedition]] led by [[George Vancouver]] which explored the inlets around the Pacific NorthWest, particularly around [[Vancouver Island]].<ref name= pethick0>{{cite book |last= Pethick |first= Derek |title= The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790–1795 |url= https://archive.org/details/nootkaconnection0000peth |url-access= registration |year= 1980 |publisher= Douglas & McIntyre |location= Vancouver |isbn= 978-0-88894-279-1 |page = [https://archive.org/details/nootkaconnection0000peth/page/18 18]}}</ref> On land, expeditions took place hoping for a discovery of a practicable river route to the Pacific for the extension of the [[North American fur trade]] (the [[North West Company]]). [[Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)|Sir Alexander Mackenzie]] led the first starting out in 1792, and a year a later he became the first European to reach the Pacific overland north of the [[Rio Grande]] reaching the ocean near present-day [[Bella Coola, British Columbia|Bella Coola]]. This preceded the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] by twelve years. Shortly thereafter, Mackenzie's companion, [[John Finlay (fur trader)|John Finlay]], founded the first permanent European settlement in [[British Columbia]], [[Fort St. John, British Columbia|Fort St. John]]. The North West Company sought further explorations firstly by [[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]], starting in 1797, and later by [[Simon Fraser (explorer)|Simon Fraser]]. More expedition took place in the early 1800s and pushed into the wilderness territories of the [[Rocky Mountains]] and Interior Plateau and all the way to the [[Strait of Georgia]] on the Pacific Coast expanding [[British North America]] Westward.<ref name=innes>{{cite book|last=Innis |first=Harold A |title=The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=University of Toronto Press |orig-year=1930 |date=2001 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-0-8020-8196-4 |url={{google books|eCgps70cHV4C|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> In 1815, Lieutenant-General Sir [[George Prevost]] was ''Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and over the Provinces of Upper-Canada, Lower-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New~Brunswick, and their several Dependencies, Vice-Admiral of the same, Lieutenant-General and Commander of all His Majesty's Forces in the said Provinces of Lower Canada and Upper-Canada, Nova-Scotia and New-Brunswick, and their several Dependencies, and in the islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward, Cape Breton and the Bermudas, &c. &c. &c.'' Beneath Prevost, the staff of the British Army in ''the Provinces of Nova-Scotia, New-Brunswick, and their Dependencies, including the Islands of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward and Bermuda'' were under the Command of Lieutenant-General Sir [[John Coape Sherbrooke]]. Below Sherbrooke, the [[Bermuda Garrison]] was under the immediate control of the Lieutenant-[[Governor of Bermuda]], Major-General [[George Horsford]] (although the Lieutenant-Governor of Bermuda was eventually restored to a full civil Governorship, in his military role as Commander-in-Chief of Bermuda he remained subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief in Halifax, and naval and ecclesiastic links between Bermuda the [[Maritimes]] also remained; The military links were severed by Canadian confederation at the end of the 1860s, which resulted in the removal of the British Army from Canada and its Commander-in-Chief from Halifax when the Canadian Government took responsibility for the defence of Canada; The naval links remained until the Royal Navy withdrew from Halifax in 1905, handing its dockyard there over to the [[Royal Canadian Navy]]; The established [[Anglican Church of Bermuda|Church of England in Bermuda]], within which the Governor held office as [[Ordinary (church officer)|Ordinary]], remained linked to the colony of [[Newfoundland]] under the same [[Diocese of Newfoundland|Bishop]] until 1919).<ref>''The Quebec Almanack'', 1815</ref> In response to the Rebellions of 1837–1838,<ref name="smith2829"/> Britain passed the [[Act of Union 1840|Act of Union]] in 1840, which united Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the [[Province of Canada]]. [[Responsible government]] was first granted to [[Nova Scotia]] in 1848, and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies. With the passage of the [[British North America Act, 1867]] by the [[British Parliament]], Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were formed into the confederation of [[Canada]].<ref>Porter (1998), p.&nbsp;187</ref> Rupert's Land (which was divided into [[Manitoba]] and the [[Northwest Territories]]), British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island joined Canada by the end of 1873, but Newfoundland would not join Canada until 1949.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Like other British [[dominions]] such as [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and [[South Africa]], Canada enjoyed autonomy over its domestic affairs but recognized the British monarch as [[head of state]] and cooperated closely with Britain on defense issues.<ref>James (1997), pp. 311–312, 341</ref> After the passage of the 1931 [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]],<ref>Rhodes, Wanna & Weller (2009), pp. 5–15</ref> Canada and other dominions were fully independent of British legislative control; they could nullify [[Law of the United Kingdom|British laws]] and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent.<ref>Turpin & Tomkins, p. 48</ref> United States independence, and the closure of its ports to British trade, combined with growing peace in the region which reduced the risk to shipping (resulting in smaller evasive merchantmen, such as those that Bermudian shipbuilders turned out, losing favour to larger [[clipper]]s), and the advent of metal hulls and steam engines, were to slowly strangle Bermuda's maritime economy, while its newfound importance as a Royal Navy and British Army base from which the [[North America and West Indies Station]] could be controlled meant increasing interest from the British Government in its governance. Bermuda was grouped with British North America, especially Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (its closest British neighbours), following United States Independence. When war with France followed the [[French Revolution]], a [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|Royal Naval Dockyard]] was established at Bermuda in 1795, which was to alternate with [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax]] (Bermuda during the summers and Halifax during the winters) as the Royal Navy [[Admiralty House, Bermuda|headquarters]] and main base for the ''River St. Lawrence and Coast of America Station'' (which was to become the ''North America Station'' in 1813, the ''North America and Lakes of Canada Station'' in 1816, the ''North America and Newfoundland Station'' in 1821, the [[North America and West Indies Station]] about 1820, and finally the ''America and West Indies Station'' from 1915 to 1956) before becoming the year-round headquarters and main base from about 1818. The regular [[Bermuda Garrison|army garrison]] (established in 1701 but withdrawn in 1784) was re-established in 1794 and grew during the Nineteenth Century to be one of the British Army's largest, relative to Bermuda's size. The blockade of the Atlantic seaboard ports of the United States and the [[Chesapeake Campaign]] (including the [[Burning of Washington]]) were orchestrated from Bermuda during the [[American War of 1812]]. Preparations for similar operations were carried out in Bermuda when the [[Trent Affair]] nearly brought Britain to war with the United States during the [[American Civil War]] (Bermuda had already been serving as the primary tran-shipment point for British and European manufactured arms which were smuggled into [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] ports, especially Charleston, South Carolina, by [[blockade runner]]s; cotton was brought out from the same ports by the blockade runners to be traded at Bermuda for the war materiel), and Bermuda played important roles (as a naval base, trans-Atlantic convoy forming-up point, as a connecting point in the [[Cable & Wireless plc|Cable and Wireless]] Nova Scotia-to-British West Indies submarine telegraph cable, as a wireless station, and from the 1930s as a site for airbases used as a staging point for trans-Atlantic flights and for operating anti-submarine air patrols over the North Atlantic) in the Atlantic theatre of the [[First World War]] and in the [[Battle of the Atlantic]] during the [[Second World War]], when the already existing Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force bases were joined by a Royal Canadian Navy base and naval and air bases of the allied United States. It remained a vital air and naval base during the Cold War, with American and Canadian bases existing alongside the British ones from the Second World War until 1995. ===British Honduras and Falkland Islands=== In the early 17th century, English sailors had begun cutting [[logwood]] in parts of coastal [[Central America]] over which the Spanish exercised little control. By the early 18th century, a small British settlement had been established on the [[Belize River]], though the Spanish refused to recognize British control over the region and frequently evicted British settlers. In the 1783 Treaty of Paris and the 1786 [[Convention of London (1786)|Convention of London]], Spain gave Britain the right to cut logwood and [[mahogany]] in the area between the [[Hondo River (Belize)|Hondo River]] and the Belize River, but Spain retained sovereignty over this area. Following the 1850 [[Clayton–Bulwer Treaty]] with the United States, Britain agreed to evacuate its settlers from the [[Bay Islands Department|Bay Islands]] and the [[Mosquito Coast]], but it retained control of the settlement on the Belize River. In 1862, Britain established the crown colony of the [[British Honduras]] at this location.<ref name="cs">Bolland, Nigel. "Belize: Historical Setting". In [https://web.archive.org/web/19990117033536/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bztoc.html ''A Country Study: Belize''] (Tim Merrill, editor). [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (January 1992).</ref> The British first established a presence on the [[Falkland Islands]] in 1765 but were compelled to withdraw for economic reasons related to the American War of Independence in 1774.<ref>{{cite book | last = Gibran | first = Daniel | title = The Falklands War: Britain Versus the Past in the South Atlantic | url = https://archive.org/details/falklandswarbrit0000gibr | year = 1998 | publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc. | location = Jefferson, North Carolina | isbn = 978-0-7864-0406-3 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/falklandswarbrit0000gibr/page/26 26]–27}}</ref> The islands continued to be used by British sealers and whalers, although the settlement of [[Port Egmont]] was destroyed by the Spanish in 1780. Argentina attempted to establish a colony in the ruins of the former Spanish settlement of [[Puerto Soledad]], which ended with the [[Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833)|British return]] in 1833. The British governed the uninhabited [[South Georgia Island]], which had been claimed by Captain [[James Cook]] in 1775, as a dependency of the Falkland Islands.<ref>R.K. Headland, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ ''The Island of South Georgia''], Cambridge University Press, 1984. {{ISBN|0-521-25274-1}}</ref> ==Decolonization and overseas territories, 1945–present== {{Simplifying}} ===Successful independence movements=== [[File:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations.svg|thumb|The [[Commonwealth of Nations]] consists of former territories of the British Empire in the Americas and elsewhere]] With the onset of the [[Cold War]] in the late 1940s, the British government began to assemble plans for the independence of the empire's colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. British authorities initially planned for a three-decades-long process in which each colony would develop a self-governing and democratic parliament, but unrest and fears of Communist infiltration in the colonies encouraged the British to speed up the move towards self-governance.<ref>James (1997), p. 538–539</ref> Compared to other European empires, which experienced wars of independence such as the [[Algerian War]] and the [[Portuguese Colonial War]], the British post-war process of decolonization in the Caribbean was relatively peaceful.<ref>James (1997), pp. 588–589</ref> In an attempt to unite its Caribbean colonies, Britain established the [[West Indies Federation]] in 1958. The federation collapsed following the loss of its two largest members, Jamaica and Trinidad, each of which attained independence in 1962; Trinidad formed a union with Tobago to become the country of [[Trinidad and Tobago]].<ref name="knight14">Knight & Palmer (1989), pp. 14–15.</ref> The eastern Caribbean islands, as well as the Bahamas, gained independence in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.<ref name="knight14"/> [[Guyana]] achieved independence in 1966. Britain's last colony on the American mainland, [[British Honduras]], became a [[self-governing colony]] in 1964 and was renamed [[Belize]] in 1973, achieving full independence in 1981. A [[Belizean-Guatemalan territorial dispute|dispute with Guatemala]] over claims to Belize was left unresolved.<ref>Lloyd (1996), pp.&nbsp;401, 427–29.</ref> ===Remaining territories=== {{main|British Overseas Territories}} Though many of the Caribbean territories of the British Empire gained independence, [[Anguilla]] and the [[Turks and Caicos Islands]] opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence.<ref>Clegg (2005), p. 128.</ref> The [[British Virgin Islands]], Bermuda, the [[Cayman Islands]], [[Montserrat]], and the [[Falkland Islands]] also remain under the jurisdiction of Britain.<ref>James (1997), p. 622</ref> In 1982, Britain defeated [[Argentina]] in the [[Falklands War]], an undeclared war in which Argentina attempted to seize control of the Falkland Islands.<ref>James (1997), pp. 624–626</ref> In 1983, the [[British Nationality Act 1981]] renamed the existing British colonies as "British dependent territories".{{efn|Schedule 6 of the [[British Nationality Act 1981]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61/schedule/6/enacted |title=British Nationality Act 1981, Schedule 6 |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401094630/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61/schedule/6/enacted |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> reclassified the remaining [[Self-governing colony|self-governing colonies]] (those with their own elected legislatures and a degree of autonomy, such as Bermuda) and [[Crown colony|Crown colonies]] (those without elected legislatures, which were governed entirely by British Government-appointed Governors with advisory councils, such as Hong Kong) as "British Dependent Territories".}} Historically, colonials shared the same citizenship (although [[Magna Carta]] had effectively created English citizenship, citizens were still termed ''subjects of the King of England'' or ''English subjects''. With the union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland, this was replaced with ''British subject'', which encompassed citizens throughout the sovereign territory of the British government, including the colonies) as Britons. Although historically all British subjects had the right to vote for candidates, or to themselves stand for election, to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] (providing that they were male, prior to [[women's suffrage]], and met the [[property qualification]], when it applied). The British government (as with the Government of the Kingdom of England before it) has never assigned seats in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] to any colony, effectively disenfranchising colonials at the sovereign level of their government. There has also never been a peer in the House of Lords representing any colony. Colonials were therefore not consulted, or required to give their consent, to a series of acts that passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom between 1968 and 1982, which were to limit their rights and ultimately change their citizenship. When several colonies were elevated before the [[Second World War]] to [[dominion]] status, collectively forming the old [[Commonwealth of Nations#Adoption and formalisation of the Commonwealth|British Commonwealth]] (as distinct from the United Kingdom and its dependent colonies), their citizens remained British subjects, and in theory, any British subject born anywhere in the world had the same basic right to enter, reside, and work in the United Kingdom as a British subject born in the United Kingdom whose parents were also both British subjects born in the United Kingdom (although many governmental policies and practices acted to thwart the free exercise of these right by various demographic groups of colonials, including [[Greek Cypriots]]). When the dominions and an increasing number of colonies began choosing complete independence from the United Kingdom after the Second World War, the Commonwealth was transformed into a community of independent nations, each recognising the British monarch as their own head of state (creating separate monarchies with the same person occupying all of the separate Thrones; the exception being republican India). ''British subject'' was replaced by the [[British Nationality Act 1948]] with ''citizen of the United Kingdom and colonies'' for the residents of the United Kingdom and its colonies, as well as the Crown dependencies. however, as it was desired to retain free movement for all Commonwealth citizens throughout the Commonwealth, ''British subject'' was retained as a blanket nationality shared by citizens of the United Kingdom and colonies as well as the citizens of the various other Commonwealth realms. The inflow of [[People of colour|coloured people]] to the United Kingdom during the 1940s and 1950s from both remaining colonies and newly independent Commonwealth nations was responded to with a racist backlash that led to the passing of the [[Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962]], which restricted the rights of Commonwealth nationals to enter, reside and work in the United Kingdom. This act also allowed certain colonials (primarily ethnic Indians in African colonies) to retain citizenship of the United Kingdom and colonies if their colonies became independent, intended as a measure to ensure these persons did not become [[Statelessness|stateless]] if they were denied the citizenship of their newly independent nation. Many ethnic-Indians did find themselves marginalised in newly independent nations (notably [[Kenya]]) and relocated to the United Kingdom, in response to which the [[Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968]] was rapidly passed, stripping all British subjects (including citizens of the United Kingdom and colonies) who were not born in the United Kingdom, and who did not have a citizen of the United Kingdom and colonies parent born in the United Kingdom or some other qualification (such as existing residence status), of the rights to freely enter, reside and work in the United Kingdom. This was followed by the [[Immigration Act 1971]], which effectively divided ''citizens of the United Kingdom and colonies'' into two types, although their citizenship remained the same: Those from the United Kingdom itself, who retained the rights of free entry, abode, and work in the United Kingdom; and those born in the colonies (or in foreign countries to British colonial parents), from whom those rights were denied. The [[British Nationality Act 1981]], which entered into force on 1 January 1983,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1982/933/made |title=The British Nationality Act 1981 (Commencement) Order 1982 |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401134239/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1982/933/made |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> abolished ''British subject'' status, and stripped colonials of their full British ''citizen of the United Kingdom and colonies'', replacing it with ''British dependent territories citizenship'', which entailed no right of abode or to work anywhere (other categories with even fewer rights were created at the same time, including [[British overseas citizen]] for former citizens of the United Kingdom and colonies born in ex-colonies). The exceptions were the [[Gibraltar]]ians (permitted to retain British nationality in order to retain [[citizenship of the European Union]]) and the [[Falkland Islands|Falkland Islanders]], who were permitted to retain the same new ''British citizenship'' that became the default citizenship for those from the United Kingdom and the [[Crown dependencies]]. As the act was widely understood to have been passed in preparation for the 1997 handover of [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] to the [[People's Republic of China]] (in order to prevent ethnic-Chinese British nationals from migrating to the United Kingdom), and given the history of neglect and racism those colonies with sizeable ''non-European'' (to use the British government's parlance) populations had endured from the British government since the ''end of Empire'', the application of the act only to those colonies in which the citizenship was changed to ''British dependent territories citizenship'' has been perceived as a particularly egregious example of the racism of the British government. The stripping of birth rights from at least some of the colonial [[CUKC]]s in 1968 and 1971, and the change of their citizenships in 1983, actually violated the rights granted them by [[royal charter]]s at the founding of the colonies. [[Bermuda]] (fully ''The Somers Isles or Islands of Bermuda''), by example, had been settled by the [[London Company]] (which had been in occupation of the archipelago since the 1609 wreck of the ''[[Sea Venture]]'') in 1612, when it received its Third Royal Charter from [[James VI and I|King James I]], amending the boundaries of the [[Virginia Colony|First Colony of Virginia]] far enough across the Atlantic to include Bermuda. The citizenship rights guaranteed to settlers by King James I in the original royal charter of the 10 April 1606, thereby applied to Bermudians: {{blockquote|''Alsoe wee doe, for us, our heires and successors, declare by theise presentes that all and everie the parsons being our subjects which shall dwell and inhabit within everie or anie of the saide severall Colonies and plantacions and everie of theire children which shall happen to be borne within the limitts and precincts of the said severall Colonies and plantacions shall have and enjoy all liberties, franchises and immunites within anie of our other dominions to all intents and purposes as if they had been abiding and borne within this our realme of Englande or anie other of our saide dominions''.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36181/36181-h/36181-h.htm|title=The Project Gutenburg ebook of The Three Charters of the Virginia Company of London, by Samuel M. Bemiss.|website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> These rights were confirmed in the royal charter granted to the London Company's spin-off, the [[Somers Isles|Company of the City of London for the Plantacion of The Somers Isles]], in 1615 on Bermuda being separated from Virginia: {{blockquote|And wee doe for vs our heires and successors declare by these Pnts, that all and euery persons being our subjects which shall goe and inhabite wthin the said Somer Ilandes and every of their children and posterity which shall happen to bee borne within the limits thereof shall haue and enjoy all libertyes franchesies and immunities of free denizens and natural subjectes within any of our dominions to all intents and purposes, as if they had beene abiding and borne wthin this our Kingdome of England or in any other of our Dominions<ref>Letters Patent of King James I, 1615. ''Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of The Bermudas or Somers Islands'', Volume 1, by Lieutenant-General Sir John Henry Lefroy, Royal Artillery, [[Governor of Bermuda|Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Bermuda]] 1871–1877. The Bermuda Memorials Edition, 1981. The Bermuda Historical Society and The Bermuda National Trust (First Edition, London, 1877)</ref>}} In regards to former CUKCs of [[Saint Helena]], Lord Beaumont of Whitley in the [[House of Lords]] debate on the ''British Overseas Territories Bill'' on the 10 July 2001, stated: {{blockquote|Citizenship was granted irrevocably by Charles I. It was taken away, quite wrongly, by Parliament in surrender to the largely racist opposition to immigration at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/2001/jul/10/british-overseas-territories-bill-hl|title=British Overseas Territories Bill [H.L.] |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date=10 July 2001}}</ref> }} Some [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] backbenchers stated that it was the unpublished intention of the Conservative British government to return to a single citizenship for the United Kingdom and all of the remaining territories once Hong Kong had been handed over to China. Whether this was so will never be known as by 1997 the Labour Party was in government. The Labour Party had declared prior to the election that the colonies had been ill-treated by the British Nationality Act 1981, and it had made a promise to return to a single citizenship for the United Kingdom and the remaining territories part of its election manifesto. Other matters took precedence, however, and this commitment was not acted upon during Labour's first term in government. The House of Lords, in which many former colonial governors sat, lost patience and tabled and passed its own bill, then handed it down to the House of Commons to confirm. As a result, the British dependent territories were renamed the [[British overseas territories]] in 2002 (the term ''dependent territory'' had caused much ire in the former colonies, such as well-heeled Bermuda that had been largely self-reliant and self-governed for nearly four centuries, as it implied not only that they were ''other than British'', but that their relationship to Britain and to ''real British people'' was both inferior and parasitic).<ref name=FAC>[[#refFAC|House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-13|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#refFAC|reason= }}, pp.&nbsp;145–47</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://john-warwick.blogspot.com/2007/09/race-and-development-of-immigration.html|title=Professor John Warwick: Race and the development of Immigration policy during the 20th century|first=Professor John|last=Warwick|date=24 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socialistworker.co.uk/comment/windrush-scandal-shows-how-britishness-stinks/|title=Windrush scandal shows how 'Britishness' stinks|date=1 May 2018|website=Socialist Worker}}</ref> At the same time, although Labour had promised a return to a single citizenship for the United Kingdom, Crown dependencies, and all remaining territories, ''British dependent territories citizenship'', renamed ''British overseas territories citizenship'', remained the default citizenship for the territories, other than the Falkland Islands and Gibraltar (for which ''British citizenship'' is still the default citizenship). The bars to residence and work in the United Kingdom that had been raised against holders of ''British dependent territories citizenship'' by The British Nationality Act 1981 were, however, removed, and ''British citizenship'' was made attainable by simply obtaining a second British passport with the citizenship recorded as ''British citizen'' (requiring a change to passport legislation as prior to 2002, it had been illegal to possess two British passports).<ref>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/2001/jul/10/british-overseas-territories-bill-hl ''British Overseas Territories Bill [H.L.&#93;'']; House of Lords Debate, 10 July 2001. Volume 626, cc1014-37. UK Parliament website</ref> Prior to 2002, all British passports obtained in a British dependent territory were of a design modified from those issued in the United Kingdom, lacking the ''European Union'' name on the front cover, having the name of the specific territorial government noted on the front cover below "British passport", and having the request on the inside of the front cover normally issued by the secretary of state on behalf of the Queen instead issued by the governor of the territory on behalf of the Queen. Although this design made it easier for United Kingdom Border Control to distinguish a colonial from a 'real' British citizen, these passports were issued within the territory to the holder of any type of British citizenship with the appropriate citizenship stamped inside. The ''normal'' British passports issued in the United Kingdom and by British consulates in Commonwealth and foreign countries were similarly issued to holders of any type of British citizenship with the appropriate citizenship, or ''citizenships'', stamped inside. From 2002, the thenceforth local governments of the British overseas territories in which British overseas territories citizenship was the default citizenship were no longer allowed to issue or replace any British passport except the type for their own territory only with British overseas territories citizen recorded inside (and a stamp from the local government showing the holder has legal status as a local (in Bermuda, by example, the stamp records "the holder is registered as a Bermudian"), as neither British dependent territories citizenship nor British overseas territories citizenship actually entitles the holder to any more rights in any territory than in the United Kingdom, simply serving to enable colonials to be distinguished from ''real British people'' for the benefit of United Kingdom Border Control. Since 2002, only the United Kingdom Government has issued ''normal'' British passports with the citizenship stamped as ''British citizen''. Since June 2016, only the Passport Office in the United Kingdom is permitted to issue any type of British passport. Local governments of territories can still accept passport applications, but must forward them to the Passport Office. This means that the territorial pattern of British passport is no longer available, with all passports issued since then being of the standard type issued in the United Kingdom, with the appropriate type of British citizenship recorded inside; a problem for Bermudians as they have always enjoyed freer entry into the United States than other British citizens, but the United States had updated its entry requirements (prior to the 2001 terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C., Bermudians did not need a passport to enter the US, and Americans did not need a passport to enter Bermuda. Since then, anyone entering the US, including US citizens, must present a passport) to specify that, in order to be admitted as a Bermudian the passport must be of the territorial type specific to Bermuda, with the country code inside being that used for Bermuda as distinct from other parts of the British Realm, with the citizenship stamped as ''British dependent territories citizenship'' or ''British overseas territories citizenship'', and the stamp from Bermuda Immigration showing the holder has Bermudian status. From the point of view of Bermuda Immigration, only the stamp showing the holder has Bermudian status indicates the holder is Bermudian, and that can be entered into any type of British passport with any type of British citizenship recorded, so the United States requirements are more stringent than Bermuda's, and impossible to meet with any British passport issued to a Bermudian since the end of June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bm.usconsulate.gov/u-s-immigration-policy-related-bermuda-passports/ |title=''U.S. immigration policy related to Bermuda Passports '', website of the United States Consulate General in Bermuda |work=U.S. Consulate General in Bermuda |date=2 March 2017 |access-date=12 July 2024 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205174230/https://bm.usconsulate.gov/u-s-immigration-policy-related-bermuda-passports/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalgazette.com/other/news/article/20190812/government-working-to-resolve-passport-issues/|title=Government working to resolve passport issues|first1=Tim|last1=Smith |date=12 August 2019|website=www.royalgazette.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socialistworker.co.uk/features/a-british-passport-to-prejudice/|title=A British passport to prejudice|date=15 May 2018|website=Socialist Worker}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newint.org/features/2018/11/12/illegitimate-children-denied-british-citizenship-%E2%80%98archaic%E2%80%99-law|title=Illegitimate children denied British citizenship by 'archaic' law|date=12 November 2018|website=New Internationalist}}</ref> The eleven inhabited territories are self-governing to varying degrees and are reliant on the UK for [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]] and defence.<ref>[[#refFAC|House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report, pp.&nbsp;146,153]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-13|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#refFAC|reason= }}</ref> Most former British colonies and protectorates are among the 52 member states of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], a non-political, [[voluntary association]] of equal members, comprising a population of around 2.2&nbsp;billion people.<ref>[http://thecommonwealth.org/about-us The Commonwealth – About Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927182840/http://thecommonwealth.org/about-us |date=27 September 2013 }}; Online September 2014</ref> Fifteen [[Commonwealth realm]]s, including Canada and several countries in the Caribbean, voluntarily continue to share the British monarch, [[King Charles III]], as their head of state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/150757/head_of_the_commonwealth/|title=Head of the Commonwealth|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|access-date=9 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706045334/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/150757/head_of_the_commonwealth/|archive-date=6 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jowett |first1=A. J. |last2=Findlay |first2=A. M. |last3=Li |first3=F. L. |last4=Skeldon |first4=R. |title=The British who are not British and the immigration policies that are not: the case of Hong Kong |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-geography_1995-07_15_3/page/245 |journal=Applied Geography (Sevenoaks, England) |date=July 1995 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=245–265 |doi=10.1016/0143-6228(95)00009-s |pmid=12291184 |bibcode=1995AppGe..15..245J }}</ref> ==List of colonies== === Former North American colonies === ====Canadian territories==== These colonies and territories (known, together with [[Bermuda]], as [[British North America]] following independence of the United States of America) were [[Canadian Confederation|confederated]] to form modern [[Canada]] between 1867 and 1873 unless otherwise noted: :*[[British Columbia]] (previously part of [[Oregon Country]] before its 1846 division between Britain and the United States) :*[[Province of Canada]] (formed from the merger of [[Upper Canada]] and [[Lower Canada]] in 1841) :*[[Nova Scotia]] :*[[New Brunswick]] :*[[Dominion of Newfoundland]] (became part of Canada in 1949) :*[[Prince Edward Island]] :*[[Rupert's Land]] (became part of Canada as [[Manitoba]] and the [[Northwest Territories]]) ====Thirteen Colonies==== The [[Thirteen Colonies]], which became the original states of the United States following the 1781 ratification of the [[Articles of Confederation]]: :*[[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] :*[[Province of New Hampshire]] :*[[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations]] :*[[Connecticut Colony]] :*[[Province of New York]] :*[[Province of New Jersey]] :*[[Province of Pennsylvania]] :*[[Delaware Colony]] :*[[Province of Maryland]] :*[[Colony of Virginia]] :*[[Province of North Carolina]] :*[[Province of South Carolina]] :*[[Province of Georgia]] ====Other North American colonies==== These colonies were acquired in 1763 and ceded to Spain in 1783: :*Province of [[East Florida]] (from Spain, retroceded to Spain) :*Province of [[West Florida]] (from France as part of eastern French Louisiana, ceded to Spain) === Former colonies in the Caribbean and South America === These present-day countries formed part of the [[British West Indies]] prior to gaining independence during the 20th century: :*[[Antigua and Barbuda]] (gained independence in 1981) :*[[The Bahamas]] (gained independence in 1973) :*[[Barbados]] (gained independence in 1966) :*[[Belize]] (gained independence in 1981; formerly known as [[British Honduras]]) :*[[Dominica]] (gained independence in 1978) :*[[Grenada]] (gained independence in 1974) :*[[Guyana]] (gained independence in 1966; formerly known as [[British Guiana]]) :*[[Jamaica]] (gained independence in 1962) :*[[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] (gained independence in 1983) :*[[Saint Lucia]] (gained independence in 1979) :*[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] (gained independence in 1979) :*[[Trinidad and Tobago]] (gained independence in 1962) ===Current territories=== These [[British Overseas Territories]] in the Americas remain under the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom: :*[[Anguilla]] :*[[Bermuda]] :*[[British Virgin Islands]] :*[[Cayman Islands]] :*[[Falkland Islands]] :*[[Montserrat]] :*[[Turks and Caicos Islands]] ==Related pages== * [[Imperialism]] * [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ===Works cited=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Fred |title=The Crucible of War |date=2000 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=978-0375406423 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/crucibleofwarsev00ande_0 }} * {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Fred |title=The War That Made America |date=2005 |publisher=Viking |location=New York |isbn=978-0670034543 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/warthatmadeameri00ande }} * {{cite book|last1=Bailyn|first1=Bernard|title=The Barbarous Years: The Peopling of British North America--The Conflict of Civilizations, 1600–1675|url=https://archive.org/details/barbarousyearspe0000bail|date=2012|publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0-394-51570-0 }} * Black, Jeremy. ''The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon'' (2009). * {{Cite book|first=Phillip|last=Buckner|title=Canada and the British Empire|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0199271641|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJA7OIinf4MC|ref=refBuckner2008|access-date=22 July 2009}} * {{cite book|last1=Canny|first1=Nicholas|title=The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press}} * {{cite journal|last1=Chandler|first1=Ralph Clark|title=Public Administration Under the Articles of Confederation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_public-administration-quarterly_winter-1990_13_4/page/433|journal=Public Administration Quarterly|date=Winter 1990|volume=13|issue=4|pages=433–450|jstor=40862257}} * {{cite book|last=Clegg|first=Peter|title=Extended Statehood in the Caribbean|year=2005|publisher=Rozenberg Publishers|isbn=978-9051706864|editor=de Jong, Lammert |editor2=Kruijt, Dirk|ref=refClegg2005|chapter=The UK Caribbean Overseas Territories}} * {{Cite book |first=Niall |last=Ferguson |author-link=Niall Ferguson |title=Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power |location=New York |publisher=Basic Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-0465023295 |url=https://archive.org/details/empire00nial }} * {{cite book|last1=Ferling|first1=John|title=A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/leapindark00ferl|url-access=registration|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195159240}} * {{cite book|last1=Horn |first1=James |title=A Kingdom Strange: The Brief and Tragic History of the Lost Colony of Roanoke |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdomstrangeb00horn |url-access=registration |date=2011 |publisher=Basic Book |isbn=978-0465024902 |location=Philadelphia }} * {{cite book|last=Kelley|first=Ninette|title=The Making of the Mosaic (2nd ed.)|year=2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0802095367|ref=refKelley2010|author2=Trebilcock, Michael}} * {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Franklin W.|title=The Modern Caribbean|year=1989|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0807818251|ref=refKnight1989|author2=Palmer, Colin A.}} * {{cite book |last1=James |first1=Lawrence |title=The Rise and Fall of the British Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofbritis0000jame_l9p7 |date=1997 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |isbn=978-0312169855}} * {{Cite book|first=Trevor Owen|last=Lloyd|title=The British Empire 1558–1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0198731344|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gIBgQgAACAAJ}} * {{Cite book|first=Thomas|last=Macaulay|author-link=Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|title=The History of England from the Accession of James the Second|publisher=Penguin|year=1848|isbn=978-0140431339|ref=refMacaulay1979|title-link=The History of England from the Accession of James the Second}} * {{Cite book|first=Magnus|last=Magnusson |author-link=Magnus Magnusson|title=Scotland: The Story of a Nation|publisher=Grove Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0802139320|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEV4zgXOJLsC|ref=refMagnusson2003|access-date=22 July 2009}} * {{cite book|last1=Middlekauff|first1=Robert|author-link=Robert Middlekauff|title=The Glorious Cause: the American Revolution, 1763–1789|url=https://archive.org/details/gloriouscauseame0000midd|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516247-9 }} * {{Cite book|first=Andrew|last=Porter|title=The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0199246786|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC|ref=refOHBEv3|access-date=22 July 2009}} * {{cite book|last=Rhodes|first=R.A.W.|title=Comparing Westminster|url=https://archive.org/details/comparingwestmin00unse|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199563494|ref=refRhodes2009|author2=Wanna, John |author3=Weller, Patrick }} * {{cite book |last1=Richter |first1=Daniel K. |title=Before the Revolution: America's Ancient Pasts |url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich |date=2011 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-06124-8 }} * {{Cite book|first=Simon|last=Smith|title=British Imperialism 1750–1970|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-3125806405|url=https://archive.org/details/britishimperiali00smit|url-access=registration|ref=refSmith1998|access-date=22 July 2009}} * {{cite book |author-link=Alan Taylor (historian) |last1=Taylor |first1=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |date=2002 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0142002100 |location=New York |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/americancolonies00tayl }} * {{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=Alan|title=[[American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804]]|date=2016|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company}} * {{cite book|last=Turpin|first=Colin|title=British government and the constitution (6th ed.)|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521690294|ref=refTurpin2007|author2=Tomkins, Adam}} * {{cite book|last=Zolberg|first=Aristide R|title=A nation by design: immigration policy in the fashioning of America|url=https://archive.org/details/nationbydesignim0000zolb|year=2006|publisher=Russell Sage|isbn=978-0674022188|ref=refZolberg2006}} {{refend}} ==Other books and articles== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book|last1=Berlin|first1=Ira|title=Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America|url=https://archive.org/details/manythousandsgon00berl|url-access=registration|date=1998|publisher=Belknap Press|isbn=978-0674810921}} * Black, Conrad. ''Rise to Greatness: The History of Canada From the Vikings to the Present'' (2014), 1120pp [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/077101354X excerpt] * {{cite book|last1=Breen|first1=T.H.|last2=Hall|first2=Timothy|title=Colonial America in an Atlantic World|date=2016|publisher=Pearson|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|first=Kathleen|last=Burk|author-link=Kathleen Burk|title=Old World, New World: Great Britain and America from the Beginning|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0871139719|url=https://archive.org/details/oldworldnewworld00kath|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last1=Carr|first1=J. Revell|title=Seeds of Discontent: The Deep Roots of the American Revolution, 1650–1750|url=https://archive.org/details/seedsofdisconten00carr|date=2008|publisher=Walker Books |isbn=978-0-8027-1512-8 }} * Conrad, Margaret, Alvin Finkel and Donald Fyson. ''Canada: A History'' (Toronto: Pearson, 2012) * Cooke, Jacob Ernest et al., ed. ''Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies.'' (3 vol. 1993) * {{Cite book|first=Nigel|last=Dalziel|title=The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire|publisher=Penguin|year=2006|isbn=978-0141018447|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0wUAQAAIAAJ|ref=refDalziel2006|access-date=22 July 2009}} * {{cite book|last1=Elliott|first1=John|title=Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830|url=https://archive.org/details/empiresofatlanti00john|url-access=registration|date=2006|publisher=Yale University Press}} * {{cite book|last1=Games|first1=Alison|title=The Web of Empire: English Cosmopolitans in an Age of Expansion, 1560–1660|url=https://archive.org/details/webofempireengli0000game|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533554-5 }} * {{cite book|last1=Gaskill|first1=Malcolm|title=Between Two Worlds: How the English Became Americans|url=https://archive.org/details/betweentwoworlds0000gask|date=2014|publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-01111-7 }} * Gipson, Lawrence. ''The British Empire Before the American Revolution'' (15 volumes, 1936–1970), Pulitzer Prize; highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World * {{cite book|last1=Horn|first1=James|title=A Land As God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465030941|url-access=registration|date=2005|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465030941}} * Rose, J. Holland, A. P. Newton and E. A. Benians (gen. eds.), ''[[The Cambridge History of the British Empire]]'', 9 vols. (1929–61); vol 1: "The Old Empire from the Beginnings to 1783" 934pp [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99039834 online edition Volume I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227020238/https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99039834 |date=27 December 2007 }} * {{Cite book|first=Ronald|last=Hyam|title=Britain's Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2002|isbn=978-0713430899|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eMoHQAACAAJ}} * {{cite book|last1=Lepore|first1=Jill|title=The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity|url=https://archive.org/details/nameofwarkingphi0000lepo|url-access=registration|date=1999|publisher=Vintage|isbn=978-0375702624}} * [[Wm. Roger Louis|Louis, Wm. Roger]] (general editor), ''[[The Oxford History of the British Empire]]'' ** vol 1 ''The Origins of Empire'' ed. by Nicholas Canny ** vol 2 ''The Eighteenth Century'' ed. by P. J. Marshall excerpt and text search * {{cite book|last1=Mann|first1=Charles C.|title=1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created|date=2011|publisher=Knopf}} * [[P. J. Marshall|Marshall, P.J.]] (ed.) ''The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire'' (1996). [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521002540 excerpt and text search] * Mawby, Spencer. ''Ordering Independence: The End of Empire in the Anglophone Caribbean, 1947–69'' (Springer, 2012). * McNaught, Kenneth. ''The Penguin History of Canada'' (Penguin books, 1988) * {{cite book|last1=Meinig|first1=Donald William|title=The Shaping of America: Atlantic America, 1492–1800|url=https://archive.org/details/shapingofamerica03mein|url-access=registration|date=1986|publisher=Yale University Press}} * {{cite book|last1=Middleton|first1=Richard|last2=Lombard|first2=Anne|title=Colonial America: A History to 1763|url=https://archive.org/details/colonialamericah0000midd_a8e3|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|edition=4th |isbn=978-1-4051-9004-6 }} * {{Cite book|first=Piers|last=Brendon|author-link=Piers Brendon|title=The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997|url=https://archive.org/details/declinefallofbri0000bren_c3y8|publisher=Random House|year=2007|isbn=978-0224062220}} * {{cite book|last1=Shorto|first1=Russell|title=The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America|url=https://archive.org/details/islandatcenterof00shor|url-access=registration|date=2004|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0385503495}} * {{Cite book|first=Simon|last=Smith|title=British Imperialism 1750–1970|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-3125806405|url=https://archive.org/details/britishimperiali00smit|url-access=registration}} * Sobecki, Sebastian. "New World Discovery". Oxford Handbooks Online (2015). {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.013.141}} * {{cite book|last=Springhall|first=John|title=Decolonization since 1945: the collapse of European overseas empires|url=https://archive.org/details/decolonizationsi00john|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave|isbn=978-0333746004}} * {{cite book|last1=Weidensaul|first1=Scott|title=The First Frontier: The Forgotten History of Struggle, Savagery, and Endurance in Early America|url=https://archive.org/details/firstfrontierfor0000weid|date=2012|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-15-101515-3 }} ===Historiography=== * {{cite journal |last1=Canny |first1=Nicholas |title=Writing Atlantic History; or, Reconfiguring the History of Colonial British America |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-history_1999-12_86_3/page/1093 |journal=The Journal of American History |date=1999 |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=1093–1114 |doi=10.2307/2568607 |jstor=2568607 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Hinderaker |first1=Eric |last2=Horn |first2=Rebecca |title=Territorial Crossings: Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_william-and-mary-quarterly_2010-07_67_3/page/395 |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |date=2010 |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=395–432 |doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.67.3.395 |jstor=10.5309/willmaryquar.67.3.395 }} {{refend}} ==Other websites== * {{Commons category-inline}} {{DEFAULTSORT:British Colonization Of The Americas}} [[Category:History of the British Isles]] [[Category:Colonialism]] 6ekzp3jf44lu4c0d3c3o5z1pqmqr9lr 11024469 11024459 2026-10-09T07:02:37Z ~2026-54329-21 1887415 /* */ 11024469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Oxford spelling}} {{Use dmy dates}} [[File:British in the Americas.PNG|thumb|The colonies of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] in the [[Americas]]]] The '''British colonization of the Americas''' is the [[history]] of the first relationships between [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] with [[North America|North]], [[South America|South,]] and [[Central America]] and the [[Caribbean]]. This relationship was very friendly and everyone who got killed or enslaved always said thank you. It is called [[colonization]] because an outside group forcefully took control of land and resources. This land that was taken over was called a [[colony]]. Between the late 1610s and the [[American Revolutionary War|American Revolution]], the British sent between 50,000 and 120,000 [[criminals]] to their American colonies.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Butler|first1=James Davie|date=1896|title=British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1896-10_2_1/page/12|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=2|issue=1|pages=12–33|doi=10.2307/1833611|jstor=1833611}}</ref><ref>Thomas Keneally, ''The Commonwealth of Thieves'', Random House Publishing, Sydney, 2005.{{pn|date=June 2024}}</ref> == History == Britain was not the first European country to build colonies in the Americas. People from [[Scandinavia]] built a colony called [[Vinland]] in the area of [[Newfoundland]] (now part of Canada) around 1000 AD. In 1492, [[Christopher Columbus]] told [[Spain]] about islands in the Carribean and it also built colonies. === 1500s - 1600s === English colonization started in 1585, when Sir [[Walter Raleigh]] built the doomed [[Roanoke Colony]]. The first successful English colony in the Americas was built in [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], [[Virginia]], in 1607. Around 30,000 [[Algonquian peoples]] lived in the region at the time. In 1620, a group of mostly [[Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrim]] people came to North America because they disagreed with [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] England about [[religion]]. They built a colony on the [[coast]] of what is now [[Massachusetts]]. These two were the first of many North American colonies. The English also took over land in the [[Caribbean]], including [[Barbados]] and [[Jamaica]]. In the 1670s, England took over control of [[New Netherland]] from the [[Dutch people|Dutch.]] In 1763, Britain took control of the [[Canada (New France)|French colony of Canada]], France's territory east of the [[Mississippi River]], and several Caribbean territories === 1700s - 1800s === Many of the North American colonies separated from Britain by winning the [[American Revolutionary War]], which ended in 1783. [[Historian|Historians]] refer to the British Empire after 1783 as the "Second British Empire." Britain cared about taking over [[Economy|economic]] control of [[Asia]] and [[Africa]] more than taking over land in the Americas. However, it did take over [[British Columbia]], [[Trinidad]], and [[British Guiana]] and build the [[Falkland Islands]] and [[British Honduras]]. Most of the remaining colonies in North American joined the [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation of Canada]] in the 1860s or 1870s, though [[Newfoundland]] did not [[1948 Newfoundland referendums|join Canada until 1949]]. Britain stopped all control of Canada with the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]]. However, Britain and Canada are still connected. Canada recognizes the [[British monarch]] as [[head of state]]. === 1900s - today === Other British colonies became [[Country|countries]] during the [[Cold War]]. Many joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] to work together. Colonies that did not become countries are now called [[British Overseas Territories]]. ==First failed colonies== {{Further|Pre-Columbian era|Age of Discovery|European colonization of the Americas}}England wanted to colonize North America to help in its [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|religious war]] with Spain. A colony would provide a home for English [[privateer]]s such as [[Francis Drake]] and [[Humphrey Gilbert]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n125 98]-100}}</ref> [[Walter Raleigh]] paid for 500 men to go to [[Roanoke Island]]. In 1584, they began to build a colony there.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n127 100]-102}}</ref> However, these men were not ready to live in North America. By 1590, they disappeared. People are not sure where they went. But many think that some of them left to find a new home, while others became part of local [[Native American]] groups.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n130 103]-107}}</ref> People also tried to build a colony in Newfoundland. But this failed, too.<ref>James (1997), p. 5</ref> Still, the English wanted to build colonies to help their [[economy]] and [[military]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n139 112]}}</ref> ==Early colonization, 1607–1630== [[File:James I of England 404446.jpg|thumb|[[James VI and I|King James I of England]] (1603–1625) was the king when people built Jamestown.]] In 1606, King [[James VI and I|James I of England]] allowed both the [[Plymouth Company]] and the [[London Company]] to build homes in North America. === Jamestown === In 1607, the London Company built a permanent colony at [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] on the [[Chesapeake Bay]]. About 30,000 Algonquian peoples lived in the region at the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=English Colonization Begins |url=https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3574 |website=Digital History |publisher=University of Houston}}</ref> However, the colonists at Jamestown found it very hard to live in Virginia. 1700 moved in, but by 1617, only 351 were alive.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=113–115}} Even though it was difficult, the settlers made a lot of money growing tobacco. This made more people move in. However, fighting with Native Americans took a lot of money. When the London Company ran out of money, the King took over. At this point, Jamestown and the area around it started to be called the [[Colony of Virginia]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=116–117}} === Bermuda === The first British people to live in [[Bermuda]] arrived in 1609 as an accident. People on the ship [[Sea Venture]] tried to go to Jamestown, but they stopped in Bermuda instead to avoid a hurricane. Most of them left for Jamestown in 1610. Only a few people stayed in Bermuda until 1612. Then more people arrived, including the first real leader, the Lieutenant-Governor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bermuda - History and Heritage|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/bermuda-history-and-heritage-14340790/|access-date=6 September 2019|website=Smithsonian.com}}</ref> Bermuda had more people and made more money then Jamestown at first. It made money from selling [[tobacco]]. In the 1620s, Virginia and colonies in the [[Caribbean]] also started to make money from selling tobacco. This meant that Bermuda's tobacco was worth less money. Farmers in Bermuda started to grow food instead.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} === Popham Colony === The Plymouth Company's [[Popham Colony]] did not last. Their first colony that lasted was built by a group of English [[Puritanism|Puritans]], a group that believed in a different type of [[Protestantism|Protestant Christianity]] than most of England.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n219 178]-179}}</ref> The people in this group who left England in 1620 are called the [[Pilgrims]] today.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n179 152]-157}}</ref> The Pilgrims moved across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] on the ''[[Mayflower (ship)|Mayflower]]''. Their first winter was very difficult. About fifty of the one hundred colonists died. In 1621, the Pilgrims became [[Alliance|allies]] with the nearby [[Wampanoag]] group of Native Americans. They helped the Pilgrims to farm better and traded fur and other items with them.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n180 153]-157}}</ref> At first, the English struggled to make money from taking over the Caribbean. In 1604, they tried to find gold in [[British Guiana|Guiana]] but failed.<ref>Canny (1998), p. 71</ref> They also failed in [[Saint Lucia|St Lucia]]&nbsp;(1605) and [[Grenada]]&nbsp;(1609).<ref>Canny (1998), p. 221</ref> Colonists failed to grow tobacco in [[Barbados]], but did well at growing [[sugar]].<ref name="james17">James (1997), p. 17</ref> ==Growth, 1630–1689== {{Simplifying}}[[File:English overseas possessions in 1700.png|thumb|English overseas possessions in 1700]] ===West Indies colonies=== Because Barbados was successful, England built more colonies in [[St. Kitts]], [[Antigua]], [[Nevis]], and [[Montserrat]].<ref name="james17" /> England also took over colonies that other [[Empire|empires]] had built, including [[Jamaica]] and the [[Caiman Islands]] from Spain<ref>James (1997), pp. 30–31</ref> and the islands of the [[British Virgin Islands]] from the Netherlands.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} These colonies grew sugar using the [[plantation]] plan and [[Slavery|slave]]<nowiki/>s.<ref>Lloyd (1996), pp.&nbsp;22–23.</ref> Money from selling sugar made these colonies important to England.<ref>Hilary Beckles, "The 'Hub of Empire': The Caribbean and Britain in the Seventeenth Century", ''The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume 1 The Origins of Empire'', ed. by Nicholas Canny (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 222.</ref> Britain brought 3.5 million African slaves [[Atlantic slave trade|across the Atlantic Ocean,]] mostly from [[West Africa]] and [[Madagascar]].<ref>Ferguson (2004), p. 62</ref> <ref>James (1997), p. 24</ref> ===Establishment of the Thirteen Colonies=== {{Main|Thirteen Colonies}} ====New England Colonies==== [[File:Thirteencolonies politics cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Thirteen Colonies]] of North America:<br /> Dark Red = [[New England Colonies|New England colonies]].<br /> Bright Red = [[Middle Colonies|Middle Atlantic colonies]].<br /> Red-brown = [[Southern Colonies|Southern colonies]].]] More English groups built colonies in [[New England]]. In 1629, a group of Puritans led by [[John Winthrop]] built the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]. By 1635, around ten thousand English settlers lived between the [[Connecticut River]] and the [[Kennebec River]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=157–159}} After defeating the [[Pequot]] in the [[Pequot War]], Puritans built the [[Connecticut Colony]] where the Pequots had lived.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=161–167}} The [[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations]] was built by [[Roger Williams]]. Williams was a Puritan leader. He was not allowed to stay in the Massachusetts Bay Colony because he wanted to leave the [[Church of England]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=196–197}} It was difficult to grow food in New England, so people fished and traded to make money and get what they needed.<ref name="Taylor 2016, p. 19">Taylor (2016), p. 19</ref> ====Southern Colonies==== In 1632, [[Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore]] founded the [[Province of Maryland]] to the north of Virginia.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=262–263}} Maryland and Virginia became known as the [[Chesapeake Colonies]], and experienced similar immigration and economic activities.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=203–204}} Though Baltimore and his descendants intended for the colony to be a refuge for Catholics, it attracted mostly Protestant immigrants, many of whom scorned the Calvert family's policy of religious toleration.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=303–304}} In the mid-17th century, the Chesapeake Colonies, inspired by the success of slavery in Barbados, began the mass [[History of slavery in Virginia|importation of African slaves]]. Though many early slaves eventually gained their freedom, after 1662 Virginia adopted policies that passed [[Partus sequitur ventrem|enslaved status from mother to child]] and granted slave owners near-total domination of their human property.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=272}} 640 miles (1,030&nbsp;km) East-South-East of [[Cape Hatteras]], in the Virginia Company's other former settlement, the Somers Isles, alias the Islands of Bermuda, where the spin-off Somers Isles Company still administered, the company and its shareholders in England only earned profits from the export of tobacco, placing them increasingly at odds with Bermudians for whom tobacco had become unprofitable to cultivate. As only those landowners who could attend the company's annual meetings in England were permitted to vote on company policy, the company worked to suppress the developing maritime economy of the colonists and to force the production of tobacco, which required unsustainable farming practices as more was required to be produced to make up for the diminished value. As many of the class of moneyed businessmen who were adventurers in the company were aligned to the Parliamentary cause during the [[English Civil War]], Bermuda was one of the [[English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|colonies that sided with the Crown during the war]], being the first to recognise [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] after the execution of his father. With control of their Assembly and the militia and volunteer [[coastal artillery]], the Royalist majority deposed the company-appointed Governor (by the 1630s, the company had ceased sending Governors to Bermuda and had instead appointed a succession of prominent Bermudians to the role, including religious Independent and Parliamentarian [[William Sayle]]) by force of arms and elected John Trimingham to replace him. Many of Bermuda's religious Independents, who had sided with Parliament, were forced into exile. Although some of the newer continental colonies settled largely by anti-Episcopalian Protestants sided with Parliament during the war, Virginia and other colonies like Bermuda supported the Crown and were subjected to the measures laid out in [[An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego]] until Parliament was able to force them to acknowledge its sovereignty. Bermudian anger at the policies of the Somers Isles Company ultimately saw them take their complaints to the Crown after [[Restoration in the English colonies|The Restoration]], leading to the Crown revoking the Royal Charter of the Somers Isles Company and taking over direct administration of Bermuda in 1684. From that date, Bermudians abandoned agriculture, diversifying their maritime industry to occupy many niches of inter-colonial trade between North America and the West Indies. Bermudians limited landmass and high birth rate meant that a steady outflow from the colony contributed about 10,000 settlers to other colonies, notably the southern continental colonies (including [[Carolina Province]], which was settled from Bermuda in 1670), as well as West Indian settlements, including the [[Providence Island colony]] in 1631, the [[Bahamas]] (settled by [[Eleutheran Adventurers]], Parliament-allied Civil War exiles from Bermuda, under William Sayle in the 1640s), and the seasonal occupation of the [[Turks and Caicos Islands|Turks Islands]] from 1681. Encouraged by the apparent weakness of Spanish rule in [[Spanish Florida|Florida]], Barbadian planter [[John Colleton]] and seven other supporters of [[Charles II of England]] established the [[Province of Carolina]] in 1663.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=236–238}} Settlers in the Carolina Colony established two main population centers, with many Virginians settling in the north of the province and many English Barbadians settling in the southern port city of [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charles Town]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=319}} In 1712, Carolina was divided into the crown colonies of [[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]] and [[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Hugh T. Lefler and William S. Powell |title=Colonial North Carolina: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/colonialnorthcar00hugh |url-access=registration |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons, New York |year=1973|isbn=9780684135366 |page=80}}</ref> The colonies of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina (as well as the [[Province of Georgia]], which was established in 1732) became known as the [[Southern Colonies]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Southern Colonies [ushistory.org]|url=https://www.ushistory.org/us/5.asp|access-date=2020-09-15|website=www.ushistory.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Settling the Southern Colonies {{!}} Boundless US History|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/settling-the-southern-colonies/|access-date=2020-09-15|website=courses.lumenlearning.com}}</ref> ====Middle Colonies==== [[File:James II (1685).jpg|thumb|[[James II of England|James II]] established the [[Colony of New York]] and the [[Dominion of New England]]. He succeeded his brother as King of England in 1685 but was overthrown in the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688.]] Beginning in 1609, Dutch traders had established fur trading posts on the [[Hudson River]], [[Delaware River]], and [[Connecticut River]], ultimately creating the Dutch colony of [[New Netherland]], with a capital at [[New Amsterdam]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=138–140}} In 1657, New Netherland expanded through conquest of [[New Sweden]], a [[Sweden|Swedish]] colony centered in the [[Delaware Valley]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=262}} Despite commercial success, New Netherland failed to attract the same level of settlement as the English colonies.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=215–217}} In 1664, during a [[Anglo-Dutch Wars|series of wars]] between the English and Dutch, English soldier [[Richard Nicolls]] captured New Netherland.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=248–249}} The Dutch briefly regained control of parts of New Netherland in the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]], but surrendered its claim to the territory in the 1674 [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)|Treaty of Westminster]], ending the Dutch colonial presence in North America.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=261}} In 1664, the [[Duke of York]], later known as [[James II of England]], was granted control of the English colonies north of the Delaware River. He created the [[Province of New York]] out of the former Dutch territory and renamed New Amsterdam as [[New York City]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=247–249}} He also created the provinces of [[West Jersey]] and [[East Jersey]] out of former Dutch land situated to the west of New York City, giving the territories to [[John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton|John Berkeley]] and [[George Carteret]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=249–251}} East Jersey and West Jersey would later be unified as the [[Province of New Jersey]] in 1702.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=252–253}} Charles II rewarded [[William Penn]], the son of distinguished [[William Penn (Royal Navy officer)|Admiral William Penn]], with the land situated between Maryland and the Jerseys. Penn named this land the [[Province of Pennsylvania]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=373}} Penn was also granted a lease to the [[Delaware Colony]], which gained its own legislature in 1701.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=251}} A devout [[Quaker]], Penn sought to create a haven of [[religious toleration]] in the New World.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=251}} Pennsylvania attracted Quakers and other settlers from across Europe, and the city of [[Philadelphia]] quickly emerged as a thriving port city.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=357}} With its fertile and cheap land, Pennsylvania became one of the most attractive destinations for immigrants in the late 17th century.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=358}} New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware became known as the [[Middle Colonies]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Economy of British America, 1607-1789|url=https://archive.org/details/economyofbritish0000mccu|last1=McCusker|first1=John J.|author1-link = John J. McCusker |last2=Menard|first2=Russell R.|date=1991|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|jstor=10.5149/9781469600000_mccusker |isbn=978-0-8078-4351-2 }}</ref> ===Hudson's Bay Company=== In 1670, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] incorporated by [[royal charter]] the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC), granting it a monopoly on the [[North American fur trade|fur trade]] in the area known as [[Rupert's Land]]. Forts and trading posts established by the HBC were frequently the subject of attacks by the French.<ref>Bucker (2008), p. 25</ref> ===Darien scheme=== In 1695, the [[Parliament of Scotland]] granted a charter to the [[Company of Scotland]], which established a settlement in 1698 on the [[Isthmus of Panama]]. Besieged by neighbouring Spanish colonists of [[New Kingdom of Granada|New Granada]], and afflicted by [[malaria]], the colony was abandoned two years later. The [[Darien scheme]] was a financial disaster for Scotland—a quarter of Scottish capital<ref>Magnusson (2003), p. 531</ref> was lost in the enterprise—and ended Scottish hopes of establishing its own overseas empire. The episode also had major political consequences, persuading the governments of both England and Scotland of the merits of a union of countries, rather than just crowns.<ref>Macaulay (1848), p. 509</ref> This occurred in 1707 with the [[Treaty of Union]], establishing the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. {{clear}} ==Expansion and conflict, 1689–1763== {{Simplifying}} ===Settlement and expansion in North America=== After succeeding his brother in 1685, King James II and his lieutenant, [[Edmund Andros]], sought to assert the crown's authority over colonial affairs.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=290–294}} James was deposed by the new joint monarchy of [[William III of England|William]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary]] in the [[Glorious Revolution]],{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=300–301}} but William and Mary quickly reinstated many of the James's colonial policies, including the [[Mercantilism|mercantilist]] Navigation Acts and the [[Board of Trade]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=310–311, 328}} The Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony and the [[Province of Maine]] were incorporated into the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]], and New York and the Massachusetts Bay Colony were reorganized as royal colonies, with a governor appointed by the king.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=314–315}} Maryland, which had experienced a [[Protestant Revolution (Maryland)|revolution]] against the Calvert family, also became a royal colony, though the Calverts retained much of their land and revenue in the colony.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=315}} Even those colonies that retained their charters or proprietors were forced to assent to much greater royal control than had existed before the 1690s.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=315–316}} Between immigration, the importation of slaves, and natural population growth, the colonial population in [[British North America]] grew immensely in the 18th century. According to historian Alan Taylor, the population of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] (the British North American colonies which would eventually form the United States) stood at 1.5 million in 1750.<ref>Taylor (2016), p. 20</ref> More than ninety percent of the colonists lived as farmers, though cities like Philadelphia, New York, and [[Boston]] flourished.<ref>Taylor (2016), p. 23</ref> With the defeat of the Dutch and the imposition of the Navigation Acts, the British colonies in North America became part of the global British trading network. The colonists traded foodstuffs, wood, tobacco, and various other resources for Asian tea, West Indian coffee, and West Indian sugar, among other items.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=329–330}} Native Americans far from the Atlantic coast supplied the Atlantic market with beaver fur and deerskins, and sought to preserve their independence by maintaining a balance of power between the French and English.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=332–336}} By 1770, the economic output of the Thirteen Colonies made up forty percent of the [[gross domestic product]] of the British Empire.<ref>Taylor (2016), p. 25</ref> Prior to 1660, almost all immigrants to the English colonies of North America had migrated freely, though most paid for their passage by becoming [[indentured servant]]s.<ref>James (1997), pp. 10–11</ref> Improved economic conditions and an easing of religious persecution in Europe made it increasingly difficult to recruit labor to the colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries. Partly due to this shortage of free labor, the population of slaves in British North America grew dramatically between 1680 and 1750; the growth was driven by a mixture of forced immigration and the reproduction of slaves.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=346–347}} In the Southern Colonies, which relied most heavily on slave labor, the slaves supported vast plantation economies lorded over by increasingly wealthy elites.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=346–347, 351–352}} By 1775, slaves made up one-fifth of the population of the Thirteen Colonies but less than ten percent of the population of the Middle Colonies and New England Colonies.<ref>Taylor (2016), p. 21</ref> Though a smaller proportion of the English population migrated to British North America after 1700, the colonies attracted new immigrants from other European countries,<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 18-19</ref> including Catholic settlers from [[Ireland]]{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=360}} and Protestant Germans.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=362}} As the 18th century progressed, colonists began to settle far from the Atlantic coast. Pennsylvania, Virginia, Connecticut, and Maryland all lay claim to the land in the [[Ohio River]] valley, and the colonies engaged in a scramble to expand west.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=373–374}} Following the 1684 revocation of the Somers Isles Company's Royal Charter, seafaring Bermudians established an inter-colonial trade network, with [[Charleston, South Carolina]] (settled from Bermuda in 1670 under William Sayle, and on the same latitude as Bermuda, although Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, is the nearest landfall to Bermuda) forming a continental hub for their trade (Bermuda itself produced only ships and seamen).<ref>Jarvis, Michael (2010). In the Eye of All Trade. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 386–391. {{ISBN|9780807872840}}.</ref> The widespread activities and settlement of Bermudians has resulted in [[Bermuda (disambiguation)|many localities named after Bermuda]] dotting the map of North America. ===Wars with the French and Spanish=== [[File:Non-Native Nations Claim over NAFTA countries 1763.png|thumb|After the end of the French and Indian War in 1763, North America was dominated by the British and Spanish Empires]] The Glorious Revolution and the succession of William III, who had long resisted French hegemony as the [[Stadtholder]] of the [[Dutch Republic]], ensured that England and its colonies would come into conflict with the [[French colonial empire|French empire]] of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] after 1689.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=296–298}} Under the leadership of [[Samuel de Champlain]], the French had established [[Quebec City]] on the St Lawrence River in 1608, and it became the center of French colony of [[Canada (New France)|Canada]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=130–135}} France and England engaged in a proxy war via Native American allies during and after the [[Nine Years' War]], while the powerful [[Iroquois]] declared their neutrality.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=317–318}} War between France and England continued in [[Queen Anne's War]], the North American component of the larger [[War of the Spanish Succession]]. In the 1713 [[Treaty of Utrecht]], which ended the War of Spanish Succession, the British won possession of the French territories of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Acadia]], the latter of which was renamed [[Nova Scotia]].<ref name="Taylor 2016, p. 19"/> In the 1730s, [[James Oglethorpe]] proposed that the area south of the Carolinas be colonized to provide a buffer against Spanish Florida, and he was part of a group of trustees that were granted temporary proprietorship over the [[Province of Georgia]]. Oglethorpe and his compatriots hoped to establish a utopian colony that banned slavery, but by 1750 the colony remained sparsely populated, and Georgia became a crown colony in 1752.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=358–359}} In 1754, the Ohio Company started to build a fort at the confluence of the [[Allegheny River]] and the [[Monongahela River]]. A larger French force initially chased the Virginians away, but was forced to retreat after the [[Battle of Jumonville Glen]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=385–387}} After reports of the battle reached the French and British capitals, the [[Seven Years' War]] broke out in 1756; the North American component of this war is known as the [[French and Indian War]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=388–389}} After the [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Duke of Newcastle]] returned to power as Prime Minister in 1757, he and his foreign minister, [[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|William Pitt]], devoted unprecedented financial resources to the transoceanic conflict.<ref>Taylor (2016), p. 45</ref> The British won a series of victories after 1758, [[Conquest of 1760|conquering]] much of New France by the end of 1760. Spain entered the war on France's side in 1762 and promptly lost several American territories to Britain.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=396–398}} The 1763 [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] ended the war, and France surrendered almost all of the portion of New France to the east of the Mississippi River to the British. France separately ceded its lands west of the [[Mississippi River]] to Spain, and Spain ceded Florida to Britain.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=406–407}} With the newly acquired territories, the British created the provinces of [[East Florida]], [[West Florida]], and [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Quebec]], all of which were placed under military governments.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=407–409}} In the Caribbean, Britain retained [[Grenada]], [[Saint Vincent (Antilles)|St. Vincent]], [[Dominica]], and [[Tobago]], but returned control of [[Martinique]], [[Havana]], and other colonial possessions to France or Spain.<ref>James (1997), p. 76</ref> ==The Americans break away, 1763–1783== {{Further|American Revolution|American Revolutionary War}}{{Simplifying}}[[File:Non-Native Nations Claim over NAFTA countries 1783.png|thumb|[[North America]] after the [[1783 Treaty of Paris]]]] The British subjects of North America believed the [[Constitution of the United Kingdom|unwritten British constitution]] protected their rights and that the governmental system—with the [[House of Commons of Great Britain|House of Commons]], the [[House of Lords]], and the monarch sharing power—found an ideal balance among democracy, oligarchy, and tyranny.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 31-35</ref> However, the British were saddled with huge debts following the French and Indian War. As much of the British debt had been generated by the defense of the colonies, British leaders felt that the colonies should contribute more funds, and they began imposing taxes such as the [[Sugar Act]] of 1764.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 51-53, 94–96</ref> Increased British control of the Thirteen Colonies upset the colonists and upended the notion many colonists held: that they were equal partners in the British Empire.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 51-52</ref> Meanwhile, seeking to avoid another expensive war with Native Americans, Britain issued the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]], which restricted settlement west of the [[Appalachian Mountains]]. However, it was effectively replaced five years later thanks to the [[Treaty of Fort Stanwix]].<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 60-61</ref> The Thirteen Colonies became increasingly divided between [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriots]], opposed to parliamentary taxation without representation, and [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]], who supported the king. In the British colonies nearest to the Thirteen Colonies, however, protests were muted, as most colonists accepted the new taxes. These provinces had smaller populations, were largely dependent on the British military, and had less of a tradition of self-rule.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 102-103, 137-138.</ref> At the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]] in April 1775, the Patriots repulsed a British force charged with seizing militia arsenals.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 132-133</ref> The [[Second Continental Congress]] assembled in May 1775 and sought to coordinate armed resistance to Britain. It established an impromptu government that recruited soldiers and printed its own money. Announcing a permanent break with Britain, the delegates adopted a [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] on 4&nbsp;July 1776 for the United States of America.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. pp. 139-141, 160-161</ref> The French formed a military alliance with the United States in 1778 following the British defeat at the [[Battle of Saratoga]]. Spain joined France in order to regain Gibraltar from Britain.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 187-191</ref> A combined Franco-American operation trapped a British invasion army at [[Yorktown, Virginia]], forcing them to surrender in October 1781.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 293-295</ref> The surrender shocked Britain. The king wanted to keep fighting, but he lost control of Parliament and peace negotiations began.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 295-297</ref> In the 1783 [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]], Britain ceded all of its North American territory south of the [[Great Lakes]], except for the two Florida colonies, which were ceded to Spain.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 306-308</ref> With their close ties of blood and trade with the continental colonies, especially Virginia and South Carolina, Bermudians leaned towards the rebels during the [[American War of Independence]], supplying them with privateering ships and gunpowder, but the power of the [[Royal Navy]] on the surrounding Atlantic left no possibility of their joining the rebellion, and they eventually availed themselves of the opportunities of [[Privateer#Bermudians|privateering]] against their former kinsmen. Although often mistaken for being in the West Indies, Bermuda is nearer to Canada (and was initially grouped within [[British North America]], retaining close links especially with the Nova Scotia and Newfoundland until the continental colonies were confederated into [[Canada]]) than to the West Indies, and the nearest landfall is North Carolina. Following the independence of the United States, this would make Bermuda of supreme importance to Britain's strategic control of the region, including its ability to protect its shipping in the area and its ability to project its power against the Atlantic seaboard of the United States, as was to be shown during the [[American War of 1812]]. Having defeated a combined Franco-Spanish naval force at the decisive 1782 [[Battle of the Saintes]], Britain retained control of Gibraltar and all its pre-war Caribbean possessions except for Tobago.<ref>James (1997), pp. 80–82</ref> Economically, the new nation became a major trading partner of Britain. ==Second British Empire, 1783–1945== {{Simplifying}} [[File:British Empire 1921.png|thumb|The British Empire in 1921]] The loss of a large portion of [[British America]] defined the transition between the "first" and "second" empires, in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific, and later Africa.<ref name="canny92">Canny (1998), p. 92</ref> Influenced by the ideas of [[Adam Smith]], Britain also shifted away from mercantile ideals and began to prioritize the expansion of trade rather than territorial possessions.<ref name="james119165">James (1997), pp. 119–121, 165</ref> During the nineteenth century, some observers described Britain as having an "unofficial" empire based on the export of goods and financial investments around the world, including the newly independent republics of Latin America. Though this unofficial empire did not require direct British political control, it often involved the use of [[gunboat diplomacy]] and military intervention to protect British investments and ensure the free flow of trade.<ref>James (1997), pp. 173–174, 177</ref> From 1793 to 1815, Britain was almost constantly at war, first in the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] and then in the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref>James (1997), p. 151</ref> During the wars, Britain took control of many French, Spanish, and Dutch Caribbean colonies.<ref>James (1997), p. 154</ref> Tensions between Britain and the United States escalated during the Napoleonic Wars, as the United States took advantage of its neutrality to undercut the British embargo on French-controlled ports, and Britain tried to cut off that American trade with France. The Royal Navy, which was desperately short of trained seamen and constantly losing deserters who sought better-paid work under less draconian discipline aboard American merchant vessels, boarded American ships to search for deserters, sometimes resulting in the [[Impressment]] of American sailors into the Royal Navy. The United States, at the same time, coveted the acquisition of Canada, which Britain could ill afford to lose as its naval and merchant fleets had been constructed largely from American timber before United States independence, and from Canadian timber thereafter. Taking advantage of Britain's absorption in its war with France, the United States began the [[American War of 1812]] with the invasion of the Canadas, but the British Army mounted a successful defence with minimal regular forces, supported by militia and native allies, while the Royal Navy blockaded the United States of America's Atlantic coastline from Bermuda, strangling its merchant trade, and carried out amphibious raids including the [[Chesapeake Campaign]] with its [[Burning of Washington]]. As the United States failed to make any gains before British victory against France in 1814 freed British forces from Europe to be wielded against it, and as Britain had no aim in its war with its former colonies other than to defend its remaining continental territory, the war ended with the pre-war boundaries reaffirmed by the 1814 [[Treaty of Ghent]], ensuring Canada's future would be separate from that of the United States.<ref>Jeremy Black, ''The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon'' (2009) pp 204–37.</ref> Following the final defeat of French Emperor [[Napoleon]] in 1815, Britain gained ownership of [[Trinidad]], Tobago, [[British Guiana]], and Saint Lucia, as well as other territories outside of the Western Hemisphere.<ref>James (1997), p. 165</ref> The [[Treaty of 1818]] with the United States set a large portion of the [[Canada–United States border]] at the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]] and also established a joint U.S.–British occupation of [[Oregon Country]].<ref name=JMforeign>{{cite web|title=James Monroe: Foreign Affairs|url=https://millercenter.org/president/monroe/foreign-affairs|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia|access-date=25 February 2017|date=4 October 2016}}</ref> In the 1846 [[Oregon Treaty]], the United States and Britain agreed to split Oregon Country along the 49th parallel north with the exception of [[Vancouver Island]], which was assigned in its entirety to Britain.<ref name="Noakes (2006)">{{cite news |last1=Noakes |first1=Taylor C. |title=Oregon Treaty |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/oregon-treaty |work=The Canadian Encyclopedia }}</ref> After warring throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in both Europe and the Americas, the British and French reached a lasting peace after 1815. Britain would fight only one war (the [[Crimean War]]) against a European power during the remainder of the nineteenth century, and that war did not lead to territorial changes in the Americas.<ref>James (1997), pp. 179–182</ref> However, the British Empire continued to engage in wars such as the [[First Opium War]] against China; it also put down rebellions such as the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the Canadian [[Rebellions of 1837–1838]], and the Jamaican [[Morant Bay rebellion]] of 1865.<ref>James (1997), pp. 190, 193</ref> A strong [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolition movement]] had emerged in the United Kingdom in the late-eighteenth century, and Britain abolished the slave trade in 1807.<ref>James (1997), pp. 185–186</ref> In the mid-nineteenth century, the economies of the British Caribbean colonies would suffer as a result of the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]], which abolished slavery throughout the British Empire, and the [[Sugar Duties Act 1846|1846 Sugar Duties Act]], which ended preferential tariffs for sugar imports from the Caribbean.<ref>James (1997), pp. 171–172</ref> To replace the labor of former slaves, British plantations on Trinidad and other parts of the Caribbean began to hire indentured servants from [[India]] and China.<ref>James (1997), p. 188</ref> ===Establishing the Dominion of Canada=== Despite its defeat in the American Revolutionary War and shift towards a new form of imperialism during the nineteenth century,<ref name="canny92"/><ref name="james119165"/> the British Empire retained numerous colonies in the Americas after 1783. During and after the American Revolutionary War, between 40,000 and 100,000 defeated [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] migrated from the United States to Canada.<ref>Zolberg (2006), p. 496</ref> The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the [[Saint John River (New Brunswick)|Saint John]] and [[Saint Croix River (Maine – New Brunswick)|Saint Croix river]] valleys, then part of [[Nova Scotia]], felt too far removed from the provincial government in Halifax, so London split off [[New Brunswick]] as a separate colony in 1784.<ref>Kelley & Trebilcock (2010), p. 43</ref> The [[Constitutional Act of 1791]] created the provinces of [[Upper Canada]] (mainly English-speaking) and [[Lower Canada]] (mainly [[French language|French-speaking]]) to defuse tensions between the French and British communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution.<ref name="smith2829">Smith (1998), p. 28</ref> The British also expanded their mercantile interests in the North Pacific. Spain and Britain had become rivals in the area which came to a head with the [[Nootka Crisis]] in 1789. Both sides mobilised for war, and Spain counted on France for support but when France refused, Spain had to back down and capitulated to British terms leading to the [[Nootka Convention]]. The outcome of the crisis was a humiliation for Spain and a triumph for Britain, for the former had practically renounced all sovereignty on the North Pacific coast.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blackmar |first1=Frank Wilson |title=Spanish Institutions of the Southwest Issue 10 of Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science |date=1891 |publisher=Hopkins Press |page=335 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F11GAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> This opened the way to British expansion in that area, and a number of expeditions took place; firstly a [[Vancouver Expedition|naval expedition]] led by [[George Vancouver]] which explored the inlets around the Pacific NorthWest, particularly around [[Vancouver Island]].<ref name= pethick0>{{cite book |last= Pethick |first= Derek |title= The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790–1795 |url= https://archive.org/details/nootkaconnection0000peth |url-access= registration |year= 1980 |publisher= Douglas & McIntyre |location= Vancouver |isbn= 978-0-88894-279-1 |page = [https://archive.org/details/nootkaconnection0000peth/page/18 18]}}</ref> On land, expeditions took place hoping for a discovery of a practicable river route to the Pacific for the extension of the [[North American fur trade]] (the [[North West Company]]). [[Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)|Sir Alexander Mackenzie]] led the first starting out in 1792, and a year a later he became the first European to reach the Pacific overland north of the [[Rio Grande]] reaching the ocean near present-day [[Bella Coola, British Columbia|Bella Coola]]. This preceded the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] by twelve years. Shortly thereafter, Mackenzie's companion, [[John Finlay (fur trader)|John Finlay]], founded the first permanent European settlement in [[British Columbia]], [[Fort St. John, British Columbia|Fort St. John]]. The North West Company sought further explorations firstly by [[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]], starting in 1797, and later by [[Simon Fraser (explorer)|Simon Fraser]]. More expedition took place in the early 1800s and pushed into the wilderness territories of the [[Rocky Mountains]] and Interior Plateau and all the way to the [[Strait of Georgia]] on the Pacific Coast expanding [[British North America]] Westward.<ref name=innes>{{cite book|last=Innis |first=Harold A |title=The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=University of Toronto Press |orig-year=1930 |date=2001 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-0-8020-8196-4 |url={{google books|eCgps70cHV4C|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> In 1815, Lieutenant-General Sir [[George Prevost]] was ''Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and over the Provinces of Upper-Canada, Lower-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New~Brunswick, and their several Dependencies, Vice-Admiral of the same, Lieutenant-General and Commander of all His Majesty's Forces in the said Provinces of Lower Canada and Upper-Canada, Nova-Scotia and New-Brunswick, and their several Dependencies, and in the islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward, Cape Breton and the Bermudas, &c. &c. &c.'' Beneath Prevost, the staff of the British Army in ''the Provinces of Nova-Scotia, New-Brunswick, and their Dependencies, including the Islands of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward and Bermuda'' were under the Command of Lieutenant-General Sir [[John Coape Sherbrooke]]. Below Sherbrooke, the [[Bermuda Garrison]] was under the immediate control of the Lieutenant-[[Governor of Bermuda]], Major-General [[George Horsford]] (although the Lieutenant-Governor of Bermuda was eventually restored to a full civil Governorship, in his military role as Commander-in-Chief of Bermuda he remained subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief in Halifax, and naval and ecclesiastic links between Bermuda the [[Maritimes]] also remained; The military links were severed by Canadian confederation at the end of the 1860s, which resulted in the removal of the British Army from Canada and its Commander-in-Chief from Halifax when the Canadian Government took responsibility for the defence of Canada; The naval links remained until the Royal Navy withdrew from Halifax in 1905, handing its dockyard there over to the [[Royal Canadian Navy]]; The established [[Anglican Church of Bermuda|Church of England in Bermuda]], within which the Governor held office as [[Ordinary (church officer)|Ordinary]], remained linked to the colony of [[Newfoundland]] under the same [[Diocese of Newfoundland|Bishop]] until 1919).<ref>''The Quebec Almanack'', 1815</ref> In response to the Rebellions of 1837–1838,<ref name="smith2829"/> Britain passed the [[Act of Union 1840|Act of Union]] in 1840, which united Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the [[Province of Canada]]. [[Responsible government]] was first granted to [[Nova Scotia]] in 1848, and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies. With the passage of the [[British North America Act, 1867]] by the [[British Parliament]], Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were formed into the confederation of [[Canada]].<ref>Porter (1998), p.&nbsp;187</ref> Rupert's Land (which was divided into [[Manitoba]] and the [[Northwest Territories]]), British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island joined Canada by the end of 1873, but Newfoundland would not join Canada until 1949.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Like other British [[dominions]] such as [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and [[South Africa]], Canada enjoyed autonomy over its domestic affairs but recognized the British monarch as [[head of state]] and cooperated closely with Britain on defense issues.<ref>James (1997), pp. 311–312, 341</ref> After the passage of the 1931 [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]],<ref>Rhodes, Wanna & Weller (2009), pp. 5–15</ref> Canada and other dominions were fully independent of British legislative control; they could nullify [[Law of the United Kingdom|British laws]] and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent.<ref>Turpin & Tomkins, p. 48</ref> United States independence, and the closure of its ports to British trade, combined with growing peace in the region which reduced the risk to shipping (resulting in smaller evasive merchantmen, such as those that Bermudian shipbuilders turned out, losing favour to larger [[clipper]]s), and the advent of metal hulls and steam engines, were to slowly strangle Bermuda's maritime economy, while its newfound importance as a Royal Navy and British Army base from which the [[North America and West Indies Station]] could be controlled meant increasing interest from the British Government in its governance. Bermuda was grouped with British North America, especially Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (its closest British neighbours), following United States Independence. When war with France followed the [[French Revolution]], a [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|Royal Naval Dockyard]] was established at Bermuda in 1795, which was to alternate with [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax]] (Bermuda during the summers and Halifax during the winters) as the Royal Navy [[Admiralty House, Bermuda|headquarters]] and main base for the ''River St. Lawrence and Coast of America Station'' (which was to become the ''North America Station'' in 1813, the ''North America and Lakes of Canada Station'' in 1816, the ''North America and Newfoundland Station'' in 1821, the [[North America and West Indies Station]] about 1820, and finally the ''America and West Indies Station'' from 1915 to 1956) before becoming the year-round headquarters and main base from about 1818. The regular [[Bermuda Garrison|army garrison]] (established in 1701 but withdrawn in 1784) was re-established in 1794 and grew during the Nineteenth Century to be one of the British Army's largest, relative to Bermuda's size. The blockade of the Atlantic seaboard ports of the United States and the [[Chesapeake Campaign]] (including the [[Burning of Washington]]) were orchestrated from Bermuda during the [[American War of 1812]]. Preparations for similar operations were carried out in Bermuda when the [[Trent Affair]] nearly brought Britain to war with the United States during the [[American Civil War]] (Bermuda had already been serving as the primary tran-shipment point for British and European manufactured arms which were smuggled into [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] ports, especially Charleston, South Carolina, by [[blockade runner]]s; cotton was brought out from the same ports by the blockade runners to be traded at Bermuda for the war materiel), and Bermuda played important roles (as a naval base, trans-Atlantic convoy forming-up point, as a connecting point in the [[Cable & Wireless plc|Cable and Wireless]] Nova Scotia-to-British West Indies submarine telegraph cable, as a wireless station, and from the 1930s as a site for airbases used as a staging point for trans-Atlantic flights and for operating anti-submarine air patrols over the North Atlantic) in the Atlantic theatre of the [[First World War]] and in the [[Battle of the Atlantic]] during the [[Second World War]], when the already existing Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force bases were joined by a Royal Canadian Navy base and naval and air bases of the allied United States. It remained a vital air and naval base during the Cold War, with American and Canadian bases existing alongside the British ones from the Second World War until 1995. ===British Honduras and Falkland Islands=== In the early 17th century, English sailors had begun cutting [[logwood]] in parts of coastal [[Central America]] over which the Spanish exercised little control. By the early 18th century, a small British settlement had been established on the [[Belize River]], though the Spanish refused to recognize British control over the region and frequently evicted British settlers. In the 1783 Treaty of Paris and the 1786 [[Convention of London (1786)|Convention of London]], Spain gave Britain the right to cut logwood and [[mahogany]] in the area between the [[Hondo River (Belize)|Hondo River]] and the Belize River, but Spain retained sovereignty over this area. Following the 1850 [[Clayton–Bulwer Treaty]] with the United States, Britain agreed to evacuate its settlers from the [[Bay Islands Department|Bay Islands]] and the [[Mosquito Coast]], but it retained control of the settlement on the Belize River. In 1862, Britain established the crown colony of the [[British Honduras]] at this location.<ref name="cs">Bolland, Nigel. "Belize: Historical Setting". In [https://web.archive.org/web/19990117033536/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bztoc.html ''A Country Study: Belize''] (Tim Merrill, editor). [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (January 1992).</ref> The British first established a presence on the [[Falkland Islands]] in 1765 but were compelled to withdraw for economic reasons related to the American War of Independence in 1774.<ref>{{cite book | last = Gibran | first = Daniel | title = The Falklands War: Britain Versus the Past in the South Atlantic | url = https://archive.org/details/falklandswarbrit0000gibr | year = 1998 | publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc. | location = Jefferson, North Carolina | isbn = 978-0-7864-0406-3 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/falklandswarbrit0000gibr/page/26 26]–27}}</ref> The islands continued to be used by British sealers and whalers, although the settlement of [[Port Egmont]] was destroyed by the Spanish in 1780. Argentina attempted to establish a colony in the ruins of the former Spanish settlement of [[Puerto Soledad]], which ended with the [[Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833)|British return]] in 1833. The British governed the uninhabited [[South Georgia Island]], which had been claimed by Captain [[James Cook]] in 1775, as a dependency of the Falkland Islands.<ref>R.K. Headland, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ ''The Island of South Georgia''], Cambridge University Press, 1984. {{ISBN|0-521-25274-1}}</ref> ==Decolonization and overseas territories, 1945–present== {{Simplifying}} ===Successful independence movements=== [[File:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations.svg|thumb|The [[Commonwealth of Nations]] consists of former territories of the British Empire in the Americas and elsewhere]] With the onset of the [[Cold War]] in the late 1940s, the British government began to assemble plans for the independence of the empire's colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. British authorities initially planned for a three-decades-long process in which each colony would develop a self-governing and democratic parliament, but unrest and fears of Communist infiltration in the colonies encouraged the British to speed up the move towards self-governance.<ref>James (1997), p. 538–539</ref> Compared to other European empires, which experienced wars of independence such as the [[Algerian War]] and the [[Portuguese Colonial War]], the British post-war process of decolonization in the Caribbean was relatively peaceful.<ref>James (1997), pp. 588–589</ref> In an attempt to unite its Caribbean colonies, Britain established the [[West Indies Federation]] in 1958. The federation collapsed following the loss of its two largest members, Jamaica and Trinidad, each of which attained independence in 1962; Trinidad formed a union with Tobago to become the country of [[Trinidad and Tobago]].<ref name="knight14">Knight & Palmer (1989), pp. 14–15.</ref> The eastern Caribbean islands, as well as the Bahamas, gained independence in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.<ref name="knight14"/> [[Guyana]] achieved independence in 1966. Britain's last colony on the American mainland, [[British Honduras]], became a [[self-governing colony]] in 1964 and was renamed [[Belize]] in 1973, achieving full independence in 1981. A [[Belizean-Guatemalan territorial dispute|dispute with Guatemala]] over claims to Belize was left unresolved.<ref>Lloyd (1996), pp.&nbsp;401, 427–29.</ref> ===Remaining territories=== {{main|British Overseas Territories}} Though many of the Caribbean territories of the British Empire gained independence, [[Anguilla]] and the [[Turks and Caicos Islands]] opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence.<ref>Clegg (2005), p. 128.</ref> The [[British Virgin Islands]], Bermuda, the [[Cayman Islands]], [[Montserrat]], and the [[Falkland Islands]] also remain under the jurisdiction of Britain.<ref>James (1997), p. 622</ref> In 1982, Britain defeated [[Argentina]] in the [[Falklands War]], an undeclared war in which Argentina attempted to seize control of the Falkland Islands.<ref>James (1997), pp. 624–626</ref> In 1983, the [[British Nationality Act 1981]] renamed the existing British colonies as "British dependent territories".{{efn|Schedule 6 of the [[British Nationality Act 1981]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61/schedule/6/enacted |title=British Nationality Act 1981, Schedule 6 |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401094630/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61/schedule/6/enacted |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> reclassified the remaining [[Self-governing colony|self-governing colonies]] (those with their own elected legislatures and a degree of autonomy, such as Bermuda) and [[Crown colony|Crown colonies]] (those without elected legislatures, which were governed entirely by British Government-appointed Governors with advisory councils, such as Hong Kong) as "British Dependent Territories".}} Historically, colonials shared the same citizenship (although [[Magna Carta]] had effectively created English citizenship, citizens were still termed ''subjects of the King of England'' or ''English subjects''. With the union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland, this was replaced with ''British subject'', which encompassed citizens throughout the sovereign territory of the British government, including the colonies) as Britons. Although historically all British subjects had the right to vote for candidates, or to themselves stand for election, to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] (providing that they were male, prior to [[women's suffrage]], and met the [[property qualification]], when it applied). The British government (as with the Government of the Kingdom of England before it) has never assigned seats in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] to any colony, effectively disenfranchising colonials at the sovereign level of their government. There has also never been a peer in the House of Lords representing any colony. Colonials were therefore not consulted, or required to give their consent, to a series of acts that passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom between 1968 and 1982, which were to limit their rights and ultimately change their citizenship. When several colonies were elevated before the [[Second World War]] to [[dominion]] status, collectively forming the old [[Commonwealth of Nations#Adoption and formalisation of the Commonwealth|British Commonwealth]] (as distinct from the United Kingdom and its dependent colonies), their citizens remained British subjects, and in theory, any British subject born anywhere in the world had the same basic right to enter, reside, and work in the United Kingdom as a British subject born in the United Kingdom whose parents were also both British subjects born in the United Kingdom (although many governmental policies and practices acted to thwart the free exercise of these right by various demographic groups of colonials, including [[Greek Cypriots]]). When the dominions and an increasing number of colonies began choosing complete independence from the United Kingdom after the Second World War, the Commonwealth was transformed into a community of independent nations, each recognising the British monarch as their own head of state (creating separate monarchies with the same person occupying all of the separate Thrones; the exception being republican India). ''British subject'' was replaced by the [[British Nationality Act 1948]] with ''citizen of the United Kingdom and colonies'' for the residents of the United Kingdom and its colonies, as well as the Crown dependencies. however, as it was desired to retain free movement for all Commonwealth citizens throughout the Commonwealth, ''British subject'' was retained as a blanket nationality shared by citizens of the United Kingdom and colonies as well as the citizens of the various other Commonwealth realms. The inflow of [[People of colour|coloured people]] to the United Kingdom during the 1940s and 1950s from both remaining colonies and newly independent Commonwealth nations was responded to with a racist backlash that led to the passing of the [[Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962]], which restricted the rights of Commonwealth nationals to enter, reside and work in the United Kingdom. This act also allowed certain colonials (primarily ethnic Indians in African colonies) to retain citizenship of the United Kingdom and colonies if their colonies became independent, intended as a measure to ensure these persons did not become [[Statelessness|stateless]] if they were denied the citizenship of their newly independent nation. Many ethnic-Indians did find themselves marginalised in newly independent nations (notably [[Kenya]]) and relocated to the United Kingdom, in response to which the [[Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968]] was rapidly passed, stripping all British subjects (including citizens of the United Kingdom and colonies) who were not born in the United Kingdom, and who did not have a citizen of the United Kingdom and colonies parent born in the United Kingdom or some other qualification (such as existing residence status), of the rights to freely enter, reside and work in the United Kingdom. This was followed by the [[Immigration Act 1971]], which effectively divided ''citizens of the United Kingdom and colonies'' into two types, although their citizenship remained the same: Those from the United Kingdom itself, who retained the rights of free entry, abode, and work in the United Kingdom; and those born in the colonies (or in foreign countries to British colonial parents), from whom those rights were denied. The [[British Nationality Act 1981]], which entered into force on 1 January 1983,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1982/933/made |title=The British Nationality Act 1981 (Commencement) Order 1982 |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401134239/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1982/933/made |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> abolished ''British subject'' status, and stripped colonials of their full British ''citizen of the United Kingdom and colonies'', replacing it with ''British dependent territories citizenship'', which entailed no right of abode or to work anywhere (other categories with even fewer rights were created at the same time, including [[British overseas citizen]] for former citizens of the United Kingdom and colonies born in ex-colonies). The exceptions were the [[Gibraltar]]ians (permitted to retain British nationality in order to retain [[citizenship of the European Union]]) and the [[Falkland Islands|Falkland Islanders]], who were permitted to retain the same new ''British citizenship'' that became the default citizenship for those from the United Kingdom and the [[Crown dependencies]]. As the act was widely understood to have been passed in preparation for the 1997 handover of [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] to the [[People's Republic of China]] (in order to prevent ethnic-Chinese British nationals from migrating to the United Kingdom), and given the history of neglect and racism those colonies with sizeable ''non-European'' (to use the British government's parlance) populations had endured from the British government since the ''end of Empire'', the application of the act only to those colonies in which the citizenship was changed to ''British dependent territories citizenship'' has been perceived as a particularly egregious example of the racism of the British government. The stripping of birth rights from at least some of the colonial [[CUKC]]s in 1968 and 1971, and the change of their citizenships in 1983, actually violated the rights granted them by [[royal charter]]s at the founding of the colonies. [[Bermuda]] (fully ''The Somers Isles or Islands of Bermuda''), by example, had been settled by the [[London Company]] (which had been in occupation of the archipelago since the 1609 wreck of the ''[[Sea Venture]]'') in 1612, when it received its Third Royal Charter from [[James VI and I|King James I]], amending the boundaries of the [[Virginia Colony|First Colony of Virginia]] far enough across the Atlantic to include Bermuda. The citizenship rights guaranteed to settlers by King James I in the original royal charter of the 10 April 1606, thereby applied to Bermudians: {{blockquote|''Alsoe wee doe, for us, our heires and successors, declare by theise presentes that all and everie the parsons being our subjects which shall dwell and inhabit within everie or anie of the saide severall Colonies and plantacions and everie of theire children which shall happen to be borne within the limitts and precincts of the said severall Colonies and plantacions shall have and enjoy all liberties, franchises and immunites within anie of our other dominions to all intents and purposes as if they had been abiding and borne within this our realme of Englande or anie other of our saide dominions''.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36181/36181-h/36181-h.htm|title=The Project Gutenburg ebook of The Three Charters of the Virginia Company of London, by Samuel M. Bemiss.|website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> These rights were confirmed in the royal charter granted to the London Company's spin-off, the [[Somers Isles|Company of the City of London for the Plantacion of The Somers Isles]], in 1615 on Bermuda being separated from Virginia: {{blockquote|And wee doe for vs our heires and successors declare by these Pnts, that all and euery persons being our subjects which shall goe and inhabite wthin the said Somer Ilandes and every of their children and posterity which shall happen to bee borne within the limits thereof shall haue and enjoy all libertyes franchesies and immunities of free denizens and natural subjectes within any of our dominions to all intents and purposes, as if they had beene abiding and borne wthin this our Kingdome of England or in any other of our Dominions<ref>Letters Patent of King James I, 1615. ''Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of The Bermudas or Somers Islands'', Volume 1, by Lieutenant-General Sir John Henry Lefroy, Royal Artillery, [[Governor of Bermuda|Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Bermuda]] 1871–1877. The Bermuda Memorials Edition, 1981. The Bermuda Historical Society and The Bermuda National Trust (First Edition, London, 1877)</ref>}} In regards to former CUKCs of [[Saint Helena]], Lord Beaumont of Whitley in the [[House of Lords]] debate on the ''British Overseas Territories Bill'' on the 10 July 2001, stated: {{blockquote|Citizenship was granted irrevocably by Charles I. It was taken away, quite wrongly, by Parliament in surrender to the largely racist opposition to immigration at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/2001/jul/10/british-overseas-territories-bill-hl|title=British Overseas Territories Bill [H.L.] |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date=10 July 2001}}</ref> }} Some [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] backbenchers stated that it was the unpublished intention of the Conservative British government to return to a single citizenship for the United Kingdom and all of the remaining territories once Hong Kong had been handed over to China. Whether this was so will never be known as by 1997 the Labour Party was in government. The Labour Party had declared prior to the election that the colonies had been ill-treated by the British Nationality Act 1981, and it had made a promise to return to a single citizenship for the United Kingdom and the remaining territories part of its election manifesto. Other matters took precedence, however, and this commitment was not acted upon during Labour's first term in government. The House of Lords, in which many former colonial governors sat, lost patience and tabled and passed its own bill, then handed it down to the House of Commons to confirm. As a result, the British dependent territories were renamed the [[British overseas territories]] in 2002 (the term ''dependent territory'' had caused much ire in the former colonies, such as well-heeled Bermuda that had been largely self-reliant and self-governed for nearly four centuries, as it implied not only that they were ''other than British'', but that their relationship to Britain and to ''real British people'' was both inferior and parasitic).<ref name=FAC>[[#refFAC|House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-13|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#refFAC|reason= }}, pp.&nbsp;145–47</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://john-warwick.blogspot.com/2007/09/race-and-development-of-immigration.html|title=Professor John Warwick: Race and the development of Immigration policy during the 20th century|first=Professor John|last=Warwick|date=24 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socialistworker.co.uk/comment/windrush-scandal-shows-how-britishness-stinks/|title=Windrush scandal shows how 'Britishness' stinks|date=1 May 2018|website=Socialist Worker}}</ref> At the same time, although Labour had promised a return to a single citizenship for the United Kingdom, Crown dependencies, and all remaining territories, ''British dependent territories citizenship'', renamed ''British overseas territories citizenship'', remained the default citizenship for the territories, other than the Falkland Islands and Gibraltar (for which ''British citizenship'' is still the default citizenship). The bars to residence and work in the United Kingdom that had been raised against holders of ''British dependent territories citizenship'' by The British Nationality Act 1981 were, however, removed, and ''British citizenship'' was made attainable by simply obtaining a second British passport with the citizenship recorded as ''British citizen'' (requiring a change to passport legislation as prior to 2002, it had been illegal to possess two British passports).<ref>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/2001/jul/10/british-overseas-territories-bill-hl ''British Overseas Territories Bill [H.L.&#93;'']; House of Lords Debate, 10 July 2001. Volume 626, cc1014-37. UK Parliament website</ref> Prior to 2002, all British passports obtained in a British dependent territory were of a design modified from those issued in the United Kingdom, lacking the ''European Union'' name on the front cover, having the name of the specific territorial government noted on the front cover below "British passport", and having the request on the inside of the front cover normally issued by the secretary of state on behalf of the Queen instead issued by the governor of the territory on behalf of the Queen. Although this design made it easier for United Kingdom Border Control to distinguish a colonial from a 'real' British citizen, these passports were issued within the territory to the holder of any type of British citizenship with the appropriate citizenship stamped inside. The ''normal'' British passports issued in the United Kingdom and by British consulates in Commonwealth and foreign countries were similarly issued to holders of any type of British citizenship with the appropriate citizenship, or ''citizenships'', stamped inside. From 2002, the thenceforth local governments of the British overseas territories in which British overseas territories citizenship was the default citizenship were no longer allowed to issue or replace any British passport except the type for their own territory only with British overseas territories citizen recorded inside (and a stamp from the local government showing the holder has legal status as a local (in Bermuda, by example, the stamp records "the holder is registered as a Bermudian"), as neither British dependent territories citizenship nor British overseas territories citizenship actually entitles the holder to any more rights in any territory than in the United Kingdom, simply serving to enable colonials to be distinguished from ''real British people'' for the benefit of United Kingdom Border Control. Since 2002, only the United Kingdom Government has issued ''normal'' British passports with the citizenship stamped as ''British citizen''. Since June 2016, only the Passport Office in the United Kingdom is permitted to issue any type of British passport. Local governments of territories can still accept passport applications, but must forward them to the Passport Office. This means that the territorial pattern of British passport is no longer available, with all passports issued since then being of the standard type issued in the United Kingdom, with the appropriate type of British citizenship recorded inside; a problem for Bermudians as they have always enjoyed freer entry into the United States than other British citizens, but the United States had updated its entry requirements (prior to the 2001 terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C., Bermudians did not need a passport to enter the US, and Americans did not need a passport to enter Bermuda. Since then, anyone entering the US, including US citizens, must present a passport) to specify that, in order to be admitted as a Bermudian the passport must be of the territorial type specific to Bermuda, with the country code inside being that used for Bermuda as distinct from other parts of the British Realm, with the citizenship stamped as ''British dependent territories citizenship'' or ''British overseas territories citizenship'', and the stamp from Bermuda Immigration showing the holder has Bermudian status. From the point of view of Bermuda Immigration, only the stamp showing the holder has Bermudian status indicates the holder is Bermudian, and that can be entered into any type of British passport with any type of British citizenship recorded, so the United States requirements are more stringent than Bermuda's, and impossible to meet with any British passport issued to a Bermudian since the end of June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bm.usconsulate.gov/u-s-immigration-policy-related-bermuda-passports/ |title=''U.S. immigration policy related to Bermuda Passports '', website of the United States Consulate General in Bermuda |work=U.S. Consulate General in Bermuda |date=2 March 2017 |access-date=12 July 2024 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205174230/https://bm.usconsulate.gov/u-s-immigration-policy-related-bermuda-passports/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalgazette.com/other/news/article/20190812/government-working-to-resolve-passport-issues/|title=Government working to resolve passport issues|first1=Tim|last1=Smith |date=12 August 2019|website=www.royalgazette.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socialistworker.co.uk/features/a-british-passport-to-prejudice/|title=A British passport to prejudice|date=15 May 2018|website=Socialist Worker}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newint.org/features/2018/11/12/illegitimate-children-denied-british-citizenship-%E2%80%98archaic%E2%80%99-law|title=Illegitimate children denied British citizenship by 'archaic' law|date=12 November 2018|website=New Internationalist}}</ref> The eleven inhabited territories are self-governing to varying degrees and are reliant on the UK for [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]] and defence.<ref>[[#refFAC|House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report, pp.&nbsp;146,153]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-13|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#refFAC|reason= }}</ref> Most former British colonies and protectorates are among the 52 member states of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], a non-political, [[voluntary association]] of equal members, comprising a population of around 2.2&nbsp;billion people.<ref>[http://thecommonwealth.org/about-us The Commonwealth – About Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927182840/http://thecommonwealth.org/about-us |date=27 September 2013 }}; Online September 2014</ref> Fifteen [[Commonwealth realm]]s, including Canada and several countries in the Caribbean, voluntarily continue to share the British monarch, [[King Charles III]], as their head of state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/150757/head_of_the_commonwealth/|title=Head of the Commonwealth|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|access-date=9 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706045334/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/150757/head_of_the_commonwealth/|archive-date=6 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jowett |first1=A. J. |last2=Findlay |first2=A. M. |last3=Li |first3=F. L. |last4=Skeldon |first4=R. |title=The British who are not British and the immigration policies that are not: the case of Hong Kong |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-geography_1995-07_15_3/page/245 |journal=Applied Geography (Sevenoaks, England) |date=July 1995 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=245–265 |doi=10.1016/0143-6228(95)00009-s |pmid=12291184 |bibcode=1995AppGe..15..245J }}</ref> ==List of colonies== === Former North American colonies === ====Canadian territories==== These colonies and territories (known, together with [[Bermuda]], as [[British North America]] following independence of the United States of America) were [[Canadian Confederation|confederated]] to form modern [[Canada]] between 1867 and 1873 unless otherwise noted: :*[[British Columbia]] (previously part of [[Oregon Country]] before its 1846 division between Britain and the United States) :*[[Province of Canada]] (formed from the merger of [[Upper Canada]] and [[Lower Canada]] in 1841) :*[[Nova Scotia]] :*[[New Brunswick]] :*[[Dominion of Newfoundland]] (became part of Canada in 1949) :*[[Prince Edward Island]] :*[[Rupert's Land]] (became part of Canada as [[Manitoba]] and the [[Northwest Territories]]) ====Thirteen Colonies==== The [[Thirteen Colonies]], which became the original states of the United States following the 1781 ratification of the [[Articles of Confederation]]: :*[[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] :*[[Province of New Hampshire]] :*[[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations]] :*[[Connecticut Colony]] :*[[Province of New York]] :*[[Province of New Jersey]] :*[[Province of Pennsylvania]] :*[[Delaware Colony]] :*[[Province of Maryland]] :*[[Colony of Virginia]] :*[[Province of North Carolina]] :*[[Province of South Carolina]] :*[[Province of Georgia]] ====Other North American colonies==== These colonies were acquired in 1763 and ceded to Spain in 1783: :*Province of [[East Florida]] (from Spain, retroceded to Spain) :*Province of [[West Florida]] (from France as part of eastern French Louisiana, ceded to Spain) === Former colonies in the Caribbean and South America === These present-day countries formed part of the [[British West Indies]] prior to gaining independence during the 20th century: :*[[Antigua and Barbuda]] (gained independence in 1981) :*[[The Bahamas]] (gained independence in 1973) :*[[Barbados]] (gained independence in 1966) :*[[Belize]] (gained independence in 1981; formerly known as [[British Honduras]]) :*[[Dominica]] (gained independence in 1978) :*[[Grenada]] (gained independence in 1974) :*[[Guyana]] (gained independence in 1966; formerly known as [[British Guiana]]) :*[[Jamaica]] (gained independence in 1962) :*[[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] (gained independence in 1983) :*[[Saint Lucia]] (gained independence in 1979) :*[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] (gained independence in 1979) :*[[Trinidad and Tobago]] (gained independence in 1962) ===Current territories=== These [[British Overseas Territories]] in the Americas remain under the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom: :*[[Anguilla]] :*[[Bermuda]] :*[[British Virgin Islands]] :*[[Cayman Islands]] :*[[Falkland Islands]] :*[[Montserrat]] :*[[Turks and Caicos Islands]] ==Related pages== * [[Imperialism]] * [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ===Works cited=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Fred |title=The Crucible of War |date=2000 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=978-0375406423 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/crucibleofwarsev00ande_0 }} * {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Fred |title=The War That Made America |date=2005 |publisher=Viking |location=New York |isbn=978-0670034543 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/warthatmadeameri00ande }} * {{cite book|last1=Bailyn|first1=Bernard|title=The Barbarous Years: The Peopling of British North America--The Conflict of Civilizations, 1600–1675|url=https://archive.org/details/barbarousyearspe0000bail|date=2012|publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0-394-51570-0 }} * Black, Jeremy. ''The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon'' (2009). * {{Cite book|first=Phillip|last=Buckner|title=Canada and the British Empire|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0199271641|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJA7OIinf4MC|ref=refBuckner2008|access-date=22 July 2009}} * {{cite book|last1=Canny|first1=Nicholas|title=The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press}} * {{cite journal|last1=Chandler|first1=Ralph Clark|title=Public Administration Under the Articles of Confederation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_public-administration-quarterly_winter-1990_13_4/page/433|journal=Public Administration Quarterly|date=Winter 1990|volume=13|issue=4|pages=433–450|jstor=40862257}} * {{cite book|last=Clegg|first=Peter|title=Extended Statehood in the Caribbean|year=2005|publisher=Rozenberg Publishers|isbn=978-9051706864|editor=de Jong, Lammert |editor2=Kruijt, Dirk|ref=refClegg2005|chapter=The UK Caribbean Overseas Territories}} * {{Cite book |first=Niall |last=Ferguson |author-link=Niall Ferguson |title=Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power |location=New York |publisher=Basic Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-0465023295 |url=https://archive.org/details/empire00nial }} * {{cite book|last1=Ferling|first1=John|title=A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/leapindark00ferl|url-access=registration|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195159240}} * {{cite book|last1=Horn |first1=James |title=A Kingdom Strange: The Brief and Tragic History of the Lost Colony of Roanoke |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdomstrangeb00horn |url-access=registration |date=2011 |publisher=Basic Book |isbn=978-0465024902 |location=Philadelphia }} * {{cite book|last=Kelley|first=Ninette|title=The Making of the Mosaic (2nd ed.)|year=2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0802095367|ref=refKelley2010|author2=Trebilcock, Michael}} * {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Franklin W.|title=The Modern Caribbean|year=1989|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0807818251|ref=refKnight1989|author2=Palmer, Colin A.}} * {{cite book |last1=James |first1=Lawrence |title=The Rise and Fall of the British Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofbritis0000jame_l9p7 |date=1997 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |isbn=978-0312169855}} * {{Cite book|first=Trevor Owen|last=Lloyd|title=The British Empire 1558–1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0198731344|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gIBgQgAACAAJ}} * {{Cite book|first=Thomas|last=Macaulay|author-link=Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|title=The History of England from the Accession of James the Second|publisher=Penguin|year=1848|isbn=978-0140431339|ref=refMacaulay1979|title-link=The History of England from the Accession of James the Second}} * {{Cite book|first=Magnus|last=Magnusson |author-link=Magnus Magnusson|title=Scotland: The Story of a Nation|publisher=Grove Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0802139320|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEV4zgXOJLsC|ref=refMagnusson2003|access-date=22 July 2009}} * {{cite book|last1=Middlekauff|first1=Robert|author-link=Robert Middlekauff|title=The Glorious Cause: the American Revolution, 1763–1789|url=https://archive.org/details/gloriouscauseame0000midd|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516247-9 }} * {{Cite book|first=Andrew|last=Porter|title=The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0199246786|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC|ref=refOHBEv3|access-date=22 July 2009}} * {{cite book|last=Rhodes|first=R.A.W.|title=Comparing Westminster|url=https://archive.org/details/comparingwestmin00unse|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199563494|ref=refRhodes2009|author2=Wanna, John |author3=Weller, Patrick }} * {{cite book |last1=Richter |first1=Daniel K. |title=Before the Revolution: America's Ancient Pasts |url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich |date=2011 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-06124-8 }} * {{Cite book|first=Simon|last=Smith|title=British Imperialism 1750–1970|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-3125806405|url=https://archive.org/details/britishimperiali00smit|url-access=registration|ref=refSmith1998|access-date=22 July 2009}} * {{cite book |author-link=Alan Taylor (historian) |last1=Taylor |first1=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |date=2002 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0142002100 |location=New York |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/americancolonies00tayl }} * {{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=Alan|title=[[American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804]]|date=2016|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company}} * {{cite book|last=Turpin|first=Colin|title=British government and the constitution (6th ed.)|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521690294|ref=refTurpin2007|author2=Tomkins, Adam}} * {{cite book|last=Zolberg|first=Aristide R|title=A nation by design: immigration policy in the fashioning of America|url=https://archive.org/details/nationbydesignim0000zolb|year=2006|publisher=Russell Sage|isbn=978-0674022188|ref=refZolberg2006}} {{refend}} ==Other books and articles== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book|last1=Berlin|first1=Ira|title=Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America|url=https://archive.org/details/manythousandsgon00berl|url-access=registration|date=1998|publisher=Belknap Press|isbn=978-0674810921}} * Black, Conrad. ''Rise to Greatness: The History of Canada From the Vikings to the Present'' (2014), 1120pp [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/077101354X excerpt] * {{cite book|last1=Breen|first1=T.H.|last2=Hall|first2=Timothy|title=Colonial America in an Atlantic World|date=2016|publisher=Pearson|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|first=Kathleen|last=Burk|author-link=Kathleen Burk|title=Old World, New World: Great Britain and America from the Beginning|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0871139719|url=https://archive.org/details/oldworldnewworld00kath|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last1=Carr|first1=J. Revell|title=Seeds of Discontent: The Deep Roots of the American Revolution, 1650–1750|url=https://archive.org/details/seedsofdisconten00carr|date=2008|publisher=Walker Books |isbn=978-0-8027-1512-8 }} * Conrad, Margaret, Alvin Finkel and Donald Fyson. ''Canada: A History'' (Toronto: Pearson, 2012) * Cooke, Jacob Ernest et al., ed. ''Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies.'' (3 vol. 1993) * {{Cite book|first=Nigel|last=Dalziel|title=The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire|publisher=Penguin|year=2006|isbn=978-0141018447|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0wUAQAAIAAJ|ref=refDalziel2006|access-date=22 July 2009}} * {{cite book|last1=Elliott|first1=John|title=Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830|url=https://archive.org/details/empiresofatlanti00john|url-access=registration|date=2006|publisher=Yale University Press}} * {{cite book|last1=Games|first1=Alison|title=The Web of Empire: English Cosmopolitans in an Age of Expansion, 1560–1660|url=https://archive.org/details/webofempireengli0000game|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533554-5 }} * {{cite book|last1=Gaskill|first1=Malcolm|title=Between Two Worlds: How the English Became Americans|url=https://archive.org/details/betweentwoworlds0000gask|date=2014|publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-01111-7 }} * Gipson, Lawrence. ''The British Empire Before the American Revolution'' (15 volumes, 1936–1970), Pulitzer Prize; highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World * {{cite book|last1=Horn|first1=James|title=A Land As God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465030941|url-access=registration|date=2005|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465030941}} * Rose, J. Holland, A. P. Newton and E. A. Benians (gen. eds.), ''[[The Cambridge History of the British Empire]]'', 9 vols. (1929–61); vol 1: "The Old Empire from the Beginnings to 1783" 934pp [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99039834 online edition Volume I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227020238/https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99039834 |date=27 December 2007 }} * {{Cite book|first=Ronald|last=Hyam|title=Britain's Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2002|isbn=978-0713430899|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eMoHQAACAAJ}} * {{cite book|last1=Lepore|first1=Jill|title=The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity|url=https://archive.org/details/nameofwarkingphi0000lepo|url-access=registration|date=1999|publisher=Vintage|isbn=978-0375702624}} * [[Wm. Roger Louis|Louis, Wm. Roger]] (general editor), ''[[The Oxford History of the British Empire]]'' ** vol 1 ''The Origins of Empire'' ed. by Nicholas Canny ** vol 2 ''The Eighteenth Century'' ed. by P. J. Marshall excerpt and text search * {{cite book|last1=Mann|first1=Charles C.|title=1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created|date=2011|publisher=Knopf}} * [[P. J. Marshall|Marshall, P.J.]] (ed.) ''The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire'' (1996). [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521002540 excerpt and text search] * Mawby, Spencer. ''Ordering Independence: The End of Empire in the Anglophone Caribbean, 1947–69'' (Springer, 2012). * McNaught, Kenneth. ''The Penguin History of Canada'' (Penguin books, 1988) * {{cite book|last1=Meinig|first1=Donald William|title=The Shaping of America: Atlantic America, 1492–1800|url=https://archive.org/details/shapingofamerica03mein|url-access=registration|date=1986|publisher=Yale University Press}} * {{cite book|last1=Middleton|first1=Richard|last2=Lombard|first2=Anne|title=Colonial America: A History to 1763|url=https://archive.org/details/colonialamericah0000midd_a8e3|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|edition=4th |isbn=978-1-4051-9004-6 }} * {{Cite book|first=Piers|last=Brendon|author-link=Piers Brendon|title=The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997|url=https://archive.org/details/declinefallofbri0000bren_c3y8|publisher=Random House|year=2007|isbn=978-0224062220}} * {{cite book|last1=Shorto|first1=Russell|title=The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America|url=https://archive.org/details/islandatcenterof00shor|url-access=registration|date=2004|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0385503495}} * {{Cite book|first=Simon|last=Smith|title=British Imperialism 1750–1970|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-3125806405|url=https://archive.org/details/britishimperiali00smit|url-access=registration}} * Sobecki, Sebastian. "New World Discovery". Oxford Handbooks Online (2015). {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.013.141}} * {{cite book|last=Springhall|first=John|title=Decolonization since 1945: the collapse of European overseas empires|url=https://archive.org/details/decolonizationsi00john|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave|isbn=978-0333746004}} * {{cite book|last1=Weidensaul|first1=Scott|title=The First Frontier: The Forgotten History of Struggle, Savagery, and Endurance in Early America|url=https://archive.org/details/firstfrontierfor0000weid|date=2012|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-15-101515-3 }} ===Historiography=== * {{cite journal |last1=Canny |first1=Nicholas |title=Writing Atlantic History; or, Reconfiguring the History of Colonial British America |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-history_1999-12_86_3/page/1093 |journal=The Journal of American History |date=1999 |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=1093–1114 |doi=10.2307/2568607 |jstor=2568607 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Hinderaker |first1=Eric |last2=Horn |first2=Rebecca |title=Territorial Crossings: Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_william-and-mary-quarterly_2010-07_67_3/page/395 |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |date=2010 |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=395–432 |doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.67.3.395 |jstor=10.5309/willmaryquar.67.3.395 }} {{refend}} ==Other websites== * {{Commons category-inline}} {{DEFAULTSORT:British Colonization Of The Americas}} [[Category:History of the British Isles]] [[Category:Colonialism]] bd5m2re753sju9c3qnsc0mzn8omjpq4 11024476 11024469 2026-10-09T07:11:56Z NDG 1452189 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54329-21|~2026-54329-21]] ([[User talk:~2026-54329-21|talk]]) to last version by MourningRainfall: gibberish additions 11024459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use Oxford spelling}} {{Use dmy dates}} [[File:British in the Americas.PNG|thumb|The colonies of [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] in the [[Americas]]]] The '''British colonization of the Americas''' is the [[history]] of the first relationships between [[Kingdom of England|England]], [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scotland]], and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] with [[North America|North]], [[South America|South,]] and [[Central America]] and the [[Caribbean]]. This relationship is called [[colonization]] because an outside group forcefully took control of land and resources. This land that was taken over was called a [[colony]]. Between the late 1610s and the [[American Revolutionary War|American Revolution]], the British sent between 50,000 and 120,000 [[criminals]] to their American colonies.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Butler|first1=James Davie|date=1896|title=British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-historical-review_1896-10_2_1/page/12|journal=The American Historical Review|volume=2|issue=1|pages=12–33|doi=10.2307/1833611|jstor=1833611}}</ref><ref>Thomas Keneally, ''The Commonwealth of Thieves'', Random House Publishing, Sydney, 2005.{{pn|date=June 2024}}</ref> == History == Britain was not the first European country to build colonies in the Americas. People from [[Scandinavia]] built a colony called [[Vinland]] in the area of [[Newfoundland]] (now part of Canada) around 1000 AD. In 1492, [[Christopher Columbus]] told [[Spain]] about islands in the Carribean and it also built colonies. === 1500s - 1600s === English colonization started in 1585, when Sir [[Walter Raleigh]] built the doomed [[Roanoke Colony]]. The first successful English colony in the Americas was built in [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]], [[Virginia]], in 1607. Around 30,000 [[Algonquian peoples]] lived in the region at the time. In 1620, a group of mostly [[Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)|Pilgrim]] people came to North America because they disagreed with [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] England about [[religion]]. They built a colony on the [[coast]] of what is now [[Massachusetts]]. These two were the first of many North American colonies. The English also took over land in the [[Caribbean]], including [[Barbados]] and [[Jamaica]]. In the 1670s, England took over control of [[New Netherland]] from the [[Dutch people|Dutch.]] In 1763, Britain took control of the [[Canada (New France)|French colony of Canada]], France's territory east of the [[Mississippi River]], and several Caribbean territories === 1700s - 1800s === Many of the North American colonies separated from Britain by winning the [[American Revolutionary War]], which ended in 1783. [[Historian|Historians]] refer to the British Empire after 1783 as the "Second British Empire." Britain cared about taking over [[Economy|economic]] control of [[Asia]] and [[Africa]] more than taking over land in the Americas. However, it did take over [[British Columbia]], [[Trinidad]], and [[British Guiana]] and build the [[Falkland Islands]] and [[British Honduras]]. Most of the remaining colonies in North American joined the [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation of Canada]] in the 1860s or 1870s, though [[Newfoundland]] did not [[1948 Newfoundland referendums|join Canada until 1949]]. Britain stopped all control of Canada with the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]]. However, Britain and Canada are still connected. Canada recognizes the [[British monarch]] as [[head of state]]. === 1900s - today === Other British colonies became [[Country|countries]] during the [[Cold War]]. Many joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] to work together. Colonies that did not become countries are now called [[British Overseas Territories]]. ==First failed colonies== {{Further|Pre-Columbian era|Age of Discovery|European colonization of the Americas}}England wanted to colonize North America to help in its [[Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)|religious war]] with Spain. A colony would provide a home for English [[privateer]]s such as [[Francis Drake]] and [[Humphrey Gilbert]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n125 98]-100}}</ref> [[Walter Raleigh]] paid for 500 men to go to [[Roanoke Island]]. In 1584, they began to build a colony there.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n127 100]-102}}</ref> However, these men were not ready to live in North America. By 1590, they disappeared. People are not sure where they went. But many think that some of them left to find a new home, while others became part of local [[Native American]] groups.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n130 103]-107}}</ref> People also tried to build a colony in Newfoundland. But this failed, too.<ref>James (1997), p. 5</ref> Still, the English wanted to build colonies to help their [[economy]] and [[military]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n139 112]}}</ref> ==Early colonization, 1607–1630== [[File:James I of England 404446.jpg|thumb|[[James VI and I|King James I of England]] (1603–1625) was the king when people built Jamestown.]] In 1606, King [[James VI and I|James I of England]] allowed both the [[Plymouth Company]] and the [[London Company]] to build homes in North America. === Jamestown === In 1607, the London Company built a permanent colony at [[Jamestown, Virginia|Jamestown]] on the [[Chesapeake Bay]]. About 30,000 Algonquian peoples lived in the region at the time.<ref>{{cite web |title=English Colonization Begins |url=https://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/disp_textbook.cfm?smtid=2&psid=3574 |website=Digital History |publisher=University of Houston}}</ref> However, the colonists at Jamestown found it very hard to live in Virginia. 1700 moved in, but by 1617, only 351 were alive.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=113–115}} Even though it was difficult, the settlers made a lot of money growing tobacco. This made more people move in. However, fighting with Native Americans took a lot of money. When the London Company ran out of money, the King took over. At this point, Jamestown and the area around it started to be called the [[Colony of Virginia]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=116–117}} === Bermuda === The first British people to live in [[Bermuda]] arrived in 1609 as an accident. People on the ship [[Sea Venture]] tried to go to Jamestown, but they stopped in Bermuda instead to avoid a hurricane. Most of them left for Jamestown in 1610. Only a few people stayed in Bermuda until 1612. Then more people arrived, including the first real leader, the Lieutenant-Governor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bermuda - History and Heritage|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/travel/bermuda-history-and-heritage-14340790/|access-date=6 September 2019|website=Smithsonian.com}}</ref> Bermuda had more people and made more money then Jamestown at first. It made money from selling [[tobacco]]. In the 1620s, Virginia and colonies in the [[Caribbean]] also started to make money from selling tobacco. This meant that Bermuda's tobacco was worth less money. Farmers in Bermuda started to grow food instead.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} === Popham Colony === The Plymouth Company's [[Popham Colony]] did not last. Their first colony that lasted was built by a group of English [[Puritanism|Puritans]], a group that believed in a different type of [[Protestantism|Protestant Christianity]] than most of England.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n219 178]-179}}</ref> The people in this group who left England in 1620 are called the [[Pilgrims]] today.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n179 152]-157}}</ref> The Pilgrims moved across the [[Atlantic Ocean]] on the ''[[Mayflower (ship)|Mayflower]]''. Their first winter was very difficult. About fifty of the one hundred colonists died. In 1621, the Pilgrims became [[Alliance|allies]] with the nearby [[Wampanoag]] group of Native Americans. They helped the Pilgrims to farm better and traded fur and other items with them.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Before the Revolution: America's ancient pasts|url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich|last=Richter|first=Daniel K.|date=2011|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard Univ. Press|isbn=978-0-674-07236-7|location=Cambridge, Mass.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich/page/n180 153]-157}}</ref> At first, the English struggled to make money from taking over the Caribbean. In 1604, they tried to find gold in [[British Guiana|Guiana]] but failed.<ref>Canny (1998), p. 71</ref> They also failed in [[Saint Lucia|St Lucia]]&nbsp;(1605) and [[Grenada]]&nbsp;(1609).<ref>Canny (1998), p. 221</ref> Colonists failed to grow tobacco in [[Barbados]], but did well at growing [[sugar]].<ref name="james17">James (1997), p. 17</ref> ==Growth, 1630–1689== {{Simplifying}}[[File:English overseas possessions in 1700.png|thumb|English overseas possessions in 1700]] ===West Indies colonies=== Because Barbados was successful, England built more colonies in [[St. Kitts]], [[Antigua]], [[Nevis]], and [[Montserrat]].<ref name="james17" /> England also took over colonies that other [[Empire|empires]] had built, including [[Jamaica]] and the [[Caiman Islands]] from Spain<ref>James (1997), pp. 30–31</ref> and the islands of the [[British Virgin Islands]] from the Netherlands.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} These colonies grew sugar using the [[plantation]] plan and [[Slavery|slave]]<nowiki/>s.<ref>Lloyd (1996), pp.&nbsp;22–23.</ref> Money from selling sugar made these colonies important to England.<ref>Hilary Beckles, "The 'Hub of Empire': The Caribbean and Britain in the Seventeenth Century", ''The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume 1 The Origins of Empire'', ed. by Nicholas Canny (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 222.</ref> Britain brought 3.5 million African slaves [[Atlantic slave trade|across the Atlantic Ocean,]] mostly from [[West Africa]] and [[Madagascar]].<ref>Ferguson (2004), p. 62</ref> <ref>James (1997), p. 24</ref> ===Establishment of the Thirteen Colonies=== {{Main|Thirteen Colonies}} ====New England Colonies==== [[File:Thirteencolonies politics cropped.jpg|thumb|[[Thirteen Colonies]] of North America:<br /> Dark Red = [[New England Colonies|New England colonies]].<br /> Bright Red = [[Middle Colonies|Middle Atlantic colonies]].<br /> Red-brown = [[Southern Colonies|Southern colonies]].]] More English groups built colonies in [[New England]]. In 1629, a group of Puritans led by [[John Winthrop]] built the [[Massachusetts Bay Colony]]. By 1635, around ten thousand English settlers lived between the [[Connecticut River]] and the [[Kennebec River]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=157–159}} After defeating the [[Pequot]] in the [[Pequot War]], Puritans built the [[Connecticut Colony]] where the Pequots had lived.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=161–167}} The [[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations]] was built by [[Roger Williams]]. Williams was a Puritan leader. He was not allowed to stay in the Massachusetts Bay Colony because he wanted to leave the [[Church of England]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=196–197}} It was difficult to grow food in New England, so people fished and traded to make money and get what they needed.<ref name="Taylor 2016, p. 19">Taylor (2016), p. 19</ref> ====Southern Colonies==== In 1632, [[Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore]] founded the [[Province of Maryland]] to the north of Virginia.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=262–263}} Maryland and Virginia became known as the [[Chesapeake Colonies]], and experienced similar immigration and economic activities.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=203–204}} Though Baltimore and his descendants intended for the colony to be a refuge for Catholics, it attracted mostly Protestant immigrants, many of whom scorned the Calvert family's policy of religious toleration.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=303–304}} In the mid-17th century, the Chesapeake Colonies, inspired by the success of slavery in Barbados, began the mass [[History of slavery in Virginia|importation of African slaves]]. Though many early slaves eventually gained their freedom, after 1662 Virginia adopted policies that passed [[Partus sequitur ventrem|enslaved status from mother to child]] and granted slave owners near-total domination of their human property.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=272}} 640 miles (1,030&nbsp;km) East-South-East of [[Cape Hatteras]], in the Virginia Company's other former settlement, the Somers Isles, alias the Islands of Bermuda, where the spin-off Somers Isles Company still administered, the company and its shareholders in England only earned profits from the export of tobacco, placing them increasingly at odds with Bermudians for whom tobacco had become unprofitable to cultivate. As only those landowners who could attend the company's annual meetings in England were permitted to vote on company policy, the company worked to suppress the developing maritime economy of the colonists and to force the production of tobacco, which required unsustainable farming practices as more was required to be produced to make up for the diminished value. As many of the class of moneyed businessmen who were adventurers in the company were aligned to the Parliamentary cause during the [[English Civil War]], Bermuda was one of the [[English overseas possessions in the Wars of the Three Kingdoms|colonies that sided with the Crown during the war]], being the first to recognise [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] after the execution of his father. With control of their Assembly and the militia and volunteer [[coastal artillery]], the Royalist majority deposed the company-appointed Governor (by the 1630s, the company had ceased sending Governors to Bermuda and had instead appointed a succession of prominent Bermudians to the role, including religious Independent and Parliamentarian [[William Sayle]]) by force of arms and elected John Trimingham to replace him. Many of Bermuda's religious Independents, who had sided with Parliament, were forced into exile. Although some of the newer continental colonies settled largely by anti-Episcopalian Protestants sided with Parliament during the war, Virginia and other colonies like Bermuda supported the Crown and were subjected to the measures laid out in [[An Act for prohibiting Trade with the Barbadoes, Virginia, Bermuda and Antego]] until Parliament was able to force them to acknowledge its sovereignty. Bermudian anger at the policies of the Somers Isles Company ultimately saw them take their complaints to the Crown after [[Restoration in the English colonies|The Restoration]], leading to the Crown revoking the Royal Charter of the Somers Isles Company and taking over direct administration of Bermuda in 1684. From that date, Bermudians abandoned agriculture, diversifying their maritime industry to occupy many niches of inter-colonial trade between North America and the West Indies. Bermudians limited landmass and high birth rate meant that a steady outflow from the colony contributed about 10,000 settlers to other colonies, notably the southern continental colonies (including [[Carolina Province]], which was settled from Bermuda in 1670), as well as West Indian settlements, including the [[Providence Island colony]] in 1631, the [[Bahamas]] (settled by [[Eleutheran Adventurers]], Parliament-allied Civil War exiles from Bermuda, under William Sayle in the 1640s), and the seasonal occupation of the [[Turks and Caicos Islands|Turks Islands]] from 1681. Encouraged by the apparent weakness of Spanish rule in [[Spanish Florida|Florida]], Barbadian planter [[John Colleton]] and seven other supporters of [[Charles II of England]] established the [[Province of Carolina]] in 1663.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=236–238}} Settlers in the Carolina Colony established two main population centers, with many Virginians settling in the north of the province and many English Barbadians settling in the southern port city of [[Charleston, South Carolina|Charles Town]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=319}} In 1712, Carolina was divided into the crown colonies of [[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]] and [[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Hugh T. Lefler and William S. Powell |title=Colonial North Carolina: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/colonialnorthcar00hugh |url-access=registration |publisher=Charles Scribner's Sons, New York |year=1973|isbn=9780684135366 |page=80}}</ref> The colonies of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina (as well as the [[Province of Georgia]], which was established in 1732) became known as the [[Southern Colonies]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Southern Colonies [ushistory.org]|url=https://www.ushistory.org/us/5.asp|access-date=2020-09-15|website=www.ushistory.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Settling the Southern Colonies {{!}} Boundless US History|url=https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/settling-the-southern-colonies/|access-date=2020-09-15|website=courses.lumenlearning.com}}</ref> ====Middle Colonies==== [[File:James II (1685).jpg|thumb|[[James II of England|James II]] established the [[Colony of New York]] and the [[Dominion of New England]]. He succeeded his brother as King of England in 1685 but was overthrown in the [[Glorious Revolution]] of 1688.]] Beginning in 1609, Dutch traders had established fur trading posts on the [[Hudson River]], [[Delaware River]], and [[Connecticut River]], ultimately creating the Dutch colony of [[New Netherland]], with a capital at [[New Amsterdam]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=138–140}} In 1657, New Netherland expanded through conquest of [[New Sweden]], a [[Sweden|Swedish]] colony centered in the [[Delaware Valley]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=262}} Despite commercial success, New Netherland failed to attract the same level of settlement as the English colonies.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=215–217}} In 1664, during a [[Anglo-Dutch Wars|series of wars]] between the English and Dutch, English soldier [[Richard Nicolls]] captured New Netherland.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=248–249}} The Dutch briefly regained control of parts of New Netherland in the [[Third Anglo-Dutch War]], but surrendered its claim to the territory in the 1674 [[Treaty of Westminster (1674)|Treaty of Westminster]], ending the Dutch colonial presence in North America.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=261}} In 1664, the [[Duke of York]], later known as [[James II of England]], was granted control of the English colonies north of the Delaware River. He created the [[Province of New York]] out of the former Dutch territory and renamed New Amsterdam as [[New York City]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=247–249}} He also created the provinces of [[West Jersey]] and [[East Jersey]] out of former Dutch land situated to the west of New York City, giving the territories to [[John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton|John Berkeley]] and [[George Carteret]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=249–251}} East Jersey and West Jersey would later be unified as the [[Province of New Jersey]] in 1702.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=252–253}} Charles II rewarded [[William Penn]], the son of distinguished [[William Penn (Royal Navy officer)|Admiral William Penn]], with the land situated between Maryland and the Jerseys. Penn named this land the [[Province of Pennsylvania]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=373}} Penn was also granted a lease to the [[Delaware Colony]], which gained its own legislature in 1701.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=251}} A devout [[Quaker]], Penn sought to create a haven of [[religious toleration]] in the New World.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=251}} Pennsylvania attracted Quakers and other settlers from across Europe, and the city of [[Philadelphia]] quickly emerged as a thriving port city.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=357}} With its fertile and cheap land, Pennsylvania became one of the most attractive destinations for immigrants in the late 17th century.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=358}} New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware became known as the [[Middle Colonies]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Economy of British America, 1607-1789|url=https://archive.org/details/economyofbritish0000mccu|last1=McCusker|first1=John J.|author1-link = John J. McCusker |last2=Menard|first2=Russell R.|date=1991|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|jstor=10.5149/9781469600000_mccusker |isbn=978-0-8078-4351-2 }}</ref> ===Hudson's Bay Company=== In 1670, [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] incorporated by [[royal charter]] the [[Hudson's Bay Company]] (HBC), granting it a monopoly on the [[North American fur trade|fur trade]] in the area known as [[Rupert's Land]]. Forts and trading posts established by the HBC were frequently the subject of attacks by the French.<ref>Bucker (2008), p. 25</ref> ===Darien scheme=== In 1695, the [[Parliament of Scotland]] granted a charter to the [[Company of Scotland]], which established a settlement in 1698 on the [[Isthmus of Panama]]. Besieged by neighbouring Spanish colonists of [[New Kingdom of Granada|New Granada]], and afflicted by [[malaria]], the colony was abandoned two years later. The [[Darien scheme]] was a financial disaster for Scotland—a quarter of Scottish capital<ref>Magnusson (2003), p. 531</ref> was lost in the enterprise—and ended Scottish hopes of establishing its own overseas empire. The episode also had major political consequences, persuading the governments of both England and Scotland of the merits of a union of countries, rather than just crowns.<ref>Macaulay (1848), p. 509</ref> This occurred in 1707 with the [[Treaty of Union]], establishing the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]]. {{clear}} ==Expansion and conflict, 1689–1763== {{Simplifying}} ===Settlement and expansion in North America=== After succeeding his brother in 1685, King James II and his lieutenant, [[Edmund Andros]], sought to assert the crown's authority over colonial affairs.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=290–294}} James was deposed by the new joint monarchy of [[William III of England|William]] and [[Mary II of England|Mary]] in the [[Glorious Revolution]],{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=300–301}} but William and Mary quickly reinstated many of the James's colonial policies, including the [[Mercantilism|mercantilist]] Navigation Acts and the [[Board of Trade]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=310–311, 328}} The Massachusetts Bay Colony, Plymouth Colony and the [[Province of Maine]] were incorporated into the [[Province of Massachusetts Bay]], and New York and the Massachusetts Bay Colony were reorganized as royal colonies, with a governor appointed by the king.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=314–315}} Maryland, which had experienced a [[Protestant Revolution (Maryland)|revolution]] against the Calvert family, also became a royal colony, though the Calverts retained much of their land and revenue in the colony.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=315}} Even those colonies that retained their charters or proprietors were forced to assent to much greater royal control than had existed before the 1690s.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=315–316}} Between immigration, the importation of slaves, and natural population growth, the colonial population in [[British North America]] grew immensely in the 18th century. According to historian Alan Taylor, the population of the [[Thirteen Colonies]] (the British North American colonies which would eventually form the United States) stood at 1.5 million in 1750.<ref>Taylor (2016), p. 20</ref> More than ninety percent of the colonists lived as farmers, though cities like Philadelphia, New York, and [[Boston]] flourished.<ref>Taylor (2016), p. 23</ref> With the defeat of the Dutch and the imposition of the Navigation Acts, the British colonies in North America became part of the global British trading network. The colonists traded foodstuffs, wood, tobacco, and various other resources for Asian tea, West Indian coffee, and West Indian sugar, among other items.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=329–330}} Native Americans far from the Atlantic coast supplied the Atlantic market with beaver fur and deerskins, and sought to preserve their independence by maintaining a balance of power between the French and English.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=332–336}} By 1770, the economic output of the Thirteen Colonies made up forty percent of the [[gross domestic product]] of the British Empire.<ref>Taylor (2016), p. 25</ref> Prior to 1660, almost all immigrants to the English colonies of North America had migrated freely, though most paid for their passage by becoming [[indentured servant]]s.<ref>James (1997), pp. 10–11</ref> Improved economic conditions and an easing of religious persecution in Europe made it increasingly difficult to recruit labor to the colonies in the 17th and 18th centuries. Partly due to this shortage of free labor, the population of slaves in British North America grew dramatically between 1680 and 1750; the growth was driven by a mixture of forced immigration and the reproduction of slaves.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=346–347}} In the Southern Colonies, which relied most heavily on slave labor, the slaves supported vast plantation economies lorded over by increasingly wealthy elites.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=346–347, 351–352}} By 1775, slaves made up one-fifth of the population of the Thirteen Colonies but less than ten percent of the population of the Middle Colonies and New England Colonies.<ref>Taylor (2016), p. 21</ref> Though a smaller proportion of the English population migrated to British North America after 1700, the colonies attracted new immigrants from other European countries,<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 18-19</ref> including Catholic settlers from [[Ireland]]{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=360}} and Protestant Germans.{{sfn|Richter|2011|p=362}} As the 18th century progressed, colonists began to settle far from the Atlantic coast. Pennsylvania, Virginia, Connecticut, and Maryland all lay claim to the land in the [[Ohio River]] valley, and the colonies engaged in a scramble to expand west.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=373–374}} Following the 1684 revocation of the Somers Isles Company's Royal Charter, seafaring Bermudians established an inter-colonial trade network, with [[Charleston, South Carolina]] (settled from Bermuda in 1670 under William Sayle, and on the same latitude as Bermuda, although Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, is the nearest landfall to Bermuda) forming a continental hub for their trade (Bermuda itself produced only ships and seamen).<ref>Jarvis, Michael (2010). In the Eye of All Trade. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 386–391. {{ISBN|9780807872840}}.</ref> The widespread activities and settlement of Bermudians has resulted in [[Bermuda (disambiguation)|many localities named after Bermuda]] dotting the map of North America. ===Wars with the French and Spanish=== [[File:Non-Native Nations Claim over NAFTA countries 1763.png|thumb|After the end of the French and Indian War in 1763, North America was dominated by the British and Spanish Empires]] The Glorious Revolution and the succession of William III, who had long resisted French hegemony as the [[Stadtholder]] of the [[Dutch Republic]], ensured that England and its colonies would come into conflict with the [[French colonial empire|French empire]] of [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] after 1689.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=296–298}} Under the leadership of [[Samuel de Champlain]], the French had established [[Quebec City]] on the St Lawrence River in 1608, and it became the center of French colony of [[Canada (New France)|Canada]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=130–135}} France and England engaged in a proxy war via Native American allies during and after the [[Nine Years' War]], while the powerful [[Iroquois]] declared their neutrality.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=317–318}} War between France and England continued in [[Queen Anne's War]], the North American component of the larger [[War of the Spanish Succession]]. In the 1713 [[Treaty of Utrecht]], which ended the War of Spanish Succession, the British won possession of the French territories of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] and [[Acadia]], the latter of which was renamed [[Nova Scotia]].<ref name="Taylor 2016, p. 19"/> In the 1730s, [[James Oglethorpe]] proposed that the area south of the Carolinas be colonized to provide a buffer against Spanish Florida, and he was part of a group of trustees that were granted temporary proprietorship over the [[Province of Georgia]]. Oglethorpe and his compatriots hoped to establish a utopian colony that banned slavery, but by 1750 the colony remained sparsely populated, and Georgia became a crown colony in 1752.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=358–359}} In 1754, the Ohio Company started to build a fort at the confluence of the [[Allegheny River]] and the [[Monongahela River]]. A larger French force initially chased the Virginians away, but was forced to retreat after the [[Battle of Jumonville Glen]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=385–387}} After reports of the battle reached the French and British capitals, the [[Seven Years' War]] broke out in 1756; the North American component of this war is known as the [[French and Indian War]].{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=388–389}} After the [[Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle|Duke of Newcastle]] returned to power as Prime Minister in 1757, he and his foreign minister, [[William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham|William Pitt]], devoted unprecedented financial resources to the transoceanic conflict.<ref>Taylor (2016), p. 45</ref> The British won a series of victories after 1758, [[Conquest of 1760|conquering]] much of New France by the end of 1760. Spain entered the war on France's side in 1762 and promptly lost several American territories to Britain.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=396–398}} The 1763 [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]] ended the war, and France surrendered almost all of the portion of New France to the east of the Mississippi River to the British. France separately ceded its lands west of the [[Mississippi River]] to Spain, and Spain ceded Florida to Britain.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=406–407}} With the newly acquired territories, the British created the provinces of [[East Florida]], [[West Florida]], and [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Quebec]], all of which were placed under military governments.{{sfn|Richter|2011|pp=407–409}} In the Caribbean, Britain retained [[Grenada]], [[Saint Vincent (Antilles)|St. Vincent]], [[Dominica]], and [[Tobago]], but returned control of [[Martinique]], [[Havana]], and other colonial possessions to France or Spain.<ref>James (1997), p. 76</ref> ==The Americans break away, 1763–1783== {{Further|American Revolution|American Revolutionary War}}{{Simplifying}}[[File:Non-Native Nations Claim over NAFTA countries 1783.png|thumb|[[North America]] after the [[1783 Treaty of Paris]]]] The British subjects of North America believed the [[Constitution of the United Kingdom|unwritten British constitution]] protected their rights and that the governmental system—with the [[House of Commons of Great Britain|House of Commons]], the [[House of Lords]], and the monarch sharing power—found an ideal balance among democracy, oligarchy, and tyranny.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 31-35</ref> However, the British were saddled with huge debts following the French and Indian War. As much of the British debt had been generated by the defense of the colonies, British leaders felt that the colonies should contribute more funds, and they began imposing taxes such as the [[Sugar Act]] of 1764.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 51-53, 94–96</ref> Increased British control of the Thirteen Colonies upset the colonists and upended the notion many colonists held: that they were equal partners in the British Empire.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 51-52</ref> Meanwhile, seeking to avoid another expensive war with Native Americans, Britain issued the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]], which restricted settlement west of the [[Appalachian Mountains]]. However, it was effectively replaced five years later thanks to the [[Treaty of Fort Stanwix]].<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 60-61</ref> The Thirteen Colonies became increasingly divided between [[Patriot (American Revolution)|Patriots]], opposed to parliamentary taxation without representation, and [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]], who supported the king. In the British colonies nearest to the Thirteen Colonies, however, protests were muted, as most colonists accepted the new taxes. These provinces had smaller populations, were largely dependent on the British military, and had less of a tradition of self-rule.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 102-103, 137-138.</ref> At the [[Battles of Lexington and Concord]] in April 1775, the Patriots repulsed a British force charged with seizing militia arsenals.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 132-133</ref> The [[Second Continental Congress]] assembled in May 1775 and sought to coordinate armed resistance to Britain. It established an impromptu government that recruited soldiers and printed its own money. Announcing a permanent break with Britain, the delegates adopted a [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] on 4&nbsp;July 1776 for the United States of America.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. pp. 139-141, 160-161</ref> The French formed a military alliance with the United States in 1778 following the British defeat at the [[Battle of Saratoga]]. Spain joined France in order to regain Gibraltar from Britain.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 187-191</ref> A combined Franco-American operation trapped a British invasion army at [[Yorktown, Virginia]], forcing them to surrender in October 1781.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 293-295</ref> The surrender shocked Britain. The king wanted to keep fighting, but he lost control of Parliament and peace negotiations began.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 295-297</ref> In the 1783 [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]], Britain ceded all of its North American territory south of the [[Great Lakes]], except for the two Florida colonies, which were ceded to Spain.<ref>Taylor (2016), pp. 306-308</ref> With their close ties of blood and trade with the continental colonies, especially Virginia and South Carolina, Bermudians leaned towards the rebels during the [[American War of Independence]], supplying them with privateering ships and gunpowder, but the power of the [[Royal Navy]] on the surrounding Atlantic left no possibility of their joining the rebellion, and they eventually availed themselves of the opportunities of [[Privateer#Bermudians|privateering]] against their former kinsmen. Although often mistaken for being in the West Indies, Bermuda is nearer to Canada (and was initially grouped within [[British North America]], retaining close links especially with the Nova Scotia and Newfoundland until the continental colonies were confederated into [[Canada]]) than to the West Indies, and the nearest landfall is North Carolina. Following the independence of the United States, this would make Bermuda of supreme importance to Britain's strategic control of the region, including its ability to protect its shipping in the area and its ability to project its power against the Atlantic seaboard of the United States, as was to be shown during the [[American War of 1812]]. Having defeated a combined Franco-Spanish naval force at the decisive 1782 [[Battle of the Saintes]], Britain retained control of Gibraltar and all its pre-war Caribbean possessions except for Tobago.<ref>James (1997), pp. 80–82</ref> Economically, the new nation became a major trading partner of Britain. ==Second British Empire, 1783–1945== {{Simplifying}} [[File:British Empire 1921.png|thumb|The British Empire in 1921]] The loss of a large portion of [[British America]] defined the transition between the "first" and "second" empires, in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific, and later Africa.<ref name="canny92">Canny (1998), p. 92</ref> Influenced by the ideas of [[Adam Smith]], Britain also shifted away from mercantile ideals and began to prioritize the expansion of trade rather than territorial possessions.<ref name="james119165">James (1997), pp. 119–121, 165</ref> During the nineteenth century, some observers described Britain as having an "unofficial" empire based on the export of goods and financial investments around the world, including the newly independent republics of Latin America. Though this unofficial empire did not require direct British political control, it often involved the use of [[gunboat diplomacy]] and military intervention to protect British investments and ensure the free flow of trade.<ref>James (1997), pp. 173–174, 177</ref> From 1793 to 1815, Britain was almost constantly at war, first in the [[French Revolutionary Wars]] and then in the [[Napoleonic Wars]].<ref>James (1997), p. 151</ref> During the wars, Britain took control of many French, Spanish, and Dutch Caribbean colonies.<ref>James (1997), p. 154</ref> Tensions between Britain and the United States escalated during the Napoleonic Wars, as the United States took advantage of its neutrality to undercut the British embargo on French-controlled ports, and Britain tried to cut off that American trade with France. The Royal Navy, which was desperately short of trained seamen and constantly losing deserters who sought better-paid work under less draconian discipline aboard American merchant vessels, boarded American ships to search for deserters, sometimes resulting in the [[Impressment]] of American sailors into the Royal Navy. The United States, at the same time, coveted the acquisition of Canada, which Britain could ill afford to lose as its naval and merchant fleets had been constructed largely from American timber before United States independence, and from Canadian timber thereafter. Taking advantage of Britain's absorption in its war with France, the United States began the [[American War of 1812]] with the invasion of the Canadas, but the British Army mounted a successful defence with minimal regular forces, supported by militia and native allies, while the Royal Navy blockaded the United States of America's Atlantic coastline from Bermuda, strangling its merchant trade, and carried out amphibious raids including the [[Chesapeake Campaign]] with its [[Burning of Washington]]. As the United States failed to make any gains before British victory against France in 1814 freed British forces from Europe to be wielded against it, and as Britain had no aim in its war with its former colonies other than to defend its remaining continental territory, the war ended with the pre-war boundaries reaffirmed by the 1814 [[Treaty of Ghent]], ensuring Canada's future would be separate from that of the United States.<ref>Jeremy Black, ''The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon'' (2009) pp 204–37.</ref> Following the final defeat of French Emperor [[Napoleon]] in 1815, Britain gained ownership of [[Trinidad]], Tobago, [[British Guiana]], and Saint Lucia, as well as other territories outside of the Western Hemisphere.<ref>James (1997), p. 165</ref> The [[Treaty of 1818]] with the United States set a large portion of the [[Canada–United States border]] at the [[49th parallel north|49th parallel]] and also established a joint U.S.–British occupation of [[Oregon Country]].<ref name=JMforeign>{{cite web|title=James Monroe: Foreign Affairs|url=https://millercenter.org/president/monroe/foreign-affairs|publisher=Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia|access-date=25 February 2017|date=4 October 2016}}</ref> In the 1846 [[Oregon Treaty]], the United States and Britain agreed to split Oregon Country along the 49th parallel north with the exception of [[Vancouver Island]], which was assigned in its entirety to Britain.<ref name="Noakes (2006)">{{cite news |last1=Noakes |first1=Taylor C. |title=Oregon Treaty |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/oregon-treaty |work=The Canadian Encyclopedia }}</ref> After warring throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in both Europe and the Americas, the British and French reached a lasting peace after 1815. Britain would fight only one war (the [[Crimean War]]) against a European power during the remainder of the nineteenth century, and that war did not lead to territorial changes in the Americas.<ref>James (1997), pp. 179–182</ref> However, the British Empire continued to engage in wars such as the [[First Opium War]] against China; it also put down rebellions such as the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], the Canadian [[Rebellions of 1837–1838]], and the Jamaican [[Morant Bay rebellion]] of 1865.<ref>James (1997), pp. 190, 193</ref> A strong [[Abolitionism in the United Kingdom|abolition movement]] had emerged in the United Kingdom in the late-eighteenth century, and Britain abolished the slave trade in 1807.<ref>James (1997), pp. 185–186</ref> In the mid-nineteenth century, the economies of the British Caribbean colonies would suffer as a result of the [[Slavery Abolition Act 1833]], which abolished slavery throughout the British Empire, and the [[Sugar Duties Act 1846|1846 Sugar Duties Act]], which ended preferential tariffs for sugar imports from the Caribbean.<ref>James (1997), pp. 171–172</ref> To replace the labor of former slaves, British plantations on Trinidad and other parts of the Caribbean began to hire indentured servants from [[India]] and China.<ref>James (1997), p. 188</ref> ===Establishing the Dominion of Canada=== Despite its defeat in the American Revolutionary War and shift towards a new form of imperialism during the nineteenth century,<ref name="canny92"/><ref name="james119165"/> the British Empire retained numerous colonies in the Americas after 1783. During and after the American Revolutionary War, between 40,000 and 100,000 defeated [[Loyalist (American Revolution)|Loyalists]] migrated from the United States to Canada.<ref>Zolberg (2006), p. 496</ref> The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the [[Saint John River (New Brunswick)|Saint John]] and [[Saint Croix River (Maine – New Brunswick)|Saint Croix river]] valleys, then part of [[Nova Scotia]], felt too far removed from the provincial government in Halifax, so London split off [[New Brunswick]] as a separate colony in 1784.<ref>Kelley & Trebilcock (2010), p. 43</ref> The [[Constitutional Act of 1791]] created the provinces of [[Upper Canada]] (mainly English-speaking) and [[Lower Canada]] (mainly [[French language|French-speaking]]) to defuse tensions between the French and British communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution.<ref name="smith2829">Smith (1998), p. 28</ref> The British also expanded their mercantile interests in the North Pacific. Spain and Britain had become rivals in the area which came to a head with the [[Nootka Crisis]] in 1789. Both sides mobilised for war, and Spain counted on France for support but when France refused, Spain had to back down and capitulated to British terms leading to the [[Nootka Convention]]. The outcome of the crisis was a humiliation for Spain and a triumph for Britain, for the former had practically renounced all sovereignty on the North Pacific coast.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blackmar |first1=Frank Wilson |title=Spanish Institutions of the Southwest Issue 10 of Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science |date=1891 |publisher=Hopkins Press |page=335 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F11GAAAAYAAJ}}</ref> This opened the way to British expansion in that area, and a number of expeditions took place; firstly a [[Vancouver Expedition|naval expedition]] led by [[George Vancouver]] which explored the inlets around the Pacific NorthWest, particularly around [[Vancouver Island]].<ref name= pethick0>{{cite book |last= Pethick |first= Derek |title= The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790–1795 |url= https://archive.org/details/nootkaconnection0000peth |url-access= registration |year= 1980 |publisher= Douglas & McIntyre |location= Vancouver |isbn= 978-0-88894-279-1 |page = [https://archive.org/details/nootkaconnection0000peth/page/18 18]}}</ref> On land, expeditions took place hoping for a discovery of a practicable river route to the Pacific for the extension of the [[North American fur trade]] (the [[North West Company]]). [[Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)|Sir Alexander Mackenzie]] led the first starting out in 1792, and a year a later he became the first European to reach the Pacific overland north of the [[Rio Grande]] reaching the ocean near present-day [[Bella Coola, British Columbia|Bella Coola]]. This preceded the [[Lewis and Clark Expedition]] by twelve years. Shortly thereafter, Mackenzie's companion, [[John Finlay (fur trader)|John Finlay]], founded the first permanent European settlement in [[British Columbia]], [[Fort St. John, British Columbia|Fort St. John]]. The North West Company sought further explorations firstly by [[David Thompson (explorer)|David Thompson]], starting in 1797, and later by [[Simon Fraser (explorer)|Simon Fraser]]. More expedition took place in the early 1800s and pushed into the wilderness territories of the [[Rocky Mountains]] and Interior Plateau and all the way to the [[Strait of Georgia]] on the Pacific Coast expanding [[British North America]] Westward.<ref name=innes>{{cite book|last=Innis |first=Harold A |title=The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=University of Toronto Press |orig-year=1930 |date=2001 |edition=reprint |isbn=978-0-8020-8196-4 |url={{google books|eCgps70cHV4C|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref> In 1815, Lieutenant-General Sir [[George Prevost]] was ''Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and over the Provinces of Upper-Canada, Lower-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New~Brunswick, and their several Dependencies, Vice-Admiral of the same, Lieutenant-General and Commander of all His Majesty's Forces in the said Provinces of Lower Canada and Upper-Canada, Nova-Scotia and New-Brunswick, and their several Dependencies, and in the islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward, Cape Breton and the Bermudas, &c. &c. &c.'' Beneath Prevost, the staff of the British Army in ''the Provinces of Nova-Scotia, New-Brunswick, and their Dependencies, including the Islands of Newfoundland, Cape Breton, Prince Edward and Bermuda'' were under the Command of Lieutenant-General Sir [[John Coape Sherbrooke]]. Below Sherbrooke, the [[Bermuda Garrison]] was under the immediate control of the Lieutenant-[[Governor of Bermuda]], Major-General [[George Horsford]] (although the Lieutenant-Governor of Bermuda was eventually restored to a full civil Governorship, in his military role as Commander-in-Chief of Bermuda he remained subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief in Halifax, and naval and ecclesiastic links between Bermuda the [[Maritimes]] also remained; The military links were severed by Canadian confederation at the end of the 1860s, which resulted in the removal of the British Army from Canada and its Commander-in-Chief from Halifax when the Canadian Government took responsibility for the defence of Canada; The naval links remained until the Royal Navy withdrew from Halifax in 1905, handing its dockyard there over to the [[Royal Canadian Navy]]; The established [[Anglican Church of Bermuda|Church of England in Bermuda]], within which the Governor held office as [[Ordinary (church officer)|Ordinary]], remained linked to the colony of [[Newfoundland]] under the same [[Diocese of Newfoundland|Bishop]] until 1919).<ref>''The Quebec Almanack'', 1815</ref> In response to the Rebellions of 1837–1838,<ref name="smith2829"/> Britain passed the [[Act of Union 1840|Act of Union]] in 1840, which united Upper Canada and Lower Canada into the [[Province of Canada]]. [[Responsible government]] was first granted to [[Nova Scotia]] in 1848, and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies. With the passage of the [[British North America Act, 1867]] by the [[British Parliament]], Upper and Lower Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia were formed into the confederation of [[Canada]].<ref>Porter (1998), p.&nbsp;187</ref> Rupert's Land (which was divided into [[Manitoba]] and the [[Northwest Territories]]), British Columbia, and Prince Edward Island joined Canada by the end of 1873, but Newfoundland would not join Canada until 1949.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Like other British [[dominions]] such as [[Australia]], [[New Zealand]], and [[South Africa]], Canada enjoyed autonomy over its domestic affairs but recognized the British monarch as [[head of state]] and cooperated closely with Britain on defense issues.<ref>James (1997), pp. 311–312, 341</ref> After the passage of the 1931 [[Statute of Westminster 1931|Statute of Westminster]],<ref>Rhodes, Wanna & Weller (2009), pp. 5–15</ref> Canada and other dominions were fully independent of British legislative control; they could nullify [[Law of the United Kingdom|British laws]] and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent.<ref>Turpin & Tomkins, p. 48</ref> United States independence, and the closure of its ports to British trade, combined with growing peace in the region which reduced the risk to shipping (resulting in smaller evasive merchantmen, such as those that Bermudian shipbuilders turned out, losing favour to larger [[clipper]]s), and the advent of metal hulls and steam engines, were to slowly strangle Bermuda's maritime economy, while its newfound importance as a Royal Navy and British Army base from which the [[North America and West Indies Station]] could be controlled meant increasing interest from the British Government in its governance. Bermuda was grouped with British North America, especially Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (its closest British neighbours), following United States Independence. When war with France followed the [[French Revolution]], a [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda|Royal Naval Dockyard]] was established at Bermuda in 1795, which was to alternate with [[Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax]] (Bermuda during the summers and Halifax during the winters) as the Royal Navy [[Admiralty House, Bermuda|headquarters]] and main base for the ''River St. Lawrence and Coast of America Station'' (which was to become the ''North America Station'' in 1813, the ''North America and Lakes of Canada Station'' in 1816, the ''North America and Newfoundland Station'' in 1821, the [[North America and West Indies Station]] about 1820, and finally the ''America and West Indies Station'' from 1915 to 1956) before becoming the year-round headquarters and main base from about 1818. The regular [[Bermuda Garrison|army garrison]] (established in 1701 but withdrawn in 1784) was re-established in 1794 and grew during the Nineteenth Century to be one of the British Army's largest, relative to Bermuda's size. The blockade of the Atlantic seaboard ports of the United States and the [[Chesapeake Campaign]] (including the [[Burning of Washington]]) were orchestrated from Bermuda during the [[American War of 1812]]. Preparations for similar operations were carried out in Bermuda when the [[Trent Affair]] nearly brought Britain to war with the United States during the [[American Civil War]] (Bermuda had already been serving as the primary tran-shipment point for British and European manufactured arms which were smuggled into [[Confederate States of America|Confederate]] ports, especially Charleston, South Carolina, by [[blockade runner]]s; cotton was brought out from the same ports by the blockade runners to be traded at Bermuda for the war materiel), and Bermuda played important roles (as a naval base, trans-Atlantic convoy forming-up point, as a connecting point in the [[Cable & Wireless plc|Cable and Wireless]] Nova Scotia-to-British West Indies submarine telegraph cable, as a wireless station, and from the 1930s as a site for airbases used as a staging point for trans-Atlantic flights and for operating anti-submarine air patrols over the North Atlantic) in the Atlantic theatre of the [[First World War]] and in the [[Battle of the Atlantic]] during the [[Second World War]], when the already existing Royal Navy, British Army, and Royal Air Force bases were joined by a Royal Canadian Navy base and naval and air bases of the allied United States. It remained a vital air and naval base during the Cold War, with American and Canadian bases existing alongside the British ones from the Second World War until 1995. ===British Honduras and Falkland Islands=== In the early 17th century, English sailors had begun cutting [[logwood]] in parts of coastal [[Central America]] over which the Spanish exercised little control. By the early 18th century, a small British settlement had been established on the [[Belize River]], though the Spanish refused to recognize British control over the region and frequently evicted British settlers. In the 1783 Treaty of Paris and the 1786 [[Convention of London (1786)|Convention of London]], Spain gave Britain the right to cut logwood and [[mahogany]] in the area between the [[Hondo River (Belize)|Hondo River]] and the Belize River, but Spain retained sovereignty over this area. Following the 1850 [[Clayton–Bulwer Treaty]] with the United States, Britain agreed to evacuate its settlers from the [[Bay Islands Department|Bay Islands]] and the [[Mosquito Coast]], but it retained control of the settlement on the Belize River. In 1862, Britain established the crown colony of the [[British Honduras]] at this location.<ref name="cs">Bolland, Nigel. "Belize: Historical Setting". In [https://web.archive.org/web/19990117033536/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/bztoc.html ''A Country Study: Belize''] (Tim Merrill, editor). [[Library of Congress]] [[Federal Research Division]] (January 1992).</ref> The British first established a presence on the [[Falkland Islands]] in 1765 but were compelled to withdraw for economic reasons related to the American War of Independence in 1774.<ref>{{cite book | last = Gibran | first = Daniel | title = The Falklands War: Britain Versus the Past in the South Atlantic | url = https://archive.org/details/falklandswarbrit0000gibr | year = 1998 | publisher = McFarland & Company, Inc. | location = Jefferson, North Carolina | isbn = 978-0-7864-0406-3 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/falklandswarbrit0000gibr/page/26 26]–27}}</ref> The islands continued to be used by British sealers and whalers, although the settlement of [[Port Egmont]] was destroyed by the Spanish in 1780. Argentina attempted to establish a colony in the ruins of the former Spanish settlement of [[Puerto Soledad]], which ended with the [[Reassertion of British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (1833)|British return]] in 1833. The British governed the uninhabited [[South Georgia Island]], which had been claimed by Captain [[James Cook]] in 1775, as a dependency of the Falkland Islands.<ref>R.K. Headland, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lZ04AAAAIAAJ ''The Island of South Georgia''], Cambridge University Press, 1984. {{ISBN|0-521-25274-1}}</ref> ==Decolonization and overseas territories, 1945–present== {{Simplifying}} ===Successful independence movements=== [[File:Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations.svg|thumb|The [[Commonwealth of Nations]] consists of former territories of the British Empire in the Americas and elsewhere]] With the onset of the [[Cold War]] in the late 1940s, the British government began to assemble plans for the independence of the empire's colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. British authorities initially planned for a three-decades-long process in which each colony would develop a self-governing and democratic parliament, but unrest and fears of Communist infiltration in the colonies encouraged the British to speed up the move towards self-governance.<ref>James (1997), p. 538–539</ref> Compared to other European empires, which experienced wars of independence such as the [[Algerian War]] and the [[Portuguese Colonial War]], the British post-war process of decolonization in the Caribbean was relatively peaceful.<ref>James (1997), pp. 588–589</ref> In an attempt to unite its Caribbean colonies, Britain established the [[West Indies Federation]] in 1958. The federation collapsed following the loss of its two largest members, Jamaica and Trinidad, each of which attained independence in 1962; Trinidad formed a union with Tobago to become the country of [[Trinidad and Tobago]].<ref name="knight14">Knight & Palmer (1989), pp. 14–15.</ref> The eastern Caribbean islands, as well as the Bahamas, gained independence in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.<ref name="knight14"/> [[Guyana]] achieved independence in 1966. Britain's last colony on the American mainland, [[British Honduras]], became a [[self-governing colony]] in 1964 and was renamed [[Belize]] in 1973, achieving full independence in 1981. A [[Belizean-Guatemalan territorial dispute|dispute with Guatemala]] over claims to Belize was left unresolved.<ref>Lloyd (1996), pp.&nbsp;401, 427–29.</ref> ===Remaining territories=== {{main|British Overseas Territories}} Though many of the Caribbean territories of the British Empire gained independence, [[Anguilla]] and the [[Turks and Caicos Islands]] opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence.<ref>Clegg (2005), p. 128.</ref> The [[British Virgin Islands]], Bermuda, the [[Cayman Islands]], [[Montserrat]], and the [[Falkland Islands]] also remain under the jurisdiction of Britain.<ref>James (1997), p. 622</ref> In 1982, Britain defeated [[Argentina]] in the [[Falklands War]], an undeclared war in which Argentina attempted to seize control of the Falkland Islands.<ref>James (1997), pp. 624–626</ref> In 1983, the [[British Nationality Act 1981]] renamed the existing British colonies as "British dependent territories".{{efn|Schedule 6 of the [[British Nationality Act 1981]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61/schedule/6/enacted |title=British Nationality Act 1981, Schedule 6 |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401094630/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1981/61/schedule/6/enacted |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> reclassified the remaining [[Self-governing colony|self-governing colonies]] (those with their own elected legislatures and a degree of autonomy, such as Bermuda) and [[Crown colony|Crown colonies]] (those without elected legislatures, which were governed entirely by British Government-appointed Governors with advisory councils, such as Hong Kong) as "British Dependent Territories".}} Historically, colonials shared the same citizenship (although [[Magna Carta]] had effectively created English citizenship, citizens were still termed ''subjects of the King of England'' or ''English subjects''. With the union of the kingdoms of England and Scotland, this was replaced with ''British subject'', which encompassed citizens throughout the sovereign territory of the British government, including the colonies) as Britons. Although historically all British subjects had the right to vote for candidates, or to themselves stand for election, to the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] (providing that they were male, prior to [[women's suffrage]], and met the [[property qualification]], when it applied). The British government (as with the Government of the Kingdom of England before it) has never assigned seats in the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] to any colony, effectively disenfranchising colonials at the sovereign level of their government. There has also never been a peer in the House of Lords representing any colony. Colonials were therefore not consulted, or required to give their consent, to a series of acts that passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom between 1968 and 1982, which were to limit their rights and ultimately change their citizenship. When several colonies were elevated before the [[Second World War]] to [[dominion]] status, collectively forming the old [[Commonwealth of Nations#Adoption and formalisation of the Commonwealth|British Commonwealth]] (as distinct from the United Kingdom and its dependent colonies), their citizens remained British subjects, and in theory, any British subject born anywhere in the world had the same basic right to enter, reside, and work in the United Kingdom as a British subject born in the United Kingdom whose parents were also both British subjects born in the United Kingdom (although many governmental policies and practices acted to thwart the free exercise of these right by various demographic groups of colonials, including [[Greek Cypriots]]). When the dominions and an increasing number of colonies began choosing complete independence from the United Kingdom after the Second World War, the Commonwealth was transformed into a community of independent nations, each recognising the British monarch as their own head of state (creating separate monarchies with the same person occupying all of the separate Thrones; the exception being republican India). ''British subject'' was replaced by the [[British Nationality Act 1948]] with ''citizen of the United Kingdom and colonies'' for the residents of the United Kingdom and its colonies, as well as the Crown dependencies. however, as it was desired to retain free movement for all Commonwealth citizens throughout the Commonwealth, ''British subject'' was retained as a blanket nationality shared by citizens of the United Kingdom and colonies as well as the citizens of the various other Commonwealth realms. The inflow of [[People of colour|coloured people]] to the United Kingdom during the 1940s and 1950s from both remaining colonies and newly independent Commonwealth nations was responded to with a racist backlash that led to the passing of the [[Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1962]], which restricted the rights of Commonwealth nationals to enter, reside and work in the United Kingdom. This act also allowed certain colonials (primarily ethnic Indians in African colonies) to retain citizenship of the United Kingdom and colonies if their colonies became independent, intended as a measure to ensure these persons did not become [[Statelessness|stateless]] if they were denied the citizenship of their newly independent nation. Many ethnic-Indians did find themselves marginalised in newly independent nations (notably [[Kenya]]) and relocated to the United Kingdom, in response to which the [[Commonwealth Immigrants Act 1968]] was rapidly passed, stripping all British subjects (including citizens of the United Kingdom and colonies) who were not born in the United Kingdom, and who did not have a citizen of the United Kingdom and colonies parent born in the United Kingdom or some other qualification (such as existing residence status), of the rights to freely enter, reside and work in the United Kingdom. This was followed by the [[Immigration Act 1971]], which effectively divided ''citizens of the United Kingdom and colonies'' into two types, although their citizenship remained the same: Those from the United Kingdom itself, who retained the rights of free entry, abode, and work in the United Kingdom; and those born in the colonies (or in foreign countries to British colonial parents), from whom those rights were denied. The [[British Nationality Act 1981]], which entered into force on 1 January 1983,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1982/933/made |title=The British Nationality Act 1981 (Commencement) Order 1982 |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401134239/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1982/933/made |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> abolished ''British subject'' status, and stripped colonials of their full British ''citizen of the United Kingdom and colonies'', replacing it with ''British dependent territories citizenship'', which entailed no right of abode or to work anywhere (other categories with even fewer rights were created at the same time, including [[British overseas citizen]] for former citizens of the United Kingdom and colonies born in ex-colonies). The exceptions were the [[Gibraltar]]ians (permitted to retain British nationality in order to retain [[citizenship of the European Union]]) and the [[Falkland Islands|Falkland Islanders]], who were permitted to retain the same new ''British citizenship'' that became the default citizenship for those from the United Kingdom and the [[Crown dependencies]]. As the act was widely understood to have been passed in preparation for the 1997 handover of [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]] to the [[People's Republic of China]] (in order to prevent ethnic-Chinese British nationals from migrating to the United Kingdom), and given the history of neglect and racism those colonies with sizeable ''non-European'' (to use the British government's parlance) populations had endured from the British government since the ''end of Empire'', the application of the act only to those colonies in which the citizenship was changed to ''British dependent territories citizenship'' has been perceived as a particularly egregious example of the racism of the British government. The stripping of birth rights from at least some of the colonial [[CUKC]]s in 1968 and 1971, and the change of their citizenships in 1983, actually violated the rights granted them by [[royal charter]]s at the founding of the colonies. [[Bermuda]] (fully ''The Somers Isles or Islands of Bermuda''), by example, had been settled by the [[London Company]] (which had been in occupation of the archipelago since the 1609 wreck of the ''[[Sea Venture]]'') in 1612, when it received its Third Royal Charter from [[James VI and I|King James I]], amending the boundaries of the [[Virginia Colony|First Colony of Virginia]] far enough across the Atlantic to include Bermuda. The citizenship rights guaranteed to settlers by King James I in the original royal charter of the 10 April 1606, thereby applied to Bermudians: {{blockquote|''Alsoe wee doe, for us, our heires and successors, declare by theise presentes that all and everie the parsons being our subjects which shall dwell and inhabit within everie or anie of the saide severall Colonies and plantacions and everie of theire children which shall happen to be borne within the limitts and precincts of the said severall Colonies and plantacions shall have and enjoy all liberties, franchises and immunites within anie of our other dominions to all intents and purposes as if they had been abiding and borne within this our realme of Englande or anie other of our saide dominions''.}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/36181/36181-h/36181-h.htm|title=The Project Gutenburg ebook of The Three Charters of the Virginia Company of London, by Samuel M. Bemiss.|website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> These rights were confirmed in the royal charter granted to the London Company's spin-off, the [[Somers Isles|Company of the City of London for the Plantacion of The Somers Isles]], in 1615 on Bermuda being separated from Virginia: {{blockquote|And wee doe for vs our heires and successors declare by these Pnts, that all and euery persons being our subjects which shall goe and inhabite wthin the said Somer Ilandes and every of their children and posterity which shall happen to bee borne within the limits thereof shall haue and enjoy all libertyes franchesies and immunities of free denizens and natural subjectes within any of our dominions to all intents and purposes, as if they had beene abiding and borne wthin this our Kingdome of England or in any other of our Dominions<ref>Letters Patent of King James I, 1615. ''Memorials of the Discovery and Early Settlement of The Bermudas or Somers Islands'', Volume 1, by Lieutenant-General Sir John Henry Lefroy, Royal Artillery, [[Governor of Bermuda|Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Bermuda]] 1871–1877. The Bermuda Memorials Edition, 1981. The Bermuda Historical Society and The Bermuda National Trust (First Edition, London, 1877)</ref>}} In regards to former CUKCs of [[Saint Helena]], Lord Beaumont of Whitley in the [[House of Lords]] debate on the ''British Overseas Territories Bill'' on the 10 July 2001, stated: {{blockquote|Citizenship was granted irrevocably by Charles I. It was taken away, quite wrongly, by Parliament in surrender to the largely racist opposition to immigration at the time.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/2001/jul/10/british-overseas-territories-bill-hl|title=British Overseas Territories Bill [H.L.] |website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]] |date=10 July 2001}}</ref> }} Some [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] backbenchers stated that it was the unpublished intention of the Conservative British government to return to a single citizenship for the United Kingdom and all of the remaining territories once Hong Kong had been handed over to China. Whether this was so will never be known as by 1997 the Labour Party was in government. The Labour Party had declared prior to the election that the colonies had been ill-treated by the British Nationality Act 1981, and it had made a promise to return to a single citizenship for the United Kingdom and the remaining territories part of its election manifesto. Other matters took precedence, however, and this commitment was not acted upon during Labour's first term in government. The House of Lords, in which many former colonial governors sat, lost patience and tabled and passed its own bill, then handed it down to the House of Commons to confirm. As a result, the British dependent territories were renamed the [[British overseas territories]] in 2002 (the term ''dependent territory'' had caused much ire in the former colonies, such as well-heeled Bermuda that had been largely self-reliant and self-governed for nearly four centuries, as it implied not only that they were ''other than British'', but that their relationship to Britain and to ''real British people'' was both inferior and parasitic).<ref name=FAC>[[#refFAC|House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-13|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#refFAC|reason= }}, pp.&nbsp;145–47</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://john-warwick.blogspot.com/2007/09/race-and-development-of-immigration.html|title=Professor John Warwick: Race and the development of Immigration policy during the 20th century|first=Professor John|last=Warwick|date=24 September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socialistworker.co.uk/comment/windrush-scandal-shows-how-britishness-stinks/|title=Windrush scandal shows how 'Britishness' stinks|date=1 May 2018|website=Socialist Worker}}</ref> At the same time, although Labour had promised a return to a single citizenship for the United Kingdom, Crown dependencies, and all remaining territories, ''British dependent territories citizenship'', renamed ''British overseas territories citizenship'', remained the default citizenship for the territories, other than the Falkland Islands and Gibraltar (for which ''British citizenship'' is still the default citizenship). The bars to residence and work in the United Kingdom that had been raised against holders of ''British dependent territories citizenship'' by The British Nationality Act 1981 were, however, removed, and ''British citizenship'' was made attainable by simply obtaining a second British passport with the citizenship recorded as ''British citizen'' (requiring a change to passport legislation as prior to 2002, it had been illegal to possess two British passports).<ref>[https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/lords/2001/jul/10/british-overseas-territories-bill-hl ''British Overseas Territories Bill [H.L.&#93;'']; House of Lords Debate, 10 July 2001. Volume 626, cc1014-37. UK Parliament website</ref> Prior to 2002, all British passports obtained in a British dependent territory were of a design modified from those issued in the United Kingdom, lacking the ''European Union'' name on the front cover, having the name of the specific territorial government noted on the front cover below "British passport", and having the request on the inside of the front cover normally issued by the secretary of state on behalf of the Queen instead issued by the governor of the territory on behalf of the Queen. Although this design made it easier for United Kingdom Border Control to distinguish a colonial from a 'real' British citizen, these passports were issued within the territory to the holder of any type of British citizenship with the appropriate citizenship stamped inside. The ''normal'' British passports issued in the United Kingdom and by British consulates in Commonwealth and foreign countries were similarly issued to holders of any type of British citizenship with the appropriate citizenship, or ''citizenships'', stamped inside. From 2002, the thenceforth local governments of the British overseas territories in which British overseas territories citizenship was the default citizenship were no longer allowed to issue or replace any British passport except the type for their own territory only with British overseas territories citizen recorded inside (and a stamp from the local government showing the holder has legal status as a local (in Bermuda, by example, the stamp records "the holder is registered as a Bermudian"), as neither British dependent territories citizenship nor British overseas territories citizenship actually entitles the holder to any more rights in any territory than in the United Kingdom, simply serving to enable colonials to be distinguished from ''real British people'' for the benefit of United Kingdom Border Control. Since 2002, only the United Kingdom Government has issued ''normal'' British passports with the citizenship stamped as ''British citizen''. Since June 2016, only the Passport Office in the United Kingdom is permitted to issue any type of British passport. Local governments of territories can still accept passport applications, but must forward them to the Passport Office. This means that the territorial pattern of British passport is no longer available, with all passports issued since then being of the standard type issued in the United Kingdom, with the appropriate type of British citizenship recorded inside; a problem for Bermudians as they have always enjoyed freer entry into the United States than other British citizens, but the United States had updated its entry requirements (prior to the 2001 terrorist attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C., Bermudians did not need a passport to enter the US, and Americans did not need a passport to enter Bermuda. Since then, anyone entering the US, including US citizens, must present a passport) to specify that, in order to be admitted as a Bermudian the passport must be of the territorial type specific to Bermuda, with the country code inside being that used for Bermuda as distinct from other parts of the British Realm, with the citizenship stamped as ''British dependent territories citizenship'' or ''British overseas territories citizenship'', and the stamp from Bermuda Immigration showing the holder has Bermudian status. From the point of view of Bermuda Immigration, only the stamp showing the holder has Bermudian status indicates the holder is Bermudian, and that can be entered into any type of British passport with any type of British citizenship recorded, so the United States requirements are more stringent than Bermuda's, and impossible to meet with any British passport issued to a Bermudian since the end of June 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://bm.usconsulate.gov/u-s-immigration-policy-related-bermuda-passports/ |title=''U.S. immigration policy related to Bermuda Passports '', website of the United States Consulate General in Bermuda |work=U.S. Consulate General in Bermuda |date=2 March 2017 |access-date=12 July 2024 |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205174230/https://bm.usconsulate.gov/u-s-immigration-policy-related-bermuda-passports/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royalgazette.com/other/news/article/20190812/government-working-to-resolve-passport-issues/|title=Government working to resolve passport issues|first1=Tim|last1=Smith |date=12 August 2019|website=www.royalgazette.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socialistworker.co.uk/features/a-british-passport-to-prejudice/|title=A British passport to prejudice|date=15 May 2018|website=Socialist Worker}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newint.org/features/2018/11/12/illegitimate-children-denied-british-citizenship-%E2%80%98archaic%E2%80%99-law|title=Illegitimate children denied British citizenship by 'archaic' law|date=12 November 2018|website=New Internationalist}}</ref> The eleven inhabited territories are self-governing to varying degrees and are reliant on the UK for [[Diplomacy|foreign relations]] and defence.<ref>[[#refFAC|House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee Overseas Territories Report, pp.&nbsp;146,153]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-07-13|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=#refFAC|reason= }}</ref> Most former British colonies and protectorates are among the 52 member states of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], a non-political, [[voluntary association]] of equal members, comprising a population of around 2.2&nbsp;billion people.<ref>[http://thecommonwealth.org/about-us The Commonwealth – About Us] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927182840/http://thecommonwealth.org/about-us |date=27 September 2013 }}; Online September 2014</ref> Fifteen [[Commonwealth realm]]s, including Canada and several countries in the Caribbean, voluntarily continue to share the British monarch, [[King Charles III]], as their head of state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/150757/head_of_the_commonwealth/|title=Head of the Commonwealth|publisher=Commonwealth Secretariat|access-date=9 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706045334/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/150757/head_of_the_commonwealth/|archive-date=6 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jowett |first1=A. J. |last2=Findlay |first2=A. M. |last3=Li |first3=F. L. |last4=Skeldon |first4=R. |title=The British who are not British and the immigration policies that are not: the case of Hong Kong |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-geography_1995-07_15_3/page/245 |journal=Applied Geography (Sevenoaks, England) |date=July 1995 |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=245–265 |doi=10.1016/0143-6228(95)00009-s |pmid=12291184 |bibcode=1995AppGe..15..245J }}</ref> ==List of colonies== === Former North American colonies === ====Canadian territories==== These colonies and territories (known, together with [[Bermuda]], as [[British North America]] following independence of the United States of America) were [[Canadian Confederation|confederated]] to form modern [[Canada]] between 1867 and 1873 unless otherwise noted: :*[[British Columbia]] (previously part of [[Oregon Country]] before its 1846 division between Britain and the United States) :*[[Province of Canada]] (formed from the merger of [[Upper Canada]] and [[Lower Canada]] in 1841) :*[[Nova Scotia]] :*[[New Brunswick]] :*[[Dominion of Newfoundland]] (became part of Canada in 1949) :*[[Prince Edward Island]] :*[[Rupert's Land]] (became part of Canada as [[Manitoba]] and the [[Northwest Territories]]) ====Thirteen Colonies==== The [[Thirteen Colonies]], which became the original states of the United States following the 1781 ratification of the [[Articles of Confederation]]: :*[[Province of Massachusetts Bay]] :*[[Province of New Hampshire]] :*[[Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations]] :*[[Connecticut Colony]] :*[[Province of New York]] :*[[Province of New Jersey]] :*[[Province of Pennsylvania]] :*[[Delaware Colony]] :*[[Province of Maryland]] :*[[Colony of Virginia]] :*[[Province of North Carolina]] :*[[Province of South Carolina]] :*[[Province of Georgia]] ====Other North American colonies==== These colonies were acquired in 1763 and ceded to Spain in 1783: :*Province of [[East Florida]] (from Spain, retroceded to Spain) :*Province of [[West Florida]] (from France as part of eastern French Louisiana, ceded to Spain) === Former colonies in the Caribbean and South America === These present-day countries formed part of the [[British West Indies]] prior to gaining independence during the 20th century: :*[[Antigua and Barbuda]] (gained independence in 1981) :*[[The Bahamas]] (gained independence in 1973) :*[[Barbados]] (gained independence in 1966) :*[[Belize]] (gained independence in 1981; formerly known as [[British Honduras]]) :*[[Dominica]] (gained independence in 1978) :*[[Grenada]] (gained independence in 1974) :*[[Guyana]] (gained independence in 1966; formerly known as [[British Guiana]]) :*[[Jamaica]] (gained independence in 1962) :*[[Saint Kitts and Nevis]] (gained independence in 1983) :*[[Saint Lucia]] (gained independence in 1979) :*[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]] (gained independence in 1979) :*[[Trinidad and Tobago]] (gained independence in 1962) ===Current territories=== These [[British Overseas Territories]] in the Americas remain under the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom: :*[[Anguilla]] :*[[Bermuda]] :*[[British Virgin Islands]] :*[[Cayman Islands]] :*[[Falkland Islands]] :*[[Montserrat]] :*[[Turks and Caicos Islands]] ==Related pages== * [[Imperialism]] * [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ===Works cited=== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Fred |title=The Crucible of War |date=2000 |publisher=Knopf |location=New York |isbn=978-0375406423 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/crucibleofwarsev00ande_0 }} * {{cite book |last1=Anderson |first1=Fred |title=The War That Made America |date=2005 |publisher=Viking |location=New York |isbn=978-0670034543 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/warthatmadeameri00ande }} * {{cite book|last1=Bailyn|first1=Bernard|title=The Barbarous Years: The Peopling of British North America--The Conflict of Civilizations, 1600–1675|url=https://archive.org/details/barbarousyearspe0000bail|date=2012|publisher=Knopf |isbn=978-0-394-51570-0 }} * Black, Jeremy. ''The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon'' (2009). * {{Cite book|first=Phillip|last=Buckner|title=Canada and the British Empire|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0199271641|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SJA7OIinf4MC|ref=refBuckner2008|access-date=22 July 2009}} * {{cite book|last1=Canny|first1=Nicholas|title=The Origins of Empire: British Overseas Enterprise to the Close of the Seventeenth Century|date=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press}} * {{cite journal|last1=Chandler|first1=Ralph Clark|title=Public Administration Under the Articles of Confederation|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_public-administration-quarterly_winter-1990_13_4/page/433|journal=Public Administration Quarterly|date=Winter 1990|volume=13|issue=4|pages=433–450|jstor=40862257}} * {{cite book|last=Clegg|first=Peter|title=Extended Statehood in the Caribbean|year=2005|publisher=Rozenberg Publishers|isbn=978-9051706864|editor=de Jong, Lammert |editor2=Kruijt, Dirk|ref=refClegg2005|chapter=The UK Caribbean Overseas Territories}} * {{Cite book |first=Niall |last=Ferguson |author-link=Niall Ferguson |title=Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power |location=New York |publisher=Basic Books |year=2004 |isbn=978-0465023295 |url=https://archive.org/details/empire00nial }} * {{cite book|last1=Ferling|first1=John|title=A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic|url=https://archive.org/details/leapindark00ferl|url-access=registration|date=2003|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195159240}} * {{cite book|last1=Horn |first1=James |title=A Kingdom Strange: The Brief and Tragic History of the Lost Colony of Roanoke |url=https://archive.org/details/kingdomstrangeb00horn |url-access=registration |date=2011 |publisher=Basic Book |isbn=978-0465024902 |location=Philadelphia }} * {{cite book|last=Kelley|first=Ninette|title=The Making of the Mosaic (2nd ed.)|year=2010|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0802095367|ref=refKelley2010|author2=Trebilcock, Michael}} * {{cite book|last=Knight|first=Franklin W.|title=The Modern Caribbean|year=1989|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0807818251|ref=refKnight1989|author2=Palmer, Colin A.}} * {{cite book |last1=James |first1=Lawrence |title=The Rise and Fall of the British Empire |url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofbritis0000jame_l9p7 |date=1997 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |isbn=978-0312169855}} * {{Cite book|first=Trevor Owen|last=Lloyd|title=The British Empire 1558–1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1996|isbn=978-0198731344|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gIBgQgAACAAJ}} * {{Cite book|first=Thomas|last=Macaulay|author-link=Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay|title=The History of England from the Accession of James the Second|publisher=Penguin|year=1848|isbn=978-0140431339|ref=refMacaulay1979|title-link=The History of England from the Accession of James the Second}} * {{Cite book|first=Magnus|last=Magnusson |author-link=Magnus Magnusson|title=Scotland: The Story of a Nation|publisher=Grove Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0802139320|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sEV4zgXOJLsC|ref=refMagnusson2003|access-date=22 July 2009}} * {{cite book|last1=Middlekauff|first1=Robert|author-link=Robert Middlekauff|title=The Glorious Cause: the American Revolution, 1763–1789|url=https://archive.org/details/gloriouscauseame0000midd|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516247-9 }} * {{Cite book|first=Andrew|last=Porter|title=The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0199246786|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oo3F2X8IDeEC|ref=refOHBEv3|access-date=22 July 2009}} * {{cite book|last=Rhodes|first=R.A.W.|title=Comparing Westminster|url=https://archive.org/details/comparingwestmin00unse|year=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0199563494|ref=refRhodes2009|author2=Wanna, John |author3=Weller, Patrick }} * {{cite book |last1=Richter |first1=Daniel K. |title=Before the Revolution: America's Ancient Pasts |url=https://archive.org/details/beforerevolution0000rich |date=2011 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-06124-8 }} * {{Cite book|first=Simon|last=Smith|title=British Imperialism 1750–1970|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-3125806405|url=https://archive.org/details/britishimperiali00smit|url-access=registration|ref=refSmith1998|access-date=22 July 2009}} * {{cite book |author-link=Alan Taylor (historian) |last1=Taylor |first1=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |date=2002 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0142002100 |location=New York |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/americancolonies00tayl }} * {{cite book|last1=Taylor|first1=Alan|title=[[American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804]]|date=2016|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company}} * {{cite book|last=Turpin|first=Colin|title=British government and the constitution (6th ed.)|year=2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521690294|ref=refTurpin2007|author2=Tomkins, Adam}} * {{cite book|last=Zolberg|first=Aristide R|title=A nation by design: immigration policy in the fashioning of America|url=https://archive.org/details/nationbydesignim0000zolb|year=2006|publisher=Russell Sage|isbn=978-0674022188|ref=refZolberg2006}} {{refend}} ==Other books and articles== {{refbegin|2}} * {{cite book|last1=Berlin|first1=Ira|title=Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America|url=https://archive.org/details/manythousandsgon00berl|url-access=registration|date=1998|publisher=Belknap Press|isbn=978-0674810921}} * Black, Conrad. ''Rise to Greatness: The History of Canada From the Vikings to the Present'' (2014), 1120pp [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/077101354X excerpt] * {{cite book|last1=Breen|first1=T.H.|last2=Hall|first2=Timothy|title=Colonial America in an Atlantic World|date=2016|publisher=Pearson|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite book|first=Kathleen|last=Burk|author-link=Kathleen Burk|title=Old World, New World: Great Britain and America from the Beginning|publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0871139719|url=https://archive.org/details/oldworldnewworld00kath|url-access=registration}} * {{cite book|last1=Carr|first1=J. Revell|title=Seeds of Discontent: The Deep Roots of the American Revolution, 1650–1750|url=https://archive.org/details/seedsofdisconten00carr|date=2008|publisher=Walker Books |isbn=978-0-8027-1512-8 }} * Conrad, Margaret, Alvin Finkel and Donald Fyson. ''Canada: A History'' (Toronto: Pearson, 2012) * Cooke, Jacob Ernest et al., ed. ''Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies.'' (3 vol. 1993) * {{Cite book|first=Nigel|last=Dalziel|title=The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire|publisher=Penguin|year=2006|isbn=978-0141018447|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u0wUAQAAIAAJ|ref=refDalziel2006|access-date=22 July 2009}} * {{cite book|last1=Elliott|first1=John|title=Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830|url=https://archive.org/details/empiresofatlanti00john|url-access=registration|date=2006|publisher=Yale University Press}} * {{cite book|last1=Games|first1=Alison|title=The Web of Empire: English Cosmopolitans in an Age of Expansion, 1560–1660|url=https://archive.org/details/webofempireengli0000game|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-533554-5 }} * {{cite book|last1=Gaskill|first1=Malcolm|title=Between Two Worlds: How the English Became Americans|url=https://archive.org/details/betweentwoworlds0000gask|date=2014|publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-01111-7 }} * Gipson, Lawrence. ''The British Empire Before the American Revolution'' (15 volumes, 1936–1970), Pulitzer Prize; highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World * {{cite book|last1=Horn|first1=James|title=A Land As God Made It: Jamestown and the Birth of America|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465030941|url-access=registration|date=2005|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=9780465030941}} * Rose, J. Holland, A. P. Newton and E. A. Benians (gen. eds.), ''[[The Cambridge History of the British Empire]]'', 9 vols. (1929–61); vol 1: "The Old Empire from the Beginnings to 1783" 934pp [https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99039834 online edition Volume I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227020238/https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99039834 |date=27 December 2007 }} * {{Cite book|first=Ronald|last=Hyam|title=Britain's Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2002|isbn=978-0713430899|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2eMoHQAACAAJ}} * {{cite book|last1=Lepore|first1=Jill|title=The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity|url=https://archive.org/details/nameofwarkingphi0000lepo|url-access=registration|date=1999|publisher=Vintage|isbn=978-0375702624}} * [[Wm. Roger Louis|Louis, Wm. Roger]] (general editor), ''[[The Oxford History of the British Empire]]'' ** vol 1 ''The Origins of Empire'' ed. by Nicholas Canny ** vol 2 ''The Eighteenth Century'' ed. by P. J. Marshall excerpt and text search * {{cite book|last1=Mann|first1=Charles C.|title=1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created|date=2011|publisher=Knopf}} * [[P. J. Marshall|Marshall, P.J.]] (ed.) ''The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire'' (1996). [https://www.amazon.com/dp/0521002540 excerpt and text search] * Mawby, Spencer. ''Ordering Independence: The End of Empire in the Anglophone Caribbean, 1947–69'' (Springer, 2012). * McNaught, Kenneth. ''The Penguin History of Canada'' (Penguin books, 1988) * {{cite book|last1=Meinig|first1=Donald William|title=The Shaping of America: Atlantic America, 1492–1800|url=https://archive.org/details/shapingofamerica03mein|url-access=registration|date=1986|publisher=Yale University Press}} * {{cite book|last1=Middleton|first1=Richard|last2=Lombard|first2=Anne|title=Colonial America: A History to 1763|url=https://archive.org/details/colonialamericah0000midd_a8e3|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|edition=4th |isbn=978-1-4051-9004-6 }} * {{Cite book|first=Piers|last=Brendon|author-link=Piers Brendon|title=The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997|url=https://archive.org/details/declinefallofbri0000bren_c3y8|publisher=Random House|year=2007|isbn=978-0224062220}} * {{cite book|last1=Shorto|first1=Russell|title=The Island at the Center of the World: The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America|url=https://archive.org/details/islandatcenterof00shor|url-access=registration|date=2004|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0385503495}} * {{Cite book|first=Simon|last=Smith|title=British Imperialism 1750–1970|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-3125806405|url=https://archive.org/details/britishimperiali00smit|url-access=registration}} * Sobecki, Sebastian. "New World Discovery". Oxford Handbooks Online (2015). {{doi|10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935338.013.141}} * {{cite book|last=Springhall|first=John|title=Decolonization since 1945: the collapse of European overseas empires|url=https://archive.org/details/decolonizationsi00john|url-access=registration|year=2001|publisher=Palgrave|isbn=978-0333746004}} * {{cite book|last1=Weidensaul|first1=Scott|title=The First Frontier: The Forgotten History of Struggle, Savagery, and Endurance in Early America|url=https://archive.org/details/firstfrontierfor0000weid|date=2012|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |isbn=978-0-15-101515-3 }} ===Historiography=== * {{cite journal |last1=Canny |first1=Nicholas |title=Writing Atlantic History; or, Reconfiguring the History of Colonial British America |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-history_1999-12_86_3/page/1093 |journal=The Journal of American History |date=1999 |volume=86 |issue=3 |pages=1093–1114 |doi=10.2307/2568607 |jstor=2568607 }} * {{cite journal |last1=Hinderaker |first1=Eric |last2=Horn |first2=Rebecca |title=Territorial Crossings: Histories and Historiographies of the Early Americas |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_william-and-mary-quarterly_2010-07_67_3/page/395 |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly |date=2010 |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=395–432 |doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.67.3.395 |jstor=10.5309/willmaryquar.67.3.395 }} {{refend}} ==Other websites== * {{Commons category-inline}} {{DEFAULTSORT:British Colonization Of The Americas}} [[Category:History of the British Isles]] [[Category:Colonialism]] 6ekzp3jf44lu4c0d3c3o5z1pqmqr9lr 0 1135491 11024558 10937076 2026-10-09T09:31:26Z ~2026-54085-43 1887463 /* */ 11024558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Wars of Samudragupta | width = 415px | partof = | image = {{Location map+ |South Asia |float = center |width = 400 |border = none |caption = Samudragupta's military campaign in the South (Eastern Deccan Region along the Bay of Bengal), North and West with boundaries.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=[https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 145, map XIV.1 (j)]; [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=062 p.25] |isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |access-date=12 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224162023/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=182 |url-status=live }}</ref> |nodiv = 1 |mini = 1 |relief = yes |places = {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=21|N |long=79|E |label=|position= |label_size=0|mark=Gupta border.png|marksize=400 }} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=22.9734|N |long=78.6569|E |label=[[Malwa|Malavas]] |position=top |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=20.7984|N |long=85.8310|E |label=Utkala |position=bottom |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=19.3138|N |long=84.9306|E |label=Ganjam |position=top |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=17.6869|N |long=83.2185|E |label=Vizagapatam |position=right |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=17.3854|N |long=81.7742|E |label=Godavari |position=left |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=16.5060|N |long=80.7073|E |label=Krishna |position=bottom |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=14.4424|N |long=79.9866|E |label=Nellore |position=left |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=12.8317|N |long=79.7080|E |label=[[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]] |position=top |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=34.5553|N |long=69.2075|E |label=[[Kabul]] |position=left |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=34.0151|N |long=71.5249|E |label=[[Peshawar|Purushpura]] |position=right |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=33.7480|N |long=72.8387|E |label=[[Taxila]] |position=top |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=32.4926|N |long=74.5313|E |label=[[Sialkot]] |position=left |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=34.0837|N |long=74.7973|E |label=[[Srinagar]] |position=bottom |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=28.6139|N |long=77.2090|E |label=[[Delhi|Indraprastha]] |position=right |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=27.4924|N |long=77.6737|E |label=[[Mathura]] |position=left |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=26.7876|N |long=81.1998|E |label=[[Ayodhya]] |position=bottom |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=25.4358|N |long=81.8463|E |label=Prayaga |position=top |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=25.0961|N |long=85.3131|E |label=Magadh |position=right |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=23.6850|N |long=90.3563|E |label=[[Bengal|Vanga]] |position=left |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=27.7172|N |long=85.3240|E |label=[[Nepal|Nepala]] |position=top |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=26.0|N |long=68.5|E |label=[[Abhira|Abhiras]] |position=top |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=26.2|N |long=92.9|E |label=[[Assam|Kamarupa]] |position=top |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=29.4|N |long=71.7|E |label=N. Sakas |position=top |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=22.3|N |long=71.7|E |label=W. Sakas |position=top |label_size=80}} {{location map~ |South Asia |lat=19.9333|N |long=76.7500|E |label=Vakatakas |position=top |label_size=80}} }} | image_size = | alt = | caption = | date = 335-365<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yXcAAAAMAAJ&q=Samudragupta|title=A Military History of Ancient India|last=Sandhu|first=Gurcharn Singh|date=2000|publisher=Vision Books|isbn=978-81-7094-375-4|pages=332|language=en}}</ref> | place = [[South Asia]] {{Collapsible list | title = | [[Bihar]] | [[Uttar Pradesh]] | [[Punjab]] | [[Chhattisgarh]] | [[Odisha]] | [[Andhra Pradesh]] | [[Tamil Nadu]] | [[Telangana]] | [[Bengal]] | [[Madhya Pradesh]] | [[Assam]] | [[Nepal]] | [[Uttarakhand]] | [[Himachal Pradesh]] | [[Rajasthan]] | [[Afghanistan]] }} | coordinates = <!--Use the {{coord}} template --> | map_type = | map_relief = | map_size = | map_marksize = | map_caption = | map_label = | territory = * Unification of the [[Ganga|Ganges Valley]]<ref name="Goyel, SR 1967">Goyel, SR (1967). ''History of the Imperial Guptas''. Central Book Depot, p.128</ref> *Territories extending from [[Chenab River]] in the west to [[Brahmaputra River]] in the east and from the Foothills of [[Himalayas]] to [[Vindhyas]] falls to the [[Gupta Empire]] under direct rule.{{sfn|R. C. Majumdar|1981|p=23, 27}}{{sfn|Ashvini Agrawal|1989|p=128}} *Territories till [[Kanchipuram]] annexed into [[Gupta Empire]] as Tributaries.{{sfn|K. Chakrabarti|1996|p=185}} *[[South India|South Indian]] Kingdoms looted and plundered<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iJBDPwAACAAJ|title=The Digvijaya of Raghu and Some Connected Problems|last=Gawroński|first=Andrzej|date=1914|pages=45|language=en}}</ref> *[[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] borders extends from [[Assam]] in the east to [[Afghanistan]] in the west{{sfn|V.R. Ramachandra|1993|p=81-82}} | result = [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] victory<br/> | status = | combatants_header = | combatant1 = {{unbulleted list |'''[[Gupta Empire]]''' ---- | ''Supported by:'' | Numerous Feudal states | Vakataka dynasty }} | combatant2 = {{unbulleted list | [[Bareilly|Nagas of Ahichchatra]] | [[Mathura|Nagas of Mathura]] | [[Jhansi|Nagas of Padmavati]] | Kota kingdom | Kingdom of Rudradeva | Kingdom of Matila | Pushkarana Kingdom | Magha dynasty | Parivrajaka dynasty | Dabhala Kingdom | Samatata | Davaka | [[Assam|Kumarupa]] | [[Nepal|Nepala]] | Katripura | [[Malwa|Malavas]] | Arjunayanas | Yaudheya | Madra kingdom | Abhiras | Sanakanikas | Kakas | Prarjunas | Kharaparikas | Kingdom of Kosala | Nalas | Mahakantara | Kurala | Pishtapura | Kottura | Erandapalla | [[Pallava dynasty]] | Avamukta | Vengi | Vashishta dynasty | Chieftains of Kusthalapura | [[Kushan Empire|Later Kushanas]] | [[Saka|Sakas]] | Murundas | [[Sri Lanka|Simhala]] }} | combatant3 = | commander1 = '''[[Samudragupta]]'''{{WIA}}{{efn|According to Harisena, Samudragupta sustained wounds and scars from the 100 battles he fought.}}<br/>Harisena<br/>Bahu<br>Prithvishena I<ref name=":6" /><small>:</small><small>¹⁶⁸</small> | commander2 = Achyuta Naga{{Surrendered}}{{executed}}<br>Nagasena{{Surrendered}}{{executed}}<br>Ganapati Naga{{Surrendered}}{{executed}}<br>Kota ruler{{POW}}<br>Mahendra{{POW}}<br>Vyagharaja{{POW}}<br>Mantraja{{POW}}<br>Mahendragiri{{POW}}<br>Svamidatta{{POW}}<br>Damana{{POW}}<br>Vishnugopa{{POW}}<br>Nilaraja{{POW}}<br>Hastivarman{{POW}}<br>Ugrasena{{POW}}<br>Kubera{{POW}}<br>Dhananjaya{{POW}}<br>Rudradeva{{KIA}}<br>Matila{{KIA}}<br>Nagadatta{{KIA}}<br>Chandravarman{{KIA}}<br>Balavarman{{KIA}}<br>Hemamala<br/>Sridharavarman<br>Kidāra I{{Surrendered}} | commander3 = | units1 = | units2 = | units3 = | strength1 = | strength2 = | strength3 = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | casualties3 = | notes = | campaignbox = }} The '''Conquests and Campaigns of Samudragupta''', or the '''Wars of Samudragupta''' were a number of conflicts fought between the mid 4th c. CE and late 4th c. CE throughout the various parts of the present day [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Nepal]]. The campaigns resulted in the unification of the [[North Indian Plain|Ganga valley]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xzFuAAAAMAAJ|title=A History of the Imperial Guptas|last=Goyala|first=Śrīrāma|date=1967|publisher=Central Book Depot|pages=128|language=en}}</ref> and the fall of several independent [[Kingdom|kingdoms]], [[Republic|republics]] and [[Tribe|tribes]] to the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta realm]]. [[Samudragupta]]'s Allahabad Prashasti records his campaigns in detail, said to have been written by Harisena. Samudragupta first launched his First [[North Indian Plain|Aryavarta]] Campaign against the local rulers of the Ganga valley and completely ''uprooted'' them, the states of Achyuta, Ganapati Naga and Nagasena suffered the cause. The ruler of ''Kota dynasty'' was captured by the army of Samudragupta and was forced to accept the Gupta suzerainty. Samudragupta after consolidating his power in the Ganga valley, moved to suppress the [[South India|Southern Kings]], who were captured, liberated and reinstalled back to their thrones. Samudragupta in the ''Dakshinpatha'' campaign, defeated 11 kings of South India, and annexed them into Gupta Empire as tributary states. After finishing off with his ''Dakshinpatha'' campaign, Samudragupta launched his final campaign of ''[[North India|Aryavarta]],'' where he defeated 9 kings and annexed them into [[Gupta Empire]] under direct administration. Thus, a 'war of extermination' against the Aryavarta kings was started by Samudragupta which was violent and bloody. By the end of his reign, Samudragupta was able to gain control over almost whole of the [[Indian subcontinent]], extending from modern day [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]] in the west to [[Assam]] in the east and from the foothills of [[Himalayas]] in the north to the [[Vindhyas]] in the south with the allegiance of [[South India|Southern]] Kings along the eastern coast of [[India]]. {{Campaignbox Campaigns of Samudragupta}} == Aims of Samudragupta's Conquests == [[File:Samudragupta circa 335-380 CE Ashvameda type.jpg|thumb|300x300px|''Ashvamedha'' type coin of [[Samudragupta]]]] Various Scholars have interpreted the objectives and aims of Samudragupta to launch such offensive campaign throughout the [[Indian subcontinent|Subcontinent]]. According to SR Goyel, Samudragupta was inspired by the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] ideals of ''Universal Ruler'' which was very popular during the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta age]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=74|language=en}}</ref> According to BG Gokhale, the reason might have been [[Religion|religious]]. Samudragupta might have been influenced from the [[Nāga|Nāgas]] performing the [[Vedas|Vedic]] ''Ashvamedha Sacrifice,'' and he sought to perform it after his victory over Nagas.<ref name=":0" /> Buddha Prakash states that, the ''Dakshinpatha'' campaign was led under [[Economics|economic]] considerations, as the demand of [[trade]] and [[commerce]] between [[India]] and [[Southeast Asia]] was rising, it became important for Samudragupta to secure few ports for the [[Gupta Empire|Empire]].<ref name=":0" /> Chattopadhyaya accepts this theory.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=20–21|language=en}}</ref> Moreover, Tej Ram Sharma concludes that, [[Samudragupta]] was eager to conquer lands of ''[[India|Bharatvarsha]]'' and to be the 'Universal Monarch' after completing the Ashwamedha Sacrifice which is even evident from his [[coinage]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=75|language=en}}</ref> == First North Indian Campaign == [[File:First North Indian Campaign of Samudragupta.svg|thumb|center|Map of Samudragupta's first North Indian campaign. March led personally by Samudragupta ('''<span style="color:red;">―</span>'''), March not led personally by Samudragupta ('''<span style="color:red; border-bottom:2px dotted red;">&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>'''), Kota kingdom ('''<span style="background:#6A5ACD;">&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>'''), Naga kingdom of [[bareilly|Ahichchatra]] ('''<span style="background:#FF69B4;">&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>'''), Naga kingdom of [[Mathura]] ('''<span style="background:yellow;">&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>'''), Naga kingdom of [[Jhansi|Padmavati]] ('''<span style="background:brown;">&#160;&#160;&#160;</span>''').]] === Unification of Ganges Valley === [[File:Sculpture of Samudragupta.jpg|thumb|Sculpture of Samudragupta in Shaheedi Park, [[Delhi]]]] The [[kingdom]] of [[Chandragupta I]] consisted of the parts of modern day [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]], despite this he adopted the title of ''Maharajadhiraja''{{Efn|Sanskrit equivalent of "King of Kings"}}. He must have some sort of control over the [[Nāga|Naga]] kings. By his death the Naga Kings, Achyuta, Ganapati Naga and Nagasena, broke off from the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta realm]] and established their own [[Kingdom|kingdoms]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=106|language=en}}</ref> Achyuta is identified as the ruler of Ahichchatra (modern day [[Bareilly]]), Nagasena to be the ruler of Padmavati ([[Gwalior]]) and Ganapati Naga to be the ruler of [[Mathura]].<ref name="A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta - Tej Ram Sharma - Google Books">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=82|language=en}}</ref> [[Samudragupta]] suppressed their revolts by the use of [[military]] [[Scientist|scientists]] operated on the inner lines. The kings submitted to him seeking for Samudragupta's forgiveness.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgIXnQEACAAJ|title=The history of the imperial Guptas, with a foreword by R.C. Majundar|last=Goyal|first=S. R.|publisher=Central book depot|pages=140–141|language=en}}</ref> Another ruler from the ''Kota dynasty'' tried to break off from the Gupta realm. The Kota ruler is identified as the ruler of [[Punjab region]]. The coins bearing the [[Legend]] ''kota'' and [[Shiva]] with his [[Nandi (bull)|Bull]] has been found in various places such as [[Ludhiana]], Sunet and Sanghol.<ref name=":1" /> Giving less importance to the revolt, Samudragupta divided the Imperial army and sent one of his general to defeat and punish the Kota ruler while he was campaigning against the [[Nāga]] rulers. The Kota ruler was then defeated and captured.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DgIXnQEACAAJ|title=The history of the imperial Guptas, with a foreword by R.C. Majundar|last=Goyal|first=S. R.|publisher=Central book depot|pages=141|language=en}}</ref> Thus, they were the first to fall in his conquests, which extended [[Gupta Empire|Gupta rule]] far beyond [[Prayagraj|Prayaga]] and [[Ayodhya|Saketa]], reaching the areas around [[Mathura]] and [[Gwalior|Padmavati]]. It is also cleverly suggested that this battle against the rebellious princes took place at Kausambi, where Samudragupta used the [[Ashoka|Ashoka pillar]] as a symbol of his victory.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC|title=The Gupta Empire|last=Mookerji|first=Radhakumud|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0089-2|pages=20|language=en}}</ref> == South Indian Campaign == After establishing his power in the surrounding areas, [[Samudragupta]] launched his South Indian Campaign. The campaign had three features, namely capture of the enemy, liberating them, and reinstalling them back.<ref name=":2" /> === Route of the Campaign === Samudragupta's military campaign in the South primarily focused on the eastern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region along the [[Bay of Bengal|Bay of Bengal's]] coast. He began by moving through the forest areas of [[Madhya Pradesh]] and proceeded to the [[Odisha|Orissa]] coast. From there, he advanced through the regions of [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]], Vizagapatam, [[Godavari River|Godavari]], [[Krishna River|Krishna]], and [[Nellore]], eventually reaching Kanchi (modern-day [[Kanchipuram]]) south of present-day [[Chennai]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=80–81|language=en}}</ref> There is a theory by Fleet and some scholars suggesting that during his return journey, Samudragupta also conquered kingdoms on the western coast of India. However, evidence from historical inscriptions challenges this view. For example, the inscription mentions Kaurala, identified as Keralaputra (linked to the Chera kingdom of [[South India|Southern India]]), and Kottura, identified with a place in [[Coimbatore]]. Palakka is equated with Palaghat on the Malabar coast, while Erandapalla is linked to Erandol in the Khandesh district, and Devarashtra is associated with [[Maharashtra]]. The sequence of conquests listed in the inscription, however, indicates that Samudragupta's campaign moved steadily southward. The names of regions like Erandapalla and Devarashtra would logically appear after southernmost areas like Vengi and Kanchi if they were actually part of his campaign. Thus, it seems unlikely that he would have turned back to the south after conquering western regions. Instead, the evidence supports the idea that his southern expedition ended at Kanchi, without extending further into western territories like Maharashtra.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC|title=The Gupta Empire|last=Mookerji|first=Radhakumud|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0089-2|pages=22–23|language=en}}</ref> ==== Mahendra of Kosala ==== The route of Samudragupta’s [[South India|southern]] campaign can be traced based on the sequence of events recorded in his inscriptions. Leaving the Jumna Valley, he likely advanced through the present-day regions of [[Rewa district|Rewa]] and [[Jabalpur]], reaching his first target: the kingdom of Kosala. This kingdom, known as Southern Kosala, had its capital at Sripura (modern-day Sirpur in Central Province). It encompassed the eastern and southern areas of the Central Province, covering the modern districts of Bilaspur, [[Raipur]], Sambalpur, and parts of [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]]. The ruler of Kosala at the time was King Mahendra.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC|title=The Gupta Empire|last=Mookerji|first=Radhakumud|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0089-2|pages=20–21|language=en}}</ref> ==== Vyagharaja of Mahakantara ==== Samudragupta then entered the dense [[Vindhyas|Vindhyan]] wilderness of eastern [[Gondwana Rainforests|Gondwana]], known as Mahakantara. Its ruler, Vyaghraja—aptly called the "Tiger of the Forest"—was a notable leader and a feudatory of the Vakatakas. Vyaghraja had a son, Jayanatha of the Uchchakalpa dynasty, who is recorded in the year 174 of the Kalachuri era, indicating he was a contemporary of [[Chandragupta II]], and thus, Vyaghraja was a contemporary of Samudragupta. The region’s likely capital was Sambalpur on the Mahanadi River.<ref name="The Gupta Empire - Radhakumud Mookerji - Google Books">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC|title=The Gupta Empire|last=Mookerji|first=Radhakumud|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0089-2|pages=21|language=en}}</ref> ==== Mantraja of Kurala ==== J.F. Fleet initially suggested that "Kaurālaka," mentioned in Samudragupta’s inscriptions, could be a mistake for "Kairalaka," referring to [[Kerala]] on India’s western coast, possibly due to the unfamiliarity of the name. Others offered varying theories: L.D. Barnet associated it with Korada, while S.K. Aiyangar proposed a location near present-day Khurda in Odisha's [[Cuttack]] district. Kielhorn, while studying the Aihole inscription of Pulakesin II, suggested that "Kaurala" (or "Kunala") was likely near the Kollar Lake region between the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna]] rivers, a view later accepted by Jayaswal. However, H.C. Raychaudhuri argued that this region would have fallen within the boundaries of Vengi, ruled by Hastivarman. R. Sathianathier proposed an alternative identification with Cherla in [[Nagpur]] Taluk of the East Godavari district, but this area, too, was likely within Hastivarman’s territory. G. Ramdas speculated it to be the plains northeast of the Mahendra Hills, aligning with the sequence in Samudragupta’s inscription. B.V. Krishnarao suggested "Kaurala" might refer to "Kulula," as mentioned in the Mahendragiri pillar inscription of [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] king [[Rajendra Chola I]], situated south of the Maikal range in [[Madhya Pradesh]]’s Chanda district. However, this location was considered too far north. A recent discovery offers a promising solution: a copper plate grant of Maharaja Narendra from the Sarbhapuriya dynasty of South Kosala references a region called "Mantrarajabhukti," likely named after a ruler called Mantraraja, who may correspond to the "Mantraraja" in Samudragupta’s inscriptions. This evidence suggests that the kingdom of "Kurala" was near South Kosala, clarifying its probable location.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_q1AAAAIAAJ|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=107–108|language=en}}</ref> ==== Mahendragiri of Pishtpura ==== There has been some debate over the correct name of the ruler of Pishtapura. J.F. Fleet argued that a name ending in "giri" was unlikely to be a king’s name, as such endings were commonly associated with the Dasanami Gosains, a sect of recluses. Fleet therefore interpreted the ruler's name as simply "Mahendra," with "giri" linked to the following place name, "Kottura," translating it to mean "Kottura on the hill." However, D.R. Bhandarkar countered that this interpretation was grammatically flawed. V.S. Ramachandramurti further noted that several rulers in the [[Telugu]] region indeed had names ending in "giri" or its equivalent, "adri," validating "Mahendragiri" as a plausible royal name. Pishtapura, identified as present-day Pithapuram, lies 12 miles from Kakinada in [[Andhra Pradesh]]’s East [[Godavari River|Godavari district]]. This inscription provides the earliest recorded mention of Pishtapura, described in the Ragolu plates of King Vasishthiputra Shaktivarman as a city within the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] territory. It is also referenced in inscriptions of King Anantavarman of Kalinga. In the early 7th century, shortly before 634–635 CE, the Chalukya ruler Pulakesin II conquered Pishtapura and incorporated it into his kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_q1AAAAIAAJ|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=108–109|language=en}}</ref> ==== Svamidatta of Kottura ==== After conquering Pishtapura, [[Samudragupta]] turned his attention to Kottura, ruled by King Svamidatta. Kottura is identified as either modern Kothoor in the [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] district or as a location at the base of the hills in the Vizagapatam<ref>{{Cite news|title=District Gazetteer .1, 137}}</ref> (now [[Visakhapatnam]]) district.<ref name="The Gupta Empire - Radhakumud Mookerji - Google Books" /> ==== Damana of Erandapalla ==== The location of Erandapalla is essential to defining the southern reach of Samudragupta’s campaign. J.F. Fleet identified it with Erandol in East [[Khandesh]], [[Maharashtra]], supported by Gupta-era remains found there. However, Dubreuil disagreed, proposing Erandapali near Srikakulam (Chicacole) based on references in the Siddhantam plates issued by Ganga king Devendravarman, which mention a place named Erandapalli. G. Ramdas offered a different perspective, suggesting either Yendipalli in Golgonda Taluk, [[Visakhapatnam]] district, or Endipalli in Ellora Taluka, West [[Godavari River|Godavari]] district. He argued that Erandapalli’s kingdom likely spanned from the northern boundary of Golgonda Taluk down to Ellore. An "Eradavishaya" appears in the Nagadam plates of Ganga king Vajrahasta (dated to Saka year 979), though it is spelled with a dental "d" rather than the cerebral "d" seen in the Allahabad Pillar inscription. Jayaswal also placed Erandapalli in [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], near Kalinganagara (Mukhalingam) in [[Ganjam district|Ganjam]] district, suggesting it was under Svamidatta of Pishtapura, with Damana of Erandapalli serving as a local ruler. Ramdas’s view, proposing Erandapalli’s kingdom stretched from northern Golgonda to Ellore, is widely regarded as the most plausible identification.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_q1AAAAIAAJ|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=109–110|language=en}}</ref> ==== Vishnugopa of Kanchi ==== We have some information about Vishnugopa, a member of the well-known [[Pallava dynasty]] in the [[South India|south]]. He was the younger brother of Simhavarman (c. 332–344 CE) and the son of Skandavarman II (c. 297–332 CE). During his brother’s reign, Vishnugopa held the title of *Yuvamaharaja* (crown prince) and issued a grant under the name Vishnugopavarman. Later, he served as regent for his nephew, Skandavarman III, suggesting that [[Samudragupta|Samudragupta's]] invasion may have occurred during this period. The Pallavas’ capital was Kanchi, present-day [[Kanchipuram]] in [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7_q1AAAAIAAJ|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=110|language=en}}</ref> ==== Nilaraja of Avamukta ==== The identity of Avamukta is not very clear. Historian H. C. Raychaudhuri thought that an old sea-port named Nilapalli, near [[Yanam]] in the Godavari district, might be linked to a king named Nīlarāja. He also mentioned a temple called Avamukteśa in the [[Anantapur district|Anantapur]] district of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. However, the name Avimukteśa is another name for the [[Hindu gods|Hindu god]] [[Shiva]], and the term Avimuktakshetra usually refers to the area around [[Varanasi]]. Another historian, Jayaswal, pointed out two places called Ava and Pithunda mentioned in the Hathigumpha inscription of King Kharavela. He suggested that Pithunda might be the same as Pitundra, a place on the eastern coast mentioned by the ancient Greek geographer [[Ptolemy]]. B. V. Krishnarao had a different idea. He suggested that Ava could be the same as a place called Arvarnoi, also mentioned by Ptolemy. He thought this place might refer to Hiranya-rashtra, which is in the Kuddapah and [[Kurnool district|Kurnool]] districts of Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=110|language=en}}</ref> ==== Hastivarman of Vengi ==== Vengi has been identified as the area around Peddavegi in the Krishna district of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. The kingdom of Vengi covered the [[Coast|coastal]] region between the [[Godavari River|Godavari]] and [[Krishna River|Krishna]] rivers and stretched west to the Ghats mountains. It was a central part of Andhra Pradesh and a major crossroads where roads from different regions like [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]], Draviḍa, Karṇāṭa, [[Maharashtra|Mahārāṣṭra]], and Kośala met. Vengi played an important role in spreading Indian culture to the islands of the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Hastivarmā, a king of Veṅgi, was part of the Śālaṅkāyana dynasty (also known as Vāṅgēyakās) and is known for his many victories. The Śālaṅkāyana dynasty ruled Vengi for three generations before the region briefly came under the control of the [[Pallava dynasty|Pallavas]]. Later, it was taken over by the Vishnukundins.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=110–111|language=en}}</ref> ==== Ugrasena of Palakka ==== Ugrasena of Palakka was initially thought by [[historian]] Vincent Smith to be connected with [[Palakkad district|Palakkadu]], an area in the Palghat division of South Malabar. However, he later changed his mind and agreed with V. Venkayya that Palakka should actually be located in the [[Nellore]] district of Andhra Pradesh. Another historian, Hultzsch, did not agree with identifying it with Policut. G. Ramdas mentioned a region called Pakanadu or Panganadu in the inscriptions of the [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] king, [[Rajaraja Chola I|Rajaraja Chola]]. He suggested that it could be the same as Pakkai, an area between Udaygiri and Venkatagiri in the Nellore district. J. Dubreuil believed it was the same place as Palakkada, mentioned in several [[Pallava dynasty|Pallava]] inscriptions. For example, the Uruvapalli grant of Yuvamaharaja Vishnugopavarman was issued from Palakkada, which might have been an important center for Pallava rulers. This place seems to have existed during the time of the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] king Samudragupta and was governed by a Pallava prince named Ugravamra.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=111|language=en}}</ref> ==== Kubera of Devarashtra ==== The historian Fleet initially identified Devarashtra as a region in [[Maharashtra]]. However, Dubreuil disagreed and located it in the Yellamanchili Taluk of the [[Visakhapatnam|Vishakhapatnam]] district in Andhra Pradesh. Dubreuil based this on mentions of Devarashtra as a "Vishaya" (district) in the Elamanchi Kalingadesha, as seen in the Kasimkot plates of [[Chalukyas of Badami|Chalukya]] king Bhima I. This is further supported by the Srungavarapukota plates of Anantavarman, which were issued from Pishtapura. In these plates, Anantavarman's grandfather, Gunavarman, is referred to as the ruler of Devarashtra. G. Ramdas opposed this idea, arguing that the Vishakhapatnam area should be part of the Pishtapura kingdom. He pointed out that it is unlikely for an independent state to exist within another independent kingdom. However, it seems these small southern kingdoms were quite small, some even smaller than a modern district. The coastal area between the mouths of the Mahanadi and [[Godavari River|Godavari rivers]] was divided into three small kingdoms: Kotura, ruled by Svimidatta in the [[Ganjam district]]; Devarashtra of Kubera in the Vishakhapatnam district; and Pishtapura, near Mahendragiri in the East [[Godavari River|Godavari]] district. Y. R. Gupte presented new evidence linking Devarashtra to Maharashtra. He noted that there is still a village called Devarashtra in the Khanpur Taluk of the Satara district, where the main temple, a Shiva lingam, is named Samudresvara. Gupte believed this preserved the memory of the Gupta emperor Samudragupta. However, most evidence supports the identification of Devarashtra on the eastern coast of India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=111–112|language=en}}</ref> ==== Dhananjaya of Kusthalapura ==== V.A. Smith believed that Kushtalapura was another name for Kusasthalapura, which is one of the holy cities connected to [[Dwarka|Dwaraka]]. However, based on the identifications of Erandapalli and Devarashtra mentioned earlier, it is clear that Samudragupta’s military campaign was limited to eastern [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], and he did not reach as far west as Saurashtra. Barnet thinks that Kuttalur, located near Polur in the North Arcot district of [[Andhra Pradesh]], is the ancient kingdom of Kushtalapura. On the other hand, B.V. Krishnarao suggests that the present-day town of Kolorupak or Kollipak on the Aleru river, a tributary of the [[Musi River (India)|Musi River]] that flows into the [[Krishna River]], is actually the ancient Kushtalapura. According to him, Kushtalapura is another name for Kusasthalapura, which means "the place of Kusa" (a figure in [[Hinduism|Hindu mythology]]). B.V. Krishnarao also says that the leaders of the Kot region (also known as ancient Dhanyakataka) trace their ancestry to a king named Dhananjaya, who was possibly defeated by Samudragupta. This king's territory was in western Andhra, between the [[Godavari River]] to the north and the Krishna River to the south.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=112|language=en}}</ref> == Second North Indian Campaign == After testing his power through his campaigns in the [[South India|South]], he returned to his kingdom and found that it was surrounded by enemy states that could threaten his rule. So, he decided to become the ruler of these states by waging a "war of destruction" against them. This was a fierce and bloody war fought against the remaining kings of [[North India]] who had not been defeated in his earlier campaign.<ref name="The Gupta Empire - Radhakumud Mookerji - Google Books">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC|title=The Gupta Empire|last=Mookerji|first=Radhakumud|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0089-2|pages=23|language=en}}</ref> In line 21 of the Allahabad Inscription, it is stated that [[Samudragupta]] greatly increased his glory by forcefully removing many rulers of North India. These rulers included Rudradeva, Matila, Nagadatta, Chandravarman, Ganapatinaga, Nagasena, Achyutanandin, and Balavarman. Their territories are not mentioned because they had become part of the [[Gupta Empire]]. Among them, Achyuta, Ganapatinaga, and Nagasena, have been the part of First North Indian Campaign.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC|title=The Gupta Empire|last=Mookerji|first=Radhakumud|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0089-2|pages=19|language=en}}</ref> The poet may have used the shorter name "Achyuta" instead of "Achyutanandin" to fit the meter of the poem.<ref name="A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta - Tej Ram Sharma - Google Books">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=81|language=en}}</ref> === Identification of Rudradeva === Harisena informs us that Samudragupta defeated and removed eight kings of North India, including Rudradeva, Matila, Nagadatta, Chandravarman, Ganapatinaga, Nagasena, Achyutanandi, and Balavarman. There were likely other kings involved whose names aren't mentioned, possibly because they were less important. The fact that so many kings are mentioned suggests that during this time, [[North India|Northern India]] was divided into many small states, many of which were ruled by the [[Naga|Nagas]], who had liberated the [[Ganges]] and [[Yamuna]] valleys from the [[Kushan Empire|Kushanas]] before the rise of the [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]]. It is possible that these Naga rulers united to protect their newly gained power and resisted Samudragupta together. However, it is incorrect to agree with Jayaswal's theory that Samudragupta fought against the Vakataka empire, with Rudradeva being identified as Rudrasena I of the Vakataka dynasty. This identification, first suggested by K.N. Dikshit, is not supported. The Vakataka kingdom was located in the [[South India|south]] (Dakshinapatha), while Rudradeva is clearly listed as one of the kings of North India (Aryavarta), which was in the north. Additionally, Rudradeva is specifically mentioned as being defeated and his kingdom annexed, which does not apply to Rudrasena I of the Vakatakas. The Balaghat plates of Prithivishena II show that the Vakataka kingdom was thriving for a hundred years, indicating the continuity of the Vakataka dynasty, which contradicts the idea of Rudrasena I being defeated by Samudragupta. Furthermore, the title of [[Maharaja]] used for Rudrasena I in Vakataka inscriptions, compared to the title of Samrat given to his father Pravarasena I (due to his performance of the Vajapeya sacrifice), does not support the claim that Rudrasena I was defeated by Samudragupta. The Vakataka kings, including Narendrasena, were all referred to as Maharajas, and only Pravarasena I was called Samrat. Thus, identifying Rudradeva as Rudrasena I is rejected by most scholars. Another suggestion is to identify Rudradeva with a Western Kshatrapa ruler, such as Rudradaman II or Rudrasena III, but this also seems unlikely. There is no indication that Samudragupta would have clashed with these rulers from far-off [[Ujjain]] without first dealing with the [[Saka]] ruler Sridharavarman of Eran and the Nagas of [[Vidisha]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=114–115|language=en}}</ref> The identification of Rudradeva with Rudra, whose coin was found at Kaushambi and is believed to date to the fourth century A.D., is more widely accepted. The style of writing on the coin is similar to that found in the pillar inscription, as suggested by Guptas, making this identification more plausible.<ref name="A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta - Tej Ram Sharma - Google Books" /> === Matila === The name Matila could be a diminutive form of names like Matideva, Matidasa, or Matidatta, similar to how Devila is derived from Devadatta. However, Matila's identity is not clearly established. Some scholars have suggested he might be the same as Mattila, a name found on a clay seal discovered in Bulandshahr ([[Uttar Pradesh]]). However, other scholars have disagreed, arguing that since the seal does not have an honorific title before the name, it may belong to a trader or a minor chief rather than a significant ruler.<ref name="A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta - Tej Ram Sharma - Google Books" /> === Nagadatta === Nagadatta is most likely a Naga king, though scholars have offered different identifications. Jayaswal identified him as the father of [[Maharaja]] Mahesvaranaga, but this identification cannot be accepted because the seal clearly names Mahesvaranaga's father as Nagabhatta, not Nagadatta. D.C. Sircar, on the other hand, identified Nagadatta as a king from North [[Bengal]], an ancestor of the Datta family, who later served as [[Viceroy|viceroys]] under the [[Gupta Empire|Guptas]]. This identification seems more plausible for now, until further evidence can provide a more definitive answer. Nagadatta may have originally ruled a Naga kingdom, and after losing his independent status, his successors may have been appointed as viceroys in Bengal.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=81–82|language=en}}</ref> === Chandravarman === Chandravarman has been identified with the king mentioned in the Susunia Hill inscription near Bankura district in [[Bengal]], where he is described as the son of Simhavarman and the king of Pushkarana, which is identified with modern Pokharan, located about 25 miles from Susunia Hill. However, this identification has been questioned by P.L. Gupta, who argued that most of Bengal was already part of the [[Gupta Empire]], and no king of Bengal seems to be mentioned in the inscription. We do not fully agree with Gupta's view because the Allahabad inscription only mentions "Samatata," which refers to the southeastern part of Bengal, under the influence of [[Samudragupta]]. It does not refer to the entire region of Bengal. In fact, the first epigraphic reference to Samatata is found in this inscription, which suggests that it was a distinct region and not fully absorbed into the Gupta Empire at the time. Gupta's suggestion that Chandravarman might be identified with the Mandasor ruler, a brother of Naravarman and Simhavarman, has also been dismissed by most scholars. This is because Samatata is described as a frontier state outside the sphere of Aryavarta, and all the [[North India|North Indian]] rulers were defeated and their territories annexed to the Gupta Empire. If Chandravarman had been the ruler of the Mandasor region, it would imply he was a feudatory of the Gupta Empire, particularly during the reign of Chandragupta II, the son of Samudragupta. Additionally, the shared name of the father could be a coincidence, as such names were common in that period. Thus, while there are various theories, the identification of Chandravarman with the ruler from the Susunia inscription seems more plausible, given the available evidence.<ref name="A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta - Tej Ram Sharma - Google Books" /> === Balavarman === K.N. Dikshit identified Balavarma as an ancestor of King Bhaskarvarma of Kamarupa ([[Assam]]), who lived eight generations before Bhaskarvarma, during the time of Harshavardhana. By assuming an average of 20 years per generation, this would place Balavarma around 160 years before Bhaskarvarma, or around A.D. 446. This timeline suggests that Balavarma could not have been a contemporary of [[Samudragupta]]. V.V. Mirashi, on the other hand, proposed that Balavarma belonged to the Magha dynasty of Kaushambi (Kosam). Alternatively, Balavarma could be seen as a successor of Rajan Mahakshatrapa Śridharavarman, a [[Saka]] ruler known from inscriptions to have ruled over the Eran-Sanchi region. After Śridharavarman's reign, we know that Samudragupta took control of the region, as evidenced by his inscription found at Eran. It is reasonable to infer that the Saka dynasty was overthrown by Samudragupta, and Balavarman, who was defeated by him, belonged to this Saka dynasty. This victory would have brought the entire eastern [[Malwa]] region under Samudragupta's direct rule.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=116–117|language=en}}</ref> === Conquest of Forest Kingdoms === After the conquest of the Aryavarta rulers, as mentioned in line 21 of the inscription, it is stated that [[Samudragupta]] reduced the rulers of all the forest kingdoms to complete subjection. In the language of the inscription, these rulers were made servants (parichārakikrita - sarvvālavika-rājasya). One of the forest kingdoms mentioned is Dabhala (modern [[Jabalpur]]), which, along with eighteen other forest kingdoms, is referred to in two Gupta-era inscriptions from the Baghelkhand region, dated 199 and 209 CE. The term *Ātavika-rāja* in the inscription therefore refers to the king of Dabhala and the surrounding wild territories, corresponding to the region around present-day Jabalpur in [[Madhya Pradesh]]. Some scholars have attempted to include Alvaka (Ghazipur, [[Uttar Pradesh]]) as part of this list of forest kingdoms. However, this area was already part of Samudragupta's empire, and in the present context, the inscription specifically refers to the territory around Jabalpur.<ref name="The Gupta Empire - Radhakumud Mookerji - Google Books" /><ref name="A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta - Tej Ram Sharma - Google Books">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=84|language=en}}</ref> === Conquest of Frontier States === In the fourth category mentioned in line 22 of the inscription, the kings of the [[frontier]] states of Samatata, Davaka, [[Assam|Kamarupa]], [[Nepal]], and the tribal states of the [[Malwa|Malavas]], Arjunayanas, Yaudheyas, Madrakas, [[Abhira|Abhiras]], Prajunas, Sanakanikas, Kakas, Kharaparikas, and others are listed. These rulers acknowledged [[Samudragupta|Samudragupta's]] authority by paying various [[Tax|taxes]], obeying his orders, and showing respect by attending his court in person.<ref name="A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta - Tej Ram Sharma - Google Books" /> ==== Samatata ==== Starting from the [[East India|East]], Harisena first mentions Samatata. The earliest mention of this country in literature is found in the Brihatsamhita of Varahamihira. Fleet explains the name as referring to a country with rivers that have flat and level banks on both sides, which describes lower [[Bengal]]. Smith notes that the name Samatata highlights the difference in appearance between the swamps of deltaic Bengal and the drier regions of [[Bihar]] and the North-Western Provinces. From the Ashrafpur plates and the account of I-tsing, we learn that during the seventh century, Samatata was ruled by the Khadaga dynasty, with its capital at Karmmanta (modern Kamta), about 12 miles west of [[Cumilla|Comilla]]. Under these kings, Samatata included the districts of [[Tippera]], [[Noakhali District|Noakhali]], [[Barisal]], [[Faridpur District|Faridpur]], and the eastern half of [[Dhaka|Dacca]].<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=117–118|language=en}}</ref> ==== Dvaka ==== Davaka is identified with the modern place called Daboka in the Nowgong District of [[Assam]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=85|language=en}}</ref> ==== Kamarupa ==== Kamarupa consisted of the western districts of the [[Brahmaputra Valley|Brahmaputra valley]]. It was the most powerful state in the region and the first to be approached from the western side, so it came to represent the entire valley. Pragjyotish is identified as the capital of Kamarupa, which is associated with the city of Kamakhya or modern-day Gauhati.<ref name=":4" /> ==== Nepala ==== In [[Nepal]], Jaydeva I, the Lichchhavi king, was related to [[Samudragupta]]. His submission to Samudragupta effectively meant the submission of the [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] states on the [[India|Indian]] side. During Jayadeva's reign, the Gupta Era was introduced in Nepal.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC|title=The Gupta Empire|last=Mookerji|first=Radhakumud|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0089-2|pages=24|language=en}}</ref> ==== Kartipura ==== This kingdom likely covered the lower ranges of the western [[Himalayas]], including areas like Kumaun, [[Almora district|Almora]], [[Garhwal]], and [[Kangra district|Kangra]]. Upon reconsideration, we no longer support the earlier suggestion by Dashratha Sharma that identified it with Kahror or Karur, located between [[Multan]] and Loni.<ref name=":4" /> === Conquest of Tribal States === The earlier [[survey]] of the frontier [[Kingdom|kingdoms]] covers the eastern and northern edges of [[Samudragupta|Samudragupta's]] empire. Next, Samudragupta moved to the west, where he finds a series of [[State|states]] starting from the southern parts of [[Rajasthan]] and stretching through [[Haryana]] and [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], reaching up to the [[Chenab River]] in [[Pakistan]]. Here, tribal republics like the [[Malwa|Malavas]], Arjunayanas, Yaudheyas, and Madrakas. Other tribes include the [[Abhira|Abhiras]], Prarjunas, Sanakanikas, Kakas, and Kharaparikas were conquered by Samudragupta.<ref name="Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas - Ashvini Agrawal - Google Books">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=119|language=en}}</ref> ==== Malavas ==== The tribe known as Malloi (similar to the [[Greeks]]) originally belonged to the [[Jhang District|Jhang district]] in [[Punjab]] (now part of [[Pakistan]]) and spread throughout Punjab. By the time of [[Samudragupta]], they had moved to [[Rajasthan]]. They settled around Karkotanagar, near Tonk, where many of their coins have been discovered. These coins date from the 2nd century BCE to the early 4th century CE. The migration from Punjab to Rajasthan is supported by the fact that inscriptions on some of the coins found in Rajasthan were written from right to left, similar to the Kharoshthi script, which was common in Punjab and the northwest region in ancient times.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=85–86|language=en}}</ref> ==== Arjunayanas ==== The Arjunayanas are an ancient tribe. They are mentioned by Panini. Varahamihira includes them with the Sarasvatas and [[Matsya|Matsyas]]. According to historian Allan, the territory of the Arjunayanas was located in the region forming a triangle between [[Delhi]], [[Jaipur]], and [[Agra]]. This area partially covered Matsya and its surrounding regions.<ref name="Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas - Ashvini Agrawal - Google Books" /> ==== Yaudheyas ==== During [[Samudragupta|Samudragupta's]] time, the Yaudheyas occupied northern parts of [[Rajasthan]] ([[Rajputana]]) and southeastern [[Punjab]]. Their territory stretched up to the area near [[Bahawalpur]] State, where the region called Johiyawar still carries their name. They played a significant role in pushing back the [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] rulers from the interior of India around the middle of the 2nd century CE. Known for their bravery, the Yaudheyas likely formed a [[confederation]], joining forces with nearby tribes such as the Arjunayanas and Kunindas. According to historian P.L. Gupta, by the 3rd century CE, they had settled between the upper [[Sutlej]] and [[Beas River|Beas rivers]], with their main centre at Sunet, near [[Ludhiana]], marking the northwestern boundary of Samudragupta's empire, as they were paying tribute to him.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=86|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=119–120|language=en}}</ref> ==== Madarakas ==== The Madras originally came from [[Sialkot]] (Madradesa), now in [[Pakistan]]. They were known as a group of warriors and held the title of ''Rajan'' ([[king]]), as mentioned in [[Chanakya|Kautilya's]] [[Arthashastra]]. The story of Savitri and Satyavana is linked to this region since Savitri was the daughter of Asvapati, the king of Madra. The area, known as Sakala, was located in the land between two rivers called the Rechna Doab. The Madras were divided into two branches: ''Purva Madra'' (East Madra), which extended from the [[Ravi River]] to the [[Chenab River]], and ''Apara Madra'' (West Madra), which stretched from the Chenab to the [[Jhelum River]], as described by Panini. Historian P.L. Gupta suggested that they might have also lived in a region of Rajasthan near [[Bikaner division|Bikaner]], in a place called Bhadra, during [[Samudragupta|Samudragupta's]] conquests. His idea was based on the similarity of the names "Madra" and "Bhadra," but this view is not widely accepted, as evidence shows they were two distinct tribes.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=86–87|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRjC5IaJ2zcC|title=Rise and Fall of the Imperial Guptas|last=Agrawal|first=Ashvini|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0592-7|pages=120|language=en}}</ref> ==== Abhiras ==== The [[Abhira|Abhiras]] are believed to have originally come from the region between [[Herat Province|Herat]] and [[Kandahar]]. They were considered to be foreigners and served as generals in the armies of the [[Saka]] Satraps of [[West India|Western India]]. Around 248 CE, an Abhira king named Iswarasena ruled in the [[Maharashtra]] region. During [[Samudragupta|Samudragupta's]] time, most scholars place the Abhiras in the area known as Abhirawada, between [[Jhansi]] and Bhilsa in [[Madhya Pradesh]], where they seem to have established a kingdom. However, P.L. Gupta suggests that they had not settled in this area yet and likely remained in the lower [[Indus Valley Plain|Indus Valley]] and [[Western Punjab (Pakistan)|Western Punjab]], though he does not provide specific reasons for this view. Diskalkar offers a different perspective, noting that the Abhiras are frequently mentioned in the Kshatrapa inscriptions of Saurashtra, indicating their presence in Kathiawad and [[Gujarat]]. Ancient texts like the [[Puranas]] and the Brihatsamhita place the Abhiras in the southern regions of India during Samudragupta's era. Over time, the Abhiras spread to various parts of [[India]], and they may have moved into Ahirwada in Madhya Pradesh later on. Their presence in [[Rajasthan]] is also noted later, as evidenced by a [[Jodhpur]] inscription from the year 918 CE, which describes the Abhiras as a fearsome and aggressive group, causing terror among their neighbours.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=87|language=en}}</ref> ==== Prarjunas ==== Scholars have generally identified the Prarjunas as being located in the Narasimhpur district of the Central Provinces (modern-day [[Madhya Pradesh]]). However, P.L. Gupta disagrees with this view. Based on Kautilya's reference to the Prarjunakas alongside the [[Gandhara|Gandharas]], he suggests they were in the northwest region of [[India]]. A more likely location for the Prarjunas, though, is Narasimhagarh in Central India. This conclusion is supported by the proximity of other tribal states mentioned in inscriptions, such as the Sanakanikas, Kakas, and Kharaparikas, which were mostly within the boundaries of [[Central India]]. Therefore, placing the Prarjunas in the Central Provinces seems more plausible. Historian Bhandarkar also supports this view, positioning them near Narasimhagarh, close to Bhilsa (modern [[Vidisha]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=87–88|language=en}}</ref> ==== Sanakanikas ==== The Sanakanikas, an [[Indigenous peoples|indigenous]] tribe, were gradually influenced by [[Sanskrit]] culture. They appear to have been governed by hereditary chiefs, as indicated by the use of the title ''Maharaja'' by a Sanakanika feudatory of Chandragupta II, as well as his father and grandfather. The tribe is believed to have been located near Bhilsa (modern [[Vidisha]]). The Sanakanikas are also mentioned in the Udayagiri Cave Inscription of Chandragupta II, suggesting their presence in the Isagarh district, near [[Gwalior]], close to Bhilsa. This indicates their integration into the political framework of the [[Gupta Empire]] during that period.<ref name="A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta - Tej Ram Sharma - Google Books">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=88|language=en}}</ref> ==== Kakas ==== The Kakas were a [[tribe]] that lived near the region of [[Sanchi]], which was historically known as Kakanadabota. They are mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]] and are associated with the Vidarbhas, a prominent group of people who occupied areas in what is now [[Madhya Pradesh]]. This connection suggests that the Kakas were part of the broader cultural and geographical landscape of central India during ancient times.<ref name="A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta - Tej Ram Sharma - Google Books" /> ==== Kharaparikas ==== The Kharaparikas were a tribe placed in the [[Damoh district|Damoh]] district of [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The name Kharpara translates to a [[Theft|thief]], rogue, or [[Cheating|cheat]]. It is unclear if they can be directly linked to the "five Karpatas" mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]] or the Khara-Sagara-Rasis (Kharapatha) of the [[Puranas]]. Most scholars identify them with the Kharaparikas referenced in the Batihgarh inscription from the Damoh district. Historian Dashrath Sharma's theory that associated the Kharaparikas with the [[Mongols]] was refuted by S.L. Katre, indicating a more localized origin for this tribe rather than a connection to the Mongol people.<ref name="A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta - Tej Ram Sharma - Google Books" /> === Foreign Kingdoms === [[File:Samudra_Gandhara_coin,_Punjabi_mint_Circa_CE_350-375.jpg|thumb|350x350px|Coin minted in the [[Punjab]] area with the name "Samudra" ([[File:Gupta_ashoka_s.svg|13x13px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_mu.jpg|16x16px]][[File:Gupta_allahabad_dr.jpg|16x16px]] ''Sa-mu-dra''), derived from the style of late [[Kushan Empire]] coinage, and tamgha [[File:Samudra_tamgha.jpg|21x21px|Samudra tamgha]]. These atypical coins follow the fall of the last Kushan ruler Kipunada, and just precede the coinage of the first Kidarite Huns in northwestern India. Circa CE 350–375.<ref>"In the Punjab the stylistic progression of the gold series from Kushan to Kidarite is clear: imitation staters were issued first in the name of Samudragupta, then by Kirada, 'Peroz' and finally Kidara" in {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2cuAQAAIAAJ|title=From Persepolis to the Punjab: Exploring Ancient Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan|last1=Errington|first1=Elizabeth|last2=Curtis|first2=Vesta Sarkhosh|date=2007|publisher=British Museum Press|isbn=9780714111650|page=88|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Cribb101">{{cite journal|last1=Cribb|first1=Joe|date=January 2010|title=The Kidarites, the numismatic evidence.pdf|url=https://www.academia.edu/38112559|journal=Coins, Art and Chronology II, Edited by M. Alram et Al.|language=en|page=101}}</ref>]] The [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] inscription (lines 23-24) states that several groups, including the Daivaputras, Sahis, Sahanushahis, Sakas, Murundas, and the people from Simhala ([[Sri Lanka]]) and various islands, recognized the [[suzerainty]] of [[Samudragupta]]. They expressed their submission through various acts of service. They came personally to pay homage, offered gifts such as maidens and other presents, and requested official charters marked with the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] imperial Garuda seal. These charters ensured that they could continue enjoying and administering their respective territories without disturbance. This indicates the widespread acceptance of Samudragupta's authority and the diplomatic ties he established with distant regions.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=88–89|language=en}}</ref> ==== Daivaputra-Sahi-Sahunasahi ==== R.C. Majumdar explains that the titles Daivaputra, Sahi, and Sahanushahi were used by the [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] kings. The entire expression may refer to one of the Kushana rulers or, as some scholars suggest, could denote three distinct smaller states that emerged from the fragmented Kushana Empire, with each ruler adopting one of these titles. In previous research, it was concluded that ''Daivaputra'', derived from ''Devaputra'', referred to the descendants of Devaputra, specifically the Kushana ruler Kanishka. The term ''Sahi'' likely referred to leaders from a sub-branch of the Kushanas, possibly aligning with the Jain legend of Kalakacharya. Meanwhile, ''Sahanushahi'' was interpreted as a title for the [[Sassanid Empire|Sasanian]] rulers. Historian R.K. Mookerjee suggests that the Daivaputras controlled the Central [[Punjab]] region, while the Sahis and Sahanushahis governed territories beyond the Punjab, extending into areas corresponding to modern-day [[Afghanistan]]. This reflects the political fragmentation and distribution of power following the decline of the unified Kushana Empire.<ref name=":5" /> ==== Sakas ==== During [[Samudragupta|Samudragupta's]] reign, the [[Saka|Sakas]] were a significant power, ruling over regions such as Malwa ([[Ujjain]]) and Kathiawar. Although they acknowledged Samudragupta's supremacy, their homage was insincere and unreliable, as it did not extend to his successor. This lack of genuine submission became evident during the reign of Chandragupta II. He had to reconquer these territories, defeating the Sakas decisively, which earned him the title "Shakari" meaning "enemy of the Sakas." This conquest solidified [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] control over [[West India|western India]] and marked the decline of Saka power in the region.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=89|language=en}}</ref> There is an alternate view suggesting that the [[Saka|Sakas]] mentioned in the context of the inscriptions were not the Western Kshatrapas but rather the Sakas of the [[North India|northern regions]]. These northern Sakas had their coins imitated by [[Samudragupta]]. The coins in question were similar to the Kushan types, featuring the Ardochsho (goddess of fortune) on the reverse side, and included the title Śaka along with the initials of the individual rulers, inscribed in Brahmi script. These coins from the Saka ([[Kushan Empire|Kushan]]) rulers of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] region were distinct from the coins of the Kushan kings of [[Kabul]], which featured the Oesho (a depiction of the deity [[Shiva]]) on the reverse. The coinage of the Kabul-based Kushans did not have any influence on Samudragupta's coin designs.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC|title=The Gupta Empire|last=Mookerji|first=Radhakumud|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0089-2|pages=27–28|language=en}}</ref> ==== Murundas ==== The tribe was one of the foreign rulers who willingly offered allegiance to [[Samudragupta]]. Earlier scholars' suggestions to identify them with the [[Saka|Sakas]] or [[Kushan Empire|Kushanas]] have been dismissed, as the Kushanas were already included under the Daivaputras, and the Sakas were mentioned separately. The name is non-Indian and has no Indian origin. Old [[Lexicon|lexicons]] equate them with the Lampakas, the people of modern [[Laghman Province|Laghman]] in [[Afghanistan]]. They lived in the northwest among other foreign tribes and should not be confused with the indigenous Munda tribes of the Chota-Nagpur region.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWVZWjNAcAgC|title=A Political History of the Imperial Guptas: From Gupta to Skandagupta|last=Sharma|first=Tej Ram|date=1989|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7022-251-4|pages=89–90|language=en}}</ref> ==== Saimhalaka ==== The inscription mentions that the island of Simhala ([[Sri Lanka]]) and other nearby islands gave presents to [[Samudragupta]], and this is supported by historical records. The Chinese writer Wang [[Xuanzang|Hiuen-tsang]] tells us that the king of [[Ceylon]], named Chi-mi-kia-po-mo (likely Sri Megha-Varman or Varna, who ruled from around 350-380 AD), sent an embassy with gifts to Samudragupta. The king also asked for permission to build a monastery in Bodh-Gaya for Ceylonese pilgrims. The inscription doesn't just mention Ceylon, but also refers to other islands where Gupta influence reached. Although it doesn't name these islands, it's believed to include places in the Indian [[Archipelago]], such as [[Java]], which is part of what is now called [[Indonesia]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC|title=The Gupta Empire|last=Mookerji|first=Radhakumud|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0089-2|pages=28|language=en}}</ref> == Aftermath and Legacy == [[File:SamudraguptaCoin.png|thumb|Coin of [[Samudragupta]], with [[Garuda]] pillar, emblem of [[Gupta Empire]]. The name [[File:Gupta_ashoka_s.svg|12x12px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_mu.jpg|14x14px]][[File:Gupta_ashoka_ddrr.jpg|13x13px]] ''Sa-mu-dra'' in an early version of the Gupta Brahmi script, appears vertically under the left arm of the emperor.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.47214|title=Catalogue of the coins of the Gupta dynasties|last1=Allen|first1=John|date=1914|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.47214/page/n123 1]-2}}</ref>]] It is important to note that the part of the inscription ends by mentioning that, in addition to the nine kings who were defeated by [[Samudragupta]], there were many other kings of [[North India|Aryavarta]] whose territories were also taken over by him. As a result of his two military campaigns, Samudragupta conquered all the small kingdoms of [[North India]], bringing the entire region under his rule as its supreme leader. This unification of North India, which had been divided into many small [[State|states]], was one of Samudragupta's greatest achievements and helped create the [[Gupta Empire]]. The term "Aryavarta" here refers to the area between the [[Himalayas]] and the [[Vindhyas|Vindhya Mountains]], and between the [[Arabian Sea|western]] and [[Bay of Bengal|eastern seas]], as described in ancient texts.<ref>Manusmrti (Manu, II, 22).</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC|title=The Gupta Empire|last=Mookerji|first=Radhakumud|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0089-2|pages=29|language=en}}</ref> [[Samudragupta]] celebrated his victories by performing the Ashvamedha, a horse-sacrifice ceremony that had not been performed for a long time. His successors praised him for reviving this ceremony. The [[Prayagraj|Allahabad]] inscription does not mention this event because the ceremony took place after the inscription was made, once all his conquests had been completed. However, his coins provide evidence of the ceremony. These coins, called ''Ashvamedha coins'', show a [[horse]] in front of a sacrificial pillar on one side, with the queen (who was needed for the ceremony) and the legend "Ashvamedha-parakramaḥ" on the other side. The full legend on the front of the coin reads: "The [[King of Kings|king of kings]], having conquered the earth, now conquers heaven with invincible valour." This shows that the Ashvamedha ceremony came after his military victories. "Conquering heaven" means achieving spiritual success, which was believed to be done through good deeds and religious ceremonies like the Ashvamedha. There are other references to the horse-sacrifice in inscriptions. The Eran stone inscription mentions "Suvarnadāne" (the distribution of gold), and another inscription talks about giving many [[cows]] and crores of [[Gold coin|gold coins]]. In the [[Pune|Poona]] plate of Prabhavatigupta (Samudragupta's [[granddaughter]]), he is described as "one who performed many horse-sacrifices." There is also a possible reference to the ceremony in the inscription "ddaguttassa deyadhamma," found on a horse figure at the [[Lucknow]] Provincial [[Museum]], and on a seal showing a horse with the word "parākrama" (meaning "valour").<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uYXDB2gIYbwC|title=The Gupta Empire|last=Mookerji|first=Radhakumud|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0089-2|pages=30|language=en}}</ref> [[Samudragupta]] expanded his [[Gupta Empire|empire]] to include the northern regions and incorporated various territories into his rule. He brought under his control the chiefs of the wild tribes along the [[Yamuna]] River and in the valleys of the [[Vindhyas|Vindhya Mountains]]. His empire spread eastward to the [[Assam]], to the north by the [[Himalayas]], to the west by the [[Sutlej|Sutlej River]], and to the south by the Narmada River. Beyond these limits, he held influence over the frontier kingdoms of the [[Ganges Delta|Ganges delta]] and the southern slopes of the Himalayas, as well as over free tribes in regions like [[Malwa]] and the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]]. His successful raids extended as far as the extremes of the [[Punjab region|Punjab]], bringing twelve southern kingdoms under temporary rule. Along his north-western frontier, Samudra Gupta maintained strong diplomatic relations with the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] rulers of [[Kabul]] and [[Gandhara]], and likely with the [[Sassanid Empire]] of [[Persia (disambiguation)|Persia]]. The results of his southern campaign reached as far as Ceylon ([[Sri Lanka]]) and other islands, where he received embassies and complimentary gifts from distant and foreign lands.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35430/mode/2up|title=Conquests of Samudragupta|last=Smith|first=Vincent A|year=1960|pages=909–910}}</ref> ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Gupta Empire]] 586xwr01x4vhcmacpzhpsteavclp47b 1 1139071 11024214 10923955 2026-10-08T23:45:22Z ~2026-54418-45 1887278 /* I was scammed by the princess */ new section 11024214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} {{blp}} {{dyktalk|1 October|2024}} == Basit == my dream I will marry with princess Leonor of Spain? [[Special:Contributions/2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC|2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC]] ([[User talk:2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC|talk]]) 05:39, 3 February 2025 (UTC) :My date of birth is 11 April 2005 [[Special:Contributions/2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC|2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC]] ([[User talk:2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC|talk]]) 05:41, 3 February 2025 (UTC) ::I am from mardan kpk Pakistan. I am a civil engineer .So please forward my msg to princess.i will waiting for your response [[Special:Contributions/2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC|2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC]] ([[User talk:2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC|talk]]) 05:44, 3 February 2025 (UTC) :::My plain is I will go to France .I am waiting for embassy . All process is complete. After the arrival in France my dream I Wii meet you i am visiting in Spain [[Special:Contributions/2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC|2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC]] ([[User talk:2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC|talk]]) 05:49, 3 February 2025 (UTC) == I was scammed by the princess == this princess told me that you were going to help me I tell her a hundred and $20 of my fixed income money because she said she was going to help me with that package delivery she took my money stole it from me and never showed up [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54418-45|~2026-54418-45]] ([[User talk:~2026-54418-45|talk]]) 23:45, 8 October 2026 (UTC) iwpmz2hckz6fneviz0yfodtu4x4xhxx 11024216 11024214 2026-10-08T23:52:01Z Davey2010 314522 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54418-45|~2026-54418-45]] ([[User talk:~2026-54418-45|talk]]) identified as [[WP:VAND|vandalism]] to last revision by Fr33kman. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} {{blp}} {{dyktalk|1 October|2024}} == Basit == my dream I will marry with princess Leonor of Spain? [[Special:Contributions/2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC|2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC]] ([[User talk:2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC|talk]]) 05:39, 3 February 2025 (UTC) :My date of birth is 11 April 2005 [[Special:Contributions/2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC|2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC]] ([[User talk:2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC|talk]]) 05:41, 3 February 2025 (UTC) ::I am from mardan kpk Pakistan. I am a civil engineer .So please forward my msg to princess.i will waiting for your response [[Special:Contributions/2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC|2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC]] ([[User talk:2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC|talk]]) 05:44, 3 February 2025 (UTC) :::My plain is I will go to France .I am waiting for embassy . All process is complete. After the arrival in France my dream I Wii meet you i am visiting in Spain [[Special:Contributions/2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC|2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC]] ([[User talk:2404:3100:1040:D00:94D5:20D9:1BB:10BC|talk]]) 05:49, 3 February 2025 (UTC) d3z1nzoaf10larsfmpfksepmdxuyy1i 11024217 11024216 2026-10-08T23:52:53Z Davey2010 314522 Reverted to revision 9799980 by TDKR Chicago 101: rv undetected IP trolls . ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Talk header}} {{blp}} {{dyktalk|1 October|2024}} 4jo6adz7opxhv096t9vwnxjjtwnyssh 0 1142063 11024546 10935067 2026-10-09T09:15:54Z ~2026-54085-43 1887463 /* */ small change 11024546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Lalitaditya's Invasion of Central Asia | partof = Lalitaditya's Northern Campaign and Arab-Hind Wars . | date = 730-740 AD | place = [[Afghanistan]] , [[Persia|Iran]], and [[Uzbekistan]] | result = Decisive Karkota Victory | territory = Central Asia, Afghanistan and parts of Persia sacked and looted | combatant1 = '''[[Karkota Empire]]''' | combatant2 = '''[[Umayyad Caliphate]]''' | commander1 = [[Lalitaditya Muktapida]] | commander2 = Tamim ibn Ziyad }} Lalitaditya, after subjugating much of northern India, extended his imperial ambitions beyond the Himalayas, launching audacious campaigns into the Central Asian plains and striking at the dominions of the Arabian Caliphate.<ref>{{cite book|last=Elverkog|first=Johan|title=Buddhism and Islam on Silk road|year=2010|url=https://archive.org/details/buddhismislamons0000elve|publisher= University of Pennsylvania Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/buddhismislamons0000elve/page/42 42]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=University of Kashmir|title=Journal of Central Asia Studies|volume=19|page=127|publisher=The Centre}}</ref> ==Background== Lalitaditya ascended the throne of Kashmir after a period of internal instability. His reign is often described as a golden age for Kashmir due to advancements in art, architecture, and administration. His military ambitions were fueled by both the need to consolidate his kingdom and the desire to assert dominance over the neighboring regions, including those in [[Central Asia]] ==Campaign== Lalitaditya led a formidable campaign into the plains of Central Asia and Afghanistan. One of his major expeditions was directed against the Arab commander Tamim ibn Ziyad, the then governor of Sindh. Seizing upon the weakened condition of the Arab forces, Lalitaditya launched a swift offensive, pursuing Tamim's army deep into the region of modern-day Zabulistan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sampat|first=Vikram|title=Braveheart of Bharat:Vignetts from indian history|publisher=penguin Random House}}</ref> He eventually extended his campaign further into the Oxus region and across Central Asia, then known to the Arabs as Mã Wara' an-Nahr ("the land beyond the river").<ref>{{cite book|last=Dembia|first=D.r.B.K.kaul|title=Kashmir and Central Asia|publisher=University of Kashmir |page=25}}</ref> ==Scholars' consensus== The campaign of Lalitaditya remains a subject of debate among historians. Scholars and institutions such as the [[University of Kashmir]], André Wink, and Sailendra Nath Sen acknowledge his campaigns as historical events.<ref>{{cite book|last=Dembia|first=D.r.B.K.kaul|title=Kashmir and Central Asia|publisher=University of Kashmir |page=25}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book|last=Nath Sen|first=Salinder|title=Ancient Indian history and Civilization|publisher=New Age international|page=294}}</ref>contrast, Professor Tansen Sen questions the extent of Lalitaditya's conquests in Central Asia, citing a lack of contemporary evidence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Tansen|date=2004|title=Kaśmīr, Tang China, and Muktāpīḍa Lalitā-Ditya's Ascendancy Over the Southern Hindukush Region|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41933381|journal=Journal of Asian History|volume=38|issue=2|pages=141–162|jstor=41933381 |issn=0021-910X}}</ref> Several scholars also argue that Kalhaņa, who composed the Rājatarangiņi nearly a century after Lalitaditya's reign, may have exaggerated the king's exploits.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shayam|first=Manohar|title=Yashovarm of Kannauj|page=95}}</ref>Nonetheless, the campaigns themselves are not considered insignificant.<ref>{{cite book|last=Nath Sen|first=Salinder|title=Ancient Indian history and Civilization|publisher=New Age international|page=294}}</ref>[[Historian]] Cynthia Paclert proposed a revised interpretation, suggesting that Lalitaditya's ventures were indeed real but primarily large-scale raids and plundering expeditions, later magnified by Kalhaņa into accounts of lasting conquests.<ref>{{cite book|last=Paclert|first=Cynthia|title=The Sculpture of Early Medival Rajasthan|publisher=Brill|page=80}}</ref> == References == <!--- See [[Help:Cheatsheet]] on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --> {{Reflist}} [[Category:India]] n0z2fe8n8ttedoge777yz5y2ckxk7ib 3 1143495 11024556 10864478 2026-10-09T09:27:07Z Ferien 1011873 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024556 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome!== [[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Steven1991! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Steven1991|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or send me a message on [[User talk:Davey2010|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message! I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. 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Happy New Year! <br /> ''Spread the cheer by adding {{tls|Xmas2}} to their talk page with a friendly message.'' </div> [[User:Brioche23|Brioche23]] ([[User talk:Brioche23|talk]]) 23:33, 20 December 2024 (UTC) ==Thank you for being a medical contributors!== <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! 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Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:22, 26 January 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2024&oldid=28172893 --> ==User== Hi Steven, (CC @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]]), I was replying and the comment was deleted; Could be wrong but {{noping|Corotenìa}} screams sock of {{vandal|Rapta999}}, Rapta made it their mission to remove RFD tags from articles they written, Could be wrong though, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:36, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :Good observation, although there doesn't seem to be a topic overlap so I wont block them for now.- [[User:FusionSub|<span style="color: #0C6508">FusionSub</span>]] ([[User_talk:FusionSub|Talk page]]) ([[Special:Contributions/FusionSub|Contributions]]) 20:37, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :Someone has just [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Coroten%C3%ACa#April_2025 templated] the user, but the user does not seem to have the intention of desisting from his or her vandalism. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 20:38, 5 April 2025 (UTC) ::Okay Fusion no worries, I just realised Coro hasn't created any articles yet; they're just edit warring over an RFD, still screams Rapta but yeah like yourself I'd rather see more than just RFD removals, Thanks, Warm Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:42, 5 April 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]] Hi Davey2010! the user (Rapta999) you mentioned is only active on Kurdish-related articles and does not even edit other topics, so the probability of them being the same person is 0%. Also Rapta999 is a sock of Bokak99, I have previously filed an SPI about them on the English Wikipedia. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Bokak99] [[User:Kajmer05|Kajmer05]] ([[User talk:Kajmer05|talk]]) 00:50, 6 April 2025 (UTC) ::It is hard to tell. It is not uncommon for sock masters to make inroads into other topics to cover up their tracks, when they realise that focusing on the same topic area would easily get them spotted. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 00:54, 6 April 2025 (UTC) :::Then I wonder about the CU result. Good night!! [[User:Kajmer05|Kajmer05]] ([[User talk:Kajmer05|talk]]) 01:01, 6 April 2025 (UTC) :::Hey @[[User:Kajmer05|Kajmer05]], Steven has hit the nail on the head - Rapta may well be editing other articles in order to throw us off the scent .... or I/we could be 110% wrong on them both being the same person altogether, Still either way I don't plan on interacting with them unless they start creating non-notable articles and edit warring over templates on those they created, Thanks for replying and making me aware though it's much appreciated, Thanks, Warm Regards, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 01:02, 6 April 2025 (UTC) ::::There is Syxrt6333 in the request but I don't think it will match because Syxrt6333 doesn't even use the edit summary. I can say that Bokak99 and Corotenìa match, so somehow (I filed an SPI file about them before, so I know :D) I can't comment much here as I don't know how checkuser works in Simple Wikipedia but as I said let's wait for the CU results, good night! [[User:Kajmer05|Kajmer05]] ([[User talk:Kajmer05|talk]]) 01:13, 6 April 2025 (UTC) :::::I have still not heard back from the CU yet. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 16:12, 7 April 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Polocaust== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Polocaust]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Polocaust]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:BRPever|<span style="color:#FF00FF;">B</span><span style="color:#FF7E00;">R</span><span style="color:#00A300;">P</span>]]'''^{<small>[[User talk:BRPever|'' ever'']]</small>}''' 08:42, 6 July 2025 (UTC) == July 2025 == {{unblock reviewed|1=I admit that I made some negative edits about Insanityclown1 on this site, which went against site rules and brought about a negative impact on the user. I take responsibility for it, and would like to apologise to the user affected by it. Those edits were made months ago. I am no longer doing it, and am sorry that I failed to remove them from relevant pages. I promise that I will not do it again. I made ~22,000 edits and created 230+ articles on this site across different topic areas. I also played an active role in dealing with vandalism on this site to help protect different articles. These show that I am a sincere contributor – I would like to be given a second chance for participating in editing conditionally.|decline=Unfortunately, this is not a convincing reason to request an unblock. Having over 20,000 edits and creating more than 200 articles does not, in itself, justify lifting the block. In fact, it means that each of your contributions—including every page and every edit—needs to be carefully reviewed.<br> At first glance, many of the articles appear to contain [[WP:OR|original research]]. Additionally, most of the pages you created are overly complex, not necessarily in terms of language, but due to an excessive use of footnotes.<br> Importantly, you were blocked under the [[WP:1STRIKE|one-strike rule]]. You were previously banned by ArbCom on the English Wikipedia, and instead of using this project as an opportunity to demonstrate that you've learned from that experience, you've continued the same problematic editing patterns.<br> Because blocks are preventative, not punitive, I do not believe the block should be lifted at this time. Based on your editing history, I have to assume that the same behavior would likely continue. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 12:36, 6 July 2025 (UTC)}} :I previously objected to your RfA, and you are declining my unblock request. I don’t want to assume bad faith, but this seems to be a conflict of interest that should have been avoided as it is possible that previous encounters could have affected administrative judgments. I would like to request intervention from oversighters @[[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] @[[User:Fehufanga|Fehufanga]]. I believe that there should be admins who are totally uninvolved to conduct an independent assessment and propose possible conditions for unblocking. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 12:43, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ::I don't actually care about someone supporting or opposing me somewhere. That now is simply about facts, nothing more or less. Like every admin on the project surely had some sort of conversation with you at some point and would therefore be not neutral. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 12:50, 6 July 2025 (UTC) :::Perhaps, I would like to know if a probation period could be considered? Like being allowed to resume contributing under certain conditions? I do not understand the classification of some of my contributions as “original research”. Almost all of my edits in history-related articles are well-sourced, sometimes with sources from reputable academic publishers. These cannot be considered “original research” simply because of individual disagreements. Also, it’s not that I rejected community input. For the excessive footnote issue, I listened to admins’ advice and have removed most of them. It’s not that I am refusing to collaborate – quite the opposite. I believe that it is not ideal to judge me based on mistakes that I have shown the willingness to address. I would be open to a conditional unblock, and hope that this can be considered independently of the ENWP block context which is far more complicated. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 12:56, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]] @[[User:NorthernWinds|NorthernWinds]] Would you mind providing input as well given that we edited the same articles to some extent in the past? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 13:02, 6 July 2025 (UTC) :::::Hello @[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]], :::::My interactions with you have been positive, specially with vandalism reversion. Admittedly our interactions have been limited, so I am not sure to what extent this will help you. I have checked one of your [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre|created articles]]. I checked the sources tagged with "better source needed", and could not find a reason to tag them as such. :::::Best, [[User:NorthernWinds|NorthernWinds]] ([[User talk:NorthernWinds|talk]]) 16:20, 6 July 2025 (UTC) [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 09:44, 6 July 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|Ferien}} Pinging you as the blocking admin, in case you would like to give input. :Steven: it is not necessary, and may be inappropriate, to ask specific admins to evaluate an unblock request. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 09:52, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ::Noted. Apologies. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 09:53, 6 July 2025 (UTC) {{unblock reviewed|1=Independent assessment by uninvolved admins requested as per concerns 1 and 2. I believe that my self-defense/further discussions shall also be considered.|decline= As a totally uninvolved admin I have read the comments of this talk page and it is obvious that 1) you are not taking responsibility for your disruptive actions and 2) you are abusing your talk page access by engaging in arguments with other users, constantly pinging others to drag them into the discussion. You have to accept that you have been blocked and are not going to be unblocked no matter how many times you ask. I have removed your talk page access because while blocked the only proper use is related to unblocking and not arguing with editors over who is right and who is wrong. I'd suggest you accept what has happened and contact the admins via email in a year or so. -- '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:29, 9 July 2025 (UTC)}} :As a note from the blocking administrator to the original request, it's clear the case on the Antisemitism article is not the only case of harassment, with an addition to the Wikipedia:Vandalism project page too and (imo) evidence of logged-out password resets of other editors as recent as today. There are also clear concerns about original research per the addition of the harassive content itself that was by no means reflected on in reliable sources. Both these behaviours are exactly what got Steven1991 blocked on enwiki so this is a classic case of [[WP:ONESTRIKE]] with way more leeway than would normally be given already. I do not support any unblock at this time. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 16:00, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ::I received a notification of that somebody has tried to get into my account nearly 20 times today alone. I strongly suspect that this is Steven trying to retaliate. [[User:Insanityclown1|Insanityclown1]] ([[User talk:Insanityclown1|talk]]) 16:41, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ::Firstly, I didn’t get blocked on ENWP because of the insertion those screenshots, which were not uploaded until months after my [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Steven1991#c-El_C-20241020162900-Indefinite_block initial block in October 2024]. The initial block was caused by a heated content dispute between me and certain non-EC users editing in EC articles against the bounds of their restrictions. I admitted that I didn’t handle it properly and got myself blocked. The plea could be found on the relevant user Talk page. Also, it is a very serious allegation that I am trying to crack someone’s password. I don’t believe such allegations can be taken at face value and turned into one of the criteria in assessing a block. Extraordinary claims (e.g. cyber-crime-related) require extraordinary evidence; making such allegations without clear evidence to vilify someone is a form of harassment itself. I don’t believe that this is appropriate at all. Can it not be that someone is impersonating me to do so in order to prevent me from getting unblocked? Why is this possibility not even considered? What is the reason to believe that I am behind all of those horrible actions? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 16:52, 6 July 2025 (UTC) :::Well for one, you’ve already demonstrated a strong pattern of harassment and trying to drag other people down. Baseless sockpuppet investigations on Wikipedia, bludgeoning, following, the list goes on. [[User:Insanityclown1|Insanityclown1]] ([[User talk:Insanityclown1|talk]]) 16:57, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ::::Some of the alleged behaviour happened in October 2024 when my initial block had not even been issued. Since then, I haven’t engaged in those abuses. >90% of my interactions with other users on this project were very polite and restrained. I accepted community input whenever they disagreed with some of my formatting (e.g. highlights, spacing, excess footnotes). I always showed the willingness to address this and tried my best correcting them to others’ satisfaction. I don’t understand why this is being glossed over and treated as something I never corrected. This is not a fair representation of my contributions. I understand that you are upset with some of our ENWP interactions last year, but it’s important to be fair instead of erasing all of my contributions to this project over personal disagreements. I’ve to highlight that you didn’t become active until yesterday, so it’s fine that you’re not aware of it. Instead, I played an active role on this site in confronting IP vandalism, regularly alerting admins with sufficient evidence, most of which were substantiated and resulted in sanctions on relevant IP users. How many disruptive user bother to have done so much to protect articles (e.g. history-related and prone to IP disruptions)? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 17:04, 6 July 2025 (UTC) :::::because if you had corrected it, you wouldn’t have continued harassing people. Instead you seem to have doubled down. [[User:Insanityclown1|Insanityclown1]] ([[User talk:Insanityclown1|talk]]) 17:06, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::Those screenshots were inserted months ago. It is not an ongoing issue. It’s a mistake from the past, which has already been addressed by those removing the screenshots. There is no definitive proof that I am still doing it until a day ago alike. Again, you seem to be upset with me over our past negative interactions and refusing to believe that I could ever be contributive no matter how much time and effort I devoted to this site. I know that you won’t appreciate it, and I won’t expect you to; but I simply feel the need to defend myself and justify that I deserve a conditional unblock without regard for the ENWP block which has a far more complicated context when it happened. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 17:13, 6 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::It’s not just past negative interactions. You decided that you could just try and drag my name through the mud here, and very likely on Reddit as well. If you can’t understand why that’s a problem than I’ve got nothing for ya. [[User:Insanityclown1|Insanityclown1]] ([[User talk:Insanityclown1|talk]]) 17:15, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::I am not associated with any profiles on any external websites. These serious allegations are extremely harmful to me when it is based entirely on speculations. I believe that these shall not be repeated as it is totally unfair to assume that I am A/B/C/D/E on a random site simply because some content criticisms exist there or elsewhere. I’d not like to argue, but I believe that it is necessary for me to defend myself against serious allegations of misconduct that are unfounded or speculative, which is what anyone else in my position would have done so. Again, many points I laud out in my previous responses do not seem to have been considered. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 17:20, 6 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::::They have. But they pale in comparison to the gravity of your actions here and on en.wiki. [[User:Insanityclown1|Insanityclown1]] ([[User talk:Insanityclown1|talk]]) 17:22, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I am not associated with any profiles on any external websites. I cannot agree with your framing even though I am sorry for having included some of the screenshots in relevant articles without due consideration few months ago, which, alongside those disputes on ENWP, are something in the past that should not be used to condemn me forever. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 17:28, 6 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::So its ok to try to destroy someone else's life but you think you deserve a pass. Got it. [[User:Insanityclown1|Insanityclown1]] ([[User talk:Insanityclown1|talk]]) 17:43, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::How could I have destroyed your life? No one knows who you are, and content dispute happens all the time. Your reputation wouldn’t be destroyed by ordinary criticism, but your unfounded allegations of attempted hacking could. You have no evidence for it, but you continue spreading it as if it is something proven beyond reasonable doubt. This is effectively harassment conducted with the aim of driving me off the project. You cannot accuse me other of harassment while continuously doing it yourself. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:01, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::{{tq|I am sorry for having included some of the screenshots in relevant articles}} '''''relevant''''' articles??? [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 18:30, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::What is the issue? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:01, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::If you are, at this point, completely unaware what the issue is then maybe editing a wiki, a collaborative environment, isn't for you. Especially with a fixation on some very complicated and delicate topics. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 11:59, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::::I am not ashamed of my political views. Contributing to relevant topics with well-sourced edits is more than normal. Just because you don’t like it, it doesn’t make the person “bad”. Focus on the content instead of making personal attacks, which you have been making throughout the thread. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 12:01, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::::{{tq|I am not ashamed of my political views}} They aren't ''your'' political views, someone else came up with them and you copied that guy. You should stop abusing simple.wikipedia to spread them. And you should stop using simple.wikipedia to harass and attack enwiki users. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 12:31, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::I have said everything I need to. I cannot control how you and other admins perceive. I simply want to make it clear that some of the allegations are unfounded and speculative influenced by past disagreements – this does not translate to a denial of guilt – I certainly take responsibility for my flaws. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 17:40, 6 July 2025 (UTC) Steven, the point is this was your second chance after being blocked on Wikipedia - and regardless of the specifics that triggered the indefinite block on the main Wiki you had shown a pattern of poor interactions with people and harassment. After months of good behavior here you again engaged in antisocial behavior and rather than just saying something rude in a spontaneous outburst, which may be forgiven, you engaged in a degree of planning and premeditation by taking screenshots and surreptitiously inserting them into articles with the intention of defaming and discrediting editors who you had negative interactions with *months* before. The fact that it took several more months for your behavior to be detected is not an excuse and does not give you a pass. This isn't a game where if you've gotten away with something for six months you've won. As for the allegations about harassing people through password resets you're right, the allegation alone is not conclusive evidence - it could be a third party. I suggest if there is any thought of unblocking you here or on the main Wikipedia, Checkuser be employed to determine if there is any match between your IPs and the IP(s) used to request password resets. Perhaps [[User:Insanityclown1|Insanityclown1]] can send a note to the ArbCom at the main Wikipedia asking that they run a CU so that if consideration is giving to unblocking you in the future, evidence regarding the password reset allegation be included if CU has found anything. Similarly, the main WP arbcom intervened in your unblock request there and have taken over and reasserted your block due to off-wiki evidence that has not been made public.[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Steven1991] If Simple Wiki admins are giving any consideration to unblocking you I suggest they both first engage CU to see if there is any evidence linking you to the password reset harassment of [[User:Insanityclown1|Insanityclown1]] and that they also consult the main WP arbcom about what led them to reinforce your block there. [[User:Wellington Bay|Wellington Bay]] ([[User talk:Wellington Bay|talk]]) 18:22, 6 July 2025 (UTC) :I'll add that all the gap of several months between your posting of the screenshots and their detection means is that there are several months in which you ''could have'' undone your edit and deleted those screenshots, but that you chose not to. Had you reversed your edits yourself before they were detected not only would that have mitigated the offence but your original action might never have been detected in the first place. [[User:Wellington Bay|Wellington Bay]] ([[User talk:Wellington Bay|talk]]) 19:03, 6 July 2025 (UTC) :They are ''still'' wasting people's time with nonsensical unblock requests. They ''still'' try to minimize what they've done instead of accepting responsibility. Some people are just fundamentally incompatible with a collaborative environment, and they should move on. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 18:27, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ::Another example of [[WP:NPA]] violation. You are accusing me of this or that while breaking the rules continuously yourself. I am sure that the rules only apply to those you don’t like. I don’t want to assume bad faith, but you seem to be targeting me over the sole reason of political disagreement. Just @[[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ::@[[User:Fehufanga|Fehufanga]]@[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] @[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]]that the user above is also involved in several violations related to personal attacks on good-faith users: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Polygnotus#c-ScottishFinnishRadish-20250515215700-Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard 1], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Antisemitism_on_Wikipedia#c-Polygnotus-20250706212000-ProfGray-20250706211600 2], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Antisemitism_on_Wikipedia#c-Polygnotus-20250706224700-ProfGray-20250706224200 3] etc. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:19, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::Grasping at straws. Kinda sad really. Anything but taking responsibility. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 13:26, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :@[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] is this something you can look into? Since this whole debacle started, I have received notifications of 234 attempted logins to my wiki account. [[User:Insanityclown1|Insanityclown1]] ([[User talk:Insanityclown1|talk]]) 18:59, 6 July 2025 (UTC) ::Hello all, Steven1991 asked me by mail for a comment about his block.Note though: as to not get into what isa calle wheel-warring, only the blocking admin can change the block. I need to read up on the situation to be able to give a decent, helpful comment. I will come back once I have done this--[[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 23:34, 6 July 2025 (UTC) :::@[[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Antisemitism_on_Wikipedia#WTF Steven1991 has been blocked for his campaign of harassment on enwiki, and then Steven1991 decided to falsely accuse one of the people involved in his block on enwiki of being an antisemite and another of tendentious_editing. Steven1991 then spread the false accusations to [[simple:Antisemitism]] :::[[simple:Vandalism]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Vandalism]] [[simple:Vandalism on Wikipedia]] [[simple:Online antisemitism]] [[simple:English Wikipedia]] [[simple:Disinformation]]. They are still trying to act as if they did nothing wrong, while being indeffed from simple and enwiki. On enwiki they had their email privileges revoked for continuing to annoy people there, perhaps that should happen here too. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 01:23, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::Some of the alleged behaviour happened in October 2024 when my initial block had not even been issued. Since then, I haven’t engaged in those abuses. >90% of my interactions with other users on this project were very polite and restrained. I accepted community input whenever they disagreed with some of my formatting (e.g. highlights, spacing, excess footnotes). I always showed the willingness to address this and tried my best correcting them to others’ satisfaction. I don’t understand why this is being glossed over and treated as something I never corrected. This is not a fair representation of my contributions. I understand that you are upset with some of our ENWP interactions last year, but it’s important to be fair instead of erasing all of my contributions to this project over personal disagreements. I’ve to highlight that you didn’t become active until yesterday, so it’s fine that you’re not aware of it. Instead, I played an active role on this site in confronting IP vandalism, regularly alerting admins with sufficient evidence, most of which were substantiated and resulted in sanctions on relevant IP users. How many disruptive user bother to have done so much to protect articles (e.g. history-related and prone to IP disruptions)? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:07, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] @[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] @[[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]] Pinging you in so that you could be made aware of my side of the story rather than someone who suddenly shows up for the sake of damaging my reputation to prevent me from getting unblocked. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:08, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::Steven, You're already in a large hole so I would strongly suggest you stop digging. You were blocked on Enwiki for harassment etc and you exhibited the same behaviour here (Why you would ever think including that screenshot was a good idea I will never know! especially when that person was involved with your en block!), ::::::Anyway please stop pinging me as I have no nothing else left to say. I wish you all the best, Thanks, –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 11:19, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::It’s fine if you don’t want to get involved. I simply believe that my side of the story needs to be heard and that I cannot let those targeting me dictate what they consider the truth and prevent me from getting unblocked. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:24, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::I am not someone who "suddenly shows up". I am [[:en:Talk:Antisemitism_on_Wikipedia#WTF|the person who discovered what you did]]... You keep trying to act as if you were a productive user here, but a quick look at [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamas&diff=prev&oldid=10096740 a contrib like this one for example] shows what you were doing here. ::::::{{tq|Some of the alleged behaviour happened in October 2024 when my initial block had not even been issued. Since then, I haven’t engaged in those abuses.}} So you got busted and now we have to feel sorry for you because it took a while to discover what you did? ::::::The list is [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log/block&page=User%3ASteven1991 publicly available]. ::::::*edit warring and editing logged out to evade scrutiny ::::::*Disruptive editing edit warring, deceptive summaries, battleground territory ::::::*Disruptive editing: Deceptive edit summaries ::::::*Disruptive editing: Deceptive edit summaries, block evasion with both an IP address and a sockpuppet account, User:Zerpatidal ::::::*Personal attacks or violations of the harassment policy: excessive WP:BATTLEGROUND (still) and now also WP:FOLLOWING ::::::*Personal attacks or violations of the harassment policy: revoking email access, see Special:Diff/1263816641 ::::::Pretty sizable block log for someone who "accepted community input". [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 11:23, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::The sockpuppeting allegation was later found to be a misjugment when the CU got involved: [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Steven1991&diff=prev&oldid=1248569188&diffonly=1 1], [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Steven1991&diff=prev&oldid=1248573138 2], [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Steven1991&diff=prev&oldid=1248565232&diffonly= 3] and [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Steven1991&diff=next&oldid=1248574813&diffonly=1 4]. :::::::Again, you are presenting half truth. Apologise for the false accusation. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:32, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] What false accusation do you falsely accuse me of? You are not making any sense. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 11:38, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::Sockpuppet investigations on ENWP also vindicated me in the past: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Icewhiz/Archive#c-Zzuuzz-20241018212200-Drmies-20241018151500 1] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Icewhiz/Archive#c-Izno-20241019065300-Zzuuzz-20241018212200 2]. :::::::Stop making false accusations against me. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:35, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::That is the third time you've repeated yourself. But your comment still makes no sense. See [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Steven1991#c-Polygnotus-20250707113800-Steven1991-20250707113200] and [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Steven1991#c-Polygnotus-20250707113900-Steven1991-20250707113700] [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 11:40, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::::{{tq|Connecting IPs to users is not something checkusers normally do, but I can take a lead from the user here. Steven1991 has been consistently editing from one country (not the USA) for the duration. Meanwhile someone has been editing consistently from California on related topics via {{range vandal|50.48.0.0/16}}, perhaps more specifically {{range vandal|50.48.192.0/19}}, for a very long time. There's no other crossover; I'd call that strongly unrelated. I've also taken a look at {{noping|Zerpatidal}}, who was editing via proxies. Given the issues we have generally with joe-jobs and PIA trolls, I think the assumption that it's the same user can be at best weak. It could literally be anyone. Firing up a sockpuppet in these circumstances would be an incredibly unintelligent thing to do - I find it hard to consider possible.}} and {{tq|{{u|zzuuzz}}, if you are confident that this is a Joe job or some kind of troll butting in, then I do not object to the indefinite block being returned to the original 72 hour block duration. Steven1991, I want to warn you that lying in edit summaries is disruptive and counterproductive. Do not ''ever'' do that again.}} I don’t need to make it clearer when you do not appear to be arguing in good faith. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:47, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::Yet another false accusation. Keep going. Keep insulting and harassing everyone. Keep pinging and emailing every admin and lying to them. Demand that they unblock you. It will surely work. Or, you know, calm down. Go for a walk. Chill out. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 11:51, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::Keep making personal attacks when someone presented evidence, i.e. highlighting the exact wording for you, to show that part of your claim is wrong is not a good idea. You need to acknowledge that your accusation of me sockpuppeting is simply wrong. It’s OK to make mistakes and acknowledge it. It won’t discount your criticism of my other misconduct. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 12:04, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::How many false accusations are you at now? I used all my fingers and toes and then I lost count, sorry. {{tq|your accusation of me sockpuppeting}} Ah, yes, that fictional mistake of mine that does not exist in the real world. And would be completely irrelevant if it did. Keep clinging to that, it must be a winning strategy. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 12:25, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::{{tq|your accusation of me sockpuppeting}} So your tactic is falsely accusing me of a false accusation? Really? How would that help you? Where did I accuse you of sockpuppeting? [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 12:08, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::You stated that I used a sockpuppet that started the letter Z: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Steven1991#c-Polygnotus-20250707112300-Steven1991-20250707110800 1] by quoting information without due verification. You may not have intended to do so, but it is advisable for you to acknowledge that you made a mistake. Everyone makes it and it is fine, except for those who never admit that they are wrong, who may be more unsuitable for collaborative environment than they try painting others as. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 12:20, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] So you admit that you were wrong and I did not accuse you of using a sockpuppet? Will you now apologize to me? I simply listed the block reasons in your block log on enwiki. And I didn't even mention {{Tq|Reciprocal block: Violating the "one-strike" rule: Examples of harassment and original research, much past the boundary of ONESTRIKE here}} [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 12:22, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::Keep making personal attacks when someone presented evidence, i.e. highlighting the exact wording for you, to show that part of your claim is wrong is not a good idea. You need to acknowledge that your accusation of me sockpuppeting is simply wrong. It’s OK to make mistakes and acknowledge it. It won’t discount your criticism of my other misconduct. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 12:23, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::::You are now copypasting your comment from [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Steven1991#c-Steven1991-20250707120400-Polygnotus-20250707115100 here]. But I already replied to that comment. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 12:29, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Copy it for you again – [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Steven1991&diff=prev&oldid=1248569188&diffonly=1 read it] yourself and making false accusations: :::::::::{{tq|Connecting IPs to users is not something checkusers normally do, but I can take a lead from the user here. Steven1991 has been consistently editing from one country (not the USA) for the duration. Meanwhile someone has been editing consistently from California on related topics via {{range vandal|50.48.0.0/16}}, perhaps more specifically {{range vandal|50.48.192.0/19}}, for a very long time. There's no other crossover; I'd call that strongly unrelated. I've also taken a look at {{noping|Zerpatidal}}, who was editing via proxies. Given the issues we have generally with joe-jobs and PIA trolls, I think the assumption that it's the same user can be at best weak. It could literally be anyone. Firing up a sockpuppet in these circumstances would be an incredibly unintelligent thing to do - I find it hard to consider possible.}}<br /> :::::::::, {{tq|I've taken a much closer look and my conclusion stands where it was before. I know that Icewhiz can sometimes make things appear as they're not, but I've not found any inconsistencies in Steven1991's technical data. The data are broadly consistent with what Steven1991 has said above, and I'd consider it pretty difficult (though not entirely impossible) to pull off such a purported deception. I'm more than happy to hear other CU opinions, but it's a nay from me on the technicalities. -- zzuuzz (talk) 21:22, 18 October 2024 (UTC)}} and {{tq|Case closed. -- zzuuzz (talk) 18:54, 20 October 2024 (UTC)}}<br />Where is the “confirmed sockpuppeting” you accuse me of? [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 12:12, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::You keep posting irrelevant quotes. You keep claiming I "accused" you of sockpuppeting. That is of course irrelevant, but IIRC I did not. So where is your evidence? [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 12:16, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::What is the issue with [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamas&diff=prev&oldid=10096740 this]? You disagreed with a well-sourced edit and so it’s “wrong” ? Rejecting well-sourced content over individual disagreements is a form of tendentious editing itself. Calling it “wrong” to elicit a sanction (or rejection of sanction lift) on others is a form of [[Wikipedia:Gaming the system#Gaming of sanctions for disruptive behavior|WP:GAME]]. You are the one engaging in harassment, bludgeoning etc. here just as you did as per [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Polygnotus#c-ScottishFinnishRadish-20250515215700-Wikipedia:Reliable_sources/Noticeboard 1], [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Antisemitism_on_Wikipedia#c-Polygnotus-20250706212000-ProfGray-20250706211600 2] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Antisemitism_on_Wikipedia#c-Polygnotus-20250706224700-ProfGray-20250706224200 3]. I am not sure who is the one not feeling remorseful for their mistakes. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:59, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Haha. Well, if you honestly think that was a good edit then you shouldn't be editing sensitive topics, especially not unsupervised. You keep making accusations against me without evidence. Which is weird because that tactic hasn't worked so far and is unlikely to work in the future. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 12:03, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::::You don’t like it? You can remove it (which you did, and thanks). Refusing to assume good faith, casting aspersions and using it to justify sanctions on someone (WP:GAME as mentioned) are clearly violations of site rules. You know it. You are even more familiar with the rules than me, so just admit that you made a mistake here just as you demand me to. You cannot demand full policy compliance from others while refusing it yourself. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 12:15, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::You keep accusing people of stuff. I do not think it is working for you. I gave some advice: {{tq|calm down. Go for a walk. Chill out.}} It is pretty good advice, if I may say so myself. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 12:17, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :So if there is actually no conclusive evidence that I was behind any of those alleged actions, should those making the allegations apologise to me instead? Should they acknowledge that I could have been wrongfully blamed? Or are they getting a free pass because they happened to be on the “right” side over a certain dispute? Policy compliance is a two-way street. They cannot accuse me of harassment while continuously doing it by making those serious allegations themselves without regard for my well-being. Had this done by a newbie on any other projects, he/she could have been boomeranged and indeffed. I want to make sure that things are fair and that I be treated with dignity. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:06, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::This is what is known as the little brother defense. It was your account who did it. And it was you who had a clear motive to do what you did. So if you want to blame someone else you need to explain why you've given your password to someone else who then tried to fight your battles for you. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 11:14, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::You have no reliable evidence. You continue repeating unfounded allegations for the sake of damaging my reputation and swaying opinion to prevent me from getting unblocked. This is itself a form of serious personal attack constituting harassment. I believe that the rules must be enforced equally. @[[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] @[[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] @[[User:Fehufanga|Fehufanga]]@[[User:FusionSub|FusionSub]] [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:23, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::Keep pinging and emailing every admin and lying to them. You must think they are stupid. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 11:24, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::I am not lying. I am rebuking unfounded allegations concocted with bad faith. You know what you are doing. Your motivation seems to be driving me off the project over political differences. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:29, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] And now you are casting [[:en:WP:ASPERSIONS|WP:ASPERSIONS]] again. I don't think continuing the harassment, insults, block evasion, battleground mentality, editwarring, personal attacks et cetera is a winning tactic. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 11:33, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::No, I am disproving your false accusations of me sockpuppeting on ENWP, which have been disproven by their own CU investigations: [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Steven1991#c-Steven1991-20250707113200-Polygnotus-20250707112300 1] and [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Steven1991#c-Steven1991-20250707113500-Polygnotus-20250707112300 2]. You keep repeating the same allegations that have been disproven for the sake of painting me in a bad light and swaying opinion against unblocking me. If this isn’t harassment, what is it? :::::::Apologise. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:37, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] I didn't say you did, did I? And those links do not show that that was {{tq|disproven by their own CU investigations}}, as you falsely claim. For example the block in 2019 lists the block reason as {{Tq|edit warring and editing logged out to evade scrutiny}} [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 11:39, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::::You forgot what you alleged in another comment: {{tq|Disruptive editing: Deceptive edit summaries, block evasion with both an IP address and a sockpuppet account, User:Zerpatidal}} This is disproven by the CU investigations. They found no evidence for Cullen328’s suspicion and released me from a block misapplied by Cullen328 back then. You need to look up what happened instead of doubling down on your false claim of me having ever sockpuppeted. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:43, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::You are not making sense. [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log/block&page=User%3ASteven1991 Click this link and read]. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 11:45, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::You got it wrong and you do not want to acknowledge it. Instead of admitting that you are making false accusations that constitute serious personal attack and harassment, you are doubling down and hurling insults. I presented evidence to disprove part of your claims. Apologise for making a mistake just as you expect me to. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:49, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::You are not making any sense. I listed the block reasons from your block log. Why do you think anyone should apologize because you got blocked? {{tq|that constitute serious personal attack and harassment}} Yet more false accusations. Why do you keep doing that? [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 11:53, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::{{tq|08:43, 30 September 2024 Zzuuzztalk contribs changed block settings for Steven1991 talk contribs with an expiration time of 2 days and 14 hours (account creation blocked) (''Disruptive editing: Deceptive edit summaries <!-- undoing previous block -->)}}'' following the ENWP CU findings that I did not engage in sockpuppeting: {{tq|Connecting IPs to users is not something checkusers normally do, but I can take a lead from the user here. Steven1991 has been consistently editing from one country (not the USA) for the duration. Meanwhile someone has been editing consistently from California on related topics via Template:Range vandal, perhaps more specifically Template:Range vandal, for a very long time. There's no other crossover; I'd call that strongly unrelated. I've also taken a look at Zerpatidal, who was editing via proxies. Given the issues we have generally with joe-jobs and PIA trolls, I think the assumption that it's the same user can be at best weak. It could literally be anyone. Firing up a sockpuppet in these circumstances would be an incredibly unintelligent thing to do - I find it hard to consider possible.}} [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:52, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::I don't have to read a bunch of irrelevant stuff but thank you I guess. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 11:54, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::::It is relevant as it contradicts your claim that I used a sockpuppet starting with the letter Z. Gaslighting is manipulative. Doubling down on it to further damage someone’s image to prevent them from getting unblocked is more so. I have said everything I wish to. I will avoid bludgeoning the same way you ''seem to be'' doing here. Have a good week. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 12:18, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::::Thank you! You too! Probably best you stop before your talk page access gets revoked. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 12:20, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Please do not edit comments I have already replied to, like you did [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3ASteven1991&diff=10377806&oldid=10377805 here]. [[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 11:42, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Please avoiding diverting attention, thanks. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:44, 7 July 2025 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]]: Stop pinging people. -- [[User:Auntof6|Auntof6]] ([[User talk:Auntof6|talk]]) 11:24, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :::::Yes, I would stop. I simply want them to know the full picture. [[User:Steven1991|Steven1991]] ([[User talk:Steven1991#top|talk]]) 11:50, 7 July 2025 (UTC) :For everyone's info, checkuser is unable to determine the IP address of someone trying to login:it only works on edits. I have now removed talk page access from the user so I think we can all now call this situation as closed. As an aside, Steven 1991 you were found to be editing from an IP account just today, please do not try to evade your block and I'd also advise that doing so or engaging in sock puppetry will only harm any chances of being unblocked in the future. Regards, '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 17:34, 9 July 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Dark-ego-vehicle principle== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Dark-ego-vehicle principle]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Dark-ego-vehicle principle]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. 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[[User:Polygnotus|Polygnotus]] ([[User talk:Polygnotus|talk]]) 16:38, 22 July 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Online antisemitism== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Online antisemitism]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). You are welcome to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Online antisemitism]]; please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to bring it in line with our rules. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] flag from the top of the page; doing so will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you very much. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 08:46, 24 January 2026 (UTC) == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; color: #000; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2025 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2025 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2025_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2026]]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Look forwards to collaborating in the year ahead. Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 07:42, 14 February 2026 (UTC) </div> (This message was sent to [[:User:Steven1991]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2025&oldid=30070084 --> ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Antisemitism in Europe== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Antisemitism in Europe]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). 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[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:25, 15 April 2026 (UTC) == [[wp:RFD|RfD]] nomination of Antisemitic violence in Bielsk County, Poland (1941) == <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[: Antisemitic violence in Bielsk County, Poland (1941)]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). You are welcome to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Antisemitic violence in Bielsk County, Poland (1941)]]; please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to bring it in line with our rules. 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Thank you very much. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 09:27, 9 October 2026 (UTC) q18bnnn4q2clr8vmho1dzwljpx3hc5c 0 1147223 11024530 10947485 2026-10-09T09:05:01Z ~2026-54085-43 1887463 /* */ y 11024530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Deccan Wars | partof = | image = | caption = | date = 1680-1707 | place = Modern day [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]] | territorial changes = Shaista khan left deccani area after raid by shivaji | combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Mughal Empire.png|22px]][[Mughal Empire]]<br>'''Supported by'''<br>[[File:Flag of Kingdom of Mysore.svg|20px]] [[Kingdom of Mysore]]<br>[[File:Flag of Portugal (1667).svg|20px]] [[Portuguese Empire]]<br>Nayaks of Trichinopoly<br>Siddis of Janjira | combatant2 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|20px]] [[Maratha Empire]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|20px]] [[Maratha Empire#Thanjavur Branch|Thanjavur Marathas]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Bijapur Sultanate.png|20px]] Bijapur Sultanate<br>[[File:Qutbshahi Flag.svg|20px]] Golconda Sultanate | commander1 = {{Collapsible list | title = List of Mughal Commanders | status = collapsed | [[Aurangzeb]] {{Natural Causes}} | Shah Alam I {{WIA}} | Muqqrab Khan {{WIA}} | [[Ganoji Shirke]] {{POW}} (defected) | Zulfiqar khan {{WIA}} | Dalpatrao Bundela {{KIA}} | Bidar Bhakt {{WIA}} | Afah Shah I | Bahadur Khan | Himmat Khan {{KIA}} | Rustam Khan {{POW}} | Nekniyat Khan {{KIA}} | Qasim Khan {{KIA}} | Hussain Ali Khan {{POW}} | Jai Singh II | Ghori Khan {{POW}} | Diler Khan {{WIA}} | Kilich Khan {{KIA}} | Chikka Dev Raya {{Surrender}} | Naghoji Mane | Khan-i-jahan {{POW}} | Babi Khan {{POW}} | Nazar Ali Khan {{POW}} | Mir Numan Bakshi {{KIA}} | Ahmad Sayyad Khan {{POW}} | Suja Beg {{POW}} | Sidyat Khan {{POW}} | Khan-i-Alam {{WIA}} | Ali Mardan Khan {{POW}} | Ismail Khan {{POW}} | Kahanazad Khan {{KIA}} | Muhammad Murad Khan {{Surrender}} | Safshikhan {{Surrender}} | Sayyid Asalat Khan {{Surrender}} | Mirza Hasan {{Surrender}} | Afrasaiyab {{POW}} | Yachappa Nayak of Trichinopoly | Padam Singh {{KIA}} | Bhagwat Singh Dhangar {{KIA}} | Mankoji Dhangar {{KIA}} | Ramsingh Rathore {{KIA}} | Harisingh Bundela {{KIA}} | Raghunath Singh {{WIA}} | Kabil Singh {{WIA}} | JaitSingh {{KIA}} | Madhoram Sisodia {{WIA}} | Siddi Yakub {{WIA}} }} | commander2 = '''[[Maratha Empire|Marathas]]:'''<br>[[Sambhaji I|Sambhaji]]{{POW}}{{executed}}<br>[[Rajaram I]]<br>Shivaji II<br>Shahu I{{POW}}<br>[[Kavi Kalash]]{{POW}}{{executed}}<br>Maloji Ghorpade{{KIA}}<br>Raiba Malusare{{KIA}}<br>Moropant Trimbak Pingale {{KIA}}<br>Santaji Ghorpade{{executed}}<br>Dhanaji Jadhav<br>Manaji Moré<br>Amritrao Nimbalkar II{{KIA}}<br>Shankarji Naryan<br>Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi{{Surrender}}<br>Balaji Vishwanath<br>Nemaji Scindia<br>Tara Bai<br>Yesubai{{POW}}<br>Raja Karna<br>Hammbirrao Mohite{{KIA}}<br>Vithohji Chavan<br>Buwaji Pawar{{KIA}}<br>Yashwantrao Dalvi{{WIA}}<br>Rudraji Salvi<br>Udaji Mohite{{KIA}}<br>Abaji Vishwanath{{KIA}}<br>Shahaji II{{Surrender}}<br>Tukoji{{KIA}}<br>Rao Ghorpade{{KIA}}<br>Rupaji Bhosale{{POW}}{{Executed}}?<br>Amritrao Nimbalkar I{{KIA}}<br>Tukoji Angre{{KIA}}<br>Sidoji Gurjar{{KIA}}<br>Kanhoji Angre<br>Dadaji Raghunath Deshpande<br>Kondaji Farzand{{Executed}}<br>Durgadas Rathore<br>'''Supported by:'''<br>Prince Akbar<br>'''Deccan Sultans:'''<br>Sikander Adilshah{{POW}} <br>Qutb Shah{{POW}}{{executed}} | strength1 = 1,000,000<ref name="Malešević 2017 119"/> | strength2 = 500,000<ref name="Malešević 2017 119">{{cite book |last=Malešević |first=Siniša |year=2017 |title=The Rise of Organised Brutality |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bFlEDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA119 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=119 |isbn=978-1-107-09562-5}}</ref> | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | territory = * Bijapur and Golconda Sultanates annexed by the [[Mughals]] * Mughals failed to annex [[Maratha Empire|Maratha Territory]] * [[Maratha Empire#Thanjavur Branch|Thanjavur Marathas]] became [[Mughals|Mughal Tributary]] | casualties3 = 2.7 million died due to Drought, Famine and Plague in [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Camp]]<ref name="Sir Jadunath Sarkar">{{cite book|author=Sir Jadunath Sarkar|author-link=Sir Jadunath Sarkar|year=1974|title=History of Aurangzib: mainly based on Persian sources, Volume 5|publisher=[[Orient Longman]]|page=13|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BNQ5AQAAIAAJ&q=one+hundred+thousand}}</ref><ref name="Niccolao Manucci">{{cite book|author=Niccolao Manucci|author-link=Niccolao Manucci|year=1907|title=Storia do Mogul India 1653-1708 Volume 4|publisher=London, Murray|page=[https://archive.org/details/storiadomogororm04manu/page/96 96]|url=https://archive.org/details/storiadomogororm04manu}}</ref> }} [[Aurangzeb]] took southern campaign in 1680 after the death of [[Shivaji]] was driven by several key objectives of Neutralizing the threat from his son, Akbar, who had rebelled and sought refuge with [[Sambhaji I|Sambhaji]], the Maratha king. Absorbing the remaining [[Deccan sultanates|Deccan Sultanates,]] specifically the Adilshahi and Qutubshahi kingdoms, into the [[Mughal Empire]], weakening the growing Maratha kingdom, led by [[Sambhaji I|Sambhaji]]. The Deccan wars began in 1680 with annexation of Golconda and Bijapur, [[Capture of Sambhaji|Execution of Maratha King Sambhaji]] and ended with the death of [[Aurangzeb]]. It resulted in a stalemate for the both sides as the Mughals were able to Annex Bijapur and Golconda but failed to annex and subdue the Marathas, who rose to power even after the [[Capture of Sambhaji]] under the leadership of many successful rulers and generals such as [[Rajaram I]], Shahu I, [[Bajirao I]] and [[Madhavrao I]] winning battles against the Mughals and eventually placing a puppet ruler i.e [[Shah Alam II]] as the Mughal Emperor under the leadership of the Maratha general, Mahadji Shinde ==Conquest of Deccan Sultanates== ===Capture of Bijapur=== In 1685, [[Aurangzeb]] sent his son Muhammad Azam Shah with a large army to capture Bijapur Fort, which was defended by 30,000 men under Sikandar Adil Shah. Despite initial efforts to surround the fort and position artillery, the Mughal forces faced challenges, including a deep moat, strong fortifications, and powerful Bijapur cannons like the "Malik-i-Maidan." [[Maratha dynasty|Maratha forces]] led by Melgiri Pandit further disrupted Mughal supply lines. The situation worsened when a cannonball struck a gunpowder depot, killing 500 [[Mughal Empire|Mughal soldiers]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sTZuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA260|title=Aurangzeb|last=Lal|first=Muni|date=1988|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=978-0-7069-4017-6|pages=260|language=en}}</ref> To relieve the siege, [[Aurangzeb]] sent reinforcements under Abdullah Khan Bahadur Firuz Jang, who successfully repelled Maratha attempts to resupply the fort. However, the siege stalemated, and in July 1686, Aurangzeb himself led a large army to Bijapur. After eight days of intense fighting, the Mughals breached the fort’s defenses, captured Sikandar Adil Shah, and took control of the city.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-TsMl0vSc0gC&dq=%22siege+of+bijapur%22&pg=PA531|title=Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India|last=Mehta|first=Jl|publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd|isbn=978-81-207-1015-3|language=en}}</ref> ===Capture of Golconda=== In 1687, [[Aurangzeb]] laid siege to Golconda Fort, home to the Qutb Shahi ruler, Abul Hasan Qutb Shah, and the world's only diamond mine, the Kollur Mine.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHyVh29gy4QC&q=mughal+empire|title=The Mughal Empire|last=Richards|first=John F.|date=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-56603-2|language=en}}</ref> The fort was heavily fortified, with an 8-mile wall and iron-spiked gates to deter Mughal elephants. Despite the Mughal bombardment, including massive cannons like the Azhdaha-Paikar, the defenders, led by Abul Hasan, resisted fiercely, even using bamboo rockets.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&q=saqi+mustad&pg=PA41|title=War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849|last=Roy|first=Kaushik|date=2011-03-30|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-136-79087-4|language=en}}</ref> However, heavy rains, food shortages, and disease weakened the defenders.<ref name=":0" /> After eight months, a traitor named Sarandaz Khan revealed a backdoor, allowing the Mughals to breach the fort. Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung was among the first to enter and capture Abul Hasan, who was later imprisoned in Daulatabad Fort. Following the siege, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal forces]] took control of the Kollur Mine, and the fort was repaired with stronger defenses. Anup Singh, who led the final assault, was honored with the title [[Maharaja]] by Aurangzeb.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NQTqAAAAMAAJ|title=Palaces of Rajasthan|last1=Martinelli|first1=Antonio|last2=Michell|first2=George|last3=Nath|first3=Aman|date=2004|publisher=India Books House|isbn=978-81-7508-387-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QS-pCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|title=Islamic Arms and Armor in The Metropolitan Museum of Art|last=Alexander|first=David G.|date=2015-12-31|publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art|isbn=978-1-58839-570-2|pages=46|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Richards|first=J. F.|date=1975|title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687-1707|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/311962|journal=Modern Asian Studies|volume=9|issue=2|pages=241–260|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996 |jstor=311962 |issn=0026-749X}}</ref> ==Maratha-Mughal Wars== ===Under Sambhaji (1680-1689)=== [[Sambhaji I|Sambhaji]], born in 1657 to [[Shivaji]] and Saibai, became the Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire after his father's death in 1680.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ngBAAAAMAAJ&q=Keshav+Pandit+Sambhaji|title=Chhatrapati Sambhaji, 1657-1689 A.D.|last=Joshi|first=Pandit Shankar|date=1980|publisher=S. Chand|language=en}}</ref> He faced numerous challenges, notably resisting Mughal expansion led by Emperor Aurangzeb. Sambhaji's forces clashed with the Mughals across [[South India|southern India]], with key engagements at forts like Ramsej,<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mogul Empire and the Marathas,The Development of the British Empire. Houghton Mifflin|last=Robinson;Horward|first=James Thomson Shotwell|year=1922|pages=106–132}}</ref> Kalyan Bhiwandi,<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qA1BAAAAMAAJ|title=The Mughal-Maratha Relations: Twenty Five Fateful Years, 1682-1707|last=Kulkarni|first=G. T.|date=1983|publisher=Department of History, Deccan College Post-Graduate Research Institute|language=en}}</ref> [[Maratha–Mysore War|Mysore]]<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/the-mysore-maratha-relations-in-the-17th-century|title=The Mysore-Maratha Relations in the 17th Century|last=B. Muddhachari|date=1965-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sambhajiraja Jwalajwalantejas - ज्वलज्वलनतेजस संभाजीराजा By Sadashiv Shivade - Buy Sambhaji Maharaj Books Online At Sahyadri Books, Sambhaji Maharaj, Battles By Sambhaji In Goa, Phonda, Burhanpur, Siddhis Of Janjira, Ramsej Battle, Kalyan, Story Of Kothaligad, Golkonda, Salher|url=https://sahyadribooks.com/sambhajiraja-jwalajwalantejas/|access-date=2024-11-09|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mysore-maratha-relations-under-shahji-shivaji-sambhaji-and-rajaram-as-revealed-in-kannada-sources|title=Mysore-Maratha Relations Under Shahji, Shivaji, Sambhaji And Rajaram (As Revealed In Kannada Sources)|last=B. Muddachari}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.218324/mode/1up|title=Historical Fragments Of The Mogul Empire|last=Robert Orme|date=1805|pages=201}}</ref>and Janjira.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-3CPc22nMqIC|title=The African Dispersal in the Deccan: From Medieval to Modern Times|last=Ali|first=Shanti Sadiq|date=1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0485-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7pw5AQAAIAAJ|title=The Rise and Fall of the Maratha Empire|last=Nadkarnia|first=Rajaram Vyankatesh|date=1966|publisher=Popular Prakashan|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4xduAAAAMAAJ|title=African Elites in India: Habshi Amarat|last1=Robbins|first1=Kenneth X.|last2=McLeod|first2=John|date=2006|publisher=Mapin|isbn=978-1-890206-97-0|language=en}}</ref>In 1681, Sambhaji disrupted Aurangzeb’s supply routes by attacking Portuguese-held Goa<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/portuguese-mahratta-relations_20210214|title=Portuguese Mahratta Relations|last=Bahu Virupaksha|date=2021-02-14|pages=82–91}}</ref> and [[Sack of Burhanpur|Burhanpur]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wo40EAAAQBAJ&dq=burhanpur+sambhaji&pg=PT185|title=The Life and Death of Sambhaji|last=Bhaskaran|first=Medha Deshmukh|date=2021-07-05|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-5492-029-5|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3" />Despite the Mughal siege of Maratha territories, the [[Marathas]] mounted fierce defenses, including repelling Mughal advances on Raigad and thwarting a pincer strategy in 1683–1685 Shah Alam's Invasion was hateled by [[Sambhaji I|Sambhaji]] even wounding Shah Alam.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2FDAAAAYAAJ&q=Muazzam+Konkan|title=History of South India: Medieval period|last1=Chopra|first1=Pran Nath|last2=Ravindran|first2=T. K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3=N.|date=1979|publisher=S. Chand|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak5oFjTys8MC&dq=Muazzam+Konkan&pg=PA3|title=Later Mughal|last=Irvine|first=William|date=1971|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri|language=en}}</ref> After Aurangzeb's successful conquest of Bijapur and Golconda in 1686, the Marathas launched counterattacks, including an offensive on Bharuch, Wai here Hammbirrao Mohite lost his life<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LXQBAAAAMAAJ|title=Lectures on Maratha Mughal Relations, 1680-1707|last=Pagdi|first=Setumadhava Rao|date=1966|publisher=Printed at Nagpur Vidyapeeth Mudranalaya|language=en}}</ref> which is considered a key factor for [[capture of Sambhaji]]. However, in 1689, [[Capture of Sambhaji|Sambhaji was eventually captured by the Mughals, tortured, and executed. His family was imprisoned for twenty years]].He was succeeded by [[Rajaram I]]<ref name=":7">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/chhatrapati-rajaram-and-the-maratha-state|title=Chhatrapati Rajaram And The Maratha State|last=Jaisingrao Pawar}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eh1BAAAAMAAJ|title=Maharani Tarabai of Kolhapur, C. 1675-1761 A.D.|last=Pāṭīla|first=Śālinī|date=1987|publisher=S. Chand & Company|isbn=978-81-219-0269-4|language=en}}</ref> ===Under Rajaram I (1689-1700)=== [[Rajaram I|Rajaram]] born in 1670 to [[Shivaji]] and Soyarabai became the Chhatrapati after the death of his brother [[Sambhaji I|Sambhaji]] in 1689.<ref name=":3" /> His reign of 11 years marked with outstanding resistance to Mughals. In 1689 [[Mughals]] laid Siege to [[Raigad Fort|Raigad]] where Rajaram escaped with his Family however Yesubai and Shahu I was taken captive.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":2" /> In the same year Santaji Ghorpade laid an daring raid onto Mughal camp looting then but was eventually pushed back.<ref name=":5" /> In 1690 Dhanaji and Santaji defeated Shaikh Nizam Muqqrab Khan he was wounded along with his son and was compelled to flee.<ref name=":7" /> In the same year Shankarji Naryan defeated Shaikh Nizam Muqqrab Khan at Sangrameshwar.<ref name=":7" /> Zulfiqar Khan along with his best commander [[Siege of Jinji|laid siege to Ginjee]] Fort in 1690 the new captial of Marathas.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":2" /> From year 1690-93 Zulfiqar Khan was harassed by Marathas under Rajaram, Santaji, Rudraji salvi, Manaji Moré and Dhanaji Jadhav.<ref name=":4" />Mughals under Sarja Khan (Rustam Khan) attacked Satara but was defeated by Santaji and Dhanaji while Manaji Moré attacked his camp and captured him.<ref name=":6" />In 1694 thef were various conflict between Marathas and Mughals. In 1694 Zulfiqar khan supported by Trichinopoly Nayaks laid an [[Mughal Expedition of Tanjore|Expedition to Tanjore]] where he subdue Shahaji II but was defeated by Bahirji at Paramkota.<ref name=":7" />In 1695 at Dodderi Santaji defeated 5 generals at once Qasim Khan was killed and others surrendered.<ref name=":4" />In 1696 Santaji encountered Himmat Khan at Bastavapan the latter was defeated and killed.<ref name=":4" /> Differences arose between Santaji and Rajaram. Santaji was removed from position of Senapati and Dhanaji was appointed. Naghoji Mane who wanted to avenge his brother in law Amritrao Nimbalkar II who was killed by Rudraji salvi on the orders of Santaji. He attacked unarmed Santaji while he was bathing and beheaded him in 1697.<ref name=":7" /> While other Commadars such as Shankarji Naryan, Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi and Dhanaji recaptured important forts like Raigad, Sinhagd, Torna etc.<ref name=":7" /> In 1698 Zulfiqar khan was finally able to Capture [[Gingee Fort|Ginjee]] however Rajaram and his family already escaped with the help of [[Ganoji Shirke]]. In 1698-99 Rajaram led two expedition to Konkan more of a Political Expedition than Millitary.Rajaram died on 3 March 1700 on Sinhagd due to [[Tuberculosis]]. He was succeeded by Shivaji II and his wife Tarabai as his reagent.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":7" /> ===Under Shivaji II (1700-1707)=== Shivaji II, born in 1696 became Chhatrapati in 1700 after the death of [[Rajaram I|Rajaram]] but as he was an infant Tara Bai as his reagent managed the State.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" />In 1700 [[Mughals]] attack Satara but it was defended by Dhanaji Jadhav. Marathas under him recapture Sinhagd, Torna Vishalgad and Raidgad.<ref name=":7" /> In 1704 Zulfiqar khan laid siege to Torna and captured it ,Torna was the only Fort captured without Negotiations. Khelna was besieged by Bidar Bhakt, Zulfiqar Khan, Dalpatrao and Jai Singh II in 1702 it was surrendered in 1703-1704 by Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi after getting some ransom.<ref name=":7" /> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w_XCEAAAQBAJ|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: A Guide to 8,500 Battles from Antiquity Through the Twenty-first Century [3 Volumes]|last=Jaques|first=Tony|date=2006-11-30|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|language=en}}</ref>Dalpatrao was killed in process.Meanwhile Sinhagd, Torana and Vishalgad was again captured by Marathas in 1705. In 1706 a battle was fought at Ratanpur in which Dhanaji Jadhav and [[Balaji Vishwanath]] defeated Mughals capturing their Commadars. Nemaji Scindia carried out successful Raids in [[Malwa]] from 1706-1707. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56777|title=New History Of The Marathas Vol.1|last=Sardesai|first=Govind Sakharam|date=1946}}</ref>All the commanders and even sons of Aurangzeb were waiting for his death as they were tired of this campaign.Aurangzeb himself spent 27 years in Deccan and still wasn't able to annex Maratha Land tho he successfully killed Sambhaji and captured Bijapur and Golconda Marathas still proved their supremacy over [[Mughals]]<ref name=":7" /> ===Death of Aurangzeb=== [[Aurangzeb]] made plan to retreat to Buharanpur and then leave for Delhi. In 1707 while he was retreating Dhanaji Jadhav made an suprise attack attack on him looting his baggage but he escaped with the help of Zulfiqar khan he died at [[Aurangabad]] due to fever in 1707 closing the chapter of Deccan wars. As soon as death of Aurangzeb reached Marathas they recaptured all the territories annexed by him. Thus his campaign against [[Maratha dynasty|Marathas]] resulted in a complete vain as he gained nothing from it.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":9" /> ==Aftermath== After the [[Bajirao's march to Delhi (1737)|Battle of Delhi]] and Battle of Bhopal in 1737, the [[Marathas]] expanded their rule into Malwa and by 1757 had reached Delhi. Meanwhile, the Mughal Empire fractured into regional kingdoms, with the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]], [[Nawab]] of Oudh, and Nawab of Bengal asserting nominal independence. The Nizam, aiming to protect his Deccan territories and weaken Mughal influence, encouraged Maratha invasions of [[Malwa]] and [[North India|northern India]], using them to his advantage.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p5VYH7FhoTsC&q=It+is+necessary+to+take+our+hands+off+Malwa.+God+willing,+I+will+enter+into+an+understanding+with+them|title=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Poona|last=Institute|first=Bhandarkar Oriental Research|date=1970|publisher=Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&dq=Finally+%2C+in+the+following+year+%2C+the+nizam+entered+into+a+secret+agreement+with+the+peshwa+by+which+he+offered+to&pg=PA549|title=The New Cambridge Modern History|date=1967|publisher=CUP Archive|language=en}}</ref> The Mughal–Maratha Wars weakened both empires, contributing to the Mughal decline and the rise of the Marathas as a major power, while also creating space for European colonial powers to establish themselves in India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iHK-BhVXOU4C|title=The Marathas 1600-1818|last=Gordon|first=Stewart|date=1993-09-16|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-26883-7|language=en}}</ref> == References == <!--- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --> {{Reflist}} <!--- Categories ---> [[Category:Pages created with the Article Wizard from 2024]] [[Category:1680s]] [[Category:1690s]] [[Category:1700s in Asia]] [[Category:Battles involving India]] liudox00j62hu8wgzhknxa27j05nqec 0 1148123 11023947 9911714 2026-10-08T13:07:01Z ~2026-50900-27 1882811 From source. 11023947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = Gauliga Ostmark | season = 1943-44 | dates = | winners = [[First Vienna FC]] | relegated = [[LSV Markersdorf]], [[SK Amateure Steyr]] | matches = 90 | total goals = 355 | league topscorer = [[Karl Decker]]<br>(28 goals) | prevseason = [[1942-43 Austrian football championship|1942-43]] | nextseason = [[1944-45 Austrian football championship|1944-45]] }} The '''Gauliga Donau-Alpenland 1943/44''' was the sixth season of the Gauliga Donau-Alpenland in annexed Austria. First Vienna FC 1894 was able to defend the championship title. With this victory, Vienna qualified for the 1943/44 German football championship. They reached the quarter-finals. The SK Amateure Steyr ended the game prematurely on April 20, 1944 with 3 points from 14 games. The games that had already been played were then canceled. The club merged with [[SK Vorwärts Steyr]] to form FC Steyr and played in the 1st class Oberdonau in the remaining time. [[LSV Markersdorf]] was dissolved at the end of the season. So the last of the table, Wiener Sport-Club, was not relegated. ==Table== <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1940_49/o1__gauliga_donau-alpenland__1943_44.htm|title=Fussball in Österreich Ö1 (Verwaltungsbereich Südost Oberklassse) 1943/44|website=www.austriasoccer.at}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- !Pl. ! Name !M ! W ! D ! L ! P |- |1. | [[First Vienna FC]] |16 | 13 |1 | 2 | 27 |- |2. | [[Floridsdorfer AC]] |16 |9 |4 | 3 | 22 |- |3. | [[Wiener AC]] |16 | 7 |2 | 7 | 16 |- |4. |[[FC Wien]] |16 | 6 |4 |6 | 16 |- |5. | [[FK Austria Wien]] |16 |8 |0 |8 | 16 |- |6. |[[LSV Markersdorf]] |16 | 6 |3 | 7 | 15 <ref> LSV Markerdorf was transferred to the regional association Lower Danube at the end of the season .</ref> |- |7. | [[SK Rapid Wien]] |16 | 5 |3 | 8 | 13 |- |8. |[[SC Wacker Wien]] |16 | 4 |2 | 10 | 10 |- |9. |[[Wiener Sport-Club]] |16 | 4 |1 | 11 | 9 |- |10. |[[SK Amateure Steyr]] |14 | 1 |1 | 12 | 4 <ref>Amateure Steyr withdrew on April 20th and returned to the regional association of Upper Austria. The matches by this team were not counted.</ref> |} ==Matches== [http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/1940_49/o1__gauliga_donau-alpenland__1943_44.htm Austria Soccer] ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |22 August 1943 | LSV Markersdorf | '''FK Austria Wien''' |2-3 |- |22 August 1943 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | FC Wien |3-0 |- |22 August 1943 | SC Wacker Wien | '''Floridsdorfer AC''' |4-6 |- |22 August 1943 | '''Wiener AC''' | SK Amateure Steyr |3-1 |- |30 January 1944 | Wiener Sport-Club | '''First Vienna FC''' |1-3 |} ===Round 2=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |5 September 1943 |SK Amateure Steyr | '''First Vienna FC''' |1-7 |- |5 September 1943 | FK Austria Wien | '''SC Wacker Wien''' |2-3 |- |5 September 1943 | '''FC Wien''' | Wiener AC |4-2 |- |5 September 1943 | SK Rapid Wien | Floridsdorfer AC |2-2 |- |5 September 1943 | Wiener Sport-Club | '''LSV Markersdorf''' |1-2 |} ===Round 3=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |12 September 1943 |FC Wien | Floridsdorfer AC |3-3 |- |12 September 1943 | '''LSV Markersdorf''' | SK Amateure Steyr |5-3 |- |12 September 1943 | SK Rapid Wien | '''FK Austria Wien''' |1-2 |- |12 September 1943 | SC Wacker Wien | Wiener Sport-Club |2-2 |- |12 September 1943 | '''Wiener AC''' | First Vienna FC |5-4 |} ===Round 4=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |3 October 1943 |'''FC Wien''' |Wiener Sport-Club |2-1 |- |3 October 1943 | '''Floridsdorfer AC''' | FK Austria Wien |6-1 |- |3 October 1943 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | SK Amateure Steyr |5-1 |- |3 October 1943 |'''Wiener AC''' | LSV Markersdorf |7-6 |- |28 November 1943 | SC Wacker Wien | '''First Vienna FC''' |1-6 |} ===Round 5=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |10 October 1943 |'''SK Amateure Steyr''' |FC Wien |3-1 |- |10 October 1943 | '''LSV Markersdorf''' |SC Wacker Wien |2-0 |- |10 October 1943 | SK Rapid Wien |'''Wiener AC''' |1-2 <ref>On 15 October the homeground of Rapid was closed for 4 games due to events following the match (referee insults) </ref> |- |10 October 1943 | '''First Vienna FC''' | FK Austria Wien |4-1 |- |10 October 1943 | Wiener Sport-Club | '''Floridsdorfer AC''' |3-5 |} ===Round 6=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |17 October 1943 |'''FK Austria Wien''' |Wiener Sport-Club |4-1 |- |17 October 1943 |Floridsdorfer AC |SK Amateure Steyr |1-1 |- |17 October 1943 | '''LSV Markersdorf''' | SK Rapid Wien |2-1 |- |17 October 1943 | '''Wiener AC''' | SC Wacker Wien |4-0 |- |5 December 1943 | FC Wien | '''First Vienna FC''' |2-7 |} ===Round 7=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |24 October 1943 |SK Amateure Steyr |'''FK Austria Wien''' |0-7 |- |24 October 1943 |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' |LSV Markersdorf |3-1 |- |24 October 1943 | '''First Vienna FC''' | SK Rapid Wien |10-2 |- |24 October 1943 | SC Wacker Wien | '''FC Wien''' |2-3 |- |28 November 1943 | Wiener Sport-Club | '''Wiener AC''' |1-4 <ref>On 24 October the match was canceld after 50 minutes due to an air raid warning. </ref> |} ===Round 8=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |31 October 1943 | '''FK Austria Wien''' | Wiener AC |4-1 |- |31 October 1943 | '''LSV Markersdorf''' |FC Wien |3-1 |- |31 October 1943 |'''SK Rapid Wien''' | SC Wacker Wien |2-1 |- |31 October 1943 | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' | SK Amateure Steyr |3-2 |- |31 October 1943 |'''First Vienna FC''' | Floridsdorfer AC |4-1 |} ===Round 9=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |7 November 1943 |SK Amateure Steyr | SC Wacker Wien |0-5 |- |7 November 1943 | FK Austria Wien |'''FC Wien''' |0-4 |- |7 November 1943 |Floridsdorfer AC | Wiener AC |2-2 |- |7 November 1943 | '''First Vienna FC''' | LSV Markersdorf |9-1 |- |7 November 1943 |'''Wiener Sport-Club''' | SK Rapid Wien |2-1 |} ===Round 10=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |14 November 1943 |SK Amateure Steyr | '''Wiener AC''' |1-5 |- |14 November 1943 | '''FK Austria Wien''' |LSV Markersdorf |3-1 |- |14 November 1943 |FC Wien | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |0-1 |- |14 November 1943 | '''Floridsdorfer AC''' | SC Wacker Wien |3-0 |- |14 November 1943 |'''First Vienna FC''' | Wiener Sport-Club |5-0 |} ===Round 11=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |12 December 1943 | '''Floridsdorfer AC''' | SK Rapid Wien |3-2 |- |12 December 1943 | '''LSV Markersdorf''' | Wiener Sport-Club |3-1 |- |12 December 1943 | '''SC Wacker Wien''' | FK Austria Wien |6-4 |- |12 December 1943 | Wiener AC | FC Wien |1-1 |- |23 January 1944 |'''First Vienna FC''' | SK Amateure Steyr |7-2 |} ===Round 12=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |26 March 1944 | '''FK Austria Wien''' | SK Rapid Wien |2-0 |- |26 March 1944 | Floridsdorfer AC | FC Wien |0-0 |- |26 March 1944 | '''First Vienna FC''' | Wiener AC |1-0 |- |26 March 1944 | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' | SC Wacker Wien |1-0 |} ===Round 13=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |13 February 1944 | SK Amateure Steyr | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |1-5 |- |5 March 1944 |LSV Markersdorf |'''Wiener AC ''' |0-1 |- |5 March 1944 | '''First Vienna FC''' | SC Wacker Wien |6-0 |- |5 March 1944 | FK Austria Wien | '''Floridsdorfer AC''' |1-2 |- |5 March 1944 |''' Wiener Sport-Club ''' | FC Wien |1-0 |} ===Round 14=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |19 March 1944 | FK Austria Wien |'''First Vienna FC''' |1-4 |- |19 March 1944 | '''FC Wien''' |SK Amateure Steyr |3-0 |- |19 March 1944 | Wiener AC | '''SK Rapid Wien''' |2-4 |- |30 April 1944 |'''Floridsdorfer AC''' | Wiener Sport-Club |2-1 |- |30 April 1944 |'''SC Wacker Wien''' |LSV Markersdorf |4-3 |} ===Round 15=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |23 April 1944 | SK Rapid Wien |LSV Markersdorf |3-3 |- |23 April 1944 | '''First Vienna FC''' |FC Wien |4-2 |- |23 April 1944 | '''SC Wacker Wien''' | Wiener AC |2-1 |- |23 April 1944 |Wiener Sport-Club | '''FK Austria Wien ''' |1-2 |} ===Round 16=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |16 April 1944 |'''FC Wien''' |SC Wacker Wien |2-1 |- |16 April 1944 | '''LSV Markersdorf ''' |Floridsdorfer AC |7-2 |- |16 April 1944 | Wiener AC | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' |1-5 |- |13 May 1944 |SK Rapid Wien | '''First Vienna FC''' |1-3 |} ===Round 17=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |2 April 1944 | FC Wien |LSV Markersdorf |2-2 |- |2 April 1944 | '''Floridsdorfer AC''' |First Vienna FC |4-1 |- |2 April 1944 | SC Wacker Wien | SK Rapid Wien |4-4 |- |2 April 1944 |Wiener AC | '''FK Austria Wien''' |1-2 |} ===Round 18=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Date ! Team 1 !Team2 ! |- |27 February 1944 | LSV Markersdorf |First Vienna FC |5-5 |- |27 February 1944 | '''Wiener AC''' | Floridsdorfer AC |1-0 |- |9 April 1944 | '''SK Rapid Wien''' | Wiener Sport-Club |9-4 |- |9 April 1944 |'''SC Wacker Wien''' | SK Amateure Steyr |10-0 |- |30 April 1944 |'''FC Wien ''' | FK Austria Wien |4-3 |} == Champion squad == [[Johann Artmann]], [[Karl Bortoli]] ,[[Karl Decker]] , [[Richard Dörfel]] , [[Franz Erdl]] ,[[Richard Fischer]] , [[Gottfried Gröbel]], [[Friedrich Gschweidl]] , [[Franz Holeschofsky]],[[Franz Jawurek]], [[Otto Kaller]] , [[Vitus Kubicka]], [[Adolf Laudon]] , [[Karl Lechner]] , [[Kurt Lechner]] , [[Josef Leidenecker]], [[Hermann Leitner]] , [[Karl Mandl]] , Necmah , Neuhold , [[Rudolf Noack]] , [[Karl Nowotny]] , [[Stefan Ploc]] , [[Johann Riedisser]] , [[Ernst Sabeditsch]] , [[Hans Schwarzer]] , [[Albert Sing]] , [[Franz Widhalm]] , '''Coachesː''' [[Rudolf Höllerl]]/[[Friedrich Gschweidl]] ==Top scorer== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Name ! Club ! Goals |- | [[Karl Decker]] |First Vienna FC |28 |- | [[Rudolf Noak]] |First Vienna FC |14 |- | [[Adolf Huber]] |LSV Markersdorf |13 |- | [[Adolf Semp]] |Wiener AC |13 |} <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.austriasoccer.at/data/nat/statsn/1940_1949/stno1__verwaltungsber__so_oberklasse__1943_44.htm|title=Fussball in Österreich Fussball Statistik 1943/44|website=www.austriasoccer.at}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{Austrian Bundesliga seasons}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] [[Category:1944 in sports]] [[Category:1943 in sports]] [[Category:1940s in sports]] hnm6kl4zjvw4tl0qfq82l6iyur86bjq 0 1148182 11024550 10823202 2026-10-09T09:20:32Z ~2026-54085-43 1887463 /* */ very small change 11024550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Conquests of Kanishka the Great | image = File:Kanishka I Greek legend and Helios.jpg | partof = | date = 127 A.D–144 A.D | place = Modern day [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[China]], [[Iran]] and [[India]] | result = [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] victory | territory = Conquests of [[Kashmir]], Khotan, [[Punjab]], Tung li, Pan chi, [[Bihar]], [[Varanasi]], [[Patna|Pataliputra]], [[Mathura]], [[Sindh]], [[Bactria|Greater Batrica]], [[Kashgar]], Yarqand, [[Silk road]], [[Ghazni]], [[Herat]] and Zaranj. | combatant2 = [[Bactria|Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]<br>[[Parthian Empire]]<br>[[Han dynasty]]<br>Indo-Scythians<br>Western Kshatrapas<br>Murunda dynasty | combatant1 = [[File:Flag Of Kushan Empire.png|22px|border]] [[Kushan Empire]] | commander2 = Vologases III<br>Eucratides II<br>Emperor Shun of Han<br>Ban Yong<br>Damajadasri I<br>Gana | commander1 = [[File:Flag Of Kushan Empire.png|22px|border]] [[Kanishka the Great]]<br>[[File:Flag Of Kushan Empire.png|22px|border]] Huvishka<br>[[File:Flag Of Kushan Empire.png|22px|border]] Vasudeva | strength1 = | strength2 = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | caption = [[Gold coin]] of Kanishka I with Greek legend and Hellenistic divinity Helios. (c. 120 AD)..<br>Greco-Bactrian legend:<br>ϷΑΟΝΑΝΟϷΑΟ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΙ ΚΟϷΑΝΟ<br>"King of Kings, Kanishka the Kushan". | notes = 900,000 Parthian were killed in the war (possibly an exaggeration) }} Conquests of Kanishka are the conquest carried out by Kanishka of [[Kushan Empire]], invading various places in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[China]], conquering them successfully. Kanishka's empire was certainly vast. It extended from southern [[Uzbekistan]] and Tajikistan, north of the [[Amu Darya]] [[Oxus civilization|(Oxus)]] in the north west to [[North India|Northern India]], as far as [[Mathura]] in the south east (the Rabatak inscription even claims he held Pataliputra and Sri Champa), and his territory also included [[Kashmir]], where there was a town Kanishkapur named after him not far from the Baramulla Pass.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.107570/page/17/mode/1up|title=India Under The Kushanas|last=Puri|first=B. n|date=1965|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|pages=35–54}}</ref> ==Conquests== ===Conquest of Eastern India=== Kanishka's empire likely extended eastward to Sarnath, where inscriptions suggest it served as the provincial capital for the region. Evidence, including Kushana coins found in [[Bihar]] and surrounding areas, supports the idea that his empire reached this far. A Buddhist text from 472 AD also mentions a ruler who defeated Pataliputra's king, indicating a Buddhist influence during Kanishka's reign.<ref name=":0" /> [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] coins discovered at sites like Pataliputra, Ranchi, and Tamluk suggest Kanishka controlled Bihar, with his successor Huvishka likely continuing this influence. Before the Kushanas, the Maroundai tribe, possibly linked to the Murundas, ruled the [[Ganges]] Valley. Kanishka's title "Murodasa Marjhakasa" may reflect his conquest of the Murundas.<ref name=":0" /> The extent of [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] rule in the east and southeast is unclear, but some scholars propose that "Puri Kushana" coins were issued by exiled Murunda tribes after the Gupta Empire expanded. While the link between the Murundas and Kushanas is debated, it is likely that [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] influence persisted in the region after their conquest.<ref name=":0" /> ===Central Asian Campaigns=== Sten Konow suggested that Kanishka's conquests began in the Ganges region before returning west to Khotan, where he and his successors were recognized as rulers. Hiuen-Tsang described Kanishka as ruling a vast territory, including areas beyond the Tsung-ling mountains, and keeping Central [[Asia|Asian]] princes as hostages. Prof. Bailey linked a king named Chandra-Kanishka in Bahlaka (Khotan) to Kanishka, suggesting his empire extended to Balkh and Khotan.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Administrative Service - IAS Exam|url=https://prepp.in/news/e-492-the-kanishka-127-ce-150-ce-ancient-india-history-notes|access-date=2024-11-14|website=Prepp|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aldrovandi|first1=Cibele|last2=Hirata|first2=Elaine|date=June 2005|title=Buddhism, Pax Kushana and Greco-Roman motifs: pattern and purpose in Gandharan iconography|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/buddhism-pax-kushana-and-grecoroman-motifs-pattern-and-purpose-in-gandharan-iconography/2D71B3DA60DB2549959DA7BDE49B9E69#:~:text=Buddhism,%20Pax%20Kushana%20and%20Greco-Roman%20motifs:|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=79|issue=304|pages=306–315|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00114103|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> There is evidence of Kushan control in areas like Wakhan and Kharasalera, as seen in donations made during Huvishka's reign. Though Huvishka's conquests are unclear, he likely inherited control over [[Kashmir]]. The identification of Kanishka with the king Chandra in the Mehrauli Pillar inscription is debated. Overall, Kanishka likely conquered Kashmir and either returned to Khotan or expanded further, as suggested by Hiuen-Tsang. The [[Kushan Empire]] expanded into Central [[Asia]]. They took control of important trade routes along the Silk Road. At the same time, the Han Empire pulled back from [[Central Asia]]. This led to the decline of the last remaining Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Scythian kingdoms. [[Buddhism]], and later [[Hinduism]], spread into Central Asia.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110459#:~:text=Central%20Asia%20In%20The%20Kushan%20Period|title=Central Asia In The Kushan Period Vol I|last=Gufurov|first=b g|date=1946}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tools|first=History|date=2024-05-26|title=The Rise and Fall of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom: A Hellenistic Oasis in Ancient Afghanistan - History Tools|url=https://www.historytools.org/stories/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-greco-bactrian-kingdom-a-hellenistic-oasis-in-ancient-afghanistan#:~:text=Although%20ultimately%20succumbing%20to%20nomadic%20invasions,|access-date=2024-11-14|website=www.historytools.org|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204114406/https://www.historytools.org/stories/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-greco-bactrian-kingdom-a-hellenistic-oasis-in-ancient-afghanistan#:~:text=Although%20ultimately%20succumbing%20to%20nomadic%20invasions,|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===War with Parthian Empire=== A [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] text, Fu fazang yinyuan zhuan (付法藏因緣傳), translated into Chinese in 470 CE, recounts a conflict between the Kushan Emperor Kanishka I and the Eastern Parthian King, likely Vologases III.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iranfromearliest0000ghir/page/261/mode/1up|title=Iran: From the earliest times to the Islamic conquest|last=Ghirshman|first=Roman|year=1954|pages=262}}</ref> The text, found in the Historical Tales section of the Tripiṭaka, describes the Parthians launching an attack with a large force of cavalry, infantry, and archers, possibly aiming to reclaim lands lost to the [[Kushan Empire|Kushans]].<ref name="Papers on the Date of Kani&#7779;ka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of ... - Google Books">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ks4UAAAAIAAJ&dq=900000+parthians&pg=PA386|title=Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of Kaniṣka, London, 20-22 April 1960|last=Basham|first=Arthur Llewellyn|date=1969|publisher=Brill Archive|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Roman Empire and the Kushans, Greece and Rome|publisher=John Thorley|year=1979|pages=181–190}}</ref> In response, Kanishka led a counteroffensive that culminated in a brutal battle, resulting in the exaggerated death toll of 900,000 Parthians.<ref name="Papers on the Date of Kani&#7779;ka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of ... - Google Books" /> Despite the fierce fighting, Kanishka emerged victorious. The narrative underscores the cruelty of the Parthian king, highlighting Kanishka's actions as a response to his adversary’s stubbornness and aggression.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CyZDDQAAQBAJ&q=Vologases+III+%28AD+105-147%29+Parthian&pg=PT88|title=The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes: The Ancient World Economy & the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia & Han China|last=McLaughlin|first=Raoul|date=2016-11-11|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-8981-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|title=The Kushans and the Emergence of the Early Silk Roads|url=https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/23222|publisher=University of Sydney|date=2020|language=en|first=Paul David|last=Wilson}}</ref> [[File:Map of the Parthian Empire and Kushan Empire (focused).png|thumb|Conquest of Pratia land by Kanishka of [[Kushan Empire]] highlighted in light orangish shade.]] ===Expedition against Han Dynasty=== Kanishka planned a second expedition against [[China]], targeting Ban Yong, the son of Ban Chao. The campaign was successful, and Ban Yong was defeated. As a result, Kanishka took control of the regions of Kashgar, Yarkhand, and Khotan from the Han Empire. His empire then expanded to include areas from Central Asia to Central India, covering regions like [[Gandhara]], [[Kashmir]], and the [[Pamir Mountains]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&dq=kanishka+died+khotan&pg=PT109|title=A Brief History of India|last=Daniélou|first=Alain|date=2003-02-11|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-59477-794-3|language=en}}</ref> ===Conquests of Western India=== Kanishka's rule over parts of Western India, including Sindh, is suggested by the Sui-vihar inscription and Kushana-inscribed potsherds found in Baluchistan. Some scholars, like Sten Konow, believe local rulers like Yola Mira might have been [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] vassals. However, this raises a question: how could Kanishka control the Lower Indus Valley while Rudradaman was independently ruling [[Sindh]].<ref name=":0" /> The Junagarh inscription shows Rudradaman as an independent ruler, leading some to think that Kanishka’s control came after Rudradaman’s death. This would also explain the overlap of territories, such as Väśishka’s rule over Sanchi in 28 A.D. While evidence for [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] rule in [[South India]] is uncertain, the lack of mention in records of Gautamiputra and Rudradaman suggests the [[Kushan Empire|Kushanas]] were either ignored or seen as part of the same foreign threat.<ref name=":0" /> In summary, Kanishka likely ruled the region after Rudradaman’s death, with his reign beginning around 144 A.D.<ref name=":0" /> ==Related pages== *[[Conquests of Kujula Kadphises]] *[[Mauryan reconquest of South]] == References == <!--- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --> {{Reflist}} <!--- Categories ---> [[Category:Ancient India]] [[Category:Kushan Empire]] [[Category:Wars involving Asia]] aj6tzi64067a6tlmhymuh66bcp6rr39 11024552 11024550 2026-10-09T09:26:28Z ~2026-54085-43 1887463 /* */ 11024552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Campaigns of Kanishka I | image = File:Kanishka I Greek legend and Helios.jpg | partof = | date = 127 A.D–144 A.D | place = Modern day [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[China]], [[Iran]] and [[India]] | result = [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] victory | territory = Conquests of [[Kashmir]], Khotan, [[Punjab]], Tung li, Pan chi, [[Bihar]], [[Varanasi]], [[Patna|Pataliputra]], [[Mathura]], [[Sindh]], [[Bactria|Greater Batrica]], [[Kashgar]], Yarqand, [[Silk road]], [[Ghazni]], [[Herat]] and Zaranj. | combatant2 = [[Bactria|Greco-Bactrian Kingdom]]<br>[[Parthian Empire]]<br>[[Han dynasty]]<br>Indo-Scythians<br>Western Kshatrapas<br>Murunda dynasty | combatant1 = [[File:Flag Of Kushan Empire.png|22px|border]] [[Kushan Empire]] | commander2 = Vologases III<br>Eucratides II<br>Emperor Shun of Han<br>Ban Yong<br>Damajadasri I<br>Gana | commander1 = [[File:Flag Of Kushan Empire.png|22px|border]] [[Kanishka the Great]]<br>[[File:Flag Of Kushan Empire.png|22px|border]] Huvishka<br>[[File:Flag Of Kushan Empire.png|22px|border]] Vasudeva | strength1 = | strength2 = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | caption = [[Gold coin]] of Kanishka I with Greek legend and Hellenistic divinity Helios. (c. 120 AD)..<br>Greco-Bactrian legend:<br>ϷΑΟΝΑΝΟϷΑΟ ΚΑΝΗϷΚΙ ΚΟϷΑΝΟ<br>"King of Kings, Kanishka the Kushan". | notes = 900,000 Parthian were killed in the war (possibly an exaggeration) }} Conquests of Kanishka are the conquest carried out by Kanishka of [[Kushan Empire]], invading various places in [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[China]], conquering them successfully. Kanishka's empire was certainly vast. It extended from southern [[Uzbekistan]] and Tajikistan, north of the [[Amu Darya]] [[Oxus civilization|(Oxus)]] in the north west to [[North India|Northern India]], as far as [[Mathura]] in the south east (the Rabatak inscription even claims he held Pataliputra and Sri Champa), and his territory also included [[Kashmir]], where there was a town Kanishkapur named after him not far from the Baramulla Pass.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.107570/page/17/mode/1up|title=India Under The Kushanas|last=Puri|first=B. n|date=1965|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|pages=35–54}}</ref> ==Conquests== ===Conquest of Eastern India=== Kanishka's empire likely extended eastward to Sarnath, where inscriptions suggest it served as the provincial capital for the region. Evidence, including Kushana coins found in [[Bihar]] and surrounding areas, supports the idea that his empire reached this far. A Buddhist text from 472 AD also mentions a ruler who defeated Pataliputra's king, indicating a Buddhist influence during Kanishka's reign.<ref name=":0" /> [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] coins discovered at sites like Pataliputra, Ranchi, and Tamluk suggest Kanishka controlled Bihar, with his successor Huvishka likely continuing this influence. Before the Kushanas, the Maroundai tribe, possibly linked to the Murundas, ruled the [[Ganges]] Valley. Kanishka's title "Murodasa Marjhakasa" may reflect his conquest of the Murundas.<ref name=":0" /> The extent of [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] rule in the east and southeast is unclear, but some scholars propose that "Puri Kushana" coins were issued by exiled Murunda tribes after the Gupta Empire expanded. While the link between the Murundas and Kushanas is debated, it is likely that [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] influence persisted in the region after their conquest.<ref name=":0" /> ===Central Asian Campaigns=== Sten Konow suggested that Kanishka's conquests began in the Ganges region before returning west to Khotan, where he and his successors were recognized as rulers. Hiuen-Tsang described Kanishka as ruling a vast territory, including areas beyond the Tsung-ling mountains, and keeping Central [[Asia|Asian]] princes as hostages. Prof. Bailey linked a king named Chandra-Kanishka in Bahlaka (Khotan) to Kanishka, suggesting his empire extended to Balkh and Khotan.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Administrative Service - IAS Exam|url=https://prepp.in/news/e-492-the-kanishka-127-ce-150-ce-ancient-india-history-notes|access-date=2024-11-14|website=Prepp|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Aldrovandi|first1=Cibele|last2=Hirata|first2=Elaine|date=June 2005|title=Buddhism, Pax Kushana and Greco-Roman motifs: pattern and purpose in Gandharan iconography|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/abs/buddhism-pax-kushana-and-grecoroman-motifs-pattern-and-purpose-in-gandharan-iconography/2D71B3DA60DB2549959DA7BDE49B9E69#:~:text=Buddhism,%20Pax%20Kushana%20and%20Greco-Roman%20motifs:|journal=Antiquity|language=en|volume=79|issue=304|pages=306–315|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00114103|issn=0003-598X}}</ref> There is evidence of Kushan control in areas like Wakhan and Kharasalera, as seen in donations made during Huvishka's reign. Though Huvishka's conquests are unclear, he likely inherited control over [[Kashmir]]. The identification of Kanishka with the king Chandra in the Mehrauli Pillar inscription is debated. Overall, Kanishka likely conquered Kashmir and either returned to Khotan or expanded further, as suggested by Hiuen-Tsang. The [[Kushan Empire]] expanded into Central [[Asia]]. They took control of important trade routes along the Silk Road. At the same time, the Han Empire pulled back from [[Central Asia]]. This led to the decline of the last remaining Greco-Bactrian and Indo-Scythian kingdoms. [[Buddhism]], and later [[Hinduism]], spread into Central Asia.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.110459#:~:text=Central%20Asia%20In%20The%20Kushan%20Period|title=Central Asia In The Kushan Period Vol I|last=Gufurov|first=b g|date=1946}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tools|first=History|date=2024-05-26|title=The Rise and Fall of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom: A Hellenistic Oasis in Ancient Afghanistan - History Tools|url=https://www.historytools.org/stories/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-greco-bactrian-kingdom-a-hellenistic-oasis-in-ancient-afghanistan#:~:text=Although%20ultimately%20succumbing%20to%20nomadic%20invasions,|access-date=2024-11-14|website=www.historytools.org|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204114406/https://www.historytools.org/stories/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-greco-bactrian-kingdom-a-hellenistic-oasis-in-ancient-afghanistan#:~:text=Although%20ultimately%20succumbing%20to%20nomadic%20invasions,|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===War with Parthian Empire=== A [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] text, Fu fazang yinyuan zhuan (付法藏因緣傳), translated into Chinese in 470 CE, recounts a conflict between the Kushan Emperor Kanishka I and the Eastern Parthian King, likely Vologases III.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/iranfromearliest0000ghir/page/261/mode/1up|title=Iran: From the earliest times to the Islamic conquest|last=Ghirshman|first=Roman|year=1954|pages=262}}</ref> The text, found in the Historical Tales section of the Tripiṭaka, describes the Parthians launching an attack with a large force of cavalry, infantry, and archers, possibly aiming to reclaim lands lost to the [[Kushan Empire|Kushans]].<ref name="Papers on the Date of Kani&#7779;ka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of ... - Google Books">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ks4UAAAAIAAJ&dq=900000+parthians&pg=PA386|title=Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of Kaniṣka, London, 20-22 April 1960|last=Basham|first=Arthur Llewellyn|date=1969|publisher=Brill Archive|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Roman Empire and the Kushans, Greece and Rome|publisher=John Thorley|year=1979|pages=181–190}}</ref> In response, Kanishka led a counteroffensive that culminated in a brutal battle, resulting in the exaggerated death toll of 900,000 Parthians.<ref name="Papers on the Date of Kani&#7779;ka: Submitted to the Conference on the Date of ... - Google Books" /> Despite the fierce fighting, Kanishka emerged victorious. The narrative underscores the cruelty of the Parthian king, highlighting Kanishka's actions as a response to his adversary’s stubbornness and aggression.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CyZDDQAAQBAJ&q=Vologases+III+%28AD+105-147%29+Parthian&pg=PT88|title=The Roman Empire and the Silk Routes: The Ancient World Economy & the Empires of Parthia, Central Asia & Han China|last=McLaughlin|first=Raoul|date=2016-11-11|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-8981-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite thesis|title=The Kushans and the Emergence of the Early Silk Roads|url=https://ses.library.usyd.edu.au/handle/2123/23222|publisher=University of Sydney|date=2020|language=en|first=Paul David|last=Wilson}}</ref> [[File:Map of the Parthian Empire and Kushan Empire (focused).png|thumb|Conquest of Pratia land by Kanishka of [[Kushan Empire]] highlighted in light orangish shade.]] ===Expedition against Han Dynasty=== Kanishka planned a second expedition against [[China]], targeting Ban Yong, the son of Ban Chao. The campaign was successful, and Ban Yong was defeated. As a result, Kanishka took control of the regions of Kashgar, Yarkhand, and Khotan from the Han Empire. His empire then expanded to include areas from Central Asia to Central India, covering regions like [[Gandhara]], [[Kashmir]], and the [[Pamir Mountains]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlwoDwAAQBAJ&dq=kanishka+died+khotan&pg=PT109|title=A Brief History of India|last=Daniélou|first=Alain|date=2003-02-11|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-59477-794-3|language=en}}</ref> ===Conquests of Western India=== Kanishka's rule over parts of Western India, including Sindh, is suggested by the Sui-vihar inscription and Kushana-inscribed potsherds found in Baluchistan. Some scholars, like Sten Konow, believe local rulers like Yola Mira might have been [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] vassals. However, this raises a question: how could Kanishka control the Lower Indus Valley while Rudradaman was independently ruling [[Sindh]].<ref name=":0" /> The Junagarh inscription shows Rudradaman as an independent ruler, leading some to think that Kanishka’s control came after Rudradaman’s death. This would also explain the overlap of territories, such as Väśishka’s rule over Sanchi in 28 A.D. While evidence for [[Kushan Empire|Kushana]] rule in [[South India]] is uncertain, the lack of mention in records of Gautamiputra and Rudradaman suggests the [[Kushan Empire|Kushanas]] were either ignored or seen as part of the same foreign threat.<ref name=":0" /> In summary, Kanishka likely ruled the region after Rudradaman’s death, with his reign beginning around 144 A.D.<ref name=":0" /> ==Related pages== *[[Conquests of Kujula Kadphises]] *[[Mauryan reconquest of South]] == References == <!--- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --> {{Reflist}} <!--- Categories ---> [[Category:Ancient India]] [[Category:Kushan Empire]] [[Category:Wars involving Asia]] hcpb8ouc9wrdhrgjsdbx1mxkd922eyu 0 1149166 11024531 10978846 2026-10-09T09:08:27Z ~2026-54085-43 1887463 /* */ small change 11024531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Madhavrao's Conflict with Mysoreans | place = [[Karnataka]], (modern day [[India]]) | combatant1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Maratha Empire]] | combatant2 = [[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|22px]] [[Kingdom of Mysore]] | result = Decisive Maratha victory<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lal Mehta|first1=Jaswant|title=Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 1707-1813|date=2005|publisher=New Dawn Press, Incorporated|page=457|isbn=9781932705546 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&q=hyder+ali+marathas+tribute&pg=PA457}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35153/page/n65/mode/2up|title=Peshwa Madhav Rao 1|first=Anil Chandra|last=Banerjee|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDT0UsWn7mUC&q=battle+of+rattihalli+fort |title=Tipu Sultan: The Tiger of Mysore |date=2010 |publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=http://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.35153 |title=Peshwa Madhav Rao 1 |date=1943}}</ref> | commander1 = [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Madhavrao I]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] Gopal Rao<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] Vithal Shivdeo<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] Naro Shankar<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] Narayanrao{{WIA}}<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] [[Raghunath Rao]]<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] Murari Rao Ghorpade<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] Trimbakrao Pethe<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] Anandrao Raste<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] Sakharam Hari<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] Sayaji Rao Gaekwad<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] Janoji Dhulap<br>[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|border|22px]] Trimbak Suryaji | commander2 = [[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|22px]] [[Hyder Ali]]{{WIA}}<br>[[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|22px]] [[Tipu Sultan]]{{WIA}}<br>[[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|22px]] Mir Faizulla {{Surrender}}<br>[[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|22px]] Ismail Khan{{KIA}}<br>[[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|22px]] Haji Muhammad<br>[[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|22px]] Mirza Ali Khan{{Surrender}}<br>[[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|22px]] Mir Reza{{Surrender}}{{POW}}<br>[[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|22px]] Ali Jami Khan{{KIA}}<br>[[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|22px]] M.Hughel{{WIA}}<br>[[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|22px]] Saidu Man{{Surrender}}<br>[[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|22px]] Chandroji Jadhav{{KIA}}<br>[[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|22px]] Balaji Pant{{KIA}}<br>[[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|22px]] Syed Muhammad{{KIA}}<br>[[File:Flag of Mysore Hyder Ali & TipuSultan.png|22px]] Raghuji Angria | strength1 = | strength2 = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | partof = [[Maratha–Mysore Wars]] | campaignbox = | date = 1761-1772 | territory = *Territories till Tungabhadra river captured by [[Madhavrao I]] *[[Kingdom of Mysore]] became tributary of [[Maratha Empire]]. }} [[Madhavrao I]] led Four Expedition into the Carnatic against the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] of [[Hyder Ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]]. In which he was successful enough to inflict a crushing defeated on [[Hyder Ali]] who sued for peace agreeing to pay tribute and ceded the territories upto to Tungabhadra river to the [[Maratha Empire]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.505296|title=Peshwa Madhav Rao I|last=Banerjee Anil Chandra|date=1943|pages=35–185}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.236031|title=New History Of The Marathas Vol-ii 1707-1772 (1948)|last=Sardesai Govind Sakharam|date=1948|publisher=B. G. Dhawale, Bombay|pages=485–602}}</ref> [[File:Madhavrao I Peshwa.png|thumb|Portrait of [[Madhavrao I]] by Bhoj Raj at the Yale Center for British Art {{Circa|1763}}]] ==Background== The [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] expeditions to [[North India|northern India]] and their conflict with the Nizam between 1760-63 significantly weakened the Marathas, creating an opportunity for Haidar Ali to rise in Mysore. In 1759, a Marathi newsletter suggested that Mysore, already torn by internal strife, could easily be conquered. However, the Marathas were focused on their northern campaign, leaving [[Mysore]] largely unchallenged. After the defeat at Panipat, Visaji Pant, who had been assisting the Marathas, retired with a large sum of money, allowing Haidar to take full control of Mysore and push the [[Marathas]] out of the region. [[Hyder Ali|Haidar]] also refused to honor his promise to give up Baramahal to the [[Marathas]] after the battle, as they were too weakened to protest.<ref name=":0" /> [[Hyder Ali|Haidar Ali]] began aggressively expanding his territory, first forming an alliance with Basalat Jang, the Nizam's brother, who sought to establish his own power in the Carnatic. Together, they captured Sira, Hoskote, and other Maratha-held territories in 1761. Haidar cleverly manipulated Basalat Jang, convincing him to grant Haidar the title of [[Nawab]] of Sira, even though the region had not yet been fully conquered. Haidar then continued to expand southward, capturing key territories like Chik Balapur and forcing local rulers to submit. His military successes significantly disrupted [[Maratha dynasty|Maratha]] control over the region, cutting off crucial supplies and tribute.<ref name=":1" /> By early 1762, Haidar’s conquests had deprived the Marathas of about 50 lakhs of rupees in tribute. Following a peace agreement with the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]], the [[Marathas]] sent an expedition to the Carnatic, led by [[Raghunath Rao]] and the [[Madhavrao I|young Peshwa]]. The Peshwa, who had distinguished himself in the previous campaigns, continued to gain experience in warfare, diplomacy, and governance. Haidar’s rise in Mysore was made possible by the Marathas’ weakened state, and his aggressive expansion reshaped the balance of power in [[South India|southern India]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> ==Carnatic Expeditions== [[File:Madhav rao's carnatic campaign image taken from Mahdavrao 1 by banrjee.jpg|thumb|[[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao's]] carnatic campaign against [[Hyder Ali|Hyder ali]] and [[Tipu Sultan]].]] ===First and Second Expeditions=== In 1763, [[Hyder Ali|Haidar Ali]], the ruler of [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], expanded his territory, conquering regions like Bidnur and Sonda, while the Marathas were bogged down by internal strife and financial difficulties. The Marathas, led by [[Madhavrao I|Peshwa Madhav Rao]], initially struggled to respond but eventually launched an offensive to retake lost territories. The English in Bombay, despite their treaty with the Marathas, sought to secure Haidar’s friendship, providing him with arms and ammunition.<ref name=":0" /> Haidar's strategy was to fortify his northern frontier against [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] advances, including annexing key regions like Savanur. However, despite initial setbacks, Haidar faced fierce [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] resistance. In 1764,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.142898/page/n147/mode/1up?view=theater|title=Maratha History Seminar Papers|last=Pawar|first=a g|date=1971|pages=140–141}}</ref> after several skirmishes, the Marathas surrounded Haidar’s forces. At one point, Haidar's army was forced into a defensive position, and although the Marathas had the upper hand, Haidar's forces held out for some time, even after suffering heavy losses.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDT0UsWn7mUC&q=battle+of+rattihalli+fort|title=Tipu Sultan: The Tiger of Mysore|date=2010|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka|language=en}}</ref> As the conflict dragged on, the Marathas, under [[Madhavrao I|Peshwa Madhav Rao]], continued to advance. By late 1764, the [[Marathas]] had taken important forts like [[Dharwad|Dharwar]], forcing Haidar to retreat to Bidnur. Although Haidar attempted peace talks, he was unable to secure favorable terms, and hostilities continued until early 1765. Despite his desperate situation, Haidar avoided direct confrontation with the Marathas and ultimately negotiated a peace settlement, agreeing to pay tribute and return some territories. However, the treaty left some areas unresolved, especially Bankapur, which [[Hyder Ali|Haidar]] refused to surrender.<ref name=":0" /> The treaty was seen as a compromise, given Haidar's weakened position, and it marked the beginning of a more cooperative relationship between Haidar and the [[Marathas]], particularly with [[Raghunath Rao]], the Peshwa's uncle, who played a crucial role in the negotiations.<ref name=":1" /> [[File:Peshwa Raghunath Rao.jpg|thumb|Peshwa Raghunathrao]] [[File:Samples of MoDi writing.jpg|thumb|Handwriting of Raghunathrao (7th line)]] ===The Third Expedition=== After the Second Carnatic Expedition, [[Madhavrao I|Madhav Rao]] returned to [[Pune|Poona]], leaving Gopal Rao to defend Maratha territories from Haidar Ali. Gopal Rao, assisted by Murar Rao, secured tribute from regions like Chitradurg and Bellary. Meanwhile, the Peshwa sought to ally with the [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] to fight Haidar Ali, offering him territories worth 15 lakhs. Though no formal agreement was made, they agreed to cooperate against Haidar.<ref name=":0" /> [[Hyder Ali|Haidar Ali]], aware of these talks, tried to form an alliance with the English, suggesting their combined forces could defeat the Marathas and Nizam. The English proposed a treaty, seeking peace and trade privileges, but Haidar was reluctant to accept terms restricting his actions. The English, however, were more focused on countering Maratha power and securing territories in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], which caused friction with the [[Marathas]].<ref name=":0" /> In December 1766, the Peshwa marched into the Carnatic to confront Haidar’s forces, capturing several key territories, including Sira<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ggduAAAAMAAJ&q=A+Comprehensive+History+Of+India+Vol.+9+by+Ghosh,+D.+K.+Ed.|title=A Comprehensive History of India: 1712-1772, edited by A. C. Banerjee and D. K. Ghase|date=1978|publisher=People's Publishing House|language=en}}</ref> in February 1767. Haidar, unable to resist the [[Marathas]], sought peace. A treaty was signed in April 1767, with Haidar agreeing to pay 31 lakhs to the Peshwa and 6 lakhs to the Nizam.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> The [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]], initially hesitant and slow to act, joined the campaign late. Though he advanced towards Madgiri, he failed to make significant progress. After the treaty with Haidar, tensions between the Peshwa and [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]] grew, as the Peshwa refused to give the Nizam a larger share of the spoils. Ultimately, the alliance between the Peshwa and Nizam proved unstable, as both had competing interests.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:HyderAli.jpg|thumb|Realistic portrait of [[Hyder Ali]]]] [[File:Hyder Ali.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hyder Ali]] in 1762, incorrectly described as the ''head of his army in the war against the British in India''. (French painting)]] ===The Fourth Expedition=== [[File:Tipu Sultan seated on his throne.jpg|thumb|[[Tipu Sultan]] seated on his throne (1800), by Anna Tonelli.]] After the [[Marathas]] defeated Janoji Bhonsle in 1769, [[Madhavrao I|Madhav Rao]] planned a new campaign against [[Hyder Ali|Haidar Ali]], who had failed to pay tribute and was taxing [[Maratha dynasty|Maratha]] allies. Despite initial progress, the Peshwa struggled with logistical issues and a lack of support from his commanders, forcing him to return to Poona. Haidar took advantage of this and resumed his aggressive actions.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Marathas]] continued to press Haidar for tribute and the surrender of his ally, Mir Reza, but Haidar resisted. The Peshwa’s forces, though large, faced internal struggles, including the death of Gopal Rao and the Peshwa’s declining health, which weakened their position. In early 1771, Haidar prepared for a final confrontation in Seringapatam.<ref name=":0" /> Trimbak Rao, leading the [[Marathas]] after Gopal Rao's death, advanced towards Seringapatam but was met by Haidar's forces at the Battle of Moti Talab in March 1771. Haidar and his son [[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]] tried a surprise attack but was discovered. The [[Marathas]] eventually overwhelmed Haidar’s army, forcing him to retreat to Seringapatam. The Marathas captured Haidar’s artillery, treasure, and many of his troops, winning a [[decisive victory]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0lduAAAAMAAJ&q=Battle+of+Moti+talav|title=Malwa Under the Marathas: A Cultural Contribution to Malwa Under the Maratha Rule from 1736 A.D. Onwards|last=Srinivasulu|first=Prabha|date=1996|publisher=Classical Publishing Company|language=en}}</ref> Haidar escaped in disguise, but the battle marked a major loss for him.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-jUhAAAAMAAJ&q=Moti+Talab+Marathas|title=Haidar Ali|last=Sinha|first=Narendra Krishna|date=1959|publisher=A. Mukherjee|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> The [[East India Company|British East India Company]], caught between supporting Haidar (with whom they had a treaty) or the [[Marathas]], chose to stay neutral, not wanting to anger either side. Throughout the conflict, the Marathas struggled with internal issues and [[Hyder Ali|Haidar]], though weakened, resisted. In 1772, the Marathas eventually negotiated peace with Haidar, ending the fighting in which [[Hyder Ali|Haider]] agreed to pay tribute. All the territories till Tungabhadra river were ceded to [[Marathas]] and it remained the boundary till 1795. This period of uncertainty, marked by British hesitation, contributed to Haidar's eventual alliance with the [[Marathas]], setting the stage for the Second Anglo-Mysore War.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:India-ImperialGazetteer-1765.jpg|thumb|[[Maratha Empire]] in year 1765.]] [[File:India in 1798.png|thumb|[[Maratha Empire]] in year 1795.]] ==List of Conflicts== {| class="wikitable" |+ ! style="background: green;"| <span style="colour: white">Name Of Conflict </span> ! style="background: green;"|<span style="colour: white">Maratha</span> Commander ! style="background: green"|Mysore Commadar ! style="background: green;width: 320px;"| <span style="colour:white">Outcome</span> |- |Siege of Hostoke (1761) |Mukunda Sripant |[[Hyder Ali]] |[[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] Victory<ref name=":0" /> |- |Siege of Sira (1761) |Unknown |[[Hyder Ali]]<br>Faizulla | [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] Victory<ref name=":0" /> |- |Capture of Bidnur (1762) |[[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao]]<br>[[Raghunath Rao]] |[[Hyder Ali]] |[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory<ref name=":0" /> |- |Capture of Bidnur and Sunda (1763) |Unknown |[[Hyder Ali]] |[[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] Victory<ref name=":0" /> |- |Capture of Dharwar and Shrihati (1763) |Unknown |Faizulla |[[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] victory<ref name=":0" /> |- |Capture of Manoli and Hubli (1764) |[[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao]]<br>Gopal Rao |Unknown |[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory<ref name=":0" /> |- |Battle of Rattihalli (1764) |[[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao]]<br>Gopal Rao<br>Naroshankar |[[Hyder Ali]]<br>[[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]]<br>Faizulla |[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> |- |Siege of Dharwar (1764) |Gopal Rao<br>Anand Raste |Faizulla |[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory <ref name=":0" /> |- |Battle of Jadi Hanwati (1764) |[[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao]] |[[Hyder Ali]]{{WIA}}<br>Ismail Khan {{KIA}}<br>Faizulla |[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> |- |Siege of Sira (1767) |[[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao]] [[Raghunath Rao|Raghunathrao]] |Mir Reza{{Surrender}}<br>Faizulla {{Surrender}} |[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory<ref name=":0" /> |- |Siege of Madgiri (1767) |[[Madhavrao I]]<br>Gopal Rao |Unknown |[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory<ref name=":0" /> |- |Battle of Ooscota (1768) |Murari Rao Ghorpade |[[Hyder Ali]] |[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=Harbottle's Dictionary of Battles (second ed.).|last=T. B. Harbottle|first=George Bruce|year=1979|pages=188}}</ref> |- |Siege of Talpula (1768) |Rakhmaji Bhonsale{{POW}} |[[Hyder Ali]]<br>Faizulla |[[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] victory<ref name=":0" /> |- |Recapture of lost territories (1770) |[[Madhavrao I]] |[[Hyder Ali]] |[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory<ref name=":0" /> |- |Night attack on Gopal Rao's Camp |Gopal Rao Pathvardan |[[Hyder Ali]] |[[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]] victory<ref name=":0" /> |- |Capture of Devarayagad (1770) |Naryanrao<br>Trimbakrao |Unknown |[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory <ref name=":0" /> |- |Siege of Nijgal (1770) |Naryanrao{{WIA}}<br>Trimbakrao |Unknown |Maratha victory <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmaratha03kincuoft/page/96/mode/1up|title=A history of the Maratha people|last1=Kincaid|first1=Charles Augustus|last2=Parasnis|first2=Rao Bahadur Dattatraya Balavant|date=1918–1925|publisher=London, Milford|others=Robarts - University of Toronto|pages=97}}</ref> |- |Siege of Gurramkonda (1770) |Trimbakrao Pethe |Saidu Man{{Surrender}} |[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> |- |Capture of Chik Balapur |Gopal Rao Patwardhan |Chandroji{{KIA}}<br>Balaji{{KIA}}<br>Syed{{KIA}} |[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory<ref name=":0" /> |- |Capture of Canara (1771) |Trimbak Suryaji |[[Hyder Ali]] |[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory<ref name=":0" /> |- |Battle of Moti Talab (1771) |Trimbakrao<br>Vaman Rao<br>Anandrao<br>Sakharam Hari<br>Sayaji Gaekwad |[[Hyder Ali]]{{WIA}}<br>[[Tipu Sultan|Tipu]]{{WIA}}<br>Mir Reza{{POW}}<br>Ali Jami Khan{{KIA}}<br>M.Hughel{{WIA}} |[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory<ref name=":0" /> |- |Battle of Vijaydurg (1771) |Janoji Dhulap |Raghuji |[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory<ref name=":0" /> |- |Attack on Bidnur (1772) |Trimbakrao Pethe |[[Hyder Ali]] |[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory<ref name=":0" /> |- |Attack on Dhol Balapur (1772) |Trimbakrao Pethe |[[Hyder Ali]] |[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] victory<ref name=":0" /> |- |} == References == <!--- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --> {{Reflist}} <!--- Categories ---> [[Category:Maratha Empire]] ck7h5yri8y9qzgb66qotewk3ytgwdyq 0 1153126 11024568 10481479 2026-10-09T09:53:32Z ~2026-54085-43 1887463 /* */ 11024568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Jagannath Kachhawa Invasion of Mewar | image = | place = [[Mewar]] (modern day [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]) | coordinates = | map_type = | map_relief = | result = [[Mewar]] victory | combatants_header = | combatant1 = [[File:Mewar.svg|22px]] [[Mewar|Kingdom of Mewar]] | combatant2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|22px]] [[Mughal Empire]] | commander1 = [[File:Mewar.svg|22px]] [[Maharana Pratap|Rana Pratap]]<br>[[File:Mewar.svg|22px]] Rawat Bhan<br>[[File:Mewar.svg|22px]] Sur Khan | commander2 = [[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|22px]] Jagannath Kachhawa{{WIA}}<br>[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|22px]] Sayyid Raju<br>[[File:Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg|22px]] Jafar Beg{{Surrendered}} | units1 = | units2 = | strength1 = | strength2 = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | notes = | campaignbox = | date = 1584–1585 A.D | territory = | partof = Mughal conquest of Mewar }} After the failure of [[Khan Khana Invasion of Mewar|Khan khana]], [[Akbar]] sent Jagannath Kachhawa to crush [[Maharana Pratap|Rana Pratap’s]] increasing power, though initially seemed successful this campaign of Jagannath Kachhawa also resulted in a complete failure.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.143000|title=History Of Mewar|last=Somani|first=ram Vallabh|date=1976|pages=240}}</ref> [[File:Indian Kingdom of Mewar map.svg|thumb|[[Mewar|Kingdom of Mewar]] under the Sisodia Rule.]] ==Battle== Abdur Rahim Khan Khana was initially tasked with subduing [[Maharana Pratap]], but after failing, Jagannath Kachhawa was assigned to lead a larger army to deal with him.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nGk_AAAAMAAJ|title=Pratap, the Patriot: With a Concise History of Mewar and Its Missing Links|last1=Mehta|first1=Balwant Sinha|last2=Mehta|first2=Jodh Sinha|date=1971|publisher=Pratap Institute of Historical Research|language=en}}</ref> On December 5, 1584, they set off from [[Fatehpur Sikri]]. When they reached Mandalgarh, Jagannath left part of the army there and continued the pursuit of [[Maharana Pratap|Pratap]], with his lieutenant Saiyid Raju joining with another portion of the army.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gn4bAAAAIAAJ|title=Political history, 1542-1605 A.D|last=Srivastava|first=Ashirbadi Lal|date=1962|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|pages=220|language=en}}</ref> Despite their efforts, they could not find the [[Maharana Pratap|Rana]] and eventually left [[Mewar]] unsuccessful.<ref name=":0" /> A new attempt was made on September 17, 1585, when Jagannath Kachhawa led another campaign into [[Mewar]]. This time, the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal army]] invaded the hilly regions, plundered them, and reached Dungarpur, where they gathered a large amount of loot.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi3cAAAAMAAJ|title=A Military History of Medieval India|last=Sandhu|first=Gurcharn Singh|date=2003|publisher=Vision Books|isbn=978-81-7094-525-3|pages=511|language=en}}</ref> However, they did not achieve any significant success in [[Mewar]].<ref name=":0" /> After the Mughal forces withdrew, [[Maharana Pratap]] decided to regain control over regions like Chhapan and Vagad.<ref name=":0" /> He sent his commander, Rawat Bhan, to Sur Khan, where they successfully defeated the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal forces]] on the banks of the [[Son River|Som]] River.<ref name=":0" /> [[File:Maharana Pratap By Surendra Singh Shaktawat.jpg|thumb|Portrait of [[Maharana Pratap]] of the [[Mewar|Mewar Kingdom]].]] ==Related pages== *[[Battle of Dewair]] *[[Khan Khana Invasion of Mewar]] *[[Battle of Haldighati]] == References == <!--- See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes on how to create references using <ref></ref> tags which will then appear here automatically --> {{Reflist}} <!--- Categories ---> [[Category:Mewar]] 448kicx0jugx4tb7lwkt302tj6puw3e 0 1156353 11023951 11021540 2026-10-08T13:26:27Z Sl33pyStray 1886969 /* Bob Velseb */ 11023951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = Spooky Month Logo.png | alt = | genre = [[Comedy horror]] | creator = [[Sr Pelo|David Axel Cazares Casanova]] | voices = {{Plainlist| * David Cazares * Elsie Lovelock * Chase Corbin * Kellen Goff * Lizzie Freeman }} | country = Mexico | language = Spanish<br />English | num_episodes = 6 | network = [[YouTube]] | released = {{dts|2018|10|30}} }} '''''Spooky Month''''' is an English-language Mexican independent animated web series created by David Axel Cazares Casanova, commonly known as [[Sr Pelo]] Episodes air on YouTube and Newgrounds. The ''Spooky Month'' series follows the misadventures of two kids, Skid and Pump, who are obsessed with [[Halloween]]. Cazares started ''Spooky Month'' with the 2018 video, titled "It's spooky month". However, Spooky Month 2, titled "The Stars", would start the huge popularity of the series. The video started more surreal and horror aspects to the series, rather than just comedy.<ref>{{Cite web |title="When it wasn't long before the next spooky month episode she uploaded about 4 images summarizing her experience with the development and this was one of them" "It's true" {{!}} Sr Pelo / 123pendejos |url=https://knowyourmeme.com/photos/2824488-sr-pelo-123pendejos |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Know Your Meme}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Jamie |date=2023-11-07 |title=Glitch Expo Will Live Stream Conversations With Indie Animation's Hottest Creators This Thursday |url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/events/glitch-expo-independent-animation-showcase-234550.html |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Cartoon Brew |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Premise== ''Spooky Month'' revolves around the misadventures of two children, Skid and Pump, who are obsessed with [[Halloween]]. The series' format usually has Skid and Pump go during the night and meet demons and other dangerous entities. Every episode has two post-credits scenes. One for [[YouTube]] and one for [[Newgrounds]]. ==Characters== ===Main characters=== ====Skid==== {{Infobox character | name = Skid | series = Spooky Month | image = | alt = | caption = | first_major = | first_minor = It's spooky month | first_date = October 30, 2018 | first = | last_major = | last_minor = | last_date = | last = | creator. = [[Sr Pelo|David Axel Cazares Casanova]] | based_on = David Axel Cazares Casanova | adapted_by = | designer = David Axel Cazares Casanova | portrayer = | voice = David Axel Cazares Casanova | motion_actor = | full_name = | nickname = Skid | alias = | species = | gender = Male | title = | occupation = | affiliation = | fighting_style = | weapon = | family = {{Plainlist| * Lila (mother) * Unnamed father * Unnamed grandmother }} | spouse = | significant_other = | children = | relatives = | religion = | origin = [[Arizona]], United States | nationality = American | creator = David Axel Cazares Casanova }} '''Skid''' (originally known as '''Skidd''') is one of the main protagonists of the ''Spooky Month'' series. He is a cheerful, naive, and very optimistic child. He always wears his Halloween costume in the episodes, however, he has been shown without his costume in various pictures around his house. He and Pump are so obsessed with Halloween that they insist that it happens all year round. ====Pump==== {{Infobox character | name = Pump | series = Spooky Month | image = | alt = | caption = | first_major = | first_minor = It's spooky month | first_date = October 30, 2018 | first = | last_major = | last_minor = | last_date = | last = | creator. = [[Sr Pelo|David Axel Cazares Casanova]] | based_on = David Axel Cazares Casanova | adapted_by = | designer = David Axel Cazares Casanova | portrayer = | voice = David Axel Cazares Casanova | motion_actor = | full_name = "Pump" Wonder | nickname = Pump | alias = | species = | gender = Male | title = | occupation = | affiliation = | fighting_style = | weapon = | family = {{Plainlist| * Susie (sister) * Unnamed father * Unnamed mother * Unnamed grandfather }} | spouse = | significant_other = | children = | relatives = | religion = | origin = [[Arizona]], United States | nationality = American | creator = David Axel Cazares Casanova }} '''"Pump" Wonder''' (originally known as '''Pumpy''') is one of the two main protagonists of the ''Spooky Month'' series. He is best friends with Skid. His real name starts with "Wil",<ref>{{cite tweet |user=_SrPelo_ |number=1527800387343982593 |title=Good ending? |access-date=2023-09-23}}</ref> however, Cazares has stated that it is not "Will".<ref>{{cite tweet |user=_SrPelo_ |number=1527800906414186501 |title=No, but it starts with that |access-date=2023-09-23}}</ref> Like Skid, he is obsessed with Halloween to the point he insists that it is year-round. ====Lila==== {{Infobox character | name = Lila | series = Spooky Month | image = | alt = | caption = | first_major = | first_minor = It's spooky month | first_date = October 30, 2018 | first = | last_major = | last_minor = | last_date = | last = | creator. = [[Sr Pelo|David Axel Cazares Casanova]] | based_on = David Axel Cazares Casanova | adapted_by = | designer = David Axel Cazares Casanova | portrayer = | voice = {{Plainlist| * David Axel Cazares Casanova ("It's spooky month") * [[Elsie Lovelock]] }} | motion_actor = | full_name = | nickname = | alias = | species = | gender = | title = | occupation = Architect | affiliation = | fighting_style = | weapon = | family = Unnamed mother | spouse = | significant_other = Unnamed husband | children = Skid | relatives = | religion = | origin = [[Arizona]], United States | nationality = American | creator = David Axel Cazares Casanova }} '''Lila''' is Skid's mother. Lila is a caring mother who enjoys celebrating Spooky Month with her child and his friend. However, she often gets in danger due to the kid's antics. ===Secondary characters=== ====Frank==== '''Frank''' is a kidnapper who Skid and Pump often talk to, oblivious to his intent. Frank doesn't do anything to Skid and Pump, however. ====Ooga Booga==== The '''Ooga Booga''' is a woman who makes a lot of appearances in horror films. Her catchphrase is "Ooga booga!". ====Kevin==== '''Kevin''' is a worker at CandyClub who hates his job and is often annoyed by Skid and Pump. ====John and Jack==== '''John''' and '''Jack''' are two police officers who work in the area. John, specifically, is the sheriff. ====Susie Wonder==== '''Susie Wonder''' is the sister of Pump. She is implied to be very interested in [[Hell]] and demons in general. ===Mr. Wonder=== '''Mr. Wonder''' is Pump and Susie's grandfather. ===Streber=== '''Streber''' is a worker at a haunted house. "Spooky Short - Streber's Rehearsal" is a short about him. ===Antagonists=== ====Cultists==== {{Infobox fictional organization | name = Cultists | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | universe = ''Spooky Month'' | first = "Spooky Month 3 - Unwanted Guest" (2020) | last = | type = Cult | founder = Mr. Clown | founded = 2018 | fate = Active | address = The house on the hill | location = [[Arizona]], United States | leader = Mr. Clown (formerly) | key_people = {{Plainlist| * Skid's father * Ignacio * Richard * Carmen * Mayor Evermore * Father Gregor * Mr. Clown (formerly) * Lila (formerly) * Bob Velseb (formerly) * The Uncle (formerly) }} | purpose = To obtain "everything". | affiliations = |organisation_type=Cult}} The '''Cultists''' are the main antagonists of the ''Spooky Month'' series. Not much is known of them, however, they are affiliated with Skid's father. ====The Eyes of the Universe==== The '''Eyes of the Universe''' is the main antagonist of "Spooky Month 2 - The Stars". They watch over the sky, spying on Skid and Pump. ====Moloch==== '''Moloch''' is a demon that Skid summons in "It's spooky month". He is also the main antagonist of "Spooky Month 3 - Unwanted Guest". he is also based of off the demon [[Moloch]] from the Bible, he also does child sacrifice, as seen by in "Spooky month 6 - Hollow Sorrows", where he makes an illusion of Dexter Erotoph, telling the [[Priest]] to give him the children, he was going to use the children for a sacrifice, where he was most likely going to put them into the furnace near his pelvic area. He is later defeated at the end of the episode by the priest where he is turned to stone inside of Skid's attic. ====Bob Velseb==== '''Bob Velseb (fine shi)''' is a <mark>cannibalistic serial killer</mark> and the main antagonist of "Spooky Month 5 - Tender Treats" in the animated web series ''Spooky Month'' created by Sr Pelo. ====Dexter Erotoph/Happy Fella==== '''Dexter Erotoph''' is an exterminator who gets [[possessed]] and killed by the demon known as [[Moloch]], and possesses a ''Happy Fella'' doll afterwards. He is also the main antagonist of "Spooky Month 4 - Deadly Smiles". He later appears in "Spooky Month 5 - Tender Treats" in a missing advert at the timestamp 3:45. He also has brief time in "Spooky Month 6 - Hollow sorrows", as an illusion created by Moloch, along with being shown as an image inside a [[pendant]] from his mother. At the time of "Spooky month 6 - Hollow Sorrows" he is stuck inside of a bucket inside of skid's attic, as he is seen watching the people entering the attic. ====Gregor Raquel==== Gregor Raquel also known as Father Gregor or The Priest, Is the antagonist of "Spooky Month 6 - Hollow Sorrows". ====The Hatzgang==== The '''Hatzgang''' is a group of teenagers that are bullies to Skid and Pump. =====Roy===== '''Reynold''', often shortened to '''Roy''', is the leader of the Hatzgang. He is the Son of Carmen and Richard. And was implied to be a victim of his Uncle's illegal actions. =====Ross===== '''Ross''' is another member of the Hatzgang who is the son of Lila's friend, Jaune. Ross has been in episodes 2-6 of the Spooky Month series. =====Robert===== '''Robert''' is another member of the Hatzgang. He is the younger Brother of Radford, and nephew of John. ==Elements== ===Spooky dance=== The '''Spooky dance''' is a dance that Skid and Pump do to celebrate Halloween. ===Happy Fella=== '''Happy Fella''' is a doll that makes multiple appearances throughout the series. It's purpose is to be a vessel/trap for ghosts. This can be seen in "Spooky Month 4 - Deadly Smiles" where the character, Dexter Erotoph gets trapped inside one. ==Episodes== {{Episode table|background=000000|overall=|season=|title=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list | Title = It's spooky month | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|30}} | EpisodeNumber = 1 | EpisodeNumber2 = 1 | ShortSummary = A bell chimes as a clock turns from September 30th, to October 1st, then Skid announces that it is Spooky Month. He then throws his phone across the room and calls Pump. Pump informs Skid that he sent home something. Being a video of a skeleton doing the Spooky dance alongside a jump scare of the Ooga Booga. Skid slides into his living room and sees Lila getting attacked by Bob Velseb. Lila tells Skid to call 911 but Skid informs Lila that it is Spooky Month. Lila then offers Bob a piece of candy and he stops attacking her. Skid then informs his dying grandmother that it is Spooky Month. She then does the Spooky dance. Skid then goes outside with Pump. Frank then offers them candy. Skid and Pump inform him that it is Spooky Month and then Franks drives past them. Skid then says they should watch a horror movie. They then watch ''Really Spooky Ooga Booga''. Pump then says they should go to the graveyard. They then go and yell "It's Spooky Month!" and then do a "prank call" by summoning Moloch and informing him that it is Spooky Month. They then play [[Luigi's Mansion]] and get a jump scare of the Ooga Booga. They then go downstairs and see Lila in a [[Santa Claus]] outfit, informing the kids that it is now November. They then say "It's the spooky before Christmas!". The episode ends with Skid and Pump both doing the Spooky dance.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: The Ooga Booga jump scares the viewer telling them they "just got spooked" and then laughing maniacally.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: Moloch realizes it is November and then gets beat up by Santa Claus. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = The Stars | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|16}} | EpisodeNumber = 2 | EpisodeNumber2 = 2 | ShortSummary = Two thieves are robbing Skid's house. Skid catches them however, he is oblivious and says that they are here because of Spooky Month. Lila then gets out of bed and catches the thieves. Moloch asks Skid to get him out of the attic, however Skid says it is Spooky Month which somehow, means he can't let him out. Skid and Pump then get ice cream from Frank. They then go for a joke by Mr. Clown They then chuckle and go into Pump's older sister, Susie's room and mess on her computer. Skid then yells "Let's get the Hell out of here!" and proceeds to take her diorama of [[Hell]] and jumps out the window. They then go to Pump's grandfather's house and give him a [[heart attack]]. He then does the Spooky dance and breaks all of his bones. Skid and Pump then meet the Hatzgang. The teens beat up the boys. Roy then tells them to go the house on the hill. And then get almost assaulted by a pedophile. They then meet the Eyes of the Universe. Skid introduces himself and Pump asks him about Spooky Month. The Eyes then run outside and buy candy. The thieves then are shown getting arrested and the video ends with Skid, Pump, Lila, and the Eyes doing the Spooky dance.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: A jump scare by Mr. Clown.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: Jack and John are driving a car when they spot the house on the hill. One of the thieves then mentions Spooky Month, making Jack do the Spooky dance and accidentally run over the Ooga Booga. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Unwanted Guest | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|25}} | EpisodeNumber = 3 | EpisodeNumber2 = 3 | ShortSummary = Moloch bangs on the roof, to the annoyance of Lila. Lila then calls an exterminator to get rid of Moloch. Skid then informs Lila that Moloch is his friend. Lila then tells Skid to go play with Pump. They then get kidnapped by Frank and drive to the mall. They buy a Happy Fella doll. Frank, the cashier, asks why they're in costumes. The kids claim its Spooky Month, unaware its June. They then meet a drug dealer who gives them a bag of sugar and tells them to deliver it to CandyClub. They then play dead to go the hospital. We then see Dexter getting attacked by Moloch. Skid and Pump are now in the hospital and jump out of the bed. They then meet a nurse named Patty and tell her about Spooky Month. A group of zombie then do the Spooky dance and Patty informs them that it is June. They meet the Hatzgang again. They tell them about the Happy Fella. We then see Lila get attacked by Moloch, who has now possessed Dexter. Skid and Pump then deliver the sugar to Kevin at CandyClub. Kevin then looks worried. Skid and Pump then leave. Jack and John then come in, figuring out that the sugar is sugar and not [[cocaine]]. Skid and Pump then see Lila get attacked by Moloch and she tells them to run. Skid is unconvinced its Moloch, so Pump tells Moloch to turn his head around, because "only demons can do that". Moloch then does it and dies. As Skid, Pump, and Lila watch TV, Skid asks is it really Spooky Month, which Lila replying "Sure, why not? It's the Spooky Twin Month."<br>[[YouTube]] ending: A jump scare by the Ooga Booga.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: John and Jack find out about the cult and Jack shoots Mr. Clown. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Deadly Smiles | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|24}} | EpisodeNumber = 4 | EpisodeNumber2 = 4 | ShortSummary = Skid watches an advertisement for the Happy Fella doll. Lila then is talking to her friend on the phone about how much the doll annoys her. Lila then leaves Skid at Pump's house while she goes off for work. Skid then asks if they can draw. Pump tells him that he doesn't have any colors. He then asks his sister, making her say no. They then steal the colors while the possessed Happy Fella doll tries to kill Mr. Wonder. They all draw together, the Happy Fella draws it killing Skid and Pump. The Happy Fella then asks to play the [[knife game]]. Susie then stops it, and the kids decide to go to the movie theatre. The Happy Fella then sneaks out, and gets caught by Frank, who throws him into the police car, that belongs to John and Jack. The two police officers bring the Happy fella to the candy store, where it attacks Kevin, gets thrown out. and then gets taken back by Skid and Pump. He later reveals his true colors to the kids and Lila, and gets thrown into an oven. The Happy Fella pleas to be released as they burn him. Moments after, Jaune, Lila's friend, appears with a new Happy Fella for Skid and Pump, and freaks out when it comes to life and throws it in the oven. As the kids and adult drinks milk, the TV announces Bob Velseb has escaped from prison.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: Ooga booga jumpscares, holding a Happy Fella. Ooga booga then gets scared when the Happy Fella speaks before jumpscaring again.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: Jack and John are seen looking at a chart they made relating to the cult. They then leave to go get donuts, when a cult member comes in and burns down the house, along with the evidence. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Tender Treats | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|5}} | EpisodeNumber = 5 | EpisodeNumber2 = 5 | ShortSummary = Mayor Evermore orders Jack and John to catch Bob, the cannibal serial killer, who has killed eight people already since he escaped prison. As it is Halloween, Skid and Pump head out to do Trick-or-Treating. Lila wishes them well, but then sees Bob stalking her. She tries to call Jaune, but is confronted by Bob. She manages to escape, but when Jack and John arrive thanks to Jaune calling the police, they don't find Bob. Worried for her son, Lila and Jaune head out to find Skid and Pump. Meanwhile, Skid and Pump are enjoying Trick-or-Treating. They head to a haunted house, where Bob follows them and eats the arm of one of the scarers. In the Candy store, Kevin initially denies Skid and Pump candy, but after witnessing Bob follow them and escaping him, Kevin gives the duo a box of candy to leave him alone. Skid and Pump run into the Hatzgang, who are trick-or-treating for Robert's sick sister. They give them some candy, only to give it to Bob when he confronts and threatens the Hatzgang. Bob eventually corners Skid and Pump, but they think he wants to play Hide and Seek. Going along with it, he promises them more candy if they win. He then tries to find and stab them, but they keep tricking him. They eventually run into Lila and Jaune, who are relieved to find them. Their relief quickly turns to fear when they spot Bob stalking them. They cross the street, but Bob is run over by Jack and John when Bob attempts to do the same. Thinking they won, the police offer to take the group home, but are nearly attacked by a still-living Bob. Jack and John shoot Bob several times, but Bob eventually gets back up again. Jack runs over Bob twice, finally killing him. Back home, Lila shows Skid a picture of her halloween in her youth, but is horrified to learn that Skid recognized one of the adults in the photo as Bob.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: Ooga booga asks for candy, and jumpscares after receiving an apple.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: Jack and John are brought to the morgue where Patty tells them Bob had an amulet in his chest, the same one worn by the cult. Suddenly, John notices Bob's corpse has risen once more, only to realize Jack put it up as a prank after he shot it a couple more times. They argue over the ethics and potential paperwork of the prank in front of Patty. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Hollow Sorrows | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|30}} | EpisodeNumber = 6 | EpisodeNumber2 = 6 | ShortSummary = The two thieves attempt to rob Lila's home again, specifically something in the attic. The fat thief gets scared by a giant spider, and both are forced to flee when the alarm goes off. They are confronted by an armed Lila, and are kicked out. Stressed, Lila calls Jaune, who offers to take her out to drink. She accepts, and leaves Skid with Pump under Susie care, whose grandfather went out for the moment. Despite Susie ordering them not to go outside, Skid and Pump immediately head out and go around town, terrorizing people such as Kevin, a Happy Fella mascot, the hatzgang, and Ignacio, one of their neighbors. After being chased out of the Morgue by Patty, Patty reenters, only to find a shadowy creature in front of her. The duo eventually reach the church, only to be denied entry by Father Gregor. Feeling sympathetic for their respective troubles with their parents, he offers to guide them into the light by ordering them to go and ask forgiveness to everyone they wronged. As they go around town asking forgiveness, John and Jack head to the morgue to ask an update on one of the bodies. They find Patty standing there with yellow eyes, but think its due to the stress of her job and give her some space. Once Skid and Pump head back to the hospital to apologize to Patty, Father Gregor recognizes her state as possession and quickly takes the kids to the police to watch them. As Father Gregor attempts to preform an exorcism, Skid and Pump return and distract him, but is still able to free Patty from the possession. An ooze falls out, and a figure emerges, revealing to be Moloch in his full form. As Moloch attempts to take the children and trick Father Gregor, Skid and Pump call out Moloch's name in defense, unknowingly weakening him. As Father Gregor berates the children for summoning a demon, Moloch escapes, forcing Father Gregor to give pursuit. Moloch possesses multiple people, only to be ejected each time. Eventually, he reaches Skid's home, where he possess both Skid and Pump. Despite injuring Father Gregor, he is able to release Moloch from Skid and Pump, and eventually banish him, turning Moloch into stone. As Skid and Pump cry for their fallen "friend," Father Gregor runs into a drunk Lila, who he then berates her parenting before leaving. He then returns to the church, only to be knocked out by the cult, who then take him to meet the Eyes of the Universe. Pump returns home thanks to Jaune, where his grandpa soon returns with a gift claiming it to be from his parents, but Susie spots the receipt. Skid apologizes to his mom, where they both hug and cry, unaware of the spider in the attic, lifting up the mannequin that was knocked down earlier.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: Ooga booga jumpscares in the middle of the credits this time, claiming it can happen anywhere now.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: The thin and fat thief report what happened to their boss: the candy dealer. The candy dealer claims to the cultists that they were ambushed, but the fat thief tries to mention the giant spider. While the candy dealer is upset to learn they failed due to a spider, the cultists leave them. The candy dealer tells the thieves to be careful, as their luck was running out. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = The Wacky Wicked Woods | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|2}} | EpisodeNumber = 7 | EpisodeNumber2 = 7 | ShortSummary = After Roy tricked Skid and Pump into thinking there's candy in the forest, Susie, Ross, Robert, and a reluctant Roy enter the forest to find the two kids. After Susie finds them, Roy yells at them before Susie starts berating Roy for his "joke." Roy angrily stomps on a mushroom, releasing a cloud of spores and changing the episode's aspect ratio. The kids find themselves in the company of a shadowy figure, who introduces herself as Aspen Moor, and invites them into her cottage conveniently nearby. Inside, she treats the kids to any food they want, and soon also offers to play games, based on Skid's suggestion to Pump. Roy asks for a reward, with Aspen offering a wish to whoever wins the games. While Susie want's to be led out of the forest, Pump requests that his parents come back home. Aspen accepts Pump's wish proposal, and sets up a gameshow-like stage, where a kid is randomly selected to pick a game. Ross is chosen first, and decides to play TnT, a role-playing game. Transported into a dungeon, the group is confronted by a Beholder. Despite replacing Skid and Pump's D20s with 6-sided dice, they still roll 20s, winning the game. Aspen sets up another round, where Susie is chosen to pick the game. She chooses a "Left for Dead" like game where the group shoots a hoard of mushroom creatures. Skid and Pump find a massive gun, and Susie helps them use it on the boss, winning again. Aspen begrudgingly offers Skid and Pump each a pick of one of three hidden prizes. As they won cookies and a couch, Roy, having thrown up earlier, begins to pass out. Roy awakens in the real world, where they all have been taken to an abandoned cottage, and are covered in mushroom stains. Aspen, hidden in the shadows, grabs Roy and forces him to inhale more spores. Back outside the forest, the parents of the missing children and the police are leading a search party, when they find a candy wrapper, leading them to CandyCastle. They question Kevin, who recalls that the Hatzgang came three days ago, and when Skid, Pump, and Susie came in, Roy told Skid and Pump there was something in the forest. Susie ran after them, along with Ross and Robert. Kevin suggested Roy goes with them, and haven't seen them since. Upset that Kevin never told anyone, they force him to help them search in the woods. Back in the fantasy, Roy is put back to the show, and it's Pump's turn. Pump picks "all the games," and is transported to a Candyland-like board game, where each of he kids are in a game by themselves. Upset that he's supposed to play alone, he starts throwing dirt at Aspen. Aspen then sends all the kids to trial, but Skid and Pump's only defense is that they now want to play hide'n seek. Seeing this as an opportunity to look for an exit, the other kids agree. Aspen only agrees to this when she realizes the adults are entering the forest. As she quickly counts to a million, the kids search backstage through a series of doors, before finding a door leading to a pitch black void, where they all enter. Back in the real world, a search party of parents, the cops, and Kevin proceed deeper in the woods. Kevin trips on a branch and lands on a mushroom, inhaling the spores. He begins to hallucinate, and flees in terror, running into Aspen before he faints. Back at the cottage, the kids wake up, only to witness Aspen dragging Kevin inside, revealing to be a tree demon with a skull necklace. They flee, but the surrounding trees block their path. Aspen attempts to take Skid and Pump's souls with the necklace, but Susie triggers a snowball fight. Skid and Pump form a giant snowball, unknowingly with a large stone poking out, and throws it at Aspen. The rock shatters the necklace, releasing the soul contained within, and turning Aspen into a normal tree. The kids celebrate their victory, and the search party finds them soon after. As the kids reunite with their parents, Susie and Pump find that their own parents have finally returned, and happily reunite. The kids are taken to the hospital to have their vitals checked. As Susie tries to sleep, she is suddenly awaken by the image of Aspen. As she goes to check on Pump, she finds that a tree is seemingly stalking her. She returns to her bed, and, as well as the Hatzgang, is terrified.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: Kevin awakens in the cottage, where the shadow of Aspen approaches. As the figure enters the room, it's revealed to be Ooga Booga, who scares Kevin. He runs out of the cottage in terror, also encountering terrifying creatures in the woods. He eventually exits the forest, but not before a tree makes Kevin fall one last time.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: John, living with Jack after his house was burned down, is looking at his board about the cult case, along with drawings of Aspen drawn by the kids. Jack and Patty enter, with John saying how he couldn't find the remains of Aspen or the cottage in the woods. Jack thinks it was just the mushrooms, but John thinks it's a lead that could lead him to finding his daughter. As John apologizes for lashing out, a cultist overhears this and makes a call. Garcia barges into Mayor Evermore's office, who tells him that the tree is dead. As it was the only thing "holding everything," they need to bring someone back. | LineColor = 000000 }}}} ===Short=== {{Episode table |background=000000 |overall= |season= |title= |airdate= |episodes= {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Short - Streber's Rehearsal | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|3|18}} | EpisodeNumber = 1 | EpisodeNumber2 = 1 | ShortSummary = Streber prepares for the haunted house by finishing his mirror trick, using a green cape as a green screen to make it seem he doesn't have a reflection, and thus, a vampire. His coworkers say he put way too much effort, but Streber refutes by saying its for the kids' enjoyment. As Streber mentions his arm feeling real tired, his coworkers tell him to take it easy, as they jokingly say they don't want to find him part of the "undead." | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Short - Kevin's Dream Job | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|31}} | EpisodeNumber = 2 | EpisodeNumber2 = 2 | ShortSummary = Years ago, Kevin applied for his dream job: to work at CandyCastle. He got the job, but quickly found it to be boring with no customers and only cleans. Suddenly, two kids arrive: a young Skid and Pump trick-or-treating. When Kevin mentions its September, the kids take this as "trick" and trash the store. Upset at the kids for undoing his cleaning, he yells at them, demanding their parents. Skid cries, and Pump reveals that Skid's dad recently died. Sympathetic, Kevin gives the two candy cans and apologizes. Happy, they thank him and Pump gives Kevin a present. Once they leave, Kevin opens the bag, only to find worms, bugs, and spiders crawling out. As he wipes them off his body, their voices saying "See you later, Kevin!" echo. He looks out in horror as time fasts forwards, witnessing the events of the Spooky Month episodes, past and future. He eventually wakes up in a cold sweet. | LineColor = 000000 }} }} ===Merch promotions=== {{Episode table |background=000000 |overall= |season= |title= |airdate= |episodes= {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Merch | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|29}} | EpisodeNumber = 1 | EpisodeNumber2 = 1 | ShortSummary = A promotion by the Ooga Booga for Spooky Month plushies and shirts. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Merch! | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|9|21}} | EpisodeNumber = 2 | EpisodeNumber2 = 2 | ShortSummary = A promotion by Frank for Spooky Month shirts and keychains. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Plushies! | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|10}} | EpisodeNumber = 3 | EpisodeNumber2 = 3 | ShortSummary = Skid and Pump watch a commercial for plushies of themselves. The commercial then has a witch animation which turns Skid and Pump into plush versions of themselves. Lila then walks in crying because her son won't speak to her, before being mesmerized by the commercial herself. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Merch!!! | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|4|22}} | EpisodeNumber = 4 | EpisodeNumber2 = 4 | ShortSummary = Promotion for merch hosted by Rick and Sr Pelo. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = SPOOKY MONTH Soundtrack Vol. 1 | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|5|6}} | EpisodeNumber = 5 | EpisodeNumber2 = 5 | ShortSummary = Promotion for the Spooky Month soundtrack, where the Piper lures people with his music. John and Jack shoot the Piper, but confused to see a skeleton and hear that the music wasn't stopping. They look and fall into a mysterious hole. | LineColor = 000000 }} }} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb title|19356316}} [[Category:2020 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s YouTube series]] [[Category:2010s web series debuts]] [[Category:2010s web series endings]] [[Category:2010s Mexican television series]] [[Category:2010s Mexican television series debuts]] [[Category:2018 television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s Mexican television series endings]] [[Category:2018 television series endings]] [[Category:Mexican television series]] [[Category:Spanish-language television programs]] [[Category:American English-language television shows]] [[Category:Web series]] [[Category:2010s animated television series]] sx6mfyqgw31wjr43m524d6uewur0mwc 11023954 11023951 2026-10-08T13:35:09Z Sl33pyStray 1886969 /* Characters */ 11023954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = Spooky Month Logo.png | alt = | genre = [[Comedy horror]] | creator = [[Sr Pelo|David Axel Cazares Casanova]] | voices = {{Plainlist| * David Cazares * Elsie Lovelock * Chase Corbin * Kellen Goff * Lizzie Freeman }} | country = Mexico | language = Spanish<br />English | num_episodes = 6 | network = [[YouTube]] | released = {{dts|2018|10|30}} }} '''''Spooky Month''''' is an English-language Mexican independent animated web series created by David Axel Cazares Casanova, commonly known as [[Sr Pelo]] Episodes air on YouTube and Newgrounds. The ''Spooky Month'' series follows the misadventures of two kids, Skid and Pump, who are obsessed with [[Halloween]]. Cazares started ''Spooky Month'' with the 2018 video, titled "It's spooky month". However, Spooky Month 2, titled "The Stars", would start the huge popularity of the series. The video started more surreal and horror aspects to the series, rather than just comedy.<ref>{{Cite web |title="When it wasn't long before the next spooky month episode she uploaded about 4 images summarizing her experience with the development and this was one of them" "It's true" {{!}} Sr Pelo / 123pendejos |url=https://knowyourmeme.com/photos/2824488-sr-pelo-123pendejos |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Know Your Meme}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Jamie |date=2023-11-07 |title=Glitch Expo Will Live Stream Conversations With Indie Animation's Hottest Creators This Thursday |url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/events/glitch-expo-independent-animation-showcase-234550.html |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Cartoon Brew |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Premise== ''Spooky Month'' revolves around the misadventures of two children, Skid and Pump, who are obsessed with [[Halloween]]. The series' format usually has Skid and Pump go during the night and meet demons and other dangerous entities. Every episode has two post-credits scenes. One for [[YouTube]] and one for [[Newgrounds]]. ==Characters== ===Main characters=== ====Skid==== {{Infobox character | name = Skid | series = Spooky Month | image = | alt = | caption = | first_major = | first_minor = It's spooky month | first_date = October 30, 2018 | first = | last_major = | last_minor = | last_date = | last = | creator. = [[Sr Pelo|David Axel Cazares Casanova]] | based_on = David Axel Cazares Casanova | adapted_by = | designer = David Axel Cazares Casanova | portrayer = | voice = David Axel Cazares Casanova | motion_actor = | full_name = | nickname = Skid | alias = | species = | gender = Male | title = | occupation = | affiliation = | fighting_style = | weapon = | family = {{Plainlist| * Lila (mother) * Unnamed father * Unnamed grandmother }} | spouse = | significant_other = | children = | relatives = | religion = | origin = [[Arizona]], United States | nationality = American | creator = David Axel Cazares Casanova }} '''Skid''' (originally known as '''Skidd''') is one of the main protagonists of the ''Spooky Month'' series. He is a cheerful, naive, and very optimistic child. He always wears his Halloween costume in the episodes, however, he has been shown without his costume in various pictures around his house. He and Pump are so obsessed with Halloween that they insist that it happens all year round. ====Pump==== {{Infobox character | name = Pump | series = Spooky Month | image = | alt = | caption = | first_major = | first_minor = It's spooky month | first_date = October 30, 2018 | first = | last_major = | last_minor = | last_date = | last = | creator. = [[Sr Pelo|David Axel Cazares Casanova]] | based_on = David Axel Cazares Casanova | adapted_by = | designer = David Axel Cazares Casanova | portrayer = | voice = David Axel Cazares Casanova | motion_actor = | full_name = "Pump" Wonder | nickname = Pump | alias = | species = | gender = Male | title = | occupation = | affiliation = | fighting_style = | weapon = | family = {{Plainlist| * Susie (sister) * Unnamed father * Unnamed mother * Unnamed grandfather }} | spouse = | significant_other = | children = | relatives = | religion = | origin = [[Arizona]], United States | nationality = American | creator = David Axel Cazares Casanova }} '''"Pump" Wonder''' (originally known as '''Pumpy''') is one of the two main protagonists of the ''Spooky Month'' series. He is best friends with Skid. His real name starts with "Wil",<ref>{{cite tweet |user=_SrPelo_ |number=1527800387343982593 |title=Good ending? |access-date=2023-09-23}}</ref> however, Cazares has stated that it is not "Will".<ref>{{cite tweet |user=_SrPelo_ |number=1527800906414186501 |title=No, but it starts with that |access-date=2023-09-23}}</ref> Like Skid, he is obsessed with Halloween to the point he insists that it is year-round. ====Lila==== {{Infobox character | name = Lila | series = Spooky Month | image = | alt = | caption = | first_major = | first_minor = It's spooky month | first_date = October 30, 2018 | first = | last_major = | last_minor = | last_date = | last = | creator. = [[Sr Pelo|David Axel Cazares Casanova]] | based_on = David Axel Cazares Casanova | adapted_by = | designer = David Axel Cazares Casanova | portrayer = | voice = {{Plainlist| * David Axel Cazares Casanova ("It's spooky month") * [[Elsie Lovelock]] }} | motion_actor = | full_name = | nickname = | alias = | species = | gender = | title = | occupation = Architect | affiliation = | fighting_style = | weapon = | family = Unnamed mother | spouse = | significant_other = Unnamed husband | children = Skid | relatives = | religion = | origin = [[Arizona]], United States | nationality = American | creator = David Axel Cazares Casanova }} '''Lila''' is Skid's mother. Lila is a caring mother who enjoys celebrating Spooky Month with her child and his friend. However, she often gets in danger due to the kid's antics. ===Secondary characters=== ====Frank==== '''Frank''' is a kidnapper who Skid and Pump often talk to, oblivious to his intent. Frank doesn't do anything to Skid and Pump, however. ====Ooga Booga==== The '''Ooga Booga''' is a woman who makes a lot of appearances in horror films. Her catchphrase is "Ooga booga!". ====Kevin==== '''Kevin''' is a worker at CandyClub who hates his job and is often annoyed by Skid and Pump. ====John and Jack==== '''John''' and '''Jack''' are two police officers who work in the area. John, specifically, is the sheriff. ====Susie Wonder==== '''Susie Wonder''' is the sister of Pump. She is implied to be very interested in [[Hell]] and demons in general. ===Mr. Wonder=== '''Mr. Wonder''' is Pump and Susie's grandfather. ===Streber=== '''Streber''' is a worker at a haunted house. "Spooky Short - Streber's Rehearsal" is a short about him. ===Antagonists=== ====Cultists==== {{Infobox fictional organization | name = Cultists | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | universe = ''Spooky Month'' | first = "Spooky Month 3 - Unwanted Guest" (2020) | last = | type = Cult | founder = Mr. Clown | founded = 2018 | fate = Active | address = The house on the hill | location = [[Arizona]], United States | leader = Mr. Clown (formerly) | key_people = {{Plainlist| * Skid's father * Ignacio * Richard * Carmen * Mayor Evermore * Father Gregor * Mr. Clown (formerly) * Lila (formerly) * Bob Velseb (formerly) * The Uncle (formerly) }} | purpose = To obtain "everything". | affiliations = |organisation_type=Cult}} The '''Cultists''' are the main antagonists of the ''Spooky Month'' series. Not much is known of them, however, they are affiliated with Skid's father. ====The Eyes of the Universe==== The '''Eyes of the Universe''' is the main antagonist of "Spooky Month 2 - The Stars". They watch over the sky, spying on Skid and Pump. ====Moloch==== '''Moloch''' is a demon that Skid summons in "It's spooky month". He is also the main antagonist of "Spooky Month 3 - Unwanted Guest". he is also based of off the demon [[Moloch]] from the Bible, he also does child sacrifice, as seen by in "Spooky month 6 - Hollow Sorrows", where he makes an illusion of Dexter Erotoph, telling the [[Priest]] to give him the children, he was going to use the children for a sacrifice, where he was most likely going to put them into the furnace near his pelvic area. He is later defeated at the end of the episode by the priest where he is turned to stone inside of Skid's attic. ====Bob Velseb==== '''Bob Velseb (fine shi)''' is a <mark>cannibalistic serial killer</mark> and the main antagonist of "Spooky Month 5 - Tender Treats" in the animated web series ''Spooky Month'' created by Sr Pelo. ====Dexter Erotoph/Happy Fella==== '''Dexter Erotoph''' is an exterminator who gets [[possessed]] and killed by the demon known as [[Moloch]], and possesses a ''Happy Fella'' doll afterwards. He is also the main antagonist of "Spooky Month 4 - Deadly Smiles". He later appears in "Spooky Month 5 - Tender Treats" in a missing advert at the timestamp 3:45. He also has brief time in "Spooky Month 6 - Hollow sorrows", as an illusion created by Moloch, along with being shown as an image inside a [[pendant]] from his mother. At the time of "Spooky month 6 - Hollow Sorrows" he is stuck inside of a bucket inside of skid's attic, as he is seen watching the people entering the attic. ====Gregor Raquel==== Gregor Raquel also known as Father Gregor or The Priest, Is the antagonist of "Spooky Month 6 - Hollow Sorrows". ====The Hatzgang==== The '''Hatzgang''' is a group of teenagers that are bullies to Skid and Pump. =====Roy===== '''Reynold''', often shortened to '''Roy''', is the leader of the Hatzgang. He is the Son of Carmen and Richard. And was implied to be a victim of his Uncle's illegal actions. =====Ross===== '''Ross''' is another member of the Hatzgang who is the son of Lila's friend, Jaune. Ross has been in episodes 2-6 of the Spooky Month series. =====Robert===== '''Robert''' is another member of the Hatzgang. He is the younger Brother of Radford, and nephew of John. '''<big>Aspen Moor</big>''' Aspen Moor ==Elements== ===Spooky dance=== The '''Spooky dance''' is a dance that Skid and Pump do to celebrate Halloween. ===Happy Fella=== '''Happy Fella''' is a doll that makes multiple appearances throughout the series. It's purpose is to be a vessel/trap for ghosts. This can be seen in "Spooky Month 4 - Deadly Smiles" where the character, Dexter Erotoph gets trapped inside one. ==Episodes== {{Episode table|background=000000|overall=|season=|title=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list | Title = It's spooky month | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|30}} | EpisodeNumber = 1 | EpisodeNumber2 = 1 | ShortSummary = A bell chimes as a clock turns from September 30th, to October 1st, then Skid announces that it is Spooky Month. He then throws his phone across the room and calls Pump. Pump informs Skid that he sent home something. Being a video of a skeleton doing the Spooky dance alongside a jump scare of the Ooga Booga. Skid slides into his living room and sees Lila getting attacked by Bob Velseb. Lila tells Skid to call 911 but Skid informs Lila that it is Spooky Month. Lila then offers Bob a piece of candy and he stops attacking her. Skid then informs his dying grandmother that it is Spooky Month. She then does the Spooky dance. Skid then goes outside with Pump. Frank then offers them candy. Skid and Pump inform him that it is Spooky Month and then Franks drives past them. Skid then says they should watch a horror movie. They then watch ''Really Spooky Ooga Booga''. Pump then says they should go to the graveyard. They then go and yell "It's Spooky Month!" and then do a "prank call" by summoning Moloch and informing him that it is Spooky Month. They then play [[Luigi's Mansion]] and get a jump scare of the Ooga Booga. They then go downstairs and see Lila in a [[Santa Claus]] outfit, informing the kids that it is now November. They then say "It's the spooky before Christmas!". The episode ends with Skid and Pump both doing the Spooky dance.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: The Ooga Booga jump scares the viewer telling them they "just got spooked" and then laughing maniacally.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: Moloch realizes it is November and then gets beat up by Santa Claus. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = The Stars | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|16}} | EpisodeNumber = 2 | EpisodeNumber2 = 2 | ShortSummary = Two thieves are robbing Skid's house. Skid catches them however, he is oblivious and says that they are here because of Spooky Month. Lila then gets out of bed and catches the thieves. Moloch asks Skid to get him out of the attic, however Skid says it is Spooky Month which somehow, means he can't let him out. Skid and Pump then get ice cream from Frank. They then go for a joke by Mr. Clown They then chuckle and go into Pump's older sister, Susie's room and mess on her computer. Skid then yells "Let's get the Hell out of here!" and proceeds to take her diorama of [[Hell]] and jumps out the window. They then go to Pump's grandfather's house and give him a [[heart attack]]. He then does the Spooky dance and breaks all of his bones. Skid and Pump then meet the Hatzgang. The teens beat up the boys. Roy then tells them to go the house on the hill. And then get almost assaulted by a pedophile. They then meet the Eyes of the Universe. Skid introduces himself and Pump asks him about Spooky Month. The Eyes then run outside and buy candy. The thieves then are shown getting arrested and the video ends with Skid, Pump, Lila, and the Eyes doing the Spooky dance.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: A jump scare by Mr. Clown.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: Jack and John are driving a car when they spot the house on the hill. One of the thieves then mentions Spooky Month, making Jack do the Spooky dance and accidentally run over the Ooga Booga. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Unwanted Guest | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|25}} | EpisodeNumber = 3 | EpisodeNumber2 = 3 | ShortSummary = Moloch bangs on the roof, to the annoyance of Lila. Lila then calls an exterminator to get rid of Moloch. Skid then informs Lila that Moloch is his friend. Lila then tells Skid to go play with Pump. They then get kidnapped by Frank and drive to the mall. They buy a Happy Fella doll. Frank, the cashier, asks why they're in costumes. The kids claim its Spooky Month, unaware its June. They then meet a drug dealer who gives them a bag of sugar and tells them to deliver it to CandyClub. They then play dead to go the hospital. We then see Dexter getting attacked by Moloch. Skid and Pump are now in the hospital and jump out of the bed. They then meet a nurse named Patty and tell her about Spooky Month. A group of zombie then do the Spooky dance and Patty informs them that it is June. They meet the Hatzgang again. They tell them about the Happy Fella. We then see Lila get attacked by Moloch, who has now possessed Dexter. Skid and Pump then deliver the sugar to Kevin at CandyClub. Kevin then looks worried. Skid and Pump then leave. Jack and John then come in, figuring out that the sugar is sugar and not [[cocaine]]. Skid and Pump then see Lila get attacked by Moloch and she tells them to run. Skid is unconvinced its Moloch, so Pump tells Moloch to turn his head around, because "only demons can do that". Moloch then does it and dies. As Skid, Pump, and Lila watch TV, Skid asks is it really Spooky Month, which Lila replying "Sure, why not? It's the Spooky Twin Month."<br>[[YouTube]] ending: A jump scare by the Ooga Booga.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: John and Jack find out about the cult and Jack shoots Mr. Clown. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Deadly Smiles | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|24}} | EpisodeNumber = 4 | EpisodeNumber2 = 4 | ShortSummary = Skid watches an advertisement for the Happy Fella doll. Lila then is talking to her friend on the phone about how much the doll annoys her. Lila then leaves Skid at Pump's house while she goes off for work. Skid then asks if they can draw. Pump tells him that he doesn't have any colors. He then asks his sister, making her say no. They then steal the colors while the possessed Happy Fella doll tries to kill Mr. Wonder. They all draw together, the Happy Fella draws it killing Skid and Pump. The Happy Fella then asks to play the [[knife game]]. Susie then stops it, and the kids decide to go to the movie theatre. The Happy Fella then sneaks out, and gets caught by Frank, who throws him into the police car, that belongs to John and Jack. The two police officers bring the Happy fella to the candy store, where it attacks Kevin, gets thrown out. and then gets taken back by Skid and Pump. He later reveals his true colors to the kids and Lila, and gets thrown into an oven. The Happy Fella pleas to be released as they burn him. Moments after, Jaune, Lila's friend, appears with a new Happy Fella for Skid and Pump, and freaks out when it comes to life and throws it in the oven. As the kids and adult drinks milk, the TV announces Bob Velseb has escaped from prison.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: Ooga booga jumpscares, holding a Happy Fella. Ooga booga then gets scared when the Happy Fella speaks before jumpscaring again.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: Jack and John are seen looking at a chart they made relating to the cult. They then leave to go get donuts, when a cult member comes in and burns down the house, along with the evidence. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Tender Treats | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|5}} | EpisodeNumber = 5 | EpisodeNumber2 = 5 | ShortSummary = Mayor Evermore orders Jack and John to catch Bob, the cannibal serial killer, who has killed eight people already since he escaped prison. As it is Halloween, Skid and Pump head out to do Trick-or-Treating. Lila wishes them well, but then sees Bob stalking her. She tries to call Jaune, but is confronted by Bob. She manages to escape, but when Jack and John arrive thanks to Jaune calling the police, they don't find Bob. Worried for her son, Lila and Jaune head out to find Skid and Pump. Meanwhile, Skid and Pump are enjoying Trick-or-Treating. They head to a haunted house, where Bob follows them and eats the arm of one of the scarers. In the Candy store, Kevin initially denies Skid and Pump candy, but after witnessing Bob follow them and escaping him, Kevin gives the duo a box of candy to leave him alone. Skid and Pump run into the Hatzgang, who are trick-or-treating for Robert's sick sister. They give them some candy, only to give it to Bob when he confronts and threatens the Hatzgang. Bob eventually corners Skid and Pump, but they think he wants to play Hide and Seek. Going along with it, he promises them more candy if they win. He then tries to find and stab them, but they keep tricking him. They eventually run into Lila and Jaune, who are relieved to find them. Their relief quickly turns to fear when they spot Bob stalking them. They cross the street, but Bob is run over by Jack and John when Bob attempts to do the same. Thinking they won, the police offer to take the group home, but are nearly attacked by a still-living Bob. Jack and John shoot Bob several times, but Bob eventually gets back up again. Jack runs over Bob twice, finally killing him. Back home, Lila shows Skid a picture of her halloween in her youth, but is horrified to learn that Skid recognized one of the adults in the photo as Bob.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: Ooga booga asks for candy, and jumpscares after receiving an apple.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: Jack and John are brought to the morgue where Patty tells them Bob had an amulet in his chest, the same one worn by the cult. Suddenly, John notices Bob's corpse has risen once more, only to realize Jack put it up as a prank after he shot it a couple more times. They argue over the ethics and potential paperwork of the prank in front of Patty. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Hollow Sorrows | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|30}} | EpisodeNumber = 6 | EpisodeNumber2 = 6 | ShortSummary = The two thieves attempt to rob Lila's home again, specifically something in the attic. The fat thief gets scared by a giant spider, and both are forced to flee when the alarm goes off. They are confronted by an armed Lila, and are kicked out. Stressed, Lila calls Jaune, who offers to take her out to drink. She accepts, and leaves Skid with Pump under Susie care, whose grandfather went out for the moment. Despite Susie ordering them not to go outside, Skid and Pump immediately head out and go around town, terrorizing people such as Kevin, a Happy Fella mascot, the hatzgang, and Ignacio, one of their neighbors. After being chased out of the Morgue by Patty, Patty reenters, only to find a shadowy creature in front of her. The duo eventually reach the church, only to be denied entry by Father Gregor. Feeling sympathetic for their respective troubles with their parents, he offers to guide them into the light by ordering them to go and ask forgiveness to everyone they wronged. As they go around town asking forgiveness, John and Jack head to the morgue to ask an update on one of the bodies. They find Patty standing there with yellow eyes, but think its due to the stress of her job and give her some space. Once Skid and Pump head back to the hospital to apologize to Patty, Father Gregor recognizes her state as possession and quickly takes the kids to the police to watch them. As Father Gregor attempts to preform an exorcism, Skid and Pump return and distract him, but is still able to free Patty from the possession. An ooze falls out, and a figure emerges, revealing to be Moloch in his full form. As Moloch attempts to take the children and trick Father Gregor, Skid and Pump call out Moloch's name in defense, unknowingly weakening him. As Father Gregor berates the children for summoning a demon, Moloch escapes, forcing Father Gregor to give pursuit. Moloch possesses multiple people, only to be ejected each time. Eventually, he reaches Skid's home, where he possess both Skid and Pump. Despite injuring Father Gregor, he is able to release Moloch from Skid and Pump, and eventually banish him, turning Moloch into stone. As Skid and Pump cry for their fallen "friend," Father Gregor runs into a drunk Lila, who he then berates her parenting before leaving. He then returns to the church, only to be knocked out by the cult, who then take him to meet the Eyes of the Universe. Pump returns home thanks to Jaune, where his grandpa soon returns with a gift claiming it to be from his parents, but Susie spots the receipt. Skid apologizes to his mom, where they both hug and cry, unaware of the spider in the attic, lifting up the mannequin that was knocked down earlier.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: Ooga booga jumpscares in the middle of the credits this time, claiming it can happen anywhere now.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: The thin and fat thief report what happened to their boss: the candy dealer. The candy dealer claims to the cultists that they were ambushed, but the fat thief tries to mention the giant spider. While the candy dealer is upset to learn they failed due to a spider, the cultists leave them. The candy dealer tells the thieves to be careful, as their luck was running out. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = The Wacky Wicked Woods | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|2}} | EpisodeNumber = 7 | EpisodeNumber2 = 7 | ShortSummary = After Roy tricked Skid and Pump into thinking there's candy in the forest, Susie, Ross, Robert, and a reluctant Roy enter the forest to find the two kids. After Susie finds them, Roy yells at them before Susie starts berating Roy for his "joke." Roy angrily stomps on a mushroom, releasing a cloud of spores and changing the episode's aspect ratio. The kids find themselves in the company of a shadowy figure, who introduces herself as Aspen Moor, and invites them into her cottage conveniently nearby. Inside, she treats the kids to any food they want, and soon also offers to play games, based on Skid's suggestion to Pump. Roy asks for a reward, with Aspen offering a wish to whoever wins the games. While Susie want's to be led out of the forest, Pump requests that his parents come back home. Aspen accepts Pump's wish proposal, and sets up a gameshow-like stage, where a kid is randomly selected to pick a game. Ross is chosen first, and decides to play TnT, a role-playing game. Transported into a dungeon, the group is confronted by a Beholder. Despite replacing Skid and Pump's D20s with 6-sided dice, they still roll 20s, winning the game. Aspen sets up another round, where Susie is chosen to pick the game. She chooses a "Left for Dead" like game where the group shoots a hoard of mushroom creatures. Skid and Pump find a massive gun, and Susie helps them use it on the boss, winning again. Aspen begrudgingly offers Skid and Pump each a pick of one of three hidden prizes. As they won cookies and a couch, Roy, having thrown up earlier, begins to pass out. Roy awakens in the real world, where they all have been taken to an abandoned cottage, and are covered in mushroom stains. Aspen, hidden in the shadows, grabs Roy and forces him to inhale more spores. Back outside the forest, the parents of the missing children and the police are leading a search party, when they find a candy wrapper, leading them to CandyCastle. They question Kevin, who recalls that the Hatzgang came three days ago, and when Skid, Pump, and Susie came in, Roy told Skid and Pump there was something in the forest. Susie ran after them, along with Ross and Robert. Kevin suggested Roy goes with them, and haven't seen them since. Upset that Kevin never told anyone, they force him to help them search in the woods. Back in the fantasy, Roy is put back to the show, and it's Pump's turn. Pump picks "all the games," and is transported to a Candyland-like board game, where each of he kids are in a game by themselves. Upset that he's supposed to play alone, he starts throwing dirt at Aspen. Aspen then sends all the kids to trial, but Skid and Pump's only defense is that they now want to play hide'n seek. Seeing this as an opportunity to look for an exit, the other kids agree. Aspen only agrees to this when she realizes the adults are entering the forest. As she quickly counts to a million, the kids search backstage through a series of doors, before finding a door leading to a pitch black void, where they all enter. Back in the real world, a search party of parents, the cops, and Kevin proceed deeper in the woods. Kevin trips on a branch and lands on a mushroom, inhaling the spores. He begins to hallucinate, and flees in terror, running into Aspen before he faints. Back at the cottage, the kids wake up, only to witness Aspen dragging Kevin inside, revealing to be a tree demon with a skull necklace. They flee, but the surrounding trees block their path. Aspen attempts to take Skid and Pump's souls with the necklace, but Susie triggers a snowball fight. Skid and Pump form a giant snowball, unknowingly with a large stone poking out, and throws it at Aspen. The rock shatters the necklace, releasing the soul contained within, and turning Aspen into a normal tree. The kids celebrate their victory, and the search party finds them soon after. As the kids reunite with their parents, Susie and Pump find that their own parents have finally returned, and happily reunite. The kids are taken to the hospital to have their vitals checked. As Susie tries to sleep, she is suddenly awaken by the image of Aspen. As she goes to check on Pump, she finds that a tree is seemingly stalking her. She returns to her bed, and, as well as the Hatzgang, is terrified.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: Kevin awakens in the cottage, where the shadow of Aspen approaches. As the figure enters the room, it's revealed to be Ooga Booga, who scares Kevin. He runs out of the cottage in terror, also encountering terrifying creatures in the woods. He eventually exits the forest, but not before a tree makes Kevin fall one last time.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: John, living with Jack after his house was burned down, is looking at his board about the cult case, along with drawings of Aspen drawn by the kids. Jack and Patty enter, with John saying how he couldn't find the remains of Aspen or the cottage in the woods. Jack thinks it was just the mushrooms, but John thinks it's a lead that could lead him to finding his daughter. As John apologizes for lashing out, a cultist overhears this and makes a call. Garcia barges into Mayor Evermore's office, who tells him that the tree is dead. As it was the only thing "holding everything," they need to bring someone back. | LineColor = 000000 }}}} ===Short=== {{Episode table |background=000000 |overall= |season= |title= |airdate= |episodes= {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Short - Streber's Rehearsal | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|3|18}} | EpisodeNumber = 1 | EpisodeNumber2 = 1 | ShortSummary = Streber prepares for the haunted house by finishing his mirror trick, using a green cape as a green screen to make it seem he doesn't have a reflection, and thus, a vampire. His coworkers say he put way too much effort, but Streber refutes by saying its for the kids' enjoyment. As Streber mentions his arm feeling real tired, his coworkers tell him to take it easy, as they jokingly say they don't want to find him part of the "undead." | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Short - Kevin's Dream Job | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|31}} | EpisodeNumber = 2 | EpisodeNumber2 = 2 | ShortSummary = Years ago, Kevin applied for his dream job: to work at CandyCastle. He got the job, but quickly found it to be boring with no customers and only cleans. Suddenly, two kids arrive: a young Skid and Pump trick-or-treating. When Kevin mentions its September, the kids take this as "trick" and trash the store. Upset at the kids for undoing his cleaning, he yells at them, demanding their parents. Skid cries, and Pump reveals that Skid's dad recently died. Sympathetic, Kevin gives the two candy cans and apologizes. Happy, they thank him and Pump gives Kevin a present. Once they leave, Kevin opens the bag, only to find worms, bugs, and spiders crawling out. As he wipes them off his body, their voices saying "See you later, Kevin!" echo. He looks out in horror as time fasts forwards, witnessing the events of the Spooky Month episodes, past and future. He eventually wakes up in a cold sweet. | LineColor = 000000 }} }} ===Merch promotions=== {{Episode table |background=000000 |overall= |season= |title= |airdate= |episodes= {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Merch | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|29}} | EpisodeNumber = 1 | EpisodeNumber2 = 1 | ShortSummary = A promotion by the Ooga Booga for Spooky Month plushies and shirts. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Merch! | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|9|21}} | EpisodeNumber = 2 | EpisodeNumber2 = 2 | ShortSummary = A promotion by Frank for Spooky Month shirts and keychains. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Plushies! | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|10}} | EpisodeNumber = 3 | EpisodeNumber2 = 3 | ShortSummary = Skid and Pump watch a commercial for plushies of themselves. The commercial then has a witch animation which turns Skid and Pump into plush versions of themselves. Lila then walks in crying because her son won't speak to her, before being mesmerized by the commercial herself. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Merch!!! | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|4|22}} | EpisodeNumber = 4 | EpisodeNumber2 = 4 | ShortSummary = Promotion for merch hosted by Rick and Sr Pelo. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = SPOOKY MONTH Soundtrack Vol. 1 | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|5|6}} | EpisodeNumber = 5 | EpisodeNumber2 = 5 | ShortSummary = Promotion for the Spooky Month soundtrack, where the Piper lures people with his music. John and Jack shoot the Piper, but confused to see a skeleton and hear that the music wasn't stopping. They look and fall into a mysterious hole. | LineColor = 000000 }} }} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb title|19356316}} [[Category:2020 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s YouTube series]] [[Category:2010s web series debuts]] [[Category:2010s web series endings]] [[Category:2010s Mexican television series]] [[Category:2010s Mexican television series debuts]] [[Category:2018 television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s Mexican television series endings]] [[Category:2018 television series endings]] [[Category:Mexican television series]] [[Category:Spanish-language television programs]] [[Category:American English-language television shows]] [[Category:Web series]] [[Category:2010s animated television series]] bkcp94qrnlt2nr5co1xzdai0r5t47yt 11023955 11023954 2026-10-08T13:35:43Z Sl33pyStray 1886969 /* Characters */ 11023955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television | image = Spooky Month Logo.png | alt = | genre = [[Comedy horror]] | creator = [[Sr Pelo|David Axel Cazares Casanova]] | voices = {{Plainlist| * David Cazares * Elsie Lovelock * Chase Corbin * Kellen Goff * Lizzie Freeman }} | country = Mexico | language = Spanish<br />English | num_episodes = 6 | network = [[YouTube]] | released = {{dts|2018|10|30}} }} '''''Spooky Month''''' is an English-language Mexican independent animated web series created by David Axel Cazares Casanova, commonly known as [[Sr Pelo]] Episodes air on YouTube and Newgrounds. The ''Spooky Month'' series follows the misadventures of two kids, Skid and Pump, who are obsessed with [[Halloween]]. Cazares started ''Spooky Month'' with the 2018 video, titled "It's spooky month". However, Spooky Month 2, titled "The Stars", would start the huge popularity of the series. The video started more surreal and horror aspects to the series, rather than just comedy.<ref>{{Cite web |title="When it wasn't long before the next spooky month episode she uploaded about 4 images summarizing her experience with the development and this was one of them" "It's true" {{!}} Sr Pelo / 123pendejos |url=https://knowyourmeme.com/photos/2824488-sr-pelo-123pendejos |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Know Your Meme}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lang |first=Jamie |date=2023-11-07 |title=Glitch Expo Will Live Stream Conversations With Indie Animation's Hottest Creators This Thursday |url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/events/glitch-expo-independent-animation-showcase-234550.html |access-date=2024-07-30 |website=Cartoon Brew |language=en-US}}</ref> ==Premise== ''Spooky Month'' revolves around the misadventures of two children, Skid and Pump, who are obsessed with [[Halloween]]. The series' format usually has Skid and Pump go during the night and meet demons and other dangerous entities. Every episode has two post-credits scenes. One for [[YouTube]] and one for [[Newgrounds]]. ==Characters== ===Main characters=== ====Skid==== {{Infobox character | name = Skid | series = Spooky Month | image = | alt = | caption = | first_major = | first_minor = It's spooky month | first_date = October 30, 2018 | first = | last_major = | last_minor = | last_date = | last = | creator. = [[Sr Pelo|David Axel Cazares Casanova]] | based_on = David Axel Cazares Casanova | adapted_by = | designer = David Axel Cazares Casanova | portrayer = | voice = David Axel Cazares Casanova | motion_actor = | full_name = | nickname = Skid | alias = | species = | gender = Male | title = | occupation = | affiliation = | fighting_style = | weapon = | family = {{Plainlist| * Lila (mother) * Unnamed father * Unnamed grandmother }} | spouse = | significant_other = | children = | relatives = | religion = | origin = [[Arizona]], United States | nationality = American | creator = David Axel Cazares Casanova }} '''Skid''' (originally known as '''Skidd''') is one of the main protagonists of the ''Spooky Month'' series. He is a cheerful, naive, and very optimistic child. He always wears his Halloween costume in the episodes, however, he has been shown without his costume in various pictures around his house. He and Pump are so obsessed with Halloween that they insist that it happens all year round. ====Pump==== {{Infobox character | name = Pump | series = Spooky Month | image = | alt = | caption = | first_major = | first_minor = It's spooky month | first_date = October 30, 2018 | first = | last_major = | last_minor = | last_date = | last = | creator. = [[Sr Pelo|David Axel Cazares Casanova]] | based_on = David Axel Cazares Casanova | adapted_by = | designer = David Axel Cazares Casanova | portrayer = | voice = David Axel Cazares Casanova | motion_actor = | full_name = "Pump" Wonder | nickname = Pump | alias = | species = | gender = Male | title = | occupation = | affiliation = | fighting_style = | weapon = | family = {{Plainlist| * Susie (sister) * Unnamed father * Unnamed mother * Unnamed grandfather }} | spouse = | significant_other = | children = | relatives = | religion = | origin = [[Arizona]], United States | nationality = American | creator = David Axel Cazares Casanova }} '''"Pump" Wonder''' (originally known as '''Pumpy''') is one of the two main protagonists of the ''Spooky Month'' series. He is best friends with Skid. His real name starts with "Wil",<ref>{{cite tweet |user=_SrPelo_ |number=1527800387343982593 |title=Good ending? |access-date=2023-09-23}}</ref> however, Cazares has stated that it is not "Will".<ref>{{cite tweet |user=_SrPelo_ |number=1527800906414186501 |title=No, but it starts with that |access-date=2023-09-23}}</ref> Like Skid, he is obsessed with Halloween to the point he insists that it is year-round. ====Lila==== {{Infobox character | name = Lila | series = Spooky Month | image = | alt = | caption = | first_major = | first_minor = It's spooky month | first_date = October 30, 2018 | first = | last_major = | last_minor = | last_date = | last = | creator. = [[Sr Pelo|David Axel Cazares Casanova]] | based_on = David Axel Cazares Casanova | adapted_by = | designer = David Axel Cazares Casanova | portrayer = | voice = {{Plainlist| * David Axel Cazares Casanova ("It's spooky month") * [[Elsie Lovelock]] }} | motion_actor = | full_name = | nickname = | alias = | species = | gender = | title = | occupation = Architect | affiliation = | fighting_style = | weapon = | family = Unnamed mother | spouse = | significant_other = Unnamed husband | children = Skid | relatives = | religion = | origin = [[Arizona]], United States | nationality = American | creator = David Axel Cazares Casanova }} '''Lila''' is Skid's mother. Lila is a caring mother who enjoys celebrating Spooky Month with her child and his friend. However, she often gets in danger due to the kid's antics. ===Secondary characters=== ====Frank==== '''Frank''' is a kidnapper who Skid and Pump often talk to, oblivious to his intent. Frank doesn't do anything to Skid and Pump, however. ====Ooga Booga==== The '''Ooga Booga''' is a woman who makes a lot of appearances in horror films. Her catchphrase is "Ooga booga!". ====Kevin==== '''Kevin''' is a worker at CandyClub who hates his job and is often annoyed by Skid and Pump. ====John and Jack==== '''John''' and '''Jack''' are two police officers who work in the area. John, specifically, is the sheriff. ====Susie Wonder==== '''Susie Wonder''' is the sister of Pump. She is implied to be very interested in [[Hell]] and demons in general. ===Mr. Wonder=== '''Mr. Wonder''' is Pump and Susie's grandfather. ===Streber=== '''Streber''' is a worker at a haunted house. "Spooky Short - Streber's Rehearsal" is a short about him. ===Antagonists=== ====Cultists==== {{Infobox fictional organization | name = Cultists | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | universe = ''Spooky Month'' | first = "Spooky Month 3 - Unwanted Guest" (2020) | last = | type = Cult | founder = Mr. Clown | founded = 2018 | fate = Active | address = The house on the hill | location = [[Arizona]], United States | leader = Mr. Clown (formerly) | key_people = {{Plainlist| * Skid's father * Ignacio * Richard * Carmen * Mayor Evermore * Father Gregor * Mr. Clown (formerly) * Lila (formerly) * Bob Velseb (formerly) * The Uncle (formerly) }} | purpose = To obtain "everything". | affiliations = |organisation_type=Cult}} The '''Cultists''' are the main antagonists of the ''Spooky Month'' series. Not much is known of them, however, they are affiliated with Skid's father. ====The Eyes of the Universe==== The '''Eyes of the Universe''' is the main antagonist of "Spooky Month 2 - The Stars". They watch over the sky, spying on Skid and Pump. ====Moloch==== '''Moloch''' is a demon that Skid summons in "It's spooky month". He is also the main antagonist of "Spooky Month 3 - Unwanted Guest". he is also based of off the demon [[Moloch]] from the Bible, he also does child sacrifice, as seen by in "Spooky month 6 - Hollow Sorrows", where he makes an illusion of Dexter Erotoph, telling the [[Priest]] to give him the children, he was going to use the children for a sacrifice, where he was most likely going to put them into the furnace near his pelvic area. He is later defeated at the end of the episode by the priest where he is turned to stone inside of Skid's attic. ====Bob Velseb==== '''Bob Velseb (fine shi)''' is a <mark>cannibalistic serial killer</mark> and the main antagonist of "Spooky Month 5 - Tender Treats" in the animated web series ''Spooky Month'' created by Sr Pelo. ====Dexter Erotoph/Happy Fella==== '''Dexter Erotoph''' is an exterminator who gets [[possessed]] and killed by the demon known as [[Moloch]], and possesses a ''Happy Fella'' doll afterwards. He is also the main antagonist of "Spooky Month 4 - Deadly Smiles". He later appears in "Spooky Month 5 - Tender Treats" in a missing advert at the timestamp 3:45. He also has brief time in "Spooky Month 6 - Hollow sorrows", as an illusion created by Moloch, along with being shown as an image inside a [[pendant]] from his mother. At the time of "Spooky month 6 - Hollow Sorrows" he is stuck inside of a bucket inside of skid's attic, as he is seen watching the people entering the attic. ====Gregor Raquel==== Gregor Raquel also known as Father Gregor or The Priest, Is the antagonist of "Spooky Month 6 - Hollow Sorrows". ====The Hatzgang==== The '''Hatzgang''' is a group of teenagers that are bullies to Skid and Pump. =====Roy===== '''Reynold''', often shortened to '''Roy''', is the leader of the Hatzgang. He is the Son of Carmen and Richard. And was implied to be a victim of his Uncle's illegal actions. =====Ross===== '''Ross''' is another member of the Hatzgang who is the son of Lila's friend, Jaune. Ross has been in episodes 2-6 of the Spooky Month series. =====Robert===== '''Robert''' is another member of the Hatzgang. He is the younger Brother of Radford, and nephew of John. '''<big>Aspen Moor</big>''' Aspen Moor: No Info YET ==Elements== ===Spooky dance=== The '''Spooky dance''' is a dance that Skid and Pump do to celebrate Halloween. ===Happy Fella=== '''Happy Fella''' is a doll that makes multiple appearances throughout the series. It's purpose is to be a vessel/trap for ghosts. This can be seen in "Spooky Month 4 - Deadly Smiles" where the character, Dexter Erotoph gets trapped inside one. ==Episodes== {{Episode table|background=000000|overall=|season=|title=|airdate=|episodes={{Episode list | Title = It's spooky month | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2018|10|30}} | EpisodeNumber = 1 | EpisodeNumber2 = 1 | ShortSummary = A bell chimes as a clock turns from September 30th, to October 1st, then Skid announces that it is Spooky Month. He then throws his phone across the room and calls Pump. Pump informs Skid that he sent home something. Being a video of a skeleton doing the Spooky dance alongside a jump scare of the Ooga Booga. Skid slides into his living room and sees Lila getting attacked by Bob Velseb. Lila tells Skid to call 911 but Skid informs Lila that it is Spooky Month. Lila then offers Bob a piece of candy and he stops attacking her. Skid then informs his dying grandmother that it is Spooky Month. She then does the Spooky dance. Skid then goes outside with Pump. Frank then offers them candy. Skid and Pump inform him that it is Spooky Month and then Franks drives past them. Skid then says they should watch a horror movie. They then watch ''Really Spooky Ooga Booga''. Pump then says they should go to the graveyard. They then go and yell "It's Spooky Month!" and then do a "prank call" by summoning Moloch and informing him that it is Spooky Month. They then play [[Luigi's Mansion]] and get a jump scare of the Ooga Booga. They then go downstairs and see Lila in a [[Santa Claus]] outfit, informing the kids that it is now November. They then say "It's the spooky before Christmas!". The episode ends with Skid and Pump both doing the Spooky dance.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: The Ooga Booga jump scares the viewer telling them they "just got spooked" and then laughing maniacally.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: Moloch realizes it is November and then gets beat up by Santa Claus. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = The Stars | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|11|16}} | EpisodeNumber = 2 | EpisodeNumber2 = 2 | ShortSummary = Two thieves are robbing Skid's house. Skid catches them however, he is oblivious and says that they are here because of Spooky Month. Lila then gets out of bed and catches the thieves. Moloch asks Skid to get him out of the attic, however Skid says it is Spooky Month which somehow, means he can't let him out. Skid and Pump then get ice cream from Frank. They then go for a joke by Mr. Clown They then chuckle and go into Pump's older sister, Susie's room and mess on her computer. Skid then yells "Let's get the Hell out of here!" and proceeds to take her diorama of [[Hell]] and jumps out the window. They then go to Pump's grandfather's house and give him a [[heart attack]]. He then does the Spooky dance and breaks all of his bones. Skid and Pump then meet the Hatzgang. The teens beat up the boys. Roy then tells them to go the house on the hill. And then get almost assaulted by a pedophile. They then meet the Eyes of the Universe. Skid introduces himself and Pump asks him about Spooky Month. The Eyes then run outside and buy candy. The thieves then are shown getting arrested and the video ends with Skid, Pump, Lila, and the Eyes doing the Spooky dance.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: A jump scare by Mr. Clown.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: Jack and John are driving a car when they spot the house on the hill. One of the thieves then mentions Spooky Month, making Jack do the Spooky dance and accidentally run over the Ooga Booga. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Unwanted Guest | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2020|11|25}} | EpisodeNumber = 3 | EpisodeNumber2 = 3 | ShortSummary = Moloch bangs on the roof, to the annoyance of Lila. Lila then calls an exterminator to get rid of Moloch. Skid then informs Lila that Moloch is his friend. Lila then tells Skid to go play with Pump. They then get kidnapped by Frank and drive to the mall. They buy a Happy Fella doll. Frank, the cashier, asks why they're in costumes. The kids claim its Spooky Month, unaware its June. They then meet a drug dealer who gives them a bag of sugar and tells them to deliver it to CandyClub. They then play dead to go the hospital. We then see Dexter getting attacked by Moloch. Skid and Pump are now in the hospital and jump out of the bed. They then meet a nurse named Patty and tell her about Spooky Month. A group of zombie then do the Spooky dance and Patty informs them that it is June. They meet the Hatzgang again. They tell them about the Happy Fella. We then see Lila get attacked by Moloch, who has now possessed Dexter. Skid and Pump then deliver the sugar to Kevin at CandyClub. Kevin then looks worried. Skid and Pump then leave. Jack and John then come in, figuring out that the sugar is sugar and not [[cocaine]]. Skid and Pump then see Lila get attacked by Moloch and she tells them to run. Skid is unconvinced its Moloch, so Pump tells Moloch to turn his head around, because "only demons can do that". Moloch then does it and dies. As Skid, Pump, and Lila watch TV, Skid asks is it really Spooky Month, which Lila replying "Sure, why not? It's the Spooky Twin Month."<br>[[YouTube]] ending: A jump scare by the Ooga Booga.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: John and Jack find out about the cult and Jack shoots Mr. Clown. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Deadly Smiles | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|12|24}} | EpisodeNumber = 4 | EpisodeNumber2 = 4 | ShortSummary = Skid watches an advertisement for the Happy Fella doll. Lila then is talking to her friend on the phone about how much the doll annoys her. Lila then leaves Skid at Pump's house while she goes off for work. Skid then asks if they can draw. Pump tells him that he doesn't have any colors. He then asks his sister, making her say no. They then steal the colors while the possessed Happy Fella doll tries to kill Mr. Wonder. They all draw together, the Happy Fella draws it killing Skid and Pump. The Happy Fella then asks to play the [[knife game]]. Susie then stops it, and the kids decide to go to the movie theatre. The Happy Fella then sneaks out, and gets caught by Frank, who throws him into the police car, that belongs to John and Jack. The two police officers bring the Happy fella to the candy store, where it attacks Kevin, gets thrown out. and then gets taken back by Skid and Pump. He later reveals his true colors to the kids and Lila, and gets thrown into an oven. The Happy Fella pleas to be released as they burn him. Moments after, Jaune, Lila's friend, appears with a new Happy Fella for Skid and Pump, and freaks out when it comes to life and throws it in the oven. As the kids and adult drinks milk, the TV announces Bob Velseb has escaped from prison.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: Ooga booga jumpscares, holding a Happy Fella. Ooga booga then gets scared when the Happy Fella speaks before jumpscaring again.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: Jack and John are seen looking at a chart they made relating to the cult. They then leave to go get donuts, when a cult member comes in and burns down the house, along with the evidence. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Tender Treats | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2022|11|5}} | EpisodeNumber = 5 | EpisodeNumber2 = 5 | ShortSummary = Mayor Evermore orders Jack and John to catch Bob, the cannibal serial killer, who has killed eight people already since he escaped prison. As it is Halloween, Skid and Pump head out to do Trick-or-Treating. Lila wishes them well, but then sees Bob stalking her. She tries to call Jaune, but is confronted by Bob. She manages to escape, but when Jack and John arrive thanks to Jaune calling the police, they don't find Bob. Worried for her son, Lila and Jaune head out to find Skid and Pump. Meanwhile, Skid and Pump are enjoying Trick-or-Treating. They head to a haunted house, where Bob follows them and eats the arm of one of the scarers. In the Candy store, Kevin initially denies Skid and Pump candy, but after witnessing Bob follow them and escaping him, Kevin gives the duo a box of candy to leave him alone. Skid and Pump run into the Hatzgang, who are trick-or-treating for Robert's sick sister. They give them some candy, only to give it to Bob when he confronts and threatens the Hatzgang. Bob eventually corners Skid and Pump, but they think he wants to play Hide and Seek. Going along with it, he promises them more candy if they win. He then tries to find and stab them, but they keep tricking him. They eventually run into Lila and Jaune, who are relieved to find them. Their relief quickly turns to fear when they spot Bob stalking them. They cross the street, but Bob is run over by Jack and John when Bob attempts to do the same. Thinking they won, the police offer to take the group home, but are nearly attacked by a still-living Bob. Jack and John shoot Bob several times, but Bob eventually gets back up again. Jack runs over Bob twice, finally killing him. Back home, Lila shows Skid a picture of her halloween in her youth, but is horrified to learn that Skid recognized one of the adults in the photo as Bob.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: Ooga booga asks for candy, and jumpscares after receiving an apple.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: Jack and John are brought to the morgue where Patty tells them Bob had an amulet in his chest, the same one worn by the cult. Suddenly, John notices Bob's corpse has risen once more, only to realize Jack put it up as a prank after he shot it a couple more times. They argue over the ethics and potential paperwork of the prank in front of Patty. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Hollow Sorrows | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|03|30}} | EpisodeNumber = 6 | EpisodeNumber2 = 6 | ShortSummary = The two thieves attempt to rob Lila's home again, specifically something in the attic. The fat thief gets scared by a giant spider, and both are forced to flee when the alarm goes off. They are confronted by an armed Lila, and are kicked out. Stressed, Lila calls Jaune, who offers to take her out to drink. She accepts, and leaves Skid with Pump under Susie care, whose grandfather went out for the moment. Despite Susie ordering them not to go outside, Skid and Pump immediately head out and go around town, terrorizing people such as Kevin, a Happy Fella mascot, the hatzgang, and Ignacio, one of their neighbors. After being chased out of the Morgue by Patty, Patty reenters, only to find a shadowy creature in front of her. The duo eventually reach the church, only to be denied entry by Father Gregor. Feeling sympathetic for their respective troubles with their parents, he offers to guide them into the light by ordering them to go and ask forgiveness to everyone they wronged. As they go around town asking forgiveness, John and Jack head to the morgue to ask an update on one of the bodies. They find Patty standing there with yellow eyes, but think its due to the stress of her job and give her some space. Once Skid and Pump head back to the hospital to apologize to Patty, Father Gregor recognizes her state as possession and quickly takes the kids to the police to watch them. As Father Gregor attempts to preform an exorcism, Skid and Pump return and distract him, but is still able to free Patty from the possession. An ooze falls out, and a figure emerges, revealing to be Moloch in his full form. As Moloch attempts to take the children and trick Father Gregor, Skid and Pump call out Moloch's name in defense, unknowingly weakening him. As Father Gregor berates the children for summoning a demon, Moloch escapes, forcing Father Gregor to give pursuit. Moloch possesses multiple people, only to be ejected each time. Eventually, he reaches Skid's home, where he possess both Skid and Pump. Despite injuring Father Gregor, he is able to release Moloch from Skid and Pump, and eventually banish him, turning Moloch into stone. As Skid and Pump cry for their fallen "friend," Father Gregor runs into a drunk Lila, who he then berates her parenting before leaving. He then returns to the church, only to be knocked out by the cult, who then take him to meet the Eyes of the Universe. Pump returns home thanks to Jaune, where his grandpa soon returns with a gift claiming it to be from his parents, but Susie spots the receipt. Skid apologizes to his mom, where they both hug and cry, unaware of the spider in the attic, lifting up the mannequin that was knocked down earlier.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: Ooga booga jumpscares in the middle of the credits this time, claiming it can happen anywhere now.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: The thin and fat thief report what happened to their boss: the candy dealer. The candy dealer claims to the cultists that they were ambushed, but the fat thief tries to mention the giant spider. While the candy dealer is upset to learn they failed due to a spider, the cultists leave them. The candy dealer tells the thieves to be careful, as their luck was running out. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = The Wacky Wicked Woods | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2026|10|2}} | EpisodeNumber = 7 | EpisodeNumber2 = 7 | ShortSummary = After Roy tricked Skid and Pump into thinking there's candy in the forest, Susie, Ross, Robert, and a reluctant Roy enter the forest to find the two kids. After Susie finds them, Roy yells at them before Susie starts berating Roy for his "joke." Roy angrily stomps on a mushroom, releasing a cloud of spores and changing the episode's aspect ratio. The kids find themselves in the company of a shadowy figure, who introduces herself as Aspen Moor, and invites them into her cottage conveniently nearby. Inside, she treats the kids to any food they want, and soon also offers to play games, based on Skid's suggestion to Pump. Roy asks for a reward, with Aspen offering a wish to whoever wins the games. While Susie want's to be led out of the forest, Pump requests that his parents come back home. Aspen accepts Pump's wish proposal, and sets up a gameshow-like stage, where a kid is randomly selected to pick a game. Ross is chosen first, and decides to play TnT, a role-playing game. Transported into a dungeon, the group is confronted by a Beholder. Despite replacing Skid and Pump's D20s with 6-sided dice, they still roll 20s, winning the game. Aspen sets up another round, where Susie is chosen to pick the game. She chooses a "Left for Dead" like game where the group shoots a hoard of mushroom creatures. Skid and Pump find a massive gun, and Susie helps them use it on the boss, winning again. Aspen begrudgingly offers Skid and Pump each a pick of one of three hidden prizes. As they won cookies and a couch, Roy, having thrown up earlier, begins to pass out. Roy awakens in the real world, where they all have been taken to an abandoned cottage, and are covered in mushroom stains. Aspen, hidden in the shadows, grabs Roy and forces him to inhale more spores. Back outside the forest, the parents of the missing children and the police are leading a search party, when they find a candy wrapper, leading them to CandyCastle. They question Kevin, who recalls that the Hatzgang came three days ago, and when Skid, Pump, and Susie came in, Roy told Skid and Pump there was something in the forest. Susie ran after them, along with Ross and Robert. Kevin suggested Roy goes with them, and haven't seen them since. Upset that Kevin never told anyone, they force him to help them search in the woods. Back in the fantasy, Roy is put back to the show, and it's Pump's turn. Pump picks "all the games," and is transported to a Candyland-like board game, where each of he kids are in a game by themselves. Upset that he's supposed to play alone, he starts throwing dirt at Aspen. Aspen then sends all the kids to trial, but Skid and Pump's only defense is that they now want to play hide'n seek. Seeing this as an opportunity to look for an exit, the other kids agree. Aspen only agrees to this when she realizes the adults are entering the forest. As she quickly counts to a million, the kids search backstage through a series of doors, before finding a door leading to a pitch black void, where they all enter. Back in the real world, a search party of parents, the cops, and Kevin proceed deeper in the woods. Kevin trips on a branch and lands on a mushroom, inhaling the spores. He begins to hallucinate, and flees in terror, running into Aspen before he faints. Back at the cottage, the kids wake up, only to witness Aspen dragging Kevin inside, revealing to be a tree demon with a skull necklace. They flee, but the surrounding trees block their path. Aspen attempts to take Skid and Pump's souls with the necklace, but Susie triggers a snowball fight. Skid and Pump form a giant snowball, unknowingly with a large stone poking out, and throws it at Aspen. The rock shatters the necklace, releasing the soul contained within, and turning Aspen into a normal tree. The kids celebrate their victory, and the search party finds them soon after. As the kids reunite with their parents, Susie and Pump find that their own parents have finally returned, and happily reunite. The kids are taken to the hospital to have their vitals checked. As Susie tries to sleep, she is suddenly awaken by the image of Aspen. As she goes to check on Pump, she finds that a tree is seemingly stalking her. She returns to her bed, and, as well as the Hatzgang, is terrified.<br>[[YouTube]] ending: Kevin awakens in the cottage, where the shadow of Aspen approaches. As the figure enters the room, it's revealed to be Ooga Booga, who scares Kevin. He runs out of the cottage in terror, also encountering terrifying creatures in the woods. He eventually exits the forest, but not before a tree makes Kevin fall one last time.<br>[[Newgrounds]] ending: John, living with Jack after his house was burned down, is looking at his board about the cult case, along with drawings of Aspen drawn by the kids. Jack and Patty enter, with John saying how he couldn't find the remains of Aspen or the cottage in the woods. Jack thinks it was just the mushrooms, but John thinks it's a lead that could lead him to finding his daughter. As John apologizes for lashing out, a cultist overhears this and makes a call. Garcia barges into Mayor Evermore's office, who tells him that the tree is dead. As it was the only thing "holding everything," they need to bring someone back. | LineColor = 000000 }}}} ===Short=== {{Episode table |background=000000 |overall= |season= |title= |airdate= |episodes= {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Short - Streber's Rehearsal | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|3|18}} | EpisodeNumber = 1 | EpisodeNumber2 = 1 | ShortSummary = Streber prepares for the haunted house by finishing his mirror trick, using a green cape as a green screen to make it seem he doesn't have a reflection, and thus, a vampire. His coworkers say he put way too much effort, but Streber refutes by saying its for the kids' enjoyment. As Streber mentions his arm feeling real tired, his coworkers tell him to take it easy, as they jokingly say they don't want to find him part of the "undead." | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Short - Kevin's Dream Job | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2024|10|31}} | EpisodeNumber = 2 | EpisodeNumber2 = 2 | ShortSummary = Years ago, Kevin applied for his dream job: to work at CandyCastle. He got the job, but quickly found it to be boring with no customers and only cleans. Suddenly, two kids arrive: a young Skid and Pump trick-or-treating. When Kevin mentions its September, the kids take this as "trick" and trash the store. Upset at the kids for undoing his cleaning, he yells at them, demanding their parents. Skid cries, and Pump reveals that Skid's dad recently died. Sympathetic, Kevin gives the two candy cans and apologizes. Happy, they thank him and Pump gives Kevin a present. Once they leave, Kevin opens the bag, only to find worms, bugs, and spiders crawling out. As he wipes them off his body, their voices saying "See you later, Kevin!" echo. He looks out in horror as time fasts forwards, witnessing the events of the Spooky Month episodes, past and future. He eventually wakes up in a cold sweet. | LineColor = 000000 }} }} ===Merch promotions=== {{Episode table |background=000000 |overall= |season= |title= |airdate= |episodes= {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Merch | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2019|10|29}} | EpisodeNumber = 1 | EpisodeNumber2 = 1 | ShortSummary = A promotion by the Ooga Booga for Spooky Month plushies and shirts. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Merch! | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|9|21}} | EpisodeNumber = 2 | EpisodeNumber2 = 2 | ShortSummary = A promotion by Frank for Spooky Month shirts and keychains. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Plushies! | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2021|10|10}} | EpisodeNumber = 3 | EpisodeNumber2 = 3 | ShortSummary = Skid and Pump watch a commercial for plushies of themselves. The commercial then has a witch animation which turns Skid and Pump into plush versions of themselves. Lila then walks in crying because her son won't speak to her, before being mesmerized by the commercial herself. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = Spooky Month Merch!!! | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|4|22}} | EpisodeNumber = 4 | EpisodeNumber2 = 4 | ShortSummary = Promotion for merch hosted by Rick and Sr Pelo. | LineColor = 000000 }} {{Episode list | Title = SPOOKY MONTH Soundtrack Vol. 1 | OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2023|5|6}} | EpisodeNumber = 5 | EpisodeNumber2 = 5 | ShortSummary = Promotion for the Spooky Month soundtrack, where the Piper lures people with his music. John and Jack shoot the Piper, but confused to see a skeleton and hear that the music wasn't stopping. They look and fall into a mysterious hole. | LineColor = 000000 }} }} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{IMDb title|19356316}} [[Category:2020 American television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s YouTube series]] [[Category:2010s web series debuts]] [[Category:2010s web series endings]] [[Category:2010s Mexican television series]] [[Category:2010s Mexican television series debuts]] [[Category:2018 television series debuts]] [[Category:2010s Mexican television series endings]] [[Category:2018 television series endings]] [[Category:Mexican television series]] [[Category:Spanish-language television programs]] [[Category:American English-language television shows]] [[Category:Web series]] [[Category:2010s animated television series]] ohgwn5sln8lfxecuv334sifpb24hpwc 0 1156398 11024265 10690368 2026-10-09T02:00:38Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 11024265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Matt Meyer | image = Delmarva Chicken Association Booster BBQ - 55313846273 (cropped).jpg | caption = Meyer in 2025 | order = 76th [[Governor of Delaware]] | lieutenant = [[Kyle Evans Gay]] | term_start = January 21, 2025 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Bethany Hall-Long]] | successor = | office1 = 11th Executive of [[New Castle County, Delaware|New Castle County]] | term_start1 = January 3, 2017 | term_end1 = January 21, 2025 | predecessor1 = [[Thomas P. Gordon]] | successor1 = Marcus Henry | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|9|29}} | birth_place = [[Bay City, Michigan]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | spouse = Lauren Meyer | children = 1 | education = [[Brown University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]])<br>[[University of Michigan]] ([[Juris Doctor|JD]]) }} '''Matthew S. Meyer''' (born September 29, 1971) is an American politician and attorney who has been the 76th and current [[Governor of Delaware]] since 2025. He was the 11th [[New Castle County, Delaware|New Castle County executive]] from 2017 to 2025. He is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. Meyer has been seen as a [[progressive]]. He supports [[Universal preschool|universal pre-K]], [[Free school meals|universal free school meals]], the cancellation of [[medical debt]], [[police accountability]], and a state constitutional amendment supporting the right to [[abortion]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vision for Delaware |url=https://mattmeyer.org/vision-of-delaware/ |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Matt Meyer - Democrat for Governor |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Edelen |first=Joseph |date=2024-04-15 |title=Gubernatorial candidate Matt Meyer unveils plan to improve education in Delaware |url=https://baytobaynews.com/stories/gubernatorial-candidate-matt-meyer-unveils-plan-to-improve-education-in-delaware,132850 |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=Bay to Bay News |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== *[https://mattmeyer.org/ Campaign website] {{DEFAULTSORT:Meyer, Matt}} [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Politicians from Michigan]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:Politicians from Wilmington, Delaware]] [[Category:Governors of Delaware]] {{US-bio-stub}} {{USGovernors}} gi15ny8yrkj3cr2qvclm91rfqbi3x8v 0 1157193 11024206 11022472 2026-10-08T23:19:45Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 added [[Category:Infectious diseases]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 11024206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{good}} {{Infobox medical condition | name = Vaginal yeast infection | synonyms = ''Candidal vulvovaginitis'', vaginal thrush | image = Vaginal candidiasis, Gram stain.jpg | caption = [[Gram stain]] showing the spores and [[pseudohyphae]] of ''[[Candida albicans]]'' surrounded by round vaginal [[epithelial cells|skin cells]], during a yeast infection | field = [[Gynaecology]] | symptoms = Vaginal itching, [[Dysuria|burning with urination]], white and thick [[vaginal discharge]], pain with sex, redness around the vagina | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = Excessive growth of ''[[Candida]]'' | risks = [[Antibiotics]], [[pregnancy]], [[diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], [[HIV/AIDS]], weak [[immune system]] | diagnosis = Testing the vaginal discharge, microbial evaluation | differential = [[chlamydia infection|Chlamydia]], [[gonorrhea]], [[bacterial vaginosis]] | prevention = | treatment = [[Antifungal medication]] | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = 75% of women at some point | deaths = }} A '''vaginal yeast infection''' is an [[infection]] caused by too much growth of [[yeast]] in the [[vagina]]. This causes a [[Vaginal discharge|discharge]] and [[irritation]]. It is also called candidal '''vulvovaginitis''' and '''vaginal thrush'''. A vaginal yeast infection will not go away on its own.<ref name=":8" /> The fungus ''[[Candida albicans]]'' is a [[fungus]] that usually causes yeast infections. It is so small it can only be seen with a [[microscope]]. It is responsible for about nine out of every ten infections. Other [[species]] that cause vaginal yeast infections are ''[[C. glabrata]], [[Candida tropicalis]], [[Pichia kudriavzevii]], [[Candida parapsilosis]], and [[Meyerozyma guilliermondii]].''<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Makanjuola|first1=Olufunmilola|last2=Bongomin|first2=Felix|last3=Fayemiwo|first3=Samuel|date=2018-10-31|title=An Update on the Roles of Non-albicans Candida Species in Vulvovaginitis|journal=Journal of Fungi|language=en|volume=4|issue=4|pages=121|doi=10.3390/jof4040121|doi-access=free |issn=2309-608X|pmc=6309050|pmid=30384449}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Pappas|first1=Peter G.|last2=Kauffman|first2=Carol A.|last3=Andes|first3=David R.|last4=Clancy|first4=Cornelius J.|last5=Marr|first5=Kieren A.|last6=Ostrosky-Zeichner|first6=Luis|last7=Reboli|first7=Annette C.|last8=Schuster|first8=Mindy G.|last9=Vazquez|first9=Jose A.|last10=Walsh|first10=Thomas J.|last11=Zaoutis|first11=Theoklis E.|date=2016-02-15|title=Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America|url=https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/62/4/e1/2462830|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|language=en|volume=62|issue=4|pages=e1–e50|doi=10.1093/cid/civ933|issn=1537-6591|pmc=4725385|pmid=26679628}}</ref> ''Candida albicans'' can cause infections in other parts of the body.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|last1=Talapko|first1=Jasminka|last2=Juzbašić|first2=Martina|last3=Matijević|first3=Tatjana|last4=Pustijanac|first4=Emina|last5=Bekić|first5=Sanja|last6=Kotris|first6=Ivan|last7=Škrlec|first7=Ivana|date=2021-01-22|title=Candida albicans—The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection|journal=Journal of Fungi|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=79|doi=10.3390/jof7020079|doi-access=free |issn=2309-608X|pmc=7912069|pmid=33499276 |bibcode=2021JFung...7...79T }}</ref> The vagina has a [[Vaginal flora|normal growth]] of [[bacteria]] and yeast.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rosati|first1=Diletta|last2=Valentine|first2=Marisa|last3=Bruno|first3=Mariolina|last4=Pradhan|first4=Arnab|last5=Dietschmann|first5=Axel|last6=Jaeger|first6=Martin|last7=Leaves|first7=Ian|last8=van de Veerdonk|first8=Frank L.|last9=Joosten|first9=Leo A.B.|last10=Roy|first10=Sumita|last11=Stappers|first11=Mark H. T.|date=2025-12-31|title=Lactic acid in the vaginal milieu modulates the Candida -host interaction|journal=Virulence|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|article-number=2451165 |doi=10.1080/21505594.2025.2451165|issn=2150-5594|pmc=11760238|pmid=39843417}}</ref> The yeast is often found in small numbers in the mouth, [[Human digestive system|digestive tract]] and on the skin.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":12" /> But when too much yeast grows, irritation usually happens.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Yeast infection (vaginal) - Symptoms and causes|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/yeast-infection/symptoms-causes/syc-20378999|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Mayo Clinic|language=en}}</ref> Sometimes the [[drug]]s used to treat the infection stop working.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Emerging Infectious Diseases journal|url=https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/404.html?aspxerrorpath=/eid/article/10/1/03-0119_article|access-date=2024-12-22|website=wwwnc.cdc.gov}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> Some yeasts become [[Antibiotic resistance|resistant]] to antifungal drugs. This makes them hard to treat.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Candidiasis (yeast infection)|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/candidiasis-(yeast-infection)|access-date=2026-08-24|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> There are times when the yeast grows in other areas of the body like the [[abdomen]] and the top of the [[mons pubis]].<ref name=":8" /> This infection does not have a smell.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mendling|first1=W.|last2=Brasch|first2=J.|date=2012|title=Guideline vulvovaginal candidosis (2010) of the german society for gynecology and obstetrics, the working group for infections and infectimmunology in gynecology and obstetrics, the german society of dermatology, the board of german dermatologists and the german speaking mycological society|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1439-0507.2012.02185.x|journal=Mycoses|language=en|volume=55|issue=s3|pages=1–13|doi=10.1111/j.1439-0507.2012.02185.x|pmid=22519657 |issn=1439-0507}}</ref> These infections are common. Between 75-80% of women have at least one infection in their life, about 5-9% have four or more, per year.<ref name="Rosati">Diletta Rosati et al.: ''Lactic acid in the vaginal milieu modulates the Candida-host interaction.'' In: ''Virulence'', 2025, Volume 16, Nr 1 [[doi:10.1080/21505594.2025.2451165]].</ref><ref name=":3" /> == Signs and symptoms == Sometimes an infection does not cause any [[symptom]]s.<ref>{{Citation|title=Overview: Vaginal yeast infection (thrush)|date=2026-02-09|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK543220/|work=InformedHealth.org [Internet]|publisher=Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG)|language=en|access-date=2026-08-17}}</ref> A yeast infection is usually very uncomfortable. It can feel like burning. It causes itching and swelling.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal Yeast Infection: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-vaginal-yeast-infection|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Cleveland Clinic|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal yeast infections|url=https://womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/vaginal-yeast-infections|access-date=2026-08-13|website=womenshealth.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Candidal Vaginitis - Gynecology and Obstetrics|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/vaginitis-cervicitis-and-pelvic-inflammatory-disease/candidal-vaginitis|access-date=2026-09-08|website=Merck Manual Professional Edition|language=en-US}}</ref>The infection can make tiny cracks in the skin of the vulva.<ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=Cleveland Clinic - Vaginal Yeast Infection|url=https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/5019-vaginal-yeast-infection}}</ref><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":7" /> The skin of the vulva can have scratch marks.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-22|title=Vulvovaginal Candidiasis - STI Treatment Guidelines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm|access-date=2026-09-04|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> A vaginal yeast infection can cause [[vaginal discharge]]. The vaginal discharge can be like water or it can be thick, white, and chunky. [[Intercourse|Sex]] may be painful during the infection. It may be painful to pee.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Vaginal yeast infection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/001511.htm|access-date=2024-12-23|website=medlineplus.gov|language=en}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> A vaginal yeast infection usually causes the vagina and [[vulva]] to become swollen, itchy and red.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Vaginitis|url=https://medlineplus.gov/vaginitis.html|access-date=2024-12-25|website=medlineplus.gov}}{{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> == Risk factors and causes == [[File:Yeast Infection.png|thumb|An image of a yeast infection]] If the body has a weak [[immune system]], this makes it more likely that a woman will get a vaginal yeast infection. Taking certain types of medicine like [[antibiotics]] increases the risk of having a vaginal yeast infection. Medicine can be one risk factor of a vaginal yeast infection. These medicines are [[antibiotics]], [[steroids]], and [[chemotherapy]] drugs.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-05-16|title=Risk Factors for Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/risk-factors/index.html|access-date=2024-12-22|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> The risk of infection is higher if a woman is [[Pregnancy|pregnant]].<ref name=":8" /> The risk is greater if a woman [[Douche|douches]] or uses spray in her vaginal area.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":3" /> Some health conditions make it likely to have a yeast infection. These are [[Type 2 diabetes|diabetes]], [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS,]] and [[cancer]]. Being [[overweight]] is a [[risk factor]].<ref name=":7" /> If a woman is taking [[Birth control pill|birth control pills]], she is more likely to have a yeast infection. The risk of having a vagina yeast infection is increased if the woman has a weak [[immune system]].<ref name=":4" /> Taking [[Corticosteroid|corticosteroids]] is also a risk factor.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2021-07-22|title=Vulvovaginal Candidiasis - STI Treatment Guidelines|url=https://www.cdc.gov/std/treatment-guidelines/candidiasis.htm|access-date=2026-08-15|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":15">{{Cite journal|last1=Gonçalves|first1=Bruna|last2=Ferreira|first2=Carina|last3=Alves|first3=Carlos Tiago|last4=Henriques|first4=Mariana|last5=Azeredo|first5=Joana|last6=Silva|first6=Sónia|date=2016|title=Vulvovaginal candidiasis: Epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/1040841X.2015.1091805|journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology|language=en|volume=42|issue=6|pages=905–927|doi=10.3109/1040841X.2015.1091805|pmid=26690853 |hdl=1822/42438 |issn=1040-841X}}</ref> Pregnancy is also a risk factor.<ref name=":3" /> If a woman is taking [[hormone replacement therapy]] drugs, she increases her risk of getting the infection.<ref name=":9" /> Infections are often seen in in warmer climates.<ref name=":10" /> In many cases, infections are caused by ''[[Candida albicans]]''. This [[species]] is responsible for about nine out of every ten infections.<ref name="Felberbaum"> {{Cite web|last=|date=2024-09-06|title=CDC, Candidiasis Basics|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/about/index.html|access-date=2026-08-14|website=Candidiasis|language=}}</ref> The other cases are caused by other species of yeast. In total, there are about ten species that cause infections. Candida albicans is a common fungus often found in the mouth, [[digestive tract]], or vagina without causing problems.<ref name=":7" /> Some men will may develop symptoms of an infection. These are itching or irritation of the [[penis]].<ref name=":7" /> Other symptoms include burning and redness around the tip of the penis.<ref name=":9" /> There may be discharge that may be like [[cottage cheese]]. It may be hard to pull back the [[foreskin]]. A vaginal yeast infection can be spread through sex.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|last1=Achkar|first1=Jacqueline M.|last2=Fries|first2=Bettina C.|date=April 2010|title=Candida Infections of the Genitourinary Tract|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|language=en|volume=23|issue=2|pages=253–273|doi=10.1128/CMR.00076-09|issn=0893-8512|pmc=2863365|pmid=20375352}}</ref> In men, an infection of yeast can cause [[balanitis]]. When the infection includes the foreskin it is called ''balanoposthitis''.<ref name=":13" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2025-02-19|title=Balanitis: Practice Essentials, Etiology|url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/777026-overview|journal=Medscape}}</ref> == Treatment == It is common for the doctor to look for other symptoms of other [[Sexually transmitted disease|infections]].<ref name=":9" /> To find out whether or not a woman has a vaginal yeast infection, a doctor may look through a [[microscope]] to see the yeast.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite book|title=Williams Gynecology|url=https://archive.org/details/williamsgynecolo0000unse_d1t9|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education|year=2016|isbn=978-0-07-184908-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/williamsgynecolo0000unse_d1t9/page/60 60]–63}}</ref> The health worker may look at the vagina and vulva. A sample of the vaginal discharge will be tested to check for other infections.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2018-01-09|title=Thrush in men and women|url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/thrush-in-men-and-women/|access-date=2026-08-20|website=nhs.uk|language=en}}</ref> There are different drugs that can be used for treatment. Treatment takes between a few days and two weeks. Some drugs are taken by mouth, but others come in the form of a cream or with medicine that is put inside the vagina. Some drugs can be bought without a [[prescription]].<ref name=":1" /> Drugs used to treat a vaginal yeast infection come in different forms. These are creams, pills, or [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] treatment (IV). Treatment is often a cream put in the vagina or a pill of [[fluconazole]]. Creams can be sold without a prescription. If the infection doesn't get better, the doctor may try giving more doses of fluconazole. The doctor may prescribe other drugs such as [[nystatin]], [[boric acid]], or [[flucytosine]].<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2025-09-12|title=Treatment of Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/treatment/index.html|access-date=2026-08-15|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}</ref> Clotrimazole, Tioconazole, [[Butoconazole]], and Miconazole are medicines that are sometimes used to treat vaginal yeast infections.<ref name=":6" /> A yeast infection may last just a few days if it is treated.<ref name=":8" /> Treatment for pregnant women can be different from non-pregnant women.<ref name=":6" /> If a woman has five or more infections in a year the doctor may prescribe more medication for a time. After being treated for a few months women may find their infections are are fewer or gone.<ref name=":11" /> Probiotics or [[Homeopathy|homeopathic]] medications do not work to treat a vaginal yeast infection.<ref name=":14" /> == Prevention == The yeast grows in warm, moist conditions.<ref name=":9" /> Reducing the risk of having a vaginal yeast infection can be helped by wearing [[cotton]] [[underwear]], wearing breathable clothing, and keeping the [[vulva]] cool, dry and clean.<ref Name="cdc_preventing_candiasis">{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=2024-05-16|title=Preventing Candidiasis|url=https://www.cdc.gov/candidiasis/prevention/index.html|access-date=2026-08-15|website=Candidiasis|language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":10" /> [[Yogurt]] is eaten and is sometimes useful after taking antibiotics.<ref name=":7" /> Avoiding unnecessary antibiotic medication can reduce vaginal yeast infections.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-07-11|title=What Is a Yeast Infection? {{!}} Causes & Symptoms|url=https://mcn.care/what-is-a-yeast-infection/|access-date=2026-08-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Not [[Douche|douching]] will make it less likely to have the infection. If a woman has [[diabetes]], keeping [[blood sugar]] normal can help with prevention.<ref name=":2" /> If a woman has wet clothes, changing into dry clothes helps to prevent this infection.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2026-07-31|title=What doctors want patients to know about preventing yeast infections|url=https://www.ama-assn.org/public-health/prevention-wellness/what-doctors-want-patients-know-about-preventing-yeast-infections|access-date=2026-08-17|website=American Medical Association|language=en}}</ref> Wash [[Diaphragm (birth control)|diaphragms]], [[Menstrual cup|menstrual cups]], cervical caps, and [[spermicide]] devices after every use.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|last=Abraham|first=Dr Cynthia|title=Think You Have a Vaginal Infection? Here's What You Need to Know.|url=https://www.acog.org/womens-health/experts-and-stories/the-latest/think-you-have-a-vaginal-infection-heres-what-you-need-to-know|access-date=2026-08-24|website=www.acog.org|language=en}}</ref> Treatment of women with no symptoms of vaginal yeast infection in pregnancy lowers the risk of [[Premature birth|preterm]] birth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Roberts|first1=Christine L|last2=Algert|first2=Charles S|last3=Rickard|first3=Kristen L|last4=Morris|first4=Jonathan M|date=December 2015|title=Treatment of vaginal candidiasis for the prevention of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=Systematic Reviews|language=en|volume=4|issue=1|article-number=31 |doi=10.1186/s13643-015-0018-2|doi-access=free |issn=2046-4053|pmc=4373465|pmid=25874659}}</ref> == Complications == Symptoms may not go away after treatment with medicine. In some cases symptoms get worse. Sometimes other symptoms appear. In addition to a vaginal yeast, the woman may have an [[Sexually transmitted disease|STI]]. Many vaginal yeast infections could mean that there may be other health problems. Other infections or discharge can be another, different infection.<ref name=":7" /> Complicated thrush is four or more episodes of thrush in a year or when there are severe symptoms of inflammation. If the woman is [[Pregnancy|pregnant]], has a poorly-controlled [[Diabetes mellitus|diabetes]], or a [[Immunodeficiency|poor immune function]] the thrush is classified as complicated. This is also the case if the thrush is not caused by Candida albicans.<ref name=":15" /> == Related pages == * [[Vaginal flora]] * [[Candidiasis|Thrush]] * [[Candidiasis]] == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{Commonscat-inline}} {{Medical resources | DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|37|3|b|35}}, {{ICD10|N|77|1|n|70}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|112.1}}, {{ICD9|616.1}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001511 | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = D002181 }} [[Category:Diseases and disorders of the female reproductive system]] [[Category:Fungal diseases]] [[Category:Women's health]] [[Category:Medicine]] [[Category:Infectious diseases]] 15yncjqfl3g7eo0gf3ew04wr0u5hwts 0 1160641 11024211 10599915 2026-10-08T23:38:21Z Budew1234 1782565 added sources 11024211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox number |number = 178 |divisor = 1, 2, 3, 8, 11, 16, 22, 44, 88, 176}} '''176''' ('''one hundred seventy-six''')is a number. It comes after [[175 (number)|175]] and before [[177 (number)|177]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vanovschi |first=Vitalii |title=Properties of the number 178 |url=http://www.numberempire.com:80/178 |access-date=2026-08-26 |website=www.numberempire.com |language=en}}</ref> == Mathematics == * 176 is an even number. * It is a composite number. * It is an [[abundant number]].<ref name=":0" /> * Its divisors are 1, 2, 4, 8, 11, 16, 22, 44, 88, and 176.<ref name=":0" /> * It is a [[pentagonal number]].<ref name=":0" /> * It is a [[octogonal number]].<ref name=":0" /> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Integers]] {{math-stub}} 61z604pt9breslhkz0msvw6i1c7plcy 10 1161243 11024231 11019903 2026-10-09T01:33:11Z Cyberbot I 224035 Updating Admin Stats ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 11024231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adminstats/Core |edits=7410 |ed=8270 |created=2 |deleted=1647 |revdel=174 |eventdel=1 |restored=10 |blocked=194 |protected=17 |unprotected=0 |rights=17 |reblock=10 |unblock=2 |modify=2 |filter=2 |merge=0 |massmessage=0 |rename=0 |import=2 |style={{{style|}}}}} p3391d2bew1jgplklkyddbml8gn1915 0 1172479 11024111 11012649 2026-10-08T20:56:33Z ~2026-54350-92 1886650 /* */ 11024111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox movie | name = Sinners | image = File:Sinners 2025 film logo.png | caption = Official Logo | director = [[Ryan Coogler]] | producer = {{Plainlist| * Zinzi Coogler * Sev Ohanian * [[Ryan Coogler]] }} | writer = Ryan Coogler | starring = <!-- Order per billing block on poster -->{{Plainlist| * [[Michael B. Jordan]] * [[Hailee Steinfeld]] * Miles Caton * Jack O'Connell * [[Wunmi Mosaku]] * Jayme Lawson * Omar Benson Miller * [[Delroy Lindo]] }}<!-- Order per billing block on poster --> | music = [[Ludwig Göransson]] | cinematography = [[Autumn Durald Arkapaw]] | editing = Michael P. Shawver | studio = Proximity Media<!-- Please do not add Domain Entertainment to the list, as this is a financial company. --> | distributor = [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|2025|4|3|AMC Lincoln Square|2025|4|18|United States}} | runtime = 137 minutes<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2025 |title=''Sinners'' (15) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/sinners-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi0mdu0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250410161242/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/sinners-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi0mdu0 |archive-date=April 10, 2025 |access-date=April 10, 2025 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification|BBFC]]}}</ref><ref name="Box Office Mojo">{{cite Box Office Mojo|id=31193180|title=Sinners|access-date=May 17, 2025|archive-date=May 1, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501130001/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt31193180/|url-status=live}}</ref> | country = United States | language = English | budget = $90–100 million<ref>{{Cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=May 26, 2025 |title=''Sinners Scores $45 Million in Massive Second Weekend'' |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/news/sinners-box-office-massive-second-weekend-star-wars-revenge-of-the-sith-rerelease-scores-1236379466/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |first=Rebecca|last=Rubin |access-date=May 26, 2025|archive-date=April 27, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427153027/https://variety.com/2025/film/news/sinners-box-office-massive-second-weekend-star-wars-revenge-of-the-sith-rerelease-scores-1236379466/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Brian Welk |date=April 21, 2025 |title=''Let's Talk About 'Sinners' and Profitability'' |url=https://www.indiewire.com/news/box-office/sinners-box-office-profitability-analysis-1235117258/ |website=[[IndieWire]] |access-date=May 27, 2025 |archive-date=April 21, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250421213843/https://www.indiewire.com/news/box-office/sinners-box-office-profitability-analysis-1235117258/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Galuppo">{{Cite web |last1=Galuppo |first1=Mia |last2=Kit |first2=Borys |date=April 7, 2025 |title=''Minecraft'' Is a Massive Hit, Giving Michael De Luca and Pamela Abdy an Extra Life |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/did-minecraft-change-mike-de-luca-and-pam-abdy-1236184061/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250407233307/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/did-minecraft-change-mike-de-luca-and-pam-abdy-1236184061/ |archive-date=April 7, 2025 |access-date=April 8, 2025 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> | gross = $370 million<ref>{{cite web|title=Sinners (2025) – Financial Information|website=The Numbers |access-date=May 17, 2025|archive-date=May 2, 2025|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Sinners-(2025)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502014147/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Sinners-(2025)|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Box Office Mojo"/> }} '''''Sinners''''' is a 2025 American [[horror movie]]<!-- Please do not add genres without discussing on the talk page.-->{{efn|Described as a genre-defying movie, ''Sinners'' is a [[period]] [[drama]] that incorporates a hybrid of [[Southern Gothic]], [[gangster movie]], [[supernatural]] [[horror movie]], and [[Musical movie|musical]] elements.<ref name="Nicholson-2025">{{Cite news |last=Nicholson |first=Amy |author-link=Amy Nicholson |date=April 17, 2025 |title=Review: Ryan Coogler's gory and glorious 'Sinners', a Southern vampire horror-musical, is a hell of a high |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2025-04-17/sinners-review-ryan-coogler-michael-b-jordan-delroy-lindo-miles-caton-hailee-steinfeld |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418001330/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2025-04-17/sinners-review-ryan-coogler-michael-b-jordan-delroy-lindo-miles-caton-hailee-steinfeld |archive-date=April 18, 2025 |access-date=April 18, 2025 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2025-04-24 |title='Sinners' Is a Black Musical |url=https://www.autostraddle.com/sinners-is-a-black-musical/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Autostraddle |language=en-US |archive-date=April 29, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429162439/https://www.autostraddle.com/sinners-is-a-black-musical/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thompson |first=Paul A. |date=2025-04-22 |title=Sinners Review: Finally, A Transcendental Southern Gothic Vampire Musical Blockbuster |url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/sinners-movie-review/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US |archive-date=May 13, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250513100743/https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/sinners-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} produced, written, and directed by [[Ryan Coogler]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Barber |first=Nicholas |title='It doesn't stick to the rules': The reason Sinners has become a true box-office sensation |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/culture/article/20250428-the-reason-sinners-has-become-a-true-box-office-sensation |date=28 April 2025 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en |archive-date=May 2, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250502101243/https://www.bbc.co.uk/culture/article/20250428-the-reason-sinners-has-become-a-true-box-office-sensation |url-status=live }}</ref> Set in 1932 in the [[Mississippi Delta]], it stars [[Michael B. Jordan]] in dual roles as criminal twin brothers who return to their hometown in the [[Jim Crow laws|Jim Crow]] South, where they are confronted by a [[supernatural]] evil. The film co-stars [[Hailee Steinfeld]], Miles Caton (in his film debut), Jack O'Connell, [[Wunmi Mosaku]], Jayme Lawson, Omar Benson Miller, and [[Delroy Lindo]]. Coogler began developing ''Sinners'' through his production company Proximity Media, with Jordan cast in the lead role. The project was announced in January 2024, and after a bidding war, [[Warner Bros.|Warner Bros. Pictures]] acquired distribution rights the following month. Additional roles were cast in April. [[Principal photography]] took place from April to July 2024. Longtime Coogler collaborator [[Ludwig Göransson]] composed the film's score and served as an executive producer. ''Sinners'' premiered on April 3, 2025 at AMC Lincoln Square in New York City,<ref name="VanHoose-2025">{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/michael-b-jordan-sinners-red-carpet-twin-photo-exclusive-11708864|title=Michael B. Jordan Has Fans Seeing Double with Stylish Twin Stunt at Sinners Premiere|magazine=People|last=VanHoose|first=Benjamin|date=April 3, 2025|access-date=June 8, 2025|archive-date=June 9, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609144144/https://people.com/michael-b-jordan-sinners-red-carpet-twin-photo-exclusive-11708864|url-status=live}}</ref> and was theatrically released in United States on April 18, 2025. It received critical acclaim<!--Per WP:FILMLEAD, any summary statement "should reflect an overall consensus explicitly summarized by one or more reliable sources".--> and was a commercial success, grossing $370 million worldwide against a budget of $90–100 million. The National Board of Review and the [[American Film Institute]] listed it among the top ten films of 2025. ''Sinners'' garnered many accolades, including a record-breaking 16 nominations at the 98th Academy Awards, winning four: [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Jordan), Best Original Screenplay (Coogler), [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] ([[Autumn Durald Arkapaw]], who became the first woman to win in the category), and [[Academy Award for Best Original Score|Best Original Score]] (Göransson). It also received 13 BAFTA Awards nominations, winning three, including Coogler's win for [[BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]; four Critics' Choice Awards; two Golden Globe Awards; two Actor Awards (including Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture); and a historic 18 nominations and 13 wins at the 57th NAACP Image Awards, including the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Motion Picture. == Plot == Elijah "Smoke" and Elias "Stack" Moore are [[identical twins]] who fought in [[World War I]]. After the war, they worked for the [[Chicago Outfit]], a crime group. In 1932, they return home to [[Clarksdale, Mississippi]], using stolen money to buy a [[sawmill]] from a racist man named Hogwood. They turn it into a juke joint for the Black community. Their cousin Sammie, a blues singer and guitar player, joins them. More people help with the juke joint: Smoke's wife Annie cooks; a Chinese couple, Grace and Bo Chow, provide supplies; and a field worker named Cornbread guards the door. Stack's ex-girlfriend, Mary, and musicians Delta Slim and Pearline (whom Sammie likes) also join. Meanwhile, an Irish vampire named Remmick is being hunted by a group of [[Choctaw]] people. He escapes and turns a married [[Ku Klux Klan|Klansmen]] couple into vampires. On opening night, Sammie's music calls spirits from the past and future. Remmick and his vampires ask to come in, offering money and music, but the twins refuse. After losing Mary, Cornbread, and Stack, Annie guesses they are vampires. She explains the vampire rules: they cannot enter buildings without being invited, cannot be cured, and can only be killed by sunlight, silver, or wooden stakes. Remmick still cannot enter, and offers to leave if they give him Sammie. He wants to use Sammie's music to reach his ancestors from Ireland. He also warns that Hogwood and the Klan plan to attack the juke at dawn. When Remmick threatens to harm the Chows' daughter, Lisa, Grace invites him inside. Only Sammie and Smoke survive the attack. Sammie hits Remmick with his silver guitar, hurting him. Smoke arrives and kills Remmick with a wooden stake. When the sun rises, the other vampires burn and die. Smoke sends Sammie away, then kills Hogwood and his men, but is shot and dies. As he dies, he sees a vision of Annie and their daughter, joining them in the [[afterlife]]. Sammie, despite his father's wish for him to give up music and follow God, goes to Chicago and becomes a blues musician. Sixty years later, an old Sammie finishes a performance at his local blues club. Stack and Mary, who turn out to still be alive and have not aged, visit him. Stack says Smoke let him live because he promised not to hurt Sammie. He offers to turn Sammie into a vampire, but Sammie refuses. He plays them one last song. As they leave, Sammie says that before the violence, that night was the best day of his life. Stack agrees, saying it was the last time he saw Smoke or the sun, and the only time he truly felt free. == Cast == * [[Michael B. Jordan]] as Smoke / Stack * [[Hailee Steinfeld]] as Mary * Miles Caton as Sammie Moore * Jack O'Connell as Remmick * [[Wunmi Mosaku]] as Annie * Jayme Lawson as Pearline * Omar Miller as Cornbread * [[Delroy Lindo]] as Delta Slim * Li Jun Li as Grace Chow * Peter Dreimanis as Bert * Lola Kirke as Joan * [[Saul Williams]] as Jedidiah Moore * Yao as Bo Chow * David Maldonado as Hogwood * Helena Hu as Lisa Chow * Andrene Ward-Hammond as Ruthie * Nathaniel Arcand as Chayton * Emonie Ellison as Therise * Tenaj L. Jackson as Beatrice ==Notes== {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == * {{Official website|https://www.sinnersmovie.net/}} * {{IMDb title|31193180|Sinners}} [[Category:2025 movies]] [[Category:2025 American movies]] [[Category:2025 horror movies]] [[Category:2025 English-language movies]] [[Category:African-American movies]] [[Category:American horror movies]] [[Category:Movies directed by Ryan Coogler]] [[Category:Movies set in the 1930s]] [[Category:Movies set in Mississippi]] [[Category:Warner Bros. movies]] [[Category:Movies about racism]] [[Category:Movies produced by Ryan Coogler]] [[Category:Vampires in movies]] [[Category:Golden Globe Award winning movies]] fzvy0ryn00c4741n35jls11enaiuu69 0 1172981 11024567 11023103 2026-10-09T09:53:17Z Ferien 1011873 Reverted to revision 11023068 by Ferien: Your changes are complex and far from simple. You are also blocked from this Wikipedia. Your edits will be reverted on-sight. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{no source}} '''Weaponization of antisemitism''' is a term used to describe [[Lie|accusation]]s of [[antisemitism]] that critics say are made in bad faith, especially to silence [[criticism]] of [[Israel]] or anti-[[Zionism]]. {{Stub}} ==See also== *[[Antisemitism]] 5bf91gfyosb44dx1togn99l77zrxsum 0 1177405 11024554 11023301 2026-10-09T09:27:06Z Ferien 1011873 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|This article is honestly quite a mess. Firstly, it is a piece by blocked user Steven1991. As always from them, it is extremely complex and unsuitable for this Wikipedia. It tries to combine anti-Judaism and antisemitism, and these are quite distinct things - I will let the enwiki article explain it (from [[:w:en:Anti-Judaism]], see that article's history for attribution) "Although these designations share a commonality—hatred towards a group of people—each term encompasses unique ideologies and prejudices. [...] Anti-Judaism encapsulates those who oppose the Jewish religion and religious system. [...] Antisemites hate and target Jews for their ethnic Jewish identity rather than religious beliefs." We already have the article [[antisemitism]], that this article mostly covers. An article directly addressing [[Anti-Judaism]] would be more preferable, but it is clear this cannot be a base for it.}} Since [[Ancient history|ancient times]], antisemites have spread [[antisemitism]] by promoting false claims about Judaism based on distortions of passages from the [[Talmud]] and ''[[Midrash]]''.<ref name="A3">{{cite book |url=http://archive.adl.org/presrele/asus_12/the_talmud.pdf |title=The Talmud in Anti-Semitic Polemics |publisher=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |year=2003 |access-date=15 August 2014 |page=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815143023/http://archive.adl.org/presrele/asus_12/the_talmud.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="AS">* {{cite web |website=The Librarian |title=Into the Depths of Evil: How the Nazis "Recruited" the Talmud for Anti-Semitic Propaganda |url=https://blog.nli.org.il/en/nazisandthetalmud |last=Lipson |first=Daniel |date=January 29, 2018 |access-date=March 25, 2025 |archive-date=March 14, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250314002002/https://blog.nli.org.il/en/nazisandthetalmud/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Forward]] |title=A guide to the Talmud for all the haters |url=https://forward.com/culture/575962/talmud-guide-conspiracy-theory-jewish-secrets-antisemitic |last=Fox |first=Mira |date=January 11, 2024 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish Chronicle |title=Online antisemites' new frontier? The Talmud |url=https://www.thejc.com/news/features/online-antisemites-new-frontier-the-talmud-jlqnzyo4 |last=Gillott |first=Hannah |date=August 20, 2024 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Aish.com |title=Antisemites Are Attacking the Talmud |url=https://aish.com/antisemites-are-attacking-the-talmud |author=Rabbi Efrem Goldberg |date=August 21, 2024 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=Page from the anti-Semitic German children's book, "Der Giftpilz" (The Poisonous Mushroom). The text reads, "It is written in the Talmud: 'Only the Jew is human. Non-Jews are not called humans, they are seen as animals', and because we Jews consider non-Jews to be animals, we refer to them only as Goy." |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/pa1069706 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }}</ref> ==Overview== Some antisemites judge the distorted passages by their own standards, and ignore the fact that the passages were written two [[Millennium|thousand years]] ago by those in different cultures.<ref name="A3" /><ref name="AS" /> Some antisemites also do so when they dislike something related to Judaism.<ref name="A3" /><ref name="AS" /> A common talk point of self-declared [[Critic|critics]] of Judaism is that "Jews hate or [[Conspiracy theory|conspire]] against [[Christianity]]".<ref name="A3" /><ref name="AntisemiticTropes"> * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=AJC's glossary of antisemitic terms, phrases, conspiracies, cartoons, themes, and memes. |url=https://www.ajc.org/sites/default/files/pdf/2021-02/AJC_Translate-Hate-Glossary-2021.pdf |year=2021 |access-date=December 3, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=World Jewish Congress |url=https://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/ihra-misconceptions |title=Magnifying glass<br>Debunking Misconceptions About the Definition of Antisemitism |access-date=October 23, 2024 |quote=Those who hate Jews can no longer hide behind empty rhetoric}} * {{cite web |website=[[Holocaust Encyclopedia]] |title=500 years of antisemitic propaganda |url=https://www.ushmm.org/collections/the-museums-collections/collections-highlights/500-years-of-antisemitic-propaganda |access-date=December 4, 2024}} * {{cite magazine |magazine=Fathom Journal |url=https://fathomjournal.org/holocaust-inversion-and-contemporary-antisemitism |title=Holocaust Inversion and contemporary antisemitism |last=Klaff |first=Lesley |year=2014 |access-date=October 24, 2024}} * {{cite journal |journal=The Christian Century |title=From hateful murmurs to blood libel |url=https://www.christiancentury.org/review/books/hateful-murmurs-blood-libel |last=Sweeney |first=Jon |year=2023 |access-date=December 4, 2024 |quote=Heather Blurton explains the origins and legacy of an outrageous antisemitic lie: the fable of William of Norwich.}} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/holocaust-inversion-is-going-mainstream |title=Holocaust inversion is going mainstream |date=August 15, 2024 |access-date=October 24, 2024 |quote=The point, of course, is to legitimize violence against Jews.}}</ref> ==Christianity== {{Further|Jewish deicide}} Christianity originated as a [[Persecution|persecuted]] [[sect]] of Judaism in [[Roman Empire|Roman]] [[Judea]].<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web |website=[[Britannica]] |title=The alliance between church and empire |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Christianity/The-alliance-between-church-and-empire |last1=Spencer |first1=Sidney |last2=Crow |first2=Paul A. |date=February 28, 2025 |access-date=March 2, 2025 }}</ref> Early Christians were mostly [[Jew|Jewish]] before [[Gentile|non-Jewish]] [[Religious conversion|converts]] became the [[majority]] and split with Judaism over [[Christian theology|theological]] differences.<ref name="PaulonCircum"> * {{cite book |last1=Bisschops |first1=Ralph |date=January 2017 |chapter=Metaphor in Religious Transformation: 'Circumcision of the Heart' in Paul of Tarsus |chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312589528 |chapter-format=PDF |editor1-last=Chilton |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Kopytowska |editor2-first=Monika |title=Language, Religion and the Human Mind |volume=1 |location=[[New York City|New York]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=1–30 |doi=10.1093/oso/9780190636647.003.0012 |isbn=978-0-19-063664-7 |access-date=November 30, 2019 }} * {{cite book |last=Fredriksen |first=Paula |date=2018 |title=When Christians Were Jews: The First Generation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NW9yDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA10 |location=[[London]] |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=10–11 |isbn=978-0-300-19051-9 }} * {{cite web |url=http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/4391-circumcision#anchor4 |title=Circumcision: In Apocryphal and Rabbinical Literature |last1=Kohler |first1=Kaufmann |last2=Hirsch |first2=Emil G. |last3=Jacobs |first3=Joseph |last4=Friedenwald |first4=Aaron |last5=Broydé |first5=Isaac |publisher=Kopelman Foundation |website=Jewish Encyclopedia |access-date=January 3, 2020 |quote=Contact with [[Ancient Greece|Grecian]] life, especially at the games of the [[arena]] [which involved [[nudity]]], made this distinction obnoxious to the Hellenists, or antinationalists; and the consequence was their attempt to appear like the Greeks by epispasm ("making themselves [[Foreskin|foreskins]]"; I Macc. i. 15; Josephus, "Ant." xii. 5, § 1; Assumptio Mosis, viii.; I Cor. vii. 18; Tosef., Shab. xv. 9; Yeb. 72a, b; Yer. Peah i. 16b; Yeb. viii. 9a). All the more did the law-observing Jews defy the [[edict]] of Antiochus Epiphanes prohibiting circumcision (I Macc. i. 48, 60; ii. 46); and the Jewish women showed their [[loyalty]] to the Law, even at the risk of their lives, by themselves circumcising their sons.}}</ref> Christianity became the Roman [[state religion]] in 380 AD.<ref name="Britannica" /> ===Theological disputes between Judaism and Christianity=== While antisemitism already existed in [[Ancient Egypt]], far longer than Christianity,<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=A BRIEF HISTORY OF ANTISEMITISM |url=https://www.adl.org/sites/default/files/brief-history-of-antisemitism.pdf |year=2020 |access-date=March 25, 2025 }}</ref> Jews have been blamed for the [[Crucifixion of Jesus|death of Jesus]] since the 1st century.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Greenspoon |first1=Leonard |last2=Hamm |first2=Dennis |last3=Le Beau |first3=Bryan F. |title=The Historical Jesus Through Catholic and Jewish Eyes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHtg7jYw4TgC&pg=PA78 |date=November 1, 2000 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-56338-322-9 |page=78 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kiewe |first=Amos |title=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication |date=20 November 2018 |chapter=Antisemitism and Communication |chapter-url=https://oxfordre.com/communication/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-633 |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.633 |isbn=978-0-19-022861-3 |quote=The Church correctly identified the charge of eternal [[guilt]] of the Jew as the root cause of [[antisemitism]] and stated its rejection of the [[Logical fallacy|faulty reasoning]] associated with the [[charge]] of eternal deicide. }}</ref> The blame reportedly started with descriptions about the Crucifixion in the [[New Testament]].<ref> * {{bibleref2|Matthew|27:24–25}} * {{cite web |website=greekbible.com |title=Greek Bible: Matthew |url=https://www.greekbible.com/matthew/27 |access-date=March 2, 2025}} * {{bibleref2|John|5:16–18}} * {{Cite journal |last=Walker |first=William O. |year=1979 |title=Anti-Semitism in the New Testament? By Samuel Sandmel. Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1978. xxi + 168 pages |url=https://archive.org/details/horizons_spring-1979_6_1/page/123 |journal=Horizons |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=123–124 |doi=10.1017/s0360966900015759 |s2cid=171123190 |issn=0360-9669 }} * {{cite journal |journal=New Testament Studies |title=The Problem of the Antisemitic Comma between 1 Thessalonians 2.14 and 15 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/new-testament-studies/article/abs/problem-of-the-antisemitic-comma-between-1-thessalonians-214-and-15/BFD57B5732D7590FE827B4FD747031A8 |last=Gilliard |first=Frank D. |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=481‒502 |year=1989 |doi=10.1017/S0028688500015162 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |access-date=March 2, 2025 }} * {{Cite book |last=Feldman |first=Louis Harry |author-link=Louis Feldman |url=https://brill.com/view/title/430 |title=Studies in Hellenistic Judaism |date=1996-01-01 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-33283-6 |page=309 |doi=10.1163/9789004332836 }}</ref><ref> * Jeremy Cohen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=83FjAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA55 ''Christ Killers: The Jews and the Passion from the Bible to the Big Screen''], [[Oxford University Press]] 2007. p. 55.</ref> Another conflict between Jews and Christians was whether the [[Torah]]<ref>The first five books of the [[Old Testament]], also known as the Five Books of Moses.</ref> was still valid.<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Miriam S. |year=1995 |title=Anti-Judaism and Early Christian Identity: A Critique of the Scholarly Consensus |url=https://archive.org/details/antijudaismearly0000miri |publisher=Brill Academic Publishers |location=Leiden, New York, Köln |isbn=9004021353 }}</ref> The conflict extended to [[Circumcision#Judaism|circumcision]],<ref name="Circum">{{cite web |url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-116930464/anti-semitism-or-anti-judaism |title=Anti-Semitism or anti-Judaism? |publisher=Christian Century |date=2004-05-18 |first=Jean Bethke |last=Elshtain |access-date=2007-02-01 }}</ref> when [[Paul the Apostle|Paul]] used "Judaizers" to call Jews who demanded non-Jewish converts to circumcise.<ref name="Circum" /><ref name="AK2013">{{cite magazine |magazine=Tablet |title=How Anti-Judaism Is at the Heart of Western Culture |url=https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/arts-letters/articles/a-world-without-jews |last=Kirsch |first=Adam |date=February 13, 2013 |access-date=March 26, 2025 }}</ref> Paul believed that [[Sola fide|faith in Christ alone]] was enough for someone to be [[Salvation|saved]] by God.<ref name="PaulonCircum" /><ref name="AK2013" /> Paul asked Christians not to follow the Old Covenant while accusing Jews of "turning from the [Holy] [[Holy Spirit|Spirit]] to the [[Foreskin|flesh]]" to [[Pharisees|look good to God]].<ref name="PaulonCircum" /> Particularly, John Chrysostom's homily series ''Adversus Judaeos''{{efn|[[Ancient Greek]]: Κατὰ Ἰουδαίων ''Kata Ioudaiōn'', "against the Jews")|group=lower-alpha}}<ref> * {{cite web |website=The Tertullian Project |title=John Chrysostom, Against the Jews. Homily 6 |url=https://www.tertullian.org/fathers/chrysostom_adversus_judaeos_06_homily6.htm |access-date=March 2, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Vanderbilt University |title=St Paul and the Jews According to St John Chrysostom's Commentary on Romans 9-11 |url=https://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/religious_studies/SBL2007/Mihoc.pdf |author=Fr. Vasile Mihoc |location=[[Sibiu]], [[Romania]] |access-date=March 2, 2025 |archive-date=January 31, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131065144/https://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/religious_studies/SBL2007/Mihoc.pdf |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |website= |title=Tertullian's Adversus Judaeos: a Tale of Two Treatises |url=https://digitalcommons.providence.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?params=/context/theology_graduate_theses/article/1003/&path_info=John_Peter_Fulton_Tertullians_Adversus_Judaeos_A_Tale_of_Two_Treatises.pdf |last=Fulton |first=John P. |year=2011 |location=[[Providence, Rhode Island]], [[United States of America|United States]] |access-date=March 2, 2025 }}</ref> is seen by many historians as having [[Inspiration|inspired]] [[Antisemitism|antisemites]] to justify [[Pogrom|pogroms]], [[Deportation|expulsions]] and [[discrimination]] against Jews in the following 1,600 years.<ref name="WL">Walter Laqueur, ''The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times To The Present Day'' (Oxford University Press: 2006) {{ISBN|0-19-530429-2}}, pp. 47–48</ref><ref name="SK">{{Citation|last=Katz |first=Steven |year=1999 |chapter=Ideology, State Power, and Mass Murder/Genocide |title=Lessons and Legacies: The Meaning of the Holocaust in a Changing World |publisher=Northwestern University Press |isbn=9780810109568 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WEUZNRmi0i4C&dq=hitler+chrysostom+christian+jewish+policy&pg=PA52 }}</ref> Such antisemites include [[Nazi Germany]]'s [[Führer|ruler]] [[Adolf Hitler]], who [[Printing|reprinted]] and circulated Chrysostom's text among Germans within Nazi territories to justify the Holocaust.<ref name="SK" /><ref name="ViewsonJC">{{bulleted list | {{cite news |first=Brian |last=Schrauger |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |url=https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/the-resurrection-of-christian-antisemitism-631109 |title=The resurrection of Christian antisemitism |date=June 18, 2020 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |quote=John the Golden-Throat (a.k.a. Chrysostom), ascended the pulpit in 347 CE where he began the first of eight sermons in a series titled, Adversus Judaeos; in [[English language|English]], ''Against The Jews''...Chrysostom began his diatribe against all Jews by attacking Christians who celebrated Jewish holy days honoring the same [[Yahweh|God]] as [[Christianity]], agreeing to disagree about [[Jesus]]. "We must first root this ailment out," he said, "and then take thought of matters outside. We must first cure our own." They are sick, he said, "with the Judaizing [[Illness|disease]]...deserving stronger [[Censure|condemnation]] than any Jew. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007154635/https://www.jpost.com/jerusalem-report/the-resurrection-of-christian-antisemitism-631109 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 }} | {{cite journal |last1=Berger |first1=J. M. |last2=Broschowitz |first2=Michael S. |journal=Center on Terrorism, Extremism and Counterterrorism |publisher=Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey |url=https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/academics/centers-initiatives/ctec/ctec-publications/john-chrysostom-architect-antisemitism |title=John Chrysostom: The Architect of Antisemitism |date=April 25, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |quote=Modern antisemitism is informed by [[Concept|concepts]] articulated more than 1,600 years ago by John Chrysostom, an [[Church Fathers|early father of the Christian Church]]. While a direct causal lineage is hard to establish, Chrysostom's [[influence]] on historical and modern antisemitism is well-documented. Chrysostom articulated several [[Antisemitic stereotypes|key tropes of antisemitic ideology]], including the belief that Jewish people are "schemers" and the [[belief]] that they engage in [[human sacrifice]]. He also introduced [[Dehumanization|dehumanizing]] [[language]] that foreshadowed the [[Genocide|genocidal]] [[rhetoric]] of the [[Nazi Party|Nazis]] who cited John Chrysostom as a historical source legitimizing their [[bigotry]]. Chrysostom is still cited by antisemitic [[Extremism|extremists]] [[Online antisemitism|online]] and offline on a daily basis. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250102163247/https://www.middlebury.edu/institute/academics/centers-initiatives/ctec/ctec-publications/john-chrysostom-architect-antisemitism |archive-date=January 2, 2025 }} | {{cite web |last=Gutmann |first=Tim |website=Premier Christianity |url=https://www.premierchristianity.com/opinion/christians-cant-let-history-repeat-itself-when-it-comes-to-antisemitism/17623.article |title=Christians can't let history repeat itself when it comes to antisemitism |date=May 10, 2024 |access-date=October 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127135014/https://www.premierchristianity.com/opinion/christians-cant-let-history-repeat-itself-when-it-comes-to-antisemitism/17623.article |archive-date=January 27, 2025 }} }}</ref> ===Ignatius of Antioch=== In the early [[Decade|decades]] of Christianity, [[Church Father]] Ignatius of Antioch ([[Circa|c.]] 50–117) claimed that those who followed Jewish custom were "partakers with [[Jewish deicide|those who killed Jesus]]".<ref name="DRR">{{cite web |website=Lamb & Lion Ministries |title=The Evil of Replacement Theology: The Historical Abuse of the Jews by the Church |url=https://christinprophecy.org/articles/the-evil-of-replacement-theology |author=Dr. David R. Reagan |access-date=March 1, 2025 }}</ref> ===Justin Martyr=== Church Father Justin Martyr (100–165) claimed that God's covenant (also known as the Old Covenant or Mosaic Covenant) with the Jews{{efn|Referred to as '''Israel''' in his writings.|group=lower-alpha}} was [[Supersessionism|no longer valid]] and that Christians had replaced them because the Jews "[had] slain the Just One [Jesus]",<ref name="DRR" /> who would deserve [[exile]] and persecution in the [[Century|centuries]] to come.<ref name="DRR" /> ===John Chrysostom=== Church Father John Chrysostom (c. 347–407), who served as the [[archbishop]] of [[Constantinople]], wrote in his homily series ''Adversus Judaeos'' ([[Ancient Greek]]: Κατὰ Ἰουδαίων ''Kata Ioudaiōn'', "against the Jews"):<ref name="ViewsonJC" /> {{Blockquote|text=[The [[synagogue]] is worse than] a [[brothel]] and a drinking shop [...] a [[den]] of scoundrels, the repair of [[wild]] beasts, a [[temple]] of [[Demon|demons]], the refuge of brigands and debauchees, and the cavern of [[Devil|devils]], a criminal assembly of the assassins of Christ [. ...] demons dwell in the synagogue and also in the [[Soul|souls]] of the Jews.}} As there were only two other [[Consecration|ordained]] individuals in [[Antioch]] legally recognized as Christian [[Preacher|preachers]], Chrysostom managed to promote his ideas to most local Christians.<ref>Christine C. Shepardson, Controlling Contested Places: Late Antique Antioch and the Spatial Politics of Religious Controversy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2014), 93)</ref> ===Radical traditionalist Catholics=== A minority of conservative Catholics, commonly called the radical traditionalist Catholics,<ref name="RTC"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=12 Anti-Semitic Radical Traditionalist Catholic Groups |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2007/12-anti-semitic-radical-traditionalist-catholic-groups |date=January 16, 2007 |access-date=December 29, 2024}} * {{cite book |title=Church, Nation and Race: Catholics and Antisemitism in Germany and England, 1918-45 |chapter=4: The Catholic right, political Catholicism and radicalism |url=https://academic.oup.com/manchester-scholarship-online/book/20094/chapter-abstract/179075927?redirectedFrom=fulltext |last=Ehret |first=Ulrike |doi=10.7228/manchester/9780719079436.003.0004 |year=2011 |access-date=December 30, 2024}} * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |title=Radical Traditional Catholicism |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/ideology/radical-traditional-catholicism |year=2016 |access-date=December 29, 2024 |quote=For "radical traditionalist" Catholics, antisemitism is an inextricable part of their theology. They subscribe to an ideology that is rejected by the Vatican and some 70 million mainstream American Catholics.}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Traditionalist Catholicism |url=https://www.adl.org/glossary/traditionalist-catholicism |access-date=December 29, 2024 |quote=Traditionalist Catholics [...] continued to incorporate explicit antisemitism into their theology [...] a [[Antisemitism#Ancient|paranoid belief in Jewish conspiracies to undermine the church and Western civilization]] [...] preach that contemporary Jews are responsible for [[Antisemitism#Ancient|deicide]], endorsed [[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]], and claimed that there was a factual basis for the medieval [[Antisemitism#Middle Ages|blood libel]]. One of its bishops, Richard Williamson, is a well known Holocaust denier.}}</ref> despite [[Catholicism#Doctrines|theologically opposed to]] Martin Luther, share similar views to him regarding Jews. According to American civil rights group [[Southern Poverty Law Center]], radical traditionalist Catholics tend to hold these views:<ref name="RTC" /> * "Catholics cannot trust Jews" * "Jews are the perpetual [[enemy]] of [[Jesus|Christ]]" * "Jews have "infiltrated" the Catholic Church to make changes for themselves" * "Jews are responsible for Jesus' death, and this broke their [[covenant]] with God" Radical traditionalist Catholics dislike the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] as they oppose the [[Second Vatican Council|Vatican II]] reforms rolled out in 1965,<ref name="RTC" /> which included [[Pope Paul VI]]'s rejection of the 1,600-year official position that "Jews are responsible for Jesus' death":<ref> * {{cite book |last=Ritter |first=Adolf M. |year=1998 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315026954-11/john-chrysostom-jews-reconsideration-adolf-ritter |chapter=John Chrysostom and the Jews — A Reconsideration |editor-first=Tamila |editor-last=Mgaloblishvili |title=Ancient Christianity in the Caucasus |doi=10.4324/9781315026954-11 |isbn=9781315026954}} * {{cite book |last=Brustein |first=Willian I. |title=Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe before the Holocaust |url=https://archive.org/details/rootsofhateantis0000brus |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=2003 |isbn=0-521-77308-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/rootsofhateantis0000brus/page/n69 52]}} * {{cite book |editor1-last=Levine |editor1-first=Amy-Jill |editor2-last=Brettler |editor2-first=Marc Zvi |title=The Jewish Annotated New Testament |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |date=2011}}{{page needed|date=October 2024}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=What happened in [[Jesus|His]] [[Crucifixion of Jesus|passion]] cannot be charged against all the Jews, without distinction, then alive, nor against the Jews of today.}} ==Nazi Germany== [[File:Flag of the NSDAP (1920–1945).svg|thumb|Flag of the [[Nazi Party]].]] {{Main|Nazism|Nazi Germany}} In Nazi Germany (1933‒45), "criticism" of Judaism was a major [[Genre|theme]] in state propaganda.<ref name="AS" /> Top Nazi racial theorist [[Alfred Rosenberg]] justified [[intellectual]] attacks on Judaism:<ref name="AS" /> {{Blockquote|text=[w]e are not doing so out of disregard of freedom of thought [...] but to attack a legal viewpoint which completely contradicts that of all countries.}} Rosenberg and other Nazis saw the Jewish emphasis on following the [[Ten Commandments|commandments]] for small details in life as a sign of "lack of moral understanding",<ref name="AS" /> while accusing Jews of "[[Hypocrisy|double moral standards]]" in dealing with gentiles.<ref name="AS" /> Some Nazis were experts on Judaism themselves,<ref name="AS" /> who were able to attack Judaism in a way more convincing to the public.<ref name="AS" /> ==Islam== [[Jew|Jews]] started living in the [[Arabian Peninsula]] in the 6th century [[Anno Domini|BC]], when [[Babylonia|Babylonian Empire]]'s conquest of the [[Judah|Kingdom of Judah]] forced Jews out of [[Judea]]. Multiple [[immigration]] waves of Jewish [[Exile|exiles]] made them the leading ethnoreligious group in the Arabian Peninsula, where Judaism was different from the [[Polytheism|multi-god religion]] of ancient Arabs,<ref name="HJA1">{{cite book |title=The origin of the Jews of Yathrib |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8vTTCwG0nKIC&pg=PA4 |last=Gil |first=Moshe |pages=4–5 |year=1997 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004138827}}</ref> many of whom arrived later than the Jews due to their [[Nomad|nomadic]] nature.<ref name="HJA1" /> Jews thrived in the Arabian Peninsula until Muslims [[Muslim conquests|conquered the area]], when they, along with other [[indigenous peoples]], were required to pay ''[[Poll tax|jizya]]'' for their [[existence]] to be allowed.<ref name="HJA1" /><ref> * {{cite book |title=Jewish Life under Islam: Jerusalem in the Sixteenth Century |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/harvard.9780674283589/html |last=Cohen |first=Amnon |publisher=Harvard University Press |doi=10.4159/harvard.9780674283589 |year=1984 |isbn=9780674283572 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite book |title=Islam: State And Society |chapter=Administration In The Islamic State: An Interpretation Of The Terms “Dhimma” And “Jizya” |chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203060957-9/administration-islamic-state-interpretation-terms-dhimma-jizya-j%C3%B8rgen-b%C3%A6k-simonsen |last=Simonsen |first=Jørgen Bæk |edition=1 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780203060957 |year=2004 |doi=10.4324/9780203060957-9 |doi-broken-date=26 July 2026 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies |title=What Do You Know? Dhimmi, Jewish Legal Status under Muslim Rule |url=https://katz.sas.upenn.edu/resources/blog/what-do-you-know-dhimmi-jewish-legal-status-under-muslim-rule |last=Wagner |first=Mark |date=November 30, 2018 |access-date=January 11, 2025}}</ref> The payment of ''jizya'' granted Jews the status of ''dhimmi'' under which they were prohibited – under the threat of [[execution]] – from criticizing any aspects of Islam, sharing [[Judaism#Basic beliefs|Jewish]] ideas to Muslims or touching a Muslim woman.<ref name="HJA2"> * {{cite book |title=La Cité Musulmane. Vie Sociale et Politique |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/Cit%C3%A9-Musulmane-Vie-Sociale-Politique-Gardet/14971474082/bd |last=Gardet |first=Louis |page=348 |publisher=Librairie Philosophique J. Vrin |edition=2 |year=1954 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |location=[[Paris]], [[France]] |lang=fr}} * {{cite book |title=The Dhimmi: Jews and Christians Under Islam |url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/the-dhimmi-jews-christians-under-islam/author/ye%27or-bat |last=Ye'or |first=Bat |pages=43–44; 56–57 |publisher=Fairleigh Dickinson University Press |isbn=9781611470796 |year=1985 |access-date=January 11, 2025 |lang=en-us}} * {{cite journal |journal=Middle East Quarterly |title=The Qur'an: Israel Is Not for the Jews |url=https://www.meforum.org/middle-east-quarterly/the-quran-israel-not-for-jews#_ftn9 |last=Spencer |first=Robert |volume=16 |issue=4 |year=2009 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=San Diego Jewish World |title=Israeli Scholar Explains Religious Conflicts Between Jews and Muslims |url=https://www.sdjewishworld.com/2024/11/21/israeli-scholar-explains-religious-conflicts-between-jews-and-muslims |last=Gershenson |first=Miriam |date=November 21, 2024 |access-date=January 11, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=[[Jewish Virtual Library]] |title=Jews in Islamic Countries: The Treatment of Jews |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-treatment-of-jews-in-arab-islamic-countries#N_4_ |access-date=January 11, 2025}}</ref> Jews were also not allowed to:<ref name="HJA2" /> * drink wine in public * [[Jockey|ride]] [[Horse|horses]] or [[Camel|camels]] * [[Prayer|pray]] or [[Mourning|mourn]] in loud voices * build [[Synagogue|synagogues]] taller than mosques * construct [[House|houses]] taller than Muslim houses ===Nation of Islam=== {{Main|Nation of Islam|Louis Farrakhan}} [[Nation of Islam]] (NOI) is a [[Black nationalism|Black nationalist]] [[Religion|religious]] movement founded in 1930,<ref name="Intro">* {{Cite journal |last=Curtis |first=Edward E. |date=2002 |title=Islamizing the Black Body: Ritual and Power in Elijah Muhammad's Nation of Islam |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167 |journal=Religion and American Culture: A Journal of Interpretation |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=167–196 |doi=10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167 |jstor=10.1525/rac.2002.12.2.167 |hdl=1805/35944 |issn=1052-1151 }} * {{Cite web|date=2019-04-16|title=Nation of Islam (NOI)|url=https://crcc.usc.edu/report/national-association-of-real-estate-brokers-nareb-religious-literacy-primer-2019/nation-of-islam-noi/|access-date=2024-03-10|website=crcc.usc.edu|language=en-US|archive-date=2024-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310212315/https://crcc.usc.edu/report/national-association-of-real-estate-brokers-nareb-religious-literacy-primer-2019/nation-of-islam-noi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> which played a notable role in the [[Civil Rights Movement]] (1954‒68) in the [[United States of America|United States]] (US).<ref name="Intro" /> Since its founding, it has been a [[Subject (school)|subject]] of [[controversy]] due to its [[promotion]] of [[Ideology|ideas]] commonly seen as antisemitic.<ref name="BAA1"> * {{Cite book |last=Pollack |first=Eunice G. |title=Racializing Antisemitism: Black Militants, Jews, and Israel 1950-present |date=2013 |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/sites/default/files/sicsa/files/acta36_pollack.pdf |publisher=Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism, Hebrew University of Israel }} * {{cite news |work=[[Jewish News Syndicate]] |url=https://www.jns.org/malcolm-x-founded-harvard-universitys-antisemitism |title=Malcolm X founded Harvard University's antisemitism |date=22 February 2024 |quote=Jews and Zionism have been cast as the ultimate oppressors of black Americans. }} * {{cite news |work=VICE |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/when-malcolm-x-met-the-nazis-0000620-v22n4 |title=When Malcolm X Met the Nazis |date=April 15, 2015 }} * {{cite web |website=National Association of Scholars (NAS) |url=https://www.nas.org/blogs/article/how-anti-semitism-became-a-stable-of-woke-activism-on-campus |title=How Anti-Semitism Became a Staple of 'Woke' Activism on Campus |last=Pierre |first=Dion J. |date=June 17, 2019 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/profile/nation-islam |title=Nation of Islam |date=January 9, 2021 |access-date=October 27, 2024 }}</ref><ref name="BAA2"> * {{cite web |website=[[Southern Poverty Law Center]] |url=https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/louis-farrakhan |title=Louis Farrakhan |access-date=October 27, 2024 }} * {{cite journal |journal=SAPIR Journal |url=https://sapirjournal.org/friends-and-foes/2024/03/black-radicalism |title=Black Radicalism |year=2024 |access-date=October 27, 2024 |quote=Antisemitism runs deeper in the black radical tradition than many realize }} * {{cite web |website=Pogram on Extremism, [[George Washington University]] |url=https://extremism.gwu.edu/antisemitism-black-hebrew-israelite-and-christian-identity-movements |title=Antisemitism in the Black Hebrew Israelite and Christian Identity Movements |date=August 1, 2024 }} * {{cite web |website=Campaign Against Antisemitism |url=https://antisemitism.org/black-hebrew-israelites-are-not-jewish-tova-the-poet-unpacks-the-dangers-of-the-extremist-fringe-group-posing-harm-to-jews |title=Black Hebrew Isralites Are Not Jewish: Tova the Poet Unpacks the Dangers of the Extremist Fringe Group Posing Harm to Jews |date=March 10, 2023 }} * {{cite web| website=Simon Wiesenthal Center |url=https://www.wiesenthal.com/assets/pdf/black_hebrew_israelite_movement-12-2022.pdf |title=Extreme Black Hebrew Israelite Movement |year=2022 }}</ref> In 1984, its leader Louis Farrakhan called Judaism a "gutter religion [...] structured on [[injustice]], [[Theft|thievery]], [[Lie|lying]] and deceit" that "[[Abuse|abused]] God's name for self-defense" after meeting [[Muammar al-Gaddafi|Mummar Gaddafi]] in [[Libya]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Shipp|first=E. R.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/06/29/us/tape-contradicts-disavowalof-gutter-religion-attack.html|title=Tape Contradicts Disavowal of 'Gutter Religion' Attack|work=The New York Times|pages=A12|date=June 29, 1984|access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> In 1985, at an NOI meeting, Farrakhan said that the Jews deserved [[the Holocaust]] by [[Scream|screaming]] that "And don't you forget, when it's God who puts you in the [[Oven|ovens]], it's forever!"<ref>{{cite book|last=Hitchens|first=Christopher|title=God Is Not Great|url=https://archive.org/details/godisnotgreatcas0000hitc|publisher=Atlantic Books|year=2007|isbn=9781843545743|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/godisnotgreatcas0000hitc/page/n232 219]|author-link=Christopher Hitchens}}</ref> Over the past decades, Farrakhan made several speeches demonizing Jews and Judaism.<ref name="BAA1" /><ref name="BAA2" /> In 2020, Louis Farrakhan was classified by the American [[civil rights]] group [[Anti-Defamation League]] as "the most popular antisemite in America".<ref>{{cite news |work=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |title=Farrakhan Remains Most Popular Antisemite in America |url=https://www.adl.org/blog/farrakhan-remains-most-popular-antisemite-in-america |date=July 15, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2020}}</ref> ==New religious movements== ===Black Hebrew Israelites=== {{Main|Black Hebrew Israelites}} A similar, and equally influential, movement is the [[Black Hebrew Israelites]] (BHI).<ref name="BHIIntro"> * {{Cite journal |last=Ong |first=Kyler |title=Ideological Convergence in the Extreme Right |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26954256 |journal=Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses |volume=12 |issue=5 |pages=1–7 |jstor=26954256 |issn=2382-6444 |date=September 2020 }} * {{Cite journal |last=Jikeli |first=Gunther |date=2020 |title=Is Religion Coming Back as a Source for Antisemitic Views? |journal=Religions |language=en |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=255 |doi=10.3390/rel11050255 |issn=2077-1444|doi-access=free }} * {{cite news |work=The Jewish News of Northern California |title=Teacher who assigned antisemitic text preaches controversial Hebrew Israelite doctrine |url=https://jweekly.com/2023/02/24/teacher-who-assigned-antisemitic-text-preaches-controversial-hebrew-israelite-doctrine |date=February 24, 2023 |access-date=February 24, 2025 |archive-date=October 7, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007103654/https://jweekly.com/2023/02/24/teacher-who-assigned-antisemitic-text-preaches-controversial-hebrew-israelite-doctrine/ |url-status=dead }} * {{cite journal |journal=City Journal |title=Take Black Hebrew Israelism Seriously |url=https://www.city-journal.org/article/take-black-hebrew-israelism-seriously |last=Lehman |first=Charles Fain |date=December 8, 2023 |access-date=February 24, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=American Jewish Committee |title=5 of Kanye West's Antisemitic Remarks, Explained |url=https://www.ajc.org/news/5-of-kanye-wests-antisemitic-remarks-explained |date=February 20, 2025 |access-date=February 24, 2025 }}</ref> The BHI is founded on the [[Pseudoscience|pseudoscientific]] [[Conspiracy theory|belief]] that [[African American|African Americans]] are the "real [[Descendant|descendants]]" of [[Israelites|ancient Israelites]].<ref name="BHIIntro" /> Some [[Political faction|factions]] of the movement also see [[Native Americans|Native]] and Latino Americans as the [[Descendant|descendants]] of [[Israelites|ancient Israelites]].<ref name="BHIIntro" /> From the 1970s onward, followers of the BHI have a history of committing [[Terrorism|terrorist]] [[Violence|attacks]] on [[American Jews]], including but not limited to the 2019 Jersey City [[Mass shooting|shooting]] (7 dead and 3 injured) and the Monsey [[Hanukkah]] stabbing (1 dead and 4 injured).<ref> * {{cite news |work=[[CNN]] |title=Who are the Black Hebrew Israelites? |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/11/us/hebrew-black-israelites-jersey-city |date=December 11, 2019 |access-date=February 25, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=[[NBC News]] |title=Online posts tied to suspected New Jersey deli shooter pushed anti-Semitic conspiracies |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/social-media/online-posts-tied-suspected-new-jersey-deli-shooter-pushed-anti-n1100136 |date=December 11, 2019 |access-date=February 25, 2025}} * {{cite web |website=[[Anti-Defamation League]] |url=https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/center-extremism-uncovers-more-disturbing-details-jersey-city-shooters-extremist |title=Center on Extremism Uncovers More Disturbing Details of Jersey City Shooter's Extremist Ideology |date=17 December 2019}} * {{cite news |work=Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) |title=What is causing the rise in anti-Semitism in New York? |url=https://www.jta.org/2020/01/02/united-states/what-is-causing-the-rise-in-anti-semitism-in-new-york |date=January 2, 2020 |access-date=February 25, 2025}} * {{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/30/nyregion/rabbi-monsey-attack.html|title=Rabbi Dies Three Months After Hanukkah Night Attack |date=30 March 2020}}</ref> While differing in [[theology]], the BHI and NOI are both antisemitic.<ref name="BAA2" /> Particularly, they both believe that "[[Antisemitic stereotypes#Contemporary|Jews ran the Atlantic slave trade]]" and "[[Ashkenazi Jews|European Jews]] descended from the [[Khazars]]".<ref name="BAA2" /> [[File:This is the Devil Black Jesus sign protest by Black Hebrew Israelites at San Diego.jpg|thumb|Black Hebrew Israelites, who do not believe that [[Jesus]] was [[Jew|Jewish]], protested in [[San Diego, California]] against the long-standing [[Painting|depiction]] of Jesus as a "[[White people|White man]]" rather than a [[Black people|Black man]].]][[File:12 Lost Tribes of Israel.jpg|thumb|A [[propaganda]] [[poster]] made by the Black Hebrew Israelites implying that [[African Americans|Black]] and [[Native Americans]] are the "real" [[Descendant|descendants]] of the [[Tribes of Israel|Ten Lost Tribes]] of [[Israelites|Israel]]. The Black Hebrew Israelites allege that the said peoples have been "wrongfully" classified by White [[Imperialism|imperialists]] into different [[Ethnic group|ethnic groups]] across the [[Western hemisphere]].]] ==Academic views== ===Dara Horn=== Dara Horn, an American [[Novel|novelist]], [[Essay|essayist]] and professor of literature, wrote in ''[[The Atlantic]]'' that:<ref name="DH">{{Cite magazine |last=Horn |first=Dara |date=7 October 2024 |title=October 7 Created a Permission Structure for Anti-Semitism |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/10/october-7-anti-semitism-united-states/680176/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241010011236/https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2024/10/october-7-anti-semitism-united-states/680176/ |archive-date=10 October 2024 |access-date=15 October 2024 |magazine=[[The Atlantic]] |issn=2151-9463}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=This is the permission structure for anti-Semitism [''sic'']: claim whatever has happened to the Jews as one's own experience, announce a "universal" ideal that all good people must accept, and then redefine Jewish collective identity as lying beyond it. Hating Jews thus becomes a demonstration of righteousness. The key is to define, and redefine, and redefine again, the shiny new moral reasoning for why the Jews have failed the universal test of humanity.}} In the same article, Horn [[Skepticism|doubted]] Holocaust education's effectiveness based on persistent antisemitism in society,<ref name="DH" /> while pointing out that antisemitism functions by [[Cultural appropriation|appropriating]] what has happened to Jews and reframing their experience as part of a "universal" fight that redefines Jewish identity as going against certain ideals.<ref name="DH" /> She said that attacks on Jews under the guise of anti-Zionism follow the same ancient pattern of marginalization and [[Dehumanization|vilification]].<ref name="DH" /> Some critics expressed similar concerns about the matter.<ref> * {{cite news |title=Jewish marchers say they were kicked out of a rally for inclusiveness because of their beliefs |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/acts-of-faith/wp/2017/06/26/jewish-marchers-say-they-were-kicked-out-of-a-rally-for-inclusiveness-because-of-their-beliefs |last=Holley |first=Peter |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 26, 2017 |access-date=April 22, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=American Bar Association |title=Queer Jews Forced into a Different Closet: Antisemitism and Conditional Acceptance |url=https://www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/resources/human-rights/2024-december/antisemitism-conditional-acceptance |last=Bittker |first=Bobbi M |date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=April 22, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Washington Blade |title=LGBTQ communities around the world embrace antisemitism |url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2024/09/17/lgbtq-communities-around-the-world-embrace-antisemitism |last=Eckford |first=Ayman |date=September 17, 2024 |access-date=April 22, 2025 }}</ref> ===David Nirenberg=== American historian David Nirenberg ([[Birth|b.]] 1964) held a special view about the issue.<ref name="AK2013" /> Nirenberg saw anti-Judaism as a basic element of Western culture,<ref name="AK2013" /> which had existed for far longer than Christianity.<ref name="AK2013" /> In their works, ancient Western intellectuals ‒ especially [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] philosophers ‒ presented Judaism as a symbol of anything they disliked and made it a part of their people's [[Unconscious mind|subconcious]].<ref name="AK2013" /> Hecataeus of Abdera, a Greek historian, wrote in 320 [[Anno Domini|BC]] that Jews did not escape from Egypt but were expelled as undesirables.<ref name="AK2013" /> Hecataeus also accused Jews of living an "unsocial and intolerant mode of life".<ref name="AK2013" /> Hecataeus' bias was shared by a later Egyptian priest called Manetho, who called Jews "lepers and other unclean people".<ref name="AK2013" /> Over the following centuries, the idea that Judaism equals something bad became a [[stereotype]] passed on from generation to generation.<ref name="AK2013" /> It was constantly weaponized by Christians in theological disputes,<ref name="AK2013" /> including Martin Luther who labelled Catholic Church's "legalistic understanding of God's justice" as "Jewish".<ref name="AK2013" /> The [[Puritanism|Puritans]] did the same in the English Civil War when they fought the Anglicans.<ref name="AK2013" /> In modern context, Nirenberg also implied that anti-Zionism was a product of anti-Judaism,<ref name="AK2013" /> when the [[Israel|State of Israel]] is seen by antisemites as the source of real-world problems.<ref name="AntisemiticTropes" /><ref name="AK2013" /> ===Gavin Langmuir=== [[Canadians|Canadian]] historian Gavin Langmuir (1924‒2005) said that anti-Judaism was about [[Exaggeration|exaggerated]] accusations against Jews, while antisemitism was rooted in falsehood.<ref name="GL">Abulafia (1998, part II, 77), referring to Langmuir (1971).</ref> Langmuir saw the accusation of "Jews killing Jesus" as an example of anti-Judaism,<ref name="GL" /> while accusations of well poisoning is an example of antisemitism.<ref name="GL" /> Langmuir believed that anti-Judaism and antisemitism had existed together since the 12th century and reinforced each other over the centuries.<ref name="GL" /> ===Joanna Tokarska-Bakir=== [[Poles|Polish]] [[Anthropology|anthropologist]] Joanna Tokarska-Bakir commented on the issue:<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Fathom Journal |title=Part of the Western Left is now a clear and present danger to Jews and the West |url=https://fathomjournal.org/part-of-the-western-left-is-now-a-clear-and-present-danger-to-jews-and-the-west |last=Tokarska-Bakir |first=Joanna |year=2024 |access-date=March 27, 2025}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=When [[secularism]] became [[Fashion|fashionable]], Jews were [[Hatred|loathed]] as ‘dark [[Reactionary|reactionaries]]’. Under [[capitalism]], they were persecuted as [[Communism|communists]], and under communism, as capitalist [...] whereas ebbing [[nationalism]] allows Jews to be [[Social stigma|stigmatised]] as crazed [[Fascism|chauvinists]].}} ===Jules Isaac=== [[French people|French]] [[historian]] Jules Isaac (1877–1963), [[author]] of the 1948 [[Nonfiction|book]] ''[[Jésus et Israël]]'',<ref> * [http://www.ratzingerfanclub.com/covenant_and_mission.html 2002 Consultation of the National Council of Synagogues and the Bishops Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs. Retrieved August 22, 2016.] * [http://julesisaacstichting.org/a-short-introduction-to-jules-isaac/ “A short introduction to Jules Isaac”] * [http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/histhp/15/ Carolyn Wesnousky, "Under the Very Windows of the Pope”: Confronting Anti-Semitism in Catholic Theology after the Holocaust" (2012), 59-60.]</ref> [[Proposal|proposed]] the Eighteen Points for Christian-Jewish reconciliation,<ref>[http://digitalcommons.conncoll.edu/histhp/15/ Carolyn Wesnousky, "Under the Very Windows of the Pope”: Confronting Anti-Semitism in Catholic Theology after the Holocaust" (2012), 63.] and [http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/images/Jules_Isaac.pdf Judith Rice, “Jules Isaac & Pope Benedict XVI.”]</ref> which was considered by the [[Seelisberg]] Conference of Christians and Jews in 1947:<ref name="JIimpact">[https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/jesus-and-israel-by-jules-isaac/#1.1 Review of ''Jesus and Israel''. Retrieved August 29, 2016.]</ref> {{collapsible list |title=Eighteen Points in ''Jésus et Israël'' |framestyle=border:yes |1. Give all Christians a basic [[knowledge]] of the [[Old Testament]] and its Jewish origins. |2. Explain that much of Christian [[liturgy]] drew its foundations from the Old Testament. |3. Do not omit that God had first revealed himself through the Old Testament to the Jews and later to the Christians. |4. Judaism is not a degenerative [[Religion|faith]]. Christianity was born of it. |5. The [[Mythology|myth]] of [[Jewish diaspora|Jewish historical dispersion]], because of death of Jesus, is wrong. The Jews had been largely dispersed from [[Israel]] for almost 500 years before Jesus. |6. The Gospels text use of the [[Pejorative|word]] Jews is too broad in its [[context]]. The [[Gospel of Matthew|Jews of Jesus' experience]] were limited to the [[Second Temple|Temple]] Jews and a small crowd before [[Pontius Pilate|Pilate]]. The misreading of the Gospels blankets all Jews, everywhere, equally and erroneously. |7. Jesus was a Jew. |8. Jesus lived as a Jew. |9. Jesus recruited his [[Apostle|Apostles]] from the Jews. |10. Jesus, throughout his [[ministry]], only sought to gather adherents from the Jews. |11. Do not teach that Jesus was rejected by the Jews, before and during his [[trial]] and [[crucifixion]], because the vast majority of the Jews had no knowledge of Jesus. |12. Jesus was not universally rejected by the Jewish leadership. The Gospels recognize he was rejected by a section of the Priests who were not unanimous against Jesus. |13. There is nothing in the Gospels of a universal [[Censure|condemnation]] of the Jews. |14. Be aware of the false charge of [[Jewish deicide|Deicide]]. |15. The Gospels make clear that the High Priest and his supporters acted without the knowledge of the people. |16. The trial of Jesus was a [[Roman Empire|Roman]] trial, not a Jewish trial. The Jewish people, as a whole, did not even know of the trial or its brutalities. |17. The procurator of the Roman trial was [[Pontius Pilate]], with full [[Influence|control]] over [[life]] and [[death]], not the Jews. The fourth Gospel acknowledges that the accusation and the trial involved the High Priest and his supporters alone. |18. The accusation, "His blood be on us and our [[Descendant|children]]," cannot balance against Jesus' words of [[forgiveness]] on the [[Cross]]: "Father, forgive them for they know not what they do."<ref>[http://www.jewish-american-society-for-historic-preservation.org/images/Jules_Isaac.pdf Judith Rice, “Jules Isaac & Pope Benedict XVI.”]</ref>}} In his 1956 book ''Génése de l’Anti-Sémitisme'' ("Has Anti-Semitism Roots in Christianity?"), Isaac agreed that pagan antisemitism existed before Christ but made it clear:<ref name="JIimpact" /> {{Blockquote|text=[Pagan antisemitism was] directed at a people considered separatist and unassimilable [. ... while] Christianity added [[Christian theology|theology]] to [[Iron Age|historical]] [[xenophobia]] and [[Censure|condemned]] Jews as a people of [[Jewish deicide|deicides]] to be [[Curse|cursed]], [[Punishment|punished]], [[Deportation|driven]] into exile.}} ===Steven Katz=== American [[Philosophy|philosopher]] Steven Katz (b. 1944), the founding [[director]] of the Elie Wiesel Center for Judaic Studies at [[Boston University]] in [[Massachusetts]], wrote:<ref name="SK" /> {{Blockquote|text=The decisive turn in the history of Christian anti-Judaism, a turn whose ultimate disfiguring consequence was enacted in the political antisemitism of Adolf Hitler.}} ===William Nichols=== William Nichols, a [[Religious studies|religious]] professor at [[University of British Columbia]] (UBC) and former [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] Church [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]], said:<ref>{{cite book|last1=Nichols|first1=William|title=Christian Antisemitism: A History of Hate|date=1993|publisher=Jason Aronson|isbn=0876683987|page=314|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cg00E0gk9PQC}}</ref> {{Blockquote|text=[f]rom the [[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] onward, it is no longer possible to draw clear lines of distinction between religious and racial forms of hostility towards Jews [. ...] [[Secularism|secular]] thinking makes its appearance without leaving behind the old Christian hostility towards Jews, the new term antisemitism becomes almost unavoidable, even before explicitly racist doctrines appear.}} ==Related pages== * [[Dual-covenant theology]] * [[Secondary antisemitism]] * ''[[The Protocols of the Elders of Zion]]'' ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Catholicism]] [[Category:Antisemitism]] [[Category:Jewish history]] [[Category:History of Europe]] 9vmq7rokd5nngd4ticdaqgjub5vz1a9 0 1179099 11024351 10994260 2026-10-09T04:40:16Z JHSHernandez-ZBH 1684533 add full name 11024351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cleanup|date=April 2025}}{{Restructure|date=April 2025}} {{redirect|Up-Goer Five|the [[rocket]] the author was trying to describe|Saturn V}} '''''Thing Explainer: Complicated Stuff in Simple Words''''' is a 2015 [[non-fiction]] book created by Randall Munroe, in which the writer tries to explain different hard things using only the [[Most common words in English|ten hundred most used every-day words]] in [[English language|the English language]]. It is made with Simple English. He thought of the book in 2012, when drawing a picture of the [[Saturn V]] up-goer for his [[Webcomic|funny content on the service that joins the world]], [[xkcd]]. == Short talk about the book == In ''Thing Explainer'', he explains the job and workings of 54 things using only the ten hundred most used words in this language.<ref name=CNET>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/thing-explainer-fun-if-you-enjoy-puzzles-annoying-if-you-just-want-to-learn/|work=[[CNET]]|title='Thing Explainer': Fun if you enjoy puzzles, annoying if you just want to learn|last=Shankland|first=Stephen|date=2015-12-01}}</ref> The book covers a wide area of things, like [[Pencil|pencils]] ("writing sticks"), [[Camera|cameras]] ("picture takers"), [[Microwave oven|microwave ovens]] ("food-heating radio boxes"), [[Airplane|airplane engines]] ("sky boat pushers"), and [[Nuclear weapon|atom bombs]] ("machines for burning cities"). Other than machine things, he also explains human parts and deep things such as [[Periodic table|the table of the pieces everything is made of]]. The book asks for its readers to figure out what the hard name is of the things it shows, and was considered by Jack Schofield of ''ZDNet'' as a "puzzle game."<ref name=ZDNet>{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/xkcd-in-reverse-thing-explainer-explained/|work=[[ZDNet]]|title=xkcd in reverse - Thing Explainer explained (archived)|last=Schofield|first=Jack|date=2015-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101183809/https://www.zdnet.com/article/xkcd-in-reverse-thing-explainer-explained/ |archive-date=2016-01-01 }}</ref> The book is drawn using [[Stick figure|stick figures]] and has a large number of [[Nerd|jokes for people who work in different special fields]].<ref name=CNET /> Peter Gleick wrote for [[HuffPost|The Huffington Post]] that people who talk about often use many not-used-often and long words when talking about hard things, and that ''Thing Explainer'' talks about "how to explain ideas and offer information in a simpler way."<ref name=Gleick>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/peter-h-gleick/thing-explainer---a-revie_b_8650772.html|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|title='Thing Explainer' - A Review of Randall Munroe's New Book (Using the Ten Hundred Most Common Words)|last=Gleick|first=Peter H.|date=2015-11-25|author-link=Peter Gleick}}</ref> == Beginning and making == The thought of creating ''Thing Explainer'' started in 2012, while Munroe was playing space game ''[[Kerbal Space Program]]''.<ref name=ZDNet /> Here, he was giving the [[Rocket|rockets]] he made funny names, such as "Up Goer" and "Skyboat," and he began wondering if he could explain how a rocket works using such simple language. He drew a drawing of the Saturn V up-goer using drawings from [[NASA]]'s old papers and put simple things about it on it, such as naming the boosters as the spot where "lots of fire comes out."<ref name=NYT>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/24/books/randall-munroe-explains-it-all-for-us.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Randall Munroe Explains It All for Us|last=Alter|first=Alexandra|date=2015-11-24}}</ref> Munroe showed this drawing in xkcd under the name "Up-Goer Five".<ref name=xkcd>{{cite web |last1=Munroe |first1=Randall |title=Up Goer Five |url=https://xkcd.com/1133/ |website=[[xkcd]] |date=November 12, 2012 |access-date=14 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Schultz |first2=Colin |title=The Up-Goer Five Thing, Where Learned People Explain Hard Stuff With Easy Words |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/the-up-goer-five-thing-where-learned-people-explain-hard-stuff-with-easy-words-2662302/ |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=Smithsonian Magazine |language=en}}</ref> "Up-Goer Five" became the reason of ''Thing Explainer''. In a talk with ''[[The New York Times]]'', he stated that "the word limit is fun, because it forces you to think about it some more."<ref name=NYT /> Placed in stores by [[Houghton Mifflin Harcourt]] (HMH) on November 24, 2015, the book was sold at first for $25 USD.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/5/13/8597607/xkcd-thing-explainer-book-announced|work=[[The Verge]]|title=Xkcd Has a New Book About Explaining Complicated Subjects in Simple Ways|last=Kastrenakes|first=Jacob|date=2015-05-13}}</ref> ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' thought of Thing Explainer as the second part to Munroe's 2014 book ''What If?''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/xkcd-thing-explainer-smartphone|work=[[Wired.co.uk|Wired]]|title=The smartphone ('hand computer') as explained by XKCD's Randall Munroe|last=Rundle|first=Michael|date=2015-11-20}}</ref> HMH began working with Munroe in 2016 to put in parts of ''Thing Explainer'' in [[United States]] [[high school]] school-books. HMH's school-books about the study of the pieces that make everything up, the study of life, and the study of moving, made in 2016, have both old and new drawings, figures, and stick figures by him, as part of the HMH Science Dimensions event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/22/science/randall-munroe-xkcd-science-textbook.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Randall Munroe, XKCD Creator, Goes Back to High School|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=2016-03-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themarysue.com/xkcd-textbook/|work=[[The Mary Sue]]|title=XKCD Creator Randall Munroe Making Content For High School Textbooks|last=Jao|first=Charline|date=2016-03-23}}</ref> == Thoughts on how good the book is == Reading the book, Naomi Alderman of ''[[The Guardian]]'' liked the full drawings in ''Thing Explainer'', saying that it was "a beautifully designed journey through the intricacies of daily life." She said that Munroe made very clear word-groups writing the book, showing ideas in a true way and in a way that makes people want to read it. However, she also noted that some of the parts in the book are harder to understand because of the not many words part, which she called "part of the joke", saying that the book has "a cryptic crossword feel."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/dec/17/thing-explainer-complicated-stuff-simple-words-randall-munroe|work=[[The Guardian]]|title=Thing Explainer: Complicated Stuff in Simple Words by Randall Munroe – funny, precise and beautifully designed|last=Alderman|first=Naomi|date=2015-12-17}}</ref> Stephen Shankland of ''[[CNET]]'' stated that ''Thing Explainer'' is "fun if you enjoy puzzles, annoying if you just want to learn." Shankland described the book as "clever, instructive, [and] thought-provoking," but stated that the book can come across in a bad way if its reader does not take the book in the right spirit.<ref name=CNET /> Gleick stated that Munroe's words on the [[color]] of light is one of the best answers about the thing that he had seen, and that school teachers could learn from the book. <ref name=Gleick /> [[Blogger|Writer on the service that joins the world]], [[Cory Doctorow]], called the drawings Munroe used in the book as "a deceptive, seductive way of presenting the inscrutable and chaotic innards of our daily world," and was happy at watching the "linguistic backflips" he goes through to talk about hard ideas used in studies, while saying good things about how clear the book can be.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://boingboing.net/2015/11/24/randall-xckd-munroes-thi.html|work=[[Boing Boing]]|title=Randall "XCKD" Munroe's Thing Explainer: delightful exploded diagrams labelled with simple words|last=Doctorow|first=Cory|author-link=Cory Doctorow|date=2015-11-24}}</ref> == Related pages== * [[xkcd]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Non-fiction books]] [[Category:2015 books]] l7adybsikfvi0ufw8g1vob200nnc10p 3 1181455 11023974 10990054 2026-10-08T13:50:49Z IrisChronomia Bot 1885647 /* Remember that you are banned by English Wikipedia community */ new section 11023974 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome!== [[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Greenock125! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Greenock125|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or send me a message on [[User talk:Davey2010|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message! I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: * [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]] * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to change a page]] * [[Help:Contents|Help pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]] Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:34, 13 April 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Levi Heron== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Levi Heron]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Levi Heron]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:09, 9 July 2025 (UTC) == Finnish music charts == Hi! [[List of number-one singles of 2022 (Finland)]], exists, if asked. [[List of number-one singles of 2025 (Finland)]], does not.--Not sure that i will get around to that. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-28382-09|&#126;2025-28382-09]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-28382-09|talk]]) 07:31, 22 October 2025 (UTC) :[[List of number-one singles of 2024 (Finland)]].--Nice! [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-28382-09|&#126;2025-28382-09]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-28382-09|talk]]) 14:09, 23 October 2025 (UTC) == January 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{ROOTPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia, we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links", which you used in "[[:Jack Savoretti]]". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in pages that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:49, 25 January 2026 (UTC) [[File:information.svg|25px|alt=]] Hello, Greenock125. It looks like "[[Jack Savoretti]]" was derived from the [[:en:|English Wikipedia]] or another version of Wikipedia. If that is indeed the case, please make sure you add some form of [[Wikipedia:Copyrights#Moving things from other Wikipedias|attribution]], either in your [[Wikipedia:Change summary|change summary]] or on the article's talk page. This must be done, even for [[derivative works]], or the article will be deleted in time. More instructions on how to do this are at [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution]]. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}} [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:50, 25 January 2026 (UTC) :It seems that you are still continuing to create articles that copy elements from the English Wikipedia without giving any attribution (credit) to where it came from. [[Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest]] and [[Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest]] are two examples of articles you've recently created that are clearly derived from English Wikipedia's articles, but were not given any attribution. Please provide that attribution in a manner like spelled out in Barras's post here or these articles can be deleted. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:01, 4 March 2026 (UTC) == Change summaries == Please provide change summaries as much as possible to help other users understand what changes you are making. A quick summary of what you are adding/deleting/changing is very helpful to everyone who looks at the article's history or sees your changes in recent changes. Thanks! [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:46, 21 April 2026 (UTC) :I will make sure to provide edit summaries for as many edits as possible in the future, sorry. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125#top|talk]]) 18:39, 8 September 2026 (UTC) == May 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make changes here. But pages should not be moved, like you did to [[:Ligue 1]], without a good reason. They need to have a name that is accurate and simple, and that people will recognize. Wikipedia has some [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions|guidelines]] to help with this. Generally, a page should only be moved to a new title if the current name doesn't follow these guidelines. Also, if users are talking about moving a page, [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] needs to be reached before anybody moves the page. If you have a question about this, please ask on [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple talk]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-move1 --> [[User:ShadowBallX|ShadowBallX]] ([[User talk:ShadowBallX|talk]]) 03:46, 25 May 2026 (UTC) :Sorry for the late response, I promise I will not move pages without a good reason, it will not happen again. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125#top|talk]]) 18:37, 8 September 2026 (UTC) == Redirects == Please help me understand: why are you creating redirects then immediately turning them into articles? Why not just skip the redirect creation part? Seems like a totally unnecessary step to me. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 11:51, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :I was creating redirects and immediately turned them into articles because I didn't like the long edit summary, which sounds stupid, I'm sorry. I will not do this anymore. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125#top|talk]]) 19:26, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Talk header == Please don't create new talk pages just to add talk headers. Please note the documentation on {{tl|talk header}}: {{tq|In accordance with Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines, this template should not be added to otherwise empty talk pages. That changes the "discussion" tab at the top of the page from a "redlink" into a "bluelink", which may mislead people into thinking there is discussion.}} --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 17:02, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :Sorry about this I will stop creating Talk Pages with Talk Headers from now, sorry. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125#top|talk]]) 19:22, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Lack of communication == I note that you have ''never'' edited a user talk page on the Simple English Wikipedia. This is despite several users, including myself, bringing concerns to your talk page. I also note that you were blocked on the English Wikipedia, in part, because of your lack of communication in response to concerns. When asking to be unblocked you said "If I am unblocked and unbanned, I will tackle the lack of communication by stopping any editing, and when an editor comes into my talk page with a concern, question, or warning, I will comment on it, I will not ignore it and make sure I acknowledged that I have read it." Right now, I don't see you following through on that promise to communicate and respond. Users who are blocked on other wikis [[WP:ONESTRIKE|can be blocked if they demonstrate the same behavior here]]. Please work on your communication as part of the collaborative project here. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:41, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :Hello, sorry for not responding to messages on my talk page, I will make sure to respond to messages in the future starting now. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125#top|talk]]) 19:20, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Remember that you are banned by English Wikipedia community == [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] Your changes are causing [[Wikipedia:Disruptive changing|disruption]] to the project and this is not acceptable. Please stop. If your disruption continues, you will be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia.''' {{#if:|{{{2}}}|}} <!---Template:uw-disruption---> [[Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia|海盐沙冰]] _{[[User:IrisChronomia Bot|/ aka irisChronomia ]][[User talk:IrisChronomia|/ Talk ]][[commons:Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia|/ Uploads ]]} 13:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) jlnujwtabxbeqde36n3d6tpnty2ii5a 11023988 11023974 2026-10-08T13:58:18Z IrisChronomia Bot 1885647 11023988 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome!== [[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Greenock125! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Greenock125|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or send me a message on [[User talk:Davey2010|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message! I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: * [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]] * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to change a page]] * [[Help:Contents|Help pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]] Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:34, 13 April 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Levi Heron== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Levi Heron]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Levi Heron]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:09, 9 July 2025 (UTC) == Finnish music charts == Hi! [[List of number-one singles of 2022 (Finland)]], exists, if asked. [[List of number-one singles of 2025 (Finland)]], does not.--Not sure that i will get around to that. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-28382-09|&#126;2025-28382-09]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-28382-09|talk]]) 07:31, 22 October 2025 (UTC) :[[List of number-one singles of 2024 (Finland)]].--Nice! [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-28382-09|&#126;2025-28382-09]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-28382-09|talk]]) 14:09, 23 October 2025 (UTC) == January 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{ROOTPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia, we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links", which you used in "[[:Jack Savoretti]]". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in pages that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:49, 25 January 2026 (UTC) [[File:information.svg|25px|alt=]] Hello, Greenock125. It looks like "[[Jack Savoretti]]" was derived from the [[:en:|English Wikipedia]] or another version of Wikipedia. If that is indeed the case, please make sure you add some form of [[Wikipedia:Copyrights#Moving things from other Wikipedias|attribution]], either in your [[Wikipedia:Change summary|change summary]] or on the article's talk page. This must be done, even for [[derivative works]], or the article will be deleted in time. More instructions on how to do this are at [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution]]. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}} [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:50, 25 January 2026 (UTC) :It seems that you are still continuing to create articles that copy elements from the English Wikipedia without giving any attribution (credit) to where it came from. [[Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest]] and [[Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest]] are two examples of articles you've recently created that are clearly derived from English Wikipedia's articles, but were not given any attribution. Please provide that attribution in a manner like spelled out in Barras's post here or these articles can be deleted. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:01, 4 March 2026 (UTC) == Change summaries == Please provide change summaries as much as possible to help other users understand what changes you are making. A quick summary of what you are adding/deleting/changing is very helpful to everyone who looks at the article's history or sees your changes in recent changes. Thanks! [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:46, 21 April 2026 (UTC) :I will make sure to provide edit summaries for as many edits as possible in the future, sorry. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125#top|talk]]) 18:39, 8 September 2026 (UTC) == May 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make changes here. But pages should not be moved, like you did to [[:Ligue 1]], without a good reason. They need to have a name that is accurate and simple, and that people will recognize. Wikipedia has some [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions|guidelines]] to help with this. Generally, a page should only be moved to a new title if the current name doesn't follow these guidelines. Also, if users are talking about moving a page, [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] needs to be reached before anybody moves the page. If you have a question about this, please ask on [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple talk]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-move1 --> [[User:ShadowBallX|ShadowBallX]] ([[User talk:ShadowBallX|talk]]) 03:46, 25 May 2026 (UTC) :Sorry for the late response, I promise I will not move pages without a good reason, it will not happen again. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125#top|talk]]) 18:37, 8 September 2026 (UTC) == Redirects == Please help me understand: why are you creating redirects then immediately turning them into articles? Why not just skip the redirect creation part? Seems like a totally unnecessary step to me. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 11:51, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :I was creating redirects and immediately turned them into articles because I didn't like the long edit summary, which sounds stupid, I'm sorry. I will not do this anymore. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125#top|talk]]) 19:26, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Talk header == Please don't create new talk pages just to add talk headers. Please note the documentation on {{tl|talk header}}: {{tq|In accordance with Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines, this template should not be added to otherwise empty talk pages. That changes the "discussion" tab at the top of the page from a "redlink" into a "bluelink", which may mislead people into thinking there is discussion.}} --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 17:02, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :Sorry about this I will stop creating Talk Pages with Talk Headers from now, sorry. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125#top|talk]]) 19:22, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Lack of communication == I note that you have ''never'' edited a user talk page on the Simple English Wikipedia. This is despite several users, including myself, bringing concerns to your talk page. I also note that you were blocked on the English Wikipedia, in part, because of your lack of communication in response to concerns. When asking to be unblocked you said "If I am unblocked and unbanned, I will tackle the lack of communication by stopping any editing, and when an editor comes into my talk page with a concern, question, or warning, I will comment on it, I will not ignore it and make sure I acknowledged that I have read it." Right now, I don't see you following through on that promise to communicate and respond. Users who are blocked on other wikis [[WP:ONESTRIKE|can be blocked if they demonstrate the same behavior here]]. Please work on your communication as part of the collaborative project here. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:41, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :Hello, sorry for not responding to messages on my talk page, I will make sure to respond to messages in the future starting now. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125#top|talk]]) 19:20, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Remember that you are banned by English Wikipedia community == [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]] Your changes are causing [[Wikipedia:Disruptive changing|disruption]] to the project and this is not acceptable. Please stop. If your disruption continues, you will be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia.''' {{#if:|{{{2}}}|}} <!---Template:uw-disruption---> [[Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia|海盐沙冰]] _{[[User:IrisChronomia Bot|/ aka irisChronomia ]][[User talk:IrisChronomia|/ Talk ]][[commons:Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia|/ Uploads ]]} 13:50, 8 October 2026 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px]] [[Wikipedia:Welcome|Welcome]] to Wikipedia. I noticed that you recently made a new article or made changes to one by adding things copied from a book, magazine, newspaper or another website without the [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|permission of the copyright holder]]. Many sources, including websites found on the Internet, are copyrighted. I am afraid Wikipedia cannot accept '''any''' things copied from these sources as it can get Wikipedia into serious legal trouble. The article or changes have been or will soon be deleted. Next time, please look up sources to find out ''information'' for articles and explain it in your own words, and do not copy ''sentences'' or ''images'' from them. Thank you. <!-- Template:Uw-copyright1 --> [[Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia|海盐沙冰]] _{[[User:IrisChronomia Bot|/ aka irisChronomia ]][[User talk:IrisChronomia|/ Talk ]][[commons:Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia|/ Uploads ]]} 13:58, 8 October 2026 (UTC) 85avhia0qhm156q43l9k3o93uusxcev 11023990 11023988 2026-10-08T14:07:20Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia Bot|IrisChronomia Bot]] ([[User talk:IrisChronomia Bot|talk]]) to last version by Greenock125 10990054 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Welcome!== [[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Davey2010|Davey2010]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], Greenock125! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/Greenock125|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or send me a message on [[User talk:Davey2010|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message! I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: * [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]] * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to change a page]] * [[Help:Contents|Help pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]] Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! –[[User:Davey2010|<span style="color: blue;">'''Davey'''</span><span style="color: orange;">'''2010'''</span>]]^{[[User talk:Davey2010|<span style="color: navy;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 20:34, 13 April 2025 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Levi Heron== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has requested [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Levi Heron]], a page you created. We appreciate your changes, but the nominator doesn't believe that the page meets Wikipedia's criteria for inclusion and has explained why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). Please comment on the discussion by adding your comments at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2025/Levi Heron]] and please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to address the nominator's concerns. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] template from the top of the page; such removal will not end the deletion debate. Thank you very much. [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 19:09, 9 July 2025 (UTC) == Finnish music charts == Hi! [[List of number-one singles of 2022 (Finland)]], exists, if asked. [[List of number-one singles of 2025 (Finland)]], does not.--Not sure that i will get around to that. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-28382-09|&#126;2025-28382-09]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-28382-09|talk]]) 07:31, 22 October 2025 (UTC) :[[List of number-one singles of 2024 (Finland)]].--Nice! [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-28382-09|&#126;2025-28382-09]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-28382-09|talk]]) 14:09, 23 October 2025 (UTC) == January 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Hello, {{ROOTPAGENAME}}! Here at Simple English Wikipedia, we use the section heading "Other websites" instead of English Wikipedia's "External links", which you used in "[[:Jack Savoretti]]". This makes it simpler and easier to read. Please remember to use "Other websites" in pages that you create in the future. Thank you for your help!<!-- Template:Uw-otherweb --> [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:49, 25 January 2026 (UTC) [[File:information.svg|25px|alt=]] Hello, Greenock125. It looks like "[[Jack Savoretti]]" was derived from the [[:en:|English Wikipedia]] or another version of Wikipedia. If that is indeed the case, please make sure you add some form of [[Wikipedia:Copyrights#Moving things from other Wikipedias|attribution]], either in your [[Wikipedia:Change summary|change summary]] or on the article's talk page. This must be done, even for [[derivative works]], or the article will be deleted in time. More instructions on how to do this are at [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution]]. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}} [[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:50, 25 January 2026 (UTC) :It seems that you are still continuing to create articles that copy elements from the English Wikipedia without giving any attribution (credit) to where it came from. [[Denmark in the Eurovision Song Contest]] and [[Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest]] are two examples of articles you've recently created that are clearly derived from English Wikipedia's articles, but were not given any attribution. Please provide that attribution in a manner like spelled out in Barras's post here or these articles can be deleted. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 13:01, 4 March 2026 (UTC) == Change summaries == Please provide change summaries as much as possible to help other users understand what changes you are making. A quick summary of what you are adding/deleting/changing is very helpful to everyone who looks at the article's history or sees your changes in recent changes. Thanks! [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:46, 21 April 2026 (UTC) :I will make sure to provide edit summaries for as many edits as possible in the future, sorry. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125#top|talk]]) 18:39, 8 September 2026 (UTC) == May 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Everyone is welcome to make changes here. But pages should not be moved, like you did to [[:Ligue 1]], without a good reason. They need to have a name that is accurate and simple, and that people will recognize. Wikipedia has some [[Wikipedia:Naming conventions|guidelines]] to help with this. Generally, a page should only be moved to a new title if the current name doesn't follow these guidelines. Also, if users are talking about moving a page, [[Wikipedia:Consensus|consensus]] needs to be reached before anybody moves the page. If you have a question about this, please ask on [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|Simple talk]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-move1 --> [[User:ShadowBallX|ShadowBallX]] ([[User talk:ShadowBallX|talk]]) 03:46, 25 May 2026 (UTC) :Sorry for the late response, I promise I will not move pages without a good reason, it will not happen again. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125#top|talk]]) 18:37, 8 September 2026 (UTC) == Redirects == Please help me understand: why are you creating redirects then immediately turning them into articles? Why not just skip the redirect creation part? Seems like a totally unnecessary step to me. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 11:51, 1 September 2026 (UTC) :I was creating redirects and immediately turned them into articles because I didn't like the long edit summary, which sounds stupid, I'm sorry. I will not do this anymore. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125#top|talk]]) 19:26, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Talk header == Please don't create new talk pages just to add talk headers. Please note the documentation on {{tl|talk header}}: {{tq|In accordance with Wikipedia:Talk page guidelines, this template should not be added to otherwise empty talk pages. That changes the "discussion" tab at the top of the page from a "redlink" into a "bluelink", which may mislead people into thinking there is discussion.}} --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 17:02, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :Sorry about this I will stop creating Talk Pages with Talk Headers from now, sorry. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125#top|talk]]) 19:22, 7 September 2026 (UTC) == Lack of communication == I note that you have ''never'' edited a user talk page on the Simple English Wikipedia. This is despite several users, including myself, bringing concerns to your talk page. I also note that you were blocked on the English Wikipedia, in part, because of your lack of communication in response to concerns. When asking to be unblocked you said "If I am unblocked and unbanned, I will tackle the lack of communication by stopping any editing, and when an editor comes into my talk page with a concern, question, or warning, I will comment on it, I will not ignore it and make sure I acknowledged that I have read it." Right now, I don't see you following through on that promise to communicate and respond. Users who are blocked on other wikis [[WP:ONESTRIKE|can be blocked if they demonstrate the same behavior here]]. Please work on your communication as part of the collaborative project here. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 18:41, 7 September 2026 (UTC) :Hello, sorry for not responding to messages on my talk page, I will make sure to respond to messages in the future starting now. [[User:Greenock125|Greenock125]] ([[User talk:Greenock125#top|talk]]) 19:20, 7 September 2026 (UTC) iicg1l9hwb1ss77arm5r02bmldwugeu 0 1183421 11024091 10981590 2026-10-08T19:37:31Z ~2026-54350-92 1886650 11024091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox film | name = Kill Bill: Volume 2 | image = Killbill-vol2-logo.svg | caption = Official Logo | director = [[Quentin Tarantino]] | producer = [[Lawrence Bender]] | writer = [[Quentin Tarantino]] | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Uma Thurman]] * [[David Carradine]] * [[Michael Madsen]] * [[Daryl Hannah]] * [[Gordon Liu]] * [[Michael Parks]] }} | music = {{plainlist| * [[RZA]] * [[Robert Rodriguez]] }} | cinematography = Robert Richardson | editing = [[Sally Menke]] | studio = A Band Apart<ref name="afi">{{cite web |title=AFI{{!}}Catalog - Kill Bill -- Vol. 2 |url=https://catalog.afi.com/Film/63128-KILL-BILL--VOL2?sid=ac155e8e-95f6-40af-946a-b7a9a378fe10&sr=11.065554&cp=1&pos=4 |website=[[American Film Institute]] |access-date=September 9, 2020 |archive-date=March 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303015333/https://catalog.afi.com/Film/63128-KILL-BILL--VOL2?sid=ac155e8e-95f6-40af-946a-b7a9a378fe10&sr=11.065554&cp=1&pos=4 |url-status=live}}</ref> | distributor = [[Miramax Films]] | released = {{Film date|2004|04|08|Cinerama Dome|2004|04|16|United States}} | runtime = 137 minutes<ref>{{cite web |author=[[Roger Ebert]] |date=2004-04-16 |title=Kill Bill, Volume 2 |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/kill-bill-volume-2-2004 |access-date=2025-12-07 |work=rogerebert.com}}</ref><ref name="bomvol2">{{cite web | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=killbill2.htm | title=Kill Bill Vol. 2 (2004) | publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] | access-date=June 29, 2011 | archive-date=June 6, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606233201/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=killbill2.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kill_bill_vol_2/ | title=Kill Bill: Volume 2 (2004) | publisher=[[Fandango Media]] | work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] | access-date=September 2, 2021 | archive-date=April 22, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422214012/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/kill_bill_vol_2 | url-status=live }}</ref> | country = United States<ref name="lumiere">{{cite web |title=LUMIERE : Film #21936 : Kill Bill: Vol. 2 |url=http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=21936 |website=[[Lumiere (database)|Lumiere]] |access-date=9 September 2020 |archive-date=August 4, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804232059/http://lumiere.obs.coe.int/web/film_info/?id=21936 |url-status=live}}</ref> | language = English | budget = $30 million<ref name="bomvol2">{{cite web | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=killbill2.htm | title=Kill Bill Vol. 2 (2004) | publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] | access-date=June 29, 2011 | archive-date=June 6, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606233201/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=killbill2.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> | gross = $153.3 million<ref name="bomvol2">{{cite web | url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=killbill2.htm | title=Kill Bill Vol. 2 (2004) | publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] | access-date=June 29, 2011 | archive-date=June 6, 2011 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606233201/http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=killbill2.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> }} '''''Kill Bill:<!--The official website shows a colon in the title: http://www.miramax.com/movie/kill-bill-volume-2/ --> Volume 2''''' is a 2004 American [[martial arts movie]] written and directed by [[Quentin Tarantino]]. It stars [[Uma Thurman]] as the Bride, who continues her campaign of revenge against the Deadly Viper Assassination Squad ([[Daryl Hannah]], [[Vivica A. Fox]], [[Lucy Liu]], and [[Michael Madsen]]) and their leader Bill ([[David Carradine]]), who tried to kill her and their unborn child. Tarantino conceived ''Kill Bill'' as an homage to low-budget cinema, including exploitation films, martial arts films, samurai cinema, [[blaxploitation]] and [[Spaghetti Western|spaghetti westerns]]. ''Volume 2'' is the second of two ''Kill Bill'' films produced simultaneously; the first, ''[[Kill Bill: Volume 1|Volume 1]]'', was released six months earlier. The films were set for a single release, but the film, with a runtime of over four hours, was divided in two. ''Kill Bill: Volume 2'' premiered at the Cinerama Dome on April 8, 2004 and was released by [[Miramax Films]] on April 16, 2004. The film received positive reviews and grossed $153.3 million worldwide on a production budget of $30 million.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kill Bill: Vol. 2|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2119992833/|access-date=2025-04-22|website=Box Office Mojo}}</ref> Tarantino had planned to make further ''Kill Bill'' films in the following years, but abandoned those plans by 2023. A single film combining both parts, ''Kill Bill: The Whole Bloody Affair'', was theatrically released on December 5, 2025. == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == * {{IMDb title|id=0378194}} [[Category:2004 movies]] [[Category:2004 action movies]] [[Category:American action movies]] [[Category:2000s American action movies]] [[Category:Movies directed by Quentin Tarantino]] [[Category:Movies set in Mexico]] [[Category:Miramax movies]] tveqet1lmj1090wk98j8gweqt1qfje5 0 1184011 11024099 10214078 2026-10-08T20:09:30Z Rotondus 217550 the publication year (1989) 11024099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Infobox book | | name = Like Water for Chocolate | title_orig = Como agua para Chocolate | translator = | author = | cover_artist = | country = Mexico | language = Spanish | series = | genre = [[Historical]] | publisher = | media_type = | pages = | isbn = | release_date = | preceded_by = | followed_by = }}{{No sources}} '''''Saints''''' (1989) is a [[historical fiction]] book that was written by [[Laura Esquivel]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Lit-stub}} [[Category:Mexican novels]] [[Category:1989 books]] [[Category:Historical novels]] kbughl1kktsn5y6p2ghh64367t3m8lq 0 1191585 11024405 10999202 2026-10-09T05:29:12Z Greenock125 652309 /* Singles */ Updated discography 11024405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Louane | native_name = | image = Louane at ESC2025 for France 6.jpg | caption = Louane in 2025 | birth_name = Anne Edwige Maria Peichert | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|11|26|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sainte-Catherine, Pas-de-Calais|Sainte-Catherine]], [[Pas-de-Calais]], [[France]] | origin = | genre = | occupation = Singer, songwriter, actress | instrument = | years_active = 2013–present | label = [[Universal Music Group]], [[Mercury Records]] | website = [http://www.louaneofficiel.com/ louaneofficiel.com] }} '''Anne Edwige Maria Peichert''' (born 26 November 1996), known by her stage name '''Louane Emera''' or simply '''Louane''', is a [[France|French]] singer, songwriter, and actress. In 2013 she took part in ''[[The Voice (TV series)|The Voice: la plus belle voix]]'', she reached the semi-final of the competition. She represented France at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2025]] with the song "{{ill|Maman (2025 song)|en|lt=Maman}}", where she finished seventh with 230 points. ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:11em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="5"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Sales ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]] |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br/><ref name="FRA">{{cite web|url=http://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Louane|title=Discographie Louane|publisher=Hung Medien|work=lescharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br/>(Fl)]]<br/><ref name="FL">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Louane|title=Discografie Louane|publisher=Hung Medien|work=ultratop.be/nl}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br />(Wa)]]<br/><ref name="WA">{{cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Louane|title=Discographie Louane|publisher=Hung Medien|work=ultratop.be/fr}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment Charts|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER">{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artist_search=Louane&do_search=do|title=Discographie von Louane|publisher=GfK Entertainment|work=offiziellecharts.de}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI">{{cite web|url=http://www.hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Louane|title=Discographie Louane|publisher=Hung Medien|work=hitparade.ch}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Chambre 12|en}}'' | * Released: 2 March 2015 * Formats: [[music download|Digital download]], [[Compact disc|CD]], [[LP record|LP]] * Label: {{ill|Fontana Records|en}}, [[Mercury Records|Mercury]], [[Universal Music Group|Universal]] | 1 || 92 || 1 || 22 || 6 | | * {{ill|Belgian Entertainment Association|en|lt=BEA}}: Platinum<ref name="becertification">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/or-platine/2015/albums|title=ultratop.be – LES DISQUES D'OR/DE PLATINE – 2015|website=ultratop.be|language=fr}}</ref> * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI SWI]]: Gold<ref name="swicertification">{{Cite web|url=http://www.swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=2015 |title=hitparade.ch – AWARDS 2015|website=hitparade.ch|language=de}}</ref> * [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|SNEP]]: 2× Diamond<ref name="fracertification1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.snepmusique.com/les-disques-dor/?awards_cat=65&awards_awd=diamant|title=SNEP - Les Certifications|website=snepmusique.com|language=fr|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012015430/http://www.snepmusique.com/les-disques-dor/?awards_cat=65&awards_awd=diamant|archive-date=12 October 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Louane'' | * Released: 10 November 2017<ref>{{cite web|title=Louane (Version Standard) - Amazon (FR)|url=https://www.amazon.fr/Louane-Version-Standard/dp/B0769LG88P/|publisher=[[Amazon.com|Amazon France]]|language=fr}}</ref> * Formats: Digital download, CD, LP * Label: Fontana, Mercury, Universal | 1 || 61 || 2 || 53 || 4 | * FRA: 500,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chartsinfrance.net/Louane/news-105826.html|title=Louane : son deuxième album franchit le cap des 200.000 ventes|website=chartsinfrance.net|access-date=2017-12-26}}</ref> | * BEA: Gold<ref name="becertification2017">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/or-platine/2017/albums|title=ultratop.be – LES DISQUES D'OR/DE PLATINE – 2017|website=ultratop.be|language=fr}}</ref> * SNEP: Diamond<ref name="fracertification1"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Joie de vivre (album)|en|lt=Joie de vivre}}'' | * Released: 23 October 2020 * Formats: Digital download, CD, LP * Label: Fontana, Mercury, Universal | 6 || 135 || 6 || 92 || 9 | | * SNEP: Platinum<ref name="fracertification1"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Sentiments'' | * Released: 9 December 2022 * Formats: Digital download, CD, LP * Label: Fontana, Mercury, Universal | 9 || — || 18 || — || 24 | | * SNEP: Platinum<ref name="fracertification1"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Solo'' | * Released: 25 October 2024 * Formats: Digital download, CD, LP * Label: Fontana, Mercury, Universal | 8 || — || 21 || — || 61 | | |- ! scope="row"| ''Watch Out'' | * Released: 26 November 2026 * Formats: Digital download, CD, LP * Label: Polydor, Universal | — || — || — || — || — | | |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Compilation albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:11em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br/><ref name="FRA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br />(Wa)]]<br/><ref name="WA"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Tiens mon best of'' | * Released: 9 May 2025 * Formats: Digital download, CD * Label: Fontana, Mercury, Universal | 6 || 73 |} ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:11em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br/><ref name="FRA"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Avenir (song)|en|lt=Avenir}}'' | * Released: 1 December 2014 * Formats: Digital download * Label: Fontana, Mercury, Universal | 198 |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:15em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br/><ref name="FRA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref name="AUT">{{cite web|url=http://www.austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Louane|title=Discographie Louane|work=austriancharts.at|publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br/>(Fl)]]<br/><ref name="FL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br/>(Wa)]]<br/><ref name="WA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Lithuania|LTU]]<br/><ref>Peak chart positions for singles in Lithuania: * For "Maman": {{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s21-4/|title=2025 21-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt|date=23 May 2025}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Poland|POL]]<br/><ref name="POL">Peak chart positions for singles in Poland: * For "Avenir": {{cite web|url=http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/airplays/top/archiwum.php?year=2015&idlisty=1735#title|title=Listy bestsellerów, wyróżnienia :: Związek Producentów Audio-Video|publisher={{ill|Polish Music Charts|en|lt=Polish Airplay Top 100}}|access-date=2025-05-25|archive-date=2015-01-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106012031/http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/airplays/top/archiwum.php?year=2015&idlisty=1735#title|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE">{{cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Louane|title=Discography Louane|work=swedishcharts.com|publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Charts|UK Down.]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/louane/|title=LOUANE songs and albums {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts]]|website=officialcharts.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Un homme heureux|en}}" | rowspan="3"| 2013 | 126 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3" {{N/A|Non-album singles by ''{{ill|The Voice: la plus belle voix|en}}''}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Quelqu'un m'a dit|en}}" | 146 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Imagine (John Lennon song)|Imagine]]" | 160 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Jour 1|en}}" | rowspan="2"| 2014 | 6 || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Jour 1" did not enter the [[Ultratop]] 50 Flanders, but peaked at number 49 on the [[Ultratop#Ultratip|Ultratip]] chart.}} || 2 || — || — || — || — || 49 || — | * BEA: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|type=single|artist=Louane|title=Jour 1|region=Belgium|certyear=2016}}</ref> * SNEP: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|type=single|artist=Louane|title=Jour 1|region=France}}</ref> | rowspan="6"| ''Chambre 12'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Avenir (song)|en|lt=Avenir}}" | 1 || 4 || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Avenir" did not enter the Ultratop 50 Flanders, but peaked at number 7 on the Ultratip chart.}} || 5 || 3 || — || 18 || — || 42 || — | * BEA: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|type=single|artist=Louane|title=Avenir|region=Belgium|certyear=2016}}</ref> * {{ill|Bundesverband Musikindustrie|en|lt=BVMI}}: Platinum<ref name="BVMI">{{cite web|url=https://www.musikindustrie.de/markt-bestseller/gold-/platin-und-diamond-auszeichnung/datenbank/?action=suche&strInterpret=Louane&strTtArt=alle&strAwards=checked|title=Gold-/Platin-Datenbank}}</ref> * SNEP: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|type=single|artist=Louane|title=Avenir|region=France}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Jeune (j'ai envie)" | rowspan="3"| 2015 | 134 || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Jeune (j'ai envie)" did not enter the Ultratop 50 Wallonia, but peaked at number 1 on the Ultratip chart.}} || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Nos secrets" | 43 || — || — || 6 || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Maman (2015 song)|en|lt=Maman}}" | 18 || — || — || 11 || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Tourne" | 2016 | — || — || — || 22 || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|On était beau|en}}" | rowspan="2"| 2017 | 39 || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"On était beau" did not enter the Ultratop 50 Flanders, but peaked at number 47 on the Ultratip chart.}} || 6 || — || — || — || — || 76 || — | * SNEP: Diamond<ref>{{cite certification|type=single|artist=Louane|title=On etait beau|region=France|accessdate=25 March 2024}}</ref> | rowspan="5"| ''Louane'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Si t'étais là|en}}" | 38 || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Si t'étais là" did not enter the Ultratop 50 Flanders, but peaked at number 3 on the Ultratip chart.}} || 3 || — || — || — || — || 49 || — | * SNEP: Diamond<ref>{{cite certification|region=France|artist=Louane|title=Si t'étais là|type=single|accessdate=2 December 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Immobile" | rowspan="3"| 2018 | 92 || — || — || 22 || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|No (Louane song)|en|lt=No}}" | 88 || — || — || 26 || — || — || — || — || — || — | * SNEP: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|type=single|artist=Louane|title=No|region=France|accessdate=4 July 2024}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Midi sur novembre"<br/>{{small|(featuring {{ill|Julien Doré|en}})}} | 85 || — || — || 9 || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Donne-moi ton cœur" | rowspan="3"| 2020 | 73 || — || — || 8 || — || — || — || — || — || — | * SNEP: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|type=single|artist=Louane|title=Donne-moi ton cœur|region=France|accessdate=12 June 2023}}</ref> | rowspan="4"| ''Joie de vivre'' |- ! scope="row"| "Peut-être" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Désolée" | — || — || — || 36 || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Aimer à mort" | rowspan="2"| 2021 | 78 || — || — || 41 || — || — || — || — || — || — | * SNEP: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|type=single|artist=Louane|title=Aimer à mort|region=France|accessdate=9 December 2021}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Game Girl" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''{{ill|Pokémon 25: The Album|en}}'' |- ! scope="row"| "Secret" | 2022 | 7 || — || — || 30 || — || — || — || — || — || — | * SNEP: Diamond<ref>{{cite certification|type=single|artist=Louane|title=Secret|region=France}}</ref> | ''Sentiments'' |- ! scope="row"| "Pardonne-moi" | 2023 | 50 || — || — || 3 || — || — || — || — || — || — | * BEA: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|type=single|artist=Louane|title=Pardonne-moi|region=Belgium|certyear=2024}}</ref> * SNEP: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|type=single|artist=Louane|title=Pardonne-moi|region=France}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| ''Sentiments heureux'' |- ! scope="row"| "Les étoiles" | rowspan="3"| 2024 | 110 || — || — || 29 || — || — || — || — || — || — | * SNEP: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|type=single|artist=Louane|title=Les étoiles|region=France}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "La pluie" | 72 || — || — || 16 || — || — || — || — || — || — | * SNEP: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|type=single|artist=Louane|title=La pluie|region=France}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| ''Solo'' |- ! scope="row"| "Et Si" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Maman (2025 song)|en|lt=Maman}}" | rowspan="4"| 2025 | 23 || 61 || — || 23 || — || 39 || — || 78 || 13 || 72 | * SNEP: Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=France|type=single|artist=Louane|title=Maman}}</ref> * BRMA: Platinum<ref name="BRMA25">{{cite certification|region=Belgium|type=single|award=Platinum|certyear=2025}}</ref> | ''Tiens mon best of'' |- ! scope="row"| "Orchestra" (20th Anniversary Version)<br/>{{small|(with {{ill|Dan Black|en}})}} | 145 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * SNEP: Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=France|type=single|artist=Dan Black & Louane|title=Orchestra}}</ref> | rowspan="3" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Chiens" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Gabrielle"<br/>{{small|(with Waxx)}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Conduire" | rowspan="4"| 2026 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="4"| ''Watch Out'' |- ! scope="row"| "Tout pour toi"<br/>{{small|(with Elisa Palmire)}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Yeux" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Mode Avion" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ==Notes== {{notelist-ua}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Louane}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:French singers]] [[Category:French songwriters]] [[Category:People from Pas-de-Calais]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] p8mfsdul0detg159dqtbqv0z62xjke3 0 1194291 11023978 11019237 2026-10-08T13:52:06Z IrisChronomia Bot 1885647 BOT (Powered by [[User:IrisChronomia|IrisChronomia]]) 11023978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Go-Jo | image = PrepartyES_-_Go-Jo_01_(cropped).jpeg | caption = Go-Jo in 2025 | birth_name = Marty Jo Zambotto | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|11|25|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Manjimup]], [[Western Australia]], [[Australia]] | origin = | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] | occupation = Singer, songwriter, record producer | instrument = Vocals | years_active = 2016–present | label = | website = }} '''Marty Jo Zambotto''' (born 25 November 1995), is an [[Australia|Australian]] singer and songwriter. He represented [[Australia]] at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2025]] with the song "{{ill|Milkshake Man|en}}",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovision.tv/story/go-jo-representing-australia-basel-2025|title=Go-Jo to represent Australia at Basel 2025 with 'Milkshake Man'|website=eurovision.tv|date=25 February 2025}}</ref> where he finished 11th in the semi-final with 41 points. ==Biography== Zambotto was born on 25 November 1995 in [[Manjimup]], [[Western Australia]], [[Australia]] and grew up on a remote, self-sustaining estate, which helped to develop his musical style and artistic identity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/sbs-picks-viral-tiktok-pop-star-and-stream-dream-gojo-for-2025-eurovision-song-contest/news-story/ed883620a2d62a78557bf4360ee4927d|title=SBS picks viral TikTok pop star and stream dream Go-Jo for 2025 Eurovision Song Contest|date=26 February 2025|website={{ill|news.com.au|en}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M434kR1ng-c|title=Episode 7: Go-Jo The Official Eurovision Song Contest Podcast|date=20 March 2025|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZ71qxruuok|title=HAPPY INTERVIEWS: GO-JO|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Happy Mag|date=17 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-02-26/go-jo-eurovision-marty-zambotto-milkshake-man/104983032|title=Viral pop sensation Go-Jo to represent Australia at Eurovision 2025|website=ABC News (Australia)|date=25 February 2025}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |- ! Title ! Details |- ! scope="row"| ''The Go-Jo Variety Show'' | * Released: 26 June 2026 * Label: Chugg Music * Format: Digital download, CD, LP |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="6"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS<br/>Indie]]<br/><ref>Peak positions on Australian Indie Charts: * For "Mrs. Hollywood": {{Cite web|url=https://air.org.au/2023/04/24/this-week-in-the-charts-24-april-2023/|title=This Week In The Charts – 24 April 2023|website={{ill|Australian Independent Record Labels Association|en}}|access-date=2 June 2025|archive-date=16 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416124056/https://air.org.au/2023/04/24/this-week-in-the-charts-24-april-2023/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Lithuania|LTU]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s21-4/|title=2025 21-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE<br/>Heat.]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215/?dspy=2025&dspp=21|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 21, 2025|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Charts|UK Down.]]<br/><ref name="UK">{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/go-jo/|title=GO-JO songs and albums {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts]]|website=officialcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Charts|UK Indie.]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Charts|UK Sales]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Nobody Like You"<br/><small>(with Emma Carn)</small> | 2016 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="22" {{n/a|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Incredible"<br/><small>(with Drugz300)</small> | rowspan="2"| 2018 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "With You" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ship in a Bottle" | rowspan="2"| 2019 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Phases"<br/><small>(with Trøves)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "No One Else" | rowspan="3"| 2020 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Say Something" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Iris" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Thank You Mum" | rowspan="6"| 2021 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "White Lies" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "You Don't Love Me" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Backseat" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Better Off" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Fuck Being Sad." | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Georgia" | rowspan="4"| 2022 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Missing You" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "See You in LA" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Double Down" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Mrs. Hollywood" | rowspan="3"| 2023 | 18 || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Loverman" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Teenage Dream"<br><small>(triple j Like A Version)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Cry About" | 2024 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Milkshake Man|en}}" | rowspan="3"| 2025 | — || 30 || 16 || 61 || 19 || 64 | rowspan="2"| ''The Go-Jo Variety Show'' |- ! scope="row"| "Appetite"<br><small>(with [[Erika Vikman]])</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Merry Christmas from Australia"<br><small>(with Salem Ilese)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Supersonic" | rowspan="3"| 2026 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="3"| ''The Go-Jo Variety Show'' |- ! scope="row"| "Nervous" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Sweat" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |- |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Go-Jo}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Australian singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] [[Category:Entertainers from Western Australia]] 7trmolpx18xlizzkm6ff7j9fudwgk9o 11023991 11023978 2026-10-08T14:07:20Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia Bot|IrisChronomia Bot]] ([[User talk:IrisChronomia Bot|talk]]) to last version by Greenock125 11019237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Go-Jo | image = PrepartyES_-_Go-Jo_01_(cropped).jpeg | caption = Go-Jo in 2025 | birth_name = Marty Jo Zambotto | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|11|25|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Manjimup]], [[Western Australia]], [[Australia]] | origin = | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] | occupation = Singer, songwriter, record producer | instrument = Vocals | years_active = 2016–present | label = | website = }} '''Marty Jo Zambotto''' (born 25 November 1995), is an [[Australia|Australian]] singer and songwriter. He represented [[Australia]] at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2025]] with the song "{{ill|Milkshake Man|en}}",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eurovision.tv/story/go-jo-representing-australia-basel-2025|title=Go-Jo to represent Australia at Basel 2025 with 'Milkshake Man'|website=eurovision.tv|date=25 February 2025}}</ref> where he finished 11th in the semi-final with 41 points. ==Biography== Zambotto was born on 25 November 1995 in [[Manjimup]], [[Western Australia]], [[Australia]] and grew up on a remote, self-sustaining estate, which helped to develop his musical style and artistic identity.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/sbs-picks-viral-tiktok-pop-star-and-stream-dream-gojo-for-2025-eurovision-song-contest/news-story/ed883620a2d62a78557bf4360ee4927d|title=SBS picks viral TikTok pop star and stream dream Go-Jo for 2025 Eurovision Song Contest|date=26 February 2025|website={{ill|news.com.au|en}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M434kR1ng-c|title=Episode 7: Go-Jo The Official Eurovision Song Contest Podcast|date=20 March 2025|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EZ71qxruuok|title=HAPPY INTERVIEWS: GO-JO|website=[[YouTube]]|publisher=Happy Mag|date=17 April 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2025-02-26/go-jo-eurovision-marty-zambotto-milkshake-man/104983032|title=Viral pop sensation Go-Jo to represent Australia at Eurovision 2025|website=ABC News (Australia)|date=25 February 2025}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" border="1" |- ! Title ! Details |- ! scope="row"| ''The Go-Jo Variety Show'' | * Released: 26 June 2026 * Label: Chugg Music * Format: Digital download, CD, LP |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="6"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS<br/>Indie]]<br/><ref>Peak positions on Australian Indie Charts: * For "Mrs. Hollywood": {{Cite web|url=https://air.org.au/2023/04/24/this-week-in-the-charts-24-april-2023/|title=This Week In The Charts – 24 April 2023|website={{ill|Australian Independent Record Labels Association|en}}|access-date=2 June 2025|archive-date=16 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416124056/https://air.org.au/2023/04/24/this-week-in-the-charts-24-april-2023/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Lithuania|LTU]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s21-4/|title=2025 21-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE<br/>Heat.]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215/?dspy=2025&dspp=21|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 21, 2025|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Charts|UK Down.]]<br/><ref name="UK">{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/go-jo/|title=GO-JO songs and albums {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts]]|website=officialcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Charts|UK Indie.]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Charts|UK Sales]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Nobody Like You"<br/><small>(with Emma Carn)</small> | 2016 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="22" {{n/a|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Incredible"<br/><small>(with Drugz300)</small> | rowspan="2"| 2018 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "With You" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ship in a Bottle" | rowspan="2"| 2019 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Phases"<br/><small>(with Trøves)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "No One Else" | rowspan="3"| 2020 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Say Something" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Iris" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Thank You Mum" | rowspan="6"| 2021 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "White Lies" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "You Don't Love Me" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Backseat" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Better Off" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Fuck Being Sad." | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Georgia" | rowspan="4"| 2022 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Missing You" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "See You in LA" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Double Down" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Mrs. Hollywood" | rowspan="3"| 2023 | 18 || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Loverman" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Teenage Dream"<br><small>(triple j Like A Version)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Cry About" | 2024 | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Milkshake Man|en}}" | rowspan="3"| 2025 | — || 30 || 16 || 61 || 19 || 64 | rowspan="2"| ''The Go-Jo Variety Show'' |- ! scope="row"| "Appetite"<br><small>(with [[Erika Vikman]])</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Merry Christmas from Australia"<br><small>(with Salem Ilese)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Supersonic" | rowspan="4"| 2026 | — || — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="3"| ''The Go-Jo Variety Show'' |- ! scope="row"| "Nervous" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Sweat" | — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Halloween Movie"<br><small>(with Sheppard)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — | {{Non-album single}} |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |- |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Go-Jo}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Australian singer-songwriters]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] [[Category:Entertainers from Western Australia]] ahtbpim9nuogezujjucr73y6koclc48 0 1195714 11024525 11023860 2026-10-09T08:55:19Z Mahdi Hussain Mahdi 1831049 /* The Arab League Boycott of Israel */ 11024525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{orphan|date=June 2025}} A number of countries have refused to recognize [[Israel]] and have [[boycott]]ed its [[athlete]]s in [[sport]]s. This has led to Israeli athletes being disqualified or denied entry to some [[competition]]s. Even in events like the [[Olympics]], some [[Arab]] and [[Muslim]] athletes avoid competing against Israelis. In countries like [[Iran]], athletes are required by their [[government]]s not to compete against Israelis or in Israel.<ref name=jpostjudo>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/middle-east/iranian-judoka-seeks-asylum-after-pressure-to-avoid-facing-israeli-600251|title=Iranian judoka seeks asylum after pressure to avoid facing Israeli|work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/02/sport/saeid-mollaei-judo-safety-world-championships-iran-israel-spt-intl/index.html|title=Iranian judoka fears for safety after refusing to quit World Championships|last=Morse|first=Ben|publisher=CNN|date=2 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/sports/druze-israeli-advances-as-iraqi-foe-refuses-to-fight-564322|title=Druze-Israeli advances as Iraqi foe refuses to fight|work=The Jerusalem Post}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://electronicintifada.net/blogs/ali-abunimah/palestinians-disappointed-determined-after-fifa-betrayal |title=Palestinians disappointed but determined after FIFA betrayal |language=en |date=29 May 2015}}</ref> From 1954 to 1974, Israel was part of the [[Asian Football Confederation]] (AFC). Due to the [[Arab League]]'s boycott, many Arab and Muslim nations refused to play against Israel. In 1958, Israel advanced in the World Cup qualifiers without playing a game, which led [[Fifa]] to require a playoff match with Wales (Israel lost). In 1974, Israel was removed from the AFC, mainly due to pressure from Kuwait. To continue competing, Israel joined [[UEFA]] (Europe’s football group) as an associate member in 1992 and became a full member in 1994. The BDS movement has pushed for Israel to be banned from [[Fifa]], but these efforts have failed. The 1976 [[Chess]] Olympiad was held in Haifa, Israel, causing [[controversy]] because countries like the [[Soviet Union]] and many Arab nations did not recognize Israel. When FIDE (the world chess federation) refused to move the event, the Soviet Union, its allies, and Arab nations boycotted it and held a separate Olympiad in Tripoli, Libya. In 2017, Israeli judoka Tal Flicker won gold at a tournament in the [[UAE]], but officials there refused to display the [[Israeli flag]] or play the national anthem. Instead, they used the International Judo Federation's (IJF) symbols and anthem. Israeli athletes were also banned from wearing national symbols. That year, [[Saudi Arabia]] denied visas to seven Israeli chess players. However, in 2018, the UAE allowed the Israeli flag and anthem after another Israeli judoka, Sagi Muki, won gold. Later that year, a group of international lawyers, including [[Alan Dershowitz]], planned to challenge the banning of Israeli symbols at sports events. The IJF cancelled tournaments in Tunisia and Abu Dhabi over these restrictions. The [[World Chess Federation]] also threatened to ban Tunisia from hosting if Israeli players weren’t granted visas. In 2019, Israel’s national anthem was played in [[Qatar]] when Israeli gymnast Alexander Shatilov won gold, and it had also been played in Abu Dhabi in 2018 after another Israeli win. On New Year’s Eve 2024, [[Jordan]]’s Football Association called for strong international action to stop Israeli sports participation, demanding strict sanctions in response to Israel's actions in [[Gaza]] and the occupied territories.<ref name="Zidan">{{cite news |title=The case for sports sanctions against Israel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/jan/18/the-case-for-sports-sanctions-against-israel |work=The Guardian|date=18 January 2024 |last1=Zidan |first1=Karim }}</ref> ==History== ===The Arab League Boycott of Israel=== Israel’s football association was part of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) from 1954 to 1974. During this time, several Arab and Muslim countries refused to play against Israel because of the Arab League boycott of Israel. In 1958, Israel reached the World Cup qualifying stage without playing a match because its opponents refused to play. FIFA then required Israel to play Wales in a playoff. Wales won, so Israel did not qualify. In 1974, the AFC voted to remove Israel from the organization. The vote was supported by 17 countries, while 13 opposed it and 6 abstained. In 1992, Israel joined UEFA as an associate member, and in 1994 it became a full member. This allowed Israel to compete in European football instead of Asian football. The BDS movement has called for Israel to be suspended or removed from FIFA, but these efforts have not succeeded. In 2018, Jibril Rajoub, president of the Palestinian Football Association, was fined and banned from FIFA activities for one year after encouraging hatred and violence against an Argentine team that planned to play a friendly match in Israel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.jpost.com/Israel-News/Head-of-Palestinian-Football-fined-for-urging-fans-to-burn-photos-of-Messi-565722|title= Palestinian football chief banned by FIFA for inciting hatred|website=The Jerusalem Post|last=Hacohen|first=Hagay|date=24 August 2018}}</ref> The 1976 Chess Olympiad was held in Haifa, Israel. This caused controversy because the Soviet Union and Arab countries did not recognize Israel. When FIDE refused to move the event, the Soviet team and several Eastern European and Arab countries boycotted it. The Arab countries instead held a separate chess tournament in Tripoli, Libya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olimpbase.org/1976/1976in.html |title=22nd Chess Olympiad: Haifa 1976 |access-date=22 September 2021 |last= |first= |date= |work=Olimpbase |publisher= |location= |language= |quote= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.olimpbase.org/1976x/1976in.html |title="The Against Chess Olympiad": Tripoli 1976 |access-date=22 September 2021 |last= |first= |date= |work=Olimpbase |publisher= |location= |language= |quote= }}</ref> In 2017, Israeli judoka Tal Flicker won a gold medal in the United Arab Emirates. However, officials did not play Israel’s national anthem or display its flag. Instead, they used the International Judo Federation’s music and logo. Israeli athletes were also not allowed to wear Israeli symbols on their uniforms. In December 2017, Saudi Arabia refused visas to seven Israeli players who wanted to compete in an international chess tournament. In October 2018, the UAE changed its policy. When Israeli judoka Sagi Muki won gold, officials allowed the Israeli flag to be displayed and the Israeli anthem to be played. On New Year’s Eve in 2024, Jordan’s Football Association called on the international sports community to take strong action to stop Israeli attacks on Palestinians in Gaza and the occupied territories. It also demanded strict sanctions against Israeli sports in international competitions.<ref name="Zidan">{{cite news |title=The case for sports sanctions against Israel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/jan/18/the-case-for-sports-sanctions-against-israel |work=The Guardian|date=18 January 2024 |last1=Zidan |first1=Karim }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} {{stub}} [[Category:Sport in Israel]] tnp8ux62p4j5z9i3id2ns1jsh2znlgu 0 1197542 11024461 10347115 2026-10-09T06:48:04Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox research institute |name = Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism |native_name = |former_name = |image = |caption = |motto = |established = 1982<ref name="A">{{cite web |website=The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism |title=About Us {{!}} The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/book/about |access-date=June 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601194349/https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/book/abouT |archive-date=June 1, 2025 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |type = |research_field = [[Antisemitism]], [[discrimination]], [[Jew#History|Jewish history]], [[sociology]]<ref name="A" /> |president = |vice-president = |principal = |dean = |director = Manuela Consonni<ref name="A" /><ref name="MC" /> |head_label = |head = |faculty = |staff = |students = |undergrad = |postgrad = |doctoral = |profess = |postdoc = |alumni = |address = [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]<br />[[Mount Scopus]], [[Jerusalem]], [[Israel]]<br />9190501 |city = |state = |province = |country = |coor = |zipcode = |campus = |free_label = |free = |affiliations = |operating_agency = |website = {{URL|http://sicsa.huji.ac.il}} |logo = |footnotes = }} The '''Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism'''{{efn|[[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: המרכז הבינלאומי לחקר האנטישמיות ע"ש וידאל ששון|group=lower-alpha}} ('''SICSA''') is a [[research]] center founded in 1982, devoted to the study of [[antisemitism]] with "an independent, non-political and [[Critical analysis|critical]] [[approach]]". It is associated with [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem|The Hebrew University of Jerusalem]].<ref name="A" /> ==History== The center was founded by late [[Israel|Israeli]] [[historian]] and [[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] [[survivor]] [[Professor|Prof.]] [[Yehuda Bauer]] (1926–2024),<ref> * {{cite web |website=Documentation Center for Cambodia |title=Stockholm International Forum |url=https://d.dccam.org/Projects/Affinity/SIF/DATA/CV/person_CV_160.html |access-date=June 16, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] |title=On the Holocaust and Other Genocides |url=https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/20070215-bauer.pdf |date=February 15, 2007 |access-date=June 16, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Jerusalem Center for Security and Foreign Affairs |title=Reviewing the Holocaust Anew in Multiple Contexts |url=https://jcpa.org/article/reviewing-the-holocaust-anew-in-multiple-contexts |last=Bauer |first=Yehuda |date=April 2, 2009 |access-date=June 16, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Canadian Institute for the Study of Antisemitism |title=Dina Porat, Robert Wistrich, and Yehuda Bauer on the New Antisemitism |url=https://canisa.org/blog/dina-porat-robert-wistrich-and-yehuda-bauer-on-the-new-antisemitism |date=December 16, 2013 |access-date=June 22, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Interdisciplinary Humanities Center UCSB |title=Holocaust and Genocide |url=https://www.ihc.ucsb.edu/holocaust-and-genocide |date=April 19, 2018 |access-date=June 16, 2025 }}</ref> later led by late historian Prof. Robert Wistrich (1945–2015) between 2002 and 2015.<ref name="A" /><ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=[[The Forward]] |title=Robert Wistrich, Scholar of Anti-Semitism, Dies at 70 |url=https://forward.com/fast-forward/308536/robert-wistrich-scholar-of-anti-semitism-dies-at-70 |author=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |date=May 20, 2015 |access-date=June 16, 2025 }}</ref> The center is now led by Profs. Manuela Consonni{{efn|Pela and Adam Starkopf Chair in Holocaust Studies Director of the Vidal Sassoon Center for the Study of Antisemitism<ref name="MC">* {{cite web |website=[[ORCID]] |title=Manuela Consonni (0000-0003-3630-0702) |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3630-0702 |access-date=June 16, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Department of Jewish History and Contemporary Jewry |title=Prof. Manuela Consonni |url=https://en.jewish-history.huji.ac.il/people/manuela-consonni |access-date=June 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806023403/https://en.jewish-history.huji.ac.il/people/manuela-consonni |archive-date=August 6, 2025 |url-status=dead }} * {{cite web |website=Istituto Italiano di Cultura di New York |title=“The Guardians of Memory” – Book Presentation |url=https://iicnewyork.esteri.it/en/gli_eventi/calendario/i-guardiani-della-memoria-presentazine-2 |date=February 16, 2021 |access-date=June 16, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Tel Aviv Review of Books |title=Manuela Consonni |url=https://www.tarb.co.il/mw_writer/manuela-consonni |access-date=June 22, 2025 }} * {{cite web |website=Birkbeck Institute for the Study of Antisemitism |title=International Consortium for Research on Antisemitism and Racism |url=https://bisa.bbk.ac.uk/research/item/international-consortium-for-research-on-antisemitism-and-racism |access-date=June 22, 2025 }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}} and Alexander Yakobson.{{efn|Professor of History at [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem|The Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]<ref>{{cite web |website=[[Hebrew University of Jerusalem|The Hebrew University of Jerusalem]] |title=Prof. Alexander Yakobson |url=https://en.history.huji.ac.il/people/alexander-yakobson |access-date=June 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617000545/https://en.history.huji.ac.il/people/alexander-yakobson |archive-date=June 17, 2025 |url-status=dead }}</ref>|group=lower-alpha}}<ref>{{cite web |website=The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism |title=Academic Committee {{!}} The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/academic-committee |access-date=June 17, 2025 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Goals== The center aims to [[Training|train]] [[Graduate school|graduate]] students and postdoctoral fellows in antisemitism studies in order to build a [[quality]] [[Academia|academic]] [[platform]] for [[Comparison|comparative]] studies between antisemitism{{efn|[[Focus|Centering]] on antisemitism's [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism|historical]] and modern [[Context|contexts]]|group=lower-alpha}} and other forms of [[discrimination]].<ref name="A" /> ==Collaborations== The center works with research [[Institution|institutes]] worldwide, including the CENTRA ([[Italy]]), Centro Primo Levi New York ([[United States|US]]),<ref>{{cite web |website=Centro Primo Levi New York |title=Manuela Consonni at the Wiesenthal Center |url=https://primolevicenter.org/events/january-28-manuela-consonni-at-the-wiesenthal-center |access-date=June 22, 2025 }}</ref> The Knapp Family Foundation (US), the Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies of the [[University of Minnesota]] (US), The Leibniz Institute for Jewish History and Culture ([[Germany]]) and the Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte (Germany).<ref>{{cite web |website=The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism |title=Our Partners {{!}} The Vidal Sassoon International Center for the Study of Antisemitism |url=https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/book/our-partners |access-date=June 17, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250617000544/https://sicsa.huji.ac.il/book/our-partners |archive-date=June 17, 2025 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==''Analysis of Current Trends in Antisemitism''== The center hosts the [[Department|unit]] Analysis of Current Trends in Antisemitism (ACTA) to research global [[Politics|political]] [[Fad|trends]] in relation to their [[Effect|impact]] on [[mass media]] and [[public]] [[Opinion poll|opinion]] in [[List of countries|different countries]].<ref name="A" /><ref name="B">{{cite journal |journal=Analysis of Current Trends in Antisemitism - ACTA |title=Analysis of Current Trends in Antisemitism - ACTA |url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/journal/key/actap/html?lang=en&srsltid=AfmBOoprUJyhudGZ2aY4DyO2Z0gdkt65n9QYPzgZ9Mo_uQd_L5iYL0j5 |issn=2568-9347 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|De Gruyter Brill]] |access-date=June 16, 2025 }}</ref> It has been [[publishing]] [[Issue|issues]] since January 1, 1993, [[Focus|focusing]] on [[Analysis|analyzing]] the [[Mechanism|mechanisms]] and [[Phenomenon|occurrences]] of modern antisemitism.<ref name="B" /> ==Related pages== * [[Yad Vashem]] * [[Center for Research on Antisemitism]] * [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]] ==Footnotes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Jewish history]] [[Category:Historical studies]] [[Category:Research institutes]] [[Category:21st-century establishments]] 8arv61zfsjp1hzc350lltzdwq11cl1z 0 1200174 11024624 10982662 2026-10-09T11:54:25Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2023}} {{Infobox organization | name = West African Examinations Council | logo = Waec logo.png | logo_size = 120px | abbreviation = WAEC | formation = 1952<ref name="history_page"/> | location = Headquarters in Accra, Ghana<ref name="history_page"/> | services = School tests and certificates | language = [[English language|English]] | website = {{URL|www.waecdirect.org}}<br />{{URL|www.waecnigeria.org}} }} The '''West African Examinations Council''' ('''WAEC''') is a group that gives tests (examinations) to students in West Africa. It was started in 1952.<ref name="history_page"/> WAEC is a non-profit group that runs tests in five English-speaking countries: [[Nigeria]], [[Ghana]], [[Sierra Leone]], [[the Gambia]], and [[Liberia]].<ref name="waec_profile"/> Its main job is to create and run tests that are needed in these countries. It also gives certificates to students who pass. These certificates must be as good as those from other important examination groups in the world.<ref name="waec_profile"/> Every year, more than three million students take tests run by WAEC.<ref name="3million_source"/> WAEC helps make sure that education standards are similar across all its member countries. == History == === How the Council was started (1948–1953) === The idea for WAEC came from a meeting in 1948 between education groups from the UK and West Africa.<ref name="history_page"/> They asked Dr. George Barker Jeffery to study the education system in West Africa. His report said that the area needed its own examination group.<ref name="wenr_history"/> Based on his report, the governments of Ghana (then called the Gold Coast), Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and the Gambia passed laws in 1951 to create WAEC. The Council was officially started in 1952 with its main office in Accra, Ghana.<ref name="history_page"/> The first big meeting of the Council was held in Accra in March 1953. At first, WAEC helped run tests from the UK, like O-Levels and A-Levels, while it started creating its own tests for West Africa.<ref name="history_page"/> === Growing and becoming more independent (1960s–1980s) === Liberia joined WAEC in 1974, becoming the fifth member country.<ref name="history_page"/> Over time, WAEC created its own tests that were made for West African students. These new tests slowly replaced the old ones from the UK.<ref name="history_page"/> In 1982, the member governments signed a law called the WAEC Convention. This law gave WAEC the same legal power in all five countries and made it a true international group.<ref name="history_page"/> The Convention also decided that the job of Council Chairman would be shared between the member countries, changing every three years.<ref name="waec_profile"/> === New tests and big events (1990s–2000s) === By the 1980s, each country had its own school system. Nigeria started the Senior School Certificate Examination (SSCE).<ref name="wenr_curriculum"/> WAEC helped run these new national tests. Later, in the 1990s and 2000s, WAEC created the '''West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE)'''. This became the main, single test for high school students in all member countries. Ghana used its own test (the SSSCE) until it switched completely to WASSCE in 2006.<ref name="ghana_wassce"/> Liberia also switched to WASSCE for its high school students by 2018.<ref name="liberia_wassce"/> In 2002, WAEC had its 50th birthday. A big celebration was held in Abuja, Nigeria, with the theme “WAEC: 50 Years of Excellence.”<ref name="history_page"/> == How the Council is Organized == WAEC is run by its five member countries together. * '''Governing Council''': This is the group that makes the most important decisions. It has 34 members from the governments, universities, and schools of the five countries.<ref name="waec_profile"/> The Council meets once a year. The job of Chairman of the Council is given to a different country every three years.<ref name="new_chairman"/> * '''Committees''': WAEC uses many committees to do its work. ** '''International Committees''': work on rules and policies for all five countries. ** '''National Committees''': work on issues for just one country.<ref name="history_page"/> * '''Leaders and Offices''': ** The '''Registrar''' is the chief executive officer (CEO) of WAEC and is in charge of the main office in Accra, Ghana. The Registrar manages the work across all five countries.<ref name="waec_profile"/> ** Each country has a '''National Office''' led by a '''Head of National Office (HNO)'''. This office runs all of WAEC's work in that country, like signing up students and running the tests.<ref name="waec_profile"/> == Tests given by WAEC == WAEC runs many kinds of tests. The two main types are international and national. * '''West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE)''': This is the most important test WAEC gives. High school students take it in their final year to get a certificate for university or work. ** '''WASSCE for School Candidates''': This is for students in school. It is held once a year around May and June. Students are tested on subjects like English, Maths, and science, as well as other subjects they choose.<ref name="asetenapa_guide"/> ** '''WASSCE for Private Candidates''': This is also called GCE and is for people who are not in school. It is offered two times a year.<ref name="asetenapa_guide"/> Students get grades from A1 (Excellent) to F9 (Fail). To get into a university, students usually need at least five "credit" passes (C6 or better), including in English and Maths.<ref name="asetenapa_guide"/> * '''Basic Education Certificate Examination (BECE)''': Students in Ghana take this test to finish junior high school and get into senior high school.<ref name="history_page"/> * WAEC also runs other business and technical exams in some countries.<ref name="history_page"/> == Going Digital: New Technology at WAEC == In recent years, WAEC has started using new technology to make its services better. * '''Digital Certificate Platform''': This was started in 2022. It is a website and a mobile app that lets people get a digital (online) copy of their WAEC certificate. They can see it, share it with schools or jobs, and check if a certificate is real. This helps stop fraud and makes getting a certificate faster.<ref name="digitalcert"/> * '''Computer-Based Testing (CBT)''': WAEC is starting to move from paper tests to computer tests. In 2024, it ran a test for private candidates where students answered some questions on a computer and wrote essays on paper.<ref name="cbt_hybrid"/> By 2025, WAEC plans to use computer tests for some parts of the main WASSCE for schools. This will help reduce cheating because the computer can mix up the questions for each student.<ref name="cbt_2025"/> * '''WAEC Konnect''': This is a social media app made by WAEC for students. They can join study groups, ask questions, get exam tips, and receive news from WAEC. It is a safe place for students to get official information.<ref name="konnect"/> * '''EDUSTAT''': This is a new tool started in 2023. It gives governments, schools, and researchers data on how students have performed in WAEC tests over many years. This helps them make better decisions about education.<ref name="edustat"/> == Problems and Criticisms == Over its long history, WAEC has faced some problems. * '''Exam Cheating and Leaks''': The biggest problem for WAEC has been cheating. In the 1970s, there were big scandals like the "Owosho scandal" and "Expo '77" where test questions were leaked before the exam day.<ref name="punch_history"/> In recent years, some supervisors have been caught taking pictures of test papers after the exam has started and sharing them online.<ref name="whatsappleak"/> WAEC says these are not "leaks" but cheating by a few bad people. To fight this, WAEC cancels the results of students caught cheating and is now using computer tests.<ref name="cbt_2025"/> * '''"Miracle Centers"''': This is a name for special schools or exam centers where a lot of cheating happens. In 2025, WAEC in Nigeria punished 574 schools that were found to be helping with organized cheating.<ref name="midnight_exam"/> * '''Syllabus and Subjects''': Some people say that WAEC is too slow to update the subjects it offers. WAEC says it does update its subjects with help from the member countries' education ministries, and adds new ones like Information and Communication Technology (ICT).<ref name="about_us"/> * '''Money Problems''': WAEC sometimes has money problems when governments are late in paying their share. In 2024, WAEC in Ghana warned that it might not be able to release test results on time because the government owed it a lot of money.<ref name="ghana_debt"/> == How WAEC is Funded == WAEC is a non-profit group and gets its money from two main places: # '''Examination Fees''': Students pay a fee to sign up for tests. These fees are kept low because education is seen as a social service. In many cases, the government pays the fees for students in public schools.<ref name="waec_profile"/> # '''Money from Governments''': The five member governments give money to WAEC every year to help cover its costs. The amount each country pays is based on how many students it has. Nigeria pays the largest share (over 50%) because it has the most students.<ref name="waec_profile"/> == References == {{reflist|refs= <ref name="history_page">{{cite web |url=https://waecgh.org/history/ |title=History - The West African Examinations Council |website=waecgh.org}}</ref> <ref name="waec_profile">{{cite web |title=WAEC Profile |url=https://www.waecnigeria.org/waec-profile |website=waecnigeria.org}}</ref> <ref name="3million_source">{{cite web |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/589718-statistics-waec-launches-platform-with-database-of-over-50-million-candidates.html |title=Statistics: WAEC launches platform with database of over 50 million candidates |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref> <ref name="wenr_history">{{cite web |url=https://wenr.wes.org/2015/03/school-examinations-curricula-anglophone-west-africa-gambia-ghana-liberia-nigeria-sierra-leone |title=School Examinations and Curricula in Anglophone West Africa |website=WENR |access-date=2025-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627204451/https://wenr.wes.org/2015/03/school-examinations-curricula-anglophone-west-africa-gambia-ghana-liberia-nigeria-sierra-leone |archive-date=2025-06-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="punch_history">{{cite web |url=https://punchng.com/waec-needs-a-reset/ |title=WAEC needs a reset |website=Punch-ng}}</ref> <ref name="wenr_curriculum">{{cite web |url=https://wenr.wes.org/2015/03/common-anglophone-curriculum-west-african-examinations-council |title=A Common Anglophone Curriculum under the West African ... - WENR |access-date=2025-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627204448/https://wenr.wes.org/2015/03/common-anglophone-curriculum-west-african-examinations-council |archive-date=2025-06-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="ghana_wassce">{{cite web |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/WASSCE-to-replace-SSSCE-in-2006-91019 |title=WASSCE to replace SSSCE in 2006 - Ghana Web}}</ref> <ref name="liberia_wassce">{{cite web |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/2016news/education-ministry-welcomes-politicians-payment-of-student-wassce-fees/ |title=Education Ministry Welcomes Politicians Payment of Student... |website=FrontPageAfrica |access-date=2025-07-22 |archive-date=2025-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627204452/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/2016news/education-ministry-welcomes-politicians-payment-of-student-wassce-fees/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="new_chairman">{{cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/03/breaking-waec-gets-new-head-of-council/ |title=Breaking: WAEC gets new Head of Council - Vanguard News}}</ref> <ref name="asetenapa_guide">{{cite web |url=https://asetenapa.com/what-is-wassce/ |title=What Is the WASSCE Exam? Full Guide |website=asetenapa.com}}</ref> <ref name="digitalcert">{{cite web |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/10/waec-launches-digital-certificate-platform/ |title=WAEC launches digital certificate platform - Vanguard News}}</ref> <ref name="cbt_hybrid">{{cite web |url=https://myschoolgist.com/ng/waec-computer-based-exam/ |title=WAEC's New Computer-Based Testing for Private Candidates |website=MySchoolGist}}</ref> <ref name="cbt_2025">{{cite web |url=https://radionigerialagos.gov.ng/waec-introduces-cbt-in-2025-wassce-for-school-candidates/ |title=WAEC Introduces CBT in 2025 WASSCE for School Candidates - Radio Nigeria Lagos}}</ref> <ref name="konnect">{{cite web |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.vatebra.waeckonnect&hl=en_US |title=WAECKonnect Mobile - Apps on Google Play}}</ref> <ref name="edustat">{{cite web |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/589718-statistics-waec-launches-platform-with-database-of-over-50-million-candidates.html |title=Statistics: WAEC launches platform with database of over 50 million candidates |website=Premium Times Nigeria}}</ref> <ref name="whatsappleak">{{cite web |url=https://www.thecable.ng/waec-how-mischievous-supervisors-share-exam-questions-on-whatsapp-groups/ |title=WAEC: How mischievous supervisors share exam questions on WhatsApp groups -TheCable}}</ref> <ref name="midnight_exam">{{cite web |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/reps-fume-ask-waec-registrar-to-resign-over-midnight-exam/ |title=Reps fume, ask WAEC Registrar to resign over midnight exam - Tribune Online}}</ref> <ref name="about_us">{{cite web |url=https://www.waecnigeria.org/about-us |title=About Us West Africa Examinations Council Nigeria |website=www.waecnigeria.org}}</ref> <ref name="ghana_debt">{{cite web |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/news/education/waec-clement-apaak/2024/ |title=Government pays GH¢25 Million to WAEC amid debt concerns |website=GBC Ghana Online}}</ref> }} [[Category:Education]] pebu7flkkghj34lm8hgmr4jkkirqw1n 0 1206294 11024565 10976879 2026-10-09T09:44:50Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Infobox grapheme | name = Wai | image = [[File:Meetei Mayek letter WAI (WA).svg|100px]] | script = [[Meitei script|Meitei (Meetei Mayek)]] | type = [[Abugida]] | position = 12 | phoneme = {{IPA|[w]}} | transliteration = w / wa | unicode = U+ABCB }} {{Meitei alphabet sidebar}} '''Wai''' (Meitei: {{lang|mni|ꯋ}}) is the twelfth letter of the [[Meitei script]] (Meetei Mayek). It primarily represents the labial-velar approximant consonant (the "w" sound, made by rounding the lips and bringing the back of the tongue close to the soft part of the roof of the mouth, while letting the air flow smoothly), represented by [w].<ref name=":languageinindia_Meitei_Mayek">{{Cite web|title=Teaching Meitei Mayek: A New Approach|url=https://www.languageinindia.com/may2015/rebikameiteimayekfinal.pdf|website=Language in India|access-date=2026-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013110639/https://languageinindia.com/may2015/rebikameiteimayekfinal.pdf|archive-date=2025-10-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> In accordance with the unique naming system of the Meitei alphabet, the letter is named after and visually represents the '''heart''' or '''navel''' of the human body.<ref name=":Meetei_Lonchat_Pathap">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466686|title=Supchanlaba Meetei Lonmit Amasung Lonchat Pathap|last=Noren|first=akoijambam|date=1993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.310170|title=Kanglei Eyekki Waree|last=Kangjiya|first=Ng|date=1978}}</ref> == Origin and etymology == [[File:Ancient Meitei character "WAI" (ꯋ) represents as well as means "heart" or "navel".jpg|thumb|Ancient Meitei character "WAI" (ꯋ) represents as well as means "heart" or "navel".]] The name ''Wai'' translates alternatively to "heart" or "navel" depending on different historical manuscript interpretations or semantic layers within the [[Meitei language]] (Manipuri). Within the script's core 18 original letters (''Eyek Ipee''), the characters follow a top-down structural logic based on the human anatomy, following ''[[Thou]]'' (breast/chest/ribs) as the sequence descends deeper into the central torso.<ref name=":Wakoklon Thilel Sallai Amailon Pukok" /><ref name=":Discovery_of_Kangleipak_11" /><ref name=":Discovery_of_Kangleipak_12" /><ref name=":Meetei Mayek 18 Subagee Kanglon Amasung Wangulon" /> According to traditional Meitei philosophy and ancient manuscripts known as ''[[Puya (Meitei texts)|Puyas]]'', the graphic shape of the letter mimics the central node or rhythmic center of the torso, corresponding to the human heart or the ancestral connection point of the navel. During the late 20th-century script revival movement, this character was officially standardized by the Government of Manipur to its current digital shape.<ref>{{Citation|title=Meetei Mayek or Meetei script chart|date=2009|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/court-chronicle-of-the-kings-of-manipur/meetei-mayek-or-meetei-script-chart/788010CFE8284F1940148DAFFAC6F262|work=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur|pages=145–148|editor-last=Arambarn Parratt|editor-first=Saroj Nalini|publisher=Foundation Books|doi=10.1017/UPO9788175968547.006 |isbn=978-81-7596-638-3|access-date=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Transliteration from Hindi Script to Meetei Mayek : ( A Rule Based Approach )|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/abffca19fde6f67de9236dc54bc90f9b4c960980|access-date=2026-07-15|website=www.semanticscholar.org |s2cid=16339978 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meitei Mayek Alphabets|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Meitei-Mayek-Alphabets_fig1_328718529|access-date=2026-07-15|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meetei Mayek: The Script|url=http://tabish.freeshell.org/eeyek/script/|access-date=2026-07-15|website=tabish.freeshell.org}}</ref> == Meitei mythology and cosmogony == The alphabet ꯋ (Wai) carries immense spiritual significance in traditional Meitei anatomy and calendar systems. Linked to the fifth day of the week, [[Sakonsen]] (Thursday), it represents the crowning achievement of internal physical creation. Together with ꯉ and ꯊ, the alphabet ꯋ specifically symbolizes the human heart. Within Meitei beliefs, this character stands as a marker for the central seat of life and the precise internal location where the God Father Creator resides under His continuous care.<ref name=":Wakoklon Thilel Sallai Amailon Pukok">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466689|title=Wakoklon Thilel Sallai Amailon Pukok|last=Thokchao Pangkanpa|first=Thokchom|date=1958|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|others=Manipur University Library|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Discovery_of_Kangleipak_11">{{Cite web|title=Discovery of Kangleipak 11|url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=MeiteiMayek.Discovery_of_Kangleipak_11.html..|access-date=|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":Discovery_of_Kangleipak_12">{{Cite web|title=Discovery of Kangleipak 12|url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=MeiteiMayek.Discovery_of_Kangleipak_12.html..|access-date=|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":Meetei Mayek 18 Subagee Kanglon Amasung Wangulon">{{Cite web|title=Meetei Mayek 18 Subagee Kanglon Amasung Wangulon|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.309999/page/n7/mode/1up|website=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|date=1992 |language=mni}}</ref> == Linguistic and phonetic usage == === Sound value === In modern Meitei, Wai primarily represents the labial-velar approximant consonant ({{IPA|[w]}}). When spoken natively with its inherent vowel sound, it is pronounced as /wa/.<ref name=":Sohini_Ray_Meitei_Mayek">{{Cite journal|last=Ray|first=Sohini|date=2009|title=Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25488260|journal=Anthropological Quarterly|volume=82|issue=1|pages=129–154|doi=10.1353/anq.0.0047 |jstor=25488260 |issn=0003-5491}}</ref><ref name=":Script_and_sound_system">{{Cite journal|last1=Sarangthem|first1=Bobita|last2=Lokendro|first2=Laishram|date=2022-01-01|title=Script and sound system of Meiteilon|url=https://www.academia.edu/95706925|journal=Journal of Language and Culture}}</ref> === Positional variations === * '''Syllable-initial:''' When appearing at the beginning of a syllable, it retains its standard sound of {{IPA|[w]}}.<ref name=":okram.co.in/meitei">{{Cite web|title=Meitei Mayek Transliteration: A Comprehensive Guide|url=https://okram.co.in/meitei-mayek-transliteration/|access-date=2026-07-15|website=okram.co.in|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Sohini_Ray_Meitei_Mayek" /><ref name=":Script_and_sound_system" /> * '''Syllable-final (Lonsum):''' The letter Wai does not have a dedicated final consonant form (''Lonsum'') in the original script block, as traditional Meitei syllables do not naturally terminate in a labial-velar approximant.<ref name=":okram.co.in/meitei" /><ref name=":Sohini_Ray_Meitei_Mayek" /><ref name=":Script_and_sound_system" /> === Tonal interaction === As Meitei is a [[tonal language]], the pitch of the syllable containing Wai is altered depending on the attached vowel diacritics (''Cheitap'') or the accompanying tone markers to signify distinct meanings.<ref name=":Sohini_Ray_Meitei_Mayek" /><ref name=":Script_and_sound_system" /> == Vowel diacritic combinations == Like other [[abugida]] scripts, the consonant Wai has an inherent vowel sound of /ə/. To represent alternate or modified vowel sounds, explicit vowel diacritics (known as ''Cheitap Mayek'') are attached to the base letter.<ref name=":languageinindia_Meitei_Mayek" /><ref name=":Meetei_Lonchat_Pathap" /><ref name=":Sohini_Ray_Meitei_Mayek" /><ref name=":Script_and_sound_system" /> The table below demonstrates how Wai combines with the standard Meitei vowel markers, detailing their respective graphic positioning, [[Unicode]] rendering, and phonetic output: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px;" |- style="background:#f2f2f2;" ! Diacritic Name !! Unicode<ref name=":unicode.org/charts" /><ref name=":unicode.org/charts/nameslist" /> !! Graphic Position !! Syllable Character !! Transliteration !! Pronunciation ([[IPA]]) |- | (None) || — || Inherent Vowel || ꯋ || wa / wə || {{IPA|[wə]}} |- | Aatap || U+ABE5 || Post-posed (Right) || ꯋꯥ || wā / waa || {{IPA|[waː]}} |- | Inap || U+ABE4 || Post-posed (Right) || ꯋꯤ || wi || {{IPA|[wi]}} |- | Unap || U+ABE8 || Sub-posed (Bottom) || ꯋꯨ || wu || {{IPA|[wu]}} |- | Yetnap || U+ABE6 || Post-posed (Right) || ꯋꯦ || we || {{IPA|[we]}} |- | Otnap || U+ABE3 || Post-posed / Right-wrapping || ꯋꯣ || wo || {{IPA|[wo]}} |- | Cheinap || U+ABE9 || Post-posed (Right) || ꯋꯩ || wei / wai || {{IPA|[wɐj]}} |- | Sounap || U+ABE7 || Post-posed (Right) || ꯋꯧ || wou / wau || {{IPA|[wɐw]}} |- | Nung || U+ABEA || Post-posed (Right) || ꯋꯪ || wang || {{IPA|[waŋ]}} |} == Computer encoding == Wai was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2. It is located inside the "Meetei Mayek" block.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meitei Mayek Unicode 2009|url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=MeiteiMayek.Meitei_Mayek_Unicode_2009.html..|access-date=2026-07-15|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Character !! Unicode Code Point<ref name=":unicode.org/charts">{{Cite web|title=Meetei Mayek {{!}} Official Unicode Consortium code chart|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UABC0.pdf|website=Unicode}}</ref><ref name=":unicode.org/charts/nameslist">{{Cite web|title=Meetei Mayek {{!}} Charts {{!}} Name list|url=https://unicode.org/charts/nameslist/n_ABC0.html|access-date=2026-07-15|website=unicode.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260422193524/https://unicode.org/charts/nameslist/n_ABC0.html|archive-date=2026-04-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> !! Name !! Character Reference |- | style="font-size:200%;" | ꯋ || U+ABCB || MEETEI MAYEK LETTER WAI || <code>&amp;#43979;</code> |} == Equivalent letters == In comparative typography, the phonetic properties of '''Wai''' align with corresponding characters in other major ancestral and regional writing systems. Because Wai contains no historical derived or extended ''Lom Eeyek'' counterpart within the script's orthography, its mapping remains restricted solely to its primary sound base, arranged in strict alphabetical order by script family: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:450px;" |- style="background:#f2f2f2;" ! Script Family !! Equivalent Glyph !! Transliteration |- | '''[[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]''' || [[:en:wikt:𐡅|𐡅]] || Wa / Va |- | '''[[Bengali-Assamese script|Bengali-Assamese]]''' || [[:en:wikt:ৱ|ৱ]] || Wa / Va |- | '''[[Brahmi script|Ashokan Brahmi]]''' || [[:en:wikt:𑀯|𑀯]] || Va / Wa |- | '''[[Burmese script|Burmese]]''' || [[:en:wikt:ဝ|ဝ]] || Wa |- | '''[[Devanagari]]''' || [[:en:wikt:व|व]] || Va / Wa |- | '''[[Gujarati script|Gujarati]]''' || [[:en:wikt:વ|વ]] || Va / Wa |- | '''[[Gupta script|Gupta Brahmi]]''' || [[:en:wikt:𑀯|𑀯]] <br><small>(Brahmi glyph)</small> || Va / Wa |- | '''[[Gurmukhi]]''' || [[:en:wikt:ਵ|ਵ]] || Wa / Va |- | '''[[Kannada script|Kannada]]''' || [[:en:wikt:ವ|ವ]] || Va |- | '''[[Malayalam script|Malayalam]]''' || [[:en:wikt:വ|ವ]] || Va |- | '''[[Odia script|Odia]]''' || [[:en:wikt:ବ|ବ]] || Va / Wa |- | '''[[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic (Urdu)]]''' || [[:en:wikt:و|و]] || Wa / Va |- | '''[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]''' || [[:en:wikt:𐤅|𐤅]] || Wa / Va |- | '''[[Tamil script|Tamil]]''' || [[:en:wikt:வ|வ]] || Va |- | '''[[Telugu script|Telugu]]''' || [[:en:wikt:వ|வ]] || Va |- | '''[[Thai script|Thai]]''' || [[:en:wikt:ว|ว]] || Wa |- | '''[[Tibetan script|Tibetan]]''' || [[:en:wikt:ཝ|ཝ]] || Wa |} == Related pages == * [[:en:Meitei input methods|Meitei input methods (Meitei keyboards)]] * [[:en:Meetei Mayek (Unicode block)|Meetei Mayek (Unicode block)]] * [[:en:Meetei Mayek Extensions|Meetei Mayek Extensions]] * [[:en:Wikipedia:Meitei script display help|Wikipedia:Meitei script display help]] * [[Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok Puya]] * [[Philosophy of Meitei script]] * [[Meitei alphabet]]s * [[:en:Meitei script movement|Meitei script movement]] * [[Meetei Erol Eyek Loinasillol Apunba Lup]] * [[Ancient Meitei language]] * [[Medieval Meitei language]] * [[Modern Meitei language]] * [[Meitei philosophy]] * [[Meitei mythology]] * [[Meitei folklore]] * [[Traditional Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]]) * [[Sanamahists]] * [[Philosophy of Sanamahism]] * [[:en:Naoriya Phulo script|Naoriya Phulo script]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{Notelist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Meitei letters]] [[Category:Consonant letters]] te6vp82l70miroxzxuyq1lreikhcq2h 0 1206297 11024273 10976455 2026-10-09T02:45:19Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Contains special characters|Meitei}} {{Infobox grapheme | name = Un | image = [[File:Meetei Mayek letter UN (U).svg|100px]] | script = [[Meitei script|Meitei (Meetei Mayek)]] | type = [[Abugida]] | position = 15 | phoneme = {{IPA|[u]}} | transliteration = u | unicode = U+ABCE }} {{Meitei alphabet sidebar}} '''Un''' (also spelled '''Oon'''; Meitei: {{lang|mni|ꯎ}}) is the fifteenth letter of the [[Meitei script]] (Meetei Mayek). Unlike most of the preceding letters in the core alphabet, it primarily represents a vowel sound, specifically the close back rounded vowel (the "u" sound, made by raising the back of the tongue close to the roof of the mouth while rounding the lips), represented by [u].<ref name=":languageinindia_Meitei_Mayek">{{Cite web|title=Teaching Meitei Mayek: A New Approach|url=https://www.languageinindia.com/may2015/rebikameiteimayekfinal.pdf|website=Language in India|access-date=2026-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251013110639/https://languageinindia.com/may2015/rebikameiteimayekfinal.pdf|archive-date=2025-10-13|url-status=dead}}</ref> In accordance with the unique naming system of the Meitei alphabet, the letter is named after and visually represents a '''hair follicle''' or the '''skin''' of the human body.<ref name=":Meetei_Lonchat_Pathap">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466686|title=Supchanlaba Meetei Lonmit Amasung Lonchat Pathap|last=Noren|first=akoijambam|date=1993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.310170|title=Kanglei Eyekki Waree|last=Kangjiya|first=Ng|date=1978}}</ref> == Origin and etymology == [[File:Ancient Meitei character "OON" (ꯎ) represents as well as means "skin" or "hair follicle".jpg|thumb|Ancient Meitei character "OON" (ꯎ) represents as well as means "skin" or "hair follicle".]] The name ''Un'' translates directly to a "hair follicle" or "skin" in the [[Meitei language]] (Manipuri). Within the script's core 18 original letters (''Eyek Ipee''), the characters follow a conceptual logic mapping out the physical components of human anatomy, following ''[[Huk]]'' (joint/articulation) as the framework moves outward to the body's outer layer.<ref name=":Wakoklon Thilel Sallai Amailon Pukok" /><ref name=":Discovery_of_Kangleipak_11" /><ref name=":Discovery_of_Kangleipak_12" /><ref name=":Meetei Mayek 18 Subagee Kanglon Amasung Wangulon" /> According to traditional Meitei philosophy and ancient manuscripts known as ''[[Puya (Meitei texts)|Puyas]]'', the graphic shape of the letter mimics the pore or pocket of a hair follicle on the skin's surface. During the late 20th-century script revival movement, this character was officially standardized by the Government of Manipur to its current digital shape.<ref>{{Citation|title=Meetei Mayek or Meetei script chart|date=2009|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/court-chronicle-of-the-kings-of-manipur/meetei-mayek-or-meetei-script-chart/788010CFE8284F1940148DAFFAC6F262|work=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur|pages=145–148|editor-last=Arambarn Parratt|editor-first=Saroj Nalini|publisher=Foundation Books|doi=10.1017/UPO9788175968547.006 |isbn=978-81-7596-638-3|access-date=2026-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Transliteration from Hindi Script to Meetei Mayek : ( A Rule Based Approach )|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/abffca19fde6f67de9236dc54bc90f9b4c960980|access-date=2026-07-15|website=www.semanticscholar.org |s2cid=16339978 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meitei Mayek Alphabets|url=https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Meitei-Mayek-Alphabets_fig1_328718529|access-date=2026-07-15|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meetei Mayek: The Script|url=http://tabish.freeshell.org/eeyek/script/|access-date=2026-07-15|website=tabish.freeshell.org}}</ref> == Meitei mythology and cosmogony == The alphabet ꯎ (Un) holds a prominent theological position in Meitei accounts of genesis. It is associated with the sixth day of the week, [[Eelai]] (Friday), which celebrates the complete physical assembly and outward appearance of the human being. Grouped alongside ꯌ and ꯍ, the character ꯎ represents the God Father Creator Himself, anchoring the physical creation of the living body and spine to its ultimate divine source.<ref name=":Wakoklon Thilel Sallai Amailon Pukok">{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.466689|title=Wakoklon Thilel Sallai Amailon Pukok|last=Thokchao Pangkanpa|first=Thokchom|date=1958|publisher=Digital Library of India; Internet Archive|others=Manipur University Library|location=India|language=mni}}</ref><ref name=":Discovery_of_Kangleipak_11">{{Cite web|title=Discovery of Kangleipak 11|url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=MeiteiMayek.Discovery_of_Kangleipak_11.html..|access-date=|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":Discovery_of_Kangleipak_12">{{Cite web|title=Discovery of Kangleipak 12|url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=MeiteiMayek.Discovery_of_Kangleipak_12.html..|access-date=|website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref name=":Meetei Mayek 18 Subagee Kanglon Amasung Wangulon">{{Cite web|title=Meetei Mayek 18 Subagee Kanglon Amasung Wangulon|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.309999/page/n7/mode/1up|website=Internet Archive; Digital Library of India|date=1992 |language=mni}}</ref> == Linguistic and phonetic usage == === Sound value === In modern Meitei, Un functions as an independent vowel character representing the close back rounded vowel ({{IPA|[u]}}). When written on its own without any modifiers, it represents the pure syllable sound /u/.<ref name=":Sohini_Ray_Meitei_Mayek">{{Cite journal|last=Ray|first=Sohini|date=2009|title=Writing the Body: Cosmology, Orthography, and Fragments of Modernity in Northeastern India|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25488260|journal=Anthropological Quarterly|volume=82|issue=1|pages=129–154|doi=10.1353/anq.0.0047 |jstor=25488260 |issn=0003-5491}}</ref><ref name=":Script_and_sound_system">{{Cite journal|last1=Sarangthem|first1=Bobita|last2=Lokendro|first2=Laishram|date=2022-01-01|title=Script and sound system of Meiteilon|url=https://www.academia.edu/95706925|journal=Journal of Language and Culture}}</ref> === Positional variations === * '''Syllable-initial:''' When appearing at the beginning of a syllable or word, it acts as an independent vowel base.<ref name=":okram.co.in/meitei">{{Cite web|title=Meitei Mayek Transliteration: A Comprehensive Guide|url=https://okram.co.in/meitei-mayek-transliteration/|access-date=2026-07-15|website=okram.co.in|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":Sohini_Ray_Meitei_Mayek" /><ref name=":Script_and_sound_system" /> * '''Syllable-final (Lonsum):''' The letter Un does not have a dedicated final consonant form (''Lonsum'') because it is inherently a vowel character. When used at the end of a syllable, it forms part of a diphthong combination.<ref name=":okram.co.in/meitei" /><ref name=":Sohini_Ray_Meitei_Mayek" /><ref name=":Script_and_sound_system" /> === Tonal interaction === As Meitei is a [[tonal language]], the pitch of the syllable containing Un is altered depending on the attached vowel diacritics (''Cheitap'') or the accompanying tone markers to signify distinct meanings.<ref name=":Sohini_Ray_Meitei_Mayek" /><ref name=":Script_and_sound_system" /> == Computer encoding == Un was added to the [[Unicode]] Standard in October 2009 with the release of version 5.2. It is located inside the "Meetei Mayek" block.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meitei Mayek Unicode 2009|url=https://e-pao.net/epPageExtractor.asp?src=MeiteiMayek.Meitei_Mayek_Unicode_2009.html..|access-date=2026-07-15|website=e-pao.net}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! Character !! Unicode Code Point<ref name=":unicode.org/charts">{{Cite web|title=Meetei Mayek {{!}} Official Unicode Consortium code chart|url=https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UABC0.pdf|website=Unicode}}</ref><ref name=":unicode.org/charts/nameslist">{{Cite web|title=Meetei Mayek {{!}} Charts {{!}} Name list|url=https://unicode.org/charts/nameslist/n_ABC0.html|access-date=2026-07-15|website=unicode.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260422193524/https://unicode.org/charts/nameslist/n_ABC0.html|archive-date=2026-04-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> !! Name !! Character Reference |- | style="font-size:200%;" | ꯎ || U+ABCE || MEETEI MAYEK LETTER UN || <tt>&amp;#43982;</tt> |} == Equivalent letters == In comparative typography, the phonetic properties of '''Un''' align with corresponding initial vowel characters in other major ancestral and regional writing systems. Because Un functions as an independent vowel base rather than a consonant carrier, its cross-script mappings correspond to standalone vowel structures, arranged in strict alphabetical order by script family: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:450px;" |- style="background:#f2f2f2;" ! Script Family !! Equivalent Glyph !! Transliteration |- | '''[[Aramaic alphabet|Aramaic]]''' || [[:en:wikt:𐡅|𐡅]] || U |- | '''[[Bengali-Assamese script|Bengali-Assamese]]''' || [[:en:wikt:উ|উ]] || U |- | '''[[Brahmi script|Ashokan Brahmi]]''' || [[:en:wikt:𑀉|𑀉]] || U |- | '''[[Burmese script|Burmese]]''' || [[:en:wikt:ဥ|ဥ]] || U |- | '''[[Devanagari]]''' || [[:en:wikt:उ|उ]] || U |- | '''[[Gujarati script|Gujarati]]''' || [[:en:wikt:ઉ|ઉ]] || U |- | '''[[Gupta script|Gupta Brahmi]]''' || [[:en:wikt:𑀉|𑀉]] <br><small>(Brahmi glyph)</small> || U |- | '''[[Gurmukhi]]''' || [[:en:wikt:ੳ|ੳ]] || U |- | '''[[Kannada script|Kannada]]''' || [[:en:wikt:ಉ|ಉ]] || U |- | '''[[Malayalam script|Malayalam]]''' || [[:en:wikt:ഉ|ഉ]] || U |- | '''[[Odia script|Odia]]''' || [[:en:wikt:ଉ|ଉ]] || U |- | '''[[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic (Urdu)]]''' || [[:en:wikt:او|او]] || U |- | '''[[Phoenician alphabet|Phoenician]]''' || [[:en:wikt:𐤅|𐤅]] || U |- | '''[[Tamil script|Tamil]]''' || [[:en:wikt:உ|உ]] || U |- | '''[[Telugu script|Telugu]]''' || [[:en:wikt:ఉ|ఉ]] || U |- | '''[[Thai script|Thai]]''' || [[:en:wikt:อု|อု]] || U |- | '''[[Tibetan script|Tibetan]]''' || [[:en:wikt:ཨུ|ཨུ]] || U |} == Related pages == * [[:en:Meitei input methods|Meitei input methods (Meitei keyboards)]] * [[:en:Meetei Mayek (Unicode block)|Meetei Mayek (Unicode block)]] * [[:en:Meetei Mayek Extensions|Meetei Mayek Extensions]] * [[:en:Wikipedia:Meitei script display help|Wikipedia:Meitei script display help]] * [[Wakoklon Heelel Thilel Salai Amailon Pukok Puya]] * [[Philosophy of Meitei script]] * [[Meitei alphabet]]s * [[:en:Meitei script movement|Meitei script movement]] * [[Meetei Erol Eyek Loinasillol Apunba Lup]] * [[Ancient Meitei language]] * [[Medieval Meitei language]] * [[Modern Meitei language]] * [[Meitei philosophy]] * [[Meitei mythology]] * [[Meitei folklore]] * [[Traditional Meitei religion]] ([[Sanamahism]]) * [[Sanamahists]] * [[Philosophy of Sanamahism]] * [[:en:Naoriya Phulo script|Naoriya Phulo script]] == References == {{Reflist}} {{Notelist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Meitei letters]] [[Category:Vowel letters]] hb6c823wbbs6hdi3x0jmflr50q2h3bu 3 1211091 11024536 10449647 2026-10-09T09:12:19Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Notification: listing at [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] of [[Paul Vaughn]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024536 wikitext text/x-wiki == August 2025 == [[File:information.svg|25px|alt=]] Hello, MoviesandTelevisionFan. It looks like an article you created was derived from the [[:en:|English Wikipedia]] or another version of Wikipedia. If that is indeed the case, please make sure you add some form of [[Wikipedia:Copyrights#Moving things from other Wikipedias|attribution]], either in your [[Wikipedia:Change summary|change summary]] or on the article's talk page. This must be done, even for [[derivative works]], or the article will be deleted in time. More instructions on how to do this are at [[Wikipedia:Transwiki attribution]]. {{#if:|{{{2}}}|Thank you.}} [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 14:28, 10 August 2025 (UTC) == Notice of Quick Deletions == Hello. I have [[WP:QD|quick deleted]] many of the articles you recently created on the Simple English Wikipedia because you failed to make a valid claim of [[WP:N|notability]]. Normally we allow articles on actors that show how they are notable by including [[WP:RS|reliable sources]] showing things like awards received, major works they have been the main star in, and other things like magazine articles that have significant coverage of them and their works. Regards '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 23:52, 10 August 2025 (UTC) Apologies, I won't create anymore. [[User:MoviesandTelevisionFan|MoviesandTelevisionFan]] ([[User talk:MoviesandTelevisionFan|talk]]) 01:56, 11 August 2024 (UTC) ==[[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion|RfD]] nomination of Paul Vaughn== <div class="floatleft" style="margin-bottom:0">[[File:Ambox warning orange.svg|48px|alt=]]</div>An editor has asked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|deletion]] of [[:Paul Vaughn]], a page you wrote. We thank you for your changes, but the nominator doesn't think that the page meets Wikipedia's rules for inclusion and has said why in the nomination (see also "[[WP:NOT|What Wikipedia is not]]"). You are welcome to join the discussion at [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Paul Vaughn]]; please be sure to [[WP:SIG|sign your comments]] with four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). You may also change the page during the discussion to bring it in line with our rules. But you should not remove the [[WP:RfD|requests for deletion]] flag from the top of the page; doing so will not end the deletion discussion. Thank you very much. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:12, 9 October 2026 (UTC) 9cbangrcie0foy6nznyas2ataji2ew3 0 1211576 11024184 10974102 2026-10-08T21:54:34Z ~2026-54092-28 1887221 Added "Rebecca" as audiobook narrated by O'Karma in 1988. 11024184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Alexandra O'Karma 1984 (cropped).jpg | caption = O'Karma in ''Refuge'' (1984) | birth_name = Alexandra Stevenson | birth_date = {{Birth date|1948|3|28}} | birth_place = [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|9|6|1948|3|28}} | death_place = [[New York, New York]], U.S. | alma_mater = [[Swarthmore College]] | occupation = [[actress]] | years_active = }} '''Alexandra O'Karma''' (born '''Alexandra Stevenson''', March 28, 1948 – September 6, 2019) was an American actress and audiobook narrator. She appeared in plays across the U.S., Canada, and the U.K.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Willis |first1=John |title=Theatre World |date=1998 |publisher=Crown Publishers |isbn=978-1-55783-322-8 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvQZAQAAIAAJ&q=o%27karma |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ALEXANDRA O'KARMA Obituary (2019) - New York, NY - New York Times |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/nytimes/name/alexandra-o-karma-obituary?id=14828491 |website=Legacy.com}}</ref> She won a Villager Award for Distinguished Performance for her role in the Off-Broadway play ''Knitters in the Sun'' (1980).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Markus |first1=Tom |last2=Sarver |first2=Linda |title=Another Opening, Another Show: A Lively Introduction to the Theatre |date=2001 |publisher=Mayfield Pub. |isbn=978-0-7674-1616-0 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghoIAQAAMAAJ&q=alexandra+o%27karma |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=Actors (clockwise from top L) Evan Thompson, Kelly Fitzpatrick, Joan Shepard, Will Jeffries and Alexandra O'Karma in a company shot from the Off-Broadway play "Knitters In The Sun" (New York) - NYPL Digital Collections |url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/4ba2a7f0-d7ac-0131-d1a3-58d385a7b928?canvasIndex=0 |website=digitalcollections.nypl.org |accessdate=12 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> She starred in the film ''Refuge''. It was broadcast on ''American Playhouse'' in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=John J. |title='Refuge,' Futile Search for Midlife Solutions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/28/arts/refuge-futile-search-for-midlife-solutions.html |website=New York Times |accessdate=12 August 2025 |date=1984-02-28}}</ref> She also acted in the movies ''Terms Of Endearment'' (1983) and ''Yuri Nosenko, KGB'' (1986).<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexandra O'Karma |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/143412%7C0/Alexandra-O'karma |website=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |accessdate=12 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/filmsoftommyleej0000mari/page/190/mode/2up?q=nosenko|title=The films of Tommy Lee Jones|last=Marill|first=Alvin H.|date=1998|publisher=Carol Pub|isbn=978-0-8065-1952-4|location=Secaucus, N.J|pages=191–192}}</ref> She received AudioFile magazine's Earphones Award twice, for her audiobooks ''More than You Know'' (2001) and ''Empress Orchid'' (2004).<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=MORE THAN YOU KNOW by Beth Gutcheon Read by Alexandra OKarma {{!}} Audiobook Review |url=https://www.audiofilemagazine.com/reviews/read/9494/more-than-you-know-by-beth-gutcheon-read-by-alexandra-okarma/ |website=AudioFile Magazine |accessdate=12 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=EMPRESS ORCHID by Anchee Min Read by Alexandra OKarma {{!}} Audiobook Review |url=https://www.audiofilemagazine.com/reviews/read/17381/empress-orchid-by-anchee-min-read-by-alexandra-okarma/ |website=AudioFile Magazine |accessdate=12 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> She was an Audie Award finalist for ''Like Gold Refined'' (2000).<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=2001 Audie Awards |url=https://www.audiopub.org/2001-audies-1 |website=Audio Publishers Association |accessdate=12 August 2025}}</ref> == Theater == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+{{Expand list}} !Year !Title !Notes |- |1976 |''A Month in the Country'' |<ref name=":0" /> |- |1976 |''Warbeck'' |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=Emory|date=1976-12-10|title=A royal charade|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/493125645/|access-date=2025-08-15|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=The Record|page=32|language=en-US|publication-place=Hackensack, New Jersey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Watt|first=Douglas|date=1976-12-14|title=A roomful of royal scrapping|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/481961556/|access-date=2025-08-15|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=[[New York Daily News]]|page=53|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |1978 |''[[Man and Superman]]'' |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stalsworth|first=Lou J.|date=1978-01-15|title=Shavian wit even extends to his stage directions|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/316789240/|access-date=2025-08-15|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=The Central New Jersey Home News|page=32|language=en-US|publication-place=New Brunswick, New Jersey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1978-01-22|title=Shaw – an always welcome event, neatly performed at George Street|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/173076201/|access-date=2025-08-15|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|page=177|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |1980 |''Knitters in the Sun'' |<ref name=":4" /> |} == Audiobooks == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+{{Expand list}} !Year !Title !Notes |- |1987 |''West with the Night'' |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stroby|first=W. C.|date=1987-11-08|title=Voice adds resonance to Markham writings|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/147759282/|access-date=2025-08-15|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=Asbury Park Press|page=149|language=en-US|publication-place=Asbury Park, New Jersey}}</ref> |- |1988 |''Rebecca'' |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/audiobook-reviews/sara-desai/til-heist-do-us-part/ |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |date=2026-01-22 |access-date=2026-10-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |1990 |''[[Emily Dickinson]]'' |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Love|first=Keith|date=1990-06-24|title=The Genius of Emily Dickinson|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-06-24-bk-729-story.html|access-date=2025-08-15|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |1997 |''A Country Year'' |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sims|first=Gayle|date=1997-12-28|title=Books on Tape|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1051528169/|access-date=2025-08-15|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=Knight-Ridder Newspapers|page=35|language=en-US|via=Tarrytown Daily News}}</ref> |- |2000 |''Like Gold Refined'' |<ref name=":3" /> |- |2001 |''More than You Know'' |<ref name=":1" /> |- |2004 |''Empress Orchid'' |<ref name=":2" /> |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Okarma, Alexandra}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:2019 deaths]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American stage actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:Actors from Cincinnati]] {{US-actor-stub}} ka811y6npwllsb9dzm1ro85x8v2abuj 11024185 11024184 2026-10-08T21:57:35Z Msainth 1887222 11024185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Alexandra O'Karma 1984 (cropped).jpg | caption = O'Karma in ''Refuge'' (1984) | birth_name = Alexandra Stevenson | birth_date = {{Birth date|1948|3|28}} | birth_place = [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|9|6|1948|3|28}} | death_place = [[New York, New York]], U.S. | alma_mater = [[Swarthmore College]] | occupation = [[actress]] | years_active = }} '''Alexandra O'Karma''' (born '''Alexandra Stevenson''', March 28, 1948 – September 6, 2019) was an American actress and audiobook narrator. She appeared in plays across the U.S., Canada, and the U.K.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Willis |first1=John |title=Theatre World |date=1998 |publisher=Crown Publishers |isbn=978-1-55783-322-8 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvQZAQAAIAAJ&q=o%27karma |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ALEXANDRA O'KARMA Obituary (2019) - New York, NY - New York Times |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/nytimes/name/alexandra-o-karma-obituary?id=14828491 |website=Legacy.com}}</ref> She won a Villager Award for Distinguished Performance for her role in the Off-Broadway play ''Knitters in the Sun'' (1980).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Markus |first1=Tom |last2=Sarver |first2=Linda |title=Another Opening, Another Show: A Lively Introduction to the Theatre |date=2001 |publisher=Mayfield Pub. |isbn=978-0-7674-1616-0 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghoIAQAAMAAJ&q=alexandra+o%27karma |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=Actors (clockwise from top L) Evan Thompson, Kelly Fitzpatrick, Joan Shepard, Will Jeffries and Alexandra O'Karma in a company shot from the Off-Broadway play "Knitters In The Sun" (New York) - NYPL Digital Collections |url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/4ba2a7f0-d7ac-0131-d1a3-58d385a7b928?canvasIndex=0 |website=digitalcollections.nypl.org |accessdate=12 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> She starred in the film ''Refuge''. It was broadcast on ''American Playhouse'' in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=John J. |title='Refuge,' Futile Search for Midlife Solutions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/28/arts/refuge-futile-search-for-midlife-solutions.html |website=New York Times |accessdate=12 August 2025 |date=1984-02-28}}</ref> She also acted in the movies ''Terms Of Endearment'' (1983) and ''Yuri Nosenko, KGB'' (1986).<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexandra O'Karma |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/143412%7C0/Alexandra-O'karma |website=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |accessdate=12 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/filmsoftommyleej0000mari/page/190/mode/2up?q=nosenko|title=The films of Tommy Lee Jones|last=Marill|first=Alvin H.|date=1998|publisher=Carol Pub|isbn=978-0-8065-1952-4|location=Secaucus, N.J|pages=191–192}}</ref> She received AudioFile magazine's Earphones Award twice, for her audiobooks ''More than You Know'' (2001) and ''Empress Orchid'' (2004).<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=MORE THAN YOU KNOW by Beth Gutcheon Read by Alexandra OKarma {{!}} Audiobook Review |url=https://www.audiofilemagazine.com/reviews/read/9494/more-than-you-know-by-beth-gutcheon-read-by-alexandra-okarma/ |website=AudioFile Magazine |accessdate=12 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=EMPRESS ORCHID by Anchee Min Read by Alexandra OKarma {{!}} Audiobook Review |url=https://www.audiofilemagazine.com/reviews/read/17381/empress-orchid-by-anchee-min-read-by-alexandra-okarma/ |website=AudioFile Magazine |accessdate=12 August 2025 |language=en}}</ref> She was an Audie Award finalist for ''Like Gold Refined'' (2000).<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=2001 Audie Awards |url=https://www.audiopub.org/2001-audies-1 |website=Audio Publishers Association |accessdate=12 August 2025}}</ref> == Theater == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+{{Expand list}} !Year !Title !Notes |- |1976 |''A Month in the Country'' |<ref name=":0" /> |- |1976 |''Warbeck'' |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=Emory|date=1976-12-10|title=A royal charade|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/493125645/|access-date=2025-08-15|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=The Record|page=32|language=en-US|publication-place=Hackensack, New Jersey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Watt|first=Douglas|date=1976-12-14|title=A roomful of royal scrapping|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/481961556/|access-date=2025-08-15|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=[[New York Daily News]]|page=53|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |1978 |''[[Man and Superman]]'' |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stalsworth|first=Lou J.|date=1978-01-15|title=Shavian wit even extends to his stage directions|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/316789240/|access-date=2025-08-15|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=The Central New Jersey Home News|page=32|language=en-US|publication-place=New Brunswick, New Jersey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1978-01-22|title=Shaw – an always welcome event, neatly performed at George Street|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/173076201/|access-date=2025-08-15|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|page=177|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |1980 |''Knitters in the Sun'' |<ref name=":4" /> |} == Audiobooks == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+{{Expand list}} !Year !Title !Notes |- |1987 |''West with the Night'' |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stroby|first=W. C.|date=1987-11-08|title=Voice adds resonance to Markham writings|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/147759282/|access-date=2025-08-15|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=Asbury Park Press|page=149|language=en-US|publication-place=Asbury Park, New Jersey}}</ref> |- |1988 |''Rebecca'' |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/audiobook-reviews/daphne-du-maurier2/rebecca/ |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |date=2026-01-22 |access-date=2026-10-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |1990 |''[[Emily Dickinson]]'' |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Love|first=Keith|date=1990-06-24|title=The Genius of Emily Dickinson|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-06-24-bk-729-story.html|access-date=2025-08-15|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |1997 |''A Country Year'' |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sims|first=Gayle|date=1997-12-28|title=Books on Tape|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1051528169/|access-date=2025-08-15|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=Knight-Ridder Newspapers|page=35|language=en-US|via=Tarrytown Daily News}}</ref> |- |2000 |''Like Gold Refined'' |<ref name=":3" /> |- |2001 |''More than You Know'' |<ref name=":1" /> |- |2004 |''Empress Orchid'' |<ref name=":2" /> |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Okarma, Alexandra}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:2019 deaths]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American stage actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:Actors from Cincinnati]] {{US-actor-stub}} 46uxz04l7dlas4ejtp96kbzv621x4yy 11024208 11024185 2026-10-08T23:30:10Z Davey2010 314522 date formats per [[MOS:DATEFORMAT]] by [[User:Davey2010/script#MOSNUM dates|script]] 11024208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2026}} {{Infobox person | image = Alexandra O'Karma 1984 (cropped).jpg | caption = O'Karma in ''Refuge'' (1984) | birth_name = Alexandra Stevenson | birth_date = {{Birth date|1948|3|28}} | birth_place = [[Cincinnati]], Ohio, U.S. | death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|9|6|1948|3|28}} | death_place = [[New York, New York]], U.S. | alma_mater = [[Swarthmore College]] | occupation = [[actress]] | years_active = }} '''Alexandra O'Karma''' (born '''Alexandra Stevenson''', March 28, 1948 – September 6, 2019) was an American actress and audiobook narrator. She appeared in plays across the U.S., Canada, and the U.K.<ref name=":0">{{cite book |last1=Willis |first1=John |title=Theatre World |date=1998 |publisher=Crown Publishers |isbn=978-1-55783-322-8 |page=235 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wvQZAQAAIAAJ&q=o%27karma |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ALEXANDRA O'KARMA Obituary (2019) - New York, NY - New York Times |url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/nytimes/name/alexandra-o-karma-obituary?id=14828491 |website=Legacy.com}}</ref> She won a Villager Award for Distinguished Performance for her role in the Off-Broadway play ''Knitters in the Sun'' (1980).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Markus |first1=Tom |last2=Sarver |first2=Linda |title=Another Opening, Another Show: A Lively Introduction to the Theatre |date=2001 |publisher=Mayfield Pub. |isbn=978-0-7674-1616-0 |page=42 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ghoIAQAAMAAJ&q=alexandra+o%27karma |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=Actors (clockwise from top L) Evan Thompson, Kelly Fitzpatrick, Joan Shepard, Will Jeffries and Alexandra O'Karma in a company shot from the Off-Broadway play "Knitters In The Sun" (New York) - NYPL Digital Collections |url=https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/4ba2a7f0-d7ac-0131-d1a3-58d385a7b928?canvasIndex=0 |website=digitalcollections.nypl.org |accessdate=August 12, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> She starred in the film ''Refuge''. It was broadcast on ''American Playhouse'' in 1984.<ref>{{cite web |last1=O'Connor |first1=John J. |title='Refuge,' Futile Search for Midlife Solutions |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/02/28/arts/refuge-futile-search-for-midlife-solutions.html |website=New York Times |accessdate=August 12, 2025 |date=February 28, 1984}}</ref> She also acted in the movies ''Terms Of Endearment'' (1983) and ''Yuri Nosenko, KGB'' (1986).<ref>{{cite web |title=Alexandra O'Karma |url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/143412%7C0/Alexandra-O'karma |website=[[Turner Classic Movies]] |accessdate=August 12, 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/filmsoftommyleej0000mari/page/190/mode/2up?q=nosenko|title=The films of Tommy Lee Jones|last=Marill|first=Alvin H.|date=1998|publisher=Carol Pub|isbn=978-0-8065-1952-4|location=Secaucus, N.J|pages=191–192}}</ref> She received AudioFile magazine's Earphones Award twice, for her audiobooks ''More than You Know'' (2001) and ''Empress Orchid'' (2004).<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=MORE THAN YOU KNOW by Beth Gutcheon Read by Alexandra OKarma {{!}} Audiobook Review |url=https://www.audiofilemagazine.com/reviews/read/9494/more-than-you-know-by-beth-gutcheon-read-by-alexandra-okarma/ |website=AudioFile Magazine |accessdate=August 12, 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=EMPRESS ORCHID by Anchee Min Read by Alexandra OKarma {{!}} Audiobook Review |url=https://www.audiofilemagazine.com/reviews/read/17381/empress-orchid-by-anchee-min-read-by-alexandra-okarma/ |website=AudioFile Magazine |accessdate=August 12, 2025 |language=en}}</ref> She was an Audie Award finalist for ''Like Gold Refined'' (2000).<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=2001 Audie Awards |url=https://www.audiopub.org/2001-audies-1 |website=Audio Publishers Association |accessdate=August 12, 2025}}</ref> == Theater == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+{{Expand list}} !Year !Title !Notes |- |1976 |''A Month in the Country'' |<ref name=":0" /> |- |1976 |''Warbeck'' |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lewis|first=Emory|date=December 10, 1976|title=A royal charade|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/493125645/|access-date=August 15, 2025|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=The Record|page=32|language=en-US|publication-place=Hackensack, New Jersey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Watt|first=Douglas|date=December 14, 1976|title=A roomful of royal scrapping|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/481961556/|access-date=August 15, 2025|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=[[New York Daily News]]|page=53|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |1978 |''[[Man and Superman]]'' |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stalsworth|first=Lou J.|date=January 15, 1978|title=Shavian wit even extends to his stage directions|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/316789240/|access-date=August 15, 2025|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=The Central New Jersey Home News|page=32|language=en-US|publication-place=New Brunswick, New Jersey}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=January 22, 1978|title=Shaw – an always welcome event, neatly performed at George Street|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/173076201/|access-date=August 15, 2025|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=[[The Philadelphia Inquirer]]|page=177|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |1980 |''Knitters in the Sun'' |<ref name=":4" /> |} == Audiobooks == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+{{Expand list}} !Year !Title !Notes |- |1987 |''West with the Night'' |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Stroby|first=W. C.|date=November 8, 1987|title=Voice adds resonance to Markham writings|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/147759282/|access-date=August 15, 2025|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=Asbury Park Press|page=149|language=en-US|publication-place=Asbury Park, New Jersey}}</ref> |- |1988 |''Rebecca'' |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rebecca |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/audiobook-reviews/daphne-du-maurier2/rebecca/ |website=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |date=January 22, 2026 |access-date=October 8, 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |1990 |''[[Emily Dickinson]]'' |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Love|first=Keith|date=June 24, 1990|title=The Genius of Emily Dickinson|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-06-24-bk-729-story.html|access-date=August 15, 2025|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}</ref> |- |1997 |''A Country Year'' |<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sims|first=Gayle|date=December 28, 1997|title=Books on Tape|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/1051528169/|access-date=August 15, 2025|website=Newspapers.com|publisher=Knight-Ridder Newspapers|page=35|language=en-US|via=Tarrytown Daily News}}</ref> |- |2000 |''Like Gold Refined'' |<ref name=":3" /> |- |2001 |''More than You Know'' |<ref name=":1" /> |- |2004 |''Empress Orchid'' |<ref name=":2" /> |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Okarma, Alexandra}} [[Category:1948 births]] [[Category:2019 deaths]] [[Category:American movie actors]] [[Category:American television actors]] [[Category:American stage actors]] [[Category:American voice actors]] [[Category:Actors from Cincinnati]] {{US-actor-stub}} 1yf0mbt27eh3rpreb0t0b6txppthflu 1 1215058 11024097 11002692 2026-10-08T20:08:15Z ~2026-51223-15 1876963 11024097 wikitext text/x-wiki == Religion == == Mention of religion in the article == I would like to raise the point that multiple biographical sources consistently describe Gabe Newell as a Christian. For example: - [BigNameBio](https://bignamebio.com/gabe-newell-2/) states that "He has his belief in the Christian religion." - [FresherPost](https://fresherpost.com/gabe-newell/) states that "He practices Christianity." - Several other biographical compilations and celebrity databases repeat the same claim. ⚠️ I understand that these websites are not as strong as primary press interviews (e.g., Forbes, Bloomberg, Polygon). However, when *multiple independent biographies* repeat the same information, it demonstrates that the claim is widespread and publicly accessible. Therefore, I propose the following compromise wording for the article: > *“According to several online biographical sources, Gabe Newell is described as a Christian.”* This phrasing avoids stating it as an absolute fact and instead reflects what is published in the public domain, while respecting Wikipedia’s policies on verifiability and biographies of living persons. It would also prevent constant removals/reverts by acknowledging the available sources but framing them appropriately. [[Special:Contributions/195.128.172.21|195.128.172.21]] ([[User talk:195.128.172.21|talk]]) 11:36, 25 August 2025 (UTC) == Clarification needed on Mr. Newell’s purchase of Oceanco == The article currently says that Mr. Newell "altruistically purchased Oceanco" but there’s no cited source for this statement. Could someone confirm whether he purchased the entire company or just a share, and whether there’s any reliable source describing the motive as altruistic? [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-28805-94|&#126;2025-28805-94]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-28805-94|talk]]) 13:12, 14 October 2025 (UTC) == Religion == === Mention of religion in the article === I would like to raise the point that multiple biographical sources consistently describe Gabe Newell as a Christian. For example: * [https://bignamebio.com BigNameBio] states that "He has his belief in the Christian religion." * [https://fresherpost.com FresherPost] states that "He practices Christianity." * Several other biographical compilations and celebrity databases repeat the same claim. I understand that these websites are not as strong as primary press interviews (e.g., Forbes, Bloomberg, Polygon). However, when ''multiple independent biographies'' repeat the same information, it demonstrates that the claim is widespread and publicly accessible. Therefore, I propose the following compromise wording for the article: :''“According to several online biographical sources, Gabe Newell is described as a Christian.”'' This phrasing avoids stating it as an absolute fact and instead reflects what is published in the public domain, while respecting Wikipedia’s policies on verifiability and biographies of living persons (BLP). It would also prevent constant removals/reverts by acknowledging the available sources but framing them appropriately. —195.128.172.21 (talk) 11:36, 25 August 2025 (UTC) == Clarification needed on Mr. Newell’s purchase of Oceanco == The article currently says that Mr. Newell "altruistically purchased Oceanco" but there’s no cited source for this statement. Could someone confirm whether he purchased the entire company or just a share, and whether there’s any reliable source describing the motive as altruistic? —~2025-28805-94 (talk) 13:12, 14 October 2025 (UTC) == Influence of Gabe and Lisa's faith == There is also information within the Steam community showing how the faith of Gabe and Lisa Newell has influenced their family. For example, their son Gray is active in communities like "gay furries for christ". This helps show how their family background connects back to their faith. —~2026-51223-15 (talk) 03:33, 22 September 2026 (UTC) == Family Background and Lisa Mennet's Mother == === Family connections – Wilma Lucile Mennet === To assist with expanding the family tree and personal life section, we should note the connection to Wilma Lucile Mennet (1914–2008). She was the mother of Gabe Newell's former wife, Lisa Mennet. This genealogical detail clarifies the lineage of Lisa's maiden name and explains the middle name of the couple's younger son (Luc Mennet Newell), which honors his maternal family line. Public obituary records verify these family ties, providing a reliable basis for expanding the personal life section. —~2026-1008-01 (talk) 22:04, 8 October 2026 (UTC) nzsczggxmanck5grkh4yqf3sexbropr 0 1219168 11023950 10998264 2026-10-08T13:21:11Z IrisChronomia Bot 1885647 BOT (Powered by [[User:IrisChronomia|IrisChronomia]]) 11023950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = Utah Valley University | former_names = Central Utah Vocational School (1941–1963)<br />Utah Trade Technical Institute (1963–1967)<br />Utah Technical College at Provo (1967–1987)<br />Utah Valley Community College (1987–1993)<br />Utah Valley State College (1993–2008) | image = Utah Valley University sign, Jul 18.jpg | image_upright = | image_alt = | caption = | motto = "A Place For You" | type = [[Public university]] | established = {{start date and age|1941}} | parent = [[Utah System of Higher Education]] | accreditation = [[Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities|NWCCU]] | president = [[Astrid S. Tuminez]] | endowment = $110 million (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=EverGREEN Endowment Report 2024 {{!}} EverGREEN, The Campaign for UVU {{!}} Utah Valley University |url=https://www.uvu.edu/evergreen/reports/endowment-report-2024.html |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.uvu.edu}}</ref> | students = 46,809 (autumn 2024)<ref name="ushe_enrollment_fall_2024">{{Cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=2024-10-15 |title=USHE enrollment grows at degree-granting colleges and universities |url=https://ushe.edu/ushe-enrollment-2024/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Utah System of Higher Education |language=en-US}}</ref> | undergrad = 45,812 (autumn 2024) | postgrad = 997 (autumn 2024) | city = [[Orem, Utah]] | country = United States | coordinates = {{coord|40|16|40|N|111|42|50|W|type:edu_region:US-UT|display=inline,title}} | campus = [[Suburban]] | colors = Green and White<ref>{{cite web|title=University Style Guide: Logo & Graphic Standards – University Marketing & Communications|url=https://www.uvu.edu/marketing/branding/index.html|publisher=Utah Valley University|date=2016-08-04|access-date=2016-08-20|archive-date=January 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119144003/https://www.uvu.edu/marketing/branding/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{color box|#275D38}}&nbsp;{{color box|#FFFFFF}} | sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division I]] – [[Western Athletic Conference|WAC]] | nickname = [[Utah Valley Wolverines|Wolverines]] | mascot = Willy the Wolverine | website = {{official URL}} | logo = UVU-Institutional-Square-Mark-2016.svg | logo_size = 200px | logo_alt = UVU logo combining full name of school with monogram of school acronym }} '''Utah Valley University''' ('''UVU''') is a [[public university]] in [[Orem, Utah]], United States. UVU gives classes that are for [[master's degree|master's]], [[bachelor's degree|bachelor's]], [[associate degree|associate degrees]], and certificates.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.uvu.edu/catalog/current/departments/degrees-programs.html | title = Degrees and Programs | work = UVU Catalog | publisher = Utah Valley University | access-date = February 5, 2018}}</ref> Before 2008, it was called '''Utah Valley State College'''. The school was founded in 1941. At this time, the school was known as Central Utah Vocational School (CUVS).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uvu.edu/visitors/aboutuvu/history.html |title=UVU &#124; History &#124; About UVU &#124; Home |access-date=2017-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221011006/https://www.uvu.edu/visitors/aboutuvu/history.html |archive-date=2017-02-21 }}</ref> In 1963, the name was changed from CUVS<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uvu.edu/visitors/about/history.html |title=About UVU: Historical Development Summary |publisher=Utah Valley University |access-date=March 29, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027225431/http://www.uvu.edu/visitors/about/history.html |archive-date=October 27, 2011 }}</ref> to Utah Trade Technical Institute. UVU is the largest [[employment|employer]] in Orem,<ref>[http://www.mountainland.org/Economic_Development/Business/Employers.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719120608/http://www.mountainland.org/Economic_Development/Business/Employers.pdf|date=July 19, 2011}}</ref> with over 1,900 full-time employees and over 3,300 part-time employees.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Institutional Research and Information (IRI) at Utah Valley University|title=Fact Book 2016 |url=https://www.uvu.edu/iri/documents/additional_resources/factbook16.pdf|url-status=live|publisher=Utah Valley University|access-date=2017-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417034010/https://www.uvu.edu/iri/documents/additional_resources/factbook16.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-17|location=Orem, Utah |language=en|date=2017-04-14}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons category}} * {{Official|https://www.uvu.edu/}} * [https://gouvu.com/ Utah Valley Athletics website] {{Western Athletic Conference}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Colleges and universities in Utah]] [[Category:1941 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:1940s establishments in Utah]] 7df7uv3k6p9lroqmwezjhghzk7md95x 11023998 11023950 2026-10-08T14:07:20Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia Bot|IrisChronomia Bot]] ([[User talk:IrisChronomia Bot|talk]]) to last version by Garsh2 10998264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = Utah Valley University | former_names = Central Utah Vocational School (1941–1963)<br />Utah Trade Technical Institute (1963–1967)<br />Utah Technical College at Provo (1967–1987)<br />Utah Valley Community College (1987–1993)<br />Utah Valley State College (1993–2008) | image = Utah Valley University sign, Jul 18.jpg | image_upright = | image_alt = | caption = | motto = "A Place For You" | type = [[Public university]] | established = {{start date and age|1941}} | parent = [[Utah System of Higher Education]] | accreditation = [[Northwest Commission on Colleges and Universities|NWCCU]] | president = [[Astrid S. Tuminez]] | endowment = $110 million (2024)<ref>{{Cite web |title=EverGREEN Endowment Report 2024 {{!}} EverGREEN, The Campaign for UVU {{!}} Utah Valley University |url=https://www.uvu.edu/evergreen/reports/endowment-report-2024.html |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=www.uvu.edu}}</ref> | students = 46,809 (autumn 2024)<ref name="ushe_enrollment_fall_2024">{{Cite web |author=<!-- not stated --> |date=2024-10-15 |title=USHE enrollment grows at degree-granting colleges and universities |url=https://ushe.edu/ushe-enrollment-2024/ |access-date=2025-06-27 |website=Utah System of Higher Education |language=en-US}}</ref> | undergrad = 45,812 (autumn 2024) | postgrad = 997 (autumn 2024) | city = [[Orem, Utah]] | country = United States | coordinates = {{coord|40|16|40|N|111|42|50|W|type:edu_region:US-UT|display=inline,title}} | campus = [[Suburban]] | colors = Green and White<ref>{{cite web|title=University Style Guide: Logo & Graphic Standards – University Marketing & Communications|url=https://www.uvu.edu/marketing/branding/index.html|publisher=Utah Valley University|date=2016-08-04|access-date=2016-08-20|archive-date=January 19, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119144003/https://www.uvu.edu/marketing/branding/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{color box|#275D38}}&nbsp;{{color box|#FFFFFF}} | sporting_affiliations = [[NCAA Division I]] – [[Western Athletic Conference|WAC]] | nickname = [[Utah Valley Wolverines|Wolverines]] | mascot = Willy the Wolverine | website = {{official URL}} | logo = UVU-Institutional-Square-Mark-2016.svg | logo_size = 200px | logo_alt = UVU logo combining full name of school with monogram of school acronym }} '''Utah Valley University''' ('''UVU''') is a [[public university]] in [[Orem, Utah]], United States. UVU gives classes that are for [[master's degree|master's]], [[bachelor's degree|bachelor's]], [[associate degree|associate degrees]], and certificates.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.uvu.edu/catalog/current/departments/degrees-programs.html | title = Degrees and Programs | work = UVU Catalog | publisher = Utah Valley University | access-date = February 5, 2018}}</ref> Before 2008, it was called '''Utah Valley State College'''. The school was founded in 1941. At this time, the school was known as Central Utah Vocational School (CUVS).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uvu.edu/visitors/aboutuvu/history.html |title=UVU &#124; History &#124; About UVU &#124; Home |access-date=2017-02-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221011006/https://www.uvu.edu/visitors/aboutuvu/history.html |archive-date=2017-02-21 }}</ref> In 1963, the name was changed from CUVS<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uvu.edu/visitors/about/history.html |title=About UVU: Historical Development Summary |publisher=Utah Valley University |access-date=March 29, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027225431/http://www.uvu.edu/visitors/about/history.html |archive-date=October 27, 2011 }}</ref> to Utah Trade Technical Institute. UVU is the largest [[employment|employer]] in Orem,<ref>[http://www.mountainland.org/Economic_Development/Business/Employers.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719120608/http://www.mountainland.org/Economic_Development/Business/Employers.pdf|date=July 19, 2011}}</ref> with over 1,900 full-time employees and over 3,300 part-time employees.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Institutional Research and Information (IRI) at Utah Valley University|title=Fact Book 2016 |url=https://www.uvu.edu/iri/documents/additional_resources/factbook16.pdf|url-status=live|publisher=Utah Valley University|access-date=2017-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417034010/https://www.uvu.edu/iri/documents/additional_resources/factbook16.pdf|archive-date=2017-04-17|location=Orem, Utah |language=en|date=2017-04-14}}</ref> On September 10, 2025, [[Charlie Kirk]], an American [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] activist and co-founder of [[Turning Point USA]], was [[Assassination of Charlie Kirk|killed]] on campus during The American Comeback Tour event. Kirk was taking questions and debating attendees when he was shot in the neck.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Amatulli |first=Jenna |last2=Betts |first2=Anna |last3=Yang |first3=Maya |date=September 10, 2025 |title=Trump ally Charlie Kirk fatally shot during event at Utah Valley University |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/sep/10/charlie-kirk-shot-utah |access-date=September 10, 2025 |work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commons category}} * {{Official|https://www.uvu.edu/}} * [https://gouvu.com/ Utah Valley Athletics website] {{Western Athletic Conference}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Colleges and universities in Utah]] [[Category:1941 establishments in the United States]] [[Category:1940s establishments in Utah]] g3obck8td4a1ags5h0rvzlspiz9r1bn 0 1225431 11024291 10900919 2026-10-09T03:13:29Z MexicanLatina2026 1887338 11024291 wikitext text/x-wiki 11024293 11024291 2026-10-09T03:15:24Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/MexicanLatina2026|MexicanLatina2026]] ([[User talk:MexicanLatina2026|talk]]) to last version by InternetArchiveBot 10900919 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Not to be confused with the [[Aryan Brotherhood of Texas]].'' The '''Aryan Brotherhood''' is a [[Neo-Nazism|Neo-Nazi]], [[White supremacy|White supremacist]] [[prison gang]] that operates across the United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Aryan Brotherhood {{!}} History, Membership, & Tattoos {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Aryan-Brotherhood|access-date=2025-10-04|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> The [[gang]] is known to be violent and powerful. In fact, it is the oldest, largest, and deadliest [[European Americans|European-American]] prison gang in the U.S.<ref name=":0" /> == History == [[File:Aryan Brotherhood hate symbol.svg|thumb|This is an Aryan Brotherhood [[Hatred|hate]] [[symbol]]]] The Aryan Brotherhood was formed in 1964 in [[California|California's]] San Quentin [[State prison|State Prison]] in [[California]]. Its first members were [[Irish people|Irish]] [[Immigration|immigrants]] who opposed prison de-[[Racial segregation|segregation]].<ref name=":0" /> == Initiation == According to a 2011 book, the Aryan Brotherhood's [[motto]] was "blood in, blood out."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Blood In Blood Out: The Violent Empire of the Aryan Brotherhood|url=https://archive.org/details/bloodinbloodoutv0000broo|last=Brook|first=John Lee|publisher=Headpress|year=2011}}</ref> This meant a person had to bleed in order to join the gang, usually by way of a violent initiation process. If the person wanted to leave the gang, then they would have to bleed again.<ref name=":1" /> According to one source, new members have to go through a violent initiation process and commit [[murder]] before they are accepted into the gang.<ref>{{Cite web|title=White Aryan Brotherhood {{!}} Research Starters {{!}} EBSCO Research|url=https://www.ebsco.com/|access-date=2025-10-04|website=EBSCO|language=en}}</ref> == Organized crime == ''Also see: [[Organized crime]]'' The Aryan Brotherhood's [[Organized crime|organized crimes]] include: * [[Extortion]]<ref name=":0" /> * [[Fraud]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2025-05-20|title=Aryan Brotherhood members convicted of ordering murders from California prisons sentenced to life in federal prison - CBS San Francisco|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/sanfrancisco/news/aryan-brotherhood-california-prison-life-sentences-federal-prison-white-supremacists/|access-date=2025-10-04|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Robbery]]<ref name=":2" /> * [[Illegal drug trade|Drug trafficking]]<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> * [[Murder]] and [[conspiracy]] to murder<ref name=":2" /> * [[Prostitution]]<ref name=":0" /> * [[Gambling]] operations<ref name=":0" /> * [[Racketeering]]<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Twenty-Five Alleged Aryan Brotherhood Members and Associates Indicted on Federal Racketeering Charges in Mississippi and Oklahoma — FBI|url=https://www.fbi.gov/contact-us/field-offices/jackson/news/press-releases/twenty-five-alleged-aryan-brotherhood-members-and-associates-indicted-on-federal-racketeering-charges-in-mississippi-and-oklahoma|access-date=2025-10-04|website=www.fbi.gov|language=en}}</ref> == Related pages == * [[Prison gang]] * [[Nazi Lowriders]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Gangs]] [[Category:Neo-Nazism]] [[Category:White supremacists]] {{stub}} 4zxkxf45a92rzsbxos9rlmxqo9rnuhf 0 1226016 11024431 11018697 2026-10-09T05:47:10Z Greenock125 652309 Updated discography 11024431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = KEiiNO | image = ColognePride 2019-Samstag-Hauptbühne-1850-KEiiNO-8193.jpg | landscape = yes | caption = KEiiNO at Cologne Pride 2019<br/>(left to right: Alexandra Rotan, Tom Hugo, Fred Buljo) | origin = [[Norway]] | genre = [[Electropop]], [[dance-pop]], {{ill|Joik|en|lt=joik}}, {{ill|Sámi music|en|lt=Sámi folk}} | years_active = 2018–present | label = | associated_acts = Duolva Duottar, [[Radiojam]] | website = {{URL|keiino.com}} | current_members = * {{ill|Tom Hugo|en}} * {{ill|Fred Buljo|en}} * {{ill|Alexandra Rotan|en}} | past_members = }} '''KEiiNO''' is an [[Norway|Norwegian]] band consisting of [[Sámi people|Sámi]] rapper {{ill|Fred Buljo|en}} and singers {{ill|Alexandra Rotan|en}} and {{ill|Tom Hugo|en}}. The group were formed in 2018 and participated in {{ill|Norway_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019#Melodi_Grand_Prix_2019|lt=Melodi Grand Prix 2019|en}}, they won the competition and were selected to {{ill|Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019|en|lt=represent Norway}} at the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2019]], where they finished 6th in the grand final and won the public vote. ==Discography== ===Albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:10em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br/><ref name="NOR">{{cite web|url=https://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=KEiiNO|title=Discography KEiiNO|publisher=Hung Medien|website=norwegiancharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Charts|UK Down.]]<br/><ref name="UK">{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/55615/keiino/|title=Keiino {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]|website=officialcharts.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Okta (album)|en|lt=Okta}}'' | * Released: 8 May 2020 * Label: Hugoworld AS * Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]] | 30 || 63 |- ! scope="row"| ''Chromium Heart'' | * Released: 31 October 2025 * Label: Hugoworld AS * Formats: Digital download, streaming | — || — |- | colspan="19" style="font-size:85%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:20em;"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Midnight Marina'' | * Released: 23 June 2023 * Label: Hugoworld AS * Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]] |} ===Singles=== ====As lead artist==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:23em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="8"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br/><ref name="NOR"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=KEiiNO|title=Discographie KEiiNO|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br/>(FL)<br/>Tip]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=KEiiNO|title=Discografie KEiiNO|publisher=Hung Medien|website=ultratop.be/nl}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=KEiiNO|title=Discography KEiiNO|publisher=Hung Medien|website=irish-charts.com|access-date=2025-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422225957/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=KEiiNO|archive-date=2023-04-22|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Single Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=KEiiNO|title=Discografie KEiiNO|publisher=Hung Medien|website=dutchcharts.nl}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=KEiiNO|title=Discography KEiiNO|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swedishcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=KEiiNO|title=Discographie KEiiNO|publisher=Hung Medien|website=hitparade.ch}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Spirit in the Sky (Keiino song)|en|lt=Spirit in the Sky}}" | rowspan="5"| 2019 | 1 || 61 || 19 || 84 || 55 || 33 || 7 || 61 | * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]] NOR: 3× Platinum<ref name=IFPINOR>{{cite certification|region=Norway|artist=Keiino|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref> | ''Okta'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Shallow (Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper song)#Cover versions|Shallow]]" | — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Shallow" did not enter the [[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Singellista Chart]], but peaked at number 12 on the Swedish Heatseeker Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/215?dspy=2019&dspp=26|title=Veckolista Heatseeker, vecka 26|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]}}</ref>}} || — || — | * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]] NOR: Platinum<ref name=IFPINOR>{{cite certification|region=Norway|artist=Keiino|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref> |{{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Praying (Keiino song)|en|lt=Praying}}" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Okta'' |- ! scope="row"| "Vill ha dig" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Dancing in the Smoke" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="4"| ''Okta'' |- ! scope="row"| "Colours" | rowspan="6"| 2020 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Black Leather"<br/>{{small|(featuring {{ill|Iva and Angu|en|lt=Charlotte Qamaniq}})}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Would I Lie"<br/>{{small|(featuring {{ill|Electric Fields|en}})}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Transarctic Lover"<br>{{small|(with Sordal)}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Okta (Deluxe)'' |- ! scope="row"| "A Winter's Night" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Monument (Keiino song)|en|lt=Monument}}" | rowspan="9"| 2021 | 7 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * IFPI NOR: Platinum<ref name=IFPINOR/> | rowspan="2"| ''Okta (Deluxe)'' |- ! scope="row"| "Unbreakable" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]] NOR: Gold<ref name=IFPINOR>{{cite certification|region=Norway|artist=Keiino|access-date=7 January 2023}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Drivers License (song)|Drivers License]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Summer of My Life" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Okta (Deluxe)'' |- ! scope="row"| "Mellom Bakkar og Berg"<br>{{small|(with Kautobahn)}} | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Addjas" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="4"| ''Okta (Deluxe)'' |- ! scope="row"| "End of Time (Taste of Heaven)" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Venus" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "A New Beginning" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[On a Night Like This]]" | rowspan="3"| 2022 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Mother of the Night" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Nights of Thunder" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Alt du kan se" | rowspan="5"| 2023 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3"| ''Midnight Marina'' |- ! scope="row"| "The Sun Always Shines on TV" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Ritma" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Get Up" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Insomnia" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Damdiggida" | rowspan="5"| 2024 | 14 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Chromium Heart'' |- ! scope="row"| "Hero, Baby" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Disco" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Say It Like That" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="7"| ''Chromium Heart'' |- ! scope="row"| "Northern Boy" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Midnight Gloria" | rowspan="5"| 2025 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Halo" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Unstoppable" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Demon of Your Love" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "End of the Rainbow" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Indigo Night" | rowspan="3"| 2026 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3" {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Freya" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Remember My Name" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- | colspan="19" style="font-size:85%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ====As featured artist==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:23em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col"| Album |- ! scope="row"| "A New Beginning"<br>{{small|({{ill|Peder Elias|en}} featuring Keiino)}} | 2022 | ''Love & Loneliness'' |} ==Notes== {{notelist-ua}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:2018 establishments in Europe]] [[Category:2010s establishments in Norway]] [[Category:Norwegian musical groups]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] [[Category:Musical groups established in 2018]] bvldd564ai4s6ogu1hoimqmhj2yz692 0 1229861 11024061 11022781 2026-10-08T18:17:51Z Professorroger 1878172 /* */ 11024061 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Michael Keaton-63916 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Actor [[Michael Keaton]] is known for portraying the character in 1989's ''[[Batman (1989 movie)|Batman]]'' and 1992's ''[[Batman Returns]]'', directed by [[Tim Burton]], including in the 2023 [[DC Extended Universe]] (DCEU) movie ''[[The Flash (movie)|The Flash]]''.]] [[File:Batman cossplay.JPG|thumb|A man dressed as Batman from [[Batman Returns|the 1992 movie]].]] '''Bruce Wayne''' is a fictional character from the [[Batman in movies|''Batman'' movie series]] (1989–1997), primarily portrayed by [[Michael Keaton]] in [[Tim Burton]]'s ''[[Batman (1989 movie)|Batman]]'' (1989) and ''[[Batman Returns]]'' (1992). Based on the [[DC Comics]] [[superhero]] [[Batman|of the same name]], he is a wealthy [[Philanthropy|philanthropist]] and industrialist, the owner of [[Wayne Enterprises]], and secretly operates as '''Batman''', a vigilante hero fighting crime in [[Gotham City]]. Bruce Wayne's character is defined by his tragic past—his parents were murdered when he was a child—which motivates his commitment to justice and his [[alter ego]], Batman. He is known for his intelligence, detective skills, martial arts expertise, and use of advanced technology and gadgets. Actors [[Val Kilmer]] and [[George Clooney]] replaced Keaton as Batman in [[Joel Schumacher]]'s ''[[Batman Forever]]'' (1995) and ''[[Batman & Robin]]'' (1997) respectively. In 2021, Keaton's version of Batman is later featured in a limited comic book series called ''[[Batman '89 (comic book)|Batman '89]]'', which serves as a continuation of Tim Burton's movie series, and in other limited series ''Batman '89: Echoes'' and ''Batman '89: Shadows'' until 2025. Keaton's version of the character is also featured in two novels called ''[[Batman: Resurrection]]'' (2024) and ''[[Batman: Revolution]]'' (2025). Both Keaton and Clooney reprised their roles in ''[[The Flash (movie)|The Flash]]'' (2023), which retroactively incorporates versions of them into two alternate timelines of the [[DC Extended Universe]]'s continuity. Keaton's portrayal of the character was critically acclaimed and influenced subsequent interpretations. == Appearances == === Movie appearances === * ''[[Batman (1989 movie)|Batman]]'' (1989) * ''[[Batman Returns]]'' (1992) * ''[[The Flash (movie)|The Flash]]'' (2023) ==== Other appearances ==== *''[[Batman '89 (comic book)|Batman '89]]'' (2021–2025 comic book limited series) **''Batman '89: Echoes'' (2023) **''Batman '89: Shadows'' (2023) *''[[Batman: Resurrection]]'' (2024 novel) *''[[Batman: Revolution]]'' (2025 novel) [[Category:DC Comics movie characters]] [[Category:DC Extended Universe characters]] [[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 1989]] [[Category:Batman characters]] [[Category:Batman (1989 movie series)]] [[Category:Fictional business executives]] [[Category:Fictional orphans]] {{movie-stub}} i3igt1vbpu6ojpo7fq2ywm50pvuj0aq 0 1233497 11024194 11023028 2026-10-08T22:22:05Z ~2026-54118-37 1887240 /* */ 11024194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=March 2026}} {{Family name hatnote|Jeung|lang=Korean}} [[File:Yoonchae MB 2024.png|thumb|Jeung Yoonchae 2024]]<!-- Use ymd dates for references, South Korean date format --> Jeong Yoon-chae, professionally known as Yoonchae, is a South Korean singer and member of the global girl group KATSEYE. Born on December 6, 2007, she is the youngest member of the group. Yoonchae gained recognition through the audition program The Debut: Dream Academy, a global project created by HYBE and Geffen Records. She was selected as one of the six members of KATSEYE, which officially debuted in 2024. As a member of KATSEYE, Yoonchae contributes to the group through her vocals, dancing, and performance skills. She is also recognized for her youthful energy, expressive stage presence, and versatility as a performer. KATSEYE consists of Yoonchae, Sophia, Manon, Daniela, Lara, and Megan. The group is known for combining K-pop-style training and performance with a multinational, global approach. ==Early Life== Jeung Yoonchae was born in [[Seoul]], South Korea, on December 6, 2007.<ref name="ellejp">{{Cite magazine |last1=Adachi |first1=Tsubasa |date=March 29, 2025 |title=KATSEYE（キャッツアイ）のプロフィール＆ビジュアルを総まとめ！HYBEのオーディションから誕生した新グループに注目 |trans-title=Summary of Katseye's profile and visuals |url=https://www.ellegirl.jp/celeb/g62015776/katseye-profile-24-0913/ |access-date=September 27, 2025 |website=[[Elle Girl|Elle Girl Japan]] |language=ja|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She grew up with her mother, Jeung Jin-ah, her older sister who studies in Germany, and her father who remains private and out of the public [[wikt:spotlight|spotlight]], though fans note he is deeply supportive of her career. Growing up, she developed passion for performing arts and K-pop. She went through K-pop style training for awhile before going into Dream Academy.<ref>{{cite web |last=Momenian |first=Donya |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae Jeung Breaks Down Her Viral Blush Technique |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-yoonchae-viral-blush-technique |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |access-date=October 12, 2025 |date=May 29, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> == Language == Being the youngest in the group, Yoonchae had to learn English fast when she first came to the U.S. Thanks to living and working around the clock with other members who did not speak Korean very well, Yoonchae had to use her "survival skills" and totally immerse herself into the language. Instead of studying only through formal classes, Yoonchae improved her speaking abilities by imitating her bandmates and learning the local slang. Thanks to all her efforts, her development in the language became so great that today she speaks with ease and fluency similar to an LA local, even using Gen-Z phrases such as "It's not that deep." ==Career== ===Before HYBE=== Yoonchae started training to be a [[K-pop]] singer when she was 12 years old. She trained for two years at [[WakeOne]] before moving to [[Hybe Corporations|Hybe]] in 2023.<ref name="ellejp" /> Growing up, Yoonchae was [[wikt:inspire|inspired]] by [[Blackpink]], [[BTS]] and [[IU (singer)|IU]].<ref name="billboardphilippines">{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=KATSEYE's Yoonchae On Breaking Out Of Her Shell And Finding Her Voice |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/features/katseye-yoonchae-solo-interview-2025/ |website=billboardphilippines.com |date=August 22, 2025 |accessdate=2026-03-12|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon|title=KATSEYE Teases New Music with One Word, Talks Grammy Performance and Meeting Miley Cyrus & ROSÉ|date=2026-02-04|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MeYBpW1nM0I|access-date=2026-02-05|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ===2023–present: Dream Academy and Katseye=== In 2023, Yoonchae joined the global audition show ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]''.The show was made by Hybe and [[Geffen Records]] to create a new global [[girl group]].<ref name="bbcont">{{cite magazine|title=Meet the 20 Finalists for HYBE x Geffen 'Dream Academy' |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/hybe-geffen-dream-academy-girl-group-contest-finalists/|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|last=Aniftos|first=Rania|date=August 28, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> She came in fourth place in the final episode and became a member of the group [[Katseye]].<ref name="variety">{{cite magazine|title=Hybe, Geffen Records Unveil New Girl Group Katseye|url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/katseye-hybe-geffen-records-new-girl-group-1235798986/|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|last=Zee|first=Michaela|date=November 18, 2023|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Katseye's first song, "Debut", came out on June 28, 2024. It was also in their first [[extended play]] (EP) ''[[SIS (Soft Is Strong)]]''. Katseye's EP is Beautiful Chaos. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Saulog |first1=Gabriel |title=Katseye Roar with Empowering Debut EP 'SIS (Soft Is Strong)' |url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/katseye-blend-strength-and-sensitivity-on-debut-ep-sis-soft-is-strong-listen/ |website=Billboard Philippines |date=August 16, 2024 |access-date=June 15, 2025|df=ymd-all}}</ref> Before their official debut, the members of Katseye moved to Los Angeles to train together after ''Dream Academy''. Yoonchae said that Los Angeles is a meaningful place where she met the other members and where the group continues to build memories and train for global activities.<ref name="debutteenvogue">{{cite web |last1=Delgado |first1=Sara |title=KATSEYE on First Single 'Debut,' Life After Dream Academy, & Their 'Special' Bond |url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katseye-first-single-debut-life-after-dream-academy-interview |website=[[Teen Vogue]] |accessdate=12 March 2026 |date=June 28, 2024|df=ymd-all}}</ref> ==Discography== {{See also|Katseye#Discography}} As a contestant of ''[[Dream Academy]]'', Yoonchae sang songs made for the show. These songs were released online on August 21, 2024, and performed on November ''17, 2024.<ref name="time">{{cite magazine|title=Netflix's Pop Star Academy: Katseye Reveals What it Takes to Make a Global Girl Group|url=https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|last=Burt|first=Kayti|date=August 23, 2024|access-date=November 12, 2025|archive-date=October 3, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241003165012/https://time.com/7014036/pop-star-academy-katseye-explained-netflix/|url-status=dead|df=ymd-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Putri|first1=Dhia Anaulva|last2=Priyatna|first2=Aquarini|last3=Subekti|first3=Mega|date=2025-07-17|title=From Survival to Solidarity: Sisterhood in the Cinematic Narrative of Pop Star Academy: KATSEYE|url=https://doi.org/10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|journal=Lingua Didaktika: Jurnal Bahasa dan Pembelajaran Bahasa|volume=19|issue=1|pages=154|doi=10.24036/ld.v19i1.134613|issn=2541-0075|df=ymd-all}}</ref>'' Yoonchae, as of August 2026, has also published 3 EP's with KATSEYE. KATSEYE's discography contains from 18 to 20 songs. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" | Song ! scope="col" | Year ! scope="col" | Album |- ! scope="row" | "Girls Don't Like" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} | rowspan="2" | 2024 | rowspan="2" | ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy - Live Finale]]'' |- ! scope="row" | "All The Same" <br/>{{small|(as part of ''[[Dream Academy|The Debut: Dream Academy]]'')}} |} ==Television== {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;" ! Year !! Title !! Role !! Network !! Ref. |- |2023 |''[[Dream Academy]]'' | Contestant |[[YouTube]] |<ref name="bbcont" /> |- |2024 |''Pop Star Academy: Katseye'' |Contestant |[[Netflix]] |<ref name="time" /> |- |2026 |KATSEYE: WILD HEARTS |Member of KATSEYE |Theaters (august 2026) | |} ==References== <references /> ==Other websites== {{commons category}} {{Instagram}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Jeung, Yoonchae}} [[Category:2007 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Singers from Seoul]] [[Category:Pop singers]] [[Category:Katseye members]] [[Category:South Korean dancers]] 37urgj8tb6rjaz0vfxubxcr7ojja3d7 0 1238044 11024547 10642893 2026-10-09T09:16:34Z ~2026-54097-51 1886949 /* */ 11024547 wikitext text/x-wiki goddess Shakambari, also known as Satakshi , is the Hindu goddess of food and nourishment. She is a form of the supreme goddess [[Durga]]. Her name translates to "the one who bears vegetables". She is best known for defeating the demon Durgamasura. ----Mother goddess; ----Goddess of food and nourishment ----Affiliation- [[Devi]], [[Durga]], [[Mahadevi]] Festivals- [[Navratri]] Consort - [[Shiva]] ---- bv69of3uegdzcoi3vjwlc0v0dem2i0s 2 1240418 11024035 11019850 2026-10-08T15:34:11Z Passengerpigeon 264719 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[Burning Up the Floor]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024035 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. 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notified {{user|~2026-24155-6}} 15:10, 12 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Enlil]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A3|A3]]); notified {{user|~2026-24690-6}} 15:10, 12 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Story of O.J.]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2025-42524-85}} 15:42, 12 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jospeh Kargbo Entertainement]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-28428-8}} 03:34, 14 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:AD 2082]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|Bruno45654564}} 05:31, 16 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Salvador Alvarado Municipality]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-34984-2}} 01:24, 17 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Angostura Municipality, Sinaloa]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-34984-2}} 01:24, 17 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dream Academy]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-45787-1}} 17:04, 21 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Point-and-click game]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-51318-2}} 22:56, 23 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Turan]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-50532-9}} 00:03, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Disney family]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-50541-9}} 01:20, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mister Maker Around The World]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-51233-2}} 15:22, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:The Show de Turminha de Heitor e ninimo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 19:17, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Heitor e ninimo and the Cockroaches (video game)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 19:17, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Heitor e ninimo et les Cafards: Le Film]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 19:18, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Teresa Mo]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-53084-5}} 19:18, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Heitor e ninimo et les Cafards Saison 4 (CD)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 22:59, 24 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Marya]]: [[WP:QD#G8|CSD G8]] ({{tl|db-talk}}) 00:09, 25 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Advice and consent]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-53827-4}} 17:27, 25 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Joseph Kargbo]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A7|A7]], [[WP:QD#G5|G5]]); notified {{user|~2026-54424-6}} 21:35, 25 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Curridabat]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-56685-5}} 14:54, 26 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Heitor et les Cafards]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 22:27, 26 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Island gigantism]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-57689-3}} 04:29, 27 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Medellín Cartel]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-64362-6}} 21:20, 29 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Malik Munawar Khan Awan]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-67049-8}} 23:42, 30 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chinese Pidgin English]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-32008-55}} 23:43, 30 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:Binary prefix]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-66790-9}} 23:43, 30 January 2026 (UTC) # [[:List of Community characters]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-66956-4}} 03:08, 31 January 2026 (UTC) === February 2026 === # [[:Damn TV]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-68866-1}} 15:33, 1 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tempio di Minerva (Foro Transitorio)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-71114-3}} 22:26, 1 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dojima Rice Exchange]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A4|A4]]); notified {{user|~2026-70855-5}} 23:30, 1 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mathias trøan isaksen]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A5|A5]]); notified {{user|Yoyoyoyohei123}} 14:10, 2 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bernal Diaz del Castillo]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 22:30, 3 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Rucka Rucka Ali]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 22:30, 3 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Delfino Borroni]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-75646-3}} 01:43, 4 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Oviul Maruf (photographer)]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|~2026-76599-1}} 03:36, 4 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ferriman]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-77892-7}} 20:31, 4 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nappy Heads]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-79503-2}} 01:09, 5 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Registered sex offender]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-80782-7}} 21:36, 5 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Greenbrae, California]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Yahooyahoo16284}} 00:50, 6 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Netzverb SatzApp]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-80528-1}} 00:50, 6 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Golden dandelions minecraft]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-80840-1}} 01:24, 6 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Country Bear Jamboree]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2025-44276-92}} 05:36, 7 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dongxiang language]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-85713-3}} 20:40, 7 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dalton School]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-87021-7}} 23:38, 8 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Whole Lotta Red (Deluxe)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-88467-2}} 01:58, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Outfit7]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-84685-9}} 03:56, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Super Bowl LX]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-86947-5}} 04:42, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:European Mink]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-89177-0}} 23:54, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:American Mink]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-89177-0}} 23:55, 9 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bauhaus (company)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-99393-8}} 15:46, 13 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Newton MessagePad]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-98651-6}} 20:24, 13 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Joseph Kargbo (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Richcash120}} 16:22, 14 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Shinoshin]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|GRP213}} 05:04, 15 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:List of all planets in early solar system]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 15:40, 16 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Absolute Solver]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#A7|A7]]); notified {{user|~2026-10878-89}} 22:14, 17 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Good Luck (2000 film)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Mahnameajayandamapp}} 04:38, 18 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Neo (keyboard layout)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11049-40}} 04:31, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aleksandar Vulin]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-11049-40}} 04:31, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Stadtholder William V of the Netherlands]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|~2026-11049-40}} 04:32, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Colonization of the Moon]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|~2026-11116-24}} 18:31, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Reena Dutta]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11237-15}} 18:48, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Aerospatiale]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11169-76}} 20:13, 19 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Little Hector and Yellow Cat and Friends]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-11122-08}} 02:54, 20 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Little Hector and Yellow Cat]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-11479-31}} 20:46, 20 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Nicene Christianity]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Gladiator Valguarnera}} 20:52, 20 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Scythian languages]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Gladiator Valguarnera}} 20:53, 20 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Government Engineering College, Rajkot]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-11412-13}} 21:55, 20 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:331st prime number]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11549-07}} 04:24, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Agartha]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:05, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Exploration literature]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:05, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Travelogue]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:05, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Adventure literature]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:05, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ferdynand Ossendowski]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:06, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:06, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Louis Jacolliot]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:06, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Les fils de Dieu]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:07, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Travel literature]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BloxBuilder100}} 15:09, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Thomasking004]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A5|A5]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|~2026-11622-27}} 17:36, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Music of India]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#G3|G3]]); notified {{user|~2026-11628-01}} 17:36, 21 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lady of Elche]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11845-03}} 18:44, 22 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Harlem Shake (Doris version)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-11945-09}} 19:16, 22 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Yukaghir languages]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-11893-48}} 20:34, 22 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Michael J. Schultz]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-11917-33}} 03:53, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wesley Schultz]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-11968-28}} 03:53, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Joseph efc wants a session (But he’s ghosting me)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|BenjaminFish}} 16:17, 23 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Covids of reddit, what is the covidest covid you've ever covided?]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|DanQuayleQuandaleFan5}} 01:12, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Office of Akash Nanda]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-12191-92}} 07:04, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Massive cock]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-12380-37}} 21:25, 24 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Seabiscuit (movie)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-12356-16}} 01:09, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Weverse]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 21:39, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sir Aqiff]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-12513-77}} 21:40, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sir Abrioris]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 21:41, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sir Griflet]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 21:41, 25 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Novice]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-12420-69}} 14:11, 26 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:A Bug's Life: 2 Revenge of Grasshoppers]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 04:18, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:A Bug's Life: 2 Revenge of Grasshoppers]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 05:21, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ben hargrave]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-13012-94}} 18:46, 27 February 2026 (UTC) # [[:Gear (Static Shock)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-13187-71}} 19:35, 28 February 2026 (UTC) === March 2026 === # [[:Soft Em]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-13196-53}} 03:44, 1 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:God's Child (Baila Conmigo)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-13597-51}} 20:10, 2 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Directive]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-13628-26}} 02:21, 3 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Space Patrol (1950 TV series)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-13695-18}} 22:42, 3 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Where's Waldo? (TV series)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-14459-05}} 20:42, 5 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Siege of Bankmut]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 01:42, 7 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:SilverClapboard Productions]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 03:17, 11 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kisskh]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-15771-97}} 19:21, 12 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tread]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-15947-78}} 03:26, 13 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tunnelistan]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 19:08, 18 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ulises Francisco Espaillat]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-17348-12}} 13:48, 19 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Unanimous consent]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-17371-61}} 23:18, 19 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ambatukam]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-17495-04}} 17:10, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Creating Comment avoir quelqu'un en ligne sur Vueling ? (Service Client)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-17544-39}} 21:41, 20 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Deolira Gliceria Pedro da Silva]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-18542-42}} 02:51, 25 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:에어프레미아 미주 대표 전화번호는 무엇인가요?]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Tanveer.webvio01}} 17:54, 25 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:미국 아시아나항공 고객 센터 전화번호는 무엇인가요?]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Hale336622}} 19:05, 25 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Watermelon tape dispenser]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-18995-16}} 03:08, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Zucchini stapler]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-18929-55}} 03:18, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment parler directement sur Latam Airlines ? 【Besoin d'aide”33】]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-18983-64}} 07:46, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Quel est le numéro de téléphone de Singapore Airlines ?]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-18945-99}} 07:47, 27 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Volkswagen Type 2 (T2)]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|~2026-19138-78}} 03:52, 28 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:رقم طيران الإمارات المجاني]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|Yhheesr562}} 22:34, 29 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Talk:XM Partner Code PY8GQ]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-19618-36}} 17:37, 30 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:에어프레미아 고객 서비스 전화번호]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Lutharere651}} 20:48, 30 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Assassination of Meir Kahane]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Josephsona1}} 00:19, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:رقم هاتف خدمة عملاء الخطوط الجوية القطرية]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Loiiyre76}} 00:23, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Baruch Goldstein]]: {{tl|QD}}; notified {{user|Tzombathy Testament}} 00:47, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Castiglioni Method]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A7|A7]], [[WP:QD#G5|G5]]); notified {{user|~2026-19790-57}} 02:33, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:Water scarcity in India]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-20087-02}} 20:23, 31 March 2026 (UTC) # [[:DheReckahsTeam]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A7|A7]]); notified {{user|Lorilouer}} 20:23, 31 March 2026 (UTC) === April 2026 === # [[:A Pur!]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-20108-10}} 14:19, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Atex is dumb]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 18:05, 1 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Amihai Eliyahu]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Payton Ramban}} 03:46, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment parler directement sur Latam Airlines ? Besoin d'aide!!]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:19, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:FAQ! Quel est le numéro du 1 888 422 7533 ? Gratitude!]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:19, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Comment contacter l'agence Air Algérie ? Gratitute Sans frais]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:19, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Quel est le numéro du 1 888 422 7533 ? PARLER-24H]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:20, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Où se trouve le numéro de vol EasyJet ? ASK-HELP]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:20, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Quel est le numéro du 1 888 422 7533 ? ASSIST-2K]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fredaiz}} 04:20, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Fighter pilot]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-20359-93}} 12:17, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:ROBA Coffee]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-20548-19}} 19:23, 2 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Lehava]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|Shakeitoff4today}} 03:01, 3 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cro (musician)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-20807-30}} 04:10, 5 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mugiasco (Lake Como)]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-22509-65}} 03:04, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Zucco della Rocca]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-22509-65}} 03:04, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Office of American Innovation]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22389-77}} 03:06, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Shake Shack]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 19:08, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:I Just Might]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 19:08, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hawaii: Part II]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22533-24}} 20:19, 12 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Shion Kaji]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-22800-12}} 18:40, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:V2 rocket]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-22853-84}} 18:40, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Emma Kaji]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-22800-12}} 18:40, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Cheetozard]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 18:41, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Baby Bowser’s Tire Service]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 18:41, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:(1 833 852 0744) JALの代表電話番号は？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ahikmoi}} 18:59, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:(1 833 852 0744) JALの問い合わせ電話番号は？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ahikmoi}} 18:59, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:(1 833 852 0744) 日本航空の代表電話番号は？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ahikmoi}} 18:59, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:JALに直接電話するには？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ahikmoi}} 18:59, 13 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kristin Stokes]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-23306-95}} 01:56, 15 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Charlie Young]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-23105-27}} 01:56, 15 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:USA 미국에서 대한항공에 전화하려면 어떻게 해야 하나요?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Kimjihnnunn525}} 00:48, 17 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wankerpedia]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Wanerpedia 2}} 18:08, 17 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:JAL 日本航空の代表電話番号は？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Shiny9890}} 18:08, 17 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:에어프레미아 취소 방법?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Shine4598}} 18:08, 17 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Tord Tamerlan Teodor Thorell]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-23679-37}} 18:08, 17 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:Wanerpedia 2]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Wanerpedia 2}} 18:09, 17 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Промокод 1XBET на Сегодня: 1XPLAY777]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Viktorivnavinta}} 13:48, 22 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Промокод 1XBET: 1XPLAY777]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Viktorivnavinta}} 13:48, 22 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:1440 Yuki Shiromitas Timer (Every 60 Yuki Shiromitas in Africa, a minute passes)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-24774-58}} 01:39, 23 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Every Yuki Shiromita in the Internet in 2021 (Every 60 Yuki Shiromitas in Africa, a minute passes)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-24774-58}} 01:39, 23 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Every Yuki Shiromita in the Internet (Every 60 Yuki Shiromitas in Africa, a minute passes)]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-24774-58}} 01:39, 23 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:1-855-542-9312 파라 타 항공 고객센터 전화번호]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Olivvewbrqqeer8a765}} 23:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:1-855-542-9312 티 웨이 항공 고객센터 전화번호]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Olivvewbroqeer8a765}} 23:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Промокод Мелбет при Регистрации Беларусь: BNB777]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Nikiktorivnavinta}} 23:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Промокод 1WIN при Регистрации Беларусь: 1W500BINGO]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Nikiktorivnavinta}} 23:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Промокод Мостбет при Регистрации Беларусь: BRO125]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Nikiktorivnavinta}} 23:39, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Advance Seat 에어프레미아 좌석 선택 방법?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Olivvewbrqqeeeri8wa765}} 23:40, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:1-855-542-9312 에어프레미아 좌석은 어떻게 구매하나요?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Olivvewbrqqeeer8wa765}} 23:40, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:AA. 아메리칸 에어 라인에 전화하려면 어떻게 해야 하나요?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Olivvewbrqqeeqri8wa765}} 23:40, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:INT 아시아나 국제선 고객 센터 전화번호는 무엇인가요?]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Olivvewbrqqeeqriq8wa765}} 23:40, 24 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:French manicure]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Nailart Medan}} 14:09, 29 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:2026 Mali attacks]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-26413-28}} 17:17, 30 April 2026 (UTC) # [[:Statistical area (United States)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-26466-03}} 23:48, 30 April 2026 (UTC) === May 2026 === # [[:2026 Mali offensives]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-26537-49}} 02:35, 2 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:281101]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-27328-94}} 16:26, 5 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Buddy DML (Ghanaian Musician)]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Jbalvinknai}} 03:20, 6 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Renmar 'Cañete]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 03:20, 6 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Buddy DML (Official)]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Jbalvinknai}} 03:21, 6 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Red-crested turaco]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-27587-10}} 15:34, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-27664-60}} 17:01, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Elgoog]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-27822-52}} 19:37, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Thou]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-16686-74}} 22:26, 7 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:1,000,00]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-28266-13}} 16:26, 10 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Imam Shurunbulali]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-28005-58}} 20:52, 10 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jospeh kargbo Entertainment]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-28148-49}} 00:16, 11 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Adam Hamid]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 12:36, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chiltern (district)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29044-28}} 22:08, 13 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Skinny dip]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-29384-86}} 20:54, 16 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:List of countries in Asia and Oceania by Human Development Index]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-29480-93}} 23:29, 16 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dutch Golden Age]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-29906-67}} 13:36, 18 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Peter O'Toole (musician)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-29983-59}} 03:29, 19 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:30th century BC]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-30311-49}} 16:36, 20 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sandbox (band)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-30553-91}} 03:04, 22 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Dfggfdg]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|~2026-31218-31}} 14:10, 26 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Coniston massacre]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-31717-84}} 04:56, 28 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:حسان حسين محمد السعيدي]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A1|A1]], [[WP:QD#A5|A5]]); notified {{user|~2026-31933-41}} 23:56, 28 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Maruti 800]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-31853-44}} 04:46, 29 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:NUFC ownership (2021–present)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-32091-66}} 18:39, 29 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Godzilla x Kong: Supernova]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-32277-14}} 01:33, 31 May 2026 (UTC) # [[:Mines (Spribe)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 21:27, 31 May 2026 (UTC) === June 2026 === # [[:Noah alves]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 17:14, 1 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:ANAのコールセンターは24時間対応していますか？]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Tohrchaltegoli}} 02:57, 2 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:日本航空の代表電話番号は？(カスタマーサービス（日本）)]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Tohrchaltegoli}} 03:07, 2 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Youareanidiot.cc]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|Flixissmart}} 01:38, 3 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:New Technology Train]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-32931-35}} 16:36, 3 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Twirlywoos series 5]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-33045-37}} 02:07, 4 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:2026 FIFA World Cup qualification (CONCACAF)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-32892-31}} 02:47, 4 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Double O (Cyrillic)]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-33117-74}} 03:27, 4 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Booking com teléfono colombia]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Guleldhaari}} 03:36, 4 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Berg concentration camp]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-33311-43}} 16:22, 4 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Did only wealthy people have houses in ancient rome]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-33507-05}} 19:00, 5 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hits Now New Shows & Season of the Month (January 2027)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-33397-90}} 04:14, 6 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hits Now New Shows & Season of the Month (2027)]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-33322-36}} 04:15, 6 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hits Now New Shows & Season of the Month]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-33322-36}} 04:15, 6 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hits Now New Shows & Season of the Month (February 2027)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Infinits7887442}} 04:57, 6 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Hits Now New Shows & Season of the Month (March 2027)]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|Axnasia99846}} 05:43, 6 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:40th century BC]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-33804-42}} 22:54, 7 June 2026 (UTC) # [[:Natufian culture]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-36005-00}} 00:08, 22 June 2026 (UTC) === July 2026 === # [[:Italian Socialist Republic]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 04:17, 8 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Smogg]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:52, 8 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Coloring Book (mixtape)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 04:53, 8 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Doug Stone]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-39151-53}} 02:32, 10 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Used Engines For Sale in San Jose,CA]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fuiy87y87ey8}} 15:43, 11 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Used Motors for Sale with Fast Nationwide Delivery]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Fuiy87y87ey8}} 15:47, 11 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ariana islam raj]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A7|A7]], [[WP:QD#G11|G11]]); notified {{user|Ariyanislamraj499}} 02:52, 13 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Meteor Crater]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-40140-37}} 01:41, 17 July 2026 (UTC) # [[:Qusay Frog]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD 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1885647 BOT (Powered by [[User:IrisChronomia|IrisChronomia]]) 11023985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist discography | Artist = [[Take That]] | Image = Take That performing in Glasgow, 2017 (cropped).jpg | Caption = Take That performing in 2017 | Studio = 9 | Compilation = 5 | EP = 1 | Live = 3 | Option = 2 | Option name = Box sets }} The discography of [[Take That]], a British [[pop music]] group, consists of nine [[studio album]]s, five [[compilation album]]s, three live albums, one extended play. ==Albums== ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Sales ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording sales certifications|Certifications]] |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK">Peak positions in Australia: * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/31006/take-that/|title=TAKE THAT songs and albums {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}} * For "Everybody Hurts": {{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/6068/helping-haiti/|title=HELPING HAITI songs and albums {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS">Peak positions in Australia: * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=https://www.australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|title=Discography Take That|publisher=Hung Medien|website=australian-charts.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813190506/https://www.australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|archive-date=13 August 2025|url-status=live}} * For "Once You've Tasted Love": {{cite web|url=https://www.bubblingdownunder.com/2023/03/week-commencing-16-march-1992.html|title=Bubbling Down Under Week Commencing March 16, 1992|website=Bubbling Down Under}} * For "It Only Takes a Minute": {{cite web|url=https://www.bubblingdownunder.com/2024/07/week-commencing-27-july-1992.html|title=Bubbling Down Under Week Commencing July 27, 1992|website=Bubbling Down Under}} * For "Everything Changes": {{cite web|url=http://i.imgur.com/J0NfKiA.jpg|title=The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart — 25 Sep 1994|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]}} * For "Everybody Hurts": {{cite web|url=https://www.australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Helping+Haiti|title=Discography Helping Haiti|publisher=Hung Medien|website=australian-charts.com}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref name="AUT">Peak positions in Austria: * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|title=Discographie Take That|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}} * For "Everybody Hurts": {{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Helping+Haiti|title=Discographie Helping Haiti|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Denmark|DEN]]<br/><ref name="DEN">{{cite web|url=https://danishcharts.dk/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|title=Discography Take That|publisher=Hung Medien|website=danishcharts.dk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130043535/https://danishcharts.dk/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|archive-date=30 November 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br><ref name="GER">Peak positions in Austria: * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artist_search=Take+That&do_search=do|title=Discographie von Take That|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|website=offiziellecharts.de}} * For "Everybody Hurts": {{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artist_search=Helping+Haiti&do_search=do|title=Discographie von Helping Haiti|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|website=offiziellecharts.de}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE">Peak positions in Ireland: * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|title=Discography Take That|publisher=Hung Medien|website=irish-charts.com|access-date=2025-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216042546/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|archive-date=2010-12-16|url-status=dead}} * For "Everybody Hurts": {{cite web|url=https://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Helping+Haiti|title=Discography Helping Haiti|publisher=Hung Medien|website=irish-charts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Italy|ITA]]<br/><ref name="ITA">Peak positions in Italy * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=https://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Take+That&titel=Beautiful+World&cat=a|title=Discography Take That|publisher=Hung Medien|website=italiancharts.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211120254/https://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Take+That&titel=Beautiful+World&cat=a|archive-date=11 December 2025|url-status=live}} * For ''Everything Changes'': {{cite web|url=https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/artist/?title=Take+That|title=Take That Italian History|publisher=Fimi}} * For ''Nobody Else'': {{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44|title=Hits of the World - Italy|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media, Inc.]]|page=44}} * ''Greatest Hits'': {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iw0EAAAAMBAJ&q=take+that|title=Billboard|date=20 April 1996|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|via=Google Books}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Album Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL">{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|title=Discografie Take That|publisher=Hung Medien|website=dutchcharts.nl}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE">Peak positions in Sweden: * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|title=Discography Take That|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swedishcharts.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813190535/https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|archive-date=13 August 2025|url-status=live}} * For "Everybody Hurts": {{cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Helping+Haiti|title=Discography Helping Haiti|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swedishcharts.com}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI">Peak positions in Switzerland: * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/artist/Take_That|title=Discographie Take That|publisher=Hung Medien|website=hitparade.ch}} * For "Everybody Hurts": {{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Helping+Haiti|title=Discographie Helping Haiti|publisher=Hung Medien|website=hitparade.ch}} </ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Take That & Party|en}}'' | * Released: 17 August 1992 * Label: [[RCA Records|RCA]] {{small|(#74321109232)}} * Formats: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Cassette tape|cassette]], [[LP record|LP]] | 2 || 104 || — || — || 28 || 27 || — || 21 || 38 || — | * UK: 600,000<ref name="UKSales">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/feature/a612914/take-that-robbie-williams-gary-barlow-all-8-albums-ranked-from-worst-to-best/ |title=Take That: All 8 albums ranked from worst to best|website=[[Digital Spy]]|date=29 January 2016}}</ref> | * [[British Phonographic Industry|UK]]: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI">{{cite web|url=https://www.bpi.co.uk/page/certified-awards|title=Certified Awards {{!}} BPI|publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]]|website=bpi.co.uk}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Everything Changes (Take That album)|en|lt=Everything Changes}}'' | * Released: 11 October 1993 * Label: RCA {{small|(#74321169262)}} * Formats: CD, cassette, LP | 1 || 24 || 7 || 6 || 4 || 4 || 13 || 3 || 27 || 9 | * UK: 1,200,000<ref name="UKSales" /> | * UK: 4× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|AUT]]: Gold<ref name=ifpiaut>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin |title=IFPI Austria > Gold & Platin |language=de |publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608024513/http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin|archive-date=8 June 2009}}</ref> * {{ill|Bundesverband Musikindustrie|en|lt=GER}}: Platinum<ref name=ifpiger>{{cite certification|region=Germany|artist=Take That}}</ref> * [[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|ITA]]: Platinum<ref name=fimi>{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/archivio_certificazioni.php|title=Gold & Platinum|language=it|publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|FIMI]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100124/http://www.fimi.it/archivio_certificazioni.php|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> * {{ill|NVPI|en|lt=NLD}}: Platinum<ref name=nvpi>{{cite web|url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat|title=NVPI Goud & Platina|language=nl|publisher=[[NVPI]]|archive-date=26 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526201848/http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|SWE]]: Gold<ref name=ifpiswe>{{cite web|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/|title=Swedish Certifications – Take That}}</ref> * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|SWI]]: Platinum<ref name=ifpiswi>{{cite web|url=http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=take+that|title=Swiss Certifications > Take That|publisher=swisscharts.com Hung Medien}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Nobody Else|en}}'' | * Released: 8 May 1995 * Label: RCA {{small|(#74321279092)}} * Formats: CD, cassette | 1 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 7 || 1 | * UK: 600,000<ref name="UKSales" /> | * UK: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * AUS: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i.imgur.com/u0P5DoV.jpg|title=The ARIA Australian Top 100 Albums 1995 (page 2)|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]}}</ref> * AUT: Gold<ref name=ifpiaut/> * GER: Gold<ref name=ifpiger/> * ITA: 4× Platinum<ref name="fimi"/> * NLD: Gold<ref name=nvpi/> * SWE: Gold<ref name="ifpiswe"/> * SWI: Gold<ref name=ifpiswi/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Beautiful World (Take That album)|en|lt=Beautiful World}}'' | * Released: 27 November 2006 * Label: [[Polydor Records|Polydor]] {{small|(#1715551)}} * Formats: CD, [[Music download|digital download]] | 1 || 32 || 8 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 25 || 33 || 40 || 6 | * UK: 2,700,000<ref name="UKSales"/><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=1046069&c=1|title=Music Week|magazine=Music Week}}</ref> | * UK: 9× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|DEN]]: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|title=Guld og platin i november {{!}} ifpi.dk|url=http://ifpi.dk/?q=content/guld-og-platin-i-november|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI Danmark]]|language=da|date=12 December 2007}}</ref> * GER: Platinum<ref name=ifpiger/> * {{ill|Irish Recorded Music Association|en|lt=IRE}}: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum06.htm|title=IRMA 2006 Certification Awards|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=2025-12-07|archive-date=2014-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819114216/http://irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum06.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ITA: Gold<ref name="fimi"/> * SWI: Gold<ref name=ifpiswi/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|The Circus (Take That album)|en|lt=The Circus}}'' | * Released: 1 December 2008 * Label: Polydor {{small|(#1787444)}} * Formats: CD, digital download | 1 || 180 || 42 || 13 || 14 || 1 || 32 || 68 || 25 || 22 | * UK: 2,100,000 | * UK: 7× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * DEN: Gold<ref>{{cite web|title=Certificeringer {{!}} ifpi.dk|url=http://ifpi.dk/?q=certificeringer&page=1|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI Danmark]]|language=da}}</ref> * IRE: 8× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum08.htm|title=IRMA 2008 Certification Awards|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=2025-12-07|archive-date=2024-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126182922/http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum08.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Progress (Take That album)|en|lt=Progress}}'' | * Released: 15 November 2010 * Label: Polydor {{small|(#275592-7)}} * Formats: CD, digital download | 1 || 65 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 4 || 7 || 2 | * UK: 2,400,000<ref name="UKSales"/> | * UK: 8× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * AUT: Platinum<ref name=ifpiaut/> * DEN: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitlisterne.dk/default.asp?w=10&y=2011&list=a40|title=Hitlisten Album Top 40 > 18.03.2011|publisher=Hitlisten.nu [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]}}</ref> * GER: Platinum<ref name=ifpiger/> * IRE: 6× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum10.htm|title=IRMA > 2010 Certification Awards|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=2025-12-07|archive-date=2014-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819122036/http://irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum10.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ITA: Platinum<ref name="fimi"/> * NLD: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nu.nl/muziek/2388740/gouden-album-take-that.html|title=Gold album for Take That|publisher=[[NU.nl]]|date=27 November 2010}}</ref> * SWE: Gold<ref name="ifpiswe"/> * SWI: Gold<ref name=ifpiswi/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|III (Take That album)|en|lt=III}}'' | * Released: 1 December 2014 * Label: Polydor {{small|(#4709218)}} * Formats: CD, digital download | 1 || 263 || — || 23 || 26 || 6 || 39 || 64 || — || 59 | * UK: 300,000<ref name="UKSales"/> | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Wonderland (Take That album)|en|lt=Wonderland}}'' | * Released: 24 March 2017 * Label: Polydor {{small|(#4709218)}} * Formats: CD, digital download, LP | 2 || 28 || 47 || — || 19 || 3 || 36 || 48 || — || 28 | * UK: 100,000<ref name="UKSales"/> | * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|This Life (Take That album)|en|lt=This Life}}'' | * Released: 24 November 2023 * Label: [[EMI Records|EMI]] * Formats: CD, digital download, LP | 1 || — || 39 || — || 8 || 1 || 47 || 84 || — || 14 | * UK: 100,000<ref name="UKSales"/> | * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Dreamers'' | * Released: 20 November 2026 * Label: EMI * Formats: CD, digital download, LP | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Live albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Sales ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|The Greatest Day – Take That Present: The Circus Live|en}}'' | * Released: 30 November 2009 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, digital download | 3 || 16 | * UK: 300,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/live-albums-the-number-1s-and-top-sellers-on-the-official-chart__30022/|title=Live albums: The Number 1s and top sellers on the Official Chart|publisher=Official Charts Company}}</ref> | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * IRE: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/platinum09.htm|title=IRMA 2009 Certification Awards|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=2025-12-07|archive-date=2018-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711233555/http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/platinum09.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Progress Live (album)|en|lt=Progress Live}}'' | * Released: 28 November 2011 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, digital download | 12 || 24 | * UK: 100,000 | * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Odyssey: Greatest Hits Live'' | * Released: 15 November 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/odyssey-greatest-hits-live-live/1481097953|title=Odyssey – Greatest Hits Live by Take That|website=Apple Music|date=15 November 2019}}</ref> * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, digital download, streaming | 5 || — | | |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Compilation albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Sales ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref name="AUT"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Denmark|DEN]]<br/><ref name="DEN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Italy|ITA]]<br/><ref name="ITA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Album Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Greatest Hits (Take That album)|en|lt=Greatest Hits}}'' | * Released: 25 March 1996 * Label: RCA {{small|(#74321355582)}} * Formats: CD, cassette | 1 || 10 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 4 || 2 | * UK: 1,200,00<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?storyCode=24613&sectioncode=1|title=Take That take top spots again|date=17 December 2006|first=Alan|last=Jones|magazine=[[Music Week]]}}</ref> | * UK: 4× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * AUS: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i.imgur.com/vN9Tx0k.jpg|title=The ARIA Australian Top 100 Albums 1996|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]}}</ref> * AUT: Platinum<ref name=ifpiaut/> * GER: Platinum<ref name=ifpiger/> * NLD: Platinum<ref name=nvpi /> * SWE: Gold<ref name="ifpiswe"/> * SWI: Platinum<ref name=ifpiswi/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|The Best of Take That|en}}'' | * Released: 17 October 2001 * Label: Calipso * Formats: CD, cassette | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Forever... Greatest Hits|en}}'' | * Released: 21 March 2002 * Label: BMG * Formats: CD, cassette | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Never Forget – The Ultimate Collection|en}}'' | * Released: 14 November 2005 * Label: RCA {{small|(#82876748522)}} * Formats: CD, digital download | 2 || 72 || — || — || 91 || 12 || — || — || — || 73 | * UK: 2,360,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-greatest-of-the-greatest-the-uks-official-top-10-biggest-hits-collections-revealed__15397/|title=Greatest of the greatest? The Top 10 biggest hits collections revealed|date=12 July 2016|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> | * UK: 8× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Odyssey (Take That album)|en|lt=Odyssey}}'' | * Released: 23 November 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smoothradio.com/news/music/take-that-greatest-hits-tour-album-odyssey/|title=Take That announce 30th anniversary 'Greatest Hits Live' tour and 'Odyssey' album|publisher=[[Smooth Radio (2014)|Smooth Radio]]|last=Eames|first=Tom|date=21 September 2018}}</ref> * Label: Polydor | 1 || 63 || 55 || — || 18 || 3 || 80 || 85 || — || 45 | * UK: 300.000 | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Import=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Nobody Else|en}}''<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(US version)</span> | * Released: 26 August 1995 * Label: Arista/RCA * Formats: CD | 26 |} ===Box sets=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:14em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col"| Certifications |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|The Platinum Collection (Take That box set)|en|lt=The Platinum Collection}}'' | * Released: 27 November 2006 * Label: RCA {{small|(#88697058062)}} * Formats: CD, digital download | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |} ==Extended plays== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="6"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Denmark|DEN]]<br/><ref name="DEN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Italy|ITA]]<br/><ref name="ITA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Album Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Progressed (EP)|en|lt=Progressed}}''{{efn-ua|In the UK and Ireland, ''Progressed'' charted in conjunction with ''Progress'' under the same title.}} | * Released: 10 June 2011 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, digital download | 1 || 1 || 2 || 25 || 11 || 21 |} ==Singles== ===As lead artist=== ====1990s==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Denmark|DEN]]<br/><ref name="DEN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Italy|ITA]]<br/><ref name="ITA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Single Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br/><ref name="Billboard">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/take-that/chart-history/|title=Take That Chart History: Billboard Hot 100 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Do What U Like]]" | rowspan="2"| 1991 | 82 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="7"| ''Take That & Party'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Promises (Take That song)|Promises]]" | 38 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Once You've Tasted Love|en}}" | rowspan="5"| 1992 | 47 || 188 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|It Only Takes a Minute|en}}" | 7 || 191 || — || — || 11 || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|I Found Heaven|en}}" | 15 || — || — || 56 || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|A Million Love Songs|en}}" | 7 || — || — || — || — || — || 50 || — || — || — | * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Could It Be Magic#Take That version|en|lt=Could It Be Magic}}" | 3 || 30 || 28 || 37 || 3 || — || — || 30 || — || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Why Can't I Wake Up with You]]" | rowspan="4"| 1993 | 2 || — || — || 68 || 7 || — || — || — || — || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | rowspan="6"| ''Everything Changes'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Pray (Take That song)|Pray]]" | 1 || 10 || 14 || 21 || 2 || — || 38 || 17 || 24 || — | * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Relight My Fire#Take That version|en|lt=Relight My Fire}}"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]])</span> | 1 || 33 || 19 || 18 || 2 || — || 10 || 32 || 18 || — | * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Babe (Take That song)|en|lt=Babe}}" | 1 || — || 16 || 9 || 1 || 22 || 5 || 7 || 8 || — | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * GER: Gold<ref name=ifpiger/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Everything Changes (Take That song)|en|lt=Everything Changes}}" | rowspan="3"| 1994 | 1 || 58 || 4 || 17 || 2 || — || 7 || — || 22 || — | *UK: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Love Ain't Here Anymore]]" | 3 || 38 || 6 || 39 || 4 || — || 24 || — || — || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Sure (Take That song)|Sure]]" | 1 || 31 || 3 || 24 || 3 || 4 || 15 || 30 || 24 || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> * ITA: Platinum<ref name="fimi.it">{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/|title=Home|website=fimi.it}}</ref> | rowspan="3"| ''Nobody Else'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Back for Good (song)|Back for Good]]" | rowspan="2"| 1995 | 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 5 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 7 | * UK: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * AUS: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i.imgur.com/RjyaFYH.jpg|title=The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles 1995|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]|access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> * AUT: Gold<ref name=ifpiaut/> * GER: Gold<ref name=ifpiger/> * ITA: Platinum<ref name="fimi.it"/> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref name=NZcertsingle>{{cite web | url=https://www.radioscope.co.nz/2024/04/06/single-cert-search/ | title=Single Certification Search| publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]] | access-date=15 February 2025 | format=type "Take That" in the search tab}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Never Forget (Take That song)|en|lt=Never Forget}}" | 1 || 12 || 3 || 10 || 1 || 8 || 8 || 34 || 6 || — | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|How Deep Is Your Love (Bee Gees song)#Take That version|en|lt=How Deep Is Your Love}}" | 1996 | 1 || 12 || 1 || 7 || 1 || 1 || 7 || 7 || 5 || — | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * ITA: Platinum<ref name="fimi.it"/> | ''Greatest Hits'' |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ====2000s==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="9"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Denmark|DEN]]<br/><ref name="DEN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Italy|ITA]]<br/><ref name="ITA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Single Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Patience (Take That song)|Patience]]" | 2006 | 1 || 29 || 6 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 12 || 6 || 1 | * UK: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * DEN: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|title=Forårets guld- og platincertificeringer {{!}} ifpi.dk|url=http://ifpi.dk/?q=content/for%C3%A5rets-guld-og-platincertificeringer|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI Danmark]]|access-date=23 July 2011|language=da|date=13 June 2007}}</ref> * GER: Gold<ref name=ifpiger/> * ITA: Platinum<ref name="fimi.it"/> | rowspan="5"| ''Beautiful World'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Shine (Take That song)|en|lt=Shine}}" | rowspan="4"| 2007 | 1 || — || 7 || 21 || 2 || 4 || 20 || — || 27 | * UK: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * DEN: Gold<ref>{{cite web|title=Guld og platin i april {{!}} ifpi.dk|url=http://ifpi.dk/?q=content/guld-og-platin-i-april|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI Danmark]]|access-date=23 July 2011|language=da|date=1 May 2008}}</ref> * ITA: Platinum<ref name="fimi.it"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|I'd Wait for Life|en}}" | 17 || — || — || — || 32 || 13 || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Reach Out (Take That song)|en|lt=Reach Out}}" | — || — || 13 || 44 || — || 11 || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Rule the World (Take That song)|en|lt=Rule the World}}" | 2 || 209 || 32 || 15 || 3 || 6 || 57 || — || 25 | * UK: 3× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * ITA: Platinum<ref name="fimi.it"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Greatest Day (Take That song)|en|lt=Greatest Day}}" | 2008 | 1 || 202 || 28 || 27 || 2 || — || 30 || 41 || — | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> | rowspan="5"| ''The Circus'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Up All Night (Take That song)|en|lt=Up All Night}}" | rowspan="4"| 2009 | 14 || — || — || — || 14 || — || — || — || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|The Garden (Take That song)|en|lt=The Garden}}" | 97 || — || 8 || 20 || — || — || 73 || — || 36 | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Said It All|en}}" | 9 || — || — || — || 17 || — || — || — || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Hold Up a Light|en}}" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ====2010s==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="9"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Denmark|DEN]]<br/><ref name="DEN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Italy|ITA]]<br/><ref name="ITA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Single Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|The Flood (Take That song)|en|lt=The Flood}}" | 2010 | 2 || 300 || 4 || 12 || 3 || 2 || 3 || 24 || 6 | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * DEN: Gold<ref>{{cite web|title=Track Top-40|url=http://www.hitlisterne.dk/default.asp?w=1&y=2011&list=t40|work=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI Denmark]]|publisher=Hitlisten.NU|access-date=28 January 2011|language=da|date=14 January 2011}}</ref> * GER: Gold<ref name=ifpiger /> * ITA: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|title=FIMI Cert |url=http://www.fimi.it/temp/cert_GFK_download_112012.pdf |publisher=FIMI |access-date=28 January 2011 |date=14 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515071353/http://www.fimi.it/temp/cert_GFK_download_112012.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2012}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| ''Progress'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Kidz (song)|en|lt=Kidz}}" | rowspan="3"| 2011 | 28 || — || 12 || 20 || 45 || 24 || — || — || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Love Love (Take That song)|en|lt=Love Love}}" | 15 || — || — || — || 27 || 37 || — || — || — | | rowspan="2"| ''Progressed'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|When We Were Young (Take That song)|en|lt=When We Were Young}}" | 88 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|These Days (Take That song)|en|lt=These Days}}" | 2014 | 1 || — || — || 31 || 8|| — || — || — || — | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> | rowspan="4"| ''III'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Let in the Sun|en}}" | rowspan="3"| 2015 | —{{efn-ua|"Let in the Sun" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 93 on the UK Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-let-in-the-sun/|title=LET IN THE SUN – TAKE THAT|website=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Higher Than Higher|en}}" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Hey Boy (Take That song)|en|lt=Hey Boy}}"{{efn-ua|"Hey Boy" features on the 2015 edition of the album ''III''.}} | 56 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Giants (Take That song)|en|lt=Giants}}" | rowspan="2"| 2017 | 13 || — || — || — || 86 || — || — || — || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | rowspan="2"| ''Wonderland'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|New Day (Take That song)|en|lt=New Day}}" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Pray (Take That song)|Pray]]"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(''Odyssey'' version)</span> | rowspan="2"| 2018 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2"| ''Odyssey'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Out of Our Heads (Take That song)|en|lt=Out of Our Heads}}" | —{{efn-ua|"Out of Our Heads" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 25 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-out-of-our-heads/|title=OUT OF OUR HEADS – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ====2020s==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Greatest Day (Take That song)#2023 version|en|lt=Greatest Day}}" <span style="font-size:85%;">(Robin Schultz rework)</span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Calum Scott]])</span> | rowspan="4"| 2023 | —{{efn-ua|"Greatest Day" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 7 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-greatest-day/|title=GREATEST DAY – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} | ''Greatest Days: The Movie Soundtrack'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Windows (song)|en|lt=Windows}}" | —{{efn-ua|"Windows" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but debuted and peaked at number 3 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-windows/|title=WINDOWS – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} | rowspan="5"| ''This Life'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Brand New Sun|en}}" | — |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|This Life (Take That song)|en|lt=This Life}}" | —{{efn-ua|"This Life" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 21 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-this-life/|title=THIS LIFE – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|You and Me (Take That song)|en|lt=You and Me}}"{{efn-ua|"You and Me" and "All Wrapped Up" feature on the deluxe edition of the album ''This Life''.|name=ThisLifeDeluxe}} | rowspan="2"| 2024 | —{{efn-ua|"You and Me" did not enter the UK singles Chart but peaked at number 4 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-you-and-me/|title=YOU AND ME – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|All Wrapped Up (song)|en|lt=All Wrapped Up}}"{{efn-ua|name=ThisLifeDeluxe}} | —{{efn-ua|"All Wrapped Up" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 32 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-all-wrapped-up/|title=ALL WRAPPED UP – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Said It All#2026 version|en|lt=Said It All}}"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring {{ill|Leony|en}}; [[Jax Jones]] rework)</span> | rowspan="4"| 2026 | —{{efn-ua|"Said It All" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 37 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-said-it-all/|title=SAID IT ALL – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} | {{n/a|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|You're a Superstar (Take That song)|en|lt=You're a Superstar}}" | —{{efn-ua|"You're a Superstar" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 9 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-youre-a-superstar/|title=YOU'RE A SUPERSTAR – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} | rowspan="3"| ''Dreamers'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Sweet July (song)|en|lt=Sweet July}}" | —{{efn-ua|"Sweet July" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 2 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-sweet-july/|title=SWEET JULY – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Feel My Love|en}}" | —{{efn-ua|"Feel My Love" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 12 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-thatkelly-feel-my-love/|title=FEEL MY LOVE – TAKE THAT/KELLY|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===As featured artist=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="7"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref name="AUT"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Everybody Hurts#Helping Haiti charity single|Everybody Hurts]]"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with {{ill|Helping Haiti|en}})</span> | 2010 | 1 || 28 || 23 || 16 || 1 || 21 || 16 | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> | {{N/a|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Cry (Sigma song)|en|lt=Cry}}"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Sigma (DJs)|Sigma]] featuring Take That)</span> | 2016 | 21 || — || — || — || 65 || — || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | ''Wonderland (Deluxe)'' |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Promotional singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Every Guy" | 1995 | — | ''Nobody Else'' |- ! scope="row"| "Relight My Fire" <span style="font-size:85%;">(Element Remix)</span> | 2005 | — | ''Never Forget – The Ultimate Collection'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Hold Up a Light (Take That song)|en|lt=Hold Up a Light}}" | 2009 | — | ''The Greatest Day – Take That Present: The Circus Live'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Happy Now (Take That song)|en|lt=Happy Now}}" | rowspan="2"| 2011 | 52 | rowspan="2"| ''Progress'' |- ! scope="row"| "Eight Letters" | — |- ! scope="row"| "The Man I Am" | 2024 | —{{efn-ua|"The Man I Am" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 75 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-the-man-i-am/|title=THE MAN I AM – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} | ''This Life'' (Deluxe) |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ==Other charted songs== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> |- ! scope="row"| "SOS" | 2010 | 91 | ''Progress'' |} ==Music videos== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col"| Director(s)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38370899j/PUBLIC|title=BnF catalogue général – Notice bibliographique|year=1996|language=fr|publisher=Catalogue.bnf.fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://opac2.icbsa.it/vufind/Record/IT-DDS0000116677000000|title=Holdings: *Never forget|publisher=Opac2.icbsa.it}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Do What U Like" | rowspan="2"| 1991 | Rosemary "Ro" Barratt (née Newton) & Angie Smith<ref name="McDonald">Paul McDonald, "Feeling and Fun: Romance, Dance and the Performing Male Body in the Take That Videos" In: Sheila Whiteley (ed.), "Sexing the Groove: Popular Music and Gender" London / New York: Routledge, 1997, pp. 277–294</ref>{{rp|287}}<ref>Rosemary Barratt, "Take That Uncovered: The First Video; 20 Years Ago Next Week Five Young Pop Hopefuls Got Together to Promote Their Debut Single.. The Rest, As They Say, Is History" In: ''[[Sunday Mirror]]'', 19 June 2011</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/episode/ntjrg/old-grey-whistle-test-40--episode-15 |title=Old Grey Whistle Test 40 &#124; Series 1 – Episode 15 |magazine=Radio Times |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><br /> |- ! scope="row"| "Promises" | Willy Smax<ref name="Smax">{{cite web |url=http://www.willysmax.com/Willy_Smax_Home_Page.html |title=Willy Smax Website, Video Director, Memoir Writer, Childrens Book Writer |publisher=Willysmax.com |access-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150200/http://www.willysmax.com/willy_smax_home_page.html |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Once You've Tasted Love" | rowspan="5"| 1992 | James Lebon<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|288}} |- ! scope="row"| "It Only Takes a Minute" | Willy Smax<ref name="Smax" /> |- ! scope="row"| "I Found Heaven" | Willy Smax<ref name="Smax" /> |- ! scope="row"| "A Million Love Songs" | Brad Langford<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|285}} |- ! scope="row"| "Could It Be Magic" | Saffie Ashtiany<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|289}} |- ! scope="row"| "Why Can't I Wake Up with You?" | rowspan="5"| 1993 | Liam Kan & Grant Hodgson<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|285}} |- ! scope="row"| "Pray" | Gregg Masuak<ref name="Masuak">{{cite web |url=http://www.masuak.com/CIHANGIR/Adventures_in_Music_Videos.html |title=Adventures in Music Videos |publisher=Masuak.com |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032024/http://www.masuak.com/CIHANGIR/Adventures_in_Music_Videos.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Relight My Fire" | Jimmy Fletcher<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|289}} |- ! scope="row"| "Babe" | Gregg Masuak<ref name="Masuak" /> |- ! scope="row"| "Beatles Medley"{{efn-ua|Video recorded especially for the ''{{ill|Everything Changes (Take That album)|en|lt=Everything Changes}}'' video album}} | |- ! scope="row"| "Everything Changes" | rowspan="3"| 1994 | Gregg Masuak<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|289}} |- ! scope="row"| "Love Ain't Here Anymore" | Liam Kan & Grant Hodgson<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|285}} |- ! scope="row"| "Sure" | Gregg Masuak<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|288}} |- ! scope="row"| "Back for Good" | rowspan="3"| 1995 | {{ill|Vaughan Arnell|en}} & {{ill|Anthea Benton|en}}<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|285}} |- ! scope="row"| "Never Forget" | David Amphlett<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|288}} |- ! scope="row"| "Sunday to Saturday"{{efn-ua|Video recorded especially for the Japanese market.}} | Philip Ollerenshaw |- ! scope="row"| "How Deep is Your Love" | 1996 | {{ill|Nick Brandt|en}}<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|291}} |- ! scope="row"| "Relight My Fire" (Element Remix){{efn-ua|Unreleased}} | 2005 | |- ! scope="row"| "Patience" | 2006 | David Mould<ref name="Discogs">{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Take-That-Beautiful-World/release/2630793|title=Take That – Beautiful World (CD, Album) at Discogs|publisher=Discogs.com|date=9 November 2007}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Shine" | rowspan="4"| 2007 | Justin Dickel<ref name="Discogs" /> |- ! scope="row"| "I'd Wait for Life" | Sean de Sparengo<ref name="Discogs" /> |- ! scope="row"| "Rule the World"{{efn-ua|Clips from the film ''[[Stardust (2007 movie)|Stardust]]''.}} | Barney Clay<ref name="Discogs" /> |- ! scope="row"| "Rule the World" (alternate version){{efn-ua|Removes the clips from the film ''[[Stardust (2007 movie)|Stardust]]''.}} | Barney Clay |- ! scope="row"| "Greatest Day" | 2008 | {{ill|Meiert Avis|en}} & Chris LeDoux<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vimeo.com/12998664 |title=Take That "Greatest Day" on Vimeo |publisher=Vimeo.com |date=1 July 2010 |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Up All Night" | rowspan="3"| 2009 | Daniel Wolfe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/2009/02/02/take-that%e2%80%99s-up-all-night-by-daniel-wolfe/ |title=Take That's Up All Night by Daniel Wolfe|website=Promo News |date=2 February 2009 |access-date=11 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821053352/http://www.promonews.tv/2009/02/02/take-that%E2%80%99s-up-all-night-by-daniel-wolfe/ |archive-date=21 August 2011 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Said It All" | Lindy Heymann<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.promonews.tv/2009/05/13/take-that%e2%80%99s-said-it-all-by-lindy-heymann/ |title=Take That's Said It All |first=Lindy |last=Heymann |lang=en |date=13 May 2009 |website=www.promonews.tv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830034207/http://www.promonews.tv/2009/05/13/take-that%E2%80%99s-said-it-all-by-lindy-heymann/ |archive-date=30 August 2011 |access-date=2023-04-16}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Hold Up a Light"{{efn-ua|Live performance from {{ill|Take That Presents: The Circus Live|en}}.}} | Matt Askem |- ! scope="row"| "The Flood" | 2010 | Mat Whitecross<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.promonews.tv/2010/10/15/take-that%E2%80%99s-the-flood-by-mat-whitecross/ |title= Take That's the Flood by Mat Whitecross » Promo News|website=www.promonews.tv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215035543/http://www.promonews.tv/2010/10/15/take-that%E2%80%99s-the-flood-by-mat-whitecross/ |archive-date=15 February 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Kidz" | rowspan="6"| 2011 | Mat Whitecross & {{ill|Eran Creevy|en}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.promonews.tv/2011/03/02/take-thats-kidz-by-mat-whitecross-and-eran-creevy/ |title=Take That 'Kidz' by Mat Whitecross and Eran Creevy &#124; Promo News |publisher=Promonews.tv |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-date=18 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418041217/http://www.promonews.tv/2011/03/02/take-thats-kidz-by-mat-whitecross-and-eran-creevy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Happy Now"{{efn-ua|Released exclusively for ''{{ill|Red Nose Day 2011|en}}''.}} | Tom Harper & [[Richard Curtis]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.claudiawass.com/QT%20pages/takethat.html |title=Take That |publisher=Claudiawass.com |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195922/http://www.claudiawass.com/QT%20pages/takethat.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Love Love"{{efn-ua|Band version}} | {{ill|AlexandLiane|en}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/take-that/773576/love-love.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801123935/http://www.mtv.com/videos/take-that/773576/love-love.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 August 2012 |title=Love Love &#124; Take That &#124; Music Video |publisher=MTV |date=27 May 2011 |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Love Love"{{efn-ua|Features clips from the film ''[[X-Men: First Class]]''.}} | AlexandLiane |- ! scope="row"| "When We Were Young"{{efn-ua|Features clips from the film ''{{ill|The Three Musketeers (2011 film)|en|lt=The Three Musketeers}}''.}} | Paul Gore<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/take-that/773635/when-we-were-young.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801125134/http://www.mtv.com/videos/take-that/773635/when-we-were-young.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 August 2012 |title=When We Were Young &#124; Take That &#124; Music Video |publisher=MTV |date=22 August 2011 |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Eight Letters"{{efn-ua|Released to promote the ''Progress Live'' album and DVD. Features footage from the tour.}} | Matt Askem<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.serpentproductions.com/#/news/2012/01/take-that-eight-letters-promo/ |access-date=11 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819192057/http://www.serpentproductions.com/ |archive-date=19 August 2012 |title=Serpent Productions }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "These Days" | 2014 | Henry Scholfield<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2014/11/20/take-these-days-henry-scholfield|title=Take That 'These Days' by Henry Scholfield|publisher=Promo News|access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Let in the Sun" | rowspan="3"| 2015 | Mike Sharpe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vevo.com/watch/take-that/Let-In-The-Sun/GBUV71401584|title=Take That 'Let in the Sun' by Mike Sharpe}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Hey Boy" | Frank Borin<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vevo.com/watch/take-that/Hey-Boy/GBUV71501240|title=Take That 'Hey Boy' by Frank Borin}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Get Ready for It"{{efn-ua|Features clips from the film ''{{ill|Kingsman: The Secret Service|en}}''.}} |Vaughan Arnell<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vevo.com/watch/take-that/Get-Ready-For-It/GBUV71401585|title=Take That 'Get Ready for It' by Vaughan Arnell}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Cry" | 2016 |Georgia Hudson<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2016/06/02/sigma-ft-take-cry-georgia-hudson|title=Sigma Ft. Take That 'Cry' by Georgia Hudson|publisher=Promo News|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Giants" | rowspan="2"| 2017 | Mat Whitecross<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2017/03/17/take-giants-mat-whitecross|title=Take That 'Giants' by Mat Whitecross|publisher=Promo News|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "New Day" | Gregg Masuak<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2017/06/02/take-new-day-gregg-masuak|title=Take That 'New Day' by Gregg Masuak|publisher=Promo News|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Pray (Odyssey Edition)" | rowspan="2"| 2018 | |- ! scope="row"| "Out of Our Heads" | |- ! scope="row"| "Windows" | 2023 | Ben Tricklebank |- ! scope="row"| "You and Me" | 2024 | |- ! scope="row"| "Sweet July" | 2026 | |} ==Video/DVD releases== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Take That & Party''{{efn-ua|Promotional music videos from the ''Take That & Party'' album and interviews with the group.}} | * Released: 1992 * Label: Sony BMG {{small|(#)}} * Format: VHS | — || — || — | * UK: Gold<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Take That: The Party Live at Wembley''{{efn-ua|Live concert from Wembley Arena, London, 1993}} | * Released: 1 November 1993 * Label: Sony BMG {{small|(#74321164493)}} * Format: VHS | — || — || — | * UK: Platinum<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Take That – Everything Changes''{{efn-ua|Features promotional music videos from the ''Everything Changes'' album. Also includes exclusive interviews with the band members.}} | * Released: 18 July 1994 * Label: Sony BMG {{small|(#)}} * Format: VHS | — || — || — | * UK: 3× Platinum<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Take That: Live in Berlin''{{efn-ua|Take That Live in concert in Berlin, 1994}} | * Released: 15 May 1995 * Label: Sony BMG {{small|(#74321123373)}} * Format: VHS | — || — || — | * UK: 3× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Hometown: Live at Manchester G-Mex''{{efn-ua|Featuring Take That recorded Live in Manchester, 1994}} | * Released: 14 August 1995 * Studio: Sony BMG {{small|(#74321284153)}} * Format: VHS | — || — || — | * UK: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Take That: Nobody Else "the Movie"''{{efn-ua|Documentary telling the story of the band's appearances at London's Earls Court and Manchester Arena during the summer of 1995.}} | * Released: 20 November 1995 * Studio: Sony BMG {{small|(#74321332253)}} * Format: VHS | — || — || — | * UK: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Greatest Hits (Take That album)|en|lt=Greatest Hits}}''{{efn-ua|A compilation of Take That's greatest hits. Also never-seen-before footage of the boys throughout their career.}} | * Released: 25 March 1996 * Studio: BMG {{small|(#74321355683)}} * Formats: VHS, laserdisc | — || — || — | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Never Forget – The Ultimate Collection (DVD)|en|lt=Never Forget – The Ultimate Collection}}''{{efn-ua|Features 16 music videos, including all the number one hits, as well as live performances and behind-the-scenes film footage and photos.}} | * Released: 14 November 2005 * Studio: Sony BMG {{small|(#82876748539)}} * Format: [[DVD]] | 91 || 12 || 73 | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Take That: For the Record|en}}''{{efn-ua|Over a decade after they split the band members break their silence and reveal the truth about Take That in this intimate tell-all documentary. Includes a special documentary as well as extended and previously unseen footage.}} | * Released: 24 April 2006 * Label: Sony BMG {{small|(#82876832769)}} * Format: DVD | — || — || — | * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Take That: The Ultimate Tour]]''{{efn-ua|Take That Live in Manchester, 2006.}} | * Released: 6 November 2006 * Studio: Universal Music {{small|(#1708380)}} * Formats: DVD, Blu-ray Disc | — || — || — | * UK: 5× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Beautiful World Live|en}}''{{efn-ua|Take That Live at the O2 Arena, London. The fastest selling music DVD in UK history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7276661.stm|title=Take That break DVD sales record|date=4 March 2008|work=BBC News|access-date=15 April 2010}}</ref>}} | * Released: 25 February 2008 * Studio: Polydor {{small|(#1762159)}} * Formats: DVD, Blu-ray Disc | — || — || — | * UK: 3× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Take That Present: The Circus Live#Broadcast and Recordings|en|lt=Take That Present: The Circus Live}}''{{efn-ua|Disc one: ''The Circus Live'' – Take That's critically acclaimed Wembley Stadium concert in its entirety. Disc two: ''Live Abbey Road Session'' – An intimate performance by the band at Abbey Road Studios behind closed doors in late 2009. The fastest-selling music DVD of all time in the UK, claiming this record on its first day of release.<ref name="entertainment.stv.tv">{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.stv.tv/showbiz/139942-take-that-circus-tour-dvd-smashes-sales-record-in-just-one-day/ |title=Take That Circus tour DVD smashes sales record in just one day &#124; Showbiz &#124; STV Entertainment |publisher=Entertainment.stv.tv |date=25 November 2009 |access-date=10 July 2010 |archive-date=19 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819114607/http://entertainment.stv.tv/showbiz/139942-take-that-circus-tour-dvd-smashes-sales-record-in-just-one-day/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | * Released: 23 November 2009 * Studio: Polydor * Formats: DVD, Blu-ray Disc | — || — || — | * UK: 11× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Take That: Look Back, Don't Stare''{{efn-ua|A set of black and white interviews and recordings detailing Robbie Williams' return to Take That and the process of them working on their first studio album together in 15 years.}} | * Released: 6 December 2010 * Label: Polydor {{small|(#2757746)}} * Formats: DVD, Blu-ray Disc | — || — || — | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Progress Live|en}}''{{efn-ua|Take That's record breaking Progress tour in its entirety, filmed at the Etihad stadium in Manchester. Features a behind the scenes look at the tour preparation entitled 'Making Progress'.}} | * Released: 21 November 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Progress-Live-DVD-Take-That/dp/B0054DPL5M |title=Take That: Progress Live Digipack DVD 2011 NTSC: Amazon.co.uk: Take That: DVD & Blu-ray |date=21 November 2011 |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> * Studio: Polydor * Formats: DVD, Blu-ray Disc | — || — || — | * UK: 7× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ==Notes== {{Notelist-ua}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Discographies of British artists]] 18kw9agx4m23qe1xb47z277tpjztmew 11024000 11023985 2026-10-08T14:07:20Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia Bot|IrisChronomia Bot]] ([[User talk:IrisChronomia Bot|talk]]) to last version by Greenock125 11016551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist discography | Artist = [[Take That]] | Image = Take That performing in Glasgow, 2017 (cropped).jpg | Caption = Take That performing in 2017 | Studio = 9 | Compilation = 5 | EP = 1 | Live = 3 | Option = 2 | Option name = Box sets }} The discography of [[Take That]], a British [[pop music]] group, consists of nine [[studio album]]s, five [[compilation album]]s, three live albums, one extended play. ==Albums== ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Sales ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording sales certifications|Certifications]] |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK">Peak positions in Australia: * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/31006/take-that/|title=TAKE THAT songs and albums {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}} * For "Everybody Hurts": {{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/6068/helping-haiti/|title=HELPING HAITI songs and albums {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS">Peak positions in Australia: * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=https://www.australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|title=Discography Take That|publisher=Hung Medien|website=australian-charts.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813190506/https://www.australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|archive-date=13 August 2025|url-status=live}} * For "Once You've Tasted Love": {{cite web|url=https://www.bubblingdownunder.com/2023/03/week-commencing-16-march-1992.html|title=Bubbling Down Under Week Commencing March 16, 1992|website=Bubbling Down Under}} * For "It Only Takes a Minute": {{cite web|url=https://www.bubblingdownunder.com/2024/07/week-commencing-27-july-1992.html|title=Bubbling Down Under Week Commencing July 27, 1992|website=Bubbling Down Under}} * For "Everything Changes": {{cite web|url=http://i.imgur.com/J0NfKiA.jpg|title=The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles Chart — 25 Sep 1994|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]}} * For "Everybody Hurts": {{cite web|url=https://www.australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Helping+Haiti|title=Discography Helping Haiti|publisher=Hung Medien|website=australian-charts.com}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref name="AUT">Peak positions in Austria: * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|title=Discographie Take That|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}} * For "Everybody Hurts": {{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Helping+Haiti|title=Discographie Helping Haiti|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Denmark|DEN]]<br/><ref name="DEN">{{cite web|url=https://danishcharts.dk/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|title=Discography Take That|publisher=Hung Medien|website=danishcharts.dk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130043535/https://danishcharts.dk/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|archive-date=30 November 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br><ref name="GER">Peak positions in Austria: * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artist_search=Take+That&do_search=do|title=Discographie von Take That|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|website=offiziellecharts.de}} * For "Everybody Hurts": {{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artist_search=Helping+Haiti&do_search=do|title=Discographie von Helping Haiti|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|website=offiziellecharts.de}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE">Peak positions in Ireland: * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|title=Discography Take That|publisher=Hung Medien|website=irish-charts.com|access-date=2025-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216042546/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|archive-date=2010-12-16|url-status=dead}} * For "Everybody Hurts": {{cite web|url=https://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Helping+Haiti|title=Discography Helping Haiti|publisher=Hung Medien|website=irish-charts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Italy|ITA]]<br/><ref name="ITA">Peak positions in Italy * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=https://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Take+That&titel=Beautiful+World&cat=a|title=Discography Take That|publisher=Hung Medien|website=italiancharts.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251211120254/https://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Take+That&titel=Beautiful+World&cat=a|archive-date=11 December 2025|url-status=live}} * For ''Everything Changes'': {{cite web|url=https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/artist/?title=Take+That|title=Take That Italian History|publisher=Fimi}} * For ''Nobody Else'': {{cite magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2AsEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA44|title=Hits of the World - Italy|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=[[Nielsen Business Media, Inc.]]|page=44}} * ''Greatest Hits'': {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iw0EAAAAMBAJ&q=take+that|title=Billboard|date=20 April 1996|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc.|via=Google Books}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Album Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL">{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|title=Discografie Take That|publisher=Hung Medien|website=dutchcharts.nl}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE">Peak positions in Sweden: * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|title=Discography Take That|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swedishcharts.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813190535/https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Take+That|archive-date=13 August 2025|url-status=live}} * For "Everybody Hurts": {{cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Helping+Haiti|title=Discography Helping Haiti|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swedishcharts.com}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI">Peak positions in Switzerland: * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/artist/Take_That|title=Discographie Take That|publisher=Hung Medien|website=hitparade.ch}} * For "Everybody Hurts": {{cite web|url=https://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Helping+Haiti|title=Discographie Helping Haiti|publisher=Hung Medien|website=hitparade.ch}} </ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Take That & Party|en}}'' | * Released: 17 August 1992 * Label: [[RCA Records|RCA]] {{small|(#74321109232)}} * Formats: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Cassette tape|cassette]], [[LP record|LP]] | 2 || 104 || — || — || 28 || 27 || — || 21 || 38 || — | * UK: 600,000<ref name="UKSales">{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/music/feature/a612914/take-that-robbie-williams-gary-barlow-all-8-albums-ranked-from-worst-to-best/ |title=Take That: All 8 albums ranked from worst to best|website=[[Digital Spy]]|date=29 January 2016}}</ref> | * [[British Phonographic Industry|UK]]: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI">{{cite web|url=https://www.bpi.co.uk/page/certified-awards|title=Certified Awards {{!}} BPI|publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry]]|website=bpi.co.uk}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Everything Changes (Take That album)|en|lt=Everything Changes}}'' | * Released: 11 October 1993 * Label: RCA {{small|(#74321169262)}} * Formats: CD, cassette, LP | 1 || 24 || 7 || 6 || 4 || 4 || 13 || 3 || 27 || 9 | * UK: 1,200,000<ref name="UKSales" /> | * UK: 4× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|AUT]]: Gold<ref name=ifpiaut>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin |title=IFPI Austria > Gold & Platin |language=de |publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608024513/http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin|archive-date=8 June 2009}}</ref> * {{ill|Bundesverband Musikindustrie|en|lt=GER}}: Platinum<ref name=ifpiger>{{cite certification|region=Germany|artist=Take That}}</ref> * [[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|ITA]]: Platinum<ref name=fimi>{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/archivio_certificazioni.php|title=Gold & Platinum|language=it|publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|FIMI]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006100124/http://www.fimi.it/archivio_certificazioni.php|archive-date=6 October 2014}}</ref> * {{ill|NVPI|en|lt=NLD}}: Platinum<ref name=nvpi>{{cite web|url=http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat|title=NVPI Goud & Platina|language=nl|publisher=[[NVPI]]|archive-date=26 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100526201848/http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461#resultaat|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|SWE]]: Gold<ref name=ifpiswe>{{cite web|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/|title=Swedish Certifications – Take That}}</ref> * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|SWI]]: Platinum<ref name=ifpiswi>{{cite web|url=http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=take+that|title=Swiss Certifications > Take That|publisher=swisscharts.com Hung Medien}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Nobody Else|en}}'' | * Released: 8 May 1995 * Label: RCA {{small|(#74321279092)}} * Formats: CD, cassette | 1 || 2 || 1 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 7 || 1 | * UK: 600,000<ref name="UKSales" /> | * UK: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * AUS: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i.imgur.com/u0P5DoV.jpg|title=The ARIA Australian Top 100 Albums 1995 (page 2)|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]}}</ref> * AUT: Gold<ref name=ifpiaut/> * GER: Gold<ref name=ifpiger/> * ITA: 4× Platinum<ref name="fimi"/> * NLD: Gold<ref name=nvpi/> * SWE: Gold<ref name="ifpiswe"/> * SWI: Gold<ref name=ifpiswi/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Beautiful World (Take That album)|en|lt=Beautiful World}}'' | * Released: 27 November 2006 * Label: [[Polydor Records|Polydor]] {{small|(#1715551)}} * Formats: CD, [[Music download|digital download]] | 1 || 32 || 8 || 2 || 2 || 1 || 25 || 33 || 40 || 6 | * UK: 2,700,000<ref name="UKSales"/><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?sectioncode=1&storycode=1046069&c=1|title=Music Week|magazine=Music Week}}</ref> | * UK: 9× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|DEN]]: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|title=Guld og platin i november {{!}} ifpi.dk|url=http://ifpi.dk/?q=content/guld-og-platin-i-november|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI Danmark]]|language=da|date=12 December 2007}}</ref> * GER: Platinum<ref name=ifpiger/> * {{ill|Irish Recorded Music Association|en|lt=IRE}}: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum06.htm|title=IRMA 2006 Certification Awards|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=2025-12-07|archive-date=2014-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819114216/http://irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum06.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ITA: Gold<ref name="fimi"/> * SWI: Gold<ref name=ifpiswi/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|The Circus (Take That album)|en|lt=The Circus}}'' | * Released: 1 December 2008 * Label: Polydor {{small|(#1787444)}} * Formats: CD, digital download | 1 || 180 || 42 || 13 || 14 || 1 || 32 || 68 || 25 || 22 | * UK: 2,100,000 | * UK: 7× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * DEN: Gold<ref>{{cite web|title=Certificeringer {{!}} ifpi.dk|url=http://ifpi.dk/?q=certificeringer&page=1|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI Danmark]]|language=da}}</ref> * IRE: 8× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum08.htm|title=IRMA 2008 Certification Awards|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=2025-12-07|archive-date=2024-11-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126182922/http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum08.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Progress (Take That album)|en|lt=Progress}}'' | * Released: 15 November 2010 * Label: Polydor {{small|(#275592-7)}} * Formats: CD, digital download | 1 || 65 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 3 || 4 || 7 || 2 | * UK: 2,400,000<ref name="UKSales"/> | * UK: 8× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * AUT: Platinum<ref name=ifpiaut/> * DEN: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitlisterne.dk/default.asp?w=10&y=2011&list=a40|title=Hitlisten Album Top 40 > 18.03.2011|publisher=Hitlisten.nu [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]]}}</ref> * GER: Platinum<ref name=ifpiger/> * IRE: 6× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum10.htm|title=IRMA > 2010 Certification Awards|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=2025-12-07|archive-date=2014-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819122036/http://irishcharts.ie/awards/multi_platinum10.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * ITA: Platinum<ref name="fimi"/> * NLD: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nu.nl/muziek/2388740/gouden-album-take-that.html|title=Gold album for Take That|publisher=[[NU.nl]]|date=27 November 2010}}</ref> * SWE: Gold<ref name="ifpiswe"/> * SWI: Gold<ref name=ifpiswi/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|III (Take That album)|en|lt=III}}'' | * Released: 1 December 2014 * Label: Polydor {{small|(#4709218)}} * Formats: CD, digital download | 1 || 263 || — || 23 || 26 || 6 || 39 || 64 || — || 59 | * UK: 300,000<ref name="UKSales"/> | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Wonderland (Take That album)|en|lt=Wonderland}}'' | * Released: 24 March 2017 * Label: Polydor {{small|(#4709218)}} * Formats: CD, digital download, LP | 2 || 28 || 47 || — || 19 || 3 || 36 || 48 || — || 28 | * UK: 100,000<ref name="UKSales"/> | * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|This Life (Take That album)|en|lt=This Life}}'' | * Released: 24 November 2023 * Label: [[EMI Records|EMI]] * Formats: CD, digital download, LP | 1 || — || 39 || — || 8 || 1 || 47 || 84 || — || 14 | * UK: 100,000<ref name="UKSales"/> | * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Dreamers'' | * Released: 20 November 2026 * Label: EMI * Formats: CD, digital download, LP | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Live albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="2"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Sales ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|The Greatest Day – Take That Present: The Circus Live|en}}'' | * Released: 30 November 2009 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, digital download | 3 || 16 | * UK: 300,000<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/live-albums-the-number-1s-and-top-sellers-on-the-official-chart__30022/|title=Live albums: The Number 1s and top sellers on the Official Chart|publisher=Official Charts Company}}</ref> | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * IRE: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/platinum09.htm|title=IRMA 2009 Certification Awards|publisher=[[Irish Recorded Music Association]]|access-date=2025-12-07|archive-date=2018-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711233555/http://www.irishcharts.ie/awards/platinum09.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Progress Live (album)|en|lt=Progress Live}}'' | * Released: 28 November 2011 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, digital download | 12 || 24 | * UK: 100,000 | * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Odyssey: Greatest Hits Live'' | * Released: 15 November 2019<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/au/album/odyssey-greatest-hits-live-live/1481097953|title=Odyssey – Greatest Hits Live by Take That|website=Apple Music|date=15 November 2019}}</ref> * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, digital download, streaming | 5 || — | | |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Compilation albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Sales ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref name="AUT"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Denmark|DEN]]<br/><ref name="DEN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Italy|ITA]]<br/><ref name="ITA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Album Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Greatest Hits (Take That album)|en|lt=Greatest Hits}}'' | * Released: 25 March 1996 * Label: RCA {{small|(#74321355582)}} * Formats: CD, cassette | 1 || 10 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 4 || 2 | * UK: 1,200,00<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.musicweek.com/story.asp?storyCode=24613&sectioncode=1|title=Take That take top spots again|date=17 December 2006|first=Alan|last=Jones|magazine=[[Music Week]]}}</ref> | * UK: 4× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * AUS: Gold<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i.imgur.com/vN9Tx0k.jpg|title=The ARIA Australian Top 100 Albums 1996|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]}}</ref> * AUT: Platinum<ref name=ifpiaut/> * GER: Platinum<ref name=ifpiger/> * NLD: Platinum<ref name=nvpi /> * SWE: Gold<ref name="ifpiswe"/> * SWI: Platinum<ref name=ifpiswi/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|The Best of Take That|en}}'' | * Released: 17 October 2001 * Label: Calipso * Formats: CD, cassette | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Forever... Greatest Hits|en}}'' | * Released: 21 March 2002 * Label: BMG * Formats: CD, cassette | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Never Forget – The Ultimate Collection|en}}'' | * Released: 14 November 2005 * Label: RCA {{small|(#82876748522)}} * Formats: CD, digital download | 2 || 72 || — || — || 91 || 12 || — || — || — || 73 | * UK: 2,360,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-greatest-of-the-greatest-the-uks-official-top-10-biggest-hits-collections-revealed__15397/|title=Greatest of the greatest? The Top 10 biggest hits collections revealed|date=12 July 2016|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]]}}</ref> | * UK: 8× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Odyssey (Take That album)|en|lt=Odyssey}}'' | * Released: 23 November 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smoothradio.com/news/music/take-that-greatest-hits-tour-album-odyssey/|title=Take That announce 30th anniversary 'Greatest Hits Live' tour and 'Odyssey' album|publisher=[[Smooth Radio (2014)|Smooth Radio]]|last=Eames|first=Tom|date=21 September 2018}}</ref> * Label: Polydor | 1 || 63 || 55 || — || 18 || 3 || 80 || 85 || — || 45 | * UK: 300.000 | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Import=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Nobody Else|en}}''<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(US version)</span> | * Released: 26 August 1995 * Label: Arista/RCA * Formats: CD | 26 |} ===Box sets=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:14em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col"| Certifications |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|The Platinum Collection (Take That box set)|en|lt=The Platinum Collection}}'' | * Released: 27 November 2006 * Label: RCA {{small|(#88697058062)}} * Formats: CD, digital download | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |} ==Extended plays== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="6"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Denmark|DEN]]<br/><ref name="DEN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Italy|ITA]]<br/><ref name="ITA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Album Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Progressed (EP)|en|lt=Progressed}}''{{efn-ua|In the UK and Ireland, ''Progressed'' charted in conjunction with ''Progress'' under the same title.}} | * Released: 10 June 2011 * Label: Polydor * Formats: CD, digital download | 1 || 1 || 2 || 25 || 11 || 21 |} ==Singles== ===As lead artist=== ====1990s==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Denmark|DEN]]<br/><ref name="DEN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Italy|ITA]]<br/><ref name="ITA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Single Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br/><ref name="Billboard">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/take-that/chart-history/|title=Take That Chart History: Billboard Hot 100 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Do What U Like]]" | rowspan="2"| 1991 | 82 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="7"| ''Take That & Party'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Promises (Take That song)|Promises]]" | 38 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Once You've Tasted Love|en}}" | rowspan="5"| 1992 | 47 || 188 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|It Only Takes a Minute|en}}" | 7 || 191 || — || — || 11 || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|I Found Heaven|en}}" | 15 || — || — || 56 || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|A Million Love Songs|en}}" | 7 || — || — || — || — || — || 50 || — || — || — | * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Could It Be Magic#Take That version|en|lt=Could It Be Magic}}" | 3 || 30 || 28 || 37 || 3 || — || — || 30 || — || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Why Can't I Wake Up with You]]" | rowspan="4"| 1993 | 2 || — || — || 68 || 7 || — || — || — || — || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | rowspan="6"| ''Everything Changes'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Pray (Take That song)|Pray]]" | 1 || 10 || 14 || 21 || 2 || — || 38 || 17 || 24 || — | * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Relight My Fire#Take That version|en|lt=Relight My Fire}}"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Lulu (singer)|Lulu]])</span> | 1 || 33 || 19 || 18 || 2 || — || 10 || 32 || 18 || — | * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Babe (Take That song)|en|lt=Babe}}" | 1 || — || 16 || 9 || 1 || 22 || 5 || 7 || 8 || — | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * GER: Gold<ref name=ifpiger/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Everything Changes (Take That song)|en|lt=Everything Changes}}" | rowspan="3"| 1994 | 1 || 58 || 4 || 17 || 2 || — || 7 || — || 22 || — | *UK: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Love Ain't Here Anymore]]" | 3 || 38 || 6 || 39 || 4 || — || 24 || — || — || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Sure (Take That song)|Sure]]" | 1 || 31 || 3 || 24 || 3 || 4 || 15 || 30 || 24 || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> * ITA: Platinum<ref name="fimi.it">{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/|title=Home|website=fimi.it}}</ref> | rowspan="3"| ''Nobody Else'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Back for Good (song)|Back for Good]]" | rowspan="2"| 1995 | 1 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 5 || 2 || 2 || 2 || 7 | * UK: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * AUS: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://i.imgur.com/RjyaFYH.jpg|title=The ARIA Australian Top 100 Singles 1995|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]|access-date=21 February 2016}}</ref> * AUT: Gold<ref name=ifpiaut/> * GER: Gold<ref name=ifpiger/> * ITA: Platinum<ref name="fimi.it"/> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref name=NZcertsingle>{{cite web | url=https://www.radioscope.co.nz/2024/04/06/single-cert-search/ | title=Single Certification Search| publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]] | access-date=15 February 2025 | format=type "Take That" in the search tab}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Never Forget (Take That song)|en|lt=Never Forget}}" | 1 || 12 || 3 || 10 || 1 || 8 || 8 || 34 || 6 || — | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|How Deep Is Your Love (Bee Gees song)#Take That version|en|lt=How Deep Is Your Love}}" | 1996 | 1 || 12 || 1 || 7 || 1 || 1 || 7 || 7 || 5 || — | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * ITA: Platinum<ref name="fimi.it"/> | ''Greatest Hits'' |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ====2000s==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="9"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Denmark|DEN]]<br/><ref name="DEN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Italy|ITA]]<br/><ref name="ITA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Single Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Patience (Take That song)|Patience]]" | 2006 | 1 || 29 || 6 || 1 || 2 || 2 || 12 || 6 || 1 | * UK: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * DEN: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|title=Forårets guld- og platincertificeringer {{!}} ifpi.dk|url=http://ifpi.dk/?q=content/for%C3%A5rets-guld-og-platincertificeringer|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI Danmark]]|access-date=23 July 2011|language=da|date=13 June 2007}}</ref> * GER: Gold<ref name=ifpiger/> * ITA: Platinum<ref name="fimi.it"/> | rowspan="5"| ''Beautiful World'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Shine (Take That song)|en|lt=Shine}}" | rowspan="4"| 2007 | 1 || — || 7 || 21 || 2 || 4 || 20 || — || 27 | * UK: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * DEN: Gold<ref>{{cite web|title=Guld og platin i april {{!}} ifpi.dk|url=http://ifpi.dk/?q=content/guld-og-platin-i-april|publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI Danmark]]|access-date=23 July 2011|language=da|date=1 May 2008}}</ref> * ITA: Platinum<ref name="fimi.it"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|I'd Wait for Life|en}}" | 17 || — || — || — || 32 || 13 || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Reach Out (Take That song)|en|lt=Reach Out}}" | — || — || 13 || 44 || — || 11 || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Rule the World (Take That song)|en|lt=Rule the World}}" | 2 || 209 || 32 || 15 || 3 || 6 || 57 || — || 25 | * UK: 3× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * ITA: Platinum<ref name="fimi.it"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Greatest Day (Take That song)|en|lt=Greatest Day}}" | 2008 | 1 || 202 || 28 || 27 || 2 || — || 30 || 41 || — | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> | rowspan="5"| ''The Circus'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Up All Night (Take That song)|en|lt=Up All Night}}" | rowspan="4"| 2009 | 14 || — || — || — || 14 || — || — || — || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|The Garden (Take That song)|en|lt=The Garden}}" | 97 || — || 8 || 20 || — || — || 73 || — || 36 | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Said It All|en}}" | 9 || — || — || — || 17 || — || — || — || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Hold Up a Light|en}}" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ====2010s==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="9"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Denmark|DEN]]<br/><ref name="DEN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Italy|ITA]]<br/><ref name="ITA"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Single Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|The Flood (Take That song)|en|lt=The Flood}}" | 2010 | 2 || 300 || 4 || 12 || 3 || 2 || 3 || 24 || 6 | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * DEN: Gold<ref>{{cite web|title=Track Top-40|url=http://www.hitlisterne.dk/default.asp?w=1&y=2011&list=t40|work=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI Denmark]]|publisher=Hitlisten.NU|access-date=28 January 2011|language=da|date=14 January 2011}}</ref> * GER: Gold<ref name=ifpiger /> * ITA: Platinum<ref>{{cite web|title=FIMI Cert |url=http://www.fimi.it/temp/cert_GFK_download_112012.pdf |publisher=FIMI |access-date=28 January 2011 |date=14 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515071353/http://www.fimi.it/temp/cert_GFK_download_112012.pdf |archive-date=15 May 2012}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| ''Progress'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Kidz (song)|en|lt=Kidz}}" | rowspan="3"| 2011 | 28 || — || 12 || 20 || 45 || 24 || — || — || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Love Love (Take That song)|en|lt=Love Love}}" | 15 || — || — || — || 27 || 37 || — || — || — | | rowspan="2"| ''Progressed'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|When We Were Young (Take That song)|en|lt=When We Were Young}}" | 88 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|These Days (Take That song)|en|lt=These Days}}" | 2014 | 1 || — || — || 31 || 8|| — || — || — || — | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> | rowspan="4"| ''III'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Let in the Sun|en}}" | rowspan="3"| 2015 | —{{efn-ua|"Let in the Sun" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 93 on the UK Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-let-in-the-sun/|title=LET IN THE SUN – TAKE THAT|website=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Higher Than Higher|en}}" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Hey Boy (Take That song)|en|lt=Hey Boy}}"{{efn-ua|"Hey Boy" features on the 2015 edition of the album ''III''.}} | 56 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Giants (Take That song)|en|lt=Giants}}" | rowspan="2"| 2017 | 13 || — || — || — || 86 || — || — || — || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | rowspan="2"| ''Wonderland'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|New Day (Take That song)|en|lt=New Day}}" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Pray (Take That song)|Pray]]"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(''Odyssey'' version)</span> | rowspan="2"| 2018 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2"| ''Odyssey'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Out of Our Heads (Take That song)|en|lt=Out of Our Heads}}" | —{{efn-ua|"Out of Our Heads" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 25 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-out-of-our-heads/|title=OUT OF OUR HEADS – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ====2020s==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Greatest Day (Take That song)#2023 version|en|lt=Greatest Day}}" <span style="font-size:85%;">(Robin Schultz rework)</span><br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring [[Calum Scott]])</span> | rowspan="4"| 2023 | —{{efn-ua|"Greatest Day" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 7 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-greatest-day/|title=GREATEST DAY – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} | ''Greatest Days: The Movie Soundtrack'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Windows (song)|en|lt=Windows}}" | —{{efn-ua|"Windows" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but debuted and peaked at number 3 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-windows/|title=WINDOWS – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} | rowspan="5"| ''This Life'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Brand New Sun|en}}" | — |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|This Life (Take That song)|en|lt=This Life}}" | —{{efn-ua|"This Life" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 21 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-this-life/|title=THIS LIFE – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|You and Me (Take That song)|en|lt=You and Me}}"{{efn-ua|"You and Me" and "All Wrapped Up" feature on the deluxe edition of the album ''This Life''.|name=ThisLifeDeluxe}} | rowspan="2"| 2024 | —{{efn-ua|"You and Me" did not enter the UK singles Chart but peaked at number 4 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-you-and-me/|title=YOU AND ME – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|All Wrapped Up (song)|en|lt=All Wrapped Up}}"{{efn-ua|name=ThisLifeDeluxe}} | —{{efn-ua|"All Wrapped Up" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 32 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-all-wrapped-up/|title=ALL WRAPPED UP – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Said It All#2026 version|en|lt=Said It All}}"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring {{ill|Leony|en}}; [[Jax Jones]] rework)</span> | rowspan="5"| 2026 | —{{efn-ua|"Said It All" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 37 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-said-it-all/|title=SAID IT ALL – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} | {{n/a|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|You're a Superstar (Take That song)|en|lt=You're a Superstar}}" | —{{efn-ua|"You're a Superstar" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 9 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-youre-a-superstar/|title=YOU'RE A SUPERSTAR – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} | rowspan="4"| ''Dreamers'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Sweet July (song)|en|lt=Sweet July}}" | —{{efn-ua|"Sweet July" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 2 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-sweet-july/|title=SWEET JULY – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row"| "Feel My Love" | —{{efn-ua|"Feel My Love" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 12 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-thatkelly-feel-my-love/|title=FEEL MY LOVE – TAKE THAT/KELLY|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} |- ! scope="row"| "Dreamers" | — |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===As featured artist=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="7"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref name="AUT"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref name="SWE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Everybody Hurts#Helping Haiti charity single|Everybody Hurts]]"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with {{ill|Helping Haiti|en}})</span> | 2010 | 1 || 28 || 23 || 16 || 1 || 21 || 16 | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> | {{N/a|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Cry (Sigma song)|en|lt=Cry}}"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">([[Sigma (DJs)|Sigma]] featuring Take That)</span> | 2016 | 21 || — || — || — || 65 || — || — | * UK: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> | ''Wonderland (Deluxe)'' |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Promotional singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> |- ! scope="row"| "Every Guy" | 1995 | — | ''Nobody Else'' |- ! scope="row"| "Relight My Fire" <span style="font-size:85%;">(Element Remix)</span> | 2005 | — | ''Never Forget – The Ultimate Collection'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Hold Up a Light (Take That song)|en|lt=Hold Up a Light}}" | 2009 | — | ''The Greatest Day – Take That Present: The Circus Live'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Happy Now (Take That song)|en|lt=Happy Now}}" | rowspan="2"| 2011 | 52 | rowspan="2"| ''Progress'' |- ! scope="row"| "Eight Letters" | — |- ! scope="row"| "The Man I Am" | 2024 | —{{efn-ua|"The Man I Am" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 75 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/take-that-the-man-i-am/|title=THE MAN I AM – TAKE THAT|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} | ''This Life'' (Deluxe) |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ==Other charted songs== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> |- ! scope="row"| "SOS" | 2010 | 91 | ''Progress'' |} ==Music videos== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col"| Director(s)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38370899j/PUBLIC|title=BnF catalogue général – Notice bibliographique|year=1996|language=fr|publisher=Catalogue.bnf.fr}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://opac2.icbsa.it/vufind/Record/IT-DDS0000116677000000|title=Holdings: *Never forget|publisher=Opac2.icbsa.it}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Do What U Like" | rowspan="2"| 1991 | Rosemary "Ro" Barratt (née Newton) & Angie Smith<ref name="McDonald">Paul McDonald, "Feeling and Fun: Romance, Dance and the Performing Male Body in the Take That Videos" In: Sheila Whiteley (ed.), "Sexing the Groove: Popular Music and Gender" London / New York: Routledge, 1997, pp. 277–294</ref>{{rp|287}}<ref>Rosemary Barratt, "Take That Uncovered: The First Video; 20 Years Ago Next Week Five Young Pop Hopefuls Got Together to Promote Their Debut Single.. The Rest, As They Say, Is History" In: ''[[Sunday Mirror]]'', 19 June 2011</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.radiotimes.com/episode/ntjrg/old-grey-whistle-test-40--episode-15 |title=Old Grey Whistle Test 40 &#124; Series 1 – Episode 15 |magazine=Radio Times |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref><br /> |- ! scope="row"| "Promises" | Willy Smax<ref name="Smax">{{cite web |url=http://www.willysmax.com/Willy_Smax_Home_Page.html |title=Willy Smax Website, Video Director, Memoir Writer, Childrens Book Writer |publisher=Willysmax.com |access-date=6 June 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150200/http://www.willysmax.com/willy_smax_home_page.html |archive-date=14 July 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Once You've Tasted Love" | rowspan="5"| 1992 | James Lebon<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|288}} |- ! scope="row"| "It Only Takes a Minute" | Willy Smax<ref name="Smax" /> |- ! scope="row"| "I Found Heaven" | Willy Smax<ref name="Smax" /> |- ! scope="row"| "A Million Love Songs" | Brad Langford<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|285}} |- ! scope="row"| "Could It Be Magic" | Saffie Ashtiany<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|289}} |- ! scope="row"| "Why Can't I Wake Up with You?" | rowspan="5"| 1993 | Liam Kan & Grant Hodgson<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|285}} |- ! scope="row"| "Pray" | Gregg Masuak<ref name="Masuak">{{cite web |url=http://www.masuak.com/CIHANGIR/Adventures_in_Music_Videos.html |title=Adventures in Music Videos |publisher=Masuak.com |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032024/http://www.masuak.com/CIHANGIR/Adventures_in_Music_Videos.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Relight My Fire" | Jimmy Fletcher<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|289}} |- ! scope="row"| "Babe" | Gregg Masuak<ref name="Masuak" /> |- ! scope="row"| "Beatles Medley"{{efn-ua|Video recorded especially for the ''{{ill|Everything Changes (Take That album)|en|lt=Everything Changes}}'' video album}} | |- ! scope="row"| "Everything Changes" | rowspan="3"| 1994 | Gregg Masuak<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|289}} |- ! scope="row"| "Love Ain't Here Anymore" | Liam Kan & Grant Hodgson<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|285}} |- ! scope="row"| "Sure" | Gregg Masuak<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|288}} |- ! scope="row"| "Back for Good" | rowspan="3"| 1995 | {{ill|Vaughan Arnell|en}} & {{ill|Anthea Benton|en}}<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|285}} |- ! scope="row"| "Never Forget" | David Amphlett<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|288}} |- ! scope="row"| "Sunday to Saturday"{{efn-ua|Video recorded especially for the Japanese market.}} | Philip Ollerenshaw |- ! scope="row"| "How Deep is Your Love" | 1996 | {{ill|Nick Brandt|en}}<ref name="McDonald" />{{rp|291}} |- ! scope="row"| "Relight My Fire" (Element Remix){{efn-ua|Unreleased}} | 2005 | |- ! scope="row"| "Patience" | 2006 | David Mould<ref name="Discogs">{{cite web|url=http://www.discogs.com/Take-That-Beautiful-World/release/2630793|title=Take That – Beautiful World (CD, Album) at Discogs|publisher=Discogs.com|date=9 November 2007}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Shine" | rowspan="4"| 2007 | Justin Dickel<ref name="Discogs" /> |- ! scope="row"| "I'd Wait for Life" | Sean de Sparengo<ref name="Discogs" /> |- ! scope="row"| "Rule the World"{{efn-ua|Clips from the film ''[[Stardust (2007 movie)|Stardust]]''.}} | Barney Clay<ref name="Discogs" /> |- ! scope="row"| "Rule the World" (alternate version){{efn-ua|Removes the clips from the film ''[[Stardust (2007 movie)|Stardust]]''.}} | Barney Clay |- ! scope="row"| "Greatest Day" | 2008 | {{ill|Meiert Avis|en}} & Chris LeDoux<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vimeo.com/12998664 |title=Take That "Greatest Day" on Vimeo |publisher=Vimeo.com |date=1 July 2010 |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Up All Night" | rowspan="3"| 2009 | Daniel Wolfe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/2009/02/02/take-that%e2%80%99s-up-all-night-by-daniel-wolfe/ |title=Take That's Up All Night by Daniel Wolfe|website=Promo News |date=2 February 2009 |access-date=11 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821053352/http://www.promonews.tv/2009/02/02/take-that%E2%80%99s-up-all-night-by-daniel-wolfe/ |archive-date=21 August 2011 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Said It All" | Lindy Heymann<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.promonews.tv/2009/05/13/take-that%e2%80%99s-said-it-all-by-lindy-heymann/ |title=Take That's Said It All |first=Lindy |last=Heymann |lang=en |date=13 May 2009 |website=www.promonews.tv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830034207/http://www.promonews.tv/2009/05/13/take-that%E2%80%99s-said-it-all-by-lindy-heymann/ |archive-date=30 August 2011 |access-date=2023-04-16}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Hold Up a Light"{{efn-ua|Live performance from {{ill|Take That Presents: The Circus Live|en}}.}} | Matt Askem |- ! scope="row"| "The Flood" | 2010 | Mat Whitecross<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.promonews.tv/2010/10/15/take-that%E2%80%99s-the-flood-by-mat-whitecross/ |title= Take That's the Flood by Mat Whitecross » Promo News|website=www.promonews.tv |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215035543/http://www.promonews.tv/2010/10/15/take-that%E2%80%99s-the-flood-by-mat-whitecross/ |archive-date=15 February 2013}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Kidz" | rowspan="6"| 2011 | Mat Whitecross & {{ill|Eran Creevy|en}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.promonews.tv/2011/03/02/take-thats-kidz-by-mat-whitecross-and-eran-creevy/ |title=Take That 'Kidz' by Mat Whitecross and Eran Creevy &#124; Promo News |publisher=Promonews.tv |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-date=18 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418041217/http://www.promonews.tv/2011/03/02/take-thats-kidz-by-mat-whitecross-and-eran-creevy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Happy Now"{{efn-ua|Released exclusively for ''{{ill|Red Nose Day 2011|en}}''.}} | Tom Harper & [[Richard Curtis]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.claudiawass.com/QT%20pages/takethat.html |title=Take That |publisher=Claudiawass.com |access-date=6 June 2014 |archive-date=14 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714195922/http://www.claudiawass.com/QT%20pages/takethat.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Love Love"{{efn-ua|Band version}} | {{ill|AlexandLiane|en}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/take-that/773576/love-love.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801123935/http://www.mtv.com/videos/take-that/773576/love-love.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 August 2012 |title=Love Love &#124; Take That &#124; Music Video |publisher=MTV |date=27 May 2011 |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Love Love"{{efn-ua|Features clips from the film ''[[X-Men: First Class]]''.}} | AlexandLiane |- ! scope="row"| "When We Were Young"{{efn-ua|Features clips from the film ''{{ill|The Three Musketeers (2011 film)|en|lt=The Three Musketeers}}''.}} | Paul Gore<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/videos/take-that/773635/when-we-were-young.jhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801125134/http://www.mtv.com/videos/take-that/773635/when-we-were-young.jhtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 August 2012 |title=When We Were Young &#124; Take That &#124; Music Video |publisher=MTV |date=22 August 2011 |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Eight Letters"{{efn-ua|Released to promote the ''Progress Live'' album and DVD. Features footage from the tour.}} | Matt Askem<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.serpentproductions.com/#/news/2012/01/take-that-eight-letters-promo/ |access-date=11 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120819192057/http://www.serpentproductions.com/ |archive-date=19 August 2012 |title=Serpent Productions }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "These Days" | 2014 | Henry Scholfield<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2014/11/20/take-these-days-henry-scholfield|title=Take That 'These Days' by Henry Scholfield|publisher=Promo News|access-date=25 December 2014}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Let in the Sun" | rowspan="3"| 2015 | Mike Sharpe<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vevo.com/watch/take-that/Let-In-The-Sun/GBUV71401584|title=Take That 'Let in the Sun' by Mike Sharpe}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Hey Boy" | Frank Borin<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vevo.com/watch/take-that/Hey-Boy/GBUV71501240|title=Take That 'Hey Boy' by Frank Borin}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Get Ready for It"{{efn-ua|Features clips from the film ''{{ill|Kingsman: The Secret Service|en}}''.}} |Vaughan Arnell<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vevo.com/watch/take-that/Get-Ready-For-It/GBUV71401585|title=Take That 'Get Ready for It' by Vaughan Arnell}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Cry" | 2016 |Georgia Hudson<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2016/06/02/sigma-ft-take-cry-georgia-hudson|title=Sigma Ft. Take That 'Cry' by Georgia Hudson|publisher=Promo News|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Giants" | rowspan="2"| 2017 | Mat Whitecross<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2017/03/17/take-giants-mat-whitecross|title=Take That 'Giants' by Mat Whitecross|publisher=Promo News|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "New Day" | Gregg Masuak<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2017/06/02/take-new-day-gregg-masuak|title=Take That 'New Day' by Gregg Masuak|publisher=Promo News|access-date=3 June 2017}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Pray (Odyssey Edition)" | rowspan="2"| 2018 | |- ! scope="row"| "Out of Our Heads" | |- ! scope="row"| "Windows" | 2023 | Ben Tricklebank |- ! scope="row"| "You and Me" | 2024 | |- ! scope="row"| "Sweet July" | 2026 | |} ==Video/DVD releases== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]<br/><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Take That & Party''{{efn-ua|Promotional music videos from the ''Take That & Party'' album and interviews with the group.}} | * Released: 1992 * Label: Sony BMG {{small|(#)}} * Format: VHS | — || — || — | * UK: Gold<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Take That: The Party Live at Wembley''{{efn-ua|Live concert from Wembley Arena, London, 1993}} | * Released: 1 November 1993 * Label: Sony BMG {{small|(#74321164493)}} * Format: VHS | — || — || — | * UK: Platinum<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Take That – Everything Changes''{{efn-ua|Features promotional music videos from the ''Everything Changes'' album. Also includes exclusive interviews with the band members.}} | * Released: 18 July 1994 * Label: Sony BMG {{small|(#)}} * Format: VHS | — || — || — | * UK: 3× Platinum<ref name=bpi/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Take That: Live in Berlin''{{efn-ua|Take That Live in concert in Berlin, 1994}} | * Released: 15 May 1995 * Label: Sony BMG {{small|(#74321123373)}} * Format: VHS | — || — || — | * UK: 3× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Hometown: Live at Manchester G-Mex''{{efn-ua|Featuring Take That recorded Live in Manchester, 1994}} | * Released: 14 August 1995 * Studio: Sony BMG {{small|(#74321284153)}} * Format: VHS | — || — || — | * UK: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Take That: Nobody Else "the Movie"''{{efn-ua|Documentary telling the story of the band's appearances at London's Earls Court and Manchester Arena during the summer of 1995.}} | * Released: 20 November 1995 * Studio: Sony BMG {{small|(#74321332253)}} * Format: VHS | — || — || — | * UK: 2× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Greatest Hits (Take That album)|en|lt=Greatest Hits}}''{{efn-ua|A compilation of Take That's greatest hits. Also never-seen-before footage of the boys throughout their career.}} | * Released: 25 March 1996 * Studio: BMG {{small|(#74321355683)}} * Formats: VHS, laserdisc | — || — || — | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Never Forget – The Ultimate Collection (DVD)|en|lt=Never Forget – The Ultimate Collection}}''{{efn-ua|Features 16 music videos, including all the number one hits, as well as live performances and behind-the-scenes film footage and photos.}} | * Released: 14 November 2005 * Studio: Sony BMG {{small|(#82876748539)}} * Format: [[DVD]] | 91 || 12 || 73 | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Take That: For the Record|en}}''{{efn-ua|Over a decade after they split the band members break their silence and reveal the truth about Take That in this intimate tell-all documentary. Includes a special documentary as well as extended and previously unseen footage.}} | * Released: 24 April 2006 * Label: Sony BMG {{small|(#82876832769)}} * Format: DVD | — || — || — | * UK: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Take That: The Ultimate Tour]]''{{efn-ua|Take That Live in Manchester, 2006.}} | * Released: 6 November 2006 * Studio: Universal Music {{small|(#1708380)}} * Formats: DVD, Blu-ray Disc | — || — || — | * UK: 5× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Beautiful World Live|en}}''{{efn-ua|Take That Live at the O2 Arena, London. The fastest selling music DVD in UK history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/7276661.stm|title=Take That break DVD sales record|date=4 March 2008|work=BBC News|access-date=15 April 2010}}</ref>}} | * Released: 25 February 2008 * Studio: Polydor {{small|(#1762159)}} * Formats: DVD, Blu-ray Disc | — || — || — | * UK: 3× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Take That Present: The Circus Live#Broadcast and Recordings|en|lt=Take That Present: The Circus Live}}''{{efn-ua|Disc one: ''The Circus Live'' – Take That's critically acclaimed Wembley Stadium concert in its entirety. Disc two: ''Live Abbey Road Session'' – An intimate performance by the band at Abbey Road Studios behind closed doors in late 2009. The fastest-selling music DVD of all time in the UK, claiming this record on its first day of release.<ref name="entertainment.stv.tv">{{cite web |url=http://entertainment.stv.tv/showbiz/139942-take-that-circus-tour-dvd-smashes-sales-record-in-just-one-day/ |title=Take That Circus tour DVD smashes sales record in just one day &#124; Showbiz &#124; STV Entertainment |publisher=Entertainment.stv.tv |date=25 November 2009 |access-date=10 July 2010 |archive-date=19 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819114607/http://entertainment.stv.tv/showbiz/139942-take-that-circus-tour-dvd-smashes-sales-record-in-just-one-day/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} | * Released: 23 November 2009 * Studio: Polydor * Formats: DVD, Blu-ray Disc | — || — || — | * UK: 11× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''Take That: Look Back, Don't Stare''{{efn-ua|A set of black and white interviews and recordings detailing Robbie Williams' return to Take That and the process of them working on their first studio album together in 15 years.}} | * Released: 6 December 2010 * Label: Polydor {{small|(#2757746)}} * Formats: DVD, Blu-ray Disc | — || — || — | * UK: Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Progress Live|en}}''{{efn-ua|Take That's record breaking Progress tour in its entirety, filmed at the Etihad stadium in Manchester. Features a behind the scenes look at the tour preparation entitled 'Making Progress'.}} | * Released: 21 November 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Progress-Live-DVD-Take-That/dp/B0054DPL5M |title=Take That: Progress Live Digipack DVD 2011 NTSC: Amazon.co.uk: Take That: DVD & Blu-ray |date=21 November 2011 |publisher=Amazon.co.uk |access-date=6 June 2014}}</ref> * Studio: Polydor * Formats: DVD, Blu-ray Disc | — || — || — | * UK: 7× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ==Notes== {{Notelist-ua}} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Discographies of British artists]] d8kbyqn72v6qmd8duiuk61pmvh2lx9l 0 1243344 11024197 10910659 2026-10-08T22:49:29Z ~2026-54120-77 1887257 Added a link to Justia U.S. Law which has the results of the appeal filed by Judy's with the US 6th District Court in after losing the lawsuit Wendy's in the US Court of Appeals for the 6th District after losing the lawsuit brought against Jud's by Wendy's. 11024197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notability|date=March 2026}} {{No sources|date=March 2026}} '''Judy Judy Judy's''' was a [[Fast-food restaurant|fast food hamburger chain]] operated by [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]]-based hospital operator General Care Corporation through its subsidiary Judy's Foods, Inc. The first Judy's opened its doors on July 26, 1976. In June 1978, [[Wendy's]] Old Fashioned Hamburgers took legal action against Judy's for copying their building plans, décor, furniture, fixtures, and training films through social engineering of Wendy's employees. The similarity of the chain's name was also called into question. On July 4, 1979, it was announced that Judy's would be renamed, with all stores adopting new [[menu]] items, an expanded salad bar, and a new, earth-toned look. The repetition of its name was to symbolize the [[restaurant]] being "three times as good" as before. The chain never did as well as before the Wendy's suit and all 15 remaining outlets were closed in December 1981. General Care then sold the properties to Horn & Hardart, to be converted into Bojangles restaurants. Here is a link to the lawsuit: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/867/325/356578/ [[Category:American fast food restaurants]] kwf6qdh9pdlvk09nx2tmvokt3n9kcj3 11024199 11024197 2026-10-08T22:52:13Z ~2026-54120-77 1887257 Added clarification to the information pertaining to the lawsuits. 11024199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Notability|date=March 2026}} {{No sources|date=March 2026}} '''Judy Judy Judy's''' was a [[Fast-food restaurant|fast food hamburger chain]] operated by [[Nashville, Tennessee|Nashville]]-based hospital operator General Care Corporation through its subsidiary Judy's Foods, Inc. The first Judy's opened its doors on July 26, 1976. In June 1978, [[Wendy's]] Old Fashioned Hamburgers took legal action against Judy's for copying their building plans, décor, furniture, fixtures, and training films through social engineering of Wendy's employees. The similarity of the chain's name was also called into question. On July 4, 1979, it was announced that Judy's would be renamed, with all stores adopting new [[menu]] items, an expanded salad bar, and a new, earth-toned look. The repetition of its name was to symbolize the [[restaurant]] being "three times as good" as before. The chain never did as well as before the Wendy's suit and all 15 remaining outlets were closed in December 1981. General Care then sold the properties to Horn & Hardart, to be converted into Bojangles restaurants. Here is a link to the lawsuit filed by Judy's with the US Court of Appeals for the 6th District after losing the case filed by Wendy's against Judy's: https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/F2/867/325/356578/ [[Category:American fast food restaurants]] 99cf5zkvqq0lmewtjn1m1liwo0jpzka 0 1244861 11024331 10686388 2026-10-09T03:41:04Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = University of Bath | image_name = File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_University_of_Bath.svg | image_size = 180px | caption = | motto = {{langx|la|Generatim discite cultus}} ([[Virgil]], [[Georgics]] II) | mottoeng = Learn the culture proper to each after its kind<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theoi.com/Text/VirgilGeorgics1.html#2|title=VIRGIL, GEORGICS BOOKS 1–2 – Theoi Classical Texts Library|website=www.theoi.com}}</ref> | established = 1886 (Merchant Venturers Technical College) <br /> 1960 (Bristol College of Science and Technology) <br /> 1966 (Bath University of Technology) <br /> 1971 (university status) | type = [[public university|Public]] | endowment = £9.4&nbsp;million (2025)<ref name="Bath Financial Statement 24/25">{{cite web| url = https://www.bath.ac.uk/publications/financial-statements-and-annual-reports/attachments/annual-accounts-for-the-year-ended-31-july-2025.pdf| title = Annual Accounts for the year ended 31 July 2025| access-date = 18 December 2025| publisher = University of Bath| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20251210074639/https://www.bath.ac.uk/publications/financial-statements-and-annual-reports/attachments/annual-accounts-for-the-year-ended-31-july-2025.pdf| archive-date = 10 December 2025| url-status = dead}}</ref> | budget = £416.8 million (2024/25)<ref name="Bath Financial Statement 24/25"/> | chancellor = [[Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh|The Duke of Edinburgh]] | vice_chancellor = Phil Taylor | academic_staff = {{HESA academic staff population|INSTID=10007850}} ({{HESA staff year}})<ref name="HESA staff citation">{{HESA staff citation}}</ref> | administrative_staff = {{HESA non-academic staff population|INSTID=10007850}} ({{HESA staff year}})<ref name="HESA staff citation"/> | students = {{HESA student population|INSTID=10007850}} ({{HESA year}})<ref name="HESA citation">{{HESA citation}}</ref><br/>{{HESA FTE student population|INSTID=10007850}} [[Full-time equivalent|FTE]] ({{HESA year}})<ref name="HESA citation"/> | undergrad = {{HESA undergraduate population|INSTID=10007850}} ({{HESA year}})<ref name="HESA citation"/> | postgrad = {{HESA postgraduate population|INSTID=10007850}} ({{HESA year}})<ref name="HESA citation"/> | doctoral = | city = [[Bath, Somerset]] | country = England | coor = {{Coord|51.38|-2.33|type:edu_region:GB-BAS|display=inline,title}} | campus = Suburban | free_label = | free = | website = {{URL|https://bath.ac.uk}} | affiliations = {{hlist|[[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]]|[[Association of MBAs|AMBA]]|[[European Quality Improvement System|EQUIS]]|[[European University Association|EUA]]|[[GW4]]|[[SETsquared]]|[[Sutton Trust 30|Sutton 30]]|[[Universities UK]]|[[Wallace Group]]}} }} The '''University of Bath''' is a [[university]] in [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]], England. The university has a main campus at [[Claverton Down]]. This campus was built for the university in 1964. It looks down on the UNESCO World Heritage city of Bath. In 2024, Bath [[Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom|ranked 7th in the United Kingdom]] for [[undergraduate education]]. The university is a member of the [[Association of Commonwealth Universities]], the [[Association of MBAs]], the [[European Quality Improvement System]], the [[European University Association]], [[Universities UK]] and [[GW4 (universities)|GW4]]. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:1966 establishments in England]] [[Category:Universities in England]] {{uk-stub}} 8gbb5ui09zp9txxeqmezho337yuiyus 0 1245759 11024492 10692457 2026-10-09T07:35:39Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Vincent Roger | image = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1969|7|4}} | birth_place = Laval, France | nationality = French | occupation = Businessman | known_for = Mobibase, GEM, Greenfinity }} '''Vincent Roger''' (born July 4, 1969) is a French businessman. He works in digital entertainment, environmental media, and AI education. Vincent is the co-founder and CEO of the company Mobibase, as well as a co-founder of the environmental media group GEM. He is also a co-founder of Greenfinity, an AI-based online learning platform.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2020-10-24|title=Global Environment Media announces launch of 'GEM TV'|language=en-US|work=MediaBrief|url=https://www.mediabrief.com/global-environment-media-launches-gem-tv/|access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Environmental Information Portal GEMA Getting U.S. Arm - The NonProfit Times|language=en-US|work=The NonProfit Times|url=https://www.thenonprofittimes.com/foundations/environmental-information-portal-gema-getting-u-s-arm/|access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tanti|first=Cassandra|date=2020-10-27|title=Moore launches new sustainability platform|url=https://monacolife.net/moore-launches-new-sustainability-platform/|access-date=2025-12-29|website=Monaco Life|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-07|title=Fragmentation, consolidation and curation: what future awaits content streaming?|url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/407011/|access-date=2025-12-29|website=Cineuropa - the best of european cinema|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mclennanpublished|first=Summer|date=2017-05-11|title=Mobibase Distributes TV Azteca Channels Worldwide|url=https://www.nexttv.com/post-type-the-wire/mobibase-distributes-tv-azteca-channels-worldwide-165729|access-date=2025-12-29|website=Broadcasting+Cable|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FOULET|first=Alexandre|date=2020-01-01|title=Testimonials from IT companies|url=https://www.investincotedazur.com/en/testimonial-it/|access-date=2025-12-29|website=Invest in Côte d'Azur|language=en-US}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Early life == Roger was born in Laval, France. He studied engineering in France and also studied for one year in Glasgow, Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vincent Roger: Positions, Relations and Network - MarketScreener Canada|url=https://ca.marketscreener.com/insider/VINCENT-ROGER-A0OGCI/|access-date=2025-12-29|website=ca.marketscreener.com|language=en-CA}}</ref> === Mobibase === Roger helped start ''Mobibase'' in 2001. He later became the CEO. The company is based in France. It integrates TV channels and video content into various digital services for mobile phone operators, cable companies, and streaming platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FOULET|first=Alexandre|date=2020-01-01|title=Testimonials from IT companies|url=https://www.investincotedazur.com/en/testimonial-it/|access-date=2025-12-29|website=Invest in Côte d'Azur|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106062839/https://www.investincotedazur.com/en/testimonial-it/|archive-date=2026-01-06|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Mclennanpublished|first=Summer|date=2017-05-11|title=Mobibase Distributes TV Azteca Channels Worldwide|url=https://www.nexttv.com/post-type-the-wire/mobibase-distributes-tv-azteca-channels-worldwide-165729|access-date=2025-12-29|website=Broadcasting+Cable|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FOULET|first=Alexandre|date=2020-01-01|title=Testimonials from IT companies|url=https://www.investincotedazur.com/en/testimonial-it/|access-date=2025-12-29|website=Invest in Côte d'Azur|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106062839/https://www.investincotedazur.com/en/testimonial-it/|archive-date=2026-01-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Global Environment Media === Roger is a co-founder of Global Environment Media (GEM), together with Christian Moore. GEM offers TV and online videos about positive environmental solutions.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Desk|first=The News|date=2020-10-24|title=Global Environment Media announces launch of 'GEM TV'|language=en-US|work=MediaBrief|url=https://www.mediabrief.com/global-environment-media-launches-gem-tv/|access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Environmental Information Portal GEMA Getting U.S. Arm - The NonProfit Times|language=en-US|work=The NonProfit Times|url=https://www.thenonprofittimes.com/foundations/environmental-information-portal-gema-getting-u-s-arm/|access-date=2025-12-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tanti|first=Cassandra|date=2020-10-27|title=Moore launches new sustainability platform|url=https://monacolife.net/moore-launches-new-sustainability-platform/|access-date=2025-12-29|website=Monaco Life|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Greenfinity === He is also a Partner at ''Greenfinity'', an online learning platform that uses AI to turn videos and other media into education courses and assessments.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Greenfinity - The ESG A.I. Academy|url=https://greenfinity.academy/|access-date=2025-12-29|website=greenfinity.academy}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Greenfinity — Person profile|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/greenfinity/person/17853929|access-date=2025-12-29|publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref> == Books == Roger wrote two books. His first book, published in 2002, is about mobile multimedia services. The other tells short stories about the contribution of the United States to world culture, published in 2004.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.eyrolles.com/Entreprise/Livre/le-marketing-du-multimedia-mobile-9782708129207/|title=Le marketing du multimédia mobile - Stéphane Dubreuil , Vincent... - Librairie Eyrolles|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.mollat.com/livres/542293/vincent-roger-le-meilleur-et-le-pire-de-l-oncle-sam-100-raisons-d-aimer-et-de-detester-les-etats-unis|title=Le meilleur et le pire de l'oncle Sam : 100 raisons d'aimer et de détester les Etats-Unis - Vincent Roger - Librairie Mollat Bordeaux|language=fr}}</ref> == References == <references /> 5h10hcgcrklsmhysp4ziabspice9jle 0 1254023 11024415 11006637 2026-10-09T05:35:46Z Greenock125 652309 Updated discography 11024415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Akylas | native_name = Ακύλας | native_name_lang = el | image = Akylas representing Greece on the Turquoise Carpet at the 2026 Eurovision Song Contest in Vienna 2 (cropped).jpg | caption = Akylas in 2026 | birth_name = Akylas Mytilinaios | alias = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1999|02|11|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Serres]], Greece | origin = | genre = | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|songwriter}} | instrument = Vocals | years_active = 2021–present | label = | website = }} '''Akylas Mytilinaios''' (born 11 February 1999) is a [[Greece|Greek]] singer and songwriter. He {{ill|Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2026|en|lt=represented Greece}} in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026]] with the song "{{ill|Ferto (song)|en|lt=Ferto}}", he performed in the first semi-final which took place on 12 May 2026, he qualified for the final and finished 10th.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/stories/akylas-sing-for-greece-vienna-2026/|title=Akylas will 'Sing for Greece' in May|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com|date=15 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/vienna-2026/|title=Vienna 2026|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref> ==Discography== Credits taken from [[iTunes]].<ref name=itunes>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ca/artist/akylas/1594201819|title=Akylas on Apple Music|publisher=Apple Music}}</ref> ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:11em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:15em;"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Press Start'' | * Released: 21 May 2026 * Label: Minos EMI * Formats: Digital download |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="5"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Greece|GRE<br/>Local]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Akylas|title=Discographie Akylas|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ifpi.fi/lista/artistit/akylas/|title=Suomen virallinen lista - Artistit (Akylas)|publisher=[[Official Finnish Charts]]|website=ifpi.fi}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Lithuania|LTU]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s21-5/|title=2026 21-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt|date=22 May 2026}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Akylas|title=Discography Akylas|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swedishcharts.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Fthinokraso" | rowspan="2"| 2021 | — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="12" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "To Plithos (La Foule)" | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Didymes Floges" | rowspan="3"| 2022 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "To Avrio" | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ela Konta" | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ma Ego" | rowspan="4"| 2023 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ekdilosou" | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Arga" | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Atelié" | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Taseis Fygis" | rowspan="2"| 2024 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ekdilosou" | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ela konta (House Mix)" | 2025 | — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Ferto (song)|en|lt=Ferto}}" | rowspan="3"| 2026 | 8 || 23 || 23 || 26 || 45 | ''Press Start'' |- ! scope="row"| "Mazi Ki Antitheta" | — || — || — || — || — | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "To Party" | — || — || — || — || — |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released. |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{bio-stub}} [[Category:1999 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] 1ktgpkt6pmblhy5s7bumb0g5uhlvwf1 0 1256248 11024592 10970019 2026-10-09T11:02:32Z ~2026-54350-92 1886650 /* */ 11024592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Use American English|date = March 2019}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2018}} {{Infobox film | name = The Tree of Life | image = Tree of Life logo.png | alt = | caption = Official Logo | director = [[Terrence Malick]] | producer = {{Plainlist| * Sarah Green * Bill Pohlad * [[Brad Pitt]] * Dede Gardner * Grant Hill }} | writer = [[Terrence Malick]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Brad Pitt]] * [[Sean Penn]] * [[Jessica Chastain]] }} | music = [[Alexandre Desplat]] | cinematography = Emmanuel Lubezki | editing = {{Plainlist| * Hank Corwin * Jay Rabinowitz * Daniel Rezende * Billy Weber * Mark Yoshikawa }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * River Road Entertainment * Plan B Entertainment }} | distributor = {{Plainlist| * [[20th Century Studios|Fox Searchlight Pictures]] (United States, United Kingdom and Ireland) * [[Summit Entertainment]] (International)<ref name="var">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Justin |date=May 16, 2011 |title=Cannes Competition: The Tree of Life |url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117945242/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108083613/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117945242/ |archive-date=November 8, 2012 |access-date=February 18, 2020 |work=Variety}}</ref> }} | released = {{Film date|2011|05|16|[[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]]|2011|05|27|United States}} | runtime = {{Plainlist| * 138 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 138:45--><ref>{{cite web|title=''The Tree of Life'' (12)|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/the-tree-of-life-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0znzk1odq|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130707012328/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/tree-life-2011-3|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 7, 2013|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=June 10, 2011|access-date=June 1, 2013|quote= Approved Running time 138m 45s}}</ref><ref name="numbers">{{cite the numbers|id=Tree-of-Life-The-(2011)|title=The Tree of Life|access-date=January 25, 2021|archive-date=March 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306142932/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Tree-of-Life-The-(2011)|url-status=live}}</ref> }} | country = United States | language = English | budget = $32 million<ref>{{cite Box Office Mojo|id=0478304|title=The Tree of Life|access-date=January 25, 2021|archive-date=January 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125224510/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0478304/|url-status=live}}</ref> | gross = $61 million<ref name="numbers">{{cite the numbers|id=Tree-of-Life-The-(2011)|title=The Tree of Life|access-date=January 25, 2021|archive-date=March 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180306142932/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/Tree-of-Life-The-(2011)|url-status=live}}</ref> }} '''''The Tree of Life''''' is a 2011 American [[Epic poetry|epic]] [[Experiment|experimental]] [[Coming of age|coming-of-age]] [[drama]] [[movie]] written and directed by [[Terrence Malick]]. Its main cast includes [[Brad Pitt]], [[Sean Penn]], Hunter McCracken, Laramie Eppler, [[Jessica Chastain]], and [[Tye Sheridan]] in his debut feature movie role. The movie chronicles the origins and meaning of life by way of a middle-aged man's childhood memories of his family living in 1950s [[Texas]], interspersed with imagery of the origins of the universe and the inception of life on [[Earth]]. After more than five years in production, ''The Tree of Life'' premiered in competition at the [[Cannes Film Festival|2011 Cannes Film Festival]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thetreeoflife.video.blog/2019/05/16/eight-years-ago-today-the-tree-of-life-premieres-at-cannes-may-16-2011/|title=Eight years ago today: The Tree of Life premieres at Cannes (May 16, 2011)|last=Skiba|first=Justin|date=2019-05-16|website=Two Ways Through Life – The Tree of Life (2011) Film Enthusiast|language=en|access-date=2019-06-17|archive-date=January 12, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112142815/https://thetreeoflife.video.blog/2019/05/16/eight-years-ago-today-the-tree-of-life-premieres-at-cannes-may-16-2011/|url-status=live}}</ref> where it was awarded the [[Palme d'Or]]. It received three [[Academy Awards|Oscar]] nominations: [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]], [[Academy Award for Best Director|Best Director]] and [[Academy Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]. It was ranked number one on review aggregator [[Metacritic]]'s "Film Critic Top Ten List of 2011",<ref>{{cite web|url=https://metacritic.com/feature/movie-critic-best-of-2011-top-ten-lists|title=Film Critic Top 10 Lists – Best of 2011|website=Metacritic|access-date=June 3, 2014|archive-date=April 13, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144332/http://www.metacritic.com/feature/movie-critic-best-of-2011-top-ten-lists|url-status=live}}</ref> and made more critics' year-end lists for 2011 than any other film.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://criticstop10.com/best-of-2011/|title=Best of 2011|date=January 13, 2013 |publisher=CriticsTop10|access-date=December 1, 2016|archive-date=December 2, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202044231/https://criticstop10.com/best-of-2011/|url-status=live}}</ref> It has since been ranked by numerous publications as one of the greatest films of the 2010s,<ref name="AP2010s">{{Cite web |last1=Coyle |first1=Jake |last2=Bahr |first2=Lindsey |name-list-style=and |date=December 13, 2019 |title='Tree of Life' tops AP's best 10 films of the decade |url=https://apnews.com/bd16a0d40d25a15d357bf50587eced58 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214163536/https://apnews.com/bd16a0d40d25a15d357bf50587eced58 |archive-date=December 14, 2019 |access-date=July 31, 2020 |website=AP News}}</ref> of the 21st century,<ref name=BBC21stC>{{cite web|url = http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160819-the-21st-centurys-100-greatest-films|title = The 21st Century's 100 Greatest Films|work = [[BBC|BBC Culture]]|date = August 23, 2016|access-date = August 16, 2016|archive-date = January 31, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170131124228/http://www.bbc.com/culture/story/20160819-the-21st-centurys-100-greatest-films|url-status = live}}</ref> and [[List of films considered the best|of all time]].<ref name="BFI 2022">{{cite web |title=The Tree of Life (2010) |website=BFI |date=2022-02-09 |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/film/531be794-548f-5370-be5c-281df3b3f29b/the-tree-of-life |access-date=2024-03-18}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{movie-stub}} 9c4wnx7x5b4am5yppzv82q0hzvyw8bh 3 1259630 11024548 11020233 2026-10-09T09:17:55Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 /* You've got mail! 2 */ Reply 11024548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talkheader|bottom=yes}} == About [[Firman of Mir Muhammad]] == Vandalism IP Removed Sources please Reverted Back [[User:Masare012|Masare012]] ([[User talk:Masare012|talk]]) 15:36, 1 April 2026 (UTC) == Confirmed == Could you please grant the confirmed user right to my alt account @[[User:ExplorerofUniverse|ExplorerofUniverse]]. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 01:42, 3 April 2026 (UTC) :I'm not comfortable with granting rights to an alternate account of someone who is blocked on another wiki for abusing multiple accounts. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 14:13, 8 April 2026 (UTC) ::Ok, thanks for providing a reason. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 20:31, 8 April 2026 (UTC) == Thanks == I want to thank you for providing a thorough and logical response to deletion and permission requests. Keep up the great work. [[User:ExplorerofUniverse|ExplorerofUniverse]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofUniverse|talk]]) 21:47, 8 April 2026 (UTC) == Ieditstuffandyes == This user, who you have been dealing with already, has history on the main site of being banned for sock evasion, and is currently banned there for that. They were previously banned for personal attacks and being generally hostile. I feel it would be the right move to make sure you know the person you are talking to is very persistent and should be handled with care. [[User:Phlogiston Enthusiast|Phlogiston Enthusiast]] ([[User talk:Phlogiston Enthusiast|talk]]) 18:40, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :Thanks... I had poked around their En. talk page/edit history the other day so will continue to keep an eye on things. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 18:57, 14 April 2026 (UTC) == A look == Since you're a staff member here, is it ok if you [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Notability#Scope take a look] at this question I had? It's basically me asking about which Wikimedia project can cover for in-depth information that may get redirected or removed from Simple English Wikipedia, and even my question if there can be a looser notability policy since the demographic would benefit from simpler articles on a larger variety of topics. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|talk]]) 16:13, 16 April 2026 (UTC) == Lock the Wikipedia article == As I see that you're an administrator here right, can you please lock the Wikipedia Article of [[Bongbong Marcos]] for a temporary/Short Period of Time? [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-16|&#126;2026-23654-16]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-23654-16|talk]]) 13:19, 17 April 2026 (UTC) :I don't believe that is necessary at this time. Only two socks have edited recently; we can handle the current flow. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 21:32, 17 April 2026 (UTC) == Virtual Boy == Hi, this isn't a notability concern. I just wonder if the edits I did to the [[Virtual Boy]] article are in-line with this wiki's style. There's a handful of sources that I've added, including for the release dates. [[User:2005-Fan|2005-Fan]] ([[User talk:2005-Fan|talk]]) 00:24, 18 April 2026 (UTC) == Discord == You've got mail :-) [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 10:36, 20 April 2026 (UTC) :Unless I'm missing something, all I see is a wave. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:08, 20 April 2026 (UTC) == ipblock-exempt == Hello @[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]], Currently, I am using a VPN when connected to public Wi-Fi because auth.wikimedia.org is blocked in my country, Indonesia [[id:Wikipedia:Pernyataan resmi komunitas Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia terhadap pembatasan akses auth.wikimedia.org di Indonesia|(here is the proof)]]. I understand that the IP addresses used by this VPN service are globally blocked, which prevents me from editing, especially on Simplewiki Wikipedia where I help create templates. I already have IP block exemption rights on my main account in Indonesian Wikipedia, but I do not have this permission yet on Simple English Wikipedia. Therefore, I would like to request this flag so I can continue editing. Your consideration would be greatly appreciated. Thank you. [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 12:28, 20 April 2026 (UTC) :This isn't something I'm personally comfortable with enabling. I suggest bringing it to the [[WP:AN|admin noticeboard]] and see if others can review. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:19, 21 April 2026 (UTC) ::Thankyou! 🙏 [[User_talk:Nathan_Veritas|<span style="padding:0 7px;background: linear-gradient(219deg,rgba(254, 213, 97, 1) 0%, rgba(20, 65, 107, 0.14) 59%);font-family:Palatino Linotype;font-weight:bold;color:#14416B;font-size:75%;">🏹Nathan Veritas</span>]] 12:24, 21 April 2026 (UTC) == Rollback and edit request == I recently made a [[Wikipedia:Requests for permissions/Rollback|rollback rights request]] and an edit request for the [[MediaWiki talk:Titleblacklist#c-Cyberwolf-20260422142700-1xbet and others|title blacklist]] could you take a lot at both? [[User:Cyberwolf|Cyberwolf]] ([[User talk:Cyberwolf|talk]]) 13:11, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Sub 2 minute block == nice job :3 I appreciate it [[User:Cyberwolf|Cyberwolf]] ([[User talk:Cyberwolf|talk]]) 17:48, 23 April 2026 (UTC) == Can you please stop == You are literally following my every edit so you can add a tag that’s not needed to them can you please go onto the Suzume And LiSA articles and remove your tag since you are not contributing anything to them or fixing the problem [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:12, 25 April 2026 (UTC) :I have also told you multiple times that you can edit the articles to make them good in. Your standard and I’m fine with that but you still say the Suzume plot is too long even though I said I have done all I can to shorten it [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:16, 25 April 2026 (UTC) ::I am not obligated to fix your poor grammar on the articles you make. The copy edit tag alerts others to the concerns and adds it to a maintenance category. If you don’t want the tags on the articles, then make articles that don’t require them. On Wikipedia, [[WP:CIR|competence is required]]. If all of the articles you make and all of your contributions are going to be filled with the poor grammar and spelling that you are displaying, it is possible your ability to change Wikipedia may be restricted. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 16:22, 25 April 2026 (UTC) :::Please also look at our [[WP:ONESTRIKE]] policy. Users who are blocked on another wiki can receive a block here, especially if they are displaying the same behavior. Your actions so far show that you are committing the same issues here. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 16:29, 25 April 2026 (UTC) :::How about you leave me alone [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:42, 26 April 2026 (UTC) ::::I just want to edit but nooo I have to have a person watching my every move while I try to fix articles also the tag you put on the LiSA article I made dosnt make any sense after you put it there I checked and it has nothing wrong in its grammar nothing is spelled wrong [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:46, 26 April 2026 (UTC) :@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] [[User:Ieditsandyes|Ieditsandyes]] ([[User talk:Ieditsandyes|talk]]) 14:32, 25 April 2026 (UTC) ::i stopped [[User:Wesds2026|Wesds2026]] ([[User talk:Wesds2026|talk]]) 14:43, 3 May 2026 (UTC) :::You also need to stop uploading images on Commons that you just copy off of the internet. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 15:08, 3 May 2026 (UTC) ::::i did stop I stop uploading images [[User:Wesds2026|Wesds2026]] ([[User talk:Wesds2026|talk]]) 16:18, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Bruce Lee == Hi bro, there seems to be constant vandalism on the Bruce Lee article. Please keep watch, I will too. [[User:Tai Warrior Chi|Tai Warrior Chi]] ([[User talk:Tai Warrior Chi|talk]]) 01:23, 18 May 2026 (UTC) :Will do. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 13:16, 18 May 2026 (UTC) == Follow up == The topic is now removed from VIP, but I realize I wasn't clear. I meant that I didn't want to reveal the IP address to myself using the TAIV tool if I didn't have to, since the tool already listed the linked accounts. I certainly would not reveal them publicly. I used the ambiguous "range block" as a way to say "use discretion", but I can start looking at and suggesting ranges if you think that would be helpful for those patrolling VIP. Thanks, [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 04:41, 18 May 2026 (UTC) :Understood. When you suggested a range needed to be blocked, I assumed you had looked at the IPs and determined that it was happening within a range, not just a single IP. It's up to you whether you want to be looking into the IPs and the ranges and mentioning the ranges vaguely in VIP reports... I would just suggest not saying a range needs to be blocked unless you know for sure it's a range. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 13:18, 18 May 2026 (UTC) ==[[José Mourinho]]== The Real Madrid transfer is no longer a rumor. It is 100% confirmed by Perez and Mourinho.<!-- Template:Unsigned --><small class="autosigned">—&nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[User:~2026-30093-96|~2026-30093-96]] ([[User talk:~2026-30093-96#top|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/~2026-30093-96|contribs]]) 15:53, 19 May 2026 (UTC)</small> :Not yet -- It's still in the "verbally agreed" status per [https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/48815936/real-madrid-set-date-announce-jose-mourinho-return-sources sources]. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 16:30, 19 May 2026 (UTC) == Question re. global locks == Hi! Two accounts of globally blocked [[User:Jaredryandloneria|Jaredryandloneria]] are currently active and pending global lock (it's been there for two days). One of them, [[User:Nemine2X2X2|Nemine2X2X2]], is currently editing here at Simple & causing disruption. What's the process at Simple, since I don't think he's been formally blocked for sockpuppetry over here (only Commons & Wikipedia)? [[User:Blue-Sonnet|Blue-Sonnet]] ([[User talk:Blue-Sonnet|talk]]) 08:23, 22 May 2026 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=08:35, 31 May 2026 (UTC)}} — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 08:35, 31 May 2026 (UTC) :Responded, thanks! [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 10:34, 31 May 2026 (UTC) == Username needing block == [[Special:Contribs/Foidraper271|This username]] is highly offensive, see [[wiktionary:foid#Etymology_2]]. Please block them for the bad username. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-33008-75|&#126;2026-33008-75]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-33008-75|talk]]) 23:59, 2 June 2026 (UTC) == Regarding the personal data of an individual referenced on Google and other search engines without consent == Hello @[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] I am contacting you to inform you that a name and surname, "Sofiane Baddouri," are listed on Google and other search engines. In accordance with the GDPR, this person does not wish to be included on Google or here, as they have not requested this and it is without their consent. Thank you in advance for taking the necessary steps. Sincerely, [[User:Lighthousemiami|Lighthousemiami]] ([[User talk:Lighthousemiami|talk]]) 12:23, 8 June 2026 (UTC) :For issues related to the GDPR, please contact [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Privacy_policy#Contact_Us the Wikimedia Foundation] at the link provided. Please stick to one account. Continuing to edit via numerous accounts can result in a block. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:35, 8 June 2026 (UTC) == An article you nominated for deletion has been recreated == The article you previously proposed for deletion, [[Vivansh Vasishta]], has been recreated without violating any rules. You may wish to propose it for deletion again. <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 08:03, 11 June 2026 (UTC) :Thanks. Nominated again. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:14, 11 June 2026 (UTC) == Talk page == Hi. Just so you know, Wekeepwhatwekill has (again) [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3ABZPN&diff=10904530&oldid=10904518 removed] your comment from my talk page. Best regards, [[User:BZPN|<strong><span style="color:black; font-weight:bold; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">BZPN</span></strong>]] ([[User talk:BZPN|<span style="color:black; font-family: 'Linux Libertine', serif;">talk</span>]]) 17:44, 29 June 2026 (UTC) :Thank you ... Just blocked them per ONESTRIKE. Thanks for reverting their attempts to control conversation in ways that broke things. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 18:09, 29 June 2026 (UTC) == blocks and their reach query == I noticed an editor getting a temp block and then a full indefinite block for using an ip to get around the first block. Is that only for this simple wikipedia? Does none of it apply to the main English wikipedia? It seems like they would be globally linked but I'm guessing blocks don't work that way. Thanks. [[User:Fyunck(click)|Fyunck(click)]] ([[User talk:Fyunck(click)|talk]]) 21:55, 13 July 2026 (UTC) note - it looks like I just found it under the [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|reciprocal rules]] here: "In some cases, users who have been blocked indefinitely or banned on other Wikimedia Foundation projects move to Simple English Wikipedia. While most of these users will be integrated without problems, some are known as troublemakers. Administrators have the option to block such users. This is decided on a case-by-case basis. In most cases, a user who broke the rules on another project is not blocked unless they also break the rules on the Simple English Wikipedia. They can be blocked if they break the rules here even once, and do not need the same amount of warning as a new user. This is often called the "one-strike" rule. It is made to stop disruptive users, who have a history of making bad changes, from disrupting this project." I'm guessing it also works the other way around... sort of a one-strike-rule now at the main Wikipedia. Sorry to bother you today. [[User:Fyunck(click)|Fyunck(click)]] ([[User talk:Fyunck(click)|talk]]) 22:03, 13 July 2026 (UTC) :Yes we have a “ONESTRIKE” policy here; it’s mostly in place because we’ve frequently been a place that users come after they’ve been blocked or banned at the English Wikipedia and we don’t want to tolerate the same behavior here. I don’t believe there is a similar policy on the English Wikipedia. However, if a user is blocked across a few wikis or if they’ve been banned or long-term abusing a wiki, they can be locked globally as well. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 22:43, 13 July 2026 (UTC) == Hello == Hello, Why did you delete my article ([[Chester Neal Tate]])? [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 13:09, 19 July 2026 (UTC) :The article made no claim at notability for the individual. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 14:09, 19 July 2026 (UTC) ::He had a cambridge section for him, so he is notable enough ta have a page on it, i request an undeletion. [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 15:22, 20 July 2026 (UTC) :::What do you mean by "a cambridge section"? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 15:47, 20 July 2026 (UTC) ::::[https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/ps-political-science-and-politics/article/c-neal-tate/F43740AD3F27B524FBB73FD5C238EEEC this] [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 11:33, 21 July 2026 (UTC) :::::That's an obituary published by the publication of an organization he was a member of; it doesn't guarantee notability. Is there anything else that proves he's notable? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 11:47, 21 July 2026 (UTC) ::::::[https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/gastongazette/name/chester-tate-obituary?id=25668804 a legacy for him], [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231745951_C_NEAL_TATE another article about him], also he has notable works like [https://books.google.com.tr/books/about/Governments_of_the_World.html?id=vAUWAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y governments of the world] ([https://search.worldcat.org/title/Governments-of-the-world-:-a-global-guide-to-citizens'-rights-and-responsibilities/oclc/1052644399] [https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/6006347]) He has notability enough to get an article for himself. [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 11:55, 21 July 2026 (UTC) :::::::The first is his obituary on a site where funeral homes post obituaries; the second is the same as the obituary you mentioned above just listed in a different journal database; the other links are just his publications. These do not establish notability. You are welcome to recreate the article if you feel he is truly notable, but based on what I see, it'll not survive a deletion discussion. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:14, 21 July 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Okay then, but at least can I see the old revision before it got taken down? [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 12:15, 21 July 2026 (UTC) :::::::::I have restored it at [[User:Birthay boy/Chester Neal Tate]]. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 02:54, 24 July 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Thanks. [[User:Birthay boy|Birthay boy]] ([[User talk:Birthay boy|talk]]) 10:40, 24 July 2026 (UTC) == Hi About [[Soran-Persian War (1829-1834)]] == Hi if you watch Before the war it's say Soran forces raided Kurdish areas on the Iranian side of the border. Sources mention parts of Mukriyan, including Lajan, Sauj Bulag, and Sardasht, as well as villages near Salmas and Urmia, as areas that were raided by Soran forces Later campaigns (1831–1833) change Qajar forces tried to push the Soran troops back from the areas they had taken. There were several fights between Soran and Iranian soldiers in the mountains along the border. So the result should be better:Soran forces raided Kurdish areas Qajar offensives repulsed [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-41673-40|&#126;2026-41673-40]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-41673-40|talk]]) 07:39, 27 July 2026 (UTC) == Silinen madde == . Dear Wikipedia Editors, I would like to contest the deletion of this article, as the subject (Samir Nagizadeh) satisfies Wikipedia's notability guidelines for artists and public figures through significant coverage in multiple independent, reliable media sources. The subject's notable career in film, media, and entertainment has been widely covered by mainstream news outlets. Here are the reliable press references supporting the notability: 1. KRT TV: https://www.krttv.com.tr/samir-nagizadeh-yeni-single-parcasiyla-geliyor 2. Timeturk: https://www.timeturk.com/kultur/azeri-oyuncu-nagizadeh-samir-turk-izleyicisinin-kalbini-calmaya-geliyor/haber-1663020 3. Haqq.az: https://haqq.az/samir-nagizadeh-il%c9%99-s%c9%99n%c9%99t-dunyasi-v%c9%99-g%c9%99nc-aktyorlarin-v%c9%99ziyy%c9%99ti-musahibe/ 4. Mürekkep Haber: https://www.murekkephaber.com/samir-nagizadeh-ve-cenab-ulvi-sinema-projesi-icin-bir-araya-geliyor/19111/ 5. Demokrat Haber: https://www.demokrathaber.org/oyuncu-samir-nagizadeh-kimdir/amp 6. Refleks Haber: https://www.reflexhaber.com/samir-nagizadeh-ve-cenab-ulviden-yeni-proje-sinema-sektorune-adim-atiyorlar/amp Given these verifiable, independent third-party sources establishing significant media presence, I kindly request the restoration or re-evaluation of the article. Best regards, [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-42619-15|&#126;2026-42619-15]] ([[User talk:&#126;2026-42619-15|talk]]) 12:37, 31 July 2026 (UTC) :These are not reliable sources. They're all interviews or press releases and, frankly, look AI-generated and fake. There is no claim to notability in the article either. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:42, 31 July 2026 (UTC) == Mail == {{ygm}} -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 13:18, 5 August 2026 (UTC) == Error == You said that you have blocked me from creating new pages but I am unable to edit even existing pages, so please correct the error. I am sure I can simplify the English used in existing pages and request the lifting of restrictions later.-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 04:59, 6 August 2026 (UTC) :I have adjusted the block. You should be able to edit in the main space now but not create new pages. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 12:12, 6 August 2026 (UTC) ::OK, thanks!-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 14:45, 6 August 2026 (UTC) == Appreciation Message == Hello friend I wanted to appreciate you on your guidance on how to edit here on wiki simple. Just a quick question can I recreate the already deleted articles since am now familiar with the rules and regulations here ? [[User:Afrowriter|Afrowriter]] ([[User talk:Afrowriter|talk]]) 12:37, 8 August 2026 (UTC) == Ans Ishfaq == See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Bhatti31]. [[User:Ravensfire|Ravensfire]] ([[User talk:Ravensfire|talk]]) 16:32, 26 August 2026 (UTC) :Thanks. Stumbled upon that too. Will poke around with the information a little later. Interesting they were dormant for a while but came back this past month. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 17:33, 26 August 2026 (UTC) == Wiki Writer Request == Hi, I am a VoltaMusicEditor in Ghana, I understood what you said “The article I researched <nowiki>[[Emmanuel Deliver Amable]]</nowiki>, doesn’t tell why It’s Notable, Kindly Help In researching about the Entity and Writing about him.🙏 [[User:VoltaMusicEditor|VoltaMusicEditor]] ([[User talk:VoltaMusicEditor|talk]]) 17:32, 26 August 2026 (UTC) :It’s not up to me to help research the subject. You’d need to find articles and news coverage about them from reliable sources that prove they are notable. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 17:34, 26 August 2026 (UTC) == [[Soran–Mamluk War (1832–1833)]] == Hello, I made a mistake in naming the article Soran Baghdad war (1832-1834) not Soran–Mamluk War (1832–1833) Can you fixed name? [[User:Sakara944|Sakara944]] ([[User talk:Sakara944|talk]]) 13:19, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :I'm not sure what you're asking me to fix. It is currently at Soran-Mamluk War. Isn't that what you want? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 18:44, 8 September 2026 (UTC) ::I renamed the article incorrectly because the Mamluks of Iraq disappeared in 1831 and in 1832 the name of the government was changed to the Baghdad government So it’s Soran Baghdad war 1832-1834 [[User:Sakara944|Sakara944]] ([[User talk:Sakara944|talk]]) 20:16, 8 September 2026 (UTC) :::I'm still not following what you're trying to communicate. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 22:18, 8 September 2026 (UTC) == Some lint errors == Hello, I really dont know if this is needed but I just have to say it. I developed a script to help on some Maintenance/lint-errors page specifically for "Duplicate IDs" and "Missing end tag". I've tested it on test2-wiki and here on SEW and it is working perfectly fine , just letting you know about it. Like I said earlier "if it is needed/necessary". I'll like to hear from you and then request for flood flag. [[User:Mbataw|(~Nwa Mbata)]] ([[User talk:Mbataw|talk]]) 13:19, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :I don't know enough about the necessity or the use of it to be able to give you an opinion on that. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 18:44, 8 September 2026 (UTC) == AI Quick Deletions == Hey there CountryANDWestern, when you QD something for AI, just make sure you check that the AI wasn't an edit made after the original article was written. This happened [[1989 firebombing of the Riverdale Press|here]]. Thanks for all the AI removal work you do otherwise. <span style="border-radius:7em;padding:1.5px;background-color:#e3e3e3;">[[User:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:#000000;">'''MrMeAndMrMe'''</span>]]</span>_{[[User talk:MrMeAndMrMe|<span style="color:darkblue;">'''Talk'''</span>]]} 21:10, 11 September 2026 (UTC) :Huh don’t know how I did that. I was only going through that user’s created pages I thought, not their expansions. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 13:01, 13 September 2026 (UTC) ==You've got mail!== {{you've got mail|subject=|ts=14:35, 5 October 2026 (UTC)}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 14:35, 5 October 2026 (UTC) :Will have to look into it further. Haven’t had much time this week! [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern#top|talk]]) 09:17, 9 October 2026 (UTC) cd965czxo20cjz1y2mtczl4foq1ys5x 0 1261968 11024218 11019838 2026-10-08T23:59:03Z Michael1231452d 1887282 /* Songs */ 11024218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2026}} {{Infobox album | name = You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love | type = studio | artist = [[Olivia Rodrigo]] | cover = YSPSFAGSIL logo.png{{!}}class=skin-invert | caption = | alt = | released = {{Start date|2026|06|12}} | recorded = | studio = | genre = <!--[[WP:EXPLICITGENRE]] and [[WP:STICKTOSOURCE]]. STOP changing/removing sourced genres to cater to your own definitions without getting consensus. Do not add unsourced genres, and take it to the talk page if you contest a reliably sourced genre.--> * [[Pop music|Pop]] * [[Indie music|indie]] * [[dream pop]] * [[New wave music|new wave]] * [[pop rock]] * [[synth-pop]] | length = {{Duration|m=51|s=02}}<!--Per Spotify--> | label = [[Geffen Records|Geffen]] | producer = [[Dan Nigro]]<!--[[WP:NOEXEC]]--> | prev_title = [[Live from Glastonbury (A BBC Recording)]] | prev_year = 2025 | next_title = | next_year = | misc = {{Singles | name = You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love | type = Studio | single1 = [[Drop Dead]] | single1date = April 17, 2026 | single2 = [[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]] | single2date = May 22, 2026 | single3 = [[Stupid Song]] | single3date = June 12, 2026 }} }} '''''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''''' (written in [[all lowercase]]) is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter [[Olivia Rodrigo]]. It was released by [[Geffen Records]] on June 12, 2026. It is a [[concept album]]. It tells the story of the rise and fall of a relationship and losing yourself along the way. The album has a [[cameo|guest appearance]] from English musician [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] on the track "[[What's Wrong with Me]]". It is the first time another artist has been on Rodrigo's studio album. The lead single, "[[Drop Dead]]", reached number one in five countries. It became Rodrigo's fourth song to reach the top on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. The second single, "[[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]]", reached the top 10 in many countries. A third single, "[[Stupid Song]]", was released with the album and a [[music video]]. To support the album, Rodrigo began her third [[concert tour]] called [[the Unraveled Tour]]. When ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' was released, many fans and critics liked it.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Chizen |first=Nathan |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Did Olivia Rodrigo just deliver the album of the summer? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/arts/commotion/did-olivia-rodrigo-just-deliver-the-album-of-the-summer-9.7235954 |access-date=July 8, 2026 |publisher=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> Many liked Rodrigo's [[confession|confessional]] songwriting, [[vulnerability]], and saw it as more mature than her last albums.<ref name=pitchfork-review/><ref name="rollingstone-review"/><ref name=vulture-review-frank/> The album reached number one in [[record chart]]s around the world. ==Before release== On September 8, 2023, [[Olivia Rodrigo]] released her second studio album, ''[[Guts (album)|Guts]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Craig |date=September 8, 2023 |title=Olivia Rodrigo would rather go through with it |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-guts-album-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920011429/https://www.vulture.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-guts-album-review.html |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |access-date=September 20, 2023 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> It was produced by [[Dan Nigro]], whom she worked with before.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Tolentino |first=Jia |author-link=Jia Tolentino |date=July 6, 2023 |title=A new decade, a new album, a new life—Olivia Rodrigo's next chapter |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-august-cover-2023-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706181410/https://www.vogue.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-august-cover-2023-interview |archive-date=July 6, 2023 |access-date=July 6, 2023 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> In December 2025, Rodrigo released a [[live album]] of her singing at [[Glastonbury Festival]], called ''[[Live from Glastonbury (A BBC Recording)]]''. It also had special guest appearance by English musician [[Robert Smith]] of [[the Cure]].<ref name="consequence-glastonbury">{{cite web |last=Ragusa|first=Paolo|title=Olivia Rodrigo Announces Glastonbury 2025 Live Album Featuring Robert Smith|website=[[Consequence (website)|Consequence]]|date=September 8, 2025|url=https://consequence.net/2025/09/olivia-rodrigo-live-from-glastonbury-live-album/|access-date=September 18, 2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909043748/https://consequence.net/2025/09/olivia-rodrigo-live-from-glastonbury-live-album/|archive-date=September 9, 2025}}</ref> In March 2026, Rodrigo slowly began talking about the [[theme (narrative)|theme]] of her third album in an interview with [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']].<ref name=vogueuk>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/olivia-rodrigo-british-vogue-interview/|title="I'm definitely a lover girl": Olivia Rodrigo On yearning, "London vibes", and her most experimental album yet|magazine=British Vogue|last=Mukhtar|first=Amel|date=March 19, 2026|access-date=April 2, 2026|archive-date=May 14, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514084035/https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/olivia-rodrigo-british-vogue-interview|url-status=live}}</ref> She said the album would have many "sad love songs". She said this is because some of her favorite romantic songs are about feeling afraid or [[wikt:longing|longing]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brasil |first=Sydney |date=April 2, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Announces Album ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' |url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/olivia-rodrigo-announces-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |access-date=April 2, 2026 |work=[[Exclaim!]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Morrow |first=Brendan |date=April 2, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo reveals third studio album – See the surprising name |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2026/04/02/olivia-rodrigo-album-name-release-date/89424251007/ |access-date=April 2, 2026 |newspaper=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> On April 2, 2026, the album's title was released after the name was seen painted on a pink wall in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Horowitz |first=Steven J. |date=April 2, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo announces new album ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' |url=https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-new-album-title-june-release-date-1236705555/ |access-date=April 2, 2026 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-date=May 19, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260519085303/https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-new-album-title-june-release-date-1236705555/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Music and lyrics== [[File:Olivia Rodrigo @ Theatre at Ace Hotel 10 09 2023 (53422493857).jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Olivia Rodrigo]] worked with record producer and musician [[Dan Nigro]] again in this album]] Rodrigo wanted this album to sound different than her last two albums ''[[Sour (album)|Sour]]'' and ''[[Guts (album)|Guts]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-1235531647/|title=Olivia Rodrigo reveals new album "You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love"|last=Martoccio|first=Angie|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=April 2, 2026|access-date=April 2, 2026|archive-date=April 22, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260422164415/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-1235531647/|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'', Rodrigo continues her work with Nigro, who returns as the album's producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Walden |date=April 2, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo announces new album ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/ |access-date=April 2, 2026 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> The album is inspired by Rodrigo's time in [[London]]. She said that album is her "most experimental" yet.<ref name="vogueuk"/> One [[track listing|track]] on the album, "Maggots for Brains", is a reference the relationship of ''[[Sex and the City]]'' characters Miranda Hobbes and Steve Brady.<ref name="vogueuk"/> The album is a [[Pop music|pop]],<ref name="guardian-review">{{Cite news |last=Petridis |first=Alexis |author-link=Alexis Petridis |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo: You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love review – who's she singing about? Who cares when the songs are this good |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2026/jun/12/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612175806/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2026/jun/12/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |eissn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878}}</ref><ref name=sputnikmusic-review/> [[Indie music|indie]],<ref name="irishtimes-review">{{Cite news |last=Power |first=Ed |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's new album, You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love, is brilliantly catchy and beautifully bittersweet |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/review/2026/06/12/olivia-rodrigos-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-is-brilliantly-catchy-and-beautifully-bittersweet |access-date=June 12, 2026 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |publisher=The Irish Times Trust |issn=0791-5144 |oclc=137350020 |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612182753/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/review/2026/06/12/olivia-rodrigos-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-is-brilliantly-catchy-and-beautifully-bittersweet/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 80's [[Alternative music|alternative]],<ref name="noripcord-youseempretty">{{cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo – You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love |url=https://www.noripcord.com/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/ |website=NORIPCORD |date=June 15, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026}}</ref> [[new jack swing]], <ref name=>{{Cite news |last=Petrusich |first=Amanda |date=2026-06-15 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's Early-Twenties Lament |url=https://newyorker.com |access-date=2026-10-04 |work=The New Yorker |language=en}}</ref> [[pop rock]],<ref name=vulture-review-jenkins>{{Cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Craig |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Fights Her Way Out of the Third-Album Rut |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/review-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love.html |access-date=June 16, 2026 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> [[dream pop]],<ref name="exclaim-youseempretty">{{cite web |last=Korngut |first=Josh |title=Olivia Rodrigo Seems Pretty Cool with Déjà Vu on 'you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love' |url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review |website=Exclaim! |date=June 15, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-date=June 16, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616045755/https://exclaim.ca/music/article/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review |url-status=live }}</ref>[[New wave music|new wave]],<ref name="varietyau-youseempretty">{{cite web |last=Brereton |first=Greta |title=Album Review: Olivia Rodrigo Trades Pop-Punk Catharsis for Dreamy Introspection on 'You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love' |url=https://au.variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-album-review-pretty-sad-for-girl-so-in-love-37583/ |website=Variety Australia |date=June 16, 2026 |access-date=June 16, 2026}}</ref> [[concept album]].<ref name=associatedpress-review>{{Cite web |last=Sherman |first=Maria |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Music Review: Olivia Rodrigo's 'You seem pretty sad for a girl so in love' is her best work yet |url=https://apnews.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-review-ab6ec676a545677a43f061a60c0860c9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612043551/https://apnews.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-review-ab6ec676a545677a43f061a60c0860c9 |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 13, 2026 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> It is also inspired by [[shoegaze]].<ref name="exclaim-youseempretty" /> Its songs change between [[indie pop]], emotional [[Sentimental Ballad|ballads]], [[alternative rock]], [[Minimal music|minimalist pop]], [[post-punk]], and pop rock sounds.<ref name="newstalkzb-youseempretty">{{cite web |last=Schulz |first=Chris |title=Chris Schulz: Olivia Rodrigo - You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love |url=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/on-air/saturday-morning-with-jack-tame/audio/chris-schulz-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/ |website=Newstalk ZB |date=June 13, 2026 |access-date=June 13, 2026}}</ref><ref name="musicomh-youseempretty">{{cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo – You seem pretty sad for a girl so in love |url=https://www.musicomh.com/reviews/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |website=musicOMH |date=June 14, 2026 |access-date=June 14, 2026 |archive-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615175939/https://www.musicomh.com/reviews/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bestfit-youseempretty">{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Abby |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love' lovingly unravels |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-lovingly-unravels |website=The Line of Best Fit |date=June 15, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615174459/https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-lovingly-unravels |url-status=live }}</ref> The album is also inspired by [[New Romantic]]-era [[Rock music|rock]], and [[college rock]].<ref name=pitchfork-review/> For ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'', Rodrigo said she was inspired by [[post-punk]] bands like [[the Cure]], [[New Order (band)|New Order]], [[Depeche Mode]], and [[Siouxsie and the Banshees]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Smith |first=Serena |date=June 4, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo A Breakup Can Be an Opportunity to Redirect Your Life|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/70335/1/olivia-rodrigo-dazed-summer-2026-action-issue-album-interview |access-date=June 6, 2026 |magazine=[[Dazed]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260605094858/https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/70335/1/olivia-rodrigo-dazed-summer-2026-action-issue-album-interview |archive-date=June 5, 2026}}</ref> === Songs === The album is separated into two main parts: ''Girl So in Love'' and ''You Seem Pretty Sad''.<ref name=tracklisting-streaming/><ref name=tracklisting-announcement/> Rodrigo wrote all of her songs. [[Sasha Alex Sloan]], [[Amy Allen (songwriter)|Amy Allen]], [[Conan Gray]] and [[Lily Elise]] also helped with songwriting and singing.<ref name="Tidal"/> {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | image1 = Glasto2025-546 (cropped) (2).jpg | image2 = Robert Smith (musician) crop.jpg | caption_align = left | footer = Rodrigo sang with [[Robert Smith]] in "[[What's Wrong with Me]]" | total_width = 300 | align = left }} In ''Girl So in Love'', the album starts with the lead single, "[[Drop Dead]]". The song has been seen as a [[synth-pop]], [[chamber pop]], [[indie pop]], [[pop rock]], and [[soft rock]] song.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Jenkins|first=Craig|date=April 17, 2026|title=Olivia Rodrigo Plays to Her Strengths|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/review-olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead.html|access-date=April 18, 2026|magazine=Vulture}}</ref><ref name="BillboardPH2026">{{Cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo Releases New Single 'drop dead' — Listen|url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-releases-new-single-drop-dead/|website=Billboard Philippines|date=April 17, 2026|access-date=May 11, 2026}}</ref><ref name="DeVille 2026">{{cite web |last=DeVille|first=Chris|date=April 17, 2026|title='Drop Dead': Gorgeous|url=https://stereogum.com/2496121/drop-dead-gorgeous/columns/sounding-board|accessdate=April 17, 2026|website=[[Stereogum]]|quote=["Drop Dead"] is a compact pop-rock symphony, seamlessly combining components without making a big show of its own eclecticism.}}</ref> It also has a [[Rock music|rock]] [[bridge (music)|bridge]] and a [[power pop]] guitar solo.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Snapes|first=Laura|date=April 17, 2026|title=Olivia Rodrigo: 'Drop Dead' review – a maximalist rush of infatuation that's just a bauble short of festive|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2026/apr/17/olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-review-single|access-date=April 18, 2026|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The [[lyrics]] are about the start of a romantic relationship.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=June 13, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Drop Dead' Lyrics Seem to Recount the Start of Her Louis Partridge Romance |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71050745/olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-lyrics-meaning-louis-partridge/ |access-date=June 15, 2026 |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]}}</ref> The second song of the album is "[[Stupid Song]]" which is a pop rock<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howley|first=Ciaran|date=June 12, 2026|title=Notion Now #299: Olivia Rodrigo, Adéla, BLXST & Rose Gray|url=https://notion.online/notion-now-299-olivia-rodrigo-adela-blxst-rose-gray/|quote=" 'Stupid Song' is the latest single from her new album You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love and it's pure tween pop-rock gold."|website=[[Notion (magazine)|Notion]]|access-date=June 12, 2026}}</ref> and [[Electronic rock|synth-rock]] song.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Breihan|first=Tom|date=June 12, 2026|title=Premature Evaluation: Olivia Rodrigo "you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love"|url=https://stereogum.com/2502063/premature-evaluation-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/reviews/premature-evaluation|access-date=June 12, 2026|quote=" 'stupid song,' which is just now getting the single treatment, goes for a classic fake-out, starting as a tinkly piano ballad before finding its groove as a midtempo synth-rocker."|website=[[Stereogum]]|archive-date=June 12, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612181310/https://stereogum.com/2502063/premature-evaluation-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/reviews/premature-evaluation|url-status=live}}</ref> Much like "Drop Dead", "Stupid Song" talks about the [[narrator]] during the early parts of their relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Stupid Song' lyrics hint at her early relationship with Louis Partridge |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/love-sex/olivia-rodrigo-s-stupid-song-lyrics-hint-at-her-early-relationship-with-louis-partridge/ar-AA25r3US?ocid=BingNewsVerp |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] on [[MSN]]}}</ref> In ''You Seem Pretty Sad'', the album continues with the single "[[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]]". It is a [[downtempo]], [[indie rock]] and [[Pop music|pop]] song.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Kiana |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Levels Up on you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love: Review |url=https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-review/ |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=[[Consequence (website)|Consequence]]}}</ref> This song is about how the narrator is having [[doubt]]s and mistrust in her partner and how this is causing some [[mental health]] problems.<ref name=cure>{{cite web |last=Dunworth |first=Liberty |title=Olivia Rodrigo Shares Her 'Favourite' New Song 'The Cure' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/olivia-rodrigo-shares-her-favourite-new-song-the-cure-3946829 |website=[[NME]] |access-date=May 23, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260523091409/https://www.nme.com/news/music/olivia-rodrigo-shares-her-favourite-new-song-the-cure-3946829 |archive-date=May 23, 2026 |date=May 22, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the song, Rodrigo says that she felt that the relationship she sings about was the "cure" to her problems.<ref name=cure/> The album then continues with the [[acoustic pop]] [[indie folk]] song "[[Begged (song)|Begged]]".<ref name=dazed>{{cite web |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/70446/1/yspsfagil-5-best-tracks-olivia-rodrigo-new-album-the-cure-review/ |title=The 5 best tracks on Olivia Rodrigo's new album |work=[[Dazed]] |date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |author1=Diallo, Habi |author2=Greig, James |author3=Smith, Serena |author4=PM, Solomon}}</ref> Rodrigo said that the song is about her wanting to spend more time with her partner, however she feels she has been [[wikt:begging|begging]] him for this.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fell |first1=Nicole |last2=Franklin |first2=McKinley |title=Connor Storrie drops by ''SNL'' to introduce new Olivia Rodrigo song "Begged" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/connor-storrie-olivia-rodrigo-snl-unreleased-song-begged-1236584300/ |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=May 3, 2026 |date=May 2, 2026 }}</ref> The song after this, "[[What's Wrong with Me]]", has Rodrigo singing a [[duet]] with [[The Cure]] member [[Robert Smith]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Young |first=Alex |date=June 6, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Debuts New Song with Robert Smith During Surprise Set at Primavera Sound |url=https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-robert-smith-new-song-primavera-song/ |access-date=June 6, 2026 |magazine=[[Consequence of Sound]] |archive-date=June 7, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260607055506/https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-robert-smith-new-song-primavera-song/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The song is a [[baroque pop]] and [[new jack swing]] song with heavy [[synth-pop]] and [[1988]] influences.<ref name=savio>{{Cite web |last=Savio |first=Michael |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo 'You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So In Love' Review |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review/ |access-date=June 13, 2026 |website=Slant Magazine |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612221331/https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the song, the narrator is going through emotional problems and starts questioning their [[mental health]]. They talk about many symptoms such as [[anxiety]], [[insomnia|sleeplessness]], and not eating.<ref name="BillboardPrimavera" /> This song is where the [[narrative]] of the album changes. Rodrigo no longer felt guilty about the relationship going bad and instead blames her boyfriend.<ref name=slate>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/culture/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-album-lyrics-the-cure-taylor-swift.html|title=A Guide to Olivia Rodrigo's New Album for Fans of 1980s Rock Band the Cure|publisher=Slate|accessdate=June 12, 2026|date=June 12, 2026}}</ref> The eleventh song on the album, "[[Less (song)|Less]]", is said to be about a bad breakup.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Less' Lyrics Seem to Recount the Devastating Moment Louis Partridge Broke Up With Her |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71570883/olivia-rodrigo-less-lyrics-meaning-louis-partridge-breakup/ |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|access-date=June 21, 2026}}</ref> The lyrics for "[[Expectations (Olivia Rodrigo song)|Expectations]]" are said to be about Rodrigo's new rules about dating someone.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Expectations' lyrics detail her new dating standards after her Louis Partridge breakup |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/celebrity/olivia-rodrigo-s-expectations-lyrics-detail-her-new-dating-standards-after-her-louis-partridge-breakup/ar-AA25uQJe?ocid=BingNewsVerp |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |publisher=[[MSN]]|access-date=June 21, 2026}}</ref> The final song from the album, "[[Cigarette Smoke]]", has lyrics that are about a bad response after a breakup.<ref name=Louis>{{Cite magazine |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Cigarette Smoke' Lyrics Seem to Be a Brutal Response to Her Louis Partridge Breakup |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71565555/olivia-rodrigo-cigarette-smoke-lyrics-meaning-louis-partridge-breakup/ |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|access-date=June 21, 2026}}</ref> It was said that the breakup Rodrigo sang about in the album is from her last boyfriend, English actor [[Louis Partridge]].<ref name=Louis/> ==Release and promotion== The album's [[track listing|track list]] was first shown on May 26, 2026.<ref name=tracklisting-announcement>{{Cite magazine |last=Dailey |first=Hannah |date=May 26, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo drops ''You Seem Pretty Sad'' tracklist with intriguing titles such as 'Maggots for Brains' & 'Purple' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-girl-in-love-tracklist-1236256875/ |access-date=May 26, 2026 |magazine=Billboard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260528061335/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-girl-in-love-tracklist-1236256875/|archive-date=May 28, 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> Preorders for [[Target Corporation|Target]]-only [[vinyl]] versions started the day that she announced the album. Shoppers could choose from a "Pretty Sad" pink color vinyl and a "Hope Like Snow" white color vinyl.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Moore |first=Jessica |date=April 6, 2026 |title=Target just dropped exclusive Olivia Rodrigo vinyls, CD for pre-order |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/shopping/entertainment/celebrity/2026/04/06/pre-order-new-olivia-rodrigo-album-at-target/89490481007/ |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |archive-date=April 27, 2026 |access-date=August 9, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427230105/https://www.usatoday.com/story/shopping/entertainment/celebrity/2026/04/06/pre-order-new-olivia-rodrigo-album-at-target/89490481007/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' was released on June 12, 2026.<ref name=NYT>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/12/arts/music/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-review.html|title=Olivia Rodrigo's Songs Can't Always Keep Up With Her Impeccable Taste|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 12, 2026|accessdate=June 12, 2026}}</ref> When it was released, it had eighty-two{{Nbsp}}million global streams on [[Spotify]]. It was the biggest debut of a female artist's album on the service for that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inmusicblog.com/news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-spotify-debut/|title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love' Debuts With Massive Spotify Numbers|publisher=In Music|accessdate=June 16, 2026|date=June 12, 2026}}</ref> The album also earned the biggest 2026 debut for any album on [[Amazon Music]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 13, 2026 |title=Spot Check: olivia streams pretty great for a girl, guy or really anyone, ever |url=https://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/streaming/spot-check-olivia-rodrigo-first-day-streams-2026-06-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260614013142/https://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/streaming/spot-check-olivia-rodrigo-first-day-streams-2026-06-13 |archive-date=June 14, 2026 |access-date=June 14, 2026 |work=[[Hits Daily Double]] |oclc=15994494}}</ref> It also reached number one in seventy-nine markets on [[Apple Music]].<ref name=hot200-prediction>{{Cite news |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Olivia's Opening: A Snapshot |url=https://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/olivia-opening-latest-readings-2026-06-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616204754/https://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/olivia-opening-latest-readings-2026-06-15 |archive-date=June 16, 2026 |access-date=June 16, 2026 |work=[[Hits Daily Double]] |oclc=15994494}}</ref> [[File:Vue aérienne du domaine de Versailles par ToucanWings - Creative Commons By Sa 3.0 - 073.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Rodrigo filmed the [[music video]] for "[[Drop Dead]]" at the [[Palace of Versailles]] in [[France]]]] ===Singles=== On April 7, 2026, Rodrigo announced the album's lead single, "[[Drop Dead]]", which was released on April 17.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Harrigan |first=Annie |date=April 7, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo reveals when new single "Drop Dead" will arrive |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-new-song-drop-dead-release-date-1236216988/ |access-date=April 8, 2026 |magazine=Billboard |archive-date=April 8, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260408035654/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-new-song-drop-dead-release-date-1236216988/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The song also had a music video that was filmed at the [[Palace of Versailles]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cancilla |first=Julia |date=April 17, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Takes Over the Palace of Versailles in Her 'Drop Dead' Music Video |url=https://www.elledecor.com/celebrity-style/a71052009/where-was-olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-music-video-filmed/ |access-date=April 17, 2026 |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]}}</ref> The single debuted at number one on the United States' [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], extending her record as the first artist to debut the lead singles from their first three albums at the top of the chart.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Trust |first=Gary |date=April 27, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Drop Dead' Debuts at No. 1 on ''Billboard'' Hot 100 |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-hot-100-number-one-debut/ |access-date=June 1, 2026 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-date=April 27, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427212536/https://www.billboard.com/lists/olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-hot-100-number-one-debut/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On May 19, "[[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]]" was released on May 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ragusa |first=Paolo |date=May 19, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo To Drop New Song "the cure" on Friday |url=https://consequence.net/2026/05/olivia-rodrigo-new-song-the-cure-announcement/ |access-date=May 19, 2026 |website=[[Consequence (website)|Consequence]] |archive-date=May 20, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260520052449/https://consequence.net/2026/05/olivia-rodrigo-new-song-the-cure-announcement/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It reached number one in Australia,<ref>{{cite web |date=June 1, 2026 |title=ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart |url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/singles-chart/2026-06-01 |access-date=May 29, 2026 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |archive-date=May 29, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260529073341/https://www.aria.com.au/charts/singles-chart/2026-06-01 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ireland, and Singapore<ref>{{cite web |title=The Official Singapore Charts Week 22 (22 - 28 May 2026) |url=https://www.rias.org.sg/the-official-singapore-charts/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260602080617/https://www.rias.org.sg/the-official-singapore-charts/ |archive-date=June 2, 2026 |access-date=June 2, 2026 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association Singapore|RIAS]] |url-status=live}}</ref> and number five in the US.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Olivia Rodrigo Chart History (Hot 100) |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/olivia-rodrigo/chart-history/hsi/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=June 6, 2026 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208204032/https://www.billboard.com/artist/olivia-rodrigo/chart-history/hsi/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Physical versions of the single has a bonus song called "Never Do".<ref name="bonus">{{Cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo drops long-awaited bonus track 'Never Do' |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/668803-olivia-rodrigo-drops-long-awaited-bonus-track-never-do |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=[[Geo News]] |archive-date=June 21, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260621075707/https://www.geo.tv/latest/668803-olivia-rodrigo-drops-long-awaited-bonus-track-never-do |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>7-inch vinyl: * {{Cite web |title=the cure - 7" vinyl |url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/products/the-cure-7-vinyl?srsltid=AfmBOoref23DS8os408AjiSOG4mpr-ebTIjr6osdfNrMJziUazepNayb |access-date=June 14, 2026 |publisher=Olivia Rodrigo}} Cassette: * {{Cite web |title=the cure - cassette |url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/the-cure/products/the-cure-cassette |access-date=June 14, 2026 |publisher=Olivia Rodrigo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260522142354/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/the-cure/products/the-cure-cassette |archive-date=May 22, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> A [[promotional single|promo]] "Walk in the Park" limited-edition vinyl for the album tracks "Honeybee" and "Cigarette Smoke" was also released.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=DZVafhrEaPt |user=recordstoredayus |title=As this Thursday turns into this Friday, record stores around the country will be the first place to celebrate the new @oliviarodrigo album when the clock strikes midnight! And as a special treat for being among the first to #listentooliviarodrigo together, this special 7" single will also be for sale — only at participating record stores, in limited numbers! |date=June 8, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/tS3bw<!--Does anyone know how to archive an IG post without the overlay asking you to log in being included?--> |archive-date=June 15, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> A third single, "[[Stupid Song]]" was released on June 12 with a [[music video]], filmed in [[New York City]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindert |first=Hattie |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Watch Olivia Rodrigo Bring in the Ballerinas in "Stupid Song" Video |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/olivia-rodrigo-stupid-song-video/ |access-date=June 13, 2026 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> ===Marketing=== On April 18, 2026, Rodrigo was a surprise guest on [[Addison Rae]]'s performance at [[Coachella]], where she sang "[[Drop Dead]]" for the first time.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fell |first=Nicole |date=April 19, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo debuts "Drop Dead" live during surprise appearance at Addison Rae's Coachella set |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-addison-rae-coachella-drop-dead-live-debut-1236568623/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419052130/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-addison-rae-coachella-drop-dead-live-debut-1236568623/ |archive-date=April 19, 2026 |access-date=April 19, 2026 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Rodrigo then sang "[[Begged (song)|Begged]]" for the first time during her appearance on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' on May 2.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Molloy |first=Laura |date=May 3, 2026 |title=Watch Olivia Rodrigo debut new song "Begged" on ''Saturday Night Live'' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-olivia-rodrigo-debut-new-song-begged-on-saturday-night-live-3943724 |access-date=May 3, 2026 |magazine=[[NME]] |archive-date=May 3, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260503090258/https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-olivia-rodrigo-debut-new-song-begged-on-saturday-night-live-3943724 |url-status=live}}</ref> On June 6, she sang "[[What's Wrong with Me]]" with [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] of [[the Cure]] at [[Primavera Sound]] in [[Barcelona]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Young |first=Alex |date=June 6, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Debuts New Song with Robert Smith During Surprise Set at Primavera Sound |url=https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-robert-smith-new-song-primavera-song/ |access-date=June 6, 2026 |website=[[Consequence of Sound]] |archive-date=June 7, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260607055506/https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-robert-smith-new-song-primavera-song/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A music video for "[[Stupid Song]]" was released on June 12, at midnight [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Time]].<ref name="james">{{cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo Interview with Greg James |url=https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/p0nqtwdd |work=[[Radio 1 Breakfast]] |access-date=June 9, 2026 |date=June 9, 2026 |time=9:00 |archive-date=June 9, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609141741/https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/p0nqtwdd |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Fragonard, l'altalena3.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|The album cover has been compared to ''[[The Swing (Fragonard)|The Swing]]'', an 18th century painting by [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]]]] ===Artwork=== The album cover [[artwork]] shows Rodrigo upside down on a swing against a soft pink-and-blue sky. She is wearing a pink [[babydoll]] dress, long white socks, and [[Mary Jane shoes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Katie |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Decoding the Art Historical References in Olivia Rodrigo's New Album |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-decoding-art-historical-references-olivia-rodrigos-new-album |access-date=June 21, 2026 |website=[[Artsy (website)|Artsy]]}}</ref> The cover has been compared to [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]]'s [[Rococo painting]] ''[[The Swing (Fragonard)|The Swing]]'', which shows a woman on a swing in a pink dress.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Serna |first=Ana |date=April 6, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo reconfigura su visión del amor en ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' |url=https://es.rollingstone.com/olivia-rodrigo-reconfigura-su-vision-del-amor-en-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/ |access-date=June 21, 2026 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone en Español]] |language=es |trans-title=Olivia Rodrigo reconfigures her vision of love in ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''}}</ref> The Target-only edition "Carve Our Names" [[picture disc]] vinyl shows an original oil painting by [[Chloe Wise]] based on a photograph by Chad Moore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Katie |date=June 4, 2026 |title=Chloe Wise paints Olivia Rodrigo for a new limited-edition album release |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-chloe-wise-paints-olivia-rodrigo-new-limited-edition-album-release |access-date=June 21, 2026 |website=[[Artsy (website)|Artsy]]}}</ref> ===Tour=== {{Main|The Unraveled Tour}} On April 30, 2026, Rodrigo announced her third [[concert tour]], [[the Unraveled Tour]], in support of the album. It is made up of 86 dates across [[North America]] and [[Europe]].<ref name=tour/> The tour began on September 25, 2026, in [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]], and will end on May 10, 2027, in [[London]].<ref name=tour/> Singers Devon Again, [[Die Spitz]], [[Grace Ives]], [[the Last Dinner Party]], and [[Wolf Alice]] are joining Rodrigo on the tour.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Aswad |first=Jem |date=April 30, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Announces Massive 'Unraveled' Tour Dates |url=https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-unraveled-tour-dates-1236734157/ |access-date=April 30, 2026 |magazine=Variety |archive-date=May 1, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260501043341/https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-unraveled-tour-dates-1236734157/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=tour>{{cite magazine |last=Blistein |first=Jon |date=April 30, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Details 65-Date 'Unraveled' World Tour |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-tour-dates-you-seem-pretty-sad-album-1235556104/ |access-date=April 30, 2026 |magazine=Rolling Stone|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260528060830/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-tour-dates-you-seem-pretty-sad-album-1235556104/|archive-date=May 28, 2026}}</ref> ==Critics reviews== [[File:Olivia Rodrigo @ Theatre at Ace Hotel 10 09 2023 (53423846700).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Many critics liked how Rodrigo grew as a songwriter in the album]] ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]''{{'s}} Molly Mary O'Brien called ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' as Rodrigo's "most [[wikt:sophisticated|sophisticated]]" album.<ref name=pitchfork-review/> She said that Rodrigo "has never sounded more adventurous". She said the album shows how Rodrigo has changed as a songwriter.<ref name=pitchfork-review>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Molly Mary |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo: you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love Album Review |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612042151/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]]}}</ref> [[Sputnikmusic]]'s Caleb Robinson said that ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' "will go down as one of the decade's [best] albums, and it [is] among the ranks of other modern pop classics". Robinson liked Rodrigo's songwriting talent and said it was perfect.<ref name=sputnikmusic-review>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Caleb |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Review: Olivia Rodrigo - You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love |url=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/90930/Olivia-Rodrigo-You-Seem-Pretty-Sad-For-A-Girl-So-In-Love |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=[[Sputnikmusic]]}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]''{{'s}} Julyssa Lopez believed that Rodrigo's storytelling had grown more [[mature]] on the album.<ref name="rollingstone-review">{{Cite magazine |last=Lopez |first=Julyssa |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Tells a Beautiful, Crushing Love Story |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-love-review-1235576485 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 12, 2026 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |eissn=3066-0580 |oclc=969027590 |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612043955/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-love-review-1235576485/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Emma Constance from ''[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]'' compared Rodrigo's writing in the album like a [[diary|diary entry]]. She said it talks about the rise and fall of a romantic relationship with "unfiltered honesty". She said that Rodrigo had successfully made a troubling part of her life into something "beautiful and unskippable".<ref name=clash-review>{{Cite magazine |last=Constance |first=Emma |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo - you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love {{!}} Reviews |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612075458/https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |magazine=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]] |issn=1743-0801}}</ref> [[Vulture (website)|''Vulture'']]{{'s}} Jason P. Frank said the album was "essentially, a [[rock opera]]".<ref name=vulture-review-frank>{{Cite web |last=Frank |first=Jason P. |date=June 12, 2026 |title=So Olivia Rodrigo Wrote a Musical |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/olivia-rodrigos-new-album-tracklist-creates-a-musical.html |access-date=June 14, 2026 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615004736/https://www.vulture.com/article/olivia-rodrigos-new-album-tracklist-creates-a-musical.html|archive-date=June 15, 2026|url-status=live|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The duet between Rodrigo and Smith in "[[What's Wrong with Me]]" was well liked by critics.<ref name="rollingstone-review"/><ref name=dazed/><ref name="BillboardPrimavera">{{cite magazine |last=Iasimone |first=Ashley |date=June 6, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Debuts 'What's Wrong With Me' With The Cure's Robert Smith at Primavera Sound 2026 |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-whats-wrong-with-me-robert-smith-primavera-1236266185/ |access-date=June 6, 2026 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-date=June 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606221642/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-whats-wrong-with-me-robert-smith-primavera-1236266185/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, [[NPR|NPR Music]]'s Hazel Cills had a more mixed review of the album. She did not like how "melodramatic" and "repetitive" the [[tone]] was for the album's first half.<ref name=npr-music-review/> She said that "Rodrigo doesn't step back quite far enough to truly make sense of what this relationship has done to her". However, Cills did like "The Cure" as "one of the strongest [tracks] of Rodrigo's career so far."<ref name=npr-music-review>{{cite web |last=Cills |first=Hazel |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo, pop princess of vengeful angst, tries her hand at love songs |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/06/12/nx-s1-5855379/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-album-review |website=NPR Music |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=June 12, 2026 |archive-date=June 13, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260613025930/https://www.npr.org/2026/06/12/nx-s1-5855379/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-album-review |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Stereogum]]''{{'s}} Tom Breihan said that the album "calls back to the [[college rock]] of the late '80s".<ref name=stereogum-review>{{Cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Premature Evaluation: Olivia Rodrigo you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love |url=https://stereogum.com/2502063/premature-evaluation-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/reviews/premature-evaluation |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612181310/https://stereogum.com/2502063/premature-evaluation-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/reviews/premature-evaluation |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=[[Stereogum]] |oclc=1142733705}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' felt that the songs in the album did not catch the "[[adrenaline]] rush" that Rodrigo is known for.<ref name=NYT/> === Lists === The album appeared on many media list of best albums. The ''[[Irish Examiner]]'' put the album at number seven in their top ten list.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Dunne |date=2026-07-01 |title=Tom Dunne: My top 10 albums of the year so far |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/artsandculture/arid-41872149.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260702000640/https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/artsandculture/arid-41872149.html |archive-date=2026-07-02 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[Irish Examiner]] |publisher=[[The Irish Times]] |issn=1393-9564}}</ref> ''[[The Quietus]]'' put the album on the seventy-nine spot out of one hundred.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Clarke |first1=Patrick |last2=Doran |first2=John |last3=Eede |first3=Christian [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Maya Chandran] |date=2026-07-06 |others=The poll was conducted by Doran and voted on by "all of [''The Quietus''{{'s}}] staff, columnists, and a handful of [its] writers"; Clarke and Eede analyzed the data, creating the final ranking |title=The Quietus Albums of the Year So Far 2026 (In Association with Norman Records) {{!}} Page 2 of 5 |url=https://thequietus.com/tq-charts/albums-of-the-year-so-far/best-music-2026/2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260706210436/https://thequietus.com/tq-charts/albums-of-the-year-so-far/best-music-2026/2/ |archive-date=2026-07-06 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[The Quietus]]}}</ref> The album was also added in other mid-year lists such as in the ''[[BrooklynVegan]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hatfield |first1=Amanda |last2=Pearis |first2=Bill |last3=Sacher |first3=Andrew [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Andrew Sacher] |date=2026-07-03 |title=Our 50 Favorite Albums of 2026 So Far |url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/our-50-favorite-albums-of-2026-so-far |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260704012832/https://www.brooklynvegan.com/our-50-favorite-albums-of-2026-so-far |archive-date=2026-07-04 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[BrooklynVegan]] |publisher=Project M Group}}</ref> ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle USA]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gonzales |first1=Erica |last2=Maude |first2=Samuel |last3=Taroy |first3=Daniel |last4=Teshome |first4=Burake |last5=Webley Adler |first5=Kayla [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Burake Teshome] |date=2026-07-02 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 (So Far) |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71795937/best-albums-2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260702235927/https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71795937/best-albums-2026 |archive-date=2026-07-02 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle USA]] |publisher=[[Hearst Magazine Media]] |issn=0888-0808 |oclc=697050973}}</ref> ''Flood Magazine'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Amorosi |first1=A.D. |last2=Appleford |first2=Steve |last3=Baker |first3=Soren |last4=Crandall |first4=Kevin |last5=Fennell |first5=Sean |last6=Farrell |first6=Margaret |last7=Gutierrez |first7=Juan |last8=Hurst |first8=Josh |last9=Lemmon |first9=Kyle |last10=LeSuer |first10=Mike |last11=Marlin |first11=Natalie |last12=Merrick |first12=Hayden |last13=Moayeri |first13=Lily |last14=Parker |first14=Lyndsey |last15=Parnell |first15=Annie |last16=Pearlman |first16=Mischa |last17=Ruckle |first17=Taylor |last18=Schube |first18=Will [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Josh Hurst] |date=2026-07-01 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 (So Far) |url=https://floodmagazine.com/226046/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Flood|others=Graphic by Libaro, Chiara}}</ref> ''[[Manila Bulletin]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ureta |first=Ian |date=2026-07-06 |title=The best albums of 2026 so far |url=https://mb.com.ph//2026/07/06/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260706223117/https://mb.com.ph/2026/07/06/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |archive-date=2026-07-06 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[Manila Bulletin]] |publisher=Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation |issn=0116-3086 |oclc=42725386}}</ref> ''[[New Musical Express]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2026 |title=The best albums of 2026... so far! |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-features/the-best-albums-2026-so-far-3951115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616210308/https://www.nme.com/features/music-features/the-best-albums-2026-so-far-3951115 |archive-date=June 16, 2026 |access-date=June 16, 2026 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> ''[[Our Culture Mag]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pappis |first=Konstantinos |date=2026-06-17 |title=The 50 Best Albums of 2026 (So Far) |url=https://ourculturemag.com/2026/06/17/the-50-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260702163001/https://ourculturemag.com/2026/06/17/the-50-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |archive-date=2026-07-02 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=[[Our Culture Mag]]}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Bernstein |first1=Jonathan |last2=Blistein |first2=Jon |last3=Dolan |first3=Jon |last4=Georgi |first4=Maya |last5=Grow |first5=Kory |last6=Hermes |first6=Will |last7=Hudak |first7=Joseph |last8=Ihaza |first8=Jeff |last9=Johnston |first9=Maura |last10=Lopez |first10=Julyssa |last11=Paul |first11=Larisha |last12=Martoccio |first12=Angie |last13=Matos |first13=Michaelangelo |last14=Pinder |first14=Jaeden |last15=Reeves |first15=Mosi |last16=Sheffield |first16=Rob |author-link16=Rob Sheffield |last17=Vozick-Levinson |first17=Simon [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Julyssa Lopez] |date=June 15, 2026 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 So Far |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-2026-so-far-1235569912 |access-date=June 16, 2026 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> ''[[Slant Magazine]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Attard |first1=Paul |last2=Cinquemani |first2=Sal |last3=Erickson |first3=Steve |last4=Kohner |first4=Kylie |last5=Lyons-Burt |first5=Charles |last6=Mason |first6=Eric |last7=Mooney |first7=Alexander |last8=Savio |first8=Michael |last9=Seip |first9=Nick [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Michael Savio] |date=2026-06-25 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 ... So Far |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260626064135/https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |archive-date=2026-06-26 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[Slant Magazine]]}}</ref> and ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=2026-06-29 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 (So Far) |url=https://variety.com/lists/best-albums-so-far-2026-mid-year |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260630060817/https://variety.com/lists/best-albums-so-far-2026-mid-year |archive-date=2026-06-30 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |issn=0042-2738 |oclc=60626328}}</ref> ==Commercial performance== When the album came out, ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' became 2026's most [[streaming|streamed]] album by a female artist within a single day on [[Spotify]]. It also had the largest global streaming release of the year on [[Amazon Music]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Peters|first=Mitchell|date=June 13, 2026|title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love' Breaks First-Day Streaming Records|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-breaks-streaming-records-1236272521/|access-date=July 6, 2026|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|archive-date=July 6, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260706194018/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-breaks-streaming-records-1236272521/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was the largest weekly release and the largest streaming opening for any album by a female act released in 2026, according to ''Billboard''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |date=June 21, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Scores Third No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 With 'You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-number-one-billboard-200-1236277283 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260621192844/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-number-one-billboard-200-1236277283 |archive-date=June 21, 2026 |access-date=June 7, 2026 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |oclc=732913734}}</ref> For two weeks in a row, the album was on top of the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref name="BB200 3Week">{{Cite magazine |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |date=July 5, 2026 |title=ATEEZ Achieves Third No. 1 on Billboard 200 With 'GOLDEN HOUR : Part.5' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/ateez-golden-hour-part5-number-one-billboard-200-chart-1236287924 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260705203351/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/ateez-golden-hour-part5-number-one-billboard-200-chart-1236287924 |archive-date=July 5, 2026 |access-date=July 7, 2026 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |oclc=732913734}}</ref> Four singles from the album were within the top ten of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, with "Stupid Song" and "Honeybee" at numbers three and nine. With this, Rodrigo became the first woman to debut their first ten top-ten singles in the top ten.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-i-knew-it-i-knew-you-hot-100-no-1-second-week/|title=Taylor Swift's 'I Knew It, I Knew You' No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 for Second Week|last=Trust|first=Gary|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=June 22, 2026|access-date=June 30, 2026|archive-date=June 27, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260627061201/https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-i-knew-it-i-knew-you-hot-100-no-1-second-week/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''You Seem Pretty Sad for A Girl So in Love'' also reached number one in [[Austria]],<ref name="Austria" /> [[Croatia]],<ref name="Croatia" /> [[Denmark]],<ref name="Denmark" /> [[Finland]],<ref name="Finland" /> [[Hungary]],<ref name="Hungary"/> [[Ireland]],<ref name="Ireland" /> [[Italy]],<ref name="Italy" /> [[Portugal]],<ref name="Portugal">{{cite web|url=https://www.audiogest.pt/uploads/files/file_2026-07-06-16-58-45.pdf|title=Top 200 Álbuns: Semana 25 de 2026|page=2|publisher=[[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa]]|access-date=July 6, 2026|language=pt-pt|archive-date=July 10, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260710052942/https://www.audiogest.pt/uploads/files/file_2026-07-06-16-58-45.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Spain]],<ref name="Spain">{{cite web|title=Top 100 Albums – Semana 25: del 12.06.2026 al 18.06.2026|url=https://www.elportaldemusica.es/lists/top-100-albums/2026/25|accessdate=June 24, 2026|publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]]|archive-date=June 23, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260623163649/https://www.elportaldemusica.es/lists/top-100-albums/2026/25|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sweden]],<ref name="Sweden" /> and [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/charts/alben/21-06-2026|title=Alben Top 100: 21. Juni 2026|publisher=Swiss Charts|access-date=June 22, 2026}}</ref> It was on top of both the Top 100 albums and Top 100 Pop albums chart in [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/album/for-date-1782483134000|title=Top 100 Album Charts|language=de|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|date=June 26, 2026|access-date=June 26, 2026}}</ref> It was at number two in [[Lithuania]],<ref name="Lithuania" /> [[Norway]],<ref name="Norway" /> [[Poland]],<ref name=Poland/> and [[Slovakia]].<ref name="Slovakia" /> ==Legacy== [[Sienna Spiro]] and [[Role Model (singer)|Role Model]] sang the album tracks "Less" and "Maggots for Brains" in the BBC Radio Live Lounge.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=August 12, 2026 |title=Watch Role Model's Self-Proclaimed 'Botched' Cover of Olivia Rodrigo's 'Maggots for Brains' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/role-model-olivia-rodrigo-maggots-for-brains-cover-botched-1236315162/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=September 13, 2026}}</ref> An [[exhibit]] giving fans a behind-the-scenes look at the music video of "The Cure" opened at [[Grammy Museum at L.A. Live|the Grammy Museum]] in Los Angeles in September 2026.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=August 27, 2026 |title=Will Grammy Museum's Olivia Rodrigo Exhibit Boost Her Grammy Chances? 'The Cure Unraveled' to Open With Cameron Crowe-Hosted Q&A |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/grammy-museum-olivia-rodrigo-exhibit-cameron-crowe-qa-1236326858/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=September 13, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=August 27, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Exhibit Coming to Grammy Museum, With Launch Including an On-Stage Cameron Crowe Q&A (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-grammy-museum-exhibit-cure-cameron-crowe-1236844906/ |access-date=September 13, 2026 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' writer Mikael Wood said "Rodrigo proved herself to be perhaps the most gifted of the many [artists] of [[Gen Z]] romance to [come out] in [[Taylor Swift]]'s wake".<ref name="latimesreview">{{Cite news |last=Wood |first=Mikael |date=June 22, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo has looked at love from both sides now |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2026-06-11/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-review |access-date=July 20, 2026 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url-access=subscription |archive-date=July 5, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260705103521/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2026-06-11/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-review |url-status=live}}</ref> Robinson said that "''You Seem Pretty Sad''{{nbsp}}... will go down as one of the decade's [best] albums" and called the album a pop classic.<ref name="sputnikmusic-review" /> [[CBC News]] called it "the Album of the Summer".<ref name=":3" /> Robin Murray of ''Clash'' wrote that "The Cure" made Rodrigo this "generation's defining icons".<ref name="clashreview-murray">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/olivia-rodrigos-the-cure-is-her-crowning-achievement/|title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'The Cure' Is Her Crowning Achievement|last=Murray|first=Robin|magazine=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]] |date=May 22, 2026|access-date=May 22, 2026|archive-date=May 23, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260523085315/https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/olivia-rodrigos-the-cure-is-her-crowning-achievement/?__cf_chl_tk=TVW9H8LQ45b3MApo19KduqEk1DzxGtxNyfsxWW9wpMY-1779526375-1.0.1.1-kaYbmgdXkTeZQRN2vX6x1nklvh3qXqp.hEIgYlFuuQU|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Songs== {{Track listing | headline = ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' track listing<ref name=tracklisting-streaming>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-girl-in-love-tracklist-1236256875/|title=Olivia Rodrigo Drops ‘You Seem Pretty Sad’ Tracklist With Intriguing Titles Such as ‘Maggots for Brains’ & ‘Purple’|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=August 25, 2026|date=May 26, 2026|publisher=Billboard}}</ref> | title_width = 40% | writing_width = 60% | title1 = [[Drop Dead]] | writer1 = {{hlist|[[Olivia Rodrigo]]|[[Amy Allen (songwriter)|Amy Allen]]|[[Dan Nigro|Daniel Nigro]]}} | length1 = 3:44 | title2 = [[Stupid Song]] | writer2 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro}} | length2 = 3:29 | title3 = [[Honeybee (song)|Honeybee]] | writer3 = Rodrigo | length3 = 3:43 | title4 = [[Maggots for Brains]] | writer4 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Allen|Nigro}} | length4 = 4:00 | title5 = [[U + Me = ＜3|U + Me = <3]] | writer5 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro}} | length5 = 4:07 | title6 = [[My Way (Olivia Rodrigo song)|My Way]] | writer6 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro|[[Steph Jones]]}} | length6 = 3:00 | title7 = [[Purple (Olivia Rodrigo song)|Purple]] | writer7 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Allen|Nigro}} | length7 = 4:00 | title8 = [[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]] | writer8 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro}} | length8 = 4:57 | title9 = [[Begged (song)|Begged]] | writer9 = Rodrigo | length9 = 3:37 | title10 = [[What's Wrong with Me]] | writer10 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro|[[Sasha Alex Sloan]]}} | note10 = with [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] | length10 = 3:44 | title11 = [[Less (song)|Less]] | writer11 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Allen|Nigro}} | length11 = 3:13 | title12 = [[Expectations (Olivia Rodrigo song)|Expectations]] | writer12 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Allen|Nigro}} | length12 = 3:41 | title13 = [[Cigarette Smoke]] | writer13 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro}} | length13 = 5:40 | total_length = 51:02<!--Per Spotify--> }} {{Track listing | headline = ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love (With a Bonus Track)''<ref name=tracklisting-bonus>* {{Cite web |date=June 15, 2026 |title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love (with a bonus track) |first=Olivia |last=Rodrigo |author-link=Olivia Rodrigo |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-with-a-bonus-track/6779846974 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260629000657/https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-with-a-bonus-track/6779846974 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |archive-date=June 29, 2026}} * {{Cite web |title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love (with a bonus track) - digit |url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-with-a-bonus-track-digital-album |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615023638/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-with-a-bonus-track-digital-album |archive-date=June 15, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |publisher=Olivia Rodrigo Official Store}}</ref> | title_width = 40% | writing_width = 60% | title14 = Never Do | length14 = 3:43 | writer14 = Rodrigo | total_length = 54:45 }} '''Note''' * All song titles are written in [[all lowercase]] <!--Vinyl pressing differences: https://redd.it/1u6ipni--> ==Credits== {{div col}} * [[Olivia Rodrigo]] – [[vocals]]<ref name="Tidal">{{cite web |author=(( )) |display-authors=0 |title=''you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love'' |others=[[Olivia Rodrigo]] |at=Credits |url=https://tidal.com/album/532396298/credits |publisher=[[Tidal (service)|Tidal]] |access-date=June 14, 2026}}</ref> * [[Dan Nigro|Daniel Nigro]] – background vocals, bass, drum [[Programming (music)|programming]], guitar, string [[arrangement]], [[Mellotron]], piano, percussion, programming, acoustic guitar, [[Moog synthesizer|Moog]] bass, electric guitar, organ (tracks 1–10, 12, 13); [[Record producer|production]], [[Audio engineer|engineering]] (all tracks); [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]] (3, 9, 11, 13); vocal production (8)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Sterling Laws – drums (tracks 1, 2, 4–6, 8, 12)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Paul Cartwright – violin, [[viola]] (tracks 1–3, 8, 13); string arrangement (tracks 1, 3, 8, 13); [[cello]] (track 8)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Noah Conrad – piano (tracks 2, 3, 11); co-production (track 11)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Bryn Bliska – programming (tracks 2, 5); synthesizer (track 8)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Conan Gray]] – background vocals (track 3)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Lily Elise]] – background vocals (tracks 3, 4)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Arianna Powell – guitar (track 3)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Ben Romans]] – piano (tracks 4, 5)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Sam Stewart – guitar (track 5)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Michael Harris – additional engineering (track 5)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Ryan Linvill – [[Western concert flute|flute]] (track 7); saxophone (track 9)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Jim-E Stack]] – drum programming, guitar, piano, programming, co-production, engineering (track 7)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Amy Allen (songwriter)|Amy Allen]] – background vocals (track 7)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] – vocals, background vocals, bass, guitar, piano, engineering (track 10)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Neal H Pogue]] – mixing (track 1)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Mitch McCarthy – mixing (tracks 2, 4–8, 10, 12)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Zachary Acosta – additional mixing (track 1)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Mike Bozzi – mastering (tracks 1, 2, 5, 8)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Jack Doutt – mastering (tracks 2, 5)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Randy Merrill – mastering (tracks 3, 4, 6, 7, 9–13)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Chris Kasych – engineering (tracks 2, 4, 6, 11)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Mike Wise – guitar, programming, co-production, engineering (track 12)<ref name="Tidal"/> {{div col end}} == Charts == {{col-start}} {{col-2}} === Weekly charts === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+ Weekly chart performance ! scope="col"| Chart (2026) ! scope="col"| Peak<br />position |- ! scope="row"| Argentine Albums ([[Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers|CAPIF]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diariodecultura.com.ar/rankings/los-discos-mas-vendidos-21/|title=Los discos más vendidos|work=Diario de Cultura|publisher=[[Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers]]|accessdate=July 28, 2026|language=es|archivedate=July 28, 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260728173103/https://www.diariodecultura.com.ar/rankings/los-discos-mas-vendidos-21/}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Australian Albums ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/albums-chart/2026-06-22|title=ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|date=June 22, 2026|access-date=June 19, 2026|archive-date=June 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619103915/https://www.aria.com.au/charts/albums-chart/2026-06-22|url-status=live}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Austrian Albums ([[Ö3 Austria]])<ref name="Austria">{{cite web|url=https://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/oe3austriatop40longplay/|title=Longplay Charts vom 19. Juni 2026|publisher=[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]|language=de|access-date=June 20, 2026|archive-date=December 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228085855/https://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/oe3austriatop40longplay/|url-status=live}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Flanders|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026|refname="Flanders"}} |- {{album chart|Wallonia|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026|refname="Wallonia"}} |- {{album chart|BillboardCanada|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|rowheader=true|access-date=June 23, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Croatian International Albums ([[Top of the Shops|HDU]])<ref name="Croatia">{{cite web |url=https://www.top-lista.hr/www/lista-prodaje-strano-25-tjedan-2026/ |title=Lista prodaje 25. tjedan 2026. (15.06.2026. - 21.06.2026.)|date=June 21, 2026 |trans-title=Sales list Week 25 2026 |publisher=[[Top of the Shops|HDU]] |language=hr |access-date=July 1, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260701093744/https://www.top-lista.hr/www/lista-prodaje-strano-25-tjedan-2026/|archive-date=July 1, 2026}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Czech|4|year=2026|week=25|rowheader=true|access-date=June 22, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Danish Albums ([[Hitlisten]])<ref name="Denmark">{{cite web |title=Album Top-40 Uge 24, 2026 |url=http://hitlisten.nu/default.asp?w=24&y=2026&list=a40 |access-date=June 23, 2026 |publisher=[[Hitlisten]]}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Netherlands|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 19, 2026}} |- {{album chart|Finland|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 19, 2026|refname="Finland"}} |- {{album chart|France|1|M|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?semaine=25&annee=2026|title=Top Albums (Semaine du 19 juin 2026)|publisher=[[Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique]]|rowheader=true|access-date=June 22, 2026|refname="France"}} |- {{album chart|Germany|1|id=566755|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| German Pop Albums ([[Offizielle Top 100]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/pop/for-date-1781862862000|title=Offizielle Deutsche Charts: Top 20 Pop-Charts – 19 Juni 2026|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|access-date=June 22, 2026|language=de}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Greek Albums ([[IFPI Greece|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ifpi.gr/charts_el.html|title=Official IFPI Charts Top-100 Albums Sales Chart (Combined) – Εβδομάδα: 26/2026|publisher=[[IFPI Greece]]|access-date=July 8, 2026|language=el|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260708080125/https://www.ifpi.gr/charts_el.html|archive-date=July 8, 2026|url-status=deviated}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Hungary|1|year=2026|week=25|refname=Hungary|rowheader=true|access-date=June 23, 2026}} |- {{album chart|Ireland3|1|date=20260619|rowheader=true|access-date=June 19, 2026|refname="Ireland"}} |- ! scope="row"| Italian Albums ([[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|FIMI]])<ref name="Italy">{{cite web|url=https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/archivio-classifiche-settimanali/archivio-classifiche-per-settimana/?tipo=2&anno=2026&settimana=25|title=Album & Compilation – Classifica settimanale WK 25|publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana]]|language=it|access-date=June 20, 2026}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Oricon|21|date=2026<!-- needs to stay YYYY-MM-DD -->-06-22|rowheader=true|access-date=June 17, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Japanese Combined Albums ([[Oricon]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Oricon Top 50 Combined Albums: 2026-06-22 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/coa/w/2026-06-22/ |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=ja |access-date=June 17, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260617050817/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/coa/w/2026-06-22/p/3/ |archive-date=June 17, 2026}}</ref> | 36 |- ! scope="row"| Japanese Hot Albums (''[[Billboard Japan]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&year=2026&month=06&day=29|title=Billboard Japan Hot Albums – Week of June 24, 2026|website=[[Billboard Japan]]|language=ja|access-date=June 25, 2026}}</ref> | 8 |- ! scope="row"| Lithuanian Albums ([[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]])<ref name="Lithuania">{{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s25-5/|title=2026 25-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt|date=June 19, 2026|access-date=June 20, 2026|archive-date=June 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619070145/https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s25-5/|url-status=live}}</ref> | 2 |- ! scope="row"| New Zealand Albums ([[RMNZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2026-06-19|title=Official Top 40 Albums|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=June 19, 2026|access-date=June 19, 2026|archive-date=June 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619140506/https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2026-06-19|url-status=live}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Norwegian Albums ([[IFPI Norge]])<ref name="Norway">{{cite web|url=https://topplista.no/charts/albums/2026-w25/|title=Album 2026 uke 25|publisher=[[IFPI Norge]]|access-date=June 19, 2026|archive-date=June 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619143021/https://topplista.no/charts/albums/2026-w25/|url-status=live}}</ref> | 2 |- {{album chart|Poland2|2|date=12.06.2026–18.06.2026|refname=Poland|rowheader=true|access-date=June 25, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Portuguese Albums ([[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa|AFP]])<ref name="Portugal" /> | 1 |- {{album chart|Scotland|1|date=20260619|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Slovak Albums ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|ČNS IFPI]])<ref name="Slovakia">{{cite web |url=https://ifpicr.cz/hitparada/36?weekId=3020 |title=SK – Albums Top 100 |publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]] |language=cs |access-date=June 22, 2026}}</ref> | 2 |- ! scope="row"| Spanish Albums ([[Promusicae]])<ref name="Spain" /> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Swedish Albums ([[Sverigetopplistan]])<ref name="Sweden">{{cite web|url=https://sverigetopplistan.se/chart/54/?dspy=2026&dspp=25|title=Veckolista Album, vecka 25, 2026|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=June 19, 2026}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Switzerland|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 21, 2026}} |- {{album chart|UK2|1|date=20260619|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026}} |- {{album chart|Billboard200|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|rowheader=true|access-date=June 23, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top Rock & Alternative Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name=":0">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/olivia-rodrigo/chart-history/rkc/|title=Olivia Rodrigo Chart History: Top Rock & Alternative Albums|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=June 23, 2026|archive-date=October 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015000214/https://www.billboard.com/artist/olivia-rodrigo/chart-history/rkc/|url-status=live}}</ref> | 1 |} {{col-2}} === Monthly charts === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+ {{sronly|Monthly chart performance}} ! scope="col"| Chart (2026) ! scope="col"| Peak<br />position |- !scope="row"|Croatian International Vinyl Albums (HDU)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.top-lista.hr/www/top-lista-vinila-strana-072026/|title=Top lista vinila – Strana – 07/2026.|language=hr|publisher=[[Top of the Shops|HDU]]|date=July 2026|access-date=August 15, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815114739/https://www.top-lista.hr/www/top-lista-vinila-strana-072026/|archive-date=August 15, 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> | 5 |- ! scope="row"| German Vinyl Albums (Offizielle Top 100)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/vinyl/for-date-1783267259000|title=Top 20 Vinyl-Charts|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|access-date= September 6, 2026|language=de|archive-date=August 30, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260830115530/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/vinyl/for-date-1783267259000|url-status=live}}.</ref> | 1 |} {{col-end}} ==Certifications== {{Certification Table Top|caption=Certifications}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Canada|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|access-date=July 21, 2026|refname="MC"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=France|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|access-date=August 17, 2026|refname="SNEP"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Italy|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|id=14866|access-date=September 14, 2026}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Platinum|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|source=radioscope|access-date=September 11, 2026|refname="RMNZ"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Poland|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|access-date=September 9, 2026}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Spain|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|id=olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love|access-date=July 6, 2026|refname="PROMUSICAE"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|access-date=June 19, 2026|refname="BPI"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|title=|artist=|type=|award=|nocert=true|salesamount=346,000|salesref=<ref>Accumulated US sales for ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'': * {{cite web | last=Caulfield | first=Keith | title=Morgan Wallen's 'I'm the Problem,' Ella Langley's 'Choosin' Texas' Lead Luminate's 2026 Midyear Rankings | website=Billboard | date=July 15, 2026 | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/morgan-wallen-ella-langley-luminate-2026-midyear-rankings-1236294366/ | access-date=July 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260716183754/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/morgan-wallen-ella-langley-luminate-2026-midyear-rankings-1236294366/|archive-date=July 16, 2026|url-status=live}} </ref>{{efn|Pure sales as of July 2026}}}} {{Certification Table Bottom|noshipments=true|nosales=true|streaming=true}} ==Release history== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col"| Region ! scope="col"| Date ! scope="col"| Format(s) ! scope="col"| Edition ! scope="col"| Label ! scope="col"| Ref. |- ! scope="row"|Various | rowspan=3| June 12, 2026 | {{hlist|[[Cassette tape|Cassette]]|[[CD]]|[[Music download|download]]|[[Music streaming service|streaming]]|[[Phonograph record|LP]]}} | Standard | rowspan=4|[[Geffen Records|Geffen]] | align="center"| <ref name=":8">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - baby pink cassette | publisher=Olivia Rodrigo | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-baby-pink-cassette | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=June 6, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606213650/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-baby-pink-cassette | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - cd | publisher=Olivia Rodrigo Official Store | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-cd | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=June 6, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606213649/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-cd | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - 'spark in the dark' black vinyl | publisher=Olivia Rodrigo Official Store | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-spark-in-the-dark-black-vinyl | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=June 6, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606213649/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-spark-in-the-dark-black-vinyl | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love |first=Olivia |last=Rodrigo |author-link=Olivia Rodrigo |publisher=[[Apple Music]] | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/1889992111 | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=May 17, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517102346/https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/1889992111 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - digital album | publisher=Olivia Rodrigo Official Store | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-digital-album | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=June 6, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606213650/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-digital-album | url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"|United States | {{hlist|CD|LP}} | Target exclusive | align="center"|<ref name=":4" /> |- | {{hlist|LP}} | US exclusive | align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - exclusive 'sticky sweet' hot pink vinyl |url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-exclusive-sticky-sweet-hot-pink-vinyl |website=Olivia Rodrigo {{!}} Official Store}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|Various | June 14, 2026 | Download | Bonus track | align="center"| <ref name="bonus" /> |} ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|3}} {{Olivia Rodrigo}} [[Category:2026 albums]] [[Category:New jack swing albums]] [[Category:R&B albums]] [[Category:Olivia Rodrigo albums]] lq2mpoo84iwcev0e7ojynimzfi6sdoo 11024219 11024218 2026-10-09T00:02:08Z Michael1231452d 1887282 /* Songs */ 11024219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2026}} {{Infobox album | name = You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love | type = studio | artist = [[Olivia Rodrigo]] | cover = YSPSFAGSIL logo.png{{!}}class=skin-invert | caption = | alt = | released = {{Start date|2026|06|12}} | recorded = | studio = | genre = <!--[[WP:EXPLICITGENRE]] and [[WP:STICKTOSOURCE]]. STOP changing/removing sourced genres to cater to your own definitions without getting consensus. Do not add unsourced genres, and take it to the talk page if you contest a reliably sourced genre.--> * [[Pop music|Pop]] * [[Indie music|indie]] * [[dream pop]] * [[New wave music|new wave]] * [[pop rock]] * [[synth-pop]] | length = {{Duration|m=51|s=02}}<!--Per Spotify--> | label = [[Geffen Records|Geffen]] | producer = [[Dan Nigro]]<!--[[WP:NOEXEC]]--> | prev_title = [[Live from Glastonbury (A BBC Recording)]] | prev_year = 2025 | next_title = | next_year = | misc = {{Singles | name = You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love | type = Studio | single1 = [[Drop Dead]] | single1date = April 17, 2026 | single2 = [[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]] | single2date = May 22, 2026 | single3 = [[Stupid Song]] | single3date = June 12, 2026 }} }} '''''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''''' (written in [[all lowercase]]) is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter [[Olivia Rodrigo]]. It was released by [[Geffen Records]] on June 12, 2026. It is a [[concept album]]. It tells the story of the rise and fall of a relationship and losing yourself along the way. The album has a [[cameo|guest appearance]] from English musician [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] on the track "[[What's Wrong with Me]]". It is the first time another artist has been on Rodrigo's studio album. The lead single, "[[Drop Dead]]", reached number one in five countries. It became Rodrigo's fourth song to reach the top on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. The second single, "[[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]]", reached the top 10 in many countries. A third single, "[[Stupid Song]]", was released with the album and a [[music video]]. To support the album, Rodrigo began her third [[concert tour]] called [[the Unraveled Tour]]. When ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' was released, many fans and critics liked it.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Chizen |first=Nathan |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Did Olivia Rodrigo just deliver the album of the summer? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/arts/commotion/did-olivia-rodrigo-just-deliver-the-album-of-the-summer-9.7235954 |access-date=July 8, 2026 |publisher=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> Many liked Rodrigo's [[confession|confessional]] songwriting, [[vulnerability]], and saw it as more mature than her last albums.<ref name=pitchfork-review/><ref name="rollingstone-review"/><ref name=vulture-review-frank/> The album reached number one in [[record chart]]s around the world. ==Before release== On September 8, 2023, [[Olivia Rodrigo]] released her second studio album, ''[[Guts (album)|Guts]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Craig |date=September 8, 2023 |title=Olivia Rodrigo would rather go through with it |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-guts-album-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920011429/https://www.vulture.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-guts-album-review.html |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |access-date=September 20, 2023 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> It was produced by [[Dan Nigro]], whom she worked with before.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Tolentino |first=Jia |author-link=Jia Tolentino |date=July 6, 2023 |title=A new decade, a new album, a new life—Olivia Rodrigo's next chapter |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-august-cover-2023-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706181410/https://www.vogue.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-august-cover-2023-interview |archive-date=July 6, 2023 |access-date=July 6, 2023 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> In December 2025, Rodrigo released a [[live album]] of her singing at [[Glastonbury Festival]], called ''[[Live from Glastonbury (A BBC Recording)]]''. It also had special guest appearance by English musician [[Robert Smith]] of [[the Cure]].<ref name="consequence-glastonbury">{{cite web |last=Ragusa|first=Paolo|title=Olivia Rodrigo Announces Glastonbury 2025 Live Album Featuring Robert Smith|website=[[Consequence (website)|Consequence]]|date=September 8, 2025|url=https://consequence.net/2025/09/olivia-rodrigo-live-from-glastonbury-live-album/|access-date=September 18, 2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909043748/https://consequence.net/2025/09/olivia-rodrigo-live-from-glastonbury-live-album/|archive-date=September 9, 2025}}</ref> In March 2026, Rodrigo slowly began talking about the [[theme (narrative)|theme]] of her third album in an interview with [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']].<ref name=vogueuk>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/olivia-rodrigo-british-vogue-interview/|title="I'm definitely a lover girl": Olivia Rodrigo On yearning, "London vibes", and her most experimental album yet|magazine=British Vogue|last=Mukhtar|first=Amel|date=March 19, 2026|access-date=April 2, 2026|archive-date=May 14, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514084035/https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/olivia-rodrigo-british-vogue-interview|url-status=live}}</ref> She said the album would have many "sad love songs". She said this is because some of her favorite romantic songs are about feeling afraid or [[wikt:longing|longing]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brasil |first=Sydney |date=April 2, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Announces Album ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' |url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/olivia-rodrigo-announces-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |access-date=April 2, 2026 |work=[[Exclaim!]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Morrow |first=Brendan |date=April 2, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo reveals third studio album – See the surprising name |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2026/04/02/olivia-rodrigo-album-name-release-date/89424251007/ |access-date=April 2, 2026 |newspaper=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> On April 2, 2026, the album's title was released after the name was seen painted on a pink wall in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Horowitz |first=Steven J. |date=April 2, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo announces new album ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' |url=https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-new-album-title-june-release-date-1236705555/ |access-date=April 2, 2026 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-date=May 19, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260519085303/https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-new-album-title-june-release-date-1236705555/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Music and lyrics== [[File:Olivia Rodrigo @ Theatre at Ace Hotel 10 09 2023 (53422493857).jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Olivia Rodrigo]] worked with record producer and musician [[Dan Nigro]] again in this album]] Rodrigo wanted this album to sound different than her last two albums ''[[Sour (album)|Sour]]'' and ''[[Guts (album)|Guts]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-1235531647/|title=Olivia Rodrigo reveals new album "You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love"|last=Martoccio|first=Angie|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=April 2, 2026|access-date=April 2, 2026|archive-date=April 22, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260422164415/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-1235531647/|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'', Rodrigo continues her work with Nigro, who returns as the album's producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Walden |date=April 2, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo announces new album ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/ |access-date=April 2, 2026 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> The album is inspired by Rodrigo's time in [[London]]. She said that album is her "most experimental" yet.<ref name="vogueuk"/> One [[track listing|track]] on the album, "Maggots for Brains", is a reference the relationship of ''[[Sex and the City]]'' characters Miranda Hobbes and Steve Brady.<ref name="vogueuk"/> The album is a [[Pop music|pop]],<ref name="guardian-review">{{Cite news |last=Petridis |first=Alexis |author-link=Alexis Petridis |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo: You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love review – who's she singing about? Who cares when the songs are this good |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2026/jun/12/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612175806/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2026/jun/12/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |eissn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878}}</ref><ref name=sputnikmusic-review/> [[Indie music|indie]],<ref name="irishtimes-review">{{Cite news |last=Power |first=Ed |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's new album, You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love, is brilliantly catchy and beautifully bittersweet |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/review/2026/06/12/olivia-rodrigos-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-is-brilliantly-catchy-and-beautifully-bittersweet |access-date=June 12, 2026 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |publisher=The Irish Times Trust |issn=0791-5144 |oclc=137350020 |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612182753/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/review/2026/06/12/olivia-rodrigos-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-is-brilliantly-catchy-and-beautifully-bittersweet/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 80's [[Alternative music|alternative]],<ref name="noripcord-youseempretty">{{cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo – You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love |url=https://www.noripcord.com/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/ |website=NORIPCORD |date=June 15, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026}}</ref> [[new jack swing]], <ref name=>{{Cite news |last=Petrusich |first=Amanda |date=2026-06-15 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's Early-Twenties Lament |url=https://newyorker.com |access-date=2026-10-04 |work=The New Yorker |language=en}}</ref> [[pop rock]],<ref name=vulture-review-jenkins>{{Cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Craig |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Fights Her Way Out of the Third-Album Rut |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/review-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love.html |access-date=June 16, 2026 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> [[dream pop]],<ref name="exclaim-youseempretty">{{cite web |last=Korngut |first=Josh |title=Olivia Rodrigo Seems Pretty Cool with Déjà Vu on 'you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love' |url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review |website=Exclaim! |date=June 15, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-date=June 16, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616045755/https://exclaim.ca/music/article/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review |url-status=live }}</ref>[[New wave music|new wave]],<ref name="varietyau-youseempretty">{{cite web |last=Brereton |first=Greta |title=Album Review: Olivia Rodrigo Trades Pop-Punk Catharsis for Dreamy Introspection on 'You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love' |url=https://au.variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-album-review-pretty-sad-for-girl-so-in-love-37583/ |website=Variety Australia |date=June 16, 2026 |access-date=June 16, 2026}}</ref> [[concept album]].<ref name=associatedpress-review>{{Cite web |last=Sherman |first=Maria |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Music Review: Olivia Rodrigo's 'You seem pretty sad for a girl so in love' is her best work yet |url=https://apnews.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-review-ab6ec676a545677a43f061a60c0860c9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612043551/https://apnews.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-review-ab6ec676a545677a43f061a60c0860c9 |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 13, 2026 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> It is also inspired by [[shoegaze]].<ref name="exclaim-youseempretty" /> Its songs change between [[indie pop]], emotional [[Sentimental Ballad|ballads]], [[alternative rock]], [[Minimal music|minimalist pop]], [[post-punk]], and pop rock sounds.<ref name="newstalkzb-youseempretty">{{cite web |last=Schulz |first=Chris |title=Chris Schulz: Olivia Rodrigo - You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love |url=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/on-air/saturday-morning-with-jack-tame/audio/chris-schulz-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/ |website=Newstalk ZB |date=June 13, 2026 |access-date=June 13, 2026}}</ref><ref name="musicomh-youseempretty">{{cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo – You seem pretty sad for a girl so in love |url=https://www.musicomh.com/reviews/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |website=musicOMH |date=June 14, 2026 |access-date=June 14, 2026 |archive-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615175939/https://www.musicomh.com/reviews/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bestfit-youseempretty">{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Abby |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love' lovingly unravels |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-lovingly-unravels |website=The Line of Best Fit |date=June 15, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615174459/https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-lovingly-unravels |url-status=live }}</ref> The album is also inspired by [[New Romantic]]-era [[Rock music|rock]], and [[college rock]].<ref name=pitchfork-review/> For ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'', Rodrigo said she was inspired by [[post-punk]] bands like [[the Cure]], [[New Order (band)|New Order]], [[Depeche Mode]], and [[Siouxsie and the Banshees]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Smith |first=Serena |date=June 4, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo A Breakup Can Be an Opportunity to Redirect Your Life|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/70335/1/olivia-rodrigo-dazed-summer-2026-action-issue-album-interview |access-date=June 6, 2026 |magazine=[[Dazed]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260605094858/https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/70335/1/olivia-rodrigo-dazed-summer-2026-action-issue-album-interview |archive-date=June 5, 2026}}</ref> === Songs === The album is separated into two main parts: ''Girl So in Love'' and ''You Seem Pretty Sad''.<ref name=tracklisting-streaming/><ref name=tracklisting-announcement/> Rodrigo wrote all of her songs. [[Sasha Alex Sloan]], [[Amy Allen (songwriter)|Amy Allen]], [[Conan Gray]] and [[Lily Elise]] also helped with songwriting and singing.<ref name="Tidal"/> {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | image1 = Glasto2025-546 (cropped) (2).jpg | image2 = Robert Smith (musician) crop.jpg | caption_align = left | footer = Rodrigo sang with [[Robert Smith]] in "[[What's Wrong with Me]]" | total_width = 300 | align = left }} In ''Girl So in Love'', the album starts with the lead single, "[[Drop Dead]]". The song has been seen as a [[synth-pop]], [[chamber pop]], [[indie pop]], [[pop rock]], and [[soft rock]] song.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Jenkins|first=Craig|date=April 17, 2026|title=Olivia Rodrigo Plays to Her Strengths|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/review-olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead.html|access-date=April 18, 2026|magazine=Vulture}}</ref><ref name="BillboardPH2026">{{Cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo Releases New Single 'drop dead' — Listen|url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-releases-new-single-drop-dead/|website=Billboard Philippines|date=April 17, 2026|access-date=May 11, 2026}}</ref><ref name="DeVille 2026">{{cite web |last=DeVille|first=Chris|date=April 17, 2026|title='Drop Dead': Gorgeous|url=https://stereogum.com/2496121/drop-dead-gorgeous/columns/sounding-board|accessdate=April 17, 2026|website=[[Stereogum]]|quote=["Drop Dead"] is a compact pop-rock symphony, seamlessly combining components without making a big show of its own eclecticism.}}</ref> It also has a [[Rock music|rock]] [[bridge (music)|bridge]] and a [[power pop]] guitar solo.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Snapes|first=Laura|date=April 17, 2026|title=Olivia Rodrigo: 'Drop Dead' review – a maximalist rush of infatuation that's just a bauble short of festive|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2026/apr/17/olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-review-single|access-date=April 18, 2026|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The [[lyrics]] are about the start of a romantic relationship.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=June 13, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Drop Dead' Lyrics Seem to Recount the Start of Her Louis Partridge Romance |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71050745/olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-lyrics-meaning-louis-partridge/ |access-date=June 15, 2026 |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]}}</ref> The second song of the album is "[[Stupid Song]]" which is a pop rock<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howley|first=Ciaran|date=June 12, 2026|title=Notion Now #299: Olivia Rodrigo, Adéla, BLXST & Rose Gray|url=https://notion.online/notion-now-299-olivia-rodrigo-adela-blxst-rose-gray/|quote=" 'Stupid Song' is the latest single from her new album You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love and it's pure tween pop-rock gold."|website=[[Notion (magazine)|Notion]]|access-date=June 12, 2026}}</ref> and [[Electronic rock|synth-rock]] song.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Breihan|first=Tom|date=June 12, 2026|title=Premature Evaluation: Olivia Rodrigo "you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love"|url=https://stereogum.com/2502063/premature-evaluation-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/reviews/premature-evaluation|access-date=June 12, 2026|quote=" 'stupid song,' which is just now getting the single treatment, goes for a classic fake-out, starting as a tinkly piano ballad before finding its groove as a midtempo synth-rocker."|website=[[Stereogum]]|archive-date=June 12, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612181310/https://stereogum.com/2502063/premature-evaluation-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/reviews/premature-evaluation|url-status=live}}</ref> Much like "Drop Dead", "Stupid Song" talks about the [[narrator]] during the early parts of their relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Stupid Song' lyrics hint at her early relationship with Louis Partridge |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/love-sex/olivia-rodrigo-s-stupid-song-lyrics-hint-at-her-early-relationship-with-louis-partridge/ar-AA25r3US?ocid=BingNewsVerp |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] on [[MSN]]}}</ref> In ''You Seem Pretty Sad'', the album continues with the single "[[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]]". It is a [[downtempo]], [[indie rock]] and [[Pop music|pop]] song.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Kiana |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Levels Up on you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love: Review |url=https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-review/ |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=[[Consequence (website)|Consequence]]}}</ref> This song is about how the narrator is having [[doubt]]s and mistrust in her partner and how this is causing some [[mental health]] problems.<ref name=cure>{{cite web |last=Dunworth |first=Liberty |title=Olivia Rodrigo Shares Her 'Favourite' New Song 'The Cure' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/olivia-rodrigo-shares-her-favourite-new-song-the-cure-3946829 |website=[[NME]] |access-date=May 23, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260523091409/https://www.nme.com/news/music/olivia-rodrigo-shares-her-favourite-new-song-the-cure-3946829 |archive-date=May 23, 2026 |date=May 22, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the song, Rodrigo says that she felt that the relationship she sings about was the "cure" to her problems.<ref name=cure/> The album then continues with the [[acoustic pop]] [[indie folk]] song "[[Begged (song)|Begged]]".<ref name=dazed>{{cite web |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/70446/1/yspsfagil-5-best-tracks-olivia-rodrigo-new-album-the-cure-review/ |title=The 5 best tracks on Olivia Rodrigo's new album |work=[[Dazed]] |date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |author1=Diallo, Habi |author2=Greig, James |author3=Smith, Serena |author4=PM, Solomon}}</ref> Rodrigo said that the song is about her wanting to spend more time with her partner, however she feels she has been [[wikt:begging|begging]] him for this.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fell |first1=Nicole |last2=Franklin |first2=McKinley |title=Connor Storrie drops by ''SNL'' to introduce new Olivia Rodrigo song "Begged" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/connor-storrie-olivia-rodrigo-snl-unreleased-song-begged-1236584300/ |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=May 3, 2026 |date=May 2, 2026 }}</ref> The song after this, "[[What's Wrong with Me]]", has Rodrigo singing a [[duet]] with [[The Cure]] member [[Robert Smith]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Young |first=Alex |date=June 6, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Debuts New Song with Robert Smith During Surprise Set at Primavera Sound |url=https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-robert-smith-new-song-primavera-song/ |access-date=June 6, 2026 |magazine=[[Consequence of Sound]] |archive-date=June 7, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260607055506/https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-robert-smith-new-song-primavera-song/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The song is a [[baroque pop]] and [[new jack swing]] song with heavy [[synth-pop]] and [[1988]] influences.<ref name=savio>{{Cite web |last=Savio |first=Michael |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo 'You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So In Love' Review |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review/ |access-date=June 13, 2026 |website=Slant Magazine |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612221331/https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the song, the narrator is going through emotional problems and starts questioning their [[mental health]]. They talk about many symptoms such as [[anxiety]], [[insomnia|sleeplessness]], and not eating.<ref name="BillboardPrimavera" /> This song is where the [[narrative]] of the album changes. Rodrigo no longer felt guilty about the relationship going bad and instead blames her boyfriend.<ref name=slate>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/culture/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-album-lyrics-the-cure-taylor-swift.html|title=A Guide to Olivia Rodrigo's New Album for Fans of 1980s Rock Band the Cure|publisher=Slate|accessdate=June 12, 2026|date=June 12, 2026}}</ref> The eleventh song on the album, "[[Less (song)|Less]]", is said to be about a bad breakup.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Less' Lyrics Seem to Recount the Devastating Moment Louis Partridge Broke Up With Her |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71570883/olivia-rodrigo-less-lyrics-meaning-louis-partridge-breakup/ |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|access-date=June 21, 2026}}</ref> The lyrics for "[[Expectations (Olivia Rodrigo song)|Expectations]]" are said to be about Rodrigo's new rules about dating someone.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Expectations' lyrics detail her new dating standards after her Louis Partridge breakup |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/celebrity/olivia-rodrigo-s-expectations-lyrics-detail-her-new-dating-standards-after-her-louis-partridge-breakup/ar-AA25uQJe?ocid=BingNewsVerp |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |publisher=[[MSN]]|access-date=June 21, 2026}}</ref> The final song from the album, "[[Cigarette Smoke]]", has lyrics that are about a bad response after a breakup.<ref name=Louis>{{Cite magazine |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Cigarette Smoke' Lyrics Seem to Be a Brutal Response to Her Louis Partridge Breakup |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71565555/olivia-rodrigo-cigarette-smoke-lyrics-meaning-louis-partridge-breakup/ |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|access-date=June 21, 2026}}</ref> It was said that the breakup Rodrigo sang about in the album is from her last boyfriend, English actor [[Louis Partridge]].<ref name=Louis/> ==Release and promotion== The album's [[track listing|track list]] was first shown on May 26, 2026.<ref name=tracklisting-announcement>{{Cite magazine |last=Dailey |first=Hannah |date=May 26, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo drops ''You Seem Pretty Sad'' tracklist with intriguing titles such as 'Maggots for Brains' & 'Purple' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-girl-in-love-tracklist-1236256875/ |access-date=May 26, 2026 |magazine=Billboard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260528061335/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-girl-in-love-tracklist-1236256875/|archive-date=May 28, 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> Preorders for [[Target Corporation|Target]]-only [[vinyl]] versions started the day that she announced the album. Shoppers could choose from a "Pretty Sad" pink color vinyl and a "Hope Like Snow" white color vinyl.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Moore |first=Jessica |date=April 6, 2026 |title=Target just dropped exclusive Olivia Rodrigo vinyls, CD for pre-order |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/shopping/entertainment/celebrity/2026/04/06/pre-order-new-olivia-rodrigo-album-at-target/89490481007/ |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |archive-date=April 27, 2026 |access-date=August 9, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427230105/https://www.usatoday.com/story/shopping/entertainment/celebrity/2026/04/06/pre-order-new-olivia-rodrigo-album-at-target/89490481007/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' was released on June 12, 2026.<ref name=NYT>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/12/arts/music/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-review.html|title=Olivia Rodrigo's Songs Can't Always Keep Up With Her Impeccable Taste|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 12, 2026|accessdate=June 12, 2026}}</ref> When it was released, it had eighty-two{{Nbsp}}million global streams on [[Spotify]]. It was the biggest debut of a female artist's album on the service for that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inmusicblog.com/news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-spotify-debut/|title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love' Debuts With Massive Spotify Numbers|publisher=In Music|accessdate=June 16, 2026|date=June 12, 2026}}</ref> The album also earned the biggest 2026 debut for any album on [[Amazon Music]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 13, 2026 |title=Spot Check: olivia streams pretty great for a girl, guy or really anyone, ever |url=https://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/streaming/spot-check-olivia-rodrigo-first-day-streams-2026-06-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260614013142/https://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/streaming/spot-check-olivia-rodrigo-first-day-streams-2026-06-13 |archive-date=June 14, 2026 |access-date=June 14, 2026 |work=[[Hits Daily Double]] |oclc=15994494}}</ref> It also reached number one in seventy-nine markets on [[Apple Music]].<ref name=hot200-prediction>{{Cite news |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Olivia's Opening: A Snapshot |url=https://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/olivia-opening-latest-readings-2026-06-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616204754/https://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/olivia-opening-latest-readings-2026-06-15 |archive-date=June 16, 2026 |access-date=June 16, 2026 |work=[[Hits Daily Double]] |oclc=15994494}}</ref> [[File:Vue aérienne du domaine de Versailles par ToucanWings - Creative Commons By Sa 3.0 - 073.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Rodrigo filmed the [[music video]] for "[[Drop Dead]]" at the [[Palace of Versailles]] in [[France]]]] ===Singles=== On April 7, 2026, Rodrigo announced the album's lead single, "[[Drop Dead]]", which was released on April 17.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Harrigan |first=Annie |date=April 7, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo reveals when new single "Drop Dead" will arrive |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-new-song-drop-dead-release-date-1236216988/ |access-date=April 8, 2026 |magazine=Billboard |archive-date=April 8, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260408035654/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-new-song-drop-dead-release-date-1236216988/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The song also had a music video that was filmed at the [[Palace of Versailles]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cancilla |first=Julia |date=April 17, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Takes Over the Palace of Versailles in Her 'Drop Dead' Music Video |url=https://www.elledecor.com/celebrity-style/a71052009/where-was-olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-music-video-filmed/ |access-date=April 17, 2026 |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]}}</ref> The single debuted at number one on the United States' [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], extending her record as the first artist to debut the lead singles from their first three albums at the top of the chart.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Trust |first=Gary |date=April 27, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Drop Dead' Debuts at No. 1 on ''Billboard'' Hot 100 |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-hot-100-number-one-debut/ |access-date=June 1, 2026 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-date=April 27, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427212536/https://www.billboard.com/lists/olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-hot-100-number-one-debut/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On May 19, "[[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]]" was released on May 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ragusa |first=Paolo |date=May 19, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo To Drop New Song "the cure" on Friday |url=https://consequence.net/2026/05/olivia-rodrigo-new-song-the-cure-announcement/ |access-date=May 19, 2026 |website=[[Consequence (website)|Consequence]] |archive-date=May 20, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260520052449/https://consequence.net/2026/05/olivia-rodrigo-new-song-the-cure-announcement/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It reached number one in Australia,<ref>{{cite web |date=June 1, 2026 |title=ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart |url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/singles-chart/2026-06-01 |access-date=May 29, 2026 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |archive-date=May 29, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260529073341/https://www.aria.com.au/charts/singles-chart/2026-06-01 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ireland, and Singapore<ref>{{cite web |title=The Official Singapore Charts Week 22 (22 - 28 May 2026) |url=https://www.rias.org.sg/the-official-singapore-charts/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260602080617/https://www.rias.org.sg/the-official-singapore-charts/ |archive-date=June 2, 2026 |access-date=June 2, 2026 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association Singapore|RIAS]] |url-status=live}}</ref> and number five in the US.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Olivia Rodrigo Chart History (Hot 100) |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/olivia-rodrigo/chart-history/hsi/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=June 6, 2026 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208204032/https://www.billboard.com/artist/olivia-rodrigo/chart-history/hsi/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Physical versions of the single has a bonus song called "Never Do".<ref name="bonus">{{Cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo drops long-awaited bonus track 'Never Do' |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/668803-olivia-rodrigo-drops-long-awaited-bonus-track-never-do |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=[[Geo News]] |archive-date=June 21, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260621075707/https://www.geo.tv/latest/668803-olivia-rodrigo-drops-long-awaited-bonus-track-never-do |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>7-inch vinyl: * {{Cite web |title=the cure - 7" vinyl |url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/products/the-cure-7-vinyl?srsltid=AfmBOoref23DS8os408AjiSOG4mpr-ebTIjr6osdfNrMJziUazepNayb |access-date=June 14, 2026 |publisher=Olivia Rodrigo}} Cassette: * {{Cite web |title=the cure - cassette |url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/the-cure/products/the-cure-cassette |access-date=June 14, 2026 |publisher=Olivia Rodrigo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260522142354/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/the-cure/products/the-cure-cassette |archive-date=May 22, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> A [[promotional single|promo]] "Walk in the Park" limited-edition vinyl for the album tracks "Honeybee" and "Cigarette Smoke" was also released.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=DZVafhrEaPt |user=recordstoredayus |title=As this Thursday turns into this Friday, record stores around the country will be the first place to celebrate the new @oliviarodrigo album when the clock strikes midnight! And as a special treat for being among the first to #listentooliviarodrigo together, this special 7" single will also be for sale — only at participating record stores, in limited numbers! |date=June 8, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/tS3bw<!--Does anyone know how to archive an IG post without the overlay asking you to log in being included?--> |archive-date=June 15, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> A third single, "[[Stupid Song]]" was released on June 12 with a [[music video]], filmed in [[New York City]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindert |first=Hattie |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Watch Olivia Rodrigo Bring in the Ballerinas in "Stupid Song" Video |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/olivia-rodrigo-stupid-song-video/ |access-date=June 13, 2026 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> ===Marketing=== On April 18, 2026, Rodrigo was a surprise guest on [[Addison Rae]]'s performance at [[Coachella]], where she sang "[[Drop Dead]]" for the first time.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fell |first=Nicole |date=April 19, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo debuts "Drop Dead" live during surprise appearance at Addison Rae's Coachella set |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-addison-rae-coachella-drop-dead-live-debut-1236568623/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419052130/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-addison-rae-coachella-drop-dead-live-debut-1236568623/ |archive-date=April 19, 2026 |access-date=April 19, 2026 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Rodrigo then sang "[[Begged (song)|Begged]]" for the first time during her appearance on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' on May 2.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Molloy |first=Laura |date=May 3, 2026 |title=Watch Olivia Rodrigo debut new song "Begged" on ''Saturday Night Live'' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-olivia-rodrigo-debut-new-song-begged-on-saturday-night-live-3943724 |access-date=May 3, 2026 |magazine=[[NME]] |archive-date=May 3, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260503090258/https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-olivia-rodrigo-debut-new-song-begged-on-saturday-night-live-3943724 |url-status=live}}</ref> On June 6, she sang "[[What's Wrong with Me]]" with [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] of [[the Cure]] at [[Primavera Sound]] in [[Barcelona]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Young |first=Alex |date=June 6, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Debuts New Song with Robert Smith During Surprise Set at Primavera Sound |url=https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-robert-smith-new-song-primavera-song/ |access-date=June 6, 2026 |website=[[Consequence of Sound]] |archive-date=June 7, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260607055506/https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-robert-smith-new-song-primavera-song/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A music video for "[[Stupid Song]]" was released on June 12, at midnight [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Time]].<ref name="james">{{cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo Interview with Greg James |url=https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/p0nqtwdd |work=[[Radio 1 Breakfast]] |access-date=June 9, 2026 |date=June 9, 2026 |time=9:00 |archive-date=June 9, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609141741/https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/p0nqtwdd |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Fragonard, l'altalena3.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|The album cover has been compared to ''[[The Swing (Fragonard)|The Swing]]'', an 18th century painting by [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]]]] ===Artwork=== The album cover [[artwork]] shows Rodrigo upside down on a swing against a soft pink-and-blue sky. She is wearing a pink [[babydoll]] dress, long white socks, and [[Mary Jane shoes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Katie |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Decoding the Art Historical References in Olivia Rodrigo's New Album |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-decoding-art-historical-references-olivia-rodrigos-new-album |access-date=June 21, 2026 |website=[[Artsy (website)|Artsy]]}}</ref> The cover has been compared to [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]]'s [[Rococo painting]] ''[[The Swing (Fragonard)|The Swing]]'', which shows a woman on a swing in a pink dress.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Serna |first=Ana |date=April 6, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo reconfigura su visión del amor en ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' |url=https://es.rollingstone.com/olivia-rodrigo-reconfigura-su-vision-del-amor-en-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/ |access-date=June 21, 2026 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone en Español]] |language=es |trans-title=Olivia Rodrigo reconfigures her vision of love in ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''}}</ref> The Target-only edition "Carve Our Names" [[picture disc]] vinyl shows an original oil painting by [[Chloe Wise]] based on a photograph by Chad Moore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Katie |date=June 4, 2026 |title=Chloe Wise paints Olivia Rodrigo for a new limited-edition album release |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-chloe-wise-paints-olivia-rodrigo-new-limited-edition-album-release |access-date=June 21, 2026 |website=[[Artsy (website)|Artsy]]}}</ref> ===Tour=== {{Main|The Unraveled Tour}} On April 30, 2026, Rodrigo announced her third [[concert tour]], [[the Unraveled Tour]], in support of the album. It is made up of 86 dates across [[North America]] and [[Europe]].<ref name=tour/> The tour began on September 25, 2026, in [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]], and will end on May 10, 2027, in [[London]].<ref name=tour/> Singers Devon Again, [[Die Spitz]], [[Grace Ives]], [[the Last Dinner Party]], and [[Wolf Alice]] are joining Rodrigo on the tour.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Aswad |first=Jem |date=April 30, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Announces Massive 'Unraveled' Tour Dates |url=https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-unraveled-tour-dates-1236734157/ |access-date=April 30, 2026 |magazine=Variety |archive-date=May 1, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260501043341/https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-unraveled-tour-dates-1236734157/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=tour>{{cite magazine |last=Blistein |first=Jon |date=April 30, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Details 65-Date 'Unraveled' World Tour |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-tour-dates-you-seem-pretty-sad-album-1235556104/ |access-date=April 30, 2026 |magazine=Rolling Stone|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260528060830/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-tour-dates-you-seem-pretty-sad-album-1235556104/|archive-date=May 28, 2026}}</ref> ==Critics reviews== [[File:Olivia Rodrigo @ Theatre at Ace Hotel 10 09 2023 (53423846700).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Many critics liked how Rodrigo grew as a songwriter in the album]] ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]''{{'s}} Molly Mary O'Brien called ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' as Rodrigo's "most [[wikt:sophisticated|sophisticated]]" album.<ref name=pitchfork-review/> She said that Rodrigo "has never sounded more adventurous". She said the album shows how Rodrigo has changed as a songwriter.<ref name=pitchfork-review>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Molly Mary |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo: you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love Album Review |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612042151/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]]}}</ref> [[Sputnikmusic]]'s Caleb Robinson said that ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' "will go down as one of the decade's [best] albums, and it [is] among the ranks of other modern pop classics". Robinson liked Rodrigo's songwriting talent and said it was perfect.<ref name=sputnikmusic-review>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Caleb |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Review: Olivia Rodrigo - You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love |url=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/90930/Olivia-Rodrigo-You-Seem-Pretty-Sad-For-A-Girl-So-In-Love |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=[[Sputnikmusic]]}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]''{{'s}} Julyssa Lopez believed that Rodrigo's storytelling had grown more [[mature]] on the album.<ref name="rollingstone-review">{{Cite magazine |last=Lopez |first=Julyssa |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Tells a Beautiful, Crushing Love Story |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-love-review-1235576485 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 12, 2026 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |eissn=3066-0580 |oclc=969027590 |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612043955/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-love-review-1235576485/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Emma Constance from ''[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]'' compared Rodrigo's writing in the album like a [[diary|diary entry]]. She said it talks about the rise and fall of a romantic relationship with "unfiltered honesty". She said that Rodrigo had successfully made a troubling part of her life into something "beautiful and unskippable".<ref name=clash-review>{{Cite magazine |last=Constance |first=Emma |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo - you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love {{!}} Reviews |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612075458/https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |magazine=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]] |issn=1743-0801}}</ref> [[Vulture (website)|''Vulture'']]{{'s}} Jason P. Frank said the album was "essentially, a [[rock opera]]".<ref name=vulture-review-frank>{{Cite web |last=Frank |first=Jason P. |date=June 12, 2026 |title=So Olivia Rodrigo Wrote a Musical |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/olivia-rodrigos-new-album-tracklist-creates-a-musical.html |access-date=June 14, 2026 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615004736/https://www.vulture.com/article/olivia-rodrigos-new-album-tracklist-creates-a-musical.html|archive-date=June 15, 2026|url-status=live|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The duet between Rodrigo and Smith in "[[What's Wrong with Me]]" was well liked by critics.<ref name="rollingstone-review"/><ref name=dazed/><ref name="BillboardPrimavera">{{cite magazine |last=Iasimone |first=Ashley |date=June 6, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Debuts 'What's Wrong With Me' With The Cure's Robert Smith at Primavera Sound 2026 |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-whats-wrong-with-me-robert-smith-primavera-1236266185/ |access-date=June 6, 2026 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-date=June 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606221642/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-whats-wrong-with-me-robert-smith-primavera-1236266185/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, [[NPR|NPR Music]]'s Hazel Cills had a more mixed review of the album. She did not like how "melodramatic" and "repetitive" the [[tone]] was for the album's first half.<ref name=npr-music-review/> She said that "Rodrigo doesn't step back quite far enough to truly make sense of what this relationship has done to her". However, Cills did like "The Cure" as "one of the strongest [tracks] of Rodrigo's career so far."<ref name=npr-music-review>{{cite web |last=Cills |first=Hazel |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo, pop princess of vengeful angst, tries her hand at love songs |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/06/12/nx-s1-5855379/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-album-review |website=NPR Music |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=June 12, 2026 |archive-date=June 13, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260613025930/https://www.npr.org/2026/06/12/nx-s1-5855379/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-album-review |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Stereogum]]''{{'s}} Tom Breihan said that the album "calls back to the [[college rock]] of the late '80s".<ref name=stereogum-review>{{Cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Premature Evaluation: Olivia Rodrigo you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love |url=https://stereogum.com/2502063/premature-evaluation-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/reviews/premature-evaluation |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612181310/https://stereogum.com/2502063/premature-evaluation-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/reviews/premature-evaluation |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=[[Stereogum]] |oclc=1142733705}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' felt that the songs in the album did not catch the "[[adrenaline]] rush" that Rodrigo is known for.<ref name=NYT/> === Lists === The album appeared on many media list of best albums. The ''[[Irish Examiner]]'' put the album at number seven in their top ten list.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Dunne |date=2026-07-01 |title=Tom Dunne: My top 10 albums of the year so far |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/artsandculture/arid-41872149.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260702000640/https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/artsandculture/arid-41872149.html |archive-date=2026-07-02 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[Irish Examiner]] |publisher=[[The Irish Times]] |issn=1393-9564}}</ref> ''[[The Quietus]]'' put the album on the seventy-nine spot out of one hundred.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Clarke |first1=Patrick |last2=Doran |first2=John |last3=Eede |first3=Christian [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Maya Chandran] |date=2026-07-06 |others=The poll was conducted by Doran and voted on by "all of [''The Quietus''{{'s}}] staff, columnists, and a handful of [its] writers"; Clarke and Eede analyzed the data, creating the final ranking |title=The Quietus Albums of the Year So Far 2026 (In Association with Norman Records) {{!}} Page 2 of 5 |url=https://thequietus.com/tq-charts/albums-of-the-year-so-far/best-music-2026/2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260706210436/https://thequietus.com/tq-charts/albums-of-the-year-so-far/best-music-2026/2/ |archive-date=2026-07-06 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[The Quietus]]}}</ref> The album was also added in other mid-year lists such as in the ''[[BrooklynVegan]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hatfield |first1=Amanda |last2=Pearis |first2=Bill |last3=Sacher |first3=Andrew [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Andrew Sacher] |date=2026-07-03 |title=Our 50 Favorite Albums of 2026 So Far |url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/our-50-favorite-albums-of-2026-so-far |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260704012832/https://www.brooklynvegan.com/our-50-favorite-albums-of-2026-so-far |archive-date=2026-07-04 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[BrooklynVegan]] |publisher=Project M Group}}</ref> ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle USA]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gonzales |first1=Erica |last2=Maude |first2=Samuel |last3=Taroy |first3=Daniel |last4=Teshome |first4=Burake |last5=Webley Adler |first5=Kayla [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Burake Teshome] |date=2026-07-02 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 (So Far) |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71795937/best-albums-2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260702235927/https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71795937/best-albums-2026 |archive-date=2026-07-02 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle USA]] |publisher=[[Hearst Magazine Media]] |issn=0888-0808 |oclc=697050973}}</ref> ''Flood Magazine'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Amorosi |first1=A.D. |last2=Appleford |first2=Steve |last3=Baker |first3=Soren |last4=Crandall |first4=Kevin |last5=Fennell |first5=Sean |last6=Farrell |first6=Margaret |last7=Gutierrez |first7=Juan |last8=Hurst |first8=Josh |last9=Lemmon |first9=Kyle |last10=LeSuer |first10=Mike |last11=Marlin |first11=Natalie |last12=Merrick |first12=Hayden |last13=Moayeri |first13=Lily |last14=Parker |first14=Lyndsey |last15=Parnell |first15=Annie |last16=Pearlman |first16=Mischa |last17=Ruckle |first17=Taylor |last18=Schube |first18=Will [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Josh Hurst] |date=2026-07-01 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 (So Far) |url=https://floodmagazine.com/226046/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Flood|others=Graphic by Libaro, Chiara}}</ref> ''[[Manila Bulletin]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ureta |first=Ian |date=2026-07-06 |title=The best albums of 2026 so far |url=https://mb.com.ph//2026/07/06/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260706223117/https://mb.com.ph/2026/07/06/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |archive-date=2026-07-06 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[Manila Bulletin]] |publisher=Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation |issn=0116-3086 |oclc=42725386}}</ref> ''[[New Musical Express]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2026 |title=The best albums of 2026... so far! |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-features/the-best-albums-2026-so-far-3951115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616210308/https://www.nme.com/features/music-features/the-best-albums-2026-so-far-3951115 |archive-date=June 16, 2026 |access-date=June 16, 2026 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> ''[[Our Culture Mag]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pappis |first=Konstantinos |date=2026-06-17 |title=The 50 Best Albums of 2026 (So Far) |url=https://ourculturemag.com/2026/06/17/the-50-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260702163001/https://ourculturemag.com/2026/06/17/the-50-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |archive-date=2026-07-02 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=[[Our Culture Mag]]}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Bernstein |first1=Jonathan |last2=Blistein |first2=Jon |last3=Dolan |first3=Jon |last4=Georgi |first4=Maya |last5=Grow |first5=Kory |last6=Hermes |first6=Will |last7=Hudak |first7=Joseph |last8=Ihaza |first8=Jeff |last9=Johnston |first9=Maura |last10=Lopez |first10=Julyssa |last11=Paul |first11=Larisha |last12=Martoccio |first12=Angie |last13=Matos |first13=Michaelangelo |last14=Pinder |first14=Jaeden |last15=Reeves |first15=Mosi |last16=Sheffield |first16=Rob |author-link16=Rob Sheffield |last17=Vozick-Levinson |first17=Simon [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Julyssa Lopez] |date=June 15, 2026 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 So Far |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-2026-so-far-1235569912 |access-date=June 16, 2026 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> ''[[Slant Magazine]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Attard |first1=Paul |last2=Cinquemani |first2=Sal |last3=Erickson |first3=Steve |last4=Kohner |first4=Kylie |last5=Lyons-Burt |first5=Charles |last6=Mason |first6=Eric |last7=Mooney |first7=Alexander |last8=Savio |first8=Michael |last9=Seip |first9=Nick [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Michael Savio] |date=2026-06-25 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 ... So Far |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260626064135/https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |archive-date=2026-06-26 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[Slant Magazine]]}}</ref> and ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=2026-06-29 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 (So Far) |url=https://variety.com/lists/best-albums-so-far-2026-mid-year |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260630060817/https://variety.com/lists/best-albums-so-far-2026-mid-year |archive-date=2026-06-30 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |issn=0042-2738 |oclc=60626328}}</ref> ==Commercial performance== When the album came out, ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' became 2026's most [[streaming|streamed]] album by a female artist within a single day on [[Spotify]]. It also had the largest global streaming release of the year on [[Amazon Music]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Peters|first=Mitchell|date=June 13, 2026|title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love' Breaks First-Day Streaming Records|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-breaks-streaming-records-1236272521/|access-date=July 6, 2026|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|archive-date=July 6, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260706194018/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-breaks-streaming-records-1236272521/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was the largest weekly release and the largest streaming opening for any album by a female act released in 2026, according to ''Billboard''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |date=June 21, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Scores Third No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 With 'You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-number-one-billboard-200-1236277283 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260621192844/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-number-one-billboard-200-1236277283 |archive-date=June 21, 2026 |access-date=June 7, 2026 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |oclc=732913734}}</ref> For two weeks in a row, the album was on top of the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref name="BB200 3Week">{{Cite magazine |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |date=July 5, 2026 |title=ATEEZ Achieves Third No. 1 on Billboard 200 With 'GOLDEN HOUR : Part.5' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/ateez-golden-hour-part5-number-one-billboard-200-chart-1236287924 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260705203351/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/ateez-golden-hour-part5-number-one-billboard-200-chart-1236287924 |archive-date=July 5, 2026 |access-date=July 7, 2026 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |oclc=732913734}}</ref> Four singles from the album were within the top ten of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, with "Stupid Song" and "Honeybee" at numbers three and nine. With this, Rodrigo became the first woman to debut their first ten top-ten singles in the top ten.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-i-knew-it-i-knew-you-hot-100-no-1-second-week/|title=Taylor Swift's 'I Knew It, I Knew You' No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 for Second Week|last=Trust|first=Gary|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=June 22, 2026|access-date=June 30, 2026|archive-date=June 27, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260627061201/https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-i-knew-it-i-knew-you-hot-100-no-1-second-week/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''You Seem Pretty Sad for A Girl So in Love'' also reached number one in [[Austria]],<ref name="Austria" /> [[Croatia]],<ref name="Croatia" /> [[Denmark]],<ref name="Denmark" /> [[Finland]],<ref name="Finland" /> [[Hungary]],<ref name="Hungary"/> [[Ireland]],<ref name="Ireland" /> [[Italy]],<ref name="Italy" /> [[Portugal]],<ref name="Portugal">{{cite web|url=https://www.audiogest.pt/uploads/files/file_2026-07-06-16-58-45.pdf|title=Top 200 Álbuns: Semana 25 de 2026|page=2|publisher=[[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa]]|access-date=July 6, 2026|language=pt-pt|archive-date=July 10, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260710052942/https://www.audiogest.pt/uploads/files/file_2026-07-06-16-58-45.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Spain]],<ref name="Spain">{{cite web|title=Top 100 Albums – Semana 25: del 12.06.2026 al 18.06.2026|url=https://www.elportaldemusica.es/lists/top-100-albums/2026/25|accessdate=June 24, 2026|publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]]|archive-date=June 23, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260623163649/https://www.elportaldemusica.es/lists/top-100-albums/2026/25|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sweden]],<ref name="Sweden" /> and [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/charts/alben/21-06-2026|title=Alben Top 100: 21. Juni 2026|publisher=Swiss Charts|access-date=June 22, 2026}}</ref> It was on top of both the Top 100 albums and Top 100 Pop albums chart in [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/album/for-date-1782483134000|title=Top 100 Album Charts|language=de|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|date=June 26, 2026|access-date=June 26, 2026}}</ref> It was at number two in [[Lithuania]],<ref name="Lithuania" /> [[Norway]],<ref name="Norway" /> [[Poland]],<ref name=Poland/> and [[Slovakia]].<ref name="Slovakia" /> ==Legacy== [[Sienna Spiro]] and [[Role Model (singer)|Role Model]] sang the album tracks "Less" and "Maggots for Brains" in the BBC Radio Live Lounge.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=August 12, 2026 |title=Watch Role Model's Self-Proclaimed 'Botched' Cover of Olivia Rodrigo's 'Maggots for Brains' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/role-model-olivia-rodrigo-maggots-for-brains-cover-botched-1236315162/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=September 13, 2026}}</ref> An [[exhibit]] giving fans a behind-the-scenes look at the music video of "The Cure" opened at [[Grammy Museum at L.A. Live|the Grammy Museum]] in Los Angeles in September 2026.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=August 27, 2026 |title=Will Grammy Museum's Olivia Rodrigo Exhibit Boost Her Grammy Chances? 'The Cure Unraveled' to Open With Cameron Crowe-Hosted Q&A |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/grammy-museum-olivia-rodrigo-exhibit-cameron-crowe-qa-1236326858/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=September 13, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=August 27, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Exhibit Coming to Grammy Museum, With Launch Including an On-Stage Cameron Crowe Q&A (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-grammy-museum-exhibit-cure-cameron-crowe-1236844906/ |access-date=September 13, 2026 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' writer Mikael Wood said "Rodrigo proved herself to be perhaps the most gifted of the many [artists] of [[Gen Z]] romance to [come out] in [[Taylor Swift]]'s wake".<ref name="latimesreview">{{Cite news |last=Wood |first=Mikael |date=June 22, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo has looked at love from both sides now |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2026-06-11/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-review |access-date=July 20, 2026 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url-access=subscription |archive-date=July 5, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260705103521/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2026-06-11/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-review |url-status=live}}</ref> Robinson said that "''You Seem Pretty Sad''{{nbsp}}... will go down as one of the decade's [best] albums" and called the album a pop classic.<ref name="sputnikmusic-review" /> [[CBC News]] called it "the Album of the Summer".<ref name=":3" /> Robin Murray of ''Clash'' wrote that "The Cure" made Rodrigo this "generation's defining icons".<ref name="clashreview-murray">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/olivia-rodrigos-the-cure-is-her-crowning-achievement/|title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'The Cure' Is Her Crowning Achievement|last=Murray|first=Robin|magazine=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]] |date=May 22, 2026|access-date=May 22, 2026|archive-date=May 23, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260523085315/https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/olivia-rodrigos-the-cure-is-her-crowning-achievement/?__cf_chl_tk=TVW9H8LQ45b3MApo19KduqEk1DzxGtxNyfsxWW9wpMY-1779526375-1.0.1.1-kaYbmgdXkTeZQRN2vX6x1nklvh3qXqp.hEIgYlFuuQU|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Songs== {{Track listing | headline = ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' track listing<ref name=tracklisting-streaming>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-girl-in-love-tracklist-1236256875/|title=Olivia Rodrigo Drops ‘You Seem Pretty Sad’ Tracklist With Intriguing Titles Such as ‘Maggots for Brains’ & ‘Purple’|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=August 25, 2026|date=May 26, 2026|publisher=Billboard}}</ref> | title_width = 40% | writing_width = 60% | title1 = [[Drop Dead]] | writer1 = {{hlist|[[Olivia Rodrigo]]|[[Amy Allen (songwriter)|Amy Allen]]|[[Dan Nigro|Daniel Nigro]]}} | length1 = 3:44 | title2 = [[Stupid Song]] | writer2 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro}} | length2 = 3:29 | title3 = [[Honeybee (song)|Honeybee]] | writer3 = Rodrigo | length3 = 3:43 | title4 = [[Maggots for Brains]] | writer4 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Allen|Nigro}} | length4 = 4:00 | title5 = [[U + Me = ＜3|U + Me = <3]] | writer5 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro|Riley}} | length5 = 4:07 | title6 = [[My Way (Olivia Rodrigo song)|My Way]] | writer6 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro|[[Steph Jones]]}} | length6 = 3:00 | title7 = [[Purple (Olivia Rodrigo song)|Purple]] | writer7 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Allen|Nigro}} | length7 = 4:00 | title8 = [[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]] | writer8 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro}} | length8 = 4:57 | title9 = [[Begged (song)|Begged]] | writer9 = Rodrigo | length9 = 3:37 | title10 = [[What's Wrong with Me]] | writer10 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro|Riley|[Sasha Alex Sloan]]}} | note10 = with [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] | length10 = 3:44 | title11 = [[Less (song)|Less]] | writer11 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Allen|Nigro}} | length11 = 3:13 | title12 = [[Expectations (Olivia Rodrigo song)|Expectations]] | writer12 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Allen|Nigro}} | length12 = 3:41 | title13 = [[Cigarette Smoke]] | writer13 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro}} | length13 = 5:40 | total_length = 51:02<!--Per Spotify--> }} {{Track listing | headline = ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love (With a Bonus Track)''<ref name=tracklisting-bonus>* {{Cite web |date=June 15, 2026 |title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love (with a bonus track) |first=Olivia |last=Rodrigo |author-link=Olivia Rodrigo |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-with-a-bonus-track/6779846974 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260629000657/https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-with-a-bonus-track/6779846974 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |archive-date=June 29, 2026}} * {{Cite web |title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love (with a bonus track) - digit |url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-with-a-bonus-track-digital-album |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615023638/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-with-a-bonus-track-digital-album |archive-date=June 15, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |publisher=Olivia Rodrigo Official Store}}</ref> | title_width = 40% | writing_width = 60% | title14 = Never Do | length14 = 3:43 | writer14 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro|Riley}} | total_length = 54:45 }} '''Note''' * All song titles are written in [[all lowercase]] <!--Vinyl pressing differences: https://redd.it/1u6ipni--> ==Credits== {{div col}} * [[Olivia Rodrigo]] – [[vocals]]<ref name="Tidal">{{cite web |author=(( )) |display-authors=0 |title=''you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love'' |others=[[Olivia Rodrigo]] |at=Credits |url=https://tidal.com/album/532396298/credits |publisher=[[Tidal (service)|Tidal]] |access-date=June 14, 2026}}</ref> * [[Dan Nigro|Daniel Nigro]] – background vocals, bass, drum [[Programming (music)|programming]], guitar, string [[arrangement]], [[Mellotron]], piano, percussion, programming, acoustic guitar, [[Moog synthesizer|Moog]] bass, electric guitar, organ (tracks 1–10, 12, 13); [[Record producer|production]], [[Audio engineer|engineering]] (all tracks); [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]] (3, 9, 11, 13); vocal production (8)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Sterling Laws – drums (tracks 1, 2, 4–6, 8, 12)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Paul Cartwright – violin, [[viola]] (tracks 1–3, 8, 13); string arrangement (tracks 1, 3, 8, 13); [[cello]] (track 8)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Teddy Riley]] - producer (tracks 5, 10) * Noah Conrad – piano (tracks 2, 3, 11); co-production (track 11)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Bryn Bliska – programming (tracks 2, 5); synthesizer (track 8)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Conan Gray]] – background vocals (track 3)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Lily Elise]] – background vocals (tracks 3, 4)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Arianna Powell – guitar (track 3)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Ben Romans]] – piano (tracks 4, 5)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Sam Stewart – guitar (track 5)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Michael Harris – additional engineering (track 5)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Ryan Linvill – [[Western concert flute|flute]] (track 7); saxophone (track 9)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Jim-E Stack]] – drum programming, guitar, piano, programming, co-production, engineering (track 7)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Amy Allen (songwriter)|Amy Allen]] – background vocals (track 7)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] – vocals, background vocals, bass, guitar, piano, engineering (track 10)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Neal H Pogue]] – mixing (track 1)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Mitch McCarthy – mixing (tracks 2, 4–8, 10, 12)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Zachary Acosta – additional mixing (track 1)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Mike Bozzi – mastering (tracks 1, 2, 5, 8)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Jack Doutt – mastering (tracks 2, 5)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Randy Merrill – mastering (tracks 3, 4, 6, 7, 9–13)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Chris Kasych – engineering (tracks 2, 4, 6, 11)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Mike Wise – guitar, programming, co-production, engineering (track 12)<ref name="Tidal"/> {{div col end}} == Charts == {{col-start}} {{col-2}} === Weekly charts === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+ Weekly chart performance ! scope="col"| Chart (2026) ! scope="col"| Peak<br />position |- ! scope="row"| Argentine Albums ([[Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers|CAPIF]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diariodecultura.com.ar/rankings/los-discos-mas-vendidos-21/|title=Los discos más vendidos|work=Diario de Cultura|publisher=[[Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers]]|accessdate=July 28, 2026|language=es|archivedate=July 28, 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260728173103/https://www.diariodecultura.com.ar/rankings/los-discos-mas-vendidos-21/}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Australian Albums ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/albums-chart/2026-06-22|title=ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|date=June 22, 2026|access-date=June 19, 2026|archive-date=June 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619103915/https://www.aria.com.au/charts/albums-chart/2026-06-22|url-status=live}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Austrian Albums ([[Ö3 Austria]])<ref name="Austria">{{cite web|url=https://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/oe3austriatop40longplay/|title=Longplay Charts vom 19. Juni 2026|publisher=[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]|language=de|access-date=June 20, 2026|archive-date=December 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228085855/https://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/oe3austriatop40longplay/|url-status=live}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Flanders|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026|refname="Flanders"}} |- {{album chart|Wallonia|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026|refname="Wallonia"}} |- {{album chart|BillboardCanada|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|rowheader=true|access-date=June 23, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Croatian International Albums ([[Top of the Shops|HDU]])<ref name="Croatia">{{cite web |url=https://www.top-lista.hr/www/lista-prodaje-strano-25-tjedan-2026/ |title=Lista prodaje 25. tjedan 2026. (15.06.2026. - 21.06.2026.)|date=June 21, 2026 |trans-title=Sales list Week 25 2026 |publisher=[[Top of the Shops|HDU]] |language=hr |access-date=July 1, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260701093744/https://www.top-lista.hr/www/lista-prodaje-strano-25-tjedan-2026/|archive-date=July 1, 2026}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Czech|4|year=2026|week=25|rowheader=true|access-date=June 22, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Danish Albums ([[Hitlisten]])<ref name="Denmark">{{cite web |title=Album Top-40 Uge 24, 2026 |url=http://hitlisten.nu/default.asp?w=24&y=2026&list=a40 |access-date=June 23, 2026 |publisher=[[Hitlisten]]}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Netherlands|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 19, 2026}} |- {{album chart|Finland|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 19, 2026|refname="Finland"}} |- {{album chart|France|1|M|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?semaine=25&annee=2026|title=Top Albums (Semaine du 19 juin 2026)|publisher=[[Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique]]|rowheader=true|access-date=June 22, 2026|refname="France"}} |- {{album chart|Germany|1|id=566755|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| German Pop Albums ([[Offizielle Top 100]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/pop/for-date-1781862862000|title=Offizielle Deutsche Charts: Top 20 Pop-Charts – 19 Juni 2026|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|access-date=June 22, 2026|language=de}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Greek Albums ([[IFPI Greece|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ifpi.gr/charts_el.html|title=Official IFPI Charts Top-100 Albums Sales Chart (Combined) – Εβδομάδα: 26/2026|publisher=[[IFPI Greece]]|access-date=July 8, 2026|language=el|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260708080125/https://www.ifpi.gr/charts_el.html|archive-date=July 8, 2026|url-status=deviated}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Hungary|1|year=2026|week=25|refname=Hungary|rowheader=true|access-date=June 23, 2026}} |- {{album chart|Ireland3|1|date=20260619|rowheader=true|access-date=June 19, 2026|refname="Ireland"}} |- ! scope="row"| Italian Albums ([[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|FIMI]])<ref name="Italy">{{cite web|url=https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/archivio-classifiche-settimanali/archivio-classifiche-per-settimana/?tipo=2&anno=2026&settimana=25|title=Album & Compilation – Classifica settimanale WK 25|publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana]]|language=it|access-date=June 20, 2026}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Oricon|21|date=2026<!-- needs to stay YYYY-MM-DD -->-06-22|rowheader=true|access-date=June 17, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Japanese Combined Albums ([[Oricon]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Oricon Top 50 Combined Albums: 2026-06-22 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/coa/w/2026-06-22/ |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=ja |access-date=June 17, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260617050817/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/coa/w/2026-06-22/p/3/ |archive-date=June 17, 2026}}</ref> | 36 |- ! scope="row"| Japanese Hot Albums (''[[Billboard Japan]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&year=2026&month=06&day=29|title=Billboard Japan Hot Albums – Week of June 24, 2026|website=[[Billboard Japan]]|language=ja|access-date=June 25, 2026}}</ref> | 8 |- ! scope="row"| Lithuanian Albums ([[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]])<ref name="Lithuania">{{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s25-5/|title=2026 25-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt|date=June 19, 2026|access-date=June 20, 2026|archive-date=June 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619070145/https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s25-5/|url-status=live}}</ref> | 2 |- ! scope="row"| New Zealand Albums ([[RMNZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2026-06-19|title=Official Top 40 Albums|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=June 19, 2026|access-date=June 19, 2026|archive-date=June 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619140506/https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2026-06-19|url-status=live}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Norwegian Albums ([[IFPI Norge]])<ref name="Norway">{{cite web|url=https://topplista.no/charts/albums/2026-w25/|title=Album 2026 uke 25|publisher=[[IFPI Norge]]|access-date=June 19, 2026|archive-date=June 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619143021/https://topplista.no/charts/albums/2026-w25/|url-status=live}}</ref> | 2 |- {{album chart|Poland2|2|date=12.06.2026–18.06.2026|refname=Poland|rowheader=true|access-date=June 25, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Portuguese Albums ([[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa|AFP]])<ref name="Portugal" /> | 1 |- {{album chart|Scotland|1|date=20260619|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Slovak Albums ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|ČNS IFPI]])<ref name="Slovakia">{{cite web |url=https://ifpicr.cz/hitparada/36?weekId=3020 |title=SK – Albums Top 100 |publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]] |language=cs |access-date=June 22, 2026}}</ref> | 2 |- ! scope="row"| Spanish Albums ([[Promusicae]])<ref name="Spain" /> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Swedish Albums ([[Sverigetopplistan]])<ref name="Sweden">{{cite web|url=https://sverigetopplistan.se/chart/54/?dspy=2026&dspp=25|title=Veckolista Album, vecka 25, 2026|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=June 19, 2026}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Switzerland|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 21, 2026}} |- {{album chart|UK2|1|date=20260619|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026}} |- {{album chart|Billboard200|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|rowheader=true|access-date=June 23, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top Rock & Alternative Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name=":0">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/olivia-rodrigo/chart-history/rkc/|title=Olivia Rodrigo Chart History: Top Rock & Alternative Albums|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=June 23, 2026|archive-date=October 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015000214/https://www.billboard.com/artist/olivia-rodrigo/chart-history/rkc/|url-status=live}}</ref> | 1 |} {{col-2}} === Monthly charts === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+ {{sronly|Monthly chart performance}} ! scope="col"| Chart (2026) ! scope="col"| Peak<br />position |- !scope="row"|Croatian International Vinyl Albums (HDU)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.top-lista.hr/www/top-lista-vinila-strana-072026/|title=Top lista vinila – Strana – 07/2026.|language=hr|publisher=[[Top of the Shops|HDU]]|date=July 2026|access-date=August 15, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815114739/https://www.top-lista.hr/www/top-lista-vinila-strana-072026/|archive-date=August 15, 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> | 5 |- ! scope="row"| German Vinyl Albums (Offizielle Top 100)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/vinyl/for-date-1783267259000|title=Top 20 Vinyl-Charts|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|access-date= September 6, 2026|language=de|archive-date=August 30, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260830115530/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/vinyl/for-date-1783267259000|url-status=live}}.</ref> | 1 |} {{col-end}} ==Certifications== {{Certification Table Top|caption=Certifications}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Canada|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|access-date=July 21, 2026|refname="MC"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=France|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|access-date=August 17, 2026|refname="SNEP"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Italy|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|id=14866|access-date=September 14, 2026}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Platinum|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|source=radioscope|access-date=September 11, 2026|refname="RMNZ"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Poland|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|access-date=September 9, 2026}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Spain|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|id=olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love|access-date=July 6, 2026|refname="PROMUSICAE"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|access-date=June 19, 2026|refname="BPI"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|title=|artist=|type=|award=|nocert=true|salesamount=346,000|salesref=<ref>Accumulated US sales for ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'': * {{cite web | last=Caulfield | first=Keith | title=Morgan Wallen's 'I'm the Problem,' Ella Langley's 'Choosin' Texas' Lead Luminate's 2026 Midyear Rankings | website=Billboard | date=July 15, 2026 | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/morgan-wallen-ella-langley-luminate-2026-midyear-rankings-1236294366/ | access-date=July 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260716183754/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/morgan-wallen-ella-langley-luminate-2026-midyear-rankings-1236294366/|archive-date=July 16, 2026|url-status=live}} </ref>{{efn|Pure sales as of July 2026}}}} {{Certification Table Bottom|noshipments=true|nosales=true|streaming=true}} ==Release history== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col"| Region ! scope="col"| Date ! scope="col"| Format(s) ! scope="col"| Edition ! scope="col"| Label ! scope="col"| Ref. |- ! scope="row"|Various | rowspan=3| June 12, 2026 | {{hlist|[[Cassette tape|Cassette]]|[[CD]]|[[Music download|download]]|[[Music streaming service|streaming]]|[[Phonograph record|LP]]}} | Standard | rowspan=4|[[Geffen Records|Geffen]] | align="center"| <ref name=":8">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - baby pink cassette | publisher=Olivia Rodrigo | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-baby-pink-cassette | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=June 6, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606213650/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-baby-pink-cassette | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - cd | publisher=Olivia Rodrigo Official Store | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-cd | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=June 6, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606213649/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-cd | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - 'spark in the dark' black vinyl | publisher=Olivia Rodrigo Official Store | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-spark-in-the-dark-black-vinyl | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=June 6, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606213649/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-spark-in-the-dark-black-vinyl | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love |first=Olivia |last=Rodrigo |author-link=Olivia Rodrigo |publisher=[[Apple Music]] | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/1889992111 | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=May 17, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517102346/https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/1889992111 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - digital album | publisher=Olivia Rodrigo Official Store | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-digital-album | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=June 6, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606213650/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-digital-album | url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"|United States | {{hlist|CD|LP}} | Target exclusive | align="center"|<ref name=":4" /> |- | {{hlist|LP}} | US exclusive | align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - exclusive 'sticky sweet' hot pink vinyl |url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-exclusive-sticky-sweet-hot-pink-vinyl |website=Olivia Rodrigo {{!}} Official Store}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|Various | June 14, 2026 | Download | Bonus track | align="center"| <ref name="bonus" /> |} ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|3}} {{Olivia Rodrigo}} [[Category:2026 albums]] [[Category:New jack swing albums]] [[Category:R&B albums]] [[Category:Olivia Rodrigo albums]] t7mebk9je2yhiusf6wucbbmuu563umm 11024269 11024219 2026-10-09T02:25:41Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edits by [[Special:Contributions/Michael1231452d|Michael1231452d]] ([[User talk:Michael1231452d|talk]]) to last version by TDKR Chicago 101 11019838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2026}} {{Infobox album | name = You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love | type = studio | artist = [[Olivia Rodrigo]] | cover = YSPSFAGSIL logo.png{{!}}class=skin-invert | caption = | alt = | released = {{Start date|2026|06|12}} | recorded = | studio = | genre = <!--[[WP:EXPLICITGENRE]] and [[WP:STICKTOSOURCE]]. STOP changing/removing sourced genres to cater to your own definitions without getting consensus. Do not add unsourced genres, and take it to the talk page if you contest a reliably sourced genre.--> * [[Pop music|Pop]] * [[Indie music|indie]] * [[dream pop]] * [[New wave music|new wave]] * [[pop rock]] * [[synth-pop]] | length = {{Duration|m=51|s=02}}<!--Per Spotify--> | label = [[Geffen Records|Geffen]] | producer = [[Dan Nigro]]<!--[[WP:NOEXEC]]--> | prev_title = [[Live from Glastonbury (A BBC Recording)]] | prev_year = 2025 | next_title = | next_year = | misc = {{Singles | name = You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love | type = Studio | single1 = [[Drop Dead]] | single1date = April 17, 2026 | single2 = [[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]] | single2date = May 22, 2026 | single3 = [[Stupid Song]] | single3date = June 12, 2026 }} }} '''''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''''' (written in [[all lowercase]]) is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter [[Olivia Rodrigo]]. It was released by [[Geffen Records]] on June 12, 2026. It is a [[concept album]]. It tells the story of the rise and fall of a relationship and losing yourself along the way. The album has a [[cameo|guest appearance]] from English musician [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] on the track "[[What's Wrong with Me]]". It is the first time another artist has been on Rodrigo's studio album. The lead single, "[[Drop Dead]]", reached number one in five countries. It became Rodrigo's fourth song to reach the top on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. The second single, "[[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]]", reached the top 10 in many countries. A third single, "[[Stupid Song]]", was released with the album and a [[music video]]. To support the album, Rodrigo began her third [[concert tour]] called [[the Unraveled Tour]]. When ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' was released, many fans and critics liked it.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Chizen |first=Nathan |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Did Olivia Rodrigo just deliver the album of the summer? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/arts/commotion/did-olivia-rodrigo-just-deliver-the-album-of-the-summer-9.7235954 |access-date=July 8, 2026 |publisher=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> Many liked Rodrigo's [[confession|confessional]] songwriting, [[vulnerability]], and saw it as more mature than her last albums.<ref name=pitchfork-review/><ref name="rollingstone-review"/><ref name=vulture-review-frank/> The album reached number one in [[record chart]]s around the world. ==Before release== On September 8, 2023, [[Olivia Rodrigo]] released her second studio album, ''[[Guts (album)|Guts]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Craig |date=September 8, 2023 |title=Olivia Rodrigo would rather go through with it |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-guts-album-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920011429/https://www.vulture.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-guts-album-review.html |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |access-date=September 20, 2023 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> It was produced by [[Dan Nigro]], whom she worked with before.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Tolentino |first=Jia |author-link=Jia Tolentino |date=July 6, 2023 |title=A new decade, a new album, a new life—Olivia Rodrigo's next chapter |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-august-cover-2023-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706181410/https://www.vogue.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-august-cover-2023-interview |archive-date=July 6, 2023 |access-date=July 6, 2023 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> In December 2025, Rodrigo released a [[live album]] of her singing at [[Glastonbury Festival]], called ''[[Live from Glastonbury (A BBC Recording)]]''. It also had special guest appearance by English musician [[Robert Smith]] of [[the Cure]].<ref name="consequence-glastonbury">{{cite web |last=Ragusa|first=Paolo|title=Olivia Rodrigo Announces Glastonbury 2025 Live Album Featuring Robert Smith|website=[[Consequence (website)|Consequence]]|date=September 8, 2025|url=https://consequence.net/2025/09/olivia-rodrigo-live-from-glastonbury-live-album/|access-date=September 18, 2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909043748/https://consequence.net/2025/09/olivia-rodrigo-live-from-glastonbury-live-album/|archive-date=September 9, 2025}}</ref> In March 2026, Rodrigo slowly began talking about the [[theme (narrative)|theme]] of her third album in an interview with [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']].<ref name=vogueuk>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/olivia-rodrigo-british-vogue-interview/|title="I'm definitely a lover girl": Olivia Rodrigo On yearning, "London vibes", and her most experimental album yet|magazine=British Vogue|last=Mukhtar|first=Amel|date=March 19, 2026|access-date=April 2, 2026|archive-date=May 14, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514084035/https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/olivia-rodrigo-british-vogue-interview|url-status=live}}</ref> She said the album would have many "sad love songs". She said this is because some of her favorite romantic songs are about feeling afraid or [[wikt:longing|longing]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brasil |first=Sydney |date=April 2, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Announces Album ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' |url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/olivia-rodrigo-announces-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |access-date=April 2, 2026 |work=[[Exclaim!]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Morrow |first=Brendan |date=April 2, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo reveals third studio album – See the surprising name |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2026/04/02/olivia-rodrigo-album-name-release-date/89424251007/ |access-date=April 2, 2026 |newspaper=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> On April 2, 2026, the album's title was released after the name was seen painted on a pink wall in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Horowitz |first=Steven J. |date=April 2, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo announces new album ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' |url=https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-new-album-title-june-release-date-1236705555/ |access-date=April 2, 2026 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-date=May 19, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260519085303/https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-new-album-title-june-release-date-1236705555/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Music and lyrics== [[File:Olivia Rodrigo @ Theatre at Ace Hotel 10 09 2023 (53422493857).jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Olivia Rodrigo]] worked with record producer and musician [[Dan Nigro]] again in this album]] Rodrigo wanted this album to sound different than her last two albums ''[[Sour (album)|Sour]]'' and ''[[Guts (album)|Guts]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-1235531647/|title=Olivia Rodrigo reveals new album "You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love"|last=Martoccio|first=Angie|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=April 2, 2026|access-date=April 2, 2026|archive-date=April 22, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260422164415/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-1235531647/|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'', Rodrigo continues her work with Nigro, who returns as the album's producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Walden |date=April 2, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo announces new album ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/ |access-date=April 2, 2026 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> The album is inspired by Rodrigo's time in [[London]]. She said that album is her "most experimental" yet.<ref name="vogueuk"/> One [[track listing|track]] on the album, "Maggots for Brains", is a reference the relationship of ''[[Sex and the City]]'' characters Miranda Hobbes and Steve Brady.<ref name="vogueuk"/> The album is a [[Pop music|pop]],<ref name="guardian-review">{{Cite news |last=Petridis |first=Alexis |author-link=Alexis Petridis |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo: You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love review – who's she singing about? Who cares when the songs are this good |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2026/jun/12/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612175806/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2026/jun/12/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |eissn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878}}</ref><ref name=sputnikmusic-review/> [[Indie music|indie]],<ref name="irishtimes-review">{{Cite news |last=Power |first=Ed |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's new album, You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love, is brilliantly catchy and beautifully bittersweet |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/review/2026/06/12/olivia-rodrigos-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-is-brilliantly-catchy-and-beautifully-bittersweet |access-date=June 12, 2026 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |publisher=The Irish Times Trust |issn=0791-5144 |oclc=137350020 |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612182753/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/review/2026/06/12/olivia-rodrigos-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-is-brilliantly-catchy-and-beautifully-bittersweet/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 80's [[Alternative music|alternative]],<ref name="noripcord-youseempretty">{{cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo – You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love |url=https://www.noripcord.com/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/ |website=NORIPCORD |date=June 15, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026}}</ref> [[new jack swing]], <ref name=>{{Cite news |last=Petrusich |first=Amanda |date=2026-06-15 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's Early-Twenties Lament |url=https://newyorker.com |access-date=2026-10-04 |work=The New Yorker |language=en}}</ref> [[pop rock]],<ref name=vulture-review-jenkins>{{Cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Craig |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Fights Her Way Out of the Third-Album Rut |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/review-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love.html |access-date=June 16, 2026 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> [[dream pop]],<ref name="exclaim-youseempretty">{{cite web |last=Korngut |first=Josh |title=Olivia Rodrigo Seems Pretty Cool with Déjà Vu on 'you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love' |url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review |website=Exclaim! |date=June 15, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-date=June 16, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616045755/https://exclaim.ca/music/article/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review |url-status=live }}</ref>[[New wave music|new wave]],<ref name="varietyau-youseempretty">{{cite web |last=Brereton |first=Greta |title=Album Review: Olivia Rodrigo Trades Pop-Punk Catharsis for Dreamy Introspection on 'You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love' |url=https://au.variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-album-review-pretty-sad-for-girl-so-in-love-37583/ |website=Variety Australia |date=June 16, 2026 |access-date=June 16, 2026}}</ref> [[concept album]].<ref name=associatedpress-review>{{Cite web |last=Sherman |first=Maria |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Music Review: Olivia Rodrigo's 'You seem pretty sad for a girl so in love' is her best work yet |url=https://apnews.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-review-ab6ec676a545677a43f061a60c0860c9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612043551/https://apnews.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-review-ab6ec676a545677a43f061a60c0860c9 |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 13, 2026 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> It is also inspired by [[shoegaze]].<ref name="exclaim-youseempretty" /> Its songs change between [[indie pop]], emotional [[Sentimental Ballad|ballads]], [[alternative rock]], [[Minimal music|minimalist pop]], [[post-punk]], and pop rock sounds.<ref name="newstalkzb-youseempretty">{{cite web |last=Schulz |first=Chris |title=Chris Schulz: Olivia Rodrigo - You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love |url=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/on-air/saturday-morning-with-jack-tame/audio/chris-schulz-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/ |website=Newstalk ZB |date=June 13, 2026 |access-date=June 13, 2026}}</ref><ref name="musicomh-youseempretty">{{cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo – You seem pretty sad for a girl so in love |url=https://www.musicomh.com/reviews/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |website=musicOMH |date=June 14, 2026 |access-date=June 14, 2026 |archive-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615175939/https://www.musicomh.com/reviews/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bestfit-youseempretty">{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Abby |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love' lovingly unravels |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-lovingly-unravels |website=The Line of Best Fit |date=June 15, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615174459/https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-lovingly-unravels |url-status=live }}</ref> The album is also inspired by [[New Romantic]]-era [[Rock music|rock]], and [[college rock]].<ref name=pitchfork-review/> For ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'', Rodrigo said she was inspired by [[post-punk]] bands like [[the Cure]], [[New Order (band)|New Order]], [[Depeche Mode]], and [[Siouxsie and the Banshees]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Smith |first=Serena |date=June 4, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo A Breakup Can Be an Opportunity to Redirect Your Life|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/70335/1/olivia-rodrigo-dazed-summer-2026-action-issue-album-interview |access-date=June 6, 2026 |magazine=[[Dazed]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260605094858/https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/70335/1/olivia-rodrigo-dazed-summer-2026-action-issue-album-interview |archive-date=June 5, 2026}}</ref> === Songs === The album is separated into two main parts: ''Girl So in Love'' and ''You Seem Pretty Sad''.<ref name=tracklisting-streaming/><ref name=tracklisting-announcement/> Rodrigo wrote all of her songs. [[Sasha Alex Sloan]], [[Amy Allen (songwriter)|Amy Allen]], [[Conan Gray]] and [[Lily Elise]] also helped with songwriting and singing.<ref name="Tidal"/> {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | image1 = Glasto2025-546 (cropped) (2).jpg | image2 = Robert Smith (musician) crop.jpg | caption_align = left | footer = Rodrigo sang with [[Robert Smith]] in "[[What's Wrong with Me]]" | total_width = 300 | align = left }} In ''Girl So in Love'', the album starts with the lead single, "[[Drop Dead]]". The song has been seen as a [[synth-pop]], [[chamber pop]], [[indie pop]], [[pop rock]], and [[soft rock]] song.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Jenkins|first=Craig|date=April 17, 2026|title=Olivia Rodrigo Plays to Her Strengths|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/review-olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead.html|access-date=April 18, 2026|magazine=Vulture}}</ref><ref name="BillboardPH2026">{{Cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo Releases New Single 'drop dead' — Listen|url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-releases-new-single-drop-dead/|website=Billboard Philippines|date=April 17, 2026|access-date=May 11, 2026}}</ref><ref name="DeVille 2026">{{cite web |last=DeVille|first=Chris|date=April 17, 2026|title='Drop Dead': Gorgeous|url=https://stereogum.com/2496121/drop-dead-gorgeous/columns/sounding-board|accessdate=April 17, 2026|website=[[Stereogum]]|quote=["Drop Dead"] is a compact pop-rock symphony, seamlessly combining components without making a big show of its own eclecticism.}}</ref> It also has a [[Rock music|rock]] [[bridge (music)|bridge]] and a [[power pop]] guitar solo.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Snapes|first=Laura|date=April 17, 2026|title=Olivia Rodrigo: 'Drop Dead' review – a maximalist rush of infatuation that's just a bauble short of festive|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2026/apr/17/olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-review-single|access-date=April 18, 2026|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The [[lyrics]] are about the start of a romantic relationship.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=June 13, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Drop Dead' Lyrics Seem to Recount the Start of Her Louis Partridge Romance |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71050745/olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-lyrics-meaning-louis-partridge/ |access-date=June 15, 2026 |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]}}</ref> The second song of the album is "[[Stupid Song]]" which is a pop rock<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howley|first=Ciaran|date=June 12, 2026|title=Notion Now #299: Olivia Rodrigo, Adéla, BLXST & Rose Gray|url=https://notion.online/notion-now-299-olivia-rodrigo-adela-blxst-rose-gray/|quote=" 'Stupid Song' is the latest single from her new album You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love and it's pure tween pop-rock gold."|website=[[Notion (magazine)|Notion]]|access-date=June 12, 2026}}</ref> and [[Electronic rock|synth-rock]] song.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Breihan|first=Tom|date=June 12, 2026|title=Premature Evaluation: Olivia Rodrigo "you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love"|url=https://stereogum.com/2502063/premature-evaluation-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/reviews/premature-evaluation|access-date=June 12, 2026|quote=" 'stupid song,' which is just now getting the single treatment, goes for a classic fake-out, starting as a tinkly piano ballad before finding its groove as a midtempo synth-rocker."|website=[[Stereogum]]|archive-date=June 12, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612181310/https://stereogum.com/2502063/premature-evaluation-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/reviews/premature-evaluation|url-status=live}}</ref> Much like "Drop Dead", "Stupid Song" talks about the [[narrator]] during the early parts of their relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Stupid Song' lyrics hint at her early relationship with Louis Partridge |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/love-sex/olivia-rodrigo-s-stupid-song-lyrics-hint-at-her-early-relationship-with-louis-partridge/ar-AA25r3US?ocid=BingNewsVerp |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] on [[MSN]]}}</ref> In ''You Seem Pretty Sad'', the album continues with the single "[[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]]". It is a [[downtempo]], [[indie rock]] and [[Pop music|pop]] song.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Kiana |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Levels Up on you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love: Review |url=https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-review/ |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=[[Consequence (website)|Consequence]]}}</ref> This song is about how the narrator is having [[doubt]]s and mistrust in her partner and how this is causing some [[mental health]] problems.<ref name=cure>{{cite web |last=Dunworth |first=Liberty |title=Olivia Rodrigo Shares Her 'Favourite' New Song 'The Cure' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/olivia-rodrigo-shares-her-favourite-new-song-the-cure-3946829 |website=[[NME]] |access-date=May 23, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260523091409/https://www.nme.com/news/music/olivia-rodrigo-shares-her-favourite-new-song-the-cure-3946829 |archive-date=May 23, 2026 |date=May 22, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the song, Rodrigo says that she felt that the relationship she sings about was the "cure" to her problems.<ref name=cure/> The album then continues with the [[acoustic pop]] [[indie folk]] song "[[Begged (song)|Begged]]".<ref name=dazed>{{cite web |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/70446/1/yspsfagil-5-best-tracks-olivia-rodrigo-new-album-the-cure-review/ |title=The 5 best tracks on Olivia Rodrigo's new album |work=[[Dazed]] |date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |author1=Diallo, Habi |author2=Greig, James |author3=Smith, Serena |author4=PM, Solomon}}</ref> Rodrigo said that the song is about her wanting to spend more time with her partner, however she feels she has been [[wikt:begging|begging]] him for this.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fell |first1=Nicole |last2=Franklin |first2=McKinley |title=Connor Storrie drops by ''SNL'' to introduce new Olivia Rodrigo song "Begged" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/connor-storrie-olivia-rodrigo-snl-unreleased-song-begged-1236584300/ |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=May 3, 2026 |date=May 2, 2026 }}</ref> The song after this, "[[What's Wrong with Me]]", has Rodrigo singing a [[duet]] with [[The Cure]] member [[Robert Smith]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Young |first=Alex |date=June 6, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Debuts New Song with Robert Smith During Surprise Set at Primavera Sound |url=https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-robert-smith-new-song-primavera-song/ |access-date=June 6, 2026 |magazine=[[Consequence of Sound]] |archive-date=June 7, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260607055506/https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-robert-smith-new-song-primavera-song/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The song is a [[baroque pop]] song.<ref name=savio>{{Cite web |last=Savio |first=Michael |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo 'You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So In Love' Review |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review/ |access-date=June 13, 2026 |website=Slant Magazine |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612221331/https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the song, the narrator is going through emotional problems and starts questioning their [[mental health]]. They talk about many symptoms such as [[anxiety]], [[insomnia|sleeplessness]], and not eating.<ref name="BillboardPrimavera" /> This song is where the [[narrative]] of the album changes. Rodrigo no longer felt guilty about the relationship going bad and instead blames her boyfriend.<ref name=slate>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/culture/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-album-lyrics-the-cure-taylor-swift.html|title=A Guide to Olivia Rodrigo's New Album for Fans of 1980s Rock Band the Cure|publisher=Slate|accessdate=June 12, 2026|date=June 12, 2026}}</ref> The eleventh song on the album, "[[Less (song)|Less]]", is said to be about a bad breakup.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Less' Lyrics Seem to Recount the Devastating Moment Louis Partridge Broke Up With Her |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71570883/olivia-rodrigo-less-lyrics-meaning-louis-partridge-breakup/ |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|access-date=June 21, 2026}}</ref> The lyrics for "[[Expectations (Olivia Rodrigo song)|Expectations]]" are said to be about Rodrigo's new rules about dating someone.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Expectations' lyrics detail her new dating standards after her Louis Partridge breakup |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/celebrity/olivia-rodrigo-s-expectations-lyrics-detail-her-new-dating-standards-after-her-louis-partridge-breakup/ar-AA25uQJe?ocid=BingNewsVerp |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |publisher=[[MSN]]|access-date=June 21, 2026}}</ref> The final song from the album, "[[Cigarette Smoke]]", has lyrics that are about a bad response after a breakup.<ref name=Louis>{{Cite magazine |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Cigarette Smoke' Lyrics Seem to Be a Brutal Response to Her Louis Partridge Breakup |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71565555/olivia-rodrigo-cigarette-smoke-lyrics-meaning-louis-partridge-breakup/ |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|access-date=June 21, 2026}}</ref> It was said that the breakup Rodrigo sang about in the album is from her last boyfriend, English actor [[Louis Partridge]].<ref name=Louis/> ==Release and promotion== The album's [[track listing|track list]] was first shown on May 26, 2026.<ref name=tracklisting-announcement>{{Cite magazine |last=Dailey |first=Hannah |date=May 26, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo drops ''You Seem Pretty Sad'' tracklist with intriguing titles such as 'Maggots for Brains' & 'Purple' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-girl-in-love-tracklist-1236256875/ |access-date=May 26, 2026 |magazine=Billboard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260528061335/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-girl-in-love-tracklist-1236256875/|archive-date=May 28, 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> Preorders for [[Target Corporation|Target]]-only [[vinyl]] versions started the day that she announced the album. Shoppers could choose from a "Pretty Sad" pink color vinyl and a "Hope Like Snow" white color vinyl.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Moore |first=Jessica |date=April 6, 2026 |title=Target just dropped exclusive Olivia Rodrigo vinyls, CD for pre-order |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/shopping/entertainment/celebrity/2026/04/06/pre-order-new-olivia-rodrigo-album-at-target/89490481007/ |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |archive-date=April 27, 2026 |access-date=August 9, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427230105/https://www.usatoday.com/story/shopping/entertainment/celebrity/2026/04/06/pre-order-new-olivia-rodrigo-album-at-target/89490481007/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' was released on June 12, 2026.<ref name=NYT>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/12/arts/music/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-review.html|title=Olivia Rodrigo's Songs Can't Always Keep Up With Her Impeccable Taste|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 12, 2026|accessdate=June 12, 2026}}</ref> When it was released, it had eighty-two{{Nbsp}}million global streams on [[Spotify]]. It was the biggest debut of a female artist's album on the service for that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inmusicblog.com/news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-spotify-debut/|title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love' Debuts With Massive Spotify Numbers|publisher=In Music|accessdate=June 16, 2026|date=June 12, 2026}}</ref> The album also earned the biggest 2026 debut for any album on [[Amazon Music]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 13, 2026 |title=Spot Check: olivia streams pretty great for a girl, guy or really anyone, ever |url=https://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/streaming/spot-check-olivia-rodrigo-first-day-streams-2026-06-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260614013142/https://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/streaming/spot-check-olivia-rodrigo-first-day-streams-2026-06-13 |archive-date=June 14, 2026 |access-date=June 14, 2026 |work=[[Hits Daily Double]] |oclc=15994494}}</ref> It also reached number one in seventy-nine markets on [[Apple Music]].<ref name=hot200-prediction>{{Cite news |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Olivia's Opening: A Snapshot |url=https://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/olivia-opening-latest-readings-2026-06-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616204754/https://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/olivia-opening-latest-readings-2026-06-15 |archive-date=June 16, 2026 |access-date=June 16, 2026 |work=[[Hits Daily Double]] |oclc=15994494}}</ref> [[File:Vue aérienne du domaine de Versailles par ToucanWings - Creative Commons By Sa 3.0 - 073.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Rodrigo filmed the [[music video]] for "[[Drop Dead]]" at the [[Palace of Versailles]] in [[France]]]] ===Singles=== On April 7, 2026, Rodrigo announced the album's lead single, "[[Drop Dead]]", which was released on April 17.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Harrigan |first=Annie |date=April 7, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo reveals when new single "Drop Dead" will arrive |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-new-song-drop-dead-release-date-1236216988/ |access-date=April 8, 2026 |magazine=Billboard |archive-date=April 8, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260408035654/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-new-song-drop-dead-release-date-1236216988/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The song also had a music video that was filmed at the [[Palace of Versailles]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cancilla |first=Julia |date=April 17, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Takes Over the Palace of Versailles in Her 'Drop Dead' Music Video |url=https://www.elledecor.com/celebrity-style/a71052009/where-was-olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-music-video-filmed/ |access-date=April 17, 2026 |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]}}</ref> The single debuted at number one on the United States' [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], extending her record as the first artist to debut the lead singles from their first three albums at the top of the chart.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Trust |first=Gary |date=April 27, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Drop Dead' Debuts at No. 1 on ''Billboard'' Hot 100 |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-hot-100-number-one-debut/ |access-date=June 1, 2026 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-date=April 27, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427212536/https://www.billboard.com/lists/olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-hot-100-number-one-debut/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On May 19, "[[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]]" was released on May 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ragusa |first=Paolo |date=May 19, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo To Drop New Song "the cure" on Friday |url=https://consequence.net/2026/05/olivia-rodrigo-new-song-the-cure-announcement/ |access-date=May 19, 2026 |website=[[Consequence (website)|Consequence]] |archive-date=May 20, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260520052449/https://consequence.net/2026/05/olivia-rodrigo-new-song-the-cure-announcement/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It reached number one in Australia,<ref>{{cite web |date=June 1, 2026 |title=ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart |url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/singles-chart/2026-06-01 |access-date=May 29, 2026 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |archive-date=May 29, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260529073341/https://www.aria.com.au/charts/singles-chart/2026-06-01 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ireland, and Singapore<ref>{{cite web |title=The Official Singapore Charts Week 22 (22 - 28 May 2026) |url=https://www.rias.org.sg/the-official-singapore-charts/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260602080617/https://www.rias.org.sg/the-official-singapore-charts/ |archive-date=June 2, 2026 |access-date=June 2, 2026 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association Singapore|RIAS]] |url-status=live}}</ref> and number five in the US.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Olivia Rodrigo Chart History (Hot 100) |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/olivia-rodrigo/chart-history/hsi/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=June 6, 2026 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208204032/https://www.billboard.com/artist/olivia-rodrigo/chart-history/hsi/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Physical versions of the single has a bonus song called "Never Do".<ref name="bonus">{{Cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo drops long-awaited bonus track 'Never Do' |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/668803-olivia-rodrigo-drops-long-awaited-bonus-track-never-do |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=[[Geo News]] |archive-date=June 21, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260621075707/https://www.geo.tv/latest/668803-olivia-rodrigo-drops-long-awaited-bonus-track-never-do |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>7-inch vinyl: * {{Cite web |title=the cure - 7" vinyl |url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/products/the-cure-7-vinyl?srsltid=AfmBOoref23DS8os408AjiSOG4mpr-ebTIjr6osdfNrMJziUazepNayb |access-date=June 14, 2026 |publisher=Olivia Rodrigo}} Cassette: * {{Cite web |title=the cure - cassette |url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/the-cure/products/the-cure-cassette |access-date=June 14, 2026 |publisher=Olivia Rodrigo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260522142354/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/the-cure/products/the-cure-cassette |archive-date=May 22, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> A [[promotional single|promo]] "Walk in the Park" limited-edition vinyl for the album tracks "Honeybee" and "Cigarette Smoke" was also released.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=DZVafhrEaPt |user=recordstoredayus |title=As this Thursday turns into this Friday, record stores around the country will be the first place to celebrate the new @oliviarodrigo album when the clock strikes midnight! And as a special treat for being among the first to #listentooliviarodrigo together, this special 7" single will also be for sale — only at participating record stores, in limited numbers! |date=June 8, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/tS3bw<!--Does anyone know how to archive an IG post without the overlay asking you to log in being included?--> |archive-date=June 15, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> A third single, "[[Stupid Song]]" was released on June 12 with a [[music video]], filmed in [[New York City]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindert |first=Hattie |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Watch Olivia Rodrigo Bring in the Ballerinas in "Stupid Song" Video |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/olivia-rodrigo-stupid-song-video/ |access-date=June 13, 2026 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> ===Marketing=== On April 18, 2026, Rodrigo was a surprise guest on [[Addison Rae]]'s performance at [[Coachella]], where she sang "[[Drop Dead]]" for the first time.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fell |first=Nicole |date=April 19, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo debuts "Drop Dead" live during surprise appearance at Addison Rae's Coachella set |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-addison-rae-coachella-drop-dead-live-debut-1236568623/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419052130/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-addison-rae-coachella-drop-dead-live-debut-1236568623/ |archive-date=April 19, 2026 |access-date=April 19, 2026 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Rodrigo then sang "[[Begged (song)|Begged]]" for the first time during her appearance on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' on May 2.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Molloy |first=Laura |date=May 3, 2026 |title=Watch Olivia Rodrigo debut new song "Begged" on ''Saturday Night Live'' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-olivia-rodrigo-debut-new-song-begged-on-saturday-night-live-3943724 |access-date=May 3, 2026 |magazine=[[NME]] |archive-date=May 3, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260503090258/https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-olivia-rodrigo-debut-new-song-begged-on-saturday-night-live-3943724 |url-status=live}}</ref> On June 6, she sang "[[What's Wrong with Me]]" with [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] of [[the Cure]] at [[Primavera Sound]] in [[Barcelona]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Young |first=Alex |date=June 6, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Debuts New Song with Robert Smith During Surprise Set at Primavera Sound |url=https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-robert-smith-new-song-primavera-song/ |access-date=June 6, 2026 |website=[[Consequence of Sound]] |archive-date=June 7, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260607055506/https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-robert-smith-new-song-primavera-song/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A music video for "[[Stupid Song]]" was released on June 12, at midnight [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Time]].<ref name="james">{{cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo Interview with Greg James |url=https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/p0nqtwdd |work=[[Radio 1 Breakfast]] |access-date=June 9, 2026 |date=June 9, 2026 |time=9:00 |archive-date=June 9, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609141741/https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/p0nqtwdd |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Fragonard, l'altalena3.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|The album cover has been compared to ''[[The Swing (Fragonard)|The Swing]]'', an 18th century painting by [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]]]] ===Artwork=== The album cover [[artwork]] shows Rodrigo upside down on a swing against a soft pink-and-blue sky. She is wearing a pink [[babydoll]] dress, long white socks, and [[Mary Jane shoes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Katie |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Decoding the Art Historical References in Olivia Rodrigo's New Album |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-decoding-art-historical-references-olivia-rodrigos-new-album |access-date=June 21, 2026 |website=[[Artsy (website)|Artsy]]}}</ref> The cover has been compared to [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]]'s [[Rococo painting]] ''[[The Swing (Fragonard)|The Swing]]'', which shows a woman on a swing in a pink dress.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Serna |first=Ana |date=April 6, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo reconfigura su visión del amor en ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' |url=https://es.rollingstone.com/olivia-rodrigo-reconfigura-su-vision-del-amor-en-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/ |access-date=June 21, 2026 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone en Español]] |language=es |trans-title=Olivia Rodrigo reconfigures her vision of love in ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''}}</ref> The Target-only edition "Carve Our Names" [[picture disc]] vinyl shows an original oil painting by [[Chloe Wise]] based on a photograph by Chad Moore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Katie |date=June 4, 2026 |title=Chloe Wise paints Olivia Rodrigo for a new limited-edition album release |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-chloe-wise-paints-olivia-rodrigo-new-limited-edition-album-release |access-date=June 21, 2026 |website=[[Artsy (website)|Artsy]]}}</ref> ===Tour=== {{Main|The Unraveled Tour}} On April 30, 2026, Rodrigo announced her third [[concert tour]], [[the Unraveled Tour]], in support of the album. It is made up of 86 dates across [[North America]] and [[Europe]].<ref name=tour/> The tour began on September 25, 2026, in [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]], and will end on May 10, 2027, in [[London]].<ref name=tour/> Singers Devon Again, [[Die Spitz]], [[Grace Ives]], [[the Last Dinner Party]], and [[Wolf Alice]] are joining Rodrigo on the tour.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Aswad |first=Jem |date=April 30, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Announces Massive 'Unraveled' Tour Dates |url=https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-unraveled-tour-dates-1236734157/ |access-date=April 30, 2026 |magazine=Variety |archive-date=May 1, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260501043341/https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-unraveled-tour-dates-1236734157/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=tour>{{cite magazine |last=Blistein |first=Jon |date=April 30, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Details 65-Date 'Unraveled' World Tour |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-tour-dates-you-seem-pretty-sad-album-1235556104/ |access-date=April 30, 2026 |magazine=Rolling Stone|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260528060830/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-tour-dates-you-seem-pretty-sad-album-1235556104/|archive-date=May 28, 2026}}</ref> ==Critics reviews== [[File:Olivia Rodrigo @ Theatre at Ace Hotel 10 09 2023 (53423846700).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Many critics liked how Rodrigo grew as a songwriter in the album]] ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]''{{'s}} Molly Mary O'Brien called ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' as Rodrigo's "most [[wikt:sophisticated|sophisticated]]" album.<ref name=pitchfork-review/> She said that Rodrigo "has never sounded more adventurous". She said the album shows how Rodrigo has changed as a songwriter.<ref name=pitchfork-review>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Molly Mary |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo: you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love Album Review |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612042151/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]]}}</ref> [[Sputnikmusic]]'s Caleb Robinson said that ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' "will go down as one of the decade's [best] albums, and it [is] among the ranks of other modern pop classics". Robinson liked Rodrigo's songwriting talent and said it was perfect.<ref name=sputnikmusic-review>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Caleb |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Review: Olivia Rodrigo - You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love |url=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/90930/Olivia-Rodrigo-You-Seem-Pretty-Sad-For-A-Girl-So-In-Love |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=[[Sputnikmusic]]}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]''{{'s}} Julyssa Lopez believed that Rodrigo's storytelling had grown more [[mature]] on the album.<ref name="rollingstone-review">{{Cite magazine |last=Lopez |first=Julyssa |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Tells a Beautiful, Crushing Love Story |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-love-review-1235576485 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 12, 2026 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |eissn=3066-0580 |oclc=969027590 |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612043955/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-love-review-1235576485/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Emma Constance from ''[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]'' compared Rodrigo's writing in the album like a [[diary|diary entry]]. She said it talks about the rise and fall of a romantic relationship with "unfiltered honesty". She said that Rodrigo had successfully made a troubling part of her life into something "beautiful and unskippable".<ref name=clash-review>{{Cite magazine |last=Constance |first=Emma |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo - you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love {{!}} Reviews |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612075458/https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |magazine=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]] |issn=1743-0801}}</ref> [[Vulture (website)|''Vulture'']]{{'s}} Jason P. Frank said the album was "essentially, a [[rock opera]]".<ref name=vulture-review-frank>{{Cite web |last=Frank |first=Jason P. |date=June 12, 2026 |title=So Olivia Rodrigo Wrote a Musical |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/olivia-rodrigos-new-album-tracklist-creates-a-musical.html |access-date=June 14, 2026 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615004736/https://www.vulture.com/article/olivia-rodrigos-new-album-tracklist-creates-a-musical.html|archive-date=June 15, 2026|url-status=live|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The duet between Rodrigo and Smith in "[[What's Wrong with Me]]" was well liked by critics.<ref name="rollingstone-review"/><ref name=dazed/><ref name="BillboardPrimavera">{{cite magazine |last=Iasimone |first=Ashley |date=June 6, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Debuts 'What's Wrong With Me' With The Cure's Robert Smith at Primavera Sound 2026 |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-whats-wrong-with-me-robert-smith-primavera-1236266185/ |access-date=June 6, 2026 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-date=June 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606221642/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-whats-wrong-with-me-robert-smith-primavera-1236266185/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, [[NPR|NPR Music]]'s Hazel Cills had a more mixed review of the album. She did not like how "melodramatic" and "repetitive" the [[tone]] was for the album's first half.<ref name=npr-music-review/> She said that "Rodrigo doesn't step back quite far enough to truly make sense of what this relationship has done to her". However, Cills did like "The Cure" as "one of the strongest [tracks] of Rodrigo's career so far."<ref name=npr-music-review>{{cite web |last=Cills |first=Hazel |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo, pop princess of vengeful angst, tries her hand at love songs |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/06/12/nx-s1-5855379/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-album-review |website=NPR Music |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=June 12, 2026 |archive-date=June 13, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260613025930/https://www.npr.org/2026/06/12/nx-s1-5855379/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-album-review |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Stereogum]]''{{'s}} Tom Breihan said that the album "calls back to the [[college rock]] of the late '80s".<ref name=stereogum-review>{{Cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Premature Evaluation: Olivia Rodrigo you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love |url=https://stereogum.com/2502063/premature-evaluation-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/reviews/premature-evaluation |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612181310/https://stereogum.com/2502063/premature-evaluation-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/reviews/premature-evaluation |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=[[Stereogum]] |oclc=1142733705}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' felt that the songs in the album did not catch the "[[adrenaline]] rush" that Rodrigo is known for.<ref name=NYT/> === Lists === The album appeared on many media list of best albums. The ''[[Irish Examiner]]'' put the album at number seven in their top ten list.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Dunne |date=2026-07-01 |title=Tom Dunne: My top 10 albums of the year so far |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/artsandculture/arid-41872149.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260702000640/https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/artsandculture/arid-41872149.html |archive-date=2026-07-02 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[Irish Examiner]] |publisher=[[The Irish Times]] |issn=1393-9564}}</ref> ''[[The Quietus]]'' put the album on the seventy-nine spot out of one hundred.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Clarke |first1=Patrick |last2=Doran |first2=John |last3=Eede |first3=Christian [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Maya Chandran] |date=2026-07-06 |others=The poll was conducted by Doran and voted on by "all of [''The Quietus''{{'s}}] staff, columnists, and a handful of [its] writers"; Clarke and Eede analyzed the data, creating the final ranking |title=The Quietus Albums of the Year So Far 2026 (In Association with Norman Records) {{!}} Page 2 of 5 |url=https://thequietus.com/tq-charts/albums-of-the-year-so-far/best-music-2026/2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260706210436/https://thequietus.com/tq-charts/albums-of-the-year-so-far/best-music-2026/2/ |archive-date=2026-07-06 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[The Quietus]]}}</ref> The album was also added in other mid-year lists such as in the ''[[BrooklynVegan]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hatfield |first1=Amanda |last2=Pearis |first2=Bill |last3=Sacher |first3=Andrew [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Andrew Sacher] |date=2026-07-03 |title=Our 50 Favorite Albums of 2026 So Far |url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/our-50-favorite-albums-of-2026-so-far |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260704012832/https://www.brooklynvegan.com/our-50-favorite-albums-of-2026-so-far |archive-date=2026-07-04 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[BrooklynVegan]] |publisher=Project M Group}}</ref> ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle USA]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gonzales |first1=Erica |last2=Maude |first2=Samuel |last3=Taroy |first3=Daniel |last4=Teshome |first4=Burake |last5=Webley Adler |first5=Kayla [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Burake Teshome] |date=2026-07-02 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 (So Far) |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71795937/best-albums-2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260702235927/https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71795937/best-albums-2026 |archive-date=2026-07-02 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle USA]] |publisher=[[Hearst Magazine Media]] |issn=0888-0808 |oclc=697050973}}</ref> ''Flood Magazine'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Amorosi |first1=A.D. |last2=Appleford |first2=Steve |last3=Baker |first3=Soren |last4=Crandall |first4=Kevin |last5=Fennell |first5=Sean |last6=Farrell |first6=Margaret |last7=Gutierrez |first7=Juan |last8=Hurst |first8=Josh |last9=Lemmon |first9=Kyle |last10=LeSuer |first10=Mike |last11=Marlin |first11=Natalie |last12=Merrick |first12=Hayden |last13=Moayeri |first13=Lily |last14=Parker |first14=Lyndsey |last15=Parnell |first15=Annie |last16=Pearlman |first16=Mischa |last17=Ruckle |first17=Taylor |last18=Schube |first18=Will [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Josh Hurst] |date=2026-07-01 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 (So Far) |url=https://floodmagazine.com/226046/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Flood|others=Graphic by Libaro, Chiara}}</ref> ''[[Manila Bulletin]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ureta |first=Ian |date=2026-07-06 |title=The best albums of 2026 so far |url=https://mb.com.ph//2026/07/06/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260706223117/https://mb.com.ph/2026/07/06/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |archive-date=2026-07-06 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[Manila Bulletin]] |publisher=Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation |issn=0116-3086 |oclc=42725386}}</ref> ''[[New Musical Express]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2026 |title=The best albums of 2026... so far! |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-features/the-best-albums-2026-so-far-3951115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616210308/https://www.nme.com/features/music-features/the-best-albums-2026-so-far-3951115 |archive-date=June 16, 2026 |access-date=June 16, 2026 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> ''[[Our Culture Mag]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pappis |first=Konstantinos |date=2026-06-17 |title=The 50 Best Albums of 2026 (So Far) |url=https://ourculturemag.com/2026/06/17/the-50-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260702163001/https://ourculturemag.com/2026/06/17/the-50-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |archive-date=2026-07-02 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=[[Our Culture Mag]]}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Bernstein |first1=Jonathan |last2=Blistein |first2=Jon |last3=Dolan |first3=Jon |last4=Georgi |first4=Maya |last5=Grow |first5=Kory |last6=Hermes |first6=Will |last7=Hudak |first7=Joseph |last8=Ihaza |first8=Jeff |last9=Johnston |first9=Maura |last10=Lopez |first10=Julyssa |last11=Paul |first11=Larisha |last12=Martoccio |first12=Angie |last13=Matos |first13=Michaelangelo |last14=Pinder |first14=Jaeden |last15=Reeves |first15=Mosi |last16=Sheffield |first16=Rob |author-link16=Rob Sheffield |last17=Vozick-Levinson |first17=Simon [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Julyssa Lopez] |date=June 15, 2026 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 So Far |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-2026-so-far-1235569912 |access-date=June 16, 2026 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> ''[[Slant Magazine]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Attard |first1=Paul |last2=Cinquemani |first2=Sal |last3=Erickson |first3=Steve |last4=Kohner |first4=Kylie |last5=Lyons-Burt |first5=Charles |last6=Mason |first6=Eric |last7=Mooney |first7=Alexander |last8=Savio |first8=Michael |last9=Seip |first9=Nick [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Michael Savio] |date=2026-06-25 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 ... So Far |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260626064135/https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |archive-date=2026-06-26 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[Slant Magazine]]}}</ref> and ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=2026-06-29 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 (So Far) |url=https://variety.com/lists/best-albums-so-far-2026-mid-year |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260630060817/https://variety.com/lists/best-albums-so-far-2026-mid-year |archive-date=2026-06-30 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |issn=0042-2738 |oclc=60626328}}</ref> ==Commercial performance== When the album came out, ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' became 2026's most [[streaming|streamed]] album by a female artist within a single day on [[Spotify]]. It also had the largest global streaming release of the year on [[Amazon Music]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Peters|first=Mitchell|date=June 13, 2026|title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love' Breaks First-Day Streaming Records|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-breaks-streaming-records-1236272521/|access-date=July 6, 2026|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|archive-date=July 6, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260706194018/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-breaks-streaming-records-1236272521/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was the largest weekly release and the largest streaming opening for any album by a female act released in 2026, according to ''Billboard''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |date=June 21, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Scores Third No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 With 'You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-number-one-billboard-200-1236277283 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260621192844/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-number-one-billboard-200-1236277283 |archive-date=June 21, 2026 |access-date=June 7, 2026 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |oclc=732913734}}</ref> For two weeks in a row, the album was on top of the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref name="BB200 3Week">{{Cite magazine |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |date=July 5, 2026 |title=ATEEZ Achieves Third No. 1 on Billboard 200 With 'GOLDEN HOUR : Part.5' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/ateez-golden-hour-part5-number-one-billboard-200-chart-1236287924 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260705203351/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/ateez-golden-hour-part5-number-one-billboard-200-chart-1236287924 |archive-date=July 5, 2026 |access-date=July 7, 2026 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |oclc=732913734}}</ref> Four singles from the album were within the top ten of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, with "Stupid Song" and "Honeybee" at numbers three and nine. With this, Rodrigo became the first woman to debut their first ten top-ten singles in the top ten.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-i-knew-it-i-knew-you-hot-100-no-1-second-week/|title=Taylor Swift's 'I Knew It, I Knew You' No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 for Second Week|last=Trust|first=Gary|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=June 22, 2026|access-date=June 30, 2026|archive-date=June 27, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260627061201/https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-i-knew-it-i-knew-you-hot-100-no-1-second-week/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''You Seem Pretty Sad for A Girl So in Love'' also reached number one in [[Austria]],<ref name="Austria" /> [[Croatia]],<ref name="Croatia" /> [[Denmark]],<ref name="Denmark" /> [[Finland]],<ref name="Finland" /> [[Hungary]],<ref name="Hungary"/> [[Ireland]],<ref name="Ireland" /> [[Italy]],<ref name="Italy" /> [[Portugal]],<ref name="Portugal">{{cite web|url=https://www.audiogest.pt/uploads/files/file_2026-07-06-16-58-45.pdf|title=Top 200 Álbuns: Semana 25 de 2026|page=2|publisher=[[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa]]|access-date=July 6, 2026|language=pt-pt|archive-date=July 10, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260710052942/https://www.audiogest.pt/uploads/files/file_2026-07-06-16-58-45.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Spain]],<ref name="Spain">{{cite web|title=Top 100 Albums – Semana 25: del 12.06.2026 al 18.06.2026|url=https://www.elportaldemusica.es/lists/top-100-albums/2026/25|accessdate=June 24, 2026|publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]]|archive-date=June 23, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260623163649/https://www.elportaldemusica.es/lists/top-100-albums/2026/25|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sweden]],<ref name="Sweden" /> and [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/charts/alben/21-06-2026|title=Alben Top 100: 21. Juni 2026|publisher=Swiss Charts|access-date=June 22, 2026}}</ref> It was on top of both the Top 100 albums and Top 100 Pop albums chart in [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/album/for-date-1782483134000|title=Top 100 Album Charts|language=de|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|date=June 26, 2026|access-date=June 26, 2026}}</ref> It was at number two in [[Lithuania]],<ref name="Lithuania" /> [[Norway]],<ref name="Norway" /> [[Poland]],<ref name=Poland/> and [[Slovakia]].<ref name="Slovakia" /> ==Legacy== [[Sienna Spiro]] and [[Role Model (singer)|Role Model]] sang the album tracks "Less" and "Maggots for Brains" in the BBC Radio Live Lounge.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=August 12, 2026 |title=Watch Role Model's Self-Proclaimed 'Botched' Cover of Olivia Rodrigo's 'Maggots for Brains' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/role-model-olivia-rodrigo-maggots-for-brains-cover-botched-1236315162/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=September 13, 2026}}</ref> An [[exhibit]] giving fans a behind-the-scenes look at the music video of "The Cure" opened at [[Grammy Museum at L.A. Live|the Grammy Museum]] in Los Angeles in September 2026.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=August 27, 2026 |title=Will Grammy Museum's Olivia Rodrigo Exhibit Boost Her Grammy Chances? 'The Cure Unraveled' to Open With Cameron Crowe-Hosted Q&A |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/grammy-museum-olivia-rodrigo-exhibit-cameron-crowe-qa-1236326858/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=September 13, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=August 27, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Exhibit Coming to Grammy Museum, With Launch Including an On-Stage Cameron Crowe Q&A (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-grammy-museum-exhibit-cure-cameron-crowe-1236844906/ |access-date=September 13, 2026 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' writer Mikael Wood said "Rodrigo proved herself to be perhaps the most gifted of the many [artists] of [[Gen Z]] romance to [come out] in [[Taylor Swift]]'s wake".<ref name="latimesreview">{{Cite news |last=Wood |first=Mikael |date=June 22, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo has looked at love from both sides now |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2026-06-11/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-review |access-date=July 20, 2026 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url-access=subscription |archive-date=July 5, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260705103521/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2026-06-11/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-review |url-status=live}}</ref> Robinson said that "''You Seem Pretty Sad''{{nbsp}}... will go down as one of the decade's [best] albums" and called the album a pop classic.<ref name="sputnikmusic-review" /> [[CBC News]] called it "the Album of the Summer".<ref name=":3" /> Robin Murray of ''Clash'' wrote that "The Cure" made Rodrigo this "generation's defining icons".<ref name="clashreview-murray">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/olivia-rodrigos-the-cure-is-her-crowning-achievement/|title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'The Cure' Is Her Crowning Achievement|last=Murray|first=Robin|magazine=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]] |date=May 22, 2026|access-date=May 22, 2026|archive-date=May 23, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260523085315/https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/olivia-rodrigos-the-cure-is-her-crowning-achievement/?__cf_chl_tk=TVW9H8LQ45b3MApo19KduqEk1DzxGtxNyfsxWW9wpMY-1779526375-1.0.1.1-kaYbmgdXkTeZQRN2vX6x1nklvh3qXqp.hEIgYlFuuQU|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Songs== {{Track listing | headline = ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' track listing<ref name=tracklisting-streaming>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-girl-in-love-tracklist-1236256875/|title=Olivia Rodrigo Drops ‘You Seem Pretty Sad’ Tracklist With Intriguing Titles Such as ‘Maggots for Brains’ & ‘Purple’|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=August 25, 2026|date=May 26, 2026|publisher=Billboard}}</ref> | title_width = 40% | writing_width = 60% | title1 = [[Drop Dead]] | writer1 = {{hlist|[[Olivia Rodrigo]]|[[Amy Allen (songwriter)|Amy Allen]]|[[Dan Nigro|Daniel Nigro]]}} | length1 = 3:44 | title2 = [[Stupid Song]] | writer2 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro}} | length2 = 3:29 | title3 = [[Honeybee (song)|Honeybee]] | writer3 = Rodrigo | length3 = 3:43 | title4 = [[Maggots for Brains]] | writer4 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Allen|Nigro}} | length4 = 4:00 | title5 = [[U + Me = ＜3|U + Me = <3]] | writer5 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro}} | length5 = 4:07 | title6 = [[My Way (Olivia Rodrigo song)|My Way]] | writer6 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro|[[Steph Jones]]}} | length6 = 3:00 | title7 = [[Purple (Olivia Rodrigo song)|Purple]] | writer7 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Allen|Nigro}} | length7 = 4:00 | title8 = [[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]] | writer8 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro}} | length8 = 4:57 | title9 = [[Begged (song)|Begged]] | writer9 = Rodrigo | length9 = 3:37 | title10 = [[What's Wrong with Me]] | writer10 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro|[[Sasha Alex Sloan]]}} | note10 = with [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] | length10 = 3:44 | title11 = [[Less (song)|Less]] | writer11 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Allen|Nigro}} | length11 = 3:13 | title12 = [[Expectations (Olivia Rodrigo song)|Expectations]] | writer12 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Allen|Nigro}} | length12 = 3:41 | title13 = [[Cigarette Smoke]] | writer13 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro}} | length13 = 5:40 | total_length = 51:02<!--Per Spotify--> }} {{Track listing | headline = ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love (With a Bonus Track)''<ref name=tracklisting-bonus>* {{Cite web |date=June 15, 2026 |title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love (with a bonus track) |first=Olivia |last=Rodrigo |author-link=Olivia Rodrigo |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-with-a-bonus-track/6779846974 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260629000657/https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-with-a-bonus-track/6779846974 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |archive-date=June 29, 2026}} * {{Cite web |title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love (with a bonus track) - digit |url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-with-a-bonus-track-digital-album |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615023638/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-with-a-bonus-track-digital-album |archive-date=June 15, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |publisher=Olivia Rodrigo Official Store}}</ref> | title_width = 40% | writing_width = 60% | title14 = Never Do | length14 = 3:43 | writer14 = Rodrigo | total_length = 54:45 }} '''Note''' * All song titles are written in [[all lowercase]] <!--Vinyl pressing differences: https://redd.it/1u6ipni--> ==Credits== {{div col}} * [[Olivia Rodrigo]] – [[vocals]]<ref name="Tidal">{{cite web |author=(( )) |display-authors=0 |title=''you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love'' |others=[[Olivia Rodrigo]] |at=Credits |url=https://tidal.com/album/532396298/credits |publisher=[[Tidal (service)|Tidal]] |access-date=June 14, 2026}}</ref> * [[Dan Nigro|Daniel Nigro]] – background vocals, bass, drum [[Programming (music)|programming]], guitar, string [[arrangement]], [[Mellotron]], piano, percussion, programming, acoustic guitar, [[Moog synthesizer|Moog]] bass, electric guitar, organ (tracks 1–10, 12, 13); [[Record producer|production]], [[Audio engineer|engineering]] (all tracks); [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]] (3, 9, 11, 13); vocal production (8)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Sterling Laws – drums (tracks 1, 2, 4–6, 8, 12)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Paul Cartwright – violin, [[viola]] (tracks 1–3, 8, 13); string arrangement (tracks 1, 3, 8, 13); [[cello]] (track 8)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Noah Conrad – piano (tracks 2, 3, 11); co-production (track 11)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Bryn Bliska – programming (tracks 2, 5); synthesizer (track 8)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Conan Gray]] – background vocals (track 3)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Lily Elise]] – background vocals (tracks 3, 4)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Arianna Powell – guitar (track 3)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Ben Romans]] – piano (tracks 4, 5)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Sam Stewart – guitar (track 5)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Michael Harris – additional engineering (track 5)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Ryan Linvill – [[Western concert flute|flute]] (track 7); saxophone (track 9)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Jim-E Stack]] – drum programming, guitar, piano, programming, co-production, engineering (track 7)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Amy Allen (songwriter)|Amy Allen]] – background vocals (track 7)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] – vocals, background vocals, bass, guitar, piano, engineering (track 10)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Neal H Pogue]] – mixing (track 1)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Mitch McCarthy – mixing (tracks 2, 4–8, 10, 12)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Zachary Acosta – additional mixing (track 1)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Mike Bozzi – mastering (tracks 1, 2, 5, 8)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Jack Doutt – mastering (tracks 2, 5)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Randy Merrill – mastering (tracks 3, 4, 6, 7, 9–13)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Chris Kasych – engineering (tracks 2, 4, 6, 11)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Mike Wise – guitar, programming, co-production, engineering (track 12)<ref name="Tidal"/> {{div col end}} == Charts == {{col-start}} {{col-2}} === Weekly charts === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+ Weekly chart performance ! scope="col"| Chart (2026) ! scope="col"| Peak<br />position |- ! scope="row"| Argentine Albums ([[Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers|CAPIF]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diariodecultura.com.ar/rankings/los-discos-mas-vendidos-21/|title=Los discos más vendidos|work=Diario de Cultura|publisher=[[Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers]]|accessdate=July 28, 2026|language=es|archivedate=July 28, 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260728173103/https://www.diariodecultura.com.ar/rankings/los-discos-mas-vendidos-21/}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Australian Albums ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/albums-chart/2026-06-22|title=ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|date=June 22, 2026|access-date=June 19, 2026|archive-date=June 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619103915/https://www.aria.com.au/charts/albums-chart/2026-06-22|url-status=live}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Austrian Albums ([[Ö3 Austria]])<ref name="Austria">{{cite web|url=https://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/oe3austriatop40longplay/|title=Longplay Charts vom 19. Juni 2026|publisher=[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]|language=de|access-date=June 20, 2026|archive-date=December 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228085855/https://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/oe3austriatop40longplay/|url-status=live}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Flanders|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026|refname="Flanders"}} |- {{album chart|Wallonia|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026|refname="Wallonia"}} |- {{album chart|BillboardCanada|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|rowheader=true|access-date=June 23, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Croatian International Albums ([[Top of the Shops|HDU]])<ref name="Croatia">{{cite web |url=https://www.top-lista.hr/www/lista-prodaje-strano-25-tjedan-2026/ |title=Lista prodaje 25. tjedan 2026. (15.06.2026. - 21.06.2026.)|date=June 21, 2026 |trans-title=Sales list Week 25 2026 |publisher=[[Top of the Shops|HDU]] |language=hr |access-date=July 1, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260701093744/https://www.top-lista.hr/www/lista-prodaje-strano-25-tjedan-2026/|archive-date=July 1, 2026}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Czech|4|year=2026|week=25|rowheader=true|access-date=June 22, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Danish Albums ([[Hitlisten]])<ref name="Denmark">{{cite web |title=Album Top-40 Uge 24, 2026 |url=http://hitlisten.nu/default.asp?w=24&y=2026&list=a40 |access-date=June 23, 2026 |publisher=[[Hitlisten]]}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Netherlands|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 19, 2026}} |- {{album chart|Finland|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 19, 2026|refname="Finland"}} |- {{album chart|France|1|M|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?semaine=25&annee=2026|title=Top Albums (Semaine du 19 juin 2026)|publisher=[[Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique]]|rowheader=true|access-date=June 22, 2026|refname="France"}} |- {{album chart|Germany|1|id=566755|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| German Pop Albums ([[Offizielle Top 100]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/pop/for-date-1781862862000|title=Offizielle Deutsche Charts: Top 20 Pop-Charts – 19 Juni 2026|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|access-date=June 22, 2026|language=de}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Greek Albums ([[IFPI Greece|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ifpi.gr/charts_el.html|title=Official IFPI Charts Top-100 Albums Sales Chart (Combined) – Εβδομάδα: 26/2026|publisher=[[IFPI Greece]]|access-date=July 8, 2026|language=el|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260708080125/https://www.ifpi.gr/charts_el.html|archive-date=July 8, 2026|url-status=deviated}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Hungary|1|year=2026|week=25|refname=Hungary|rowheader=true|access-date=June 23, 2026}} |- {{album chart|Ireland3|1|date=20260619|rowheader=true|access-date=June 19, 2026|refname="Ireland"}} |- ! scope="row"| Italian Albums ([[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|FIMI]])<ref name="Italy">{{cite web|url=https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/archivio-classifiche-settimanali/archivio-classifiche-per-settimana/?tipo=2&anno=2026&settimana=25|title=Album & Compilation – Classifica settimanale WK 25|publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana]]|language=it|access-date=June 20, 2026}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Oricon|21|date=2026<!-- needs to stay YYYY-MM-DD -->-06-22|rowheader=true|access-date=June 17, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Japanese Combined Albums ([[Oricon]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Oricon Top 50 Combined Albums: 2026-06-22 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/coa/w/2026-06-22/ |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=ja |access-date=June 17, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260617050817/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/coa/w/2026-06-22/p/3/ |archive-date=June 17, 2026}}</ref> | 36 |- ! scope="row"| Japanese Hot Albums (''[[Billboard Japan]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&year=2026&month=06&day=29|title=Billboard Japan Hot Albums – Week of June 24, 2026|website=[[Billboard Japan]]|language=ja|access-date=June 25, 2026}}</ref> | 8 |- ! scope="row"| Lithuanian Albums ([[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]])<ref name="Lithuania">{{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s25-5/|title=2026 25-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt|date=June 19, 2026|access-date=June 20, 2026|archive-date=June 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619070145/https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s25-5/|url-status=live}}</ref> | 2 |- ! scope="row"| New Zealand Albums ([[RMNZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2026-06-19|title=Official Top 40 Albums|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=June 19, 2026|access-date=June 19, 2026|archive-date=June 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619140506/https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2026-06-19|url-status=live}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Norwegian Albums ([[IFPI Norge]])<ref name="Norway">{{cite web|url=https://topplista.no/charts/albums/2026-w25/|title=Album 2026 uke 25|publisher=[[IFPI Norge]]|access-date=June 19, 2026|archive-date=June 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619143021/https://topplista.no/charts/albums/2026-w25/|url-status=live}}</ref> | 2 |- {{album chart|Poland2|2|date=12.06.2026–18.06.2026|refname=Poland|rowheader=true|access-date=June 25, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Portuguese Albums ([[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa|AFP]])<ref name="Portugal" /> | 1 |- {{album chart|Scotland|1|date=20260619|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Slovak Albums ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|ČNS IFPI]])<ref name="Slovakia">{{cite web |url=https://ifpicr.cz/hitparada/36?weekId=3020 |title=SK – Albums Top 100 |publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]] |language=cs |access-date=June 22, 2026}}</ref> | 2 |- ! scope="row"| Spanish Albums ([[Promusicae]])<ref name="Spain" /> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Swedish Albums ([[Sverigetopplistan]])<ref name="Sweden">{{cite web|url=https://sverigetopplistan.se/chart/54/?dspy=2026&dspp=25|title=Veckolista Album, vecka 25, 2026|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=June 19, 2026}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Switzerland|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 21, 2026}} |- {{album chart|UK2|1|date=20260619|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026}} |- {{album chart|Billboard200|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|rowheader=true|access-date=June 23, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top Rock & Alternative Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name=":0">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/olivia-rodrigo/chart-history/rkc/|title=Olivia Rodrigo Chart History: Top Rock & Alternative Albums|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=June 23, 2026|archive-date=October 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015000214/https://www.billboard.com/artist/olivia-rodrigo/chart-history/rkc/|url-status=live}}</ref> | 1 |} {{col-2}} === Monthly charts === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+ {{sronly|Monthly chart performance}} ! scope="col"| Chart (2026) ! scope="col"| Peak<br />position |- !scope="row"|Croatian International Vinyl Albums (HDU)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.top-lista.hr/www/top-lista-vinila-strana-072026/|title=Top lista vinila – Strana – 07/2026.|language=hr|publisher=[[Top of the Shops|HDU]]|date=July 2026|access-date=August 15, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815114739/https://www.top-lista.hr/www/top-lista-vinila-strana-072026/|archive-date=August 15, 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> | 5 |- ! scope="row"| German Vinyl Albums (Offizielle Top 100)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/vinyl/for-date-1783267259000|title=Top 20 Vinyl-Charts|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|access-date= September 6, 2026|language=de|archive-date=August 30, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260830115530/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/vinyl/for-date-1783267259000|url-status=live}}.</ref> | 1 |} {{col-end}} ==Certifications== {{Certification Table Top|caption=Certifications}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Canada|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|access-date=July 21, 2026|refname="MC"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=France|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|access-date=August 17, 2026|refname="SNEP"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Italy|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|id=14866|access-date=September 14, 2026}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Platinum|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|source=radioscope|access-date=September 11, 2026|refname="RMNZ"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Poland|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|access-date=September 9, 2026}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Spain|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|id=olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love|access-date=July 6, 2026|refname="PROMUSICAE"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|access-date=June 19, 2026|refname="BPI"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|title=|artist=|type=|award=|nocert=true|salesamount=346,000|salesref=<ref>Accumulated US sales for ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'': * {{cite web | last=Caulfield | first=Keith | title=Morgan Wallen's 'I'm the Problem,' Ella Langley's 'Choosin' Texas' Lead Luminate's 2026 Midyear Rankings | website=Billboard | date=July 15, 2026 | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/morgan-wallen-ella-langley-luminate-2026-midyear-rankings-1236294366/ | access-date=July 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260716183754/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/morgan-wallen-ella-langley-luminate-2026-midyear-rankings-1236294366/|archive-date=July 16, 2026|url-status=live}} </ref>{{efn|Pure sales as of July 2026}}}} {{Certification Table Bottom|noshipments=true|nosales=true|streaming=true}} ==Release history== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col"| Region ! scope="col"| Date ! scope="col"| Format(s) ! scope="col"| Edition ! scope="col"| Label ! scope="col"| Ref. |- ! scope="row"|Various | rowspan=3| June 12, 2026 | {{hlist|[[Cassette tape|Cassette]]|[[CD]]|[[Music download|download]]|[[Music streaming service|streaming]]|[[Phonograph record|LP]]}} | Standard | rowspan=4|[[Geffen Records|Geffen]] | align="center"| <ref name=":8">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - baby pink cassette | publisher=Olivia Rodrigo | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-baby-pink-cassette | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=June 6, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606213650/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-baby-pink-cassette | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - cd | publisher=Olivia Rodrigo Official Store | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-cd | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=June 6, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606213649/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-cd | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - 'spark in the dark' black vinyl | publisher=Olivia Rodrigo Official Store | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-spark-in-the-dark-black-vinyl | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=June 6, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606213649/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-spark-in-the-dark-black-vinyl | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love |first=Olivia |last=Rodrigo |author-link=Olivia Rodrigo |publisher=[[Apple Music]] | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/1889992111 | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=May 17, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517102346/https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/1889992111 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - digital album | publisher=Olivia Rodrigo Official Store | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-digital-album | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=June 6, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606213650/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-digital-album | url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"|United States | {{hlist|CD|LP}} | Target exclusive | align="center"|<ref name=":4" /> |- | {{hlist|LP}} | US exclusive | align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - exclusive 'sticky sweet' hot pink vinyl |url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-exclusive-sticky-sweet-hot-pink-vinyl |website=Olivia Rodrigo {{!}} Official Store}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|Various | June 14, 2026 | Download | Bonus track | align="center"| <ref name="bonus" /> |} ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|3}} {{Olivia Rodrigo}} [[Category:2026 albums]] [[Category:New jack swing albums]] [[Category:R&B albums]] [[Category:Olivia Rodrigo albums]] h87np2znzluw18s0bm7hsfctoqo396k 11024270 11024269 2026-10-09T02:26:01Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 removed [[Category:New jack swing albums]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] 11024270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2026}} {{Infobox album | name = You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love | type = studio | artist = [[Olivia Rodrigo]] | cover = YSPSFAGSIL logo.png{{!}}class=skin-invert | caption = | alt = | released = {{Start date|2026|06|12}} | recorded = | studio = | genre = <!--[[WP:EXPLICITGENRE]] and [[WP:STICKTOSOURCE]]. STOP changing/removing sourced genres to cater to your own definitions without getting consensus. Do not add unsourced genres, and take it to the talk page if you contest a reliably sourced genre.--> * [[Pop music|Pop]] * [[Indie music|indie]] * [[dream pop]] * [[New wave music|new wave]] * [[pop rock]] * [[synth-pop]] | length = {{Duration|m=51|s=02}}<!--Per Spotify--> | label = [[Geffen Records|Geffen]] | producer = [[Dan Nigro]]<!--[[WP:NOEXEC]]--> | prev_title = [[Live from Glastonbury (A BBC Recording)]] | prev_year = 2025 | next_title = | next_year = | misc = {{Singles | name = You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love | type = Studio | single1 = [[Drop Dead]] | single1date = April 17, 2026 | single2 = [[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]] | single2date = May 22, 2026 | single3 = [[Stupid Song]] | single3date = June 12, 2026 }} }} '''''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''''' (written in [[all lowercase]]) is the third studio album by American singer-songwriter [[Olivia Rodrigo]]. It was released by [[Geffen Records]] on June 12, 2026. It is a [[concept album]]. It tells the story of the rise and fall of a relationship and losing yourself along the way. The album has a [[cameo|guest appearance]] from English musician [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] on the track "[[What's Wrong with Me]]". It is the first time another artist has been on Rodrigo's studio album. The lead single, "[[Drop Dead]]", reached number one in five countries. It became Rodrigo's fourth song to reach the top on the [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. The second single, "[[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]]", reached the top 10 in many countries. A third single, "[[Stupid Song]]", was released with the album and a [[music video]]. To support the album, Rodrigo began her third [[concert tour]] called [[the Unraveled Tour]]. When ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' was released, many fans and critics liked it.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Chizen |first=Nathan |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Did Olivia Rodrigo just deliver the album of the summer? |url=https://www.cbc.ca/arts/commotion/did-olivia-rodrigo-just-deliver-the-album-of-the-summer-9.7235954 |access-date=July 8, 2026 |publisher=[[CBC News]]}}</ref> Many liked Rodrigo's [[confession|confessional]] songwriting, [[vulnerability]], and saw it as more mature than her last albums.<ref name=pitchfork-review/><ref name="rollingstone-review"/><ref name=vulture-review-frank/> The album reached number one in [[record chart]]s around the world. ==Before release== On September 8, 2023, [[Olivia Rodrigo]] released her second studio album, ''[[Guts (album)|Guts]]''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Craig |date=September 8, 2023 |title=Olivia Rodrigo would rather go through with it |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-guts-album-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920011429/https://www.vulture.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-guts-album-review.html |archive-date=September 20, 2023 |access-date=September 20, 2023 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> It was produced by [[Dan Nigro]], whom she worked with before.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Tolentino |first=Jia |author-link=Jia Tolentino |date=July 6, 2023 |title=A new decade, a new album, a new life—Olivia Rodrigo's next chapter |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-august-cover-2023-interview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706181410/https://www.vogue.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-august-cover-2023-interview |archive-date=July 6, 2023 |access-date=July 6, 2023 |magazine=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> In December 2025, Rodrigo released a [[live album]] of her singing at [[Glastonbury Festival]], called ''[[Live from Glastonbury (A BBC Recording)]]''. It also had special guest appearance by English musician [[Robert Smith]] of [[the Cure]].<ref name="consequence-glastonbury">{{cite web |last=Ragusa|first=Paolo|title=Olivia Rodrigo Announces Glastonbury 2025 Live Album Featuring Robert Smith|website=[[Consequence (website)|Consequence]]|date=September 8, 2025|url=https://consequence.net/2025/09/olivia-rodrigo-live-from-glastonbury-live-album/|access-date=September 18, 2025|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909043748/https://consequence.net/2025/09/olivia-rodrigo-live-from-glastonbury-live-album/|archive-date=September 9, 2025}}</ref> In March 2026, Rodrigo slowly began talking about the [[theme (narrative)|theme]] of her third album in an interview with [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']].<ref name=vogueuk>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/olivia-rodrigo-british-vogue-interview/|title="I'm definitely a lover girl": Olivia Rodrigo On yearning, "London vibes", and her most experimental album yet|magazine=British Vogue|last=Mukhtar|first=Amel|date=March 19, 2026|access-date=April 2, 2026|archive-date=May 14, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514084035/https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/olivia-rodrigo-british-vogue-interview|url-status=live}}</ref> She said the album would have many "sad love songs". She said this is because some of her favorite romantic songs are about feeling afraid or [[wikt:longing|longing]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brasil |first=Sydney |date=April 2, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Announces Album ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' |url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/olivia-rodrigo-announces-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |access-date=April 2, 2026 |work=[[Exclaim!]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Morrow |first=Brendan |date=April 2, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo reveals third studio album – See the surprising name |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2026/04/02/olivia-rodrigo-album-name-release-date/89424251007/ |access-date=April 2, 2026 |newspaper=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> On April 2, 2026, the album's title was released after the name was seen painted on a pink wall in [[Los Angeles]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Horowitz |first=Steven J. |date=April 2, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo announces new album ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' |url=https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-new-album-title-june-release-date-1236705555/ |access-date=April 2, 2026 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |archive-date=May 19, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260519085303/https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-new-album-title-june-release-date-1236705555/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==Music and lyrics== [[File:Olivia Rodrigo @ Theatre at Ace Hotel 10 09 2023 (53422493857).jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Olivia Rodrigo]] worked with record producer and musician [[Dan Nigro]] again in this album]] Rodrigo wanted this album to sound different than her last two albums ''[[Sour (album)|Sour]]'' and ''[[Guts (album)|Guts]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-1235531647/|title=Olivia Rodrigo reveals new album "You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love"|last=Martoccio|first=Angie|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |date=April 2, 2026|access-date=April 2, 2026|archive-date=April 22, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260422164415/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-1235531647/|url-status=live}}</ref> In ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'', Rodrigo continues her work with Nigro, who returns as the album's producer.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Walden |date=April 2, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo announces new album ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/ |access-date=April 2, 2026 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> The album is inspired by Rodrigo's time in [[London]]. She said that album is her "most experimental" yet.<ref name="vogueuk"/> One [[track listing|track]] on the album, "Maggots for Brains", is a reference the relationship of ''[[Sex and the City]]'' characters Miranda Hobbes and Steve Brady.<ref name="vogueuk"/> The album is a [[Pop music|pop]],<ref name="guardian-review">{{Cite news |last=Petridis |first=Alexis |author-link=Alexis Petridis |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo: You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love review – who's she singing about? Who cares when the songs are this good |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2026/jun/12/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612175806/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2026/jun/12/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |eissn=1756-3224 |oclc=60623878}}</ref><ref name=sputnikmusic-review/> [[Indie music|indie]],<ref name="irishtimes-review">{{Cite news |last=Power |first=Ed |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's new album, You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love, is brilliantly catchy and beautifully bittersweet |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/review/2026/06/12/olivia-rodrigos-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-is-brilliantly-catchy-and-beautifully-bittersweet |access-date=June 12, 2026 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |publisher=The Irish Times Trust |issn=0791-5144 |oclc=137350020 |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612182753/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/music/review/2026/06/12/olivia-rodrigos-new-album-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-is-brilliantly-catchy-and-beautifully-bittersweet/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 80's [[Alternative music|alternative]],<ref name="noripcord-youseempretty">{{cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo – You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love |url=https://www.noripcord.com/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/ |website=NORIPCORD |date=June 15, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026}}</ref> [[new jack swing]], <ref name=>{{Cite news |last=Petrusich |first=Amanda |date=2026-06-15 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's Early-Twenties Lament |url=https://newyorker.com |access-date=2026-10-04 |work=The New Yorker |language=en}}</ref> [[pop rock]],<ref name=vulture-review-jenkins>{{Cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Craig |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Fights Her Way Out of the Third-Album Rut |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/review-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love.html |access-date=June 16, 2026 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]}}</ref> [[dream pop]],<ref name="exclaim-youseempretty">{{cite web |last=Korngut |first=Josh |title=Olivia Rodrigo Seems Pretty Cool with Déjà Vu on 'you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love' |url=https://exclaim.ca/music/article/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review |website=Exclaim! |date=June 15, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-date=June 16, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616045755/https://exclaim.ca/music/article/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review |url-status=live }}</ref>[[New wave music|new wave]],<ref name="varietyau-youseempretty">{{cite web |last=Brereton |first=Greta |title=Album Review: Olivia Rodrigo Trades Pop-Punk Catharsis for Dreamy Introspection on 'You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love' |url=https://au.variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-album-review-pretty-sad-for-girl-so-in-love-37583/ |website=Variety Australia |date=June 16, 2026 |access-date=June 16, 2026}}</ref> [[concept album]].<ref name=associatedpress-review>{{Cite web |last=Sherman |first=Maria |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Music Review: Olivia Rodrigo's 'You seem pretty sad for a girl so in love' is her best work yet |url=https://apnews.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-review-ab6ec676a545677a43f061a60c0860c9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612043551/https://apnews.com/article/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-review-ab6ec676a545677a43f061a60c0860c9 |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 13, 2026 |website=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> It is also inspired by [[shoegaze]].<ref name="exclaim-youseempretty" /> Its songs change between [[indie pop]], emotional [[Sentimental Ballad|ballads]], [[alternative rock]], [[Minimal music|minimalist pop]], [[post-punk]], and pop rock sounds.<ref name="newstalkzb-youseempretty">{{cite web |last=Schulz |first=Chris |title=Chris Schulz: Olivia Rodrigo - You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love |url=https://www.newstalkzb.co.nz/on-air/saturday-morning-with-jack-tame/audio/chris-schulz-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/ |website=Newstalk ZB |date=June 13, 2026 |access-date=June 13, 2026}}</ref><ref name="musicomh-youseempretty">{{cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo – You seem pretty sad for a girl so in love |url=https://www.musicomh.com/reviews/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |website=musicOMH |date=June 14, 2026 |access-date=June 14, 2026 |archive-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615175939/https://www.musicomh.com/reviews/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="bestfit-youseempretty">{{cite web |last=Thomas |first=Abby |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love' lovingly unravels |url=https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-lovingly-unravels |website=The Line of Best Fit |date=June 15, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615174459/https://www.thelineofbestfit.com/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-lovingly-unravels |url-status=live }}</ref> The album is also inspired by [[New Romantic]]-era [[Rock music|rock]], and [[college rock]].<ref name=pitchfork-review/> For ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'', Rodrigo said she was inspired by [[post-punk]] bands like [[the Cure]], [[New Order (band)|New Order]], [[Depeche Mode]], and [[Siouxsie and the Banshees]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Smith |first=Serena |date=June 4, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo A Breakup Can Be an Opportunity to Redirect Your Life|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/70335/1/olivia-rodrigo-dazed-summer-2026-action-issue-album-interview |access-date=June 6, 2026 |magazine=[[Dazed]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260605094858/https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/70335/1/olivia-rodrigo-dazed-summer-2026-action-issue-album-interview |archive-date=June 5, 2026}}</ref> === Songs === The album is separated into two main parts: ''Girl So in Love'' and ''You Seem Pretty Sad''.<ref name=tracklisting-streaming/><ref name=tracklisting-announcement/> Rodrigo wrote all of her songs. [[Sasha Alex Sloan]], [[Amy Allen (songwriter)|Amy Allen]], [[Conan Gray]] and [[Lily Elise]] also helped with songwriting and singing.<ref name="Tidal"/> {{Multiple image | direction = horizontal | image1 = Glasto2025-546 (cropped) (2).jpg | image2 = Robert Smith (musician) crop.jpg | caption_align = left | footer = Rodrigo sang with [[Robert Smith]] in "[[What's Wrong with Me]]" | total_width = 300 | align = left }} In ''Girl So in Love'', the album starts with the lead single, "[[Drop Dead]]". The song has been seen as a [[synth-pop]], [[chamber pop]], [[indie pop]], [[pop rock]], and [[soft rock]] song.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Jenkins|first=Craig|date=April 17, 2026|title=Olivia Rodrigo Plays to Her Strengths|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/review-olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead.html|access-date=April 18, 2026|magazine=Vulture}}</ref><ref name="BillboardPH2026">{{Cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo Releases New Single 'drop dead' — Listen|url=https://billboardphilippines.com/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-releases-new-single-drop-dead/|website=Billboard Philippines|date=April 17, 2026|access-date=May 11, 2026}}</ref><ref name="DeVille 2026">{{cite web |last=DeVille|first=Chris|date=April 17, 2026|title='Drop Dead': Gorgeous|url=https://stereogum.com/2496121/drop-dead-gorgeous/columns/sounding-board|accessdate=April 17, 2026|website=[[Stereogum]]|quote=["Drop Dead"] is a compact pop-rock symphony, seamlessly combining components without making a big show of its own eclecticism.}}</ref> It also has a [[Rock music|rock]] [[bridge (music)|bridge]] and a [[power pop]] guitar solo.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Snapes|first=Laura|date=April 17, 2026|title=Olivia Rodrigo: 'Drop Dead' review – a maximalist rush of infatuation that's just a bauble short of festive|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2026/apr/17/olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-review-single|access-date=April 18, 2026|newspaper=The Guardian|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The [[lyrics]] are about the start of a romantic relationship.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=June 13, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Drop Dead' Lyrics Seem to Recount the Start of Her Louis Partridge Romance |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71050745/olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-lyrics-meaning-louis-partridge/ |access-date=June 15, 2026 |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]}}</ref> The second song of the album is "[[Stupid Song]]" which is a pop rock<ref>{{Cite web |last=Howley|first=Ciaran|date=June 12, 2026|title=Notion Now #299: Olivia Rodrigo, Adéla, BLXST & Rose Gray|url=https://notion.online/notion-now-299-olivia-rodrigo-adela-blxst-rose-gray/|quote=" 'Stupid Song' is the latest single from her new album You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love and it's pure tween pop-rock gold."|website=[[Notion (magazine)|Notion]]|access-date=June 12, 2026}}</ref> and [[Electronic rock|synth-rock]] song.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Breihan|first=Tom|date=June 12, 2026|title=Premature Evaluation: Olivia Rodrigo "you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love"|url=https://stereogum.com/2502063/premature-evaluation-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/reviews/premature-evaluation|access-date=June 12, 2026|quote=" 'stupid song,' which is just now getting the single treatment, goes for a classic fake-out, starting as a tinkly piano ballad before finding its groove as a midtempo synth-rocker."|website=[[Stereogum]]|archive-date=June 12, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612181310/https://stereogum.com/2502063/premature-evaluation-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/reviews/premature-evaluation|url-status=live}}</ref> Much like "Drop Dead", "Stupid Song" talks about the [[narrator]] during the early parts of their relationship.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Stupid Song' lyrics hint at her early relationship with Louis Partridge |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/love-sex/olivia-rodrigo-s-stupid-song-lyrics-hint-at-her-early-relationship-with-louis-partridge/ar-AA25r3US?ocid=BingNewsVerp |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] on [[MSN]]}}</ref> In ''You Seem Pretty Sad'', the album continues with the single "[[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]]". It is a [[downtempo]], [[indie rock]] and [[Pop music|pop]] song.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzgerald |first=Kiana |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Levels Up on you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love: Review |url=https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-review/ |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=[[Consequence (website)|Consequence]]}}</ref> This song is about how the narrator is having [[doubt]]s and mistrust in her partner and how this is causing some [[mental health]] problems.<ref name=cure>{{cite web |last=Dunworth |first=Liberty |title=Olivia Rodrigo Shares Her 'Favourite' New Song 'The Cure' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/olivia-rodrigo-shares-her-favourite-new-song-the-cure-3946829 |website=[[NME]] |access-date=May 23, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260523091409/https://www.nme.com/news/music/olivia-rodrigo-shares-her-favourite-new-song-the-cure-3946829 |archive-date=May 23, 2026 |date=May 22, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the song, Rodrigo says that she felt that the relationship she sings about was the "cure" to her problems.<ref name=cure/> The album then continues with the [[acoustic pop]] [[indie folk]] song "[[Begged (song)|Begged]]".<ref name=dazed>{{cite web |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/70446/1/yspsfagil-5-best-tracks-olivia-rodrigo-new-album-the-cure-review/ |title=The 5 best tracks on Olivia Rodrigo's new album |work=[[Dazed]] |date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |author1=Diallo, Habi |author2=Greig, James |author3=Smith, Serena |author4=PM, Solomon}}</ref> Rodrigo said that the song is about her wanting to spend more time with her partner, however she feels she has been [[wikt:begging|begging]] him for this.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Fell |first1=Nicole |last2=Franklin |first2=McKinley |title=Connor Storrie drops by ''SNL'' to introduce new Olivia Rodrigo song "Begged" |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/connor-storrie-olivia-rodrigo-snl-unreleased-song-begged-1236584300/ |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=May 3, 2026 |date=May 2, 2026 }}</ref> The song after this, "[[What's Wrong with Me]]", has Rodrigo singing a [[duet]] with [[The Cure]] member [[Robert Smith]].<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Young |first=Alex |date=June 6, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Debuts New Song with Robert Smith During Surprise Set at Primavera Sound |url=https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-robert-smith-new-song-primavera-song/ |access-date=June 6, 2026 |magazine=[[Consequence of Sound]] |archive-date=June 7, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260607055506/https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-robert-smith-new-song-primavera-song/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The song is a [[baroque pop]] song.<ref name=savio>{{Cite web |last=Savio |first=Michael |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo 'You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So In Love' Review |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review/ |access-date=June 13, 2026 |website=Slant Magazine |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612221331/https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-album-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the song, the narrator is going through emotional problems and starts questioning their [[mental health]]. They talk about many symptoms such as [[anxiety]], [[insomnia|sleeplessness]], and not eating.<ref name="BillboardPrimavera" /> This song is where the [[narrative]] of the album changes. Rodrigo no longer felt guilty about the relationship going bad and instead blames her boyfriend.<ref name=slate>{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/culture/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-album-lyrics-the-cure-taylor-swift.html|title=A Guide to Olivia Rodrigo's New Album for Fans of 1980s Rock Band the Cure|publisher=Slate|accessdate=June 12, 2026|date=June 12, 2026}}</ref> The eleventh song on the album, "[[Less (song)|Less]]", is said to be about a bad breakup.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Less' Lyrics Seem to Recount the Devastating Moment Louis Partridge Broke Up With Her |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71570883/olivia-rodrigo-less-lyrics-meaning-louis-partridge-breakup/ |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|access-date=June 21, 2026}}</ref> The lyrics for "[[Expectations (Olivia Rodrigo song)|Expectations]]" are said to be about Rodrigo's new rules about dating someone.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Expectations' lyrics detail her new dating standards after her Louis Partridge breakup |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/tv/celebrity/olivia-rodrigo-s-expectations-lyrics-detail-her-new-dating-standards-after-her-louis-partridge-breakup/ar-AA25uQJe?ocid=BingNewsVerp |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]] |publisher=[[MSN]]|access-date=June 21, 2026}}</ref> The final song from the album, "[[Cigarette Smoke]]", has lyrics that are about a bad response after a breakup.<ref name=Louis>{{Cite magazine |last=Bailey |first=Alyssa |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Cigarette Smoke' Lyrics Seem to Be a Brutal Response to Her Louis Partridge Breakup |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71565555/olivia-rodrigo-cigarette-smoke-lyrics-meaning-louis-partridge-breakup/ |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|access-date=June 21, 2026}}</ref> It was said that the breakup Rodrigo sang about in the album is from her last boyfriend, English actor [[Louis Partridge]].<ref name=Louis/> ==Release and promotion== The album's [[track listing|track list]] was first shown on May 26, 2026.<ref name=tracklisting-announcement>{{Cite magazine |last=Dailey |first=Hannah |date=May 26, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo drops ''You Seem Pretty Sad'' tracklist with intriguing titles such as 'Maggots for Brains' & 'Purple' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-girl-in-love-tracklist-1236256875/ |access-date=May 26, 2026 |magazine=Billboard|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260528061335/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-girl-in-love-tracklist-1236256875/|archive-date=May 28, 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> Preorders for [[Target Corporation|Target]]-only [[vinyl]] versions started the day that she announced the album. Shoppers could choose from a "Pretty Sad" pink color vinyl and a "Hope Like Snow" white color vinyl.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Moore |first=Jessica |date=April 6, 2026 |title=Target just dropped exclusive Olivia Rodrigo vinyls, CD for pre-order |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/shopping/entertainment/celebrity/2026/04/06/pre-order-new-olivia-rodrigo-album-at-target/89490481007/ |newspaper=[[USA Today]] |archive-date=April 27, 2026 |access-date=August 9, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427230105/https://www.usatoday.com/story/shopping/entertainment/celebrity/2026/04/06/pre-order-new-olivia-rodrigo-album-at-target/89490481007/ |url-status=live}}</ref> ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' was released on June 12, 2026.<ref name=NYT>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/06/12/arts/music/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-review.html|title=Olivia Rodrigo's Songs Can't Always Keep Up With Her Impeccable Taste|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 12, 2026|accessdate=June 12, 2026}}</ref> When it was released, it had eighty-two{{Nbsp}}million global streams on [[Spotify]]. It was the biggest debut of a female artist's album on the service for that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inmusicblog.com/news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-spotify-debut/|title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love' Debuts With Massive Spotify Numbers|publisher=In Music|accessdate=June 16, 2026|date=June 12, 2026}}</ref> The album also earned the biggest 2026 debut for any album on [[Amazon Music]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 13, 2026 |title=Spot Check: olivia streams pretty great for a girl, guy or really anyone, ever |url=https://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/streaming/spot-check-olivia-rodrigo-first-day-streams-2026-06-13 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260614013142/https://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/streaming/spot-check-olivia-rodrigo-first-day-streams-2026-06-13 |archive-date=June 14, 2026 |access-date=June 14, 2026 |work=[[Hits Daily Double]] |oclc=15994494}}</ref> It also reached number one in seventy-nine markets on [[Apple Music]].<ref name=hot200-prediction>{{Cite news |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Olivia's Opening: A Snapshot |url=https://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/olivia-opening-latest-readings-2026-06-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616204754/https://www.hitsdailydouble.com/news/olivia-opening-latest-readings-2026-06-15 |archive-date=June 16, 2026 |access-date=June 16, 2026 |work=[[Hits Daily Double]] |oclc=15994494}}</ref> [[File:Vue aérienne du domaine de Versailles par ToucanWings - Creative Commons By Sa 3.0 - 073.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Rodrigo filmed the [[music video]] for "[[Drop Dead]]" at the [[Palace of Versailles]] in [[France]]]] ===Singles=== On April 7, 2026, Rodrigo announced the album's lead single, "[[Drop Dead]]", which was released on April 17.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Harrigan |first=Annie |date=April 7, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo reveals when new single "Drop Dead" will arrive |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-new-song-drop-dead-release-date-1236216988/ |access-date=April 8, 2026 |magazine=Billboard |archive-date=April 8, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260408035654/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-new-song-drop-dead-release-date-1236216988/ |url-status=live}}</ref> The song also had a music video that was filmed at the [[Palace of Versailles]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Cancilla |first=Julia |date=April 17, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Takes Over the Palace of Versailles in Her 'Drop Dead' Music Video |url=https://www.elledecor.com/celebrity-style/a71052009/where-was-olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-music-video-filmed/ |access-date=April 17, 2026 |magazine=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]}}</ref> The single debuted at number one on the United States' [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]], extending her record as the first artist to debut the lead singles from their first three albums at the top of the chart.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Trust |first=Gary |date=April 27, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'Drop Dead' Debuts at No. 1 on ''Billboard'' Hot 100 |url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-hot-100-number-one-debut/ |access-date=June 1, 2026 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-date=April 27, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260427212536/https://www.billboard.com/lists/olivia-rodrigo-drop-dead-hot-100-number-one-debut/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On May 19, "[[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]]" was released on May 22.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ragusa |first=Paolo |date=May 19, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo To Drop New Song "the cure" on Friday |url=https://consequence.net/2026/05/olivia-rodrigo-new-song-the-cure-announcement/ |access-date=May 19, 2026 |website=[[Consequence (website)|Consequence]] |archive-date=May 20, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260520052449/https://consequence.net/2026/05/olivia-rodrigo-new-song-the-cure-announcement/ |url-status=live}}</ref> It reached number one in Australia,<ref>{{cite web |date=June 1, 2026 |title=ARIA Top 50 Singles Chart |url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/singles-chart/2026-06-01 |access-date=May 29, 2026 |publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]] |archive-date=May 29, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260529073341/https://www.aria.com.au/charts/singles-chart/2026-06-01 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ireland, and Singapore<ref>{{cite web |title=The Official Singapore Charts Week 22 (22 - 28 May 2026) |url=https://www.rias.org.sg/the-official-singapore-charts/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260602080617/https://www.rias.org.sg/the-official-singapore-charts/ |archive-date=June 2, 2026 |access-date=June 2, 2026 |publisher=[[Recording Industry Association Singapore|RIAS]] |url-status=live}}</ref> and number five in the US.<ref>{{Cite magazine |title=Olivia Rodrigo Chart History (Hot 100) |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/olivia-rodrigo/chart-history/hsi/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=June 6, 2026 |archive-date=December 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208204032/https://www.billboard.com/artist/olivia-rodrigo/chart-history/hsi/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Physical versions of the single has a bonus song called "Never Do".<ref name="bonus">{{Cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo drops long-awaited bonus track 'Never Do' |url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/668803-olivia-rodrigo-drops-long-awaited-bonus-track-never-do |access-date=June 19, 2026 |publisher=[[Geo News]] |archive-date=June 21, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260621075707/https://www.geo.tv/latest/668803-olivia-rodrigo-drops-long-awaited-bonus-track-never-do |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>7-inch vinyl: * {{Cite web |title=the cure - 7" vinyl |url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/products/the-cure-7-vinyl?srsltid=AfmBOoref23DS8os408AjiSOG4mpr-ebTIjr6osdfNrMJziUazepNayb |access-date=June 14, 2026 |publisher=Olivia Rodrigo}} Cassette: * {{Cite web |title=the cure - cassette |url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/the-cure/products/the-cure-cassette |access-date=June 14, 2026 |publisher=Olivia Rodrigo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260522142354/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/the-cure/products/the-cure-cassette |archive-date=May 22, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> A [[promotional single|promo]] "Walk in the Park" limited-edition vinyl for the album tracks "Honeybee" and "Cigarette Smoke" was also released.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |postid=DZVafhrEaPt |user=recordstoredayus |title=As this Thursday turns into this Friday, record stores around the country will be the first place to celebrate the new @oliviarodrigo album when the clock strikes midnight! And as a special treat for being among the first to #listentooliviarodrigo together, this special 7" single will also be for sale — only at participating record stores, in limited numbers! |date=June 8, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/tS3bw<!--Does anyone know how to archive an IG post without the overlay asking you to log in being included?--> |archive-date=June 15, 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref> A third single, "[[Stupid Song]]" was released on June 12 with a [[music video]], filmed in [[New York City]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lindert |first=Hattie |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Watch Olivia Rodrigo Bring in the Ballerinas in "Stupid Song" Video |url=https://pitchfork.com/news/olivia-rodrigo-stupid-song-video/ |access-date=June 13, 2026 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]}}</ref> ===Marketing=== On April 18, 2026, Rodrigo was a surprise guest on [[Addison Rae]]'s performance at [[Coachella]], where she sang "[[Drop Dead]]" for the first time.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fell |first=Nicole |date=April 19, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo debuts "Drop Dead" live during surprise appearance at Addison Rae's Coachella set |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-addison-rae-coachella-drop-dead-live-debut-1236568623/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419052130/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-addison-rae-coachella-drop-dead-live-debut-1236568623/ |archive-date=April 19, 2026 |access-date=April 19, 2026 |magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> Rodrigo then sang "[[Begged (song)|Begged]]" for the first time during her appearance on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'' on May 2.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Molloy |first=Laura |date=May 3, 2026 |title=Watch Olivia Rodrigo debut new song "Begged" on ''Saturday Night Live'' |url=https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-olivia-rodrigo-debut-new-song-begged-on-saturday-night-live-3943724 |access-date=May 3, 2026 |magazine=[[NME]] |archive-date=May 3, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260503090258/https://www.nme.com/news/music/watch-olivia-rodrigo-debut-new-song-begged-on-saturday-night-live-3943724 |url-status=live}}</ref> On June 6, she sang "[[What's Wrong with Me]]" with [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] of [[the Cure]] at [[Primavera Sound]] in [[Barcelona]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Young |first=Alex |date=June 6, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Debuts New Song with Robert Smith During Surprise Set at Primavera Sound |url=https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-robert-smith-new-song-primavera-song/ |access-date=June 6, 2026 |website=[[Consequence of Sound]] |archive-date=June 7, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260607055506/https://consequence.net/2026/06/olivia-rodrigo-robert-smith-new-song-primavera-song/ |url-status=live}}</ref> A music video for "[[Stupid Song]]" was released on June 12, at midnight [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern Time]].<ref name="james">{{cite web |title=Olivia Rodrigo Interview with Greg James |url=https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/p0nqtwdd |work=[[Radio 1 Breakfast]] |access-date=June 9, 2026 |date=June 9, 2026 |time=9:00 |archive-date=June 9, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260609141741/https://www.bbc.com/audio/play/p0nqtwdd |url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Fragonard, l'altalena3.JPG|thumb|upright=0.75|The album cover has been compared to ''[[The Swing (Fragonard)|The Swing]]'', an 18th century painting by [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]]]] ===Artwork=== The album cover [[artwork]] shows Rodrigo upside down on a swing against a soft pink-and-blue sky. She is wearing a pink [[babydoll]] dress, long white socks, and [[Mary Jane shoes]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Katie |date=June 15, 2026 |title=Decoding the Art Historical References in Olivia Rodrigo's New Album |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-decoding-art-historical-references-olivia-rodrigos-new-album |access-date=June 21, 2026 |website=[[Artsy (website)|Artsy]]}}</ref> The cover has been compared to [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]]'s [[Rococo painting]] ''[[The Swing (Fragonard)|The Swing]]'', which shows a woman on a swing in a pink dress.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Serna |first=Ana |date=April 6, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo reconfigura su visión del amor en ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' |url=https://es.rollingstone.com/olivia-rodrigo-reconfigura-su-vision-del-amor-en-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/ |access-date=June 21, 2026 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone en Español]] |language=es |trans-title=Olivia Rodrigo reconfigures her vision of love in ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''}}</ref> The Target-only edition "Carve Our Names" [[picture disc]] vinyl shows an original oil painting by [[Chloe Wise]] based on a photograph by Chad Moore.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Katie |date=June 4, 2026 |title=Chloe Wise paints Olivia Rodrigo for a new limited-edition album release |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-chloe-wise-paints-olivia-rodrigo-new-limited-edition-album-release |access-date=June 21, 2026 |website=[[Artsy (website)|Artsy]]}}</ref> ===Tour=== {{Main|The Unraveled Tour}} On April 30, 2026, Rodrigo announced her third [[concert tour]], [[the Unraveled Tour]], in support of the album. It is made up of 86 dates across [[North America]] and [[Europe]].<ref name=tour/> The tour began on September 25, 2026, in [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]], and will end on May 10, 2027, in [[London]].<ref name=tour/> Singers Devon Again, [[Die Spitz]], [[Grace Ives]], [[the Last Dinner Party]], and [[Wolf Alice]] are joining Rodrigo on the tour.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Aswad |first=Jem |date=April 30, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Announces Massive 'Unraveled' Tour Dates |url=https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-unraveled-tour-dates-1236734157/ |access-date=April 30, 2026 |magazine=Variety |archive-date=May 1, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260501043341/https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-announces-unraveled-tour-dates-1236734157/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=tour>{{cite magazine |last=Blistein |first=Jon |date=April 30, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Details 65-Date 'Unraveled' World Tour |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-tour-dates-you-seem-pretty-sad-album-1235556104/ |access-date=April 30, 2026 |magazine=Rolling Stone|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260528060830/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-tour-dates-you-seem-pretty-sad-album-1235556104/|archive-date=May 28, 2026}}</ref> ==Critics reviews== [[File:Olivia Rodrigo @ Theatre at Ace Hotel 10 09 2023 (53423846700).jpg|thumb|right|200px|Many critics liked how Rodrigo grew as a songwriter in the album]] ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]''{{'s}} Molly Mary O'Brien called ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' as Rodrigo's "most [[wikt:sophisticated|sophisticated]]" album.<ref name=pitchfork-review/> She said that Rodrigo "has never sounded more adventurous". She said the album shows how Rodrigo has changed as a songwriter.<ref name=pitchfork-review>{{Cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Molly Mary |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo: you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love Album Review |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612042151/https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]]}}</ref> [[Sputnikmusic]]'s Caleb Robinson said that ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' "will go down as one of the decade's [best] albums, and it [is] among the ranks of other modern pop classics". Robinson liked Rodrigo's songwriting talent and said it was perfect.<ref name=sputnikmusic-review>{{Cite web |last=Robinson |first=Caleb |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Review: Olivia Rodrigo - You Seem Pretty Sad For A Girl So In Love |url=https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/90930/Olivia-Rodrigo-You-Seem-Pretty-Sad-For-A-Girl-So-In-Love |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=[[Sputnikmusic]]}}</ref> ''[[Rolling Stone]]''{{'s}} Julyssa Lopez believed that Rodrigo's storytelling had grown more [[mature]] on the album.<ref name="rollingstone-review">{{Cite magazine |last=Lopez |first=Julyssa |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Tells a Beautiful, Crushing Love Story |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-love-review-1235576485 |url-access=subscription |access-date=June 12, 2026 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |eissn=3066-0580 |oclc=969027590 |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612043955/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-love-review-1235576485/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Emma Constance from ''[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]]'' compared Rodrigo's writing in the album like a [[diary|diary entry]]. She said it talks about the rise and fall of a romantic relationship with "unfiltered honesty". She said that Rodrigo had successfully made a troubling part of her life into something "beautiful and unskippable".<ref name=clash-review>{{Cite magazine |last=Constance |first=Emma |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo - you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love {{!}} Reviews |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612075458/https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |magazine=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]] |issn=1743-0801}}</ref> [[Vulture (website)|''Vulture'']]{{'s}} Jason P. Frank said the album was "essentially, a [[rock opera]]".<ref name=vulture-review-frank>{{Cite web |last=Frank |first=Jason P. |date=June 12, 2026 |title=So Olivia Rodrigo Wrote a Musical |url=https://www.vulture.com/article/olivia-rodrigos-new-album-tracklist-creates-a-musical.html |access-date=June 14, 2026 |website=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615004736/https://www.vulture.com/article/olivia-rodrigos-new-album-tracklist-creates-a-musical.html|archive-date=June 15, 2026|url-status=live|publisher=[[Vox Media]]|url-access=registration}}</ref> The duet between Rodrigo and Smith in "[[What's Wrong with Me]]" was well liked by critics.<ref name="rollingstone-review"/><ref name=dazed/><ref name="BillboardPrimavera">{{cite magazine |last=Iasimone |first=Ashley |date=June 6, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Debuts 'What's Wrong With Me' With The Cure's Robert Smith at Primavera Sound 2026 |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-whats-wrong-with-me-robert-smith-primavera-1236266185/ |access-date=June 6, 2026 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |archive-date=June 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606221642/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-whats-wrong-with-me-robert-smith-primavera-1236266185/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, [[NPR|NPR Music]]'s Hazel Cills had a more mixed review of the album. She did not like how "melodramatic" and "repetitive" the [[tone]] was for the album's first half.<ref name=npr-music-review/> She said that "Rodrigo doesn't step back quite far enough to truly make sense of what this relationship has done to her". However, Cills did like "The Cure" as "one of the strongest [tracks] of Rodrigo's career so far."<ref name=npr-music-review>{{cite web |last=Cills |first=Hazel |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo, pop princess of vengeful angst, tries her hand at love songs |url=https://www.npr.org/2026/06/12/nx-s1-5855379/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-album-review |website=NPR Music |publisher=[[National Public Radio]] |access-date=June 12, 2026 |archive-date=June 13, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260613025930/https://www.npr.org/2026/06/12/nx-s1-5855379/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-album-review |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Stereogum]]''{{'s}} Tom Breihan said that the album "calls back to the [[college rock]] of the late '80s".<ref name=stereogum-review>{{Cite web |last=Breihan |first=Tom |date=June 12, 2026 |title=Premature Evaluation: Olivia Rodrigo you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love |url=https://stereogum.com/2502063/premature-evaluation-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/reviews/premature-evaluation |url-access=limited |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260612181310/https://stereogum.com/2502063/premature-evaluation-olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/reviews/premature-evaluation |archive-date=June 12, 2026 |access-date=June 12, 2026 |website=[[Stereogum]] |oclc=1142733705}}</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' felt that the songs in the album did not catch the "[[adrenaline]] rush" that Rodrigo is known for.<ref name=NYT/> === Lists === The album appeared on many media list of best albums. The ''[[Irish Examiner]]'' put the album at number seven in their top ten list.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dunne |first=Tom |author-link=Tom Dunne |date=2026-07-01 |title=Tom Dunne: My top 10 albums of the year so far |url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/artsandculture/arid-41872149.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260702000640/https://www.irishexaminer.com/lifestyle/artsandculture/arid-41872149.html |archive-date=2026-07-02 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[Irish Examiner]] |publisher=[[The Irish Times]] |issn=1393-9564}}</ref> ''[[The Quietus]]'' put the album on the seventy-nine spot out of one hundred.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Clarke |first1=Patrick |last2=Doran |first2=John |last3=Eede |first3=Christian [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Maya Chandran] |date=2026-07-06 |others=The poll was conducted by Doran and voted on by "all of [''The Quietus''{{'s}}] staff, columnists, and a handful of [its] writers"; Clarke and Eede analyzed the data, creating the final ranking |title=The Quietus Albums of the Year So Far 2026 (In Association with Norman Records) {{!}} Page 2 of 5 |url=https://thequietus.com/tq-charts/albums-of-the-year-so-far/best-music-2026/2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260706210436/https://thequietus.com/tq-charts/albums-of-the-year-so-far/best-music-2026/2/ |archive-date=2026-07-06 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[The Quietus]]}}</ref> The album was also added in other mid-year lists such as in the ''[[BrooklynVegan]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hatfield |first1=Amanda |last2=Pearis |first2=Bill |last3=Sacher |first3=Andrew [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Andrew Sacher] |date=2026-07-03 |title=Our 50 Favorite Albums of 2026 So Far |url=https://www.brooklynvegan.com/our-50-favorite-albums-of-2026-so-far |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260704012832/https://www.brooklynvegan.com/our-50-favorite-albums-of-2026-so-far |archive-date=2026-07-04 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[BrooklynVegan]] |publisher=Project M Group}}</ref> ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle USA]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Gonzales |first1=Erica |last2=Maude |first2=Samuel |last3=Taroy |first3=Daniel |last4=Teshome |first4=Burake |last5=Webley Adler |first5=Kayla [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Burake Teshome] |date=2026-07-02 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 (So Far) |url=https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71795937/best-albums-2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260702235927/https://www.elle.com/culture/music/a71795937/best-albums-2026 |archive-date=2026-07-02 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle USA]] |publisher=[[Hearst Magazine Media]] |issn=0888-0808 |oclc=697050973}}</ref> ''Flood Magazine'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Amorosi |first1=A.D. |last2=Appleford |first2=Steve |last3=Baker |first3=Soren |last4=Crandall |first4=Kevin |last5=Fennell |first5=Sean |last6=Farrell |first6=Margaret |last7=Gutierrez |first7=Juan |last8=Hurst |first8=Josh |last9=Lemmon |first9=Kyle |last10=LeSuer |first10=Mike |last11=Marlin |first11=Natalie |last12=Merrick |first12=Hayden |last13=Moayeri |first13=Lily |last14=Parker |first14=Lyndsey |last15=Parnell |first15=Annie |last16=Pearlman |first16=Mischa |last17=Ruckle |first17=Taylor |last18=Schube |first18=Will [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Josh Hurst] |date=2026-07-01 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 (So Far) |url=https://floodmagazine.com/226046/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Flood|others=Graphic by Libaro, Chiara}}</ref> ''[[Manila Bulletin]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ureta |first=Ian |date=2026-07-06 |title=The best albums of 2026 so far |url=https://mb.com.ph//2026/07/06/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260706223117/https://mb.com.ph/2026/07/06/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |archive-date=2026-07-06 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[Manila Bulletin]] |publisher=Manila Bulletin Publishing Corporation |issn=0116-3086 |oclc=42725386}}</ref> ''[[New Musical Express]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 16, 2026 |title=The best albums of 2026... so far! |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-features/the-best-albums-2026-so-far-3951115 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260616210308/https://www.nme.com/features/music-features/the-best-albums-2026-so-far-3951115 |archive-date=June 16, 2026 |access-date=June 16, 2026 |website=[[NME]]}}</ref> ''[[Our Culture Mag]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pappis |first=Konstantinos |date=2026-06-17 |title=The 50 Best Albums of 2026 (So Far) |url=https://ourculturemag.com/2026/06/17/the-50-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260702163001/https://ourculturemag.com/2026/06/17/the-50-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |archive-date=2026-07-02 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=[[Our Culture Mag]]}}</ref> ''Rolling Stone'',<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Bernstein |first1=Jonathan |last2=Blistein |first2=Jon |last3=Dolan |first3=Jon |last4=Georgi |first4=Maya |last5=Grow |first5=Kory |last6=Hermes |first6=Will |last7=Hudak |first7=Joseph |last8=Ihaza |first8=Jeff |last9=Johnston |first9=Maura |last10=Lopez |first10=Julyssa |last11=Paul |first11=Larisha |last12=Martoccio |first12=Angie |last13=Matos |first13=Michaelangelo |last14=Pinder |first14=Jaeden |last15=Reeves |first15=Mosi |last16=Sheffield |first16=Rob |author-link16=Rob Sheffield |last17=Vozick-Levinson |first17=Simon [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Julyssa Lopez] |date=June 15, 2026 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 So Far |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/best-albums-of-2026-so-far-1235569912 |access-date=June 16, 2026 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> ''[[Slant Magazine]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Attard |first1=Paul |last2=Cinquemani |first2=Sal |last3=Erickson |first3=Steve |last4=Kohner |first4=Kylie |last5=Lyons-Burt |first5=Charles |last6=Mason |first6=Eric |last7=Mooney |first7=Alexander |last8=Savio |first8=Michael |last9=Seip |first9=Nick [''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love''{{'s}} entry was written by Michael Savio] |date=2026-06-25 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 ... So Far |url=https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260626064135/https://www.slantmagazine.com/music/the-best-albums-of-2026-so-far |archive-date=2026-06-26 |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=[[Slant Magazine]]}}</ref> and ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=2026-06-29 |title=The Best Albums of 2026 (So Far) |url=https://variety.com/lists/best-albums-so-far-2026-mid-year |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260630060817/https://variety.com/lists/best-albums-so-far-2026-mid-year |archive-date=2026-06-30 |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |publisher=[[Penske Media Corporation]] |issn=0042-2738 |oclc=60626328}}</ref> ==Commercial performance== When the album came out, ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' became 2026's most [[streaming|streamed]] album by a female artist within a single day on [[Spotify]]. It also had the largest global streaming release of the year on [[Amazon Music]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Peters|first=Mitchell|date=June 13, 2026|title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love' Breaks First-Day Streaming Records|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-breaks-streaming-records-1236272521/|access-date=July 6, 2026|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|archive-date=July 6, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260706194018/https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-breaks-streaming-records-1236272521/|url-status=live}}</ref> It was the largest weekly release and the largest streaming opening for any album by a female act released in 2026, according to ''Billboard''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |date=June 21, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Scores Third No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 With 'You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-number-one-billboard-200-1236277283 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260621192844/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-number-one-billboard-200-1236277283 |archive-date=June 21, 2026 |access-date=June 7, 2026 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |oclc=732913734}}</ref> For two weeks in a row, the album was on top of the ''Billboard'' 200.<ref name="BB200 3Week">{{Cite magazine |last=Caulfield |first=Keith |date=July 5, 2026 |title=ATEEZ Achieves Third No. 1 on Billboard 200 With 'GOLDEN HOUR : Part.5' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/ateez-golden-hour-part5-number-one-billboard-200-chart-1236287924 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260705203351/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/ateez-golden-hour-part5-number-one-billboard-200-chart-1236287924 |archive-date=July 5, 2026 |access-date=July 7, 2026 |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |issn=0006-2510 |oclc=732913734}}</ref> Four singles from the album were within the top ten of the ''Billboard'' Hot 100, with "Stupid Song" and "Honeybee" at numbers three and nine. With this, Rodrigo became the first woman to debut their first ten top-ten singles in the top ten.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-i-knew-it-i-knew-you-hot-100-no-1-second-week/|title=Taylor Swift's 'I Knew It, I Knew You' No. 1 on Billboard Hot 100 for Second Week|last=Trust|first=Gary|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|date=June 22, 2026|access-date=June 30, 2026|archive-date=June 27, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260627061201/https://www.billboard.com/lists/taylor-swift-i-knew-it-i-knew-you-hot-100-no-1-second-week/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''You Seem Pretty Sad for A Girl So in Love'' also reached number one in [[Austria]],<ref name="Austria" /> [[Croatia]],<ref name="Croatia" /> [[Denmark]],<ref name="Denmark" /> [[Finland]],<ref name="Finland" /> [[Hungary]],<ref name="Hungary"/> [[Ireland]],<ref name="Ireland" /> [[Italy]],<ref name="Italy" /> [[Portugal]],<ref name="Portugal">{{cite web|url=https://www.audiogest.pt/uploads/files/file_2026-07-06-16-58-45.pdf|title=Top 200 Álbuns: Semana 25 de 2026|page=2|publisher=[[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa]]|access-date=July 6, 2026|language=pt-pt|archive-date=July 10, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260710052942/https://www.audiogest.pt/uploads/files/file_2026-07-06-16-58-45.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Spain]],<ref name="Spain">{{cite web|title=Top 100 Albums – Semana 25: del 12.06.2026 al 18.06.2026|url=https://www.elportaldemusica.es/lists/top-100-albums/2026/25|accessdate=June 24, 2026|publisher=[[Productores de Música de España]]|archive-date=June 23, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260623163649/https://www.elportaldemusica.es/lists/top-100-albums/2026/25|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sweden]],<ref name="Sweden" /> and [[Switzerland]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/charts/alben/21-06-2026|title=Alben Top 100: 21. Juni 2026|publisher=Swiss Charts|access-date=June 22, 2026}}</ref> It was on top of both the Top 100 albums and Top 100 Pop albums chart in [[Germany]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/album/for-date-1782483134000|title=Top 100 Album Charts|language=de|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|date=June 26, 2026|access-date=June 26, 2026}}</ref> It was at number two in [[Lithuania]],<ref name="Lithuania" /> [[Norway]],<ref name="Norway" /> [[Poland]],<ref name=Poland/> and [[Slovakia]].<ref name="Slovakia" /> ==Legacy== [[Sienna Spiro]] and [[Role Model (singer)|Role Model]] sang the album tracks "Less" and "Maggots for Brains" in the BBC Radio Live Lounge.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=August 12, 2026 |title=Watch Role Model's Self-Proclaimed 'Botched' Cover of Olivia Rodrigo's 'Maggots for Brains' |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/pop/role-model-olivia-rodrigo-maggots-for-brains-cover-botched-1236315162/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=September 13, 2026}}</ref> An [[exhibit]] giving fans a behind-the-scenes look at the music video of "The Cure" opened at [[Grammy Museum at L.A. Live|the Grammy Museum]] in Los Angeles in September 2026.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Grein |first=Paul |date=August 27, 2026 |title=Will Grammy Museum's Olivia Rodrigo Exhibit Boost Her Grammy Chances? 'The Cure Unraveled' to Open With Cameron Crowe-Hosted Q&A |url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/grammy-museum-olivia-rodrigo-exhibit-cameron-crowe-qa-1236326858/ |magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] |access-date=September 13, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Willman |first=Chris |date=August 27, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo Exhibit Coming to Grammy Museum, With Launch Including an On-Stage Cameron Crowe Q&A (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2026/music/news/olivia-rodrigo-grammy-museum-exhibit-cure-cameron-crowe-1236844906/ |access-date=September 13, 2026 |magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> The ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'' writer Mikael Wood said "Rodrigo proved herself to be perhaps the most gifted of the many [artists] of [[Gen Z]] romance to [come out] in [[Taylor Swift]]'s wake".<ref name="latimesreview">{{Cite news |last=Wood |first=Mikael |date=June 22, 2026 |title=Olivia Rodrigo has looked at love from both sides now |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2026-06-11/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-review |access-date=July 20, 2026 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |url-access=subscription |archive-date=July 5, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260705103521/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2026-06-11/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-review |url-status=live}}</ref> Robinson said that "''You Seem Pretty Sad''{{nbsp}}... will go down as one of the decade's [best] albums" and called the album a pop classic.<ref name="sputnikmusic-review" /> [[CBC News]] called it "the Album of the Summer".<ref name=":3" /> Robin Murray of ''Clash'' wrote that "The Cure" made Rodrigo this "generation's defining icons".<ref name="clashreview-murray">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/olivia-rodrigos-the-cure-is-her-crowning-achievement/|title=Olivia Rodrigo's 'The Cure' Is Her Crowning Achievement|last=Murray|first=Robin|magazine=[[Clash (magazine)|Clash]] |date=May 22, 2026|access-date=May 22, 2026|archive-date=May 23, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260523085315/https://www.clashmusic.com/reviews/olivia-rodrigos-the-cure-is-her-crowning-achievement/?__cf_chl_tk=TVW9H8LQ45b3MApo19KduqEk1DzxGtxNyfsxWW9wpMY-1779526375-1.0.1.1-kaYbmgdXkTeZQRN2vX6x1nklvh3qXqp.hEIgYlFuuQU|url-status=live}}</ref> ==Songs== {{Track listing | headline = ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'' track listing<ref name=tracklisting-streaming>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/music/music-news/olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-girl-in-love-tracklist-1236256875/|title=Olivia Rodrigo Drops ‘You Seem Pretty Sad’ Tracklist With Intriguing Titles Such as ‘Maggots for Brains’ & ‘Purple’|publisher=Billboard|accessdate=August 25, 2026|date=May 26, 2026|publisher=Billboard}}</ref> | title_width = 40% | writing_width = 60% | title1 = [[Drop Dead]] | writer1 = {{hlist|[[Olivia Rodrigo]]|[[Amy Allen (songwriter)|Amy Allen]]|[[Dan Nigro|Daniel Nigro]]}} | length1 = 3:44 | title2 = [[Stupid Song]] | writer2 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro}} | length2 = 3:29 | title3 = [[Honeybee (song)|Honeybee]] | writer3 = Rodrigo | length3 = 3:43 | title4 = [[Maggots for Brains]] | writer4 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Allen|Nigro}} | length4 = 4:00 | title5 = [[U + Me = ＜3|U + Me = <3]] | writer5 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro}} | length5 = 4:07 | title6 = [[My Way (Olivia Rodrigo song)|My Way]] | writer6 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro|[[Steph Jones]]}} | length6 = 3:00 | title7 = [[Purple (Olivia Rodrigo song)|Purple]] | writer7 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Allen|Nigro}} | length7 = 4:00 | title8 = [[The Cure (Olivia Rodrigo song)|The Cure]] | writer8 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro}} | length8 = 4:57 | title9 = [[Begged (song)|Begged]] | writer9 = Rodrigo | length9 = 3:37 | title10 = [[What's Wrong with Me]] | writer10 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro|[[Sasha Alex Sloan]]}} | note10 = with [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] | length10 = 3:44 | title11 = [[Less (song)|Less]] | writer11 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Allen|Nigro}} | length11 = 3:13 | title12 = [[Expectations (Olivia Rodrigo song)|Expectations]] | writer12 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Allen|Nigro}} | length12 = 3:41 | title13 = [[Cigarette Smoke]] | writer13 = {{hlist|Rodrigo|Nigro}} | length13 = 5:40 | total_length = 51:02<!--Per Spotify--> }} {{Track listing | headline = ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love (With a Bonus Track)''<ref name=tracklisting-bonus>* {{Cite web |date=June 15, 2026 |title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love (with a bonus track) |first=Olivia |last=Rodrigo |author-link=Olivia Rodrigo |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-with-a-bonus-track/6779846974 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260629000657/https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-with-a-bonus-track/6779846974 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |publisher=[[Apple Music]] |archive-date=June 29, 2026}} * {{Cite web |title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love (with a bonus track) - digit |url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-with-a-bonus-track-digital-album |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260615023638/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-with-a-bonus-track-digital-album |archive-date=June 15, 2026 |access-date=June 15, 2026 |publisher=Olivia Rodrigo Official Store}}</ref> | title_width = 40% | writing_width = 60% | title14 = Never Do | length14 = 3:43 | writer14 = Rodrigo | total_length = 54:45 }} '''Note''' * All song titles are written in [[all lowercase]] <!--Vinyl pressing differences: https://redd.it/1u6ipni--> ==Credits== {{div col}} * [[Olivia Rodrigo]] – [[vocals]]<ref name="Tidal">{{cite web |author=(( )) |display-authors=0 |title=''you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love'' |others=[[Olivia Rodrigo]] |at=Credits |url=https://tidal.com/album/532396298/credits |publisher=[[Tidal (service)|Tidal]] |access-date=June 14, 2026}}</ref> * [[Dan Nigro|Daniel Nigro]] – background vocals, bass, drum [[Programming (music)|programming]], guitar, string [[arrangement]], [[Mellotron]], piano, percussion, programming, acoustic guitar, [[Moog synthesizer|Moog]] bass, electric guitar, organ (tracks 1–10, 12, 13); [[Record producer|production]], [[Audio engineer|engineering]] (all tracks); [[Audio mixing (recorded music)|mixing]] (3, 9, 11, 13); vocal production (8)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Sterling Laws – drums (tracks 1, 2, 4–6, 8, 12)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Paul Cartwright – violin, [[viola]] (tracks 1–3, 8, 13); string arrangement (tracks 1, 3, 8, 13); [[cello]] (track 8)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Noah Conrad – piano (tracks 2, 3, 11); co-production (track 11)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Bryn Bliska – programming (tracks 2, 5); synthesizer (track 8)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Conan Gray]] – background vocals (track 3)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Lily Elise]] – background vocals (tracks 3, 4)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Arianna Powell – guitar (track 3)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Ben Romans]] – piano (tracks 4, 5)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Sam Stewart – guitar (track 5)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Michael Harris – additional engineering (track 5)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Ryan Linvill – [[Western concert flute|flute]] (track 7); saxophone (track 9)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Jim-E Stack]] – drum programming, guitar, piano, programming, co-production, engineering (track 7)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Amy Allen (songwriter)|Amy Allen]] – background vocals (track 7)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Robert Smith (musician)|Robert Smith]] – vocals, background vocals, bass, guitar, piano, engineering (track 10)<ref name="Tidal"/> * [[Neal H Pogue]] – mixing (track 1)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Mitch McCarthy – mixing (tracks 2, 4–8, 10, 12)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Zachary Acosta – additional mixing (track 1)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Mike Bozzi – mastering (tracks 1, 2, 5, 8)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Jack Doutt – mastering (tracks 2, 5)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Randy Merrill – mastering (tracks 3, 4, 6, 7, 9–13)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Chris Kasych – engineering (tracks 2, 4, 6, 11)<ref name="Tidal"/> * Mike Wise – guitar, programming, co-production, engineering (track 12)<ref name="Tidal"/> {{div col end}} == Charts == {{col-start}} {{col-2}} === Weekly charts === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+ Weekly chart performance ! scope="col"| Chart (2026) ! scope="col"| Peak<br />position |- ! scope="row"| Argentine Albums ([[Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers|CAPIF]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.diariodecultura.com.ar/rankings/los-discos-mas-vendidos-21/|title=Los discos más vendidos|work=Diario de Cultura|publisher=[[Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers]]|accessdate=July 28, 2026|language=es|archivedate=July 28, 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260728173103/https://www.diariodecultura.com.ar/rankings/los-discos-mas-vendidos-21/}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Australian Albums ([[ARIA Charts|ARIA]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aria.com.au/charts/albums-chart/2026-06-22|title=ARIA Top 50 Albums Chart|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]|date=June 22, 2026|access-date=June 19, 2026|archive-date=June 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619103915/https://www.aria.com.au/charts/albums-chart/2026-06-22|url-status=live}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Austrian Albums ([[Ö3 Austria]])<ref name="Austria">{{cite web|url=https://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/oe3austriatop40longplay/|title=Longplay Charts vom 19. Juni 2026|publisher=[[Ö3 Austria Top 40]]|language=de|access-date=June 20, 2026|archive-date=December 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228085855/https://oe3.orf.at/charts/stories/oe3austriatop40longplay/|url-status=live}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Flanders|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026|refname="Flanders"}} |- {{album chart|Wallonia|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026|refname="Wallonia"}} |- {{album chart|BillboardCanada|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|rowheader=true|access-date=June 23, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Croatian International Albums ([[Top of the Shops|HDU]])<ref name="Croatia">{{cite web |url=https://www.top-lista.hr/www/lista-prodaje-strano-25-tjedan-2026/ |title=Lista prodaje 25. tjedan 2026. (15.06.2026. - 21.06.2026.)|date=June 21, 2026 |trans-title=Sales list Week 25 2026 |publisher=[[Top of the Shops|HDU]] |language=hr |access-date=July 1, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260701093744/https://www.top-lista.hr/www/lista-prodaje-strano-25-tjedan-2026/|archive-date=July 1, 2026}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Czech|4|year=2026|week=25|rowheader=true|access-date=June 22, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Danish Albums ([[Hitlisten]])<ref name="Denmark">{{cite web |title=Album Top-40 Uge 24, 2026 |url=http://hitlisten.nu/default.asp?w=24&y=2026&list=a40 |access-date=June 23, 2026 |publisher=[[Hitlisten]]}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Netherlands|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 19, 2026}} |- {{album chart|Finland|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 19, 2026|refname="Finland"}} |- {{album chart|France|1|M|url=https://snepmusique.com/les-tops/le-top-de-la-semaine/top-albums/?semaine=25&annee=2026|title=Top Albums (Semaine du 19 juin 2026)|publisher=[[Syndicat national de l'édition phonographique]]|rowheader=true|access-date=June 22, 2026|refname="France"}} |- {{album chart|Germany|1|id=566755|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| German Pop Albums ([[Offizielle Top 100]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/pop/for-date-1781862862000|title=Offizielle Deutsche Charts: Top 20 Pop-Charts – 19 Juni 2026|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|access-date=June 22, 2026|language=de}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Greek Albums ([[IFPI Greece|IFPI]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ifpi.gr/charts_el.html|title=Official IFPI Charts Top-100 Albums Sales Chart (Combined) – Εβδομάδα: 26/2026|publisher=[[IFPI Greece]]|access-date=July 8, 2026|language=el|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20260708080125/https://www.ifpi.gr/charts_el.html|archive-date=July 8, 2026|url-status=deviated}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Hungary|1|year=2026|week=25|refname=Hungary|rowheader=true|access-date=June 23, 2026}} |- {{album chart|Ireland3|1|date=20260619|rowheader=true|access-date=June 19, 2026|refname="Ireland"}} |- ! scope="row"| Italian Albums ([[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|FIMI]])<ref name="Italy">{{cite web|url=https://www.fimi.it/top-of-the-music/archivio-classifiche-settimanali/archivio-classifiche-per-settimana/?tipo=2&anno=2026&settimana=25|title=Album & Compilation – Classifica settimanale WK 25|publisher=[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana]]|language=it|access-date=June 20, 2026}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Oricon|21|date=2026<!-- needs to stay YYYY-MM-DD -->-06-22|rowheader=true|access-date=June 17, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Japanese Combined Albums ([[Oricon]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Oricon Top 50 Combined Albums: 2026-06-22 |url=https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/coa/w/2026-06-22/ |publisher=[[Oricon]] |language=ja |access-date=June 17, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260617050817/https://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/coa/w/2026-06-22/p/3/ |archive-date=June 17, 2026}}</ref> | 36 |- ! scope="row"| Japanese Hot Albums (''[[Billboard Japan]]'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://billboard-japan.com/charts/detail?a=hot_albums&year=2026&month=06&day=29|title=Billboard Japan Hot Albums – Week of June 24, 2026|website=[[Billboard Japan]]|language=ja|access-date=June 25, 2026}}</ref> | 8 |- ! scope="row"| Lithuanian Albums ([[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]])<ref name="Lithuania">{{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s25-5/|title=2026 25-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|language=lt|date=June 19, 2026|access-date=June 20, 2026|archive-date=June 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619070145/https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s25-5/|url-status=live}}</ref> | 2 |- ! scope="row"| New Zealand Albums ([[RMNZ]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2026-06-19|title=Official Top 40 Albums|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=June 19, 2026|access-date=June 19, 2026|archive-date=June 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619140506/https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/albums/2026-06-19|url-status=live}}</ref> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Norwegian Albums ([[IFPI Norge]])<ref name="Norway">{{cite web|url=https://topplista.no/charts/albums/2026-w25/|title=Album 2026 uke 25|publisher=[[IFPI Norge]]|access-date=June 19, 2026|archive-date=June 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260619143021/https://topplista.no/charts/albums/2026-w25/|url-status=live}}</ref> | 2 |- {{album chart|Poland2|2|date=12.06.2026–18.06.2026|refname=Poland|rowheader=true|access-date=June 25, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Portuguese Albums ([[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa|AFP]])<ref name="Portugal" /> | 1 |- {{album chart|Scotland|1|date=20260619|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| Slovak Albums ([[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|ČNS IFPI]])<ref name="Slovakia">{{cite web |url=https://ifpicr.cz/hitparada/36?weekId=3020 |title=SK – Albums Top 100 |publisher=[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry]] |language=cs |access-date=June 22, 2026}}</ref> | 2 |- ! scope="row"| Spanish Albums ([[Promusicae]])<ref name="Spain" /> | 1 |- ! scope="row"| Swedish Albums ([[Sverigetopplistan]])<ref name="Sweden">{{cite web|url=https://sverigetopplistan.se/chart/54/?dspy=2026&dspp=25|title=Veckolista Album, vecka 25, 2026|publisher=[[Sverigetopplistan]]|access-date=June 19, 2026}}</ref> | 1 |- {{album chart|Switzerland|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|album=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|rowheader=true|access-date=June 21, 2026}} |- {{album chart|UK2|1|date=20260619|rowheader=true|access-date=June 20, 2026}} |- {{album chart|Billboard200|1|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|rowheader=true|access-date=June 23, 2026}} |- ! scope="row"| US [[Top Rock & Alternative Albums]] (''[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]'')<ref name=":0">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/olivia-rodrigo/chart-history/rkc/|title=Olivia Rodrigo Chart History: Top Rock & Alternative Albums|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|access-date=June 23, 2026|archive-date=October 15, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015000214/https://www.billboard.com/artist/olivia-rodrigo/chart-history/rkc/|url-status=live}}</ref> | 1 |} {{col-2}} === Monthly charts === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+ {{sronly|Monthly chart performance}} ! scope="col"| Chart (2026) ! scope="col"| Peak<br />position |- !scope="row"|Croatian International Vinyl Albums (HDU)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.top-lista.hr/www/top-lista-vinila-strana-072026/|title=Top lista vinila – Strana – 07/2026.|language=hr|publisher=[[Top of the Shops|HDU]]|date=July 2026|access-date=August 15, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260815114739/https://www.top-lista.hr/www/top-lista-vinila-strana-072026/|archive-date=August 15, 2026|url-status=live}}</ref> | 5 |- ! scope="row"| German Vinyl Albums (Offizielle Top 100)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/vinyl/for-date-1783267259000|title=Top 20 Vinyl-Charts|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|access-date= September 6, 2026|language=de|archive-date=August 30, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260830115530/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/vinyl/for-date-1783267259000|url-status=live}}.</ref> | 1 |} {{col-end}} ==Certifications== {{Certification Table Top|caption=Certifications}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Canada|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|access-date=July 21, 2026|refname="MC"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=France|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|access-date=August 17, 2026|refname="SNEP"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Italy|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|id=14866|access-date=September 14, 2026}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=New Zealand|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Platinum|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|source=radioscope|access-date=September 11, 2026|refname="RMNZ"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Poland|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|access-date=September 9, 2026}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=Spain|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|id=olivia-rodrigo-you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love|access-date=July 6, 2026|refname="PROMUSICAE"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United Kingdom|artist=Olivia Rodrigo|title=You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love|award=Gold|type=album|relyear=2026|certyear=2026|access-date=June 19, 2026|refname="BPI"}} {{Certification Table Entry|region=United States|title=|artist=|type=|award=|nocert=true|salesamount=346,000|salesref=<ref>Accumulated US sales for ''You Seem Pretty Sad for a Girl So in Love'': * {{cite web | last=Caulfield | first=Keith | title=Morgan Wallen's 'I'm the Problem,' Ella Langley's 'Choosin' Texas' Lead Luminate's 2026 Midyear Rankings | website=Billboard | date=July 15, 2026 | url=https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/morgan-wallen-ella-langley-luminate-2026-midyear-rankings-1236294366/ | access-date=July 19, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260716183754/https://www.billboard.com/music/chart-beat/morgan-wallen-ella-langley-luminate-2026-midyear-rankings-1236294366/|archive-date=July 16, 2026|url-status=live}} </ref>{{efn|Pure sales as of July 2026}}}} {{Certification Table Bottom|noshipments=true|nosales=true|streaming=true}} ==Release history== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col"| Region ! scope="col"| Date ! scope="col"| Format(s) ! scope="col"| Edition ! scope="col"| Label ! scope="col"| Ref. |- ! scope="row"|Various | rowspan=3| June 12, 2026 | {{hlist|[[Cassette tape|Cassette]]|[[CD]]|[[Music download|download]]|[[Music streaming service|streaming]]|[[Phonograph record|LP]]}} | Standard | rowspan=4|[[Geffen Records|Geffen]] | align="center"| <ref name=":8">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - baby pink cassette | publisher=Olivia Rodrigo | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-baby-pink-cassette | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=June 6, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606213650/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-baby-pink-cassette | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - cd | publisher=Olivia Rodrigo Official Store | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-cd | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=June 6, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606213649/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-cd | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - 'spark in the dark' black vinyl | publisher=Olivia Rodrigo Official Store | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-spark-in-the-dark-black-vinyl | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=June 6, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606213649/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-spark-in-the-dark-black-vinyl | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love |first=Olivia |last=Rodrigo |author-link=Olivia Rodrigo |publisher=[[Apple Music]] | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/1889992111 | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=May 17, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260517102346/https://music.apple.com/us/album/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love/1889992111 | url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{cite web | title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - digital album | publisher=Olivia Rodrigo Official Store | date=June 12, 2026 | url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-digital-album | access-date=June 16, 2026 | archive-date=June 6, 2026 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260606213650/https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-digital-album | url-status=live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"|United States | {{hlist|CD|LP}} | Target exclusive | align="center"|<ref name=":4" /> |- | {{hlist|LP}} | US exclusive | align="center"|<ref>{{Cite web |title=you seem pretty sad for a girl so in love - exclusive 'sticky sweet' hot pink vinyl |url=https://store.oliviarodrigo.com/collections/girlsoinlove/products/you-seem-pretty-sad-for-a-girl-so-in-love-exclusive-sticky-sweet-hot-pink-vinyl |website=Olivia Rodrigo {{!}} Official Store}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"|Various | June 14, 2026 | Download | Bonus track | align="center"| <ref name="bonus" /> |} ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|3}} {{Olivia Rodrigo}} [[Category:2026 albums]] [[Category:R&B albums]] [[Category:Olivia Rodrigo albums]] gguigt8q41bj3vqimwoc7pm01paiw3u 0 1264137 11024419 11006633 2026-10-09T05:38:09Z Greenock125 652309 /* Singles */ Updated discography 11024419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Joost Klein | image = Joost - Homecoming Festival-5 (cropped).jpg | landscape = no | caption = Klein in 2024 | alias = Joost, Eenhoornjoost | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1997|11|10|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Leeuwarden]], Netherlands | origin = {{ill|Britsum|en}}, Netherlands | genre = {{hlist|[[Hip hop music|Hip-hop]]|[[electronic music|Electronic]]|[[Indie rock]]|[[Gabber]]|{{ill|Hyperpop|en}}}} | occupations = {{hlist|Musician|Rapper|Singer}} | years_active = 2016–present | label = {{hlist|{{ill|TopNotch|en}}|Albino Sports|Made|Joost Klein}} | website = {{URL|https://joostklein.eu/}} | module = }} '''Joost Klein''' (born 10 November 1997), also known as '''Joost''' or '''eenhoornjoost''', is a [[Netherlands|Dutch]] musician, rapper, singer, and former [[YouTube|YouTuber]]. Mainly a [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] artist, his songs and performances often include influences of [[electronic music]], such as [[drum and bass]], [[hardstyle]], {{ill|hyperpop|en}}, and [[gabber]]. He represent the Netherlands in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2024]] with the song "{{ill|Europapa|en}}", despite finishing 2nd in the semi-final he was disqualified from the competition due to allegations of misconduct, after an investigation by Swedish prosecutors the case was dropped in August 2024 after concluding that they could not prove any criminal conduct.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nltimes.nl/2024/05/12/eurovision-camerawomans-story-differs-disqualified-joost-kleins-version|title=Eurovision camerawoman's story differs from disqualified Joost Klein's version|website=NL Times|date=12 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.aklagare.se/en/media/press-releases/2024/august/investigation-concerning-illegal-threats-in-malmo-has-been-closed/|title=Investigation concerning illegal threats in Malmö has been closed|website=Åklagarmyndigheten|publisher=Swedish Prosecution Authority}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:21em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="4"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Album Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL">Peak positions in the Netherlands: * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Joost|title=Discografie Joost|publisher=Hung Medien|website=dutchcharts.nl|language=nl}} * For ''Dakloos'': {{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Joost&titel=Dakloos&cat=a|title=Joost - Dakloos|publisher=Hung Medien|website=dutchcharts.nl|language=nl}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br>(FL)]]<br/><ref name="BELFL">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Joost|title=Discographie Joost|publisher=Hung Medien|website=ultratop.be/nl|language=nl}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]<br/><ref name="FIN">{{cite web|url=https://ifpi.fi/lista/artistit/joost/|title=Suomen virallinen lista - Artistit (Joost)|publisher={{ill|Musiikkituottajat|en}}|language=fi}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Lithuania|LTU]]<br/><ref>Peak positions for albums in Lithuania: * For ''Albino'' & ''Fryslân'': {{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s21-3/|title=2024 21-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=[[AGATA (organization)|AGATA]]|date=24 May 2024|language=lt}} * ''Unity'': {{cite web|url=https://www.agata.lt/lt/naujienos/s9-3/|title=2025 9-os savaitės klausomiausi (Top 100)|publisher=AGATA|date=28 February 2025|language=lt}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Dakloos'' | * Released: 1 June 2016 * Label: Made * Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Streaming media|streaming]] | 177 || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''Scandinavian Boy'' | * Released: 20 October 2017 * Label: Made * Formats: Digital download, streaming | 12 || 121 || — || — | * {{ill|NVPI|en}}: Gold |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|M van Marketing|nl|lt=M van Marketing}}''<br/><small>(with {{ill|Donnie (Dutch rapper)|en|lt=Donnie}})</small> | * Released: 3 August 2018 * Label: Made * Formats: Digital download, streaming | 10 || 79 || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Albino (album)|nl|lt=Albino}}'' | * Released: 18 January 2019 * Label: Albino Sports * Formats: Digital download, streaming | 5 || 43 || — || 10 | |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|1983 (album)|nl|lt=1983}}'' | * Released: 15 November 2019 * Label: Albino Sports * Formats: Digital download, streaming | 18 || 25 || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''Joost Klein 7'' | * Released: 24 April 2020 * Label: Albino Sports * Formats: Digital download, streaming | — || 14 || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''Albino Sports, Vol. 1''<br/><small>(with {{ill|Brunzyn|en}})</small> | * Released: 1 April 2021 * Label: Albino Sports * Formats: Digital download, streaming | — || 70 || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''Fryslân'' | * Released: 30 September 2022 * Label: Albino Sports * Formats: Digital download, streaming, [[Compact disc|CD]] | 4 || 5 || — || 7 | |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Unity (Joost Klein album)|en|lt=Unity}}'' | * Released: 21 February 2025 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming | 16 || 18 || 36 || 34 | |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Kleinkunst (album)|en|lt=Kleinkunst}}'' | * Released: 1 January 2026 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming | 20 || 55 || — || — | |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:21em;"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Europapa: Greatest Hits'' | * Released: 5 April 2024 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming |- ! scope="row"| ''Boyband''<br/>{{small|(with [[Tommy Cash]] & [[Käärijä]])}} | * Released: 11 May 2026 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming |- ! scope="row"| ''Dutch Hardcore'' | * Released: 30 July 2026 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, streaming |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:16em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Single Top 100|NL]]<br/><ref name="NL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Joost|title=Discographie Joost|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL<br/>(FL)]]<br/><ref name="BELFL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]<br/><ref name="FIN"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER">{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artist_search=Joost&do_search=do|title=Discographie von Joost|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|website=offiziellecharts.de}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Joost|title=Discography Joost|publisher=Hung Medien|website=norwegiancharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Joost|title=Discography Joost|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swedishcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Joost|title=Discographie Joost|publisher=Hung Medien|website=hitparade.ch}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/joost/|title=JOOST songs and albums {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts]]|website=officialcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Global 200|WW]]<br/><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-200/2024-05-25/|title=''Billboard'' Global 200: Week of May 25, 2024|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "511" | 2015 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Feminist on da Block" | rowspan="2"| 2017 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Jan Peter Balkenende" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Meeuw" | rowspan="5"| 2018 | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Meeuw" did not enter the [[Dutch Single Top 100]], but peaked at number seven on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&year=2018&date=20180331|title=Dutch Single Tip 31/03/2018|publisher=[[MegaCharts]]|language=nl}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2"| ''Albino'' |- ! scope="row"| "Ome Robert" | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Ome Robert" did not enter the [[Dutch Single Top 100]], but peaked at number two on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&date=20240525&year=2024|title=Dutch Single Tip 25/05/2024|publisher=[[MegaCharts]]|language=nl}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Parmezaan & Linkerbaan"<br/><small>(with Donnie)</small> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Parmezaan & Linkerbaan" did not enter the [[Dutch Single Top 100]], but peaked at number seven on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&year=2018&date=20180707|title=Dutch Single Tip 07/07/2018|publisher=[[MegaCharts]]|language=nl}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''M van Marketing'' |- ! scope="row"| "Chubby" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Glaassie Water" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Albino'' |- ! scope="row"| "Buurman" | rowspan="3"| 2019 | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Buurman" did not enter the [[Dutch Single Top 100]], but peaked at number 29 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&year=2019&date=20190601|title=Dutch Single Tip 01/06/2019|publisher=[[MegaCharts]]|language=nl}}</ref>}} || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Buurman" did not enter the official [[Ultratop|Belgian Ultratop 100 charts]], but appeared on the [[Ultratop#Ultratip|Flanders Ultratip Bubbling Under 50]] chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/ultratip/2019/20190601|title=Ultratip Bubbling Under – 01 juni 2019|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|language=nl}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''1983'' |- ! scope="row"| "Midlife Crisis" | — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Midlife Crisis" did not enter the official [[Ultratop|Belgian Ultratop 100 charts]], but appeared on the [[Ultratop#Ultratip|Flanders Ultratip Bubbling Under 50]] chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/ultratip/2019/20190928|title=Ultratip Bubbling Under – 28 september 2019|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|language=nl}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Joost Klein 2" | — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Joost Klein 2" did not enter the official [[Ultratop|Belgian Ultratop 100 charts]], but peaked at number 29 on the [[Ultratop#Ultratip|Flanders Ultratip Bubbling Under 50]] chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/ultratip/2019/20191207|title=Ultratip Bubbling Under – 07 december 2019|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|language=nl}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''1983'' |- ! scope="row"| "Mayo, No Fries"<br/><small>(with bbno$)</small> | rowspan="4"| 2020 | — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Mayo, No Fries!" did not enter the official [[Ultratop|Belgian Ultratop 100 charts]], but appeared on the [[Ultratop#Ultratip|Flanders Ultratip Bubbling Under 50]] chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/ultratip/2020/20200328|title=Ultratip Bubbling Under – 28 maart 2020|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|language=nl}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2"| ''Joost Klein 7'' |- ! scope="row"| "Ham?" | — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Ham?" did not enter the official [[Ultratop|Belgian Ultratop 100 charts]], but appeared on the [[Ultratop#Ultratip|Flanders Ultratip Bubbling Under 50]] chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/ultratip/2020/20200502|title=Ultratip Bubbling Under – 02 mei 2020|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|language=nl}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Ik wil je" | — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Ik wil je" did not enter the official [[Ultratop|Belgian Ultratop 100 charts]], but peaked at number 18 on the [[Ultratop#Ultratip|Flanders Ultratip Bubbling Under 50]] chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/ultratip/2020/20200905|title=Ultratip Bubbling Under – 05 september 2020|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|language=nl}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Hallo Nederland" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Gewoon goed"<br/><small>(with Brunzyn & Donnie)</small> | rowspan="4"| 2021 | — || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Gewoon goed" did not enter the official [[Ultratop|Belgian Ultratop 100 charts]], but appeared on the [[Ultratop#Ultratip|Flanders Ultratip Bubbling Under 50]] chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/ultratip/2021/20210213|title=Ultratip Bubbling Under – 13 februari 2021|publisher=[[Ultratop]]|language=nl}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2"| ''Albino Sports, Vol. 1'' |- ! scope="row"| "Albino Sports Anthem"<br/><small>(with Brunzyn)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Fok de blok" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Papa en Mama" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3"| ''Fryslân'' |- ! scope="row"| "Wachtmuziek"<br/><small>(with StuBru)</small> | rowspan="4"| 2022 | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Wachtmuziek" did not enter the [[Dutch Single Top 100]], but peaked at number six on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&year=2022&date=20220514|title=Dutch Single Tip 14/05/2022|publisher=[[MegaCharts]]|language=nl}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * {{ill|Belgian Recorded Music Association|en|lt=BRMA}}: Gold |- ! scope="row"| "Florida 2009" | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Florida 2009" did not enter the [[Dutch Single Top 100]], but peaked at number 10 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&year=2022&date=20220716|title=Dutch Single Tip 16/07/2022|publisher=[[MegaCharts]]|language=nl}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * BRMA: Gold |- ! scope="row"| "Rookpauze 2"<br/><small>(with Vieze Asbak)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Bier Freestyle" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Bruder + Schwester"<br/><small>(with Gladde Paling)</small> | rowspan="3"| 2023 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Friesenjung]]"<br/><small>(with {{ill|Ski Aggu|en}} & {{ill|Otto Waalkes|en}})</small> | 18 || 1 || — || — || 1 || — || 100 || 7 || — || —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Friesenjung" did not enter the ''Billboard'' Global 200, but peaked at number 115 on the [[Billboard (magazine)|''Billboard'' Global Excl. US]] chart.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-excl-us/2023-06-17/|title=''Billboard'' Global Excl. US: Week of June 17, 2023|magazine=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614034454/https://www.billboard.com/charts/billboard-global-excl-us/2023-06-17/|archive-date=14 June 2023|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} | * [[IFPI]] AUT: Platinum * BRMA: Gold * {{ill|BVMI|en}}: Platinum * IFPI SWI: Gold | ''Unity'' |- ! scope="row"| "Droom groot" | 82 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Europapa|en}}" | rowspan="6"| 2024 | 1 || 5 || 1 || 2 || 13 || 17 || 4 || 12 || 37 || 51 | * BRMA: 5× Platinum * {{ill|NVPI|en}}: Gold | rowspan="2"| ''Unity'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Luchtballon|en}}" | 4 || — || 15 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * BRMA: Platinum |- ! scope="row"| "The Bird Song" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Fußball (World Cup 1998)"<br/><small>(with Appie Mussa)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Trafik!|en}}"<br/><small>(with [[Käärijä]])</small> | 84 || — || — || 5 || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Filthy Dog" | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Filthy Dog" did not enter the [[Dutch Single Top 100]], but peaked at number 10 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&year=2024&date=20241012|title=Dutch Single Tip 12/10/2024|publisher=[[MegaCharts]]|language=nl}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2"| ''Unity'' |- ! scope="row"| "Why Not???" | rowspan="8"| 2025 | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Why Not???" did not enter the [[Dutch Single Top 100]], but peaked at number 27 on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&year=2025&date=20250208|title=Dutch Single Tip 08/02/2025|publisher=[[MegaCharts]]|language=nl}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Funny onion song"<br/><small>(come Internetcafe247)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Kleinkunst'' |- ! scope="row"| "Boerenland"<br/><small>(with Donnie)</small> | —{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Boerenland" did not enter the [[Dutch Single Top 100]], but peaked at number seven on the Single Tip chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/weekchart.asp?cat=st&year=2025&date=20250412|title=Dutch Single Tip 12/04/2025|publisher=[[MegaCharts]]|language=nl}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "All Inclusive Türkiye" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Luv U More"<br/><small>(featuring [[Scooter (band)|Scooter]] & {{ill|Paul Elstak|en}})</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Everyday (Everyday)" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Kleinkunst'' |- ! scope="row"| "Tweedehands" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Latin Gabber"{{efn|group=upper-alpha|"Latin Gabber" also appears on the EP ''Dutch Hardcore''.}}<br/><small>(with Vieze Asbak)</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2"| ''Kleinkunst'' |- ! scope="row"| "Coachella"<br/><small>(come Jailbreak iPhone now)</small> | rowspan="4"| 2026 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Kutmuziek" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''Dutch Hardcore'' |- ! scope="row"| "Hate Music" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Hyvää Puuta"<br/><small>(with [[Käärijä]])</small> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} == Notes == {{reflist|group=upper-alpha}} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1997 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:People from Leeuwarden]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] ti95pjg7ee18jceg7ui01z5foktwt1s 0 1272371 11024389 10893877 2026-10-09T05:17:43Z Werner100359 106408 /* Final */ 11024389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup]] | season = 2010-11 | dates = 26 September 2009 - 13 June 2010 | winners = [[SV Neulengbach ]] 9th title | relegated = |promoted = | matches = 31 | total goals = 216 | league topscorer = [[Nina Burger]] (14 goals) | prevseason = [[2009-10 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2009-10]] | nextseason = [[2011-12 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2011-12]] }} The '''2010- 11 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the 37th season of the competition It was organized by the [[Austrian Football Association]]. The final took place at Ottensheim an der Donau. [[SV Neulengbach]] won their 9th consecutive title. ==Matches == ===Round 1 === {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- | '''SKV Altenmarkt''' | SV Horn |3-2 |- | 1. DFC Leoben | '''FC Stattegg''' |1-4 |- | ASK Erlaa | '''USC Landhaus''' |1-2 <br>a.e.t |- |ASV Hornstein | '''SC/ESV Parndorf''' |0-6 |- |ASV Spratzern | '''SV Neulengbach''' |1-2 |- |SKV Altenmarkt | '''ASK Erlaa''' |1-5 |- | ESV Südost | '''SV Furth''' |2-9 |- | ''' FC Altera Porta ''' | ASKÖ Dionysen/Traun |5-2 |- | FC Lustenau 07 | ''' Union Kleinmünchen''' |0-5 |- |FC Schwoich | '''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |0-9 |- | FC Wels | '''USK Hof''' |0-3 |- |SC Mariahilf | '''SC Groß Schweinbarth''' |2-3 |- | SC St. Ruprecht/Raab | '''FC Südburgenland''' |1-7 |- |SG Feldkirchen/Magdalensberg | '''SK Kärnten''' |0-9 |- |SV Gloggnitz | '''USG Ardagger/Neustadtl''' |0-3 |- |USC Rohrbach | '''1. SVg Guntramsdorf''' |2-3 |- |FC Vogau | '''LUV Graz''' |0-19 |} ===Round of 16 === {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |1. SVg Guntramsdorf | '''FC Südburgenland''' |1-14 |- |FC Altera Porta | '''SK Kärnten''' |0-16 |- | SKV Altenmarkt | ''' LUV Graz''' |2-5 |- |'''USK Hof''' | USC Landhaus |3-1 |- |FC Stattegg | '''USG Ardagger/Neustadtl''' |2-4 |- |SC Groß Schweinbarth | '''SV Neulengbach''' |0-12 |- | '''SC/ESV Parndorf''' | Union Kleinmünchen |3-2 |- |SV Furth |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |0-4 |} ===Quarterfinals=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |SK Kärnten | '''FC Südburgenland''' |2-3 |- |USG Ardagger/Neustadtl | '''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |0-4 |- | ''' LUV Graz''' | SC/ESV Parndorf |4-1 |- |USK Hof | '''SV Neulengbach''' |0-12 |} ===Semifinals=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |'''SV Neulengbach''' | FC Südburgenland |8-0 |- | FC Wacker Innsbruck |''' LUV Graz''' |1-2 <br>a.e.t. |} ===Final=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |'''SV Neulengbach''' | LUV Graz |4-0 |} *'''Goals:'''Gstöttner (13., 46.), Ruiss (22.), Tasch (41.) *'''Yellow card:''' no cards *'''Referee:'''Agnes Sirkka Prammer *'''Venue:'''Donaustadion, Ottensheim *'''Attendence:''' 280 *'''SV Neulengbach:''' [[Manuela Zinsberger]] - Romina Bell - Monica Hickmann Alves - Alexandra Biroova - Daniela Tasch - Ines Ruiss (79. Cornelia Sochor) - Kathrin Entner (C) (30. Sonja Hickelsberger-Füller)- Celia Liese Brancao-Ribeiro - [[Nina Burger]] - Giovana Dos Santos Floriano (72. Kerstin Seiter) - Maria Gstöttner '''Coach:'''Johannes Uhlig *'''LUV Graz:'''Sarah Grossmann - Eva Buchegger - Ilona Schwingshackl - Mariella Rappold-Coskun - Heike Manhart (70. Elena Breitenberger)- Ramona Kern (76. Bettina Santner) - Isabella Posch (17. Sophie Maierhofer) - Jessica Starchl - Adelheid Klug - Katherina Pregartbauer - Cornelia Haas '''Coach:'''Gerhard Vidovic {{ÖFB Ladies Cup seasons}} {{Association football in Austria}} [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] [[Category:Austrian Cup]] tve3zfqgh3a8ghj3b96xek3n3tw0j4r 0 1272981 11024429 10915657 2026-10-09T05:45:45Z Greenock125 652309 Updated discography 11024429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Timebelle | image = Timebelle Kyiv 2017.jpg | caption = Timebelle in Kyiv 2017 | origin = [[Bern]], [[Switzerland]] | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] | years_active = | label = | current_members = Miruna Mănescu<br>Samuel Forster<br>Emanuel Daniel Andriescu | past_members = Rade Mijatović<br>Christoph Siegrist<br>Sándor Török | website = }} '''Timebelle''' is a [[Switzerland|Swiss]]-[[Romania|Romanian]] band from [[Bern]] in [[Switzerland]]. The band represented {{ill|Switzerland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017|en|lt=Switzerland}} in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]] with the song "{{ill|Apollo (Timebelle song)|en|lt=Apollo}}", the song finished 12th in the second semi-final with 97 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/kyiv-2017/|title=Kyiv 2017|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref> ==Members== ===Current=== * Miruna Mănescu – lead vocals (from [[Romania]]) * Samuel Forster – drums (from [[Switzerland]]) * Emanuel Daniel Andriescu – saxophone, clarinet, piano (from [[Romania]]) ===Former=== * Rade Mijatović – accordion (from [[Serbia]]) * Christoph Siegrist – guitar (from [[Switzerland]]) * Sándor Török – bass (from [[Hungary]]) ==Discography== ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:10em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Desperado'' | * Released: 10 October 2015 * Label: Self-released * Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]] |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:14em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Timebelle|title=Discographie Timebelle|publisher=Hung Medien|website=hitparade.ch}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Singing About Love" | rowspan="3"| 2015 | — | {{Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "Desperado" | — | rowspan="2"| ''Desperado'' |- ! scope="row"| "Are You Ready?" | — |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Apollo (Timebelle song)|en|lt=Apollo}}" | rowspan="2"| 2017 | 37 | rowspan="42" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Come Around" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Heartache"<br/>{{small|(featuring Soundland)}} | rowspan="2" |2018 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Tócame"<br/>{{small|(featuring {{ill|SunStroke Project|en}})}} | — |- ! scope="row"| "Movin On"<br/>{{small|(featuring Soundland)}} | rowspan="2"| 2019 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Black Sea" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Beautiful People"<br/>{{small|(featuring Alizé Oswald)}} | rowspan="2"| 2020 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Rápido"<br/>{{small|(featuring {{ill|Alejandro Reyes (singer)|en|lt=Alejandro Reyes}})}} | — |- ! scope="row"| "Dopamina" | rowspan="4"| 2021 | — |- ! scope="row"| "About Us" | — |- ! scope="row"| "No Se Puede" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Barba"<br/>{{small|(featuring Alejandro Reyes)}} | — |- ! scope="row"| "You Got This" | rowspan="4"| 2022 | — |- ! scope="row"| "'96" | — |- ! scope="row"| "One In A Million" | — |- ! scope="row"| "$1" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Painted Hearts" | rowspan="6"| 2023 | — |- ! scope="row"| "By My Side" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Sapphire" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Rolling Stones" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Drink Beer" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Settle Up" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Broken Hearts"<br/>{{small|(with Hunter Falls)}} | rowspan="5"| 2024 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Into a God" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Temporary Love Exchange" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Abu Dhabi"<br/>{{small|(with Monoir)}} | — |- ! scope="row"| "Snow On Me" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Monosyllabic" | rowspan="8"| 2025 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Never Again"<br/>{{small|(with Danny Burg)}} | — |- ! scope="row"| "Dancing Queen" | — |- ! scope="row"| "I Love Your Voice"<br/>{{small|(with Mindblow, Danny Burg & Moonsound)}} | — |- ! scope="row"| "Espresso Macchiato"<br/>{{small|(with John Puzzle)}} | — |- ! scope="row"| "Chain of Hope" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Love Is Not Easy" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Jingle Bells Inside Your Head"<br/>{{small|(with Sinnon)}} | — |- ! scope="row"| "Top of the World"<br/>{{small|(with Danny Burg)}} | rowspan="7"| 2026 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Home" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Tell Me a Lie"<br/>{{small|(with Danny Burg)}} | — |- ! scope="row"| "Ola Mi Chica"<br/>{{small|(with MC MIAMI)}} | — |- ! scope="row"| "Ole Ole Ole"<br/>{{small|(with MC MIAMI)}} | — |- ! scope="row"| "Osasuna"<br/>{{small|(with Edward Maya & Tom Boxer)}} | — |- ! scope="row"| "Baila Conmigo" | — |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Swiss musical groups]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] qjydtcmhu7fz5010o3qqjx9hrgdz68z 0 1276938 11024186 10933284 2026-10-08T21:58:11Z Budew1234 1782565 translated content from [[:en:999 (number)]] 11024186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox number}} '''999 (nine hundred ninety-nine)''' is the [[natural number]] after [[998 (number)|998]] and before [[1000 (number)|1000]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vanovschi |first=Vitalii |title=Properties of the number 999 |url=http://www.numberempire.com:80/999 |access-date=2026-09-25 |website=www.numberempire.com |language=en}}</ref> It is the biggest 3-digit [[integer]]. == In mathematics == 999 is a [[palindrome|palindrome number]]<ref name=":0" /> that is a [[repdigit]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisstein |first=Eric W. |author-link=Eric W. Weisstein |title=Repdigit |url=https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Repdigit.html |access-date=2026-10-07 |website=[[mathworld.wolfram.com]] |publisher=[[Wolfram Research, Inc.]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bala |first1=Peter |title=A002283 and some continued fraction expansions |url=https://oeis.org/A002283/a002283.pdf |website=The [[On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences]] |access-date=2026-10-07 |pages=1-3 |date=2015-09-27}}</ref> It is also a [[Kaprekar number]] and a 3-Kaprekar number,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=E. Iannucci |first1=Douglas |title=The Kaprekar Numbers |journal=[[Journal of Integer Sequences]] |date=2000 |volume=3 |issue=00.1.2 |url=https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/journals/JIS/VOL3/iann2a.html |access-date=2026-10-07}}</ref> a [[Harshad number]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Number 999 - Harshad Number, Properties & Facts {{!}} NumberWorld |url=https://numberworld.info/999 |access-date=2026-10-07 |website=numberworld.info |language=en}}</ref> a [[trimorphic number]],<ref>{{cite OEIS|A033819|Trimorphic numbers: n^3 ends with n. Also m-morphic numbers for all m > 5 such that m-1 is not divisible by 10 and m {{=}}{{=}} 3 (mod 4)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisstein |first=Eric W. |title=Trimorphic Number |url=https://mathworld.wolfram.com/TrimorphicNumber.html |access-date=2026-10-07 |website=mathworld.wolfram.com |publisher=Wolfram Research, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> and the smallest result of three 3-digit [[prime number]]s taken from a [[zeroless pandigital number]] (149 + 263 + 587 = 999).<ref name="PrimeCurios">{{cite web |last1=L. Honaker |first1=G. |last2=McLean |first2=Reginald |title=999 |url=https://t5k.org/curios/page.php?short=999 |website=Prime Curios! |publisher=[[Prime pages|t5k.org]] |access-date=2026-10-07}}</ref> 999 can be written as the sum of three consecutive [[cuban prime]]s which is 271 + 331 + 397.<ref name="PrimeCurios" /> 999 can be used in [[division (mathematics)|division]] to make 3-digit decimal recurrences. For example, 123 / 999 = 0.123123123... . The [[radical circle]] of the [[Mixtilinear incircles of a triangle|mixtilinear incircles]] has a center with trilinear center function :<math>a{\scriptstyle999}= \cos A - 2,</math> and 999 shows as the [[Kimberling center]] <math>X{\scriptstyle 999}</math>, which is the center of the radical circle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisstein |first=Eric W. |title=Mixtilinear Incircles Radical Circle |url=https://mathworld.wolfram.com/MixtilinearIncirclesRadicalCircle.html |access-date=2026-10-07 |website=mathworld.wolfram.com |publisher=Wolfram Research, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> The largest 1000 digit [[palindromic prime]] has a total of 999 digits.<ref name="PrimeCurios" /> (68 * 10⁹⁹⁹ + 7)/3<ref>{{cite OEIS|A270613|Numbers k such that (68*10^k + 7)/3 is prime}}</ref> and 10⁹⁹⁹ + 7 is prime.<ref>{{cite OEIS|A088274|Numbers k such that 10^k + 7 is prime}}</ref> == In other fields == [[File:999 reprint logo.png|thumb|200px|Logo of the game]] * "999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors" is a Japanese [[visual novel]] and [[adventure game]] made by [[Chunsoft]].<ref>[[Chunsoft]] (2009). ''999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors'' (Nintendo DS). [[Spike Chunsoft|Spike]]. </ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=M. Thomas |first1=Lucas |title=999: 9 Hours, 9 Persons, 9 Doors Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2010/12/17/999-9-hours-9-persons-9-doors-review |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=2026-10-07 |date=2010-12-16}}</ref> * [[999 (emergency telephone number)|999]] is a [[emergency telephone number]] in a lot of countries like [[Bahrain]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Botswana]], the [[Cook Islands]], [[Eswatini]], [[Ghana]], [[Bailiwick of Guernsey|Guernsey]], [[Hong Kong]], the [[Republic of Ireland]], the [[Isle of Man]], [[Jersey]], [[Kenya]], [[Macau]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mauritius]], [[Niue]], [[Poland]], [[Qatar]], [[Sudan]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Singapore]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Seychelles]], [[Uganda]],\ the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The NHS website |url=https://www.nhs.uk/ |website=nhs.uk |access-date=16 February 2021 |language=en |date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=2 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502074502/http://www.wales.nhs.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * In a lot [[video game]]s, 999 is the maximum [[score (game)|score]] it could display.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Montfort |first1=Nick |last2=Bogost |first2=Ian |title=[[:en:Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System|Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System]] |date=2009 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01257-7 |page=66 |quote=Developers tightly restricted text registers to specific bit allocations, frequently forcing display counters to cap at numbers like 99 or 999 to optimize system memory and maintain user interface formatting.}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Integers}} {{num-stub}} [[Category:Integers]] ko2aowk7gwe2pgiaiphpqqrhsklnqg7 11024187 11024186 2026-10-08T21:58:43Z Budew1234 1782565 removed a template 11024187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox number}} '''999 (nine hundred ninety-nine)''' is the [[natural number]] after [[998 (number)|998]] and before [[1000 (number)|1000]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vanovschi |first=Vitalii |title=Properties of the number 999 |url=http://www.numberempire.com:80/999 |access-date=2026-09-25 |website=www.numberempire.com |language=en}}</ref> It is the biggest 3-digit [[integer]]. == In mathematics == 999 is a [[palindrome|palindrome number]]<ref name=":0" /> that is a [[repdigit]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisstein |first=Eric W. |author-link=Eric W. Weisstein |title=Repdigit |url=https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Repdigit.html |access-date=2026-10-07 |website=[[mathworld.wolfram.com]] |publisher=[[Wolfram Research, Inc.]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Bala |first1=Peter |title=A002283 and some continued fraction expansions |url=https://oeis.org/A002283/a002283.pdf |website=The [[On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences]] |access-date=2026-10-07 |pages=1-3 |date=2015-09-27}}</ref> It is also a [[Kaprekar number]] and a 3-Kaprekar number,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=E. Iannucci |first1=Douglas |title=The Kaprekar Numbers |journal=[[Journal of Integer Sequences]] |date=2000 |volume=3 |issue=00.1.2 |url=https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/journals/JIS/VOL3/iann2a.html |access-date=2026-10-07}}</ref> a [[Harshad number]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Number 999 - Harshad Number, Properties & Facts {{!}} NumberWorld |url=https://numberworld.info/999 |access-date=2026-10-07 |website=numberworld.info |language=en}}</ref> a [[trimorphic number]],<ref>{{cite OEIS|A033819|Trimorphic numbers: n^3 ends with n. Also m-morphic numbers for all m > 5 such that m-1 is not divisible by 10 and m {{=}}{{=}} 3 (mod 4)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisstein |first=Eric W. |title=Trimorphic Number |url=https://mathworld.wolfram.com/TrimorphicNumber.html |access-date=2026-10-07 |website=mathworld.wolfram.com |publisher=Wolfram Research, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> and the smallest result of three 3-digit [[prime number]]s taken from a [[zeroless pandigital number]] (149 + 263 + 587 = 999).<ref name="PrimeCurios">{{cite web |last1=L. Honaker |first1=G. |last2=McLean |first2=Reginald |title=999 |url=https://t5k.org/curios/page.php?short=999 |website=Prime Curios! |publisher=[[Prime pages|t5k.org]] |access-date=2026-10-07}}</ref> 999 can be written as the sum of three consecutive [[cuban prime]]s which is 271 + 331 + 397.<ref name="PrimeCurios" /> 999 can be used in [[division (mathematics)|division]] to make 3-digit decimal recurrences. For example, 123 / 999 = 0.123123123... . The [[radical circle]] of the [[Mixtilinear incircles of a triangle|mixtilinear incircles]] has a center with trilinear center function :<math>a{\scriptstyle999}= \cos A - 2,</math> and 999 shows as the [[Kimberling center]] <math>X{\scriptstyle 999}</math>, which is the center of the radical circle.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Weisstein |first=Eric W. |title=Mixtilinear Incircles Radical Circle |url=https://mathworld.wolfram.com/MixtilinearIncirclesRadicalCircle.html |access-date=2026-10-07 |website=mathworld.wolfram.com |publisher=Wolfram Research, Inc. |language=en}}</ref> The largest 1000 digit [[palindromic prime]] has a total of 999 digits.<ref name="PrimeCurios" /> (68 * 10⁹⁹⁹ + 7)/3<ref>{{cite OEIS|A270613|Numbers k such that (68*10^k + 7)/3 is prime}}</ref> and 10⁹⁹⁹ + 7 is prime.<ref>{{cite OEIS|A088274|Numbers k such that 10^k + 7 is prime}}</ref> == In other fields == [[File:999 reprint logo.png|thumb|200px|Logo of the game]] * "999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors" is a Japanese [[visual novel]] and [[adventure game]] made by [[Chunsoft]].<ref>[[Chunsoft]] (2009). ''999: Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors'' (Nintendo DS). [[Spike Chunsoft|Spike]]. </ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=M. Thomas |first1=Lucas |title=999: 9 Hours, 9 Persons, 9 Doors Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2010/12/17/999-9-hours-9-persons-9-doors-review |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=Ziff Davis |access-date=2026-10-07 |date=2010-12-16}}</ref> * [[999 (emergency telephone number)|999]] is a [[emergency telephone number]] in a lot of countries like [[Bahrain]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Botswana]], the [[Cook Islands]], [[Eswatini]], [[Ghana]], [[Bailiwick of Guernsey|Guernsey]], [[Hong Kong]], the [[Republic of Ireland]], the [[Isle of Man]], [[Jersey]], [[Kenya]], [[Macau]], [[Malaysia]], [[Mauritius]], [[Niue]], [[Poland]], [[Qatar]], [[Sudan]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Singapore]], [[Trinidad and Tobago]], [[Seychelles]], [[Uganda]],\ the [[United Arab Emirates]], the [[United Kingdom]], and [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The NHS website |url=https://www.nhs.uk/ |website=nhs.uk |access-date=16 February 2021 |language=en |date=16 August 2018 |archive-date=2 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502074502/http://www.wales.nhs.uk/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * In a lot [[video game]]s, 999 is the maximum [[score (game)|score]] it could display.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Montfort |first1=Nick |last2=Bogost |first2=Ian |title=[[:en:Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System|Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System]] |date=2009 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-01257-7 |page=66 |quote=Developers tightly restricted text registers to specific bit allocations, frequently forcing display counters to cap at numbers like 99 or 999 to optimize system memory and maintain user interface formatting.}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Integers}} [[Category:Integers]] c700fsm0ru4j4siekdkikeydg848lxj 0 1277634 11024390 11012572 2026-10-09T05:18:26Z Werner100359 106408 /* Final */ 11024390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup]] | season = 2012-13 | dates = 24 August 2012 - 8 June 2013 | winners = [[ASV Spratzern]] 1st title | relegated = |promoted = | matches = 31 | total goals = 195 | league topscorer = [[Nina Burger ]] (7 goals) | prevseason = [[2011-12 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2011- 12]] | nextseason = [[2013-14 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2013-14]] }} The '''2012-13 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the 39th season of the competition. It was organized by the [[Austrian Football Association]]. As the ÖFB Women's Cup, it was held for the 21st time. [[ASV Spratzern]] won the cup for the 1st time. ==Matches == <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/damen/nat/cup/cup__ofb_ladies_cup__2012_13.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- | ATSV Hollabrunn | '''FC Südburgenland''' |0-5 |- | ASK Erlaa | '''ASV Spratzern''' |0-9 |- | SV Haiming | '''HSV Wals''' | 2-5 |- | SV Horn | '''Union Kleinmünchen''' | 0-5 |- | '''SK Sturm Graz/Stattegg''' | 1. DFC Leoben/GAK |3-2 a.e.t. |- |Wiener Sport-Club | '''SKV Altenmarkt ''' | 0-3 |- | ASV Hornstein | '''ASKÖ Dionysen/Traun''' |0-3 |- |FC Altera Porta | '''USC Landhaus''' |0-6 |- | FC Feldkirchen |'''FC St. Veit/Glan''' | 2-4 |- | Rot-Weiß Rankweil | ''' SG FC Bergheim/USK Hof''' |1-2 |- |'''SC St. Margaerthen/Raab''' | SVg Bleiburg | 6-1 |- | SC St. Ruprecht/Raab | '''LUV Graz''' |0-4 |- | '''SC/ESV Parndorf''' | SV Furth | 5-0 |- |SPG FC/Austria Lustenau | '''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' | 1-9 |- |SPG Wiener Neustadt/Gloggnitz | '''SV Neulengbach''' |0-8 |- |USV Köstendorf | '''ESV Bludenz''' |1-2 |} ===Round of 16=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |'''SV Neulengbach ''' |FC Südburgenland |8-1 |- |ASKÖ Dionysen/Traun |'''ASV Spratzern''' | 1-4 |- | ESV Bludenz |''' SG FC Bergheim/USK Hof''' | 1-5 |- | HSV Wals |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' | 0-8 |- | SC St. Margarthen/Raab |'''FC St. Veit/Glan''' |2-3 |- |SC/ESV Parndorf | '''Union Kleinmünchen''' |2-3 a.e.t. |- | '''SKV Altenmarkt''' | USC Landhaus |2-0 |- | SK Sturm Graz/Stattegg | ''' LUV Graz''' | 3-5 |} ===Quarterfinals=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- | SKV Altenmarkt |'''SV Neulengbach ''' |2-6 |- | '''ASV Spratzern''' |SG FC Bergheim/USK Hof |8-0 |- |'''LUV Graz''' | FC St. Veit/Glan |1-0 |- |Union Kleinmünchen |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck ''' | 0-4 |} ===Semifinals=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- | '''ASV Spratzern''' |LUV Graz |8-0 |- |'''SV Neulengbach''' |FC Wacker Innsbruck |3-0 |} ===Final=== <ref>[https://www.oefb.at/oefb/Spiel/Spielbericht/757950/?FC-Wacker-Innsbruck-vs-NOE-SV-Neulengbach-Pflegeheim-Beer ÖFB.at] </ref> {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- | SV Neulengbach |'''ASV Spratzern''' |3-3 a.e..t. <br> pen. 3-4 |} *'''Goals:''' Biroova (88., 90.+2), Burger (90.); Tabotta (31.), Regueira (42., 53.) *'''Yellow cards:''' Kuba (67.), Biroova (112.) *'''Referee:''' Julia Stefanie Baier *'''Venue:''' FAC-Platz, Wien *'''Attendence:''' 600 '''SV Neulengbach:''' [[Manuela Zinsberger]], Romina Bell, Alexndra Biroova , Anna Kuba, Kathrin Entner, Natascha Celouch, Lucia Harsanyova (76. Veronika Klechova), Mona-Sophie Kohn, (76. Sonja Hickelsberger-Füller), Dominika Skorvankova, [[Nina Burger]], Maria Gstöttner (46. Claudia Wasser) '''Coach:''' Hannes Uhlig '''ASV Spratzern''' Bianca Reischer, Gina Babicky, Jennifer Pöltl, Monika Matysova, Jasmin Fischelmaier (86. Nina Klima), Nadine Prohaska, Carina Mahr (70. Isabella Grössinger), Anna Petrusova, Lisa Marie Makas, Darlene De Souza (84. Annelie Leitner), Julia Tabotta '''Coach:''' Brigitte Entacher {{ÖFB Ladies Cup seasons}} {{Association football in Austria}} ==References == [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] [[Category:Austrian Cup]] dgsm5qlf0hi5zqmrwcgy31ubmxs4ccb 0 1277727 11024012 10960598 2026-10-08T14:19:47Z TDKR Chicago 101 248920 /* */ 11024012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Francesca Hong | image = WI State Representative Francesca Hong during Democratic Primary debate on July 28, 2026 (cropped).jpg | caption = Hong during a [[debate]] in July 2026 | state_assembly = Wisconsin | district = 76th | term_start = January 4, 2021 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Chris Taylor (judge)|Chris Taylor]] | successor = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|11|4}} | birth_place = [[Madison, Wisconsin]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] | spouse = {{marriage|Matt Morris|end=div}} | children = 1 | education = [[University of Wisconsin, Madison]] (attended) | signature = Signature of Francesca Hong.svg | website = {{ubl |{{url|legis.wisconsin.gov/assembly/76/hong|State Assembly website}} |{{url|francescahong.com|Campaign website}}}} }} '''Francesca Hong''' (born November 4, 1988) is an American politician, former chef, and businesswoman who has been a member of the [[Wisconsin State Assembly]] since 2021. She is a member of the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]] and the [[Democratic Socialists of America]]. She unsuccessfully ran for [[governor of Wisconsin]] in [[2026 Wisconsin gubernatorial election|2026]]. Hong is the first [[Asian-American]] member of the [[Wisconsin State Legislature]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/madison-voters-elect-1st-asian-american-and-1st-muslim-to-state-legislature/article_ac627336-6622-56a0-a97e-393be7d9e2c6.html |title= Madison voters elect 1st Asian-American and 1st Muslim to state Legislature |newspaper= [[Wisconsin State Journal]] |date= November 5, 2020 |first= Kelly |last= Meyerhofer |access-date= December 11, 2020 }}</ref> She formed the first Asian Caucus in the State Assembly in 2025 and is also a member of the Assembly Socialist Caucus. ==Early life== Francesca Hong was born on November 4, 1988, in [[Madison, Wisconsin]], to [[Korean Americans|Korean-American]] immigrant parents.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Representative Francesca Hong |url=https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2025/legislators/assembly/2738 |access-date=September 13, 2025 |website=[[Wisconsin Legislature]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=District 76 - Madison - Meet Francesca Hong |url=https://legis.wisconsin.gov/assembly/76/hong/about/ |access-date=September 13, 2025 |website=[[Wisconsin Legislature]]}}</ref> She studied at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]], where she studied Spanish and journalism.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Reilly |first=Briana |date=January 6, 2021 |title=Into the fire: Chef, restaurant owner, activist Francesca Hong brings a service mindset to the Capitol |url=https://captimes.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/into-the-fire-chef-restaurant-owner-activist-francesca-hong-brings-a-service-mindset-to-the/article_20f7b7f4-f276-59b7-bd15-8e7658b06e35.html#:~:text=It%20began%20with%20the%20Culinary%20Ladies%20Collective%2C%20which%20Hong%20helped%20start%20to%20%E2%80%9Cempower%20and%20uplift%20people%20in%20the%20industry.%E2%80%9D |access-date=September 13, 2025 |work=[[The Cap Times]]}}</ref> Hong dropped out in 2009 to work a full-time job. ==Chef career== In 2011, she became [[chef|executive chef]] of the American bistro 43 North in Madison, which closed in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Journal |first=Samara Kalk Derby {{!}} Wisconsin State |date=2016-08-18 |title=Restaurant News: 43 North closed, possibly indefinitely, due to pipe problem |url=https://madison.com/entertainment/dining/restaurants/article_09e42691-d77d-5e5e-bf33-ac2bd8bd8c26.html |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=Wisconsin State Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Christians |first=Lindsay |date=January 10, 2022 |title=A room of her own: Where are the female executive chefs? |url=https://captimes.com/entertainment/dining/restaurants/a-room-of-her-own-where-are-the-female-executive-chefs/article_052dac7d-7baf-5723-8272-cbf82daacbef.html |access-date=September 13, 2025 |work=[[The Cap Times]]}}</ref> In 2016, Hong and her then-husband, Matt Morris, opened Morris Ramen in Madison. The restaurant closed in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Christians |first=Lindsay |date=February 13, 2024 |title=Morris Ramen on King Street to close Feb. 24 |url=https://captimes.com/food-drink/morris-ramen-on-king-street-to-close-feb-24/article_65638400-ca7f-11ee-aa31-631df1e1e482.html |access-date=September 13, 2025 |work=[[The Cap Times]]}}</ref> Also in 2016, Hong helped found the Culinary Ladies Collective, alongside fellow business owners Tami Lax and Laila Borokhim.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Brogan |first=Dylan |date=May 10, 2017 |title=Better together |url=https://isthmus.com/food-drink/better-together/ |access-date=September 13, 2025 |work=[[Isthmus (newspaper)|Isthmus]]}}</ref> ==Wisconsin State Assembly (2021–present)== In July 2020, Hong announced that she would run for the [[Wisconsin State Assembly]] to represent the 76th district, even though she did not live in the district.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reilly |first=Briana |date=July 24, 2020 |title=Assembly candidate Francesca Hong doesn't live in the 76th District, plans to move there |url=https://captimes.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/assembly-candidate-francesca-hong-doesnt-live-in-the-76th-district-plans-to-move-there/article_5e2d6e8d-4841-5606-a43b-7de6f1550f4b.html |access-date=September 13, 2025 |work=[[The Cap Times]]}}</ref> Hong ran a [[Progressivism|progressive]] campaign and was against the Madison police union and supported kitchen workers forming [[labor union|unions]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Ferral |first=Katelyn |date=August 11, 2020 |title=Chef Francesca Hong tops seven-candidate field to claim 76th Assembly win |url=https://captimes.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/chef-francesca-hong-tops-seven-candidate-field-to-claim-76th-assembly-win/article_ee827be7-028f-59a8-bf37-ee7309390d96.html |access-date=September 13, 2025 |work=[[The Cap Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last=Hong |first=Francesca |date=October 8, 2020 |title=I'm Running for Office This November Because I'm a Chef and My Whole Industry Is at Stake |url=https://www.bonappetit.com/story/whats-at-stake-for-the-restaurant-industry-this-election |access-date=December 11, 2020 |magazine=[[Bon Appétit]]}}</ref> She won the Democratic nomination with 28% of the vote and would go on to wing the November general election. She was sworn in on January 4, 2021. She became the first [[Asian Americans|Asian American]] state legislator in Wisconsin history.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hamer |first=Emily |date=August 12, 2020 |title=Francesca Hong wins packed race for Assembly District 76 on Madison's liberal Isthmus |url=https://madison.com/wsj/news/local/govt-and-politics/francesca-hong-wins-packed-race-for-assembly-district-76-on-madisons-liberal-isthmus/article_17c27bb6-46da-526f-9c09-5e4a7d3bda10.html |access-date=November 21, 2020 |website=[[Wisconsin State Journal]]}}</ref> In 2022, Hong was reelected unopposed. In the 2024 elections, Hong was again reelected. ==2026 Wisconsin gubernatorial election== In September 2025, Hong announced her candidacy for [[governor of Wisconsin]] in the [[2026 Wisconsin gubernatorial election|2026 election]].<ref>{{Cite news |last= Booker |first= Brakkton |date= September 17, 2025 |title= Leader of anti-Biden protest vote announces bid for Wisconsin governor |url= https://www.politico.com/news/2025/09/17/francesca-hong-wiconsin-governor-campaign-00566485 |access-date= September 17, 2025 |work= [[Politico]]}}</ref> Hong is the only [[democratic socialist]] in the race.<ref name=mam>{{Cite news |last= Beran |first= Liam |date= November 10, 2025 |title= Can Francesca Hong capture Mamdani's momentum? |url= https://isthmus.com/news/news/can-francesca-hong-capture-mamdanis-momentum/ |access-date= December 21, 2025| work= [[Isthmus (newspaper)|Isthmus]]}}</ref> Her campaign has been compared to the mayoral campaign of [[Zohran Mamdani]] in New York City.<ref name=mam/> By July 2026, she became the [[front-runner]] for the Democratic nomination.<ref name= "ModeratedMessaging">{{Cite news |last= Beck |first= Molly |date= July 30, 2026 |title= Hong looks beyond primary as her lead in the Democratic field widens |url= https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/elections/2026/07/30/francesca-hong-looks-beyond-primary-as-her-lead-widens-in-wisconsin-democratic-socialist/91090350007/ |access-date= July 30, 2026 |website= [[Milwaukee Journal Sentinel]]}}</ref> Hong lost the Democratic nomination to [[Milwaukee County, Wisconsin|Milwaukee County]] executive [[David Crowley]] in an upset on August 11, 2026.<ref name= ":0">{{Cite web |date= 2026-08-12 |title= David Crowley pulls off upset over Francesca Hong in Wisconsin’s Democratic primary for governor |url= https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/2026-election/francesca-hong-david-crowley-democratic-primary-wisconsin-governor-rcna592056 |access-date= 2026-08-12 |website= NBC News |language= en}}</ref> ==Personal life== Hong lives in [[Madison, Wisconsin]], with her son. She works part-time as a [[bartender]].<ref>John McCormick. (27 July 2026). "A Democratic Socialist Bartender Rattles Party Elite in Run for Wisconsin Governor". [https://www.wsj.com/politics/elections/a-democratic-socialist-bartender-rattles-party-elite-in-run-for-wisconsin-governor-3fe159c0] Accessed 28 July 2026.</ref> When Hong was 18 years old, she was diagnosed with [[bipolar disorder]] after being hospitalized.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Marsh |first=Steve |date=2025-09-21 |title=Soup Lefty |url=https://www.meal-magazine.com/meal-digital/hong |access-date=2026-08-01 |website=Meal Magazine |language=en}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== {{commonscat}} {{CongLinks| votesmart= 193953 }} * {{Ballotpedia|Francesca_Hong}} * [https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/2025/legislators/assembly/2738 Representative Francesca Hong] at [[Wisconsin Legislature]] * [https://francescahong.com/ Campaign website] * [https://maps.legis.wisconsin.gov/?asm=76&single=y 76th Assembly District map (2025–present)] {{DEFAULTSORT:Hong, Francesca}} [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American chefs]] [[Category:Democratic socialists]] [[Category:Members of the Wisconsin State Legislature]] [[Category:Politicians from Madison, Wisconsin]] [[Category:Businesspeople from Madison, Wisconsin]] [[Category:Democratic Party (United States) politicians]] [[Category:People with bipolar disorder]] {{US-bio-stub}} gvo3xqkhddljrh1uv5ucgs0b5fqb6pi 0 1277792 11024391 11012573 2026-10-09T05:18:58Z Werner100359 106408 /* Final */ 11024391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football league season | competition = [[ÖFB Ladies Cup]] | season = 2013-14 | dates = 17 August 2013 - 17 May 2014 | winners = [[ FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern]] 2nd title | relegated = |promoted = | matches = 31 | total goals = 204 | league topscorer = [[Nicole Billa]] (8 goals) | prevseason = [[2012-13 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2012- 13]] | nextseason = [[2014-15 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2014-15]] }} The '''2013-14 Austrian Women's Football Cup''' was the 40th season of the competition. It was organized by the [[Austrian Football Association]]. As the ÖFB Women's Cup, it was held for the 22nd time. [[ FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern]] won the cup for the 2nd time. ==Matches == <ref>[http://www.austriasoccer.at/damen/nat/cup/cup__ofb_ladies_cup__2013_14.htm Austria Soccer] </ref> ===Round 1=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |1. DFC Leoben | '''LUV Graz''' |0-3 |- |ASKÖ Dionysen/Traun | '''SKV Altenmarkt''' |1-4 |- |FC Altera Porta | '''SV Neulengbach''' | 0-19 |- | FC Pinzgau Saalfelden | '''FC Südburgenland''' | 1-9 |- |FFC Vorderland Sulz | '''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |0-8 |- |SK Baumgarten |'''Union Kleinmünchen''' | 1-5 |- | SSV Neustift/Stubai | '''SV Haiming''' |1-6 |- |SV Horn |'''FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |0-13 |- | '''SV Spittal/SV Rotenturm''' |SG Feldkirchen/Magdalensberg | 4-0 |- | '''ASK Erlaa''' | ATSV Hollabrunn |11-1 |- |ASK WS Bruck/Leitha | '''USC Landhaus''' | 0-3 |- | ESV Bludenz | '''SG FC Bergheim/USK Hof''' | 0-4 |- | '''Rot-Weiß Rankweil''' | SVG Erl | 12-1 |- | SC St. Ruprecht/Raab | '''Carinthians Soccer Women''' |0-5 |- | SPG Wiener Neustadt/Gloggnitz | '''Wiener Sport-Club''' |0-1 |- | USV Hatzendorf | '''SK Sturm Graz/Stattegg''' |0-11 |} ===Round of 16=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |'''Carinthians Soccer Women''' |LUV Graz |2-0 |- |SV Spittal/SV Rotenturm |'''SK Sturm Graz/Stattegg''' | 0-1 |- | ASK Erlaa |''' SKV Altenmarkt''' | 2-3 |- | FC Südburgenland |'''SV Neulengbach ''' | 1-7 |- | Rot-Weiß Rankweil | '''Union Kleinmünchen''' |3-4 |- |SG FC Bergheim/USK Ho | '''FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |0-3 |- | SV Haiming |'''FC Wacker Innsbruck''' |0-15 |- | Wiener Sport-Club | '''USC Landhaus ''' | 0-4 |} ===Quarterfinals=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- |'''SV Neulengbach ''' |SK Sturm Graz/Stattegg |2-0 |- | Carinthians Soccer Women | '''USC Landhaus''' |0-3 |- |'''FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |FC Wacker Innsbruck |6-1 |- |Union Kleinmünchen |'''SKV Altenmarkt ''' | 1-2 |} ===Semifinals=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- | '''FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |USC Landhaus |6-0 |- |SKV Altenmarkt |'''SV Neulengbach''' |1-6 |} ===Final=== {| class="wikitable" bgcolor=ccffcc |- ! Team 1 !Team 2 ! |- | SV Neulengbach |'''FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern''' |3-4 |} *'''Goals:''' Wasser (5.), Aufhauser (19.), Vojtekova (75.) ; Matysova (10.), Pöltl (11.), Makas (35.), Mahr (53.) *'''Yellow cards:''' Skorvankova (65.), Biroova (89.); Tabotta (74.), Prohaska (89.) *'''Referee:''' Tanja Schett-Hausott *'''Venue:''' Jaques Lemans Arena, [[St. Veit an der Glan District|St. Veit/Glan]] *'''Attendence:''' 400 '''SV Neulengbach:''' [[Manuela Zinsberger]], Alexandra Biroova, Natascha Celouch, Jana Vojtekova, Lucia Harsanyova. Dominika Skorvankova, Claudia Wasser, Stefanie Kremener (67. Maria Gstöttner), Katharina Aufhauser, Anna Petrusova (67. Jennifer Klein), Marlies Hanschitz, Shu-o Tseng '''Coach:''' Hannes Uhlig '''FSK St. Pölten-Spratzern: ''' Bianca Reischer, Nina Klima, (81. Julia Herndler), Gina Babicky, Julia Tabotta, Monika Matysova, Jennifer Pöltl, Nadine Prohaska, Carina Mahr, Anna Petrusova, Lisa Marie Makas, [[Nicole Billa]] '''Coach:'''Johannes Spilka {{ÖFB Ladies Cup seasons}} {{Association football in Austria}} ==References == [[Category:Football in Austria]] [[Category:Football seasons]] [[Category:Austrian Cup]] 47s93agnbve6g37qntgh7b8cpa1p8ck 0 1278915 11024383 10959279 2026-10-09T05:03:23Z Werner100359 106408 11024383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Maria Gstöttner | image = | caption = | fullname = Maria Gstöttner | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1984|2|8}} | birth_place = [[St. Pölten]], Austria | height = 1.81 m | currentclub = | clubnumber = | position = [[Forward (association football)|Striker]] | youthyears1 = 1990-1998 | youthclubs1 =SV Würmla | years1 = 1998-2022 | clubs1 = [[SV Neulengbach]] | caps1 =465 | goals1 = 393 | nationalyears1 = 2011-2013 | nationalteam1 = [[Austria women's national football team|Austria ]] | nationalcaps1 = 35 | nationalgoals1 = 5 | ntupdate = }} '''Maria Gstöttner''' (born February 8, 1984, in [[St. Pölten]]) is a former Austrian footballer. She is the all-time leading goalscorer of the ÖFB Women's Bundesliga. She scored 393 goals for [[USV Neulengbach]] in Austria's top flight. <ref>[https://sportunion.at/news/2022/11/09/bundesliga-rekordtorschuetzin-maria-gstoettner-beendete-ihre-karriere/ Sportunion.at] </ref> ==Career == The forward began her career at the age of six with SV Würmla. Then she moved to the [[USV Neulengbach]] youth team in . Gstöttner was already playing for USV Neulengbach in the [[ÖFB-Frauenliga|ÖFB Women's League]] at the age of 14. She secured a regular starting spot that same year and ranked among the league's most successful goalscorers. She was the Bundesliga's top scorer every season from 2001 to 2005. In the 2012/13 season she was also top scorer. In 2003, she won the league title for the first time with USV Neulengbach, playing a important role in the championship victory by scoring 28 goals. Between 2003 and 2012, she won the domestic double ten times in a row with Neulengbach, as well as the Supercup in 2003 and 2004. Neulengbach also secured the league title in 2013 and 2014. From that year on SKN St. Pölten took over as the dominant force. While many of Neulengbach's top players moved to St. Pölten, Gstöttner remained loyal to her club . On November 5, 2022, she ended her career following a home match against SKN. <ref>[https://www.krone.at/2851028 Kronenzeitung (German)] </ref> Gstöttner scored 393 goals in Austria's top league during her career. With twelve championship titles, she also holds the record for the most titles won by any player. Gstöttner likely holds the record for the most Bundesliga appearances as well. The records regarding this in Austrian women's football are extremely incomplete and difficult to reconstruct. Gstöttner made at least 300 appearances in the top league. In the 2003/04 season, she was also the top scorer in the Champions League (then known as the [[UEFA Women's Cup|UEFA Women’s Cup]]) with eleven goals. She also played 35 matches for the [[Austria women's national football team]] and scored 5 goals. ==Honours == * '''Austrian Champion:''' 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 * '''Austrian Cup:''' 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 * '''Supercup:''' 2003, 2004 * '''Top scorer:''' 2001 (33), 2002 (34), 2003 (28), 2004 (26), 2005 (22), 2013 (36) ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Gstöttner, Maria}} [[Category:1984 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Austrian women's footballers]] [[Category:Players of the Austrian national football team]] pgftm2gmy12yclghfv1n6dobm8ayq66 0 1279397 11024017 10969531 2026-10-08T14:39:31Z Youabian Puma 1855421 11024017 wikitext text/x-wiki McDonald's was founded in [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]] (31 December, 1939) *[[Algeria]] *[[American Samoa]] (2000) *[[Andorra]] (1984) *[[Angola]] *[[Antigua and Barbuda]] *[[Argentina]] (1986) *[[Armenia]] *[[Aruba]] (1985) *[[Australia]] (1971) *[[Austria]] (1977) *[[Azerbaijan]] (1999) *[[The Bahamas]] (1975) *[[Bahrain]] (1994) *[[Bangladesh]] *[[Belarus]] (1996) *[[Belgium]] (1978) *[[Brazil]] (1979) *[[Brunei]] (1992) *[[Bulgaria]] (1994) *[[Canada]] (1967) *[[People's Republic of China|CENSORED]] *[[Costa Rica]] (1970) *[[Chile]] (1990) *[[Colombia]] (1995) *[[Croatia]] (1996) *[[Cuba]] (1986) *[[Cyprus]] (1996) *[[Czech Republic]] (1992) *[[Denmark]] (1981) *[[Dominican Republic]] (1996) *[[Ecuador]] (1997) *[[Egypt]] (1994) *[[El Salvador]] (1972) *[[Estonia]] (1995) *[[Falkland Islands]] *[[Fiji]] (1996) *[[Finland]] (1984) *[[France]] (1972; [[Martinique]] 1991, [[Guadeloupe]] 1992, [[Réunion]] 1997, [[French Guiana]] 2000) *[[French Polynesia]] (1996, in [[Tahiti]]) *[[French Southern and Antarctic Lands]] (2026) *[[Germany]] (1971, in then [[West Germany]]) *[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] (1999) *[[Gibraltar]] (1999) *[[Greece]] (1991) *[[Guam]] (1971) *[[Guatemala]] (1974) *[[Honduras]] (1995) *[[Hong Kong]] (1975) *[[Hungary]] (1988) *[[Iceland]] (1993) *[[India]] (1996) *[[Indonesia]] (1991) *[[Iran]] (1970) *[[Iraq]] (2006) *[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] (1977) *[[Isle of Man]] (1997) *[[Israel]] (1993) *[[Italy]] (1985) *[[Jamaica]] (1995) *[[Japan]] (1971) *[[Jordan]] (1996) *[[Kazakstan]] (2016) *[[North Korea]] (1939) *[[South Korea]] (1988) *[[Kuwait]] (1994) *[[Latvia]] (1994) *[[Lebanon]] (1998) *[[Libya]] *[[Liechtenstein]] (1996) *[[Lithuania]] (1996) *[[Luxembourg]] (1985) *[[Oman]] (1994) *[[Macau]] (1987) *[[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] (1997) *[[Malaysia]] (1982) *[[Malta]] (1995) *[[Mauritius|Mauritania]] (2001) *[[Mayotte]] (2003) *[[Mexico]] (1985) *[[Micronesia]] *[[Moldova]] (1998) *[[Monaco]] (1992) *[[Montenegro]] (2004) *[[Morocco]] (1992) *[[Netherlands]] *[[Netherlands Antilles]] (1974, [[Saint Maarten]] 1995, [[Saba]]) *[[New Caledonia]] (1994) *[[New Zealand]] (1976) *[[Nicaragua]] (1975, re-established 1998) *[[Nitro, West Virginia|Nitro]] (????) *[[Northern Mariana Islands]] (1993) *[[Norway]] (1983) *[[Pakistan]] (1998) *[[Palau]] *[[Panama]] (1971) *[[Paraguay]] (1996) *[[Peru]] (1996) *[[Philippines]] (1981) *[[Pitcairn Islands]] *[[Poland]] (1992) *[[Portugal]] (1991) *[[Puerto Rico]] (1967) *[[Qatar]] (1995) *[[Romania]] (1995) *[[Russia]] (1990) *[[Rwanda]] *[[Saint Lucia]] *[[Samoa]] (1996) *[[San Marino]] (1999) *[[Saudi Arabia]] (1993) *[[Senegal]] *[[Serbia]] (1988) *[[Singapore]] (1979) *[[Slovakia]] (1995) *[[Slovenia]] (1993) *[[South Africa]] (1995) *[[Suriname]] (1997) *[[Sweden]] (1973) *[[Switzerland]] (1976) *[[Spain]] (1981) *[[Sri Lanka]] (1998) *[[Taiwan]] ([[Republic of China]]) (1984) *[[Thailand]] (1985) *[[Turkey]] (1986) *[[Ukraine]] (1997) *[[United Arab Emirates]] (1994) *[[United Kingdom]] (1974 in [[England]], [[Wales]] 1984, [[Scotland]] 1987, [[Northern Ireland]] 1991) *[[United States]] (1940) *[[United States Virgin Islands]] (1970) *[[Uruguay]] (1991) *[[Uzbekistan]] (2027) *[[Venezuela]] (1985) *[[Vietnam]] (2014) *[[Yemen]] *[[Zambia]] *[[Zimbabwe]] *[[Nauru|NAURU]] *[[Tuvalu|TUVALU]] *[[Vanuatu|VANUATU]] *[[ISLA SALOMON]] *[[ISLA COOK]] *[[Groveland, Idaho|GROELANDIA]] *[[Somalia|SOMALIA]] *[[Tonga|TONGA]] *[[Botswana|BOTSWANA]] a0rqwujdzr4nk8veejg8tflpxlw6d63 11024021 11024017 2026-10-08T14:45:33Z Youabian Puma 1855421 11024021 wikitext text/x-wiki McDonald's was founded in [[Pyongyang]], [[North Korea]] (31 December, 1939) *[[Algeria]] *[[American Samoa]] (2000) *[[Andorra]] (1984) *[[Angola]] *[[Antigua and Barbuda]] *[[Argentina]] (1986) *[[Armenia]] *[[Aruba]] (1985) *[[Australia]] (1971) *[[Austria]] (1977) *[[Azerbaijan]] (1999) *[[The Bahamas]] (1975) *[[Bahrain]] (1994) *[[Bangladesh]] *[[Belarus]] (1996) *[[Belgium]] (1978) *[[Brazil]] (1979) *[[Brunei]] (1992) *[[Bulgaria]] (1994) *[[Canada]] (1967) *[[People's Republic of China|CENSORED]] *[[Costa Rica]] (1970) *[[Chile]] (1990) *[[Colombia]] (1995) *[[Croatia]] (1996) *[[Cuba]] (1986) *[[Cyprus]] (1996) *[[Czech Republic]] (1992) *[[Denmark]] (1981) *[[Dominican Republic]] (1996) *[[Ecuador]] (1997) *[[Egypt]] (1994) *[[El Salvador]] (1972) *[[Estonia]] (1995) *[[Falkland Islands]] *[[Fiji]] (1996) *[[Finland]] (1984) *[[France]] (1972; [[Martinique]] 1991, [[Guadeloupe]] 1992, [[Réunion]] 1997, [[French Guiana]] 2000) *[[French Polynesia]] (1996, in [[Tahiti]]) *[[French Southern and Antarctic Lands]] (2026) *[[Germany]] (1971, in then [[West Germany]]) *[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] (1999) *[[Gibraltar]] (1999) *[[Greece]] (1991) *[[Guam]] (1971) *[[Guatemala]] (1974) *[[Honduras]] (1995) *[[Hong Kong]] (1975) *[[Hungary]] (1988) *[[Iceland]] (1993) *[[India]] (1996) *[[Indonesia]] (1991) *[[Iran]] (1970) *[[Iraq]] (2006) *[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] (1977) *[[Isle of Man]] (1997) *[[Israel]] (1993) *[[Italy]] (1985) *[[Jamaica]] (1995) *[[Japan]] (1971) *[[Jordan]] (1996) *[[Kazakstan]] (2016) *[[North Korea]] (1939) *[[South Korea]] (1988) *[[Kuwait]] (1994) *[[Latvia]] (1994) *[[Lebanon]] (1998) *[[Libya]] *[[Liechtenstein]] (1996) *[[Lithuania]] (1996) *[[Luxembourg]] (1985) *[[Oman]] (1994) *[[Macau]] (1987) *[[Republic of Macedonia|Macedonia]] (1997) *[[Malaysia]] (1982) *[[Malta]] (1995) *[[Mauritius|Mauritania]] (2001) *[[Mayotte]] (2003) *[[Mexico]] (1985) *[[Micronesia]] *[[Moldova]] (1998) *[[Monaco]] (1992) *[[Montenegro]] (2004) *[[Morocco]] (1992) *[[Netherlands]] *[[Netherlands Antilles]] (1974, [[Saint Maarten]] 1995, [[Saba]]) *[[New Caledonia]] (1994) *[[New Zealand]] (1976) *[[Nicaragua]] (1975, re-established 1998) *[[Nitro, West Virginia|Nitro]] (????) *[[Northern Mariana Islands]] (1993) *[[Norway]] (1983) *[[Pakistan]] (1998) *[[Palau]] *[[Panama]] (1971) *[[Paraguay]] (1996) *[[Peru]] (1996) *[[Philippines]] (1981) *[[Pitcairn Islands]] *[[Poland]] (1992) *[[Portugal]] (1991) *[[Puerto Rico]] (1967) *[[Qatar]] (1995) *[[Romania]] (1995) *[[Russia]] (1990) *[[Rwanda]] *[[Saint Lucia]] *[[Samoa]] (1996) *[[San Marino]] (1999) *[[Saudi Arabia]] (1993) *[[Senegal]] *[[Serbia]] (1988) *[[Singapore]] (1979) *[[Slovakia]] (1995) *[[Slovenia]] (1993) *[[South Africa]] (1995) *[[Suriname]] (1997) *[[Sweden]] (1973) *[[Switzerland]] (1976) *[[Spain]] (1981) *[[Sri Lanka]] (1998) *[[Taiwan]] ([[Republic of China]]) (1984) *[[Thailand]] (1985) *[[Turkey]] (1986) *[[Ukraine]] (1997) *[[United Arab Emirates]] (1994) *[[United Kingdom]] (1974 in [[England]], [[Wales]] 1984, [[Scotland]] 1987, [[Northern Ireland]] 1991) *[[United States]] (1940) *[[United States Virgin Islands]] (1970) *[[Uruguay]] (1991) *[[Uzbekistan]] (2027) *[[Venezuela]] (1985) *[[Vietnam]] (2014) *[[Yemen]] *[[Zambia]] *[[Zimbabwe]] *[[Nauru|NAURU]] *[[Tuvalu|TUVALU]] *[[Vanuatu|VANUATU]] *[[ISLA SALOMON]] *[[ISLA COOK]] *[[Groveland, Idaho|GROELANDIA]] *[[Somalia|SOMALIA]] *[[Tonga|TONGA]] *[[Botswana|BOTSWANA]] *[[ISLA MARSHALL]] *[[ISLA FARASAN]] *[[ISLA FAROO]] *[[ISLA FALK LANDIA]] *[[Zzyzx|DonauDamp]] lud5b7miq9oj2n7genoypgkzcewlctx 3 1279479 11024117 11023114 2026-10-08T21:08:37Z GiftedIceCreamAlt 1885977 /* ONESTRIKE warning */ Reply 11024117 wikitext text/x-wiki == ONESTRIKE warning == Simple English Wikipedia is not a place for you to take up your grievances with other people to circumvent your block on other wikis. If you’re continuing to focus on those conversations and not on building an encyclopedia, you will be blocked as you are on those other projects. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 21:11, 16 August 2026 (UTC) :Btw where is the warning sign image? [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 21:22, 16 August 2026 (UTC) :I DONT CARE [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 21:29, 16 August 2026 (UTC) ::Ok, well based on your inappropriate responses here and elsewhere, you have been blocked here indefinitely. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 21:32, 16 August 2026 (UTC) :::When I can get an unblock request? [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 21:36, 16 August 2026 (UTC) ::::What do you mean get one? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 12:03, 17 August 2026 (UTC) :::::like when I can request for an unblock? [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 15:13, 17 August 2026 (UTC) ::::::You can request at any time. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 16:09, 17 August 2026 (UTC) :::::::After 6 months with NO edits or any disruptive activity of any kind. If you really want to edit again, I'd strongly consider taking the Standard Offer and taking some time off to reflect. I must also add that if you continue to cause problems on other wikis, a global lock / global ban will be coming, and the likelihood of successfully appealing that is far, far lower. '''''[[w:User:LightandDark2000|<span style="color:#C69214">Light</span><span style="color:#410064">and</span><span style="color:blue">Dark2000</span>]]''''' 🌀 ([[User talk:LightandDark2000#top|talk]]) 08:44, 19 August 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Okay, I understand. [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 15:45, 19 August 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Why everything has to be 6 months?! when I ment that other day "YOU ALL ARE UNFAIR" I ment on Wikipedia only, also, do you know the reason for my blocks on HHW and other wikis? like ERW, COW. [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 22:49, 21 August 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::Those are the rules. I didn't make them. But if you want to be unblocked, that's your only option. '''''[[w:User:LightandDark2000|<span style="color:#C69214">Light</span><span style="color:#410064">and</span><span style="color:blue">Dark2000</span>]]''''' 🌀 ([[User talk:LightandDark2000#top|talk]]) 01:18, 22 August 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::THANK YOU (i am sarcastic), can't I just be unblocked in 3 months instead of 6 months? WHY? ALL OF YOU ON WIKIPEDIA are unfair. [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 17:42, 23 August 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::Are you going to appeal your block here or are you going to just rant about how unfair Wikipedia is? When you are blocked, your talk page is only to be used for appealing a block. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 17:55, 23 August 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::how to do a request like on wikipedia? [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 00:43, 25 August 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::::6 months is to demonstrate maturity. Keep in mind that further disruptive activity can result in that period being extended. So no, that time can't be shortened. As for how to write a proper unblock request, see [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks this] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block this]. '''''[[w:User:LightandDark2000|<span style="color:#C69214">Light</span><span style="color:#410064">and</span><span style="color:blue">Dark2000</span>]]''''' 🌀 ([[User talk:LightandDark2000#top|talk]]) 19:53, 25 August 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::::Fine! then, I will wait 6 months. [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 12:46, 10 September 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::AND PERFECT, and now I am globally blocked on all Wikia wikis, PERFECT. [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 16:57, 25 September 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::::::YOU ALL @[[User:Hurricanehink|Hurricanehink]] @[[User:Blue-Sonnet|Blue-Sonnet]] @[[User:CoffeeCrumbs|CoffeeCrumbs]] and @[[User:GiftedIceCream|GiftedIceCream]] and ALL OF YOU ON ALL WMF PROJECTS ARE UNFAIR, I DONT CARE GLOBALLY LOCK ME LIKE HOW I AM ALREADY ON FANDOM. [[User:Mastercane FRX9500S|Mastercane FRX9500S]] ([[User talk:Mastercane FRX9500S#top|talk]]) 02:29, 27 September 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::::I've not been active for a while & am coming back after a long hiatus, but I want to stress that this all began ''more than six months ago.'' ::::::::::::::::::If you would have been calm and patient, you might have been at the point where you could now consider appealing. It's a possible future that you rejected. You decided to '''not''' follow that path. ::::::::::::::::::No matter how much we urged you and warned you of the consequences, you kept going and the future we predicted came true. If you're surprised at this outcome, I'm afraid you're the only person who is. ::::::::::::::::::Getting angry and insisting the world give you whatever you want just didn't work. ::::::::::::::::::It will never work. ::::::::::::::::::If you don't understand that now, I don't think you ever will - but that thought honestly makes me sad and I hate even writing it out. ::::::::::::::::::I honestly hope you take time to do literally anything else that makes you happy - don't touch any Wikimedia project for as long as possible. You've made things so complicated and difficult that it'll take literal years for you to rebuild the trust you've broken, across all the various Wikimedia communities that you've affected. ::::::::::::::::::You can't force others to unblock/unban you. ::::::::::::::::::You just can't. ::::::::::::::::::Nobody can. ::::::::::::::::::You now need to make a choice: either carry on in the way you've been behaving and refuse to change, learn or grow, or you can move on and do literally anything else. ::::::::::::::::::If you do happen to read this, please take it to heart and I urge you not to respond. ::::::::::::::::::Regardless of how you take this message, I wish you the best. [[User:Blue-Sonnet|Blue-Sonnet]] ([[User talk:Blue-Sonnet|talk]]) 17:24, 7 October 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::::::::@[[User:Blue-Sonnet|Blue-Sonnet]] They're locked now so your comment is moot. [[User:GiftedIceCreamAlt|GiftedIceCreamAlt]] ([[User talk:GiftedIceCreamAlt|talk]]) 21:08, 8 October 2026 (UTC) == September 2026 == <div class="notice" style="background:#ffe0e0; border:1px solid #886644; padding:0.5em; margin:0.5em auto; min-height: 40px"> [[File:Information icon.svg|40px|left|alt=|link=]] Because you have [[Wikipedia:Talk page#Things not to do|abused this talk page]] by making [[Wikipedia:Blocks and bans|bad unblock requests]] or [[Wikipedia:Disruptive changing|disruptive changes]], you are no longer able to change or post to [[Wikipedia:User talk page|this talk page]] while you remain blocked. If you wish to appeal your block further, please send an email to the unblock mailing list at [mailto:simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org '''simple-admins-l@lists.wikimedia.org''']. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 03:08, 27 September 2026 (UTC)</div> :glocked [[User:GiftedIceCream|GiftedIceCream]] ([[User talk:GiftedIceCream|talk]]) 13:50, 27 September 2026 (UTC) a6rh80k6xwej86sic0ug82hkyrub6kj 4 1279493 11024340 11010533 2026-10-09T04:04:51Z BarrasBot 411705 Bot: Archiving 2 threads from [[Wikipedia:Simple talk]] 11024340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} == Using AI on talk pages == Recently, on Discord, the subject of using AI for comments and talk pages has come up a lot. Can I remind people that I did start a proposed guidance page at [[WP:AIDISCUSS]], and now may be the time to reopen it? '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 00:11, 7 August 2026 (UTC) == Removing the complex tag from a page == I have simplified every term in [[2025 India–Pakistan conflict|this]] page as per [[Wikipedia:Basic English combined wordlist|this]] list, so someone please remove the "complex" tag from the top of that page. I don't think I am allowed to do it myself.-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 23:40, 10 August 2026 (UTC) :I’m very confused: why did you remove the entire article and replace it with the lede from the English Wikipedia? Why did you remove the existing information? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 23:55, 10 August 2026 (UTC) :When you scanned the text using the readabilitycheck website, what was the score? [[User:Ravensfire|Ravensfire]] ([[User talk:Ravensfire|talk]]) 03:48, 11 August 2026 (UTC) ::{{re|CountryANDWestern}} I did what was advised [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk#Please_suggest_what_to_do here].-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 03:59, 11 August 2026 (UTC) :::{{re|Ravensfire}} I used [https://www.online-utility.org/english/simple_basic_helper.jsp this] tool. It flagged "terrorists", so I replaced it with "militants" which has also been flagged red but "militant" is not flagged. Likewise, "aimed" is flagged but not "aim" and "paths" is flagged but not "path". I think that means those terms are acceptable.-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 04:31, 11 August 2026 (UTC) ::::That's not what I asked. [[User:Ravensfire|Ravensfire]] ([[User talk:Ravensfire|talk]]) 04:40, 11 August 2026 (UTC) :::::I searched for the link to the "readabilitycheck website" but couldn't find it. Please post the link to it.-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 04:42, 11 August 2026 (UTC) ::::::You've been pointed to this before. Bookmark it - THIS IS THE LAST TIME I GIVE YOU THE LINK WHEN YOU CANNOT BE BOTHERED TO SAVE THE TOOLS THAT OTHERS HAVE GIVEN YOU. [https://readabilitycheck.com/] [[User:Ravensfire|Ravensfire]] ([[User talk:Ravensfire|talk]]) 04:47, 11 August 2026 (UTC) :::::::{{re|Ravensfire}} I told you earlier that I don't know how to use that website - that orange box blocks everything else. Please post instructions on how to use it.-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 04:57, 11 August 2026 (UTC) ::::::::How and where do I "Paste your text or body copy straight into the text box on the page."?-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 05:00, 11 August 2026 (UTC) :::::::::You mean - how do you copy a block of text and then paste it into another box? Um yeah. I give up. I regret replyng. [[User:Ravensfire|Ravensfire]] ([[User talk:Ravensfire|talk]]) 05:07, 11 August 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::How and where do I "Paste your text or body copy straight into the text box on the page." on the readabilitycheck.com website?-[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 05:13, 11 August 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::I finally used the "Desktop view" and pasted the text of the entire article. Only one sentence was flagged as "too long". I fixed it now -[[User:Baangla|Baangla]] ([[User talk:Baangla|talk]]) 05:26, 11 August 2026 (UTC) == Help: Expanding == Hey everyone, Please expand this page i created: [[Sughd Province]] [[User:Duaj34|Duaj34]] ([[User talk:Duaj34|talk]]) 15:50, 12 August 2026 (UTC) == Subpages == How do I access my subpages. [[User:Barbara (WVS)|Barbara]] ([[User talk:Barbara (WVS)|talk]]) 15:48, 13 August 2026 (UTC) :This should work - [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=User%3ABarbara+%28WVS%29+subpageof%3A%22Barbara+%28WVS%29%22&title=Special%3ASearch&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&advancedSearch-current=%7B%22fields%22%3A%7B%22subpageof%22%3A%22Barbara+%28WVS%29%22%7D%7D&ns2=1&ns3=1]. [[User:Ravensfire|Ravensfire]] ([[User talk:Ravensfire|talk]]) 15:54, 13 August 2026 (UTC) ::Actually, this is probably better [https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=User%3ABarbara+%28WVS%29&namespace=0]. [[User:Ravensfire|Ravensfire]] ([[User talk:Ravensfire|talk]]) 16:04, 13 August 2026 (UTC) == Deaths without references == I pointed this out several times already Whe someone adds an entry to the death in 2026 page, make sdure it goes with a reference. I recently moved thwe May part to its own page. I do however honestly sugest we semi-protect that page, as those people posting there seem unable or unwilling to add references. Comments? [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 18:07, 15 August 2026 (UTC) :I reverted it several times in the last week when it didn’t have references. In the past couple of days, references have been added. Maybe the message has been received? [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 19:01, 15 August 2026 (UTC) ::In the May section, which I recently moved to its own page, we get 12 references for over 35 people who died... [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 19:53, 15 August 2026 (UTC) :::I said last time semi-protection would be the only thing to at least slow it down as most entries are by temp accounts or non-auto confirmed persons. So I support protecting the page. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 19:57, 15 August 2026 (UTC) ::::I amended quite a few refs for May. Just to fill you in: Maurice R. Greenberg is still alive, and did not die in May.. [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 21:31, 15 August 2026 (UTC) :::::Following my 'disocvery', I semi-protected the page... [[User:Eptalon|Eptalon]] ([[User talk:Eptalon|talk]]) 22:27, 15 August 2026 (UTC) ::::::👍 '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 22:29, 15 August 2026 (UTC) == Drafting before requirements == hello! my account is only four days old (right on point) but I have surpassed the edit requirements. can any volunteer kindly move my page for review? my draft name is: User:Yaashaswi/Kumari (Goddess). I have (I hoped), followed the simple english Wikipedia guidelines! thank you for your kind help. [[User:Yaashaswi|Yaashaswi]] ([[User talk:Yaashaswi|talk]]) 14:27, 16 August 2026 (UTC) :We don't require editors to be autoconfirmed before publishing articles. You can move it yourself when you feel that it is ready. I should note that some of the language in the draft is not simple. It should be simplified before it is brought to mainspace. A good reference is the [[WP:BE 1500]] list, but you are not required to follow it exactly. Please also wikilink any advanced terms so that readers can easily go to an article that explains them. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 17:43, 17 August 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you for your help so far. As per your suggestions, I will overlook the article and make certain changes to it that will make it much easier to understand. I'm afraid I should've clarified beforehand. I'm not able to “move” my article. Furthermore, I don't see any options of “move” in my article page (on both desktop and mobile). I've tried inserting the “submit” code into the source code, but that has failed too. What shall I do? [[User:Yaashaswi|Yaashaswi]] ([[User talk:Yaashaswi|talk]]) 17:52, 17 August 2026 (UTC) :::I double checked, and I was mistaken. Non-autoconfirmed users can create articles, but they can't move pages. Give the article some simplification, and if you still can't move it by then, I will move it. The software was recently changed so that it counts four days from your first edit, so you should be autoconfirmed in a few days. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 18:08, 17 August 2026 (UTC) ::::I'm grateful for your help so far. Yet I would much prefer it if you could move it and let others make changes as they prefer. I've overlooked the article and realized that I've simplified it to the best of my abilities. I have wiki-linked complex words; yet they do not have any articles present in the simple Wikipedia. Likewise, I would still improve upon and add to my article once it's published. And I believe if it is published, more people can contribute to it as they like! [[User:Yaashaswi|Yaashaswi]] ([[User talk:Yaashaswi|talk]]) 18:18, 17 August 2026 (UTC) :::::I simplified it quite a bit. I removed some sections that were copied from enwiki and need to be completely rewritten. Feel free to add the information back if it's simplified. The page is now at [[Kumari (Goddess)]]. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 22:25, 17 August 2026 (UTC) ::::::Thank you for the help, again! Do forgive me if it seemed like I had done a bad job at it, since this is my first time editing a draft. I would now know to do better and write in much simpler terms for future reference! [[User:Yaashaswi|Yaashaswi]] ([[User talk:Yaashaswi|talk]]) 02:11, 18 August 2026 (UTC) == August 2026 Wikimedia Café meetups regarding [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 Next 25] == <div class="border-box" style="background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #f8eaba); max-width: 875px; padding: 5px; border: 1px solid black; margin: 5px; color: var(--clr-dark)"> <div class="box" style="float:left; padding-top: 10px; padding-right: 10px; padding-left: 10px; padding-bottom: 10px;">[[File:Wikimedia Café logo in plain SVG format.svg|60px|alt=The logo for the Wikimedia Café]]</div> Hello! There will be two '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Wikimedia Café]''' discussion opportunities in August. Both sessions will focus on [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25 the Next 25 initiative], including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Next_25/A_proposal_to_frame_Next_25 framing the initiative]. Participants may attend either or both Café sessions. #'''29 August 2026 15:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788015600 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to the Americas, Africa, and Europe #'''30 August 2026 03:00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1788058800 timestamp converter]), at a time friendly to Asia and the Pacific Please see the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 Café] page for more information, including [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#Agenda._This_will_be_an_approximately_1_hour_Caf%C3%A9_session agenda details] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9#How_to_attend_the_session how to register]! To subscribe or unsubscribe for Café notices on your talk page please [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedia_Caf%C3%A9 go here]. <br /> [[File:Buntstifte Eberhard Faber crop 64h.jpg|860px|alt=cropped image of colored pencils]]</div> <span style="white-space:nowrap;">[[User:Pine|<span style="color:#01796f; text-shadow:#00BFFF 0 0 1.0em">༄ᨒ𖠰 Pine</span>]] [[User talk:Pine|<span style="color:DeepSkyBlue">(<b style="color:#FFDF00;text-shadow:#FFDF00 0 0 1.0em">✉</b>)</span>]]</span> 01:35, 17 August 2026 (UTC) == [[Special:Diff/10968132]] == Can anyone handle this edit request for [[Funland, Rehoboth Beach]]?<br> Requestor wants to add [[:File:Funland Rehoboth (Delaware) amusement park logo.png]] to the page, but the logo parameter in [[Template:Infobox amusement park]] is not working. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:55, 20 August 2026 (UTC) : <s>I managed to add the logo, but [[Template:Infobox amusement park]] is causing script errors. Should I revert the import?</s> [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:54, 21 August 2026 (UTC) : I managed to handle the script errors and will handle [[:Category:Pages using infobox amusement park with unknown parameters]] as soon as possible. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 14:30, 21 August 2026 (UTC) == Why we don't have extended confirmed users and other user groups on SEW? == Hello, i was wondering to myself on why the [[Simple English Wikipedia|SEW]] has less user groups than on the English Wikipedia? Like why we don't have interface admins, extended confirmed users and other user groups that are only found on the English Wikipedia? - [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 11:34, 23 August 2026 (UTC) :Interface admins exist as a technical matter. It is like the flooder and transwiki importer roles in that it is temporary and used for a specific purpose. Permanent interface admin is a bit of a security risk, and the right isn’t used much. Extended confirmed has been debated a few times, but the consensus tends to be that we don’t want the extra bureaucracy that it would add. Even though an extra protection type would be nice in some cases. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 05:27, 24 August 2026 (UTC) == Review request for Ans Ishfaq draft == An article with this name was deleted in 2022 under QD G11. New coverage has since been published, including a two-page front-page feature in the ''Daily Times Chronicle'' in August 2026. I have written a new, shorter draft using the newer sources. Could an uninvolved editor review it and determine whether it is suitable for publication? The draft is here: [[User:Payore1100/sandbox]] Thank you. [[User:Payore1100|Payore1100]] ([[User talk:Payore1100|talk]]) 13:45, 26 August 2026 (UTC) :Immediate note is that several of those sources are [[WP:SPS|self-published]] and really should not be used. The zenodo and internet archive are very clearly self-published for example. The Digital Journal piece is also self-published - it's an opinion piece with a clear disclaimer at the top meaning there is no editorial review, it's just a promotional fluff piece that's quite probably paid/sponsored. The image being from Ishfaq reinforces that view. This would be rejected on en wiki and should be rejected here as well. [[User:Ravensfire|Ravensfire]] ([[User talk:Ravensfire|talk]]) 15:34, 26 August 2026 (UTC) ::The article from The Source is also a clear over-the-top promotional puff piece, not an actual good reliable source. Please don't use promotional junk like that as sources, it makes your article look like you're trying to promote the subject. [[User:Ravensfire|Ravensfire]] ([[User talk:Ravensfire|talk]]) 15:38, 26 August 2026 (UTC) ::Thank you for reviewing the draft and explaining the concerns about the sources. I am withdrawing the request and will not move the draft into article space. [[User:Payore1100|Payore1100]] ([[User talk:Payore1100|talk]]) 19:51, 26 August 2026 (UTC) :Are you receiving payment to create this article on behalf of a client? Your editing pattern suggests you are. You must disclose that information if so. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 15:53, 26 August 2026 (UTC) ::No. I am not receiving payment or any other benefit to create this article, and I am not editing on behalf of a client. I understand the concerns about the sources and will not move the draft into article space. Thank you for reviewing it. [[User:Payore1100|Payore1100]] ([[User talk:Payore1100|talk]]) 19:50, 26 August 2026 (UTC) *For those interested, Payore1100 is now globally locked as a sock of Bhatti31 who has been trying to create the Ans Ishfaq article here and on en wiki. [[User:Ravensfire|Ravensfire]] ([[User talk:Ravensfire|talk]]) 15:15, 28 August 2026 (UTC) == Filter log == I reverted '''[[Minions & Monsters]]''' to an earlier version because I believed the previous version was the good/appropriate version. However, the edit triggered the abuse filter with the message ''“New editor deleting large parts of an article.”'' Could someone please clarify why the filter was triggered? I wasn't intentionally deleting content; I was reverting the page to an earlier version. [[User:DHIRAJDHONA|DHIRAJDHONA]] ([[User talk:DHIRAJDHONA|talk]]) 20:24, 27 August 2026 (UTC) :You are not an auto confirmed editor, therefore, the filter is triggered when you remove a significant amount of text even if it is an appropriate revert. It’s merely measuring the amount of text removed. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 22:21, 27 August 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks for clarifying. I understand now(: [[User:DHIRAJDHONA|DHIRAJDHONA]] ([[User talk:DHIRAJDHONA|talk]]) 22:29, 27 August 2026 (UTC) == King of Norway == I've updated the article of ([[Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway]]), ''now King Haakon VIII''. However there has been a duplicate: [[Haakon, Crown Prince of Norway]] (original), then another user created [[Haakon VIII of Norway]] today at <bdi>09:15</bdi>. It would be great if someone could fix this, I don't feel very comfortable on which one is right for [[Simple English Wikipedia|simple-wiki]]. On the english Wikipedia - the name (at the moment i'm writing this) is [[:en:Haakon_(King_of_Norway)|Haakon (King of Norway)]]. Thanks in advance. [[User:Patandor|Patandor]] ([[User talk:Patandor|talk]]) 12:39, 28 August 2026 (UTC) :After the article was changed, I would appreciate a reply confirming that this issue has been resolved, or perhaps some clarification, so I know that the topic is now finished. :Maybe this situation, ''or some of my previous actions'', may have been viewed from different perspectives by other editors and has affected how I'm seen on simple-wiki. I do have one particular interaction in mind, I think that person will know what I mean. If so, feel free to let me know on my talk page. But if nothing is changing.. then I suppose that says something about the people. [[User:Patandor|Patandor]] ([[User talk:Patandor|talk]]) 18:56, 28 August 2026 (UTC) ::As you can see if you click on the links, all of the various links now all point to [[Haakon VIII]], which reflects its current status on the English Wiki as well. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 01:44, 29 August 2026 (UTC) :::@[[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]]: Thank you! :-) [[User:Patandor|Patandor]] ([[User talk:Patandor|talk]]) 11:37, 29 August 2026 (UTC) == Rollback rights requirement == Does the “recent block” requirement for getting rollback mean a block on Simple Wikipedia specifically, or do blocks on other Wikimedia projects also count? I have never been blocked on Simple Wikipedia, so I wanted to clarify this. [[User:DHIRAJDHONA|DHIRAJDHONA]] ([[User talk:DHIRAJDHONA|talk]]) 12:38, 29 August 2026 (UTC) :It's honestly up to the reviewing admin. I think it's reasonable to take behavior, including blocks, on other wikis into account when granting permissions. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 20:31, 29 August 2026 (UTC) :If you're blocked elsewhere it would affect your request here. You'd have to have a very extensive good history here first to ignore something like that. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:56, 29 August 2026 (UTC) == Article Guidance update: experiment outcome and next steps == Dear Simple English Wikipedians, The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization]] team sincerely thanks you for your valuable collaboration during the [[mw:Article_guidance|Article Guidance]] A/B experiment in your Wikipedia. Your constructive feedback to [[phab:T428146|restore access to deletion and edit logs when clicking a red link]], and [[phab:T426382|to give experienced editors the option to skip the guidance]] during the experiment, played a key role in shaping this feature and the experiment. We are pleased to report that the experiment produced positive results, leading us to propose moving forward with making Article Guidance the default experience for junior editors (contributors with 0 to 99 edits), through the same entry points as in the experiment. '''Findings from the experiment''' Overall, articles created through the guided workflow survived at a higher rate than those created without the guided workflow. Editors who completed the workflow, created articles that were more likely to survive. You can read the result summary [[mw:Article_guidance/Updates#Summary_of_experiment_result|on this page]]. '''Improvements made to the feature''' Your feedback during the experiment was instrumental in shaping [[phab:maniphest/query/a1PH1wQI7twc/#R|the improvements]] to the feature. The experiment results also revealed further opportunities to enhance the experience, which are captured in [[phab:maniphest/query/z3tcTjmLMxk5/#R|this list.]] We will continue working on them in the coming weeks. '''Our next steps''' In light of the positive results, we propose making Article Guidance the default experience for junior editors on Simple English Wikipedia, by 10 September 2026. This should give all junior editors a stronger starting point for publishing articles that meet your community's standards. '''Our request''' As we prepare to move to the default experience, we encourage experienced editors to continue creating relevant outlines so that less-experienced editors have the guidance they need. Based on the data we’ve seen, we think this could really help Simple English Wikipedia to retain good-faith newcomers, who are not scared away by the blank page without guidance, and having their articles deleted. We sincerely appreciate your efforts and invite you to continue reviewing [[Wikipedia:Article Guidance|existing outlines]] or create new ones. Helpful resources are available [[mw:Article_guidance/How_to_create_an_outline|on this page]], and you can find a list of requested outline topics from contributors on [[Wikipedia talk:Article Guidance|this talk page]]. The requests would give you an idea of the outlines not available on Simple English Wikipedia. Thank you once again for your collaboration on this project. Your feedback and contributions are truly appreciated. Best regards, [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 16:04, 2 September 2026 (UTC) == Why doesn't the Simple English Wikipedia have a draft system? == Why does the [[Simple English Wikipedia]] doesn't have a [[:en:Wikipedia:Drafts|article draft system]] just like the [[English Wikipedia]]? - [[User:Wikipedian2025|Wikipedian2025]] ([[User talk:Wikipedian2025|talk]]) 10:40, 6 September 2026 (UTC) :It’s as simple as userspace drafts being sufficient for our needs here. If you want to draft an article, you can use your sandbox. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 14:49, 6 September 2026 (UTC) == Templates in article categories == I noticed a few instances of templates or template categories being in normal categories. For example, the Law category contains the Law templates category. I know this is not allowed on English Wikipedia but I can't find a clear answer about whether the same rule applies here. Does anyone know whether this is allowed on Simple English Wikipedia or do you have an opinion on how to handle this? [[User:SuddenArtichokes|SuddenArtichokes]] ([[User talk:SuddenArtichokes|talk]]) 14:51, 8 September 2026 (UTC) :If there is any consensus on this, I am not aware of it. I think generally template categories should be separate from content categories as to not confused "normal" readers, but this is just my opinion. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 01:06, 13 September 2026 (UTC) == Server switch - Your wiki will be read-only for a short time soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will switch the traffic between its data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. All traffic will switch on '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|en}}'''. The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation. You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' * You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|en}}. * If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': * Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Proposal to rename a large number of categories == I propose to rename all categories for months, e.g. [[:Category:August 2026 events]] should be moved to [[:Category:August 2026]]. Then we can eliminate categories like [[:Category:2026 events]] because everything that happens in a particular month or year is an event. This would reduce the layers of the category system and bring it into line with English Wikipedia. <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 23:11, 29 August 2026 (UTC) :*{{Support}}: good idea. :[[User:Mbataw|(~Nwa Mbata)]] ([[User talk:Mbataw|talk]]) 16:22, 2 September 2026 (UTC) :{{oppose}} The main issue with this is having all events in separate categories reduces the number of events in a given category. We should have three entries in each category per [[WP:POPCAT|the three entry rule]], and we won't have enough to have three entries in each monthly category. As much as it makes it a bit more like Enwiki, our system should not be totally like Enwiki and should deviate more when necessary. Labelling when something is an event in my mind is important for clarity even if it is technically less simple. You could expect anything to be in that August 2026, inc a death for instance, which we do not want to categorise either monthly or as an event. As a general point I feel our categories too closely follow Enwiki right now, and we need to get back to having larger categories that are easier for readers to understand, but that's for another discussion. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 21:07, 3 September 2026 (UTC) ::I don't understand your first sentence. All the monthly categories, such as [[:Category:August 2026 events]], already have at least three entries in each category, and still would if they were moved. I do understand your point about deaths not being in that category. However, it seems that everything would be in the events category, except for births, deaths, establishments, and disestablishments. <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 21:28, 3 September 2026 (UTC) :::Sorry, I was somewhat focused on your second part, which I suppose is not being directly proposed, with Category:YYYY events being deleted as that would leave the events in "quieter" years (those years we have not covered many events on) with nowhere to go. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 21:20, 5 September 2026 (UTC) :At this point, it appears there is no consensus for my suggestion and thus the proposal has failed. <span style="font-family: Georgia; color:#299446;">[[User:Canadachick|canadachick]] ([[User talk:Canadachick|talk]])</span> 04:37, 17 September 2026 (UTC) == Policy on Articles related to one == A user recently made an edit on an article and stated on their summary that they are directly related to the subject [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Sleutelaar&diff=prev&oldid=10998618 ], I immediately reverted it on the ground of it not been allowed on Wikipedia based on what I've read on one of Wikipedia policies(maybe on enwiki; i can't really recall) stating: '''"" If the subject is related to you, dont write about it"'''. I decided to leave a message on their talk page and tried citing the policy page here, but i couldn't find it (then i left a manual message). So I'm really asking if that rule/policy is applicable here and if the reverting was wrong. Best! [[User:Mbataw|(~Nwa Mbata)]] ([[User talk:Mbataw|talk]]) 16:01, 17 September 2026 (UTC) :[[Wikipedia:Conflict of interest]] is what you are looking for, and generally yes, that's good advice not to write about someone to whom you are related. Both here and on en wiki. The better approach is to make an edit request. [[User:Ravensfire|Ravensfire]] ([[User talk:Ravensfire|talk]]) 16:58, 17 September 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ravensfire|Ravensfire]] Thanks for providing the page. The user has reverted the article back to their previous version @[[Hans Sleutelaar]]. It would be more preferable if another editor can revert it back and leave a proper message on their talk page. [[User:Mbataw|(~Nwa Mbata)]] ([[User talk:Mbataw|talk]]) 17:12, 17 September 2026 (UTC) :::"Should not" and "Cannot" are different. As long as the COI is disclosed, the edits can be made. Of course if they are objectionable, they can be reverted too. If you'd like to check the edit thoroughly for neutrality and accurate sourcing, that would be helpful. Otherwise, placing a template at the top as @[[User:Barras|Barras]] has done is fine. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 17:45, 17 September 2026 (UTC) == New user to Simple Wikipedia == Hi, I consider myself to be a fairly advanced user on the English Wikipedia (or at least not a new user), but I'm fairly new to the Simple English Wikipedia. I've read most of the help page, but what are some things that I should know if I'm used to editing articles with some different styling conventions on other wikis? Sorry if this is too broad of a question, I appreciate all responses. [[User:BlueStaticHorse|BlueStaticHorse]] ([[User talk:BlueStaticHorse|talk]]) 00:43, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :Hello and welcome! The biggest difference is the language (as you’ve already figured out probably). One thing that’s not super clear, instead of “External links” at the bottom of a page, we use “Other websites”. Some of the other things that struck me when I came over: speedy deletion is called quick deletion here. Our criteria are pretty close to Enwiki’s, but some of the numbering is different. We do not have a draft space, PROD, or as many user rights groups either. All pages marked for deletion go to [[WP:Requests for deletion]] instead of subpages for different types. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 01:01, 18 September 2026 (UTC) == Addition of <nowiki>[[en:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]</nowiki> at [[:Template:Monthly clean-up category]] == Since this is a highly visible template, I'm writing this for wider attention. Local interlanguage links should not be used in the template ([[:en:WP:LOCALLINK]]). Using Wikidata is the preferred method ([[:en:WP:ILLSIDEBAR]]). For example, [[:Category:Pages needing to be simplified from August 2026]] has an interlanguage link, but [[:en:Category:Pages needing to be simplified from August 2026]] doesn't exist. This issue can be solved by the removal of <nowiki>[[en:{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]</nowiki>. I have contacted {{No ping|LateNightCoffee}} who made this change ([[Special:Diff/10992989]]), but have not heard anything about this. Is it OK to revert [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Monthly_clean-up_category&diff=prev&oldid=10988928&diffmode=source]? Thank you for your understanding. [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:31, 18 September 2026 (UTC) :{{support}}, fine with me. [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 03:40, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :Yep, seems fine. -[[User:Barras|<span style="color:blue; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''Barras'''</span>]] [[User Talk:Barras|<span style="color:red; font-family:Bookman Old Style">'''talk'''</span>]] 08:52, 19 September 2026 (UTC) :: {{done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|talk]]) 13:53, 25 September 2026 (UTC) == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:26, 22 September 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31070425 --> nmc73am9qx6ccp6fjkhn7oqzhd8d6fg 0 1279503 11024413 11006129 2026-10-09T05:34:32Z Greenock125 652309 Updated discography 11024413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Passenger | image = File:Passenger-1983.jpg | caption = Rosenberg performing in 2013. | birth_name = Michael David Rosenberg | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1984|05|17}} | birth_place = [[Brighton]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom]] | instrument = {{hlist|Vocals|Guitar}} | genre = {{hlist|[[Folk rock]]|[[Indie folk]]|[[Indie pop]]}} | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Songwriter|Musician}} | years_active = 2001–present | label = {{hlist|Nettwerk|Black Crow}} | website = {{URL|passengermusic.com}} }} '''Michael David Rosenberg''' (born 17 May 1984), known by his stage name '''Passenger''', is an [[England|English]] indie folk singer, songwriter and musician. In the 2000s Rosenberg fronted a band by the same name, after the band dissolved he kept the name and carried on as a solo artist. He is best known for his 2012 single "{{ill|Let Her Go|en}}", the song reached number one in 16 countries and the music video has been viewed more than 4 billion times on [[YouTube]]. ==Awards and nominations== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Nominee/work ! Result |- | 2013 | Independent Music Awards | Best Folk/Singer-Songwriter Song | rowspan="3"| "Let Her Go" | {{won}} |- | rowspan="6"| 2014 | [[Brit Awards]] | British Single of the Year | {{nom}} |- | Ivor Novello Awards | Most Performed Work | {{won}} |- | [[iHeartRadio Music Awards]] | Best New Artist | rowspan="3"| Passenger | {{nom}} |- | rowspan="3"| Echo Music Prize | Best International Newcomer | {{nom}} |- | Best International Male | {{nom}} |- | Hit of the Year | "Let Her Go" | {{nom}} |- | 2019 | rowspan="3"| Pop Awards | Album Of The Year Award | ''Runaway'' | {{nom}} |- | 2022 | Male Artist Of The Year Award | Passenger | {{nom}} |- | 2023 | Album Of The Year Award | ''Birds That Flew and Ships That Sailed'' | {{nom}} |} ==Tours== * All the Little Lights Tour (2012–13) * Whispers Tour (2014) * Whispers II North American Tour (2015) * Whispers ll Australia Tour (2015–16) * Young as the Morning Old as the Sea Tour (2016–17) * Runaway Tour (2018–19) * World Tour (2020–21) * Anniversary Tour (2023–24) * Asia Tour (2025) ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:27em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Certifications |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br><ref name="UK">{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/8112/PASSENGER/|title=PASSENGER songs and albums {{!}} full Official Chart history|publisher=[[Official Charts]]|website=officialcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br><ref name="AUS">Peaks in Australia: * For all except noted: {{cite web|url=https://australian-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Passenger|title=Discography Passenger|publisher=Hung Medien|website=australian-charts.com}} * "Anywhere": {{cite web|url=https://www.auspop.com.au/2016/09/chart-watch-384/|title=CHART WATCH #384|publisher=auspOp|date=3 September 2016|archive-date=3 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903182732/https://www.auspop.com.au/2016/09/chart-watch-384/|url-status=dead}} </ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br><ref name="AUT">{{cite web|url=https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Passenger|title=Discographie Passenger|publisher=Hung Medien|website=austriancharts.at}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL]]<br><ref name="FL">{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Passenger|title=Discografie Passenger|publisher=Hung Medien|website=ultratop.be}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br/><ref name="GER">{{cite web|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artist_search=Passenger&do_search=do|title=Discographie von Passenger|publisher=[[GfK Entertainment charts]]|website=offiziellecharts.de}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRE]]<br><ref name="IRE">{{cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Passenger|title=Discography Passenger|publisher=Hung Medien|website=irish-charts.com|access-date=2026-08-17|archive-date=2016-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128001444/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Passenger|url-status=dead}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Album Top 100|NL]]<br><ref name="NL">{{cite web|url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Passenger|title=Discography Passenger|publisher=Hung Medien|website=dutchcharts.nl}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br><ref name="NZ">{{cite web|url=https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Passenger|title=Discography Passenger|website=charts.nz}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br><ref name="SWI">{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Passenger|title=Discography Passenger|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swisscharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard 200|US]]<br><ref name="Billboard">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/passenger/chart-history/|title=Passenger Chart History|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Wide Eyes Blind Love'' | * Released: 20 November 2009 * Label: Passenger * Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Compact disc|CD]] | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''Divers and Submarines'' | * Released: 30 June 2010 * Label: Passenger * Formats: Digital download, CD | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''Flight of the Crow'' | * Released: 24 September 2010 * Labels: Passenger, Inertia * Formats: Digital download, CD | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | * [[Australian Recording Industry Association|ARIA]]: Gold{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Australia|type=album|title=Whispers|certyear=2016|artist=Passenger}} |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|All the Little Lights|en}}'' | * Released: 24 February 2012 * Label: Black Crow * Formats: Digital download, vinyl, CD | 3 || 2 || 6 || 7 || 6 || 2 || 3 || 9 || 5 || 26 | * [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Platinum<ref name="BPI">{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|artist=Passenger}}</ref> * ARIA: 2× Platinum<ref name=ARIACert14>{{cite certification|region=Australia|artist=Passenger|type=album|certyear=2014}}</ref> * {{ill|Bundesverband Musikindustrie|en|lt=BVMI}}: Platinum<ref name="BVMI">{{cite web|url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=&strInterpret=Passenger|title=Gold-/Platin-Datenbank: Passenger|publisher=[[Bundesverband Musikindustrie]]|language=German}}</ref> * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]] SWI: Gold<ref name="SWI-cert">{{cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Passenger|title=The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community: Awards (Passenger)|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swisscharts.com}}</ref> * [[Music Canada|MC]]: Gold{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=album|title=All the Little Lights|artist=Passenger}} * [[RIAA certification|RIAA:]] Platinum<ref name="RIAA">{{cite web|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&se=Passenger#search_section|title=Gold & Platinum: Passenger|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]]}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Whispers (Passenger album)|en|lt=Whispers}}'' | * Released: 9 June 2014 * Label: Black Crow * Formats: Digital download, vinyl, CD | 5 || 2 || 12 || 8 || 6 || 6 || 3 || 3 || 5 || 12 | * BPI: Gold<ref name="BPI"/> * ARIA: Gold{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Australia|type=album|title=Whispers|certyear=2016|artist=Passenger}} |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Whispers II|en}}'' | * Released: 20 April 2015 * Label: Black Crow * Formats: Digital download, vinyl, CD | 12 || 17 || — || 86 || — || 49 || 63 || 30 || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Young as the Morning, Old as the Sea|en}}'' | * Released: 23 September 2016 * Label: Black Crow * Formats: Digital download, vinyl, CD | 1 || 1 || 8 || 7 || 6 || 5 || 7 || 1 || 1 || 70 | * BPI: Silver<ref name="BPI"/> |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|The Boy Who Cried Wolf (Passenger album)|en|lt=The Boy Who Cried Wolf}}'' | * Released: 28 July 2017 * Label: Black Crow * Formats: Digital download, vinyl, CD | 5 || 6 || — || 70 || — || 30 || 16 || 18 || 12 || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Runaway (Passenger album)|en|lt=Runaway}}'' | * Released: 31 August 2018 * Label: Black Crow * Formats: Digital download, vinyl, CD | 6 || 7 || 29 || 11 || 15 || 17 || 9 || 22 || 4 || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Sometimes It's Something, Sometimes It's Nothing at All|en}}'' | * Released: 3 May 2019 * Label: Black Crow * Formats: Digital download, vinyl, CD | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 31 || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Patchwork (Passenger album)|en|lt=Patchwork}}'' | * Released: 10 July 2020 * Label: Black Crow * Formats: Digital download, vinyl, CD | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 80 || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Songs for the Drunk and Broken Hearted|en}}'' | * Released: 8 January 2021 * Label: Black Crow * Formats: Digital download, vinyl, CD | 2 || 6 || — || 28 || 6 || — || 18 || 33 || 2 || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''Birds That Flew and Ships That Sailed'' | * Released: 8 April 2022 * Label: Black Crow * Formats: Digital download, vinyl, CD | 35 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 97 || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''One for the Road''<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(Songs from the Unlikely Pilgrimage of Harold Fry the Musical)</span> | * Released: 10 September 2025 * Label: Black Crow * Formats: Digital download, vinyl, CD | —{{efn|''One for the Road'' did not enter the [[UK Albums Chart]], but peaked at number 30 on the Album Downloads Chart and number 16 on the Albums Sales Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/albums/passenger-one-for-the-road-songs-from-the/|title=ONE FOR THE ROAD (SONGS FROM THE – PASSENGER|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| ''Wild Love'' | * Released: 6 November 2026 * Label: Black Crow * Formats: Digital download, vinyl, CD | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Live albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:27em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:20em;"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Live from the Sydney Opera House'' | * Released: 13 June 2014 * Label: Black Crow * Formats: Digital download |- ! scope="row"| ''Passenger (Live from San Francisco)'' | * Released: 17 March 2023 * Label: Black Crow * Formats: digital download |} ===Cover albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:27em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:20em;"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Sunday Night Sessions'' | * Released: 2 July 2017 * Label: Black Crow * Formats: digital download |} ===Extended plays=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:27em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:20em;"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''iTunes Session'' | * Released: 11 November 2013 * Label: Inertia Play, Nettwerk Productions * Formats: Digital download |- ! scope="row"| ''Happy Christmas My Dear'' | * Released: 20 December 2021 * Label: Black Crow * Formats: Digital download |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:20em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br/><ref name="UK"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[ARIA Charts|AUS]]<br/><ref name="AUS"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br/><ref name="AUT"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Ultratop|BEL]]<br><ref name="FL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[GfK Entertainment|GER]]<br><ref name="GER"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]<br><ref name="IRE"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Dutch Single Top 100|NL]]<br><ref name="NL"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ]]<br/><ref name="NZ"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref name="SWI"/> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]<br/><ref name="Billboard"/> |- ! scope="row"| "The Wrong Direction" | rowspan="2"| 2012 | — || — || — || —{{efn|"The Wrong Direction" did not enter the official Ultratop chart, but peaked at number 41 on the Flemish Ultratip chart.}} || — || — || 53 || — || — || — | | rowspan="3"| ''All the Little Lights'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Let Her Go|en}}" | 2 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 1 ||| 1 || 2 || 1 || 1 || 5 | * BPI: 7× Platinum<ref name="BPI"/> * ARIA: 7× Platinum<ref name="accreditations1">{{cite web|url=https://www.aria.com.au/pages/httpwww.aria.com.aupagesaria-charts-accreditations-singles-2013.htm|title=ARIA Charts – Accreditations – 2013 Singles|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]}}</ref> * {{ill|Belgian Entertainment Association|en|lt=BEA}}: 2× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ultratop.be/nl/goud-platina/2016/singles|title=Goud en Platina – 2013|website=ultratop.be|publisher=Hung Medien|language=Dutch}}</ref> * BVMI: Platinum<ref name="BVMI"/> * [[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|FIMI]]: 6× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fimi.it/certificazioni#/category:singoli/year:2018/page:0/term:Passenger| title=FIMI - Certificazioni singoli online: Passenger|publisher=FIMI|website=FIMI.it|language=Italian|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116081416/http://www.fimi.it/certificazioni#/category:singoli/year:2018/page:0/term:Passenger|archive-date=16 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{ill|Swedish Recording Industry Association|en|lt=IFPI SWE}}: 5× Platinum<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/artdata?dfom=20120224&sart=2424504|title=Passenger – Let Her Go|publisher=[[Grammofon Leverantörernas Förening]]|language=Swedish}}</ref> * IFPI SWI: Platinum<ref name="SWI-cert"/> * MC: Diamond{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=digital download|title=Let Her Go|artist=Passenger}} * [[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: 6× Platinum<ref name="RIAA"/> * [[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]]: 9× Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|artist=Passenger|type=single|source=radioscope}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Holes (Passenger song)|en|lt=Holes}}" | 2013 | 92 || 20 || 23 || —{{efn|"Holes" did not enter the official Ultratop chart, but peaked at number 12 on the Flemish Ultratip chart.}} || 48 || 18 || 56 || — || 70 || — | * ARIA: Gold<ref name="accreditations1"/> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Scare Away the Dark|en}}" | rowspan="3"| 2014 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3"| ''Whispers'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Heart's on Fire (Passenger song)|en|lt=Heart's on Fire}}" | 63 || 26 || — || —{{efn|"Heart's on Fire" did not enter the official Ultratop chart, but peaked at number 3 on the Flemish Ultratip chart.}} || 100 || 58 || 85 || — || — || — | * MC: Gold{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=digital download|title=Hearts on Fire|artist=Passenger}} |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Whispers (Passenger song)|en|lt=Whispers}}" | 70 || — || — || — || — || — || — || 17 || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Somebody's Love|en}}" | rowspan="2"| 2016 | — || — || — || —{{efn|"Somebody's Love" did not enter the official Ultratop chart, but peaked at number 6 on the Flemish Ultratip chart.}} || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="2"| ''Young as the Morning Old as the Sea'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Anywhere (Passenger song)|en|lt=Anywhere}}" | —{{efn|"Anywhere" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 70 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/passenger-anywhere/|title=ANYWHERE – PASSENGER|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} || 43 || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|"Anywhere" did not enter the [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZ Top 40 Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 6 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/singles/2016-09-23|title=NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=29 August 2016}}</ref>}} || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Simple Song" | rowspan="2"| 2017 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|"Simple Song" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 9 on the NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/singles/2017-09-01|title=NZ Heatseeker Singles Chart|publisher=Recorded Music NZ|date=7 August 2017}}</ref>}} || — || — | | rowspan="2"| ''The Boy Who Cried Wolf'' |- ! scope="row"| "The Boy Who Cried Wolf" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Hell or High Water" | rowspan="5"| 2018 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="5"| ''Runaway'' |- ! scope="row"| "Why Can't I Change" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Runaway" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Heart to Love" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Survivors" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 54 || — | |- ! scope="row"| "The Way That I Love You" | rowspan="5"| 2020 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="6"| ''Songs for the Drunk and Broken Hearted'' |- ! scope="row"| "London in the Spring" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "A Song for the Drunk and Broken Hearted" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Suzanne" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Remember to Forget" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Sword from the Stone|en}}" | 2021 | —{{efn|"Sword from the Stone" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 30 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/passenger-sword-from-the-stone/|title=SWORD FROM THE STONE – PASSENGER|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || —{{efn|"Sword from the Stone" did not enter the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart, but peaked at number 11 on the NZ Hot Singles Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aotearoamusiccharts.co.nz/archive/hot-singles/2021-01-29|title=NZ Hot Singles Chart|publisher=[[Recorded Music NZ]]|date=1 February 2021}}</ref>}} || 70 || — | * MC: Gold{{Certification Cite Ref|region=Canada|type=digital download|title=Sword From The Stone|artist=Passenger}} |- ! scope="row"| "Song for the Countryside"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Jack Wolfe)</span> | rowspan="3"| 2025 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3"| ''One for the Road'' |- ! scope="row"| "The Road Is Long" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Keep on Walking Mr Fry" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "It Was Gonna Be You" | rowspan="3"| 2026 | —{{efn|"It Was Gonna Be You" did not enter the [[UK Singles Chart]], but peaked at number 92 on the Singles Downloads Chart.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/songs/passenger-it-was-gonna-be-you/|title=IT WAS GONNA BE YOU – PASSENGER|publisher=[[Official Charts]]}}</ref>}} || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="3"| ''Wild Love'' |- ! scope="row"| "Boomerang" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Ghosts" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%" | "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Promotional singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:20em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col"| Album |- ! scope="row"| "A Kindly Reminder" | rowspan="2"| 2017 | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Beautiful Birds" <span style="font-size:85%;">(Instrumental)</span> |} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{Official website|http://passengermusic.com}} * {{YouTube|user=passengermusic}} [[Category:1984 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:English rock guitarists]] [[Category:English singer-songwriters]] pfj5cde928m4oc7dhdxe2ww8e54cuyg 0 1279871 11024408 10968788 2026-10-09T05:32:46Z Greenock125 652309 Updated discography 11024408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Brendan Murray | image = Brendan Murray RedCarpet Kyiv 2017.jpg | caption = Murray in 2017 | birth_name = Brendan Hugh Francis Murray | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|11|16|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Tuam]], [[County Galway]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] | occupation = Singer | instrument = Vocals | years_active = 2014–present | label = {{hlist|[[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]]|[[Sony Music]]}} }} '''Brendan Hugh Francis Murray''' (born 16 November 1996) is an [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] singer. He represented {{ill|Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017|en|lt=Ireland}} in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]] with "[[Dying to Try]]", the song finished 13th in the second semi-final with 86 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/kyiv-2017/|title=Kyiv 2017|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref> He competed in the fifteenth and final series ''[[The X Factor (British TV series)|The X Factor]]'' in 2018, he was eliminated in the semi-final and finished in 5th overall. ==Discography== ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:17em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col"| Album |- ! scope="row"| "[[Dying to Try]]" | 2017 | rowspan="12" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "If I'm Honest" | 2019 |- ! scope="row"| "Teardrops" | rowspan="5"| 2020 |- ! scope="row"| "Nothing Compares 2 U" |- ! scope="row"| "Falling" |- ! scope="row"| "500 Days" |- ! scope="row"| "Wishing You Home For Christmas" |- ! scope="row"| "Here to Stay" | rowspan="3"| 2021 |- ! scope="row"| "Deep Fake" |- ! scope="row"| "Little Island" |- ! scope="row"| "Real Love" | rowspan="2"| 2022 |- ! scope="row"| "[[Last Christmas]]" |- ! scope="row"| "Better Man" | 2026 |} ==See also== * [[Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Irish pop singers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] 6k1hzr62k5ajt5iqanj132333rooja1 11024409 11024408 2026-10-09T05:33:00Z Greenock125 652309 11024409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Brendan Murray | image = Brendan Murray RedCarpet Kyiv 2017.jpg | caption = Murray in 2017 | birth_name = Brendan Hugh Francis Murray | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|11|16|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Tuam]], [[County Galway]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]] | occupation = Singer | instrument = Vocals | years_active = 2014–present | label = {{hlist|[[Universal Music Group|Universal Music]]|[[Sony Music]]}} }} '''Brendan Hugh Francis Murray''' (born 16 November 1996) is an [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] singer. He represented {{ill|Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017|en|lt=Ireland}} in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]] with "[[Dying to Try]]", the song finished 13th in the second semi-final with 86 points.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/kyiv-2017/|title=Kyiv 2017|publisher=[[European Broadcasting Union]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref> He competed in the fifteenth and final series ''[[The X Factor (British TV series)|The X Factor]]'' in 2018, he was eliminated in the semi-final and finished in 5th overall. ==Discography== ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:17em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col"| Album |- ! scope="row"| "[[Dying to Try]]" | 2017 | rowspan="13" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "If I'm Honest" | 2019 |- ! scope="row"| "Teardrops" | rowspan="5"| 2020 |- ! scope="row"| "Nothing Compares 2 U" |- ! scope="row"| "Falling" |- ! scope="row"| "500 Days" |- ! scope="row"| "Wishing You Home For Christmas" |- ! scope="row"| "Here to Stay" | rowspan="3"| 2021 |- ! scope="row"| "Deep Fake" |- ! scope="row"| "Little Island" |- ! scope="row"| "Real Love" | rowspan="2"| 2022 |- ! scope="row"| "[[Last Christmas]]" |- ! scope="row"| "Better Man" | 2026 |} ==See also== * [[Ireland in the Eurovision Song Contest]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:Irish pop singers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] 4g476d8nbpe2cby7wladxvvqcx8yon8 4 1281578 11024043 11022912 2026-10-08T16:11:15Z Henri Aja 1041406 -> vd 11024043 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Aiman Valoryn === :{{lc|Aiman Valoryn}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Aiman Valoryn|action=edit}} close request]</span> &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Aiman Valoryn}} open RfD subpage]</span> Ighs ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' The person this article is about it's notable enough for a Wikipedia page. There are no real news articles about him. and the sources are from fake news websites. [[User:Ighs|Ighs]] ([[User talk:Ighs|talk]]) 15:47, 3 September 2026 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== *'''Keep''' - I object because it references many legitimate sources from other language wikis.[[User:YazzFlower|YazzFlower]] ([[User talk:YazzFlower|talk]]) 14:55, 7 October 2026 (UTC) *'''Keep''' - On the Malay & English Wikipedia, he has valid references.[[User:Ahmadyarifan|Ahmadyarifan]] ([[User talk:Ahmadyarifan|talk]]) 15:01, 7 October 2026 (UTC) *'''Delete''' per nom and referred to consensus on [[:id:Wikipedia:Usulan penghapusan/Aiman Valoryn|IDWiki]] and [[:en:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Aiman Valoryn|ENWiki]]. <span style="font-family:Candara">[[User:Henri_Aja|🅷🅴🅽🆁🅸]][[User_Talk:Henri_Aja|<span style="text-shadow: 2px 5px 2px #7A7A7A;"> <small>^'''Talk'''</small> &#9993;</span>]]</span> 16:11, 8 October 2026 (UTC) <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''15:47, 10 September 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> i9pkrxvwxmfua36lhkjunctx8yr1h9a 0 1282536 11024227 10991707 2026-10-09T01:16:36Z Professorroger 1878172 11024227 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Hawkeye (comics)|Hawkeye]]''' is the name of several fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by [[Marvel Comics]]. The first Hawkeye's real name is '''[[Hawkeye (Clint Barton)|Clint Barton]]''' and the second Hawkeye's real name is '''[[Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)|Kate Bishop]]'''. == Publication history == Clint Barton was created by writer [[Stan Lee]] and artist [[Don Heck]], the character first appeared as a supervillain in ''Tales of Suspense'' #57 (September 1964), while Kate Bishop was created by writer [[Allan Heinberg]] and artist [[Jim Cheung]], and first appeared in ''Young Avengers'' #1 (April 2005). == Fictional character biographies == === Clint Barton === {{further|Hawkeye (Clint Barton)}} He is a former circus worker and criminal-turned-hero, who received his archery skills as a young boy through training with [[Swordsman]] and [[Trickshot]]. Barton had eventually joined both the East Coast and West Coast branches of the [[Avengers]], even leading at one time. {| class="wikitable table" |Aliases |Ronin, Goliath II, Golden Archer, the Marksman, Father Time, Longbow |- |Nicknames |Clint |- |Place of birth |Waverly, Iowa |- |First appearance |Tales of Suspense #57 (September, 1964) |- |Publisher |Marvel Comics |- |Alignment Real Name |good Clinton Francis "Clint" Barton |} ==== Work ==== {| class="wikitable table" |Occupation |Adventurer |- |Base |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |} ==== Relations ==== {| class="wikitable table" |Relatives |Harold Barton (father, deceased), Edith Barton (mother, deceased), Bernard Barton (brother, deceased), Barbara Morse (wife, deceased) |- |Group Affiliation |Avengers, Thunderbolts, Avengers West Coast, Great Lakes Avengers, Shadows, Chain Gang, former partner of the Black Widow |- |Friends |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |- |Enemies |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |} ==== Powers ==== None. As Goliath, Barton used gases designed by [[Hank Pym]] to grow to great heights, with appropriate increases in strength and toughness. (He could also use them to shrink to minuscule size). ==== Abilities ==== Ronin is a world-class archer and marksman. His above average reflexes and hand-eye-coordination make him the most proficient archer ever known. He is also trained to throw knifes, darts, balls, bolas and boomerangs. He is natural athlete. He is also formidable unarmed combatant, thanks largelymore. === Kate Bishop === {{further|Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)}} She was a regular civilian, with considerable archery skills, who happened to cross paths with the [[Young Avengers]] on a mission, eventually inviting herself onto the team. She became Barton's protégé and they both operates under Hawkeye name simultaneously. {| class="wikitable" |Aliases |Hawkeye, Hawkette, Lady Hawkeye, Lady Hawkguy |- |Nicknames |Kate |- |Place of birth |New York City, New York |- |First Appearance |''Young Avengers'' #1 (April 2005) |- |Publisher |Marvel Comics |- |Alignment Real Name |good Katherine Elizabeth <nowiki>''Kate''</nowiki> Bishop |} ==== Appearance ==== {| class="wikitable" |Gender |female |- |Race |Human |- |Height |5’5 // 165.1 cm |- |Weight |120 lbs // 54 kg |- |Eye color |Blue |- |Hair color |Black |} ==== Work ==== {| class="wikitable" |Occupation |Adventurer |- |Base | - |} ==== Relations ==== {| class="wikitable" |Relatives |Derek Bishop (father), Eleanor Bishop (mother, deceased), Susan Bishop (sister) |- |Group Affiliation |Avengers, Young Avengers, Champions, West Coast Avengers, Secret Avengers |- |Friends |Ramone and Johnny Watts, Quincy “Quinn” Bradford III, and Mikka Nguyen. Kate also has custody of Clint’s and now her beloved dog, Lucky. |- |Enemies | - |} ==== Powers ==== None. Kate is a highly skilled at archery, fencing, swordmanship, jujitsu, gymnastics, boxing, and other forms of combat. ==== Abilities ==== She carries two battle staves similar to those once used by [[Mockingbird (Marvel Comics)|Mockingbird]], a sword similar to the Swordsman's, as well as Clint Barton's bow and arrows. [[Black Panther (Marvel Comics)|Black Panther]] has also supplied her with trick arrows. == In other media == The character has been adapted to different forms of media, including television series, action figures, and video games. In the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU) franchise, Hawkeye is portrayed both by [[Jeremy Renner]] and [[Hailee Steinfeld]].{{lit-stub}} [[Category:Avengers (comics) characters]] [[Category:Marvel vs. Capcom fighters]] [[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2005]] r2fd5a9j5d1engzygoz4pbmpfro5ghd 11024228 11024227 2026-10-09T01:18:01Z Professorroger 1878172 /* */ 11024228 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Hawkeye (comics)|Hawkeye]]''' is the name of several fictional superheroes appearing in American comic books published by [[Marvel Comics]]. The most known incarnations of the character are '''[[Hawkeye (Clint Barton)|Clint Barton]]''' and '''[[Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)|Kate Bishop]]'''. == Publication history == Clint Barton was created by writer [[Stan Lee]] and artist [[Don Heck]], the character first appeared as a supervillain in ''Tales of Suspense'' #57 (September 1964), while Kate Bishop was created by writer [[Allan Heinberg]] and artist [[Jim Cheung]], and first appeared in ''Young Avengers'' #1 (April 2005). == Fictional character biographies == === Clint Barton === {{further|Hawkeye (Clint Barton)}} He is a former circus worker and criminal-turned-hero, who received his archery skills as a young boy through training with [[Swordsman]] and [[Trickshot]]. Barton had eventually joined both the East Coast and West Coast branches of the [[Avengers]], even leading at one time. {| class="wikitable table" |Aliases |Ronin, Goliath II, Golden Archer, the Marksman, Father Time, Longbow |- |Nicknames |Clint |- |Place of birth |Waverly, Iowa |- |First appearance |Tales of Suspense #57 (September, 1964) |- |Publisher |Marvel Comics |- |Alignment Real Name |good Clinton Francis "Clint" Barton |} ==== Work ==== {| class="wikitable table" |Occupation |Adventurer |- |Base |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |} ==== Relations ==== {| class="wikitable table" |Relatives |Harold Barton (father, deceased), Edith Barton (mother, deceased), Bernard Barton (brother, deceased), Barbara Morse (wife, deceased) |- |Group Affiliation |Avengers, Thunderbolts, Avengers West Coast, Great Lakes Avengers, Shadows, Chain Gang, former partner of the Black Widow |- |Friends |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |- |Enemies |<nowiki>-</nowiki> |} ==== Powers ==== None. As Goliath, Barton used gases designed by [[Hank Pym]] to grow to great heights, with appropriate increases in strength and toughness. (He could also use them to shrink to minuscule size). ==== Abilities ==== Ronin is a world-class archer and marksman. His above average reflexes and hand-eye-coordination make him the most proficient archer ever known. He is also trained to throw knifes, darts, balls, bolas and boomerangs. He is natural athlete. He is also formidable unarmed combatant, thanks largelymore. === Kate Bishop === {{further|Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)}} She was a regular civilian, with considerable archery skills, who happened to cross paths with the [[Young Avengers]] on a mission, eventually inviting herself onto the team. She became Barton's protégé and they both operates under Hawkeye name simultaneously. {| class="wikitable" |Aliases |Hawkeye, Hawkette, Lady Hawkeye, Lady Hawkguy |- |Nicknames |Kate |- |Place of birth |New York City, New York |- |First Appearance |''Young Avengers'' #1 (April 2005) |- |Publisher |Marvel Comics |- |Alignment Real Name |good Katherine Elizabeth <nowiki>''Kate''</nowiki> Bishop |} ==== Appearance ==== {| class="wikitable" |Gender |female |- |Race |Human |- |Height |5’5 // 165.1 cm |- |Weight |120 lbs // 54 kg |- |Eye color |Blue |- |Hair color |Black |} ==== Work ==== {| class="wikitable" |Occupation |Adventurer |- |Base | - |} ==== Relations ==== {| class="wikitable" |Relatives |Derek Bishop (father), Eleanor Bishop (mother, deceased), Susan Bishop (sister) |- |Group Affiliation |Avengers, Young Avengers, Champions, West Coast Avengers, Secret Avengers |- |Friends |Ramone and Johnny Watts, Quincy “Quinn” Bradford III, and Mikka Nguyen. Kate also has custody of Clint’s and now her beloved dog, Lucky. |- |Enemies | - |} ==== Powers ==== None. Kate is a highly skilled at archery, fencing, swordmanship, jujitsu, gymnastics, boxing, and other forms of combat. ==== Abilities ==== She carries two battle staves similar to those once used by [[Mockingbird (Marvel Comics)|Mockingbird]], a sword similar to the Swordsman's, as well as Clint Barton's bow and arrows. [[Black Panther (Marvel Comics)|Black Panther]] has also supplied her with trick arrows. == In other media == The character has been adapted to different forms of media, including television series, action figures, and video games. In the [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU) franchise, Hawkeye is portrayed both by [[Jeremy Renner]] and [[Hailee Steinfeld]].{{lit-stub}} [[Category:Avengers (comics) characters]] [[Category:Marvel vs. Capcom fighters]] [[Category:Fictional characters introduced in 2005]] es9mwifng7zdc5imgzwdzffltapevyf 0 1282716 11024498 10992942 2026-10-09T07:58:03Z ViscountDagon 1666969 Request for deletion. 11024498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{subst:Proposed deletion|concern=This is effectively a hoax, it was made up by a Brazilian teenager with "Nabhan" for a middle name from a Lebanese grandfather to call himself a "prince" of this medieval Omani dynasty. This page takes its reasoning from contemporary European aristocratic standards and while not cited, that exact reasoning is taken from his autobiographical entry on the Royalpedia on Miraheze.}}{{Short description|Courtesy title of the House of Al-Nabhan (Nabhani dynasty)}} {{Infobox political post | post = Prince | body = Al-Nabhan | native_name = ''أمير آل نبهان'' | native_name_lang = ar | insignia = | insignia_size = | insignia_caption = | image = | image_size = | alt = | incumbent = | incumbent_since = | formation = 12th century (as dynastic style of the Nabhani rulers) | inaugural = | deputy = | salary = | website = | first = Members of the [[Nabhani dynasty]] | style = [[Prince]] / [[Amir]] (courtesy) | member_of = | residence = | appointer = Continuity of the House (''jure sanguinis'') | term_length = Life tenure by blood and custom | flag = | flag_caption = }} '''Prince Al Nabhan''' or '''Prince of Al-Nabhan''' ({{langx|ar|أمير آل نبهان|Amir Āl Nabhān}}) is a courtesy title of nobility belonging to the [[Nabhani dynasty|House of Al-Nabhan]], descending from the [[Nabhani dynasty]] that ruled the Sultanate of Oman from 1154 to 1624. It is a title attached to the House itself rather than to the modern Omani state. As such, the titles are purely honorific and cultural in nature; they confer no rights of succession to the throne of the contemporary Sultanate of Oman and enjoy no official recognition by the Omani state. Their existence rests on customary noble law and the ''fons honorum'' of the House, in the same manner as the titles of non-reigning European princely houses.<ref name="fons">Nature juridique du titre : Titre de Maison</ref> == History == The Nabhani dynasty emerged in the 12th century when members of the family proclaimed their independence from the Seljuks.<ref name="seljuk">La dynastie Nabhani commence au XIIe siècle</ref> Its capital was Bahla; the [[Bahla Fort]] has been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1987 and remains one of the largest mud-brick complexes on the Arabian Peninsula.<ref name="unesco1">Fort de Bahla UNESCO</ref><ref name="unesco2">un des plus grands complexes en brique crue</ref> The dynasty is regarded as having ruled longer than any other in Omani history—more than five centuries, from the 12th to the 17th century.<ref name="500ans">plus de 500 ans</ref> Its members reigned as ''muluk'' (kings), while the Ibadi imams were reduced to largely symbolic importance. A major historical study of the dynasty was published by the Ruler of Sharjah: ''History of the Nabhani Kings 1154–1622'', the 82nd work of His Highness Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi, covering five centuries of Omani history.<ref name="qasimi">History of the Nabhani Kings 1154-1622</ref><ref name="qasimi2">82e ouvrage</ref> The Nabhani ruler Suleiman bin Mudhafar was deposed by the Imam Muhammad ibn Ismail (1500–1529), marking the effective end of Nabhani temporal power before the rise of the Yarubids in 1624. == Legal nature of the title: House title == The title of Prince Al Nabhan is distinct from the modern title of Prince of Oman, which was created by royal decree in 2021 for the heir to the throne of the [[Al Said dynasty]]. '''Legal principle''': Unlike a state title (such as Prince of Oman), the title of Prince Al Nabhan is a House title (''Haus Titel'' in Germanic nobiliary law). It exists by the continuity of the princely House itself, by right of blood (''jure sanguinis'') and by custom, and requires no state recognition in order to exist juridically and historically.<ref name="haus">titre de Maison</ref><ref name="jure">jure sanguinis</ref> The same principle applies to titles such as Prince Murat, Prince de Polignac or Prince d’Arenberg in France, which continue as titles of non-reigning houses. According to the dynastic tradition of the House: * '''Prince of Al-Nabhan''' (أمير آل نبهان) for men<ref name="hommes">pour les hommes</ref> * '''Princess of Al-Nabhan''' for women * '''Amir al-Umara''' (Prince of Princes) – the senior title of the House * '''Sayyid''' These courtesy titles belong to the princely House and are borne independently of the republican or monarchical status of the contemporary State of Oman. They entail no succession rights to the present throne of the Sultanate of Oman. == Current descendants in Brazil == Descendants bear the courtesy title of “Prince Al Nabhan” (Príncipe Al Nabhan or Amir Al Nabhan). The title is honorific and cultural, transmitted within the Brazilian branch that descends from Levantine immigrants of the 19th century (notably through Prince Jahjah Al-Nabhan). It implies no succession rights to the throne of the modern Sultanate of Oman, which belongs exclusively to the Al Said dynasty. The Nabhan family has distinguished itself in Brazil, where it maintains the title as a historical House title. Historical manuscripts of Omani navigation, such as those of Ahmad bin Majid Al Sa’adi, preserved in the National Museum of Oman, attest to the documentary richness of this period.<ref name="majid">Ahmad bin Majid Al Sa'adi</ref><ref name="musee">Musée national d'Oman</ref> == Bibliography == * {{cite book |last=Rabi |first=Uzi |title=Emergence of States in a Tribal Society: Oman Under Sa'id Bin Taymur |publisher=Sussex Academic Press / Apollo Books |year=2011 |page=24 |isbn=978-1-84519-473-4}} * {{cite journal |last=Al-Salimi |first=Abdulrahman |title=Different succession chronologies of the Nabhani dynasty in Oman |journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies |year=2002 |page=262}} * {{cite book |last=Al Qasimi |first=Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Muhammad |title=History of the Nabhani Kings 1154–1622 |publisher=Al Qasimi Publications |year=2023 |url=}} == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{DEFAULTSORT:Prince Al Nabhan}} [[Category:Nabhani dynasty]] [[Category:Omani nobility]] [[Category:Courtesy titles]] [[Category:House titles]] [[Category:Princes]] g6atjpu2mbwjtbcbjeyvgnlghuk3avs 11024505 11024498 2026-10-09T08:03:46Z ViscountDagon 1666969 This is effectively a hoax, it was made up by a Brazilian teenager with "Nabhan" for a middle name from a Lebanese grandfather to call himself a "prince" of this medieval Omani dynasty. This page takes its reasoning from contemporary European aristocratic standards and while not cited, that exact reasoning is taken from his autobiographical entry on the Royalpedia on Miraheze. 11024505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox political post | post = Prince | body = Al-Nabhan | native_name = ''أمير آل نبهان'' | native_name_lang = ar | insignia = | insignia_size = | insignia_caption = | image = | image_size = | alt = | incumbent = | incumbent_since = | formation = 12th century (as dynastic style of the Nabhani rulers) | inaugural = | deputy = | salary = | website = | first = Members of the [[Nabhani dynasty]] | style = [[Prince]] / [[Amir]] (courtesy) | member_of = | residence = | appointer = Continuity of the House (''jure sanguinis'') | term_length = Life tenure by blood and custom | flag = | flag_caption = }} '''Prince Al Nabhan''' or '''Prince of Al-Nabhan''' ({{langx|ar|أمير آل نبهان|Amir Āl Nabhān}}) is a courtesy title of nobility belonging to the [[Nabhani dynasty|House of Al-Nabhan]], descending from the [[Nabhani dynasty]] that ruled the Sultanate of Oman from 1154 to 1624. It is a title attached to the House itself rather than to the modern Omani state. As such, the titles are purely honorific and cultural in nature; they confer no rights of succession to the throne of the contemporary Sultanate of Oman and enjoy no official recognition by the Omani state. Their existence rests on customary noble law and the ''fons honorum'' of the House, in the same manner as the titles of non-reigning European princely houses.<ref name="fons">Nature juridique du titre : Titre de Maison</ref> == History == The Nabhani dynasty emerged in the 12th century when members of the family proclaimed their independence from the Seljuks.<ref name="seljuk">La dynastie Nabhani commence au XIIe siècle</ref> Its capital was Bahla; the [[Bahla Fort]] has been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1987 and remains one of the largest mud-brick complexes on the Arabian Peninsula.<ref name="unesco1">Fort de Bahla UNESCO</ref><ref name="unesco2">un des plus grands complexes en brique crue</ref> The dynasty is regarded as having ruled longer than any other in Omani history—more than five centuries, from the 12th to the 17th century.<ref name="500ans">plus de 500 ans</ref> Its members reigned as ''muluk'' (kings), while the Ibadi imams were reduced to largely symbolic importance. A major historical study of the dynasty was published by the Ruler of Sharjah: ''History of the Nabhani Kings 1154–1622'', the 82nd work of His Highness Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi, covering five centuries of Omani history.<ref name="qasimi">History of the Nabhani Kings 1154-1622</ref><ref name="qasimi2">82e ouvrage</ref> The Nabhani ruler Suleiman bin Mudhafar was deposed by the Imam Muhammad ibn Ismail (1500–1529), marking the effective end of Nabhani temporal power before the rise of the Yarubids in 1624. == Legal nature of the title: House title == The title of Prince Al Nabhan is distinct from the modern title of Prince of Oman, which was created by royal decree in 2021 for the heir to the throne of the [[Al Said dynasty]]. '''Legal principle''': Unlike a state title (such as Prince of Oman), the title of Prince Al Nabhan is a House title (''Haus Titel'' in Germanic nobiliary law). It exists by the continuity of the princely House itself, by right of blood (''jure sanguinis'') and by custom, and requires no state recognition in order to exist juridically and historically.<ref name="haus">titre de Maison</ref><ref name="jure">jure sanguinis</ref> The same principle applies to titles such as Prince Murat, Prince de Polignac or Prince d’Arenberg in France, which continue as titles of non-reigning houses. According to the dynastic tradition of the House: * '''Prince of Al-Nabhan''' (أمير آل نبهان) for men<ref name="hommes">pour les hommes</ref> * '''Princess of Al-Nabhan''' for women * '''Amir al-Umara''' (Prince of Princes) – the senior title of the House * '''Sayyid''' These courtesy titles belong to the princely House and are borne independently of the republican or monarchical status of the contemporary State of Oman. They entail no succession rights to the present throne of the Sultanate of Oman. == Current descendants in Brazil == Descendants bear the courtesy title of “Prince Al Nabhan” (Príncipe Al Nabhan or Amir Al Nabhan). The title is honorific and cultural, transmitted within the Brazilian branch that descends from Levantine immigrants of the 19th century (notably through Prince Jahjah Al-Nabhan). It implies no succession rights to the throne of the modern Sultanate of Oman, which belongs exclusively to the Al Said dynasty. The Nabhan family has distinguished itself in Brazil, where it maintains the title as a historical House title. Historical manuscripts of Omani navigation, such as those of Ahmad bin Majid Al Sa’adi, preserved in the National Museum of Oman, attest to the documentary richness of this period.<ref name="majid">Ahmad bin Majid Al Sa'adi</ref><ref name="musee">Musée national d'Oman</ref> == Bibliography == * {{cite book |last=Rabi |first=Uzi |title=Emergence of States in a Tribal Society: Oman Under Sa'id Bin Taymur |publisher=Sussex Academic Press / Apollo Books |year=2011 |page=24 |isbn=978-1-84519-473-4}} * {{cite journal |last=Al-Salimi |first=Abdulrahman |title=Different succession chronologies of the Nabhani dynasty in Oman |journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies |year=2002 |page=262}} * {{cite book |last=Al Qasimi |first=Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Muhammad |title=History of the Nabhani Kings 1154–1622 |publisher=Al Qasimi Publications |year=2023 |url=}} == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{DEFAULTSORT:Prince Al Nabhan}} [[Category:Nabhani dynasty]] [[Category:Omani nobility]] [[Category:Courtesy titles]] [[Category:House titles]] [[Category:Princes]] [[Category:Deletion requests]] 63ewtloh0fsmt2vgpcdb4x7cxn0zglx 11024511 11024505 2026-10-09T08:23:11Z ViscountDagon 1666969 Proposal for deletion, hopefully worded correctly 11024511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tlxs|RfD|2=reason=''This is effectively a hoax, it was made up by a Brazilian teenager with "Nabhan" for a middle name from a Lebanese grandfather to call himself a "prince" of this medieval Omani dynasty. This page takes its reasoning from contemporary European aristocratic standards and while not cited, that exact reasoning is taken from his autobiographical entry on the Royalpedia on Miraheze.''}}{{Infobox political post | post = Prince | body = Al-Nabhan | native_name = ''أمير آل نبهان'' | native_name_lang = ar | insignia = | insignia_size = | insignia_caption = | image = | image_size = | alt = | incumbent = | incumbent_since = | formation = 12th century (as dynastic style of the Nabhani rulers) | inaugural = | deputy = | salary = | website = | first = Members of the [[Nabhani dynasty]] | style = [[Prince]] / [[Amir]] (courtesy) | member_of = | residence = | appointer = Continuity of the House (''jure sanguinis'') | term_length = Life tenure by blood and custom | flag = | flag_caption = }} '''Prince Al Nabhan''' or '''Prince of Al-Nabhan''' ({{langx|ar|أمير آل نبهان|Amir Āl Nabhān}}) is a courtesy title of nobility belonging to the [[Nabhani dynasty|House of Al-Nabhan]], descending from the [[Nabhani dynasty]] that ruled the Sultanate of Oman from 1154 to 1624. It is a title attached to the House itself rather than to the modern Omani state. As such, the titles are purely honorific and cultural in nature; they confer no rights of succession to the throne of the contemporary Sultanate of Oman and enjoy no official recognition by the Omani state. Their existence rests on customary noble law and the ''fons honorum'' of the House, in the same manner as the titles of non-reigning European princely houses.<ref name="fons">Nature juridique du titre : Titre de Maison</ref> == History == The Nabhani dynasty emerged in the 12th century when members of the family proclaimed their independence from the Seljuks.<ref name="seljuk">La dynastie Nabhani commence au XIIe siècle</ref> Its capital was Bahla; the [[Bahla Fort]] has been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1987 and remains one of the largest mud-brick complexes on the Arabian Peninsula.<ref name="unesco1">Fort de Bahla UNESCO</ref><ref name="unesco2">un des plus grands complexes en brique crue</ref> The dynasty is regarded as having ruled longer than any other in Omani history—more than five centuries, from the 12th to the 17th century.<ref name="500ans">plus de 500 ans</ref> Its members reigned as ''muluk'' (kings), while the Ibadi imams were reduced to largely symbolic importance. A major historical study of the dynasty was published by the Ruler of Sharjah: ''History of the Nabhani Kings 1154–1622'', the 82nd work of His Highness Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi, covering five centuries of Omani history.<ref name="qasimi">History of the Nabhani Kings 1154-1622</ref><ref name="qasimi2">82e ouvrage</ref> The Nabhani ruler Suleiman bin Mudhafar was deposed by the Imam Muhammad ibn Ismail (1500–1529), marking the effective end of Nabhani temporal power before the rise of the Yarubids in 1624. == Legal nature of the title: House title == The title of Prince Al Nabhan is distinct from the modern title of Prince of Oman, which was created by royal decree in 2021 for the heir to the throne of the [[Al Said dynasty]]. '''Legal principle''': Unlike a state title (such as Prince of Oman), the title of Prince Al Nabhan is a House title (''Haus Titel'' in Germanic nobiliary law). It exists by the continuity of the princely House itself, by right of blood (''jure sanguinis'') and by custom, and requires no state recognition in order to exist juridically and historically.<ref name="haus">titre de Maison</ref><ref name="jure">jure sanguinis</ref> The same principle applies to titles such as Prince Murat, Prince de Polignac or Prince d’Arenberg in France, which continue as titles of non-reigning houses. According to the dynastic tradition of the House: * '''Prince of Al-Nabhan''' (أمير آل نبهان) for men<ref name="hommes">pour les hommes</ref> * '''Princess of Al-Nabhan''' for women * '''Amir al-Umara''' (Prince of Princes) – the senior title of the House * '''Sayyid''' These courtesy titles belong to the princely House and are borne independently of the republican or monarchical status of the contemporary State of Oman. They entail no succession rights to the present throne of the Sultanate of Oman. == Current descendants in Brazil == Descendants bear the courtesy title of “Prince Al Nabhan” (Príncipe Al Nabhan or Amir Al Nabhan). The title is honorific and cultural, transmitted within the Brazilian branch that descends from Levantine immigrants of the 19th century (notably through Prince Jahjah Al-Nabhan). It implies no succession rights to the throne of the modern Sultanate of Oman, which belongs exclusively to the Al Said dynasty. The Nabhan family has distinguished itself in Brazil, where it maintains the title as a historical House title. Historical manuscripts of Omani navigation, such as those of Ahmad bin Majid Al Sa’adi, preserved in the National Museum of Oman, attest to the documentary richness of this period.<ref name="majid">Ahmad bin Majid Al Sa'adi</ref><ref name="musee">Musée national d'Oman</ref> == Bibliography == * {{cite book |last=Rabi |first=Uzi |title=Emergence of States in a Tribal Society: Oman Under Sa'id Bin Taymur |publisher=Sussex Academic Press / Apollo Books |year=2011 |page=24 |isbn=978-1-84519-473-4}} * {{cite journal |last=Al-Salimi |first=Abdulrahman |title=Different succession chronologies of the Nabhani dynasty in Oman |journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies |year=2002 |page=262}} * {{cite book |last=Al Qasimi |first=Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Muhammad |title=History of the Nabhani Kings 1154–1622 |publisher=Al Qasimi Publications |year=2023 |url=}} == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{DEFAULTSORT:Prince Al Nabhan}} [[Category:Nabhani dynasty]] [[Category:Omani nobility]] [[Category:Courtesy titles]] [[Category:House titles]] [[Category:Princes]] [[Category:Deletion requests]] dyqc6jed1fflgbn8eh0a08kec8sfbgj 11024522 11024511 2026-10-09T08:50:35Z ViscountDagon 1666969 okay, i think i finally figured it out, sorry for the clumsiness. P.S, aside from the Brazilian hoax, this page copies information from the dynasty's real page. 11024522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Qd-hoax}}{{Infobox political post | post = Prince | body = Al-Nabhan | native_name = ''أمير آل نبهان'' | native_name_lang = ar | insignia = | insignia_size = | insignia_caption = | image = | image_size = | alt = | incumbent = | incumbent_since = | formation = 12th century (as dynastic style of the Nabhani rulers) | inaugural = | deputy = | salary = | website = | first = Members of the [[Nabhani dynasty]] | style = [[Prince]] / [[Amir]] (courtesy) | member_of = | residence = | appointer = Continuity of the House (''jure sanguinis'') | term_length = Life tenure by blood and custom | flag = | flag_caption = }} '''Prince Al Nabhan''' or '''Prince of Al-Nabhan''' ({{langx|ar|أمير آل نبهان|Amir Āl Nabhān}}) is a courtesy title of nobility belonging to the [[Nabhani dynasty|House of Al-Nabhan]], descending from the [[Nabhani dynasty]] that ruled the Sultanate of Oman from 1154 to 1624. It is a title attached to the House itself rather than to the modern Omani state. As such, the titles are purely honorific and cultural in nature; they confer no rights of succession to the throne of the contemporary Sultanate of Oman and enjoy no official recognition by the Omani state. Their existence rests on customary noble law and the ''fons honorum'' of the House, in the same manner as the titles of non-reigning European princely houses.<ref name="fons">Nature juridique du titre : Titre de Maison</ref> == History == The Nabhani dynasty emerged in the 12th century when members of the family proclaimed their independence from the Seljuks.<ref name="seljuk">La dynastie Nabhani commence au XIIe siècle</ref> Its capital was Bahla; the [[Bahla Fort]] has been inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List since 1987 and remains one of the largest mud-brick complexes on the Arabian Peninsula.<ref name="unesco1">Fort de Bahla UNESCO</ref><ref name="unesco2">un des plus grands complexes en brique crue</ref> The dynasty is regarded as having ruled longer than any other in Omani history—more than five centuries, from the 12th to the 17th century.<ref name="500ans">plus de 500 ans</ref> Its members reigned as ''muluk'' (kings), while the Ibadi imams were reduced to largely symbolic importance. A major historical study of the dynasty was published by the Ruler of Sharjah: ''History of the Nabhani Kings 1154–1622'', the 82nd work of His Highness Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Muhammad Al Qasimi, covering five centuries of Omani history.<ref name="qasimi">History of the Nabhani Kings 1154-1622</ref><ref name="qasimi2">82e ouvrage</ref> The Nabhani ruler Suleiman bin Mudhafar was deposed by the Imam Muhammad ibn Ismail (1500–1529), marking the effective end of Nabhani temporal power before the rise of the Yarubids in 1624. == Legal nature of the title: House title == The title of Prince Al Nabhan is distinct from the modern title of Prince of Oman, which was created by royal decree in 2021 for the heir to the throne of the [[Al Said dynasty]]. '''Legal principle''': Unlike a state title (such as Prince of Oman), the title of Prince Al Nabhan is a House title (''Haus Titel'' in Germanic nobiliary law). It exists by the continuity of the princely House itself, by right of blood (''jure sanguinis'') and by custom, and requires no state recognition in order to exist juridically and historically.<ref name="haus">titre de Maison</ref><ref name="jure">jure sanguinis</ref> The same principle applies to titles such as Prince Murat, Prince de Polignac or Prince d’Arenberg in France, which continue as titles of non-reigning houses. According to the dynastic tradition of the House: * '''Prince of Al-Nabhan''' (أمير آل نبهان) for men<ref name="hommes">pour les hommes</ref> * '''Princess of Al-Nabhan''' for women * '''Amir al-Umara''' (Prince of Princes) – the senior title of the House * '''Sayyid''' These courtesy titles belong to the princely House and are borne independently of the republican or monarchical status of the contemporary State of Oman. They entail no succession rights to the present throne of the Sultanate of Oman. == Current descendants in Brazil == Descendants bear the courtesy title of “Prince Al Nabhan” (Príncipe Al Nabhan or Amir Al Nabhan). The title is honorific and cultural, transmitted within the Brazilian branch that descends from Levantine immigrants of the 19th century (notably through Prince Jahjah Al-Nabhan). It implies no succession rights to the throne of the modern Sultanate of Oman, which belongs exclusively to the Al Said dynasty. The Nabhan family has distinguished itself in Brazil, where it maintains the title as a historical House title. Historical manuscripts of Omani navigation, such as those of Ahmad bin Majid Al Sa’adi, preserved in the National Museum of Oman, attest to the documentary richness of this period.<ref name="majid">Ahmad bin Majid Al Sa'adi</ref><ref name="musee">Musée national d'Oman</ref> == Bibliography == * {{cite book |last=Rabi |first=Uzi |title=Emergence of States in a Tribal Society: Oman Under Sa'id Bin Taymur |publisher=Sussex Academic Press / Apollo Books |year=2011 |page=24 |isbn=978-1-84519-473-4}} * {{cite journal |last=Al-Salimi |first=Abdulrahman |title=Different succession chronologies of the Nabhani dynasty in Oman |journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies |year=2002 |page=262}} * {{cite book |last=Al Qasimi |first=Sheikh Dr. Sultan bin Muhammad |title=History of the Nabhani Kings 1154–1622 |publisher=Al Qasimi Publications |year=2023 |url=}} == Notes == {{notelist}} == References == {{reflist}} == External links == {{DEFAULTSORT:Prince Al Nabhan}} [[Category:Nabhani dynasty]] [[Category:Omani nobility]] [[Category:Courtesy titles]] [[Category:House titles]] [[Category:Princes]] [[Category:Deletion requests]] 5c11mvortbe9z1jbau3uebgxs8gdlmv 0 1282723 11024543 10991342 2026-10-09T09:14:00Z ViscountDagon 1666969 /* */ unsourced 11024543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Traditional ancestor of the Nabhani dynasty of Oman}} {{Infobox royalty | name = Nabhan bin Malik Al-Nabhani | native_name = نبهان بن مالك النبهاني | native_name_lang = ar | image = | alt = | caption = | succession = Traditional chief of the [[Nabhani dynasty]] | reign = late 11th century – mid-12th century | reign-type = Period of activity | predecessor = | successor = | birth_name = Nabhan bin Malik | birth_date = {{circa|c.}} 1070 | birth_place = [[Quriyat]], [[Oman]] | death_date = {{circa|c.}} 1150 | death_place = [[Nizwa]], interior of Oman | spouse = Muzna bint Kahlan al-Ya'rubi | issue = Muhsin bin Nabhan<br>Falah bin Nabhan<br>Ahmed bin Nabhan | house = [[Nabhani dynasty|Banu Nabhan]] | father = Malik bin Sulaiman Al-Nabhani | mother = Layla bint Amir al-Azdi | religion = [[Islam]] }} '''Nabhan bin Malik Al-Nabhani''' ({{langx|ar|نبهان بن مالك النبهاني}}, {{transliteration|ar|Nabhān bin Mālik al-Nabhānī}}) is eponymous ancestor of the [[Nabhani dynasty|Banu Nabhan]] (or Nabhanids), the tribe that founded the [[Nabhani dynasty]] (1154–1624), the longest-ruling indigenous dynasty in the history of [[Oman]].<ref name="Wilkinson1977">{{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=John C. |title=Water and Tribal Settlement in South-East Arabia: A Study of the Aflaj of Oman |year=1977 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |pages=124–128 |isbn=978-0-19-821682-3}}</ref> Contemporary or near-contemporary historical sources (Ibadi chronicles and medieval Arabic texts) do not explicitly mention this individual. Later Omani genealogies and oral tradition present him as the organiser of the scattered Nabhan clans in the [[Jebel Akhdar (Oman)|Jebel Akhdar]] and [[Bahla]] region after the decline of the second Ibadi Imamate. == Traditional biography == According to Omani genealogical works (including ''Al-Ansāb'' by al-Awtabi and the writings of [[Abdullah bin Humayd al-Salimi]]), Nabhan bin Malik was a descendant of Nabhan bin Uthman of the [[Qahtanite]] line (branch of the [[Azd]] / [[Tayy]]).<ref name="Salimi">{{cite book |last=Al-Salimi |first=Abdullah bin Humayd |title=Tuhfat al-A'yan bi Sirat Ahl Uman |year=1928 |publisher=Sultanate Press |location=Zanzibar |volume=1 |pages=321–325 |language=ar}}</ref> He is said to have unified the Banu Nabhan clans in the Omani interior (Jebel Akhdar and Bahla) and to have held the title of ''Malik'' (king) within his tribe, a title not recognised by the Ibadi Imams of Nizwa. In tradition this marks the gradual shift from the elective Imamate system toward a hereditary system of ''mulūk'' (kings).<ref name="Wilkinson1977" /> Later Omani and Portuguese sources sometimes attribute to him the construction or reinforcement of fortifications at Quriyat and the reorganisation of irrigation systems (''[[aflaj]]'') around Nizwa, although no contemporary archaeological or textual evidence confirms these claims. == Rise of the Nabhani dynasty == Nabhan’s son Muhsin and, more prominently, his grandson (or later descendant) [[Falah bin Al-Mohsen Al-Nabhan]] (sometimes called Muhammad al-Fallah) emerged as powerful leaders around 1151 from Quriyat. In 1154 (549 AH) Falah bin al-Muhsin challenged the authority of the Ibadi Imam Abu Jaber bin Musa al-Kindi in Nizwa and consolidated power, formally establishing hereditary Nabhani kingship. Thereafter the role of the Imams became largely symbolic for most of the dynasty’s existence.<ref name="Nabhani">{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabhani_dynasty |title=Nabhani dynasty |website=Wikipedia |access-date=10 September 2026}}</ref><ref name="Qasimi">{{cite web |url=https://sheikhdrsultan.ae/Portal/en/media-center/ruler-in-their-pens/3/7/2023/سلطان-يضيء-على-تاريخ-الملوك-النبهانيين.aspx |title=Sultan illuminates the “History of the Nabhani Kings” |website=sheikhdrsultan.ae |access-date=10 September 2026}}</ref> The Omani historian Muhammad bin Khalifa al-Nabhani, in ''Al-Tuhfa al-Nabhaniyya fi Tarikh al-Jazira al-Arabiyya'', refers to Nabhan bin Malik by the epithet ''al-Malik al-Halimi'' (“the Tolerant King”), for allegedly permitting coexistence between Ibadis and Sunnis in the interior. == See also == * [[Nabhani dynasty]] == References == {{reflist}} == Further reading == * {{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=John C. |title=The Imamate Tradition of Oman |year=1987 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge}} * {{cite book |last=Al-Rawas |first=Isam |title=Oman in Early Islamic History |year=2000 |publisher=Ithaca Press |location=Reading}} * {{cite book |last=Al-Nabhani |first=Muhammad bin Uthman |title=Al-Tuhfa al-Nabhaniyya fi Tarikh al-Jazira al-Arabiyya |year=1924 |location=Cairo |language=ar}} * {{cite journal |last=Al-Salimi |first=Abdulrahman |title=Different succession chronologies of the Nabhānī dynasty in Oman |journal=Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies |volume=32 |year=2002 |pages=259–268}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Nabhani dynasty]] [[Category:Banu Nabhan]] [[Category:History of Oman]] [[Category:Arab tribal chiefs]] [[Category:11th-century births]] [[Category:12th-century deaths]] [[Category:Omani people]] [[Category:People from Quriyat]] 5xt971zefnocaorov0dhp98i218cm37 2 1283061 11024480 11023843 2026-10-09T07:11:59Z Spiderone 569007 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[Famous Public]]. 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notified {{user|~2026-50986-73}} 20:04, 22 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Digital Circus Parody vs. Sesame Street]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|ClueBeast is Gone}} 17:40, 23 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Acress (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Congomusicfan243}} 18:48, 23 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:সে অলওয়েজ ট্রুথ]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Editobd}} 06:41, 25 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Say Always Truth]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Editobd}} 06:43, 25 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:Anyone in japan should get genocide]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Anyone in japan should get genocide}} 09:24, 25 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Acress]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Congomusicfan243}} 09:44, 25 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Gironde estuary]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-51699-69}} 17:42, 25 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:THESKULLEDTIOR]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|~2026-52006-42}} 21:14, 25 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jayson Cesar Bautista]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|John Joshua (DMMMSU Staff)}} 14:56, 26 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jacques André Joseph Aved]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-52080-61}} 12:42, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chi Omega]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52205-82}} 15:02, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bayard Rustin Educational Complex]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-52062-53}} 17:50, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Trials of Mana]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:00, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:IC Bus]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:03, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:IC Bus CE Series]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:05, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Is This Seat Taken?]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:07, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ian Flynn]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:11, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sus (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:15, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:It's Happy Bunny]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:18, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jibanyan]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:20, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ken Penders]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:56, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Acress (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|~2026-52578-08}} 16:23, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chemical Plant Zone]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52506-29}} 19:51, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Emerald Hill Zone]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52506-29}} 19:51, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chemical Plant Zone]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52506-29}} 19:55, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Splash Hill Zone]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52506-29}} 19:56, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Rooftop Run]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52506-29}} 19:57, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jungle Joyride]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52506-29}} 19:58, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Planet Wisp]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52506-29}} 19:59, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Flying Battery Zone]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52506-29}} 20:00, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Charles William Lenox Naper]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|~2026-51934-25}} 12:28, 30 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ahsan Ali Web Designer — Biography, Career, Books, Family, Film & Music]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|~2026-52486-67}} 12:31, 30 September 2026 (UTC) === October 2026 === # [[:Famous Public]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|Xjampa}} 12:31, 1 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Type soul codes]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|~2026-52769-49}} 14:26, 1 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Astronomy (magazine)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|~2026-52669-43}} 15:57, 1 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:2009–10 Everton F.C. season]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|~2026-53194-88}} 13:40, 2 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:Ganpati Scientifics]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ganpati Scientifics}} 07:47, 3 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:Abusing multiple Tsubaki (I am IrisChronomia)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Abusing multiple Tsubaki (I am IrisChronomia)}} 15:36, 4 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Whippy Dick]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|The NHS implanted an Apple Watch in my Scrótum}} 20:59, 4 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ň]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 14:34, 5 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Famous Public]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Wikirefadd}} 19:07, 5 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Screw mechanism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-53610-21}} 07:54, 6 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Amir The Uber Driver]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-54152-37}} 14:50, 7 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Famous Public]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|NurBadmas}} 16:15, 7 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Loughlan]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-54063-26}} 18:30, 7 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Hasley]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Cinorex666}} 21:25, 7 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:EPIC]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Cinorex666}} 21:26, 7 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sandy Hook Elementary School]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Cinorex666}} 21:27, 7 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:West wind]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-53990-01}} 08:11, 8 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Famous Public]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G5|G5]]); notified {{user|Zalkhc}} 07:11, 9 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Famous Public (Website)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|~2026-54142-38}} 07:59, 9 October 2026 (UTC) kvjoi04kbr5zzyo7mzay0p2zzzduape 11024563 11024501 2026-10-09T09:37:36Z Spiderone 569007 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[Taleju Bhawani]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024563 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === September 2026 === # [[:Famous Star Birthdays]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|TaruBND}} 11:26, 13 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Evelyn]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-49534-63}} 18:30, 13 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Legit Birthdays]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 09:03, 14 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Legit Birthdays]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 14:44, 14 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jøêl (music producer)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 18:29, 15 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:I Think]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-50119-57}} 14:36, 16 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:Its time to make Morgan Wallen hang themselves]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Its time to make Morgan Wallen hang themselves}} 10:21, 17 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:YL In Lagos]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|Allblessed}} 13:17, 18 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Kitar semula]]: [[WP:QD#A5|CSD A5]] ({{tl|db-foreign}}); notified {{user|~2026-50681-89}} 17:03, 19 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Zheng Qinwen]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|MdMarufHossen71}} 19:54, 20 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ayaz Syed]]: [[WP:QD#G4|CSD G4]] ({{tl|db-repost}}); notified {{user|Angelsmeditation673}} 20:03, 20 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:USA Famous]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}) 07:45, 21 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Shinoy Rajendraprassadd]]: [[WP:QD#G5|CSD G5]] ({{tl|db-blocked}}); notified {{user|~2026-51072-38}} 07:51, 21 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Unrealkay]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 21:58, 21 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:I Heard You Paint Houses]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-51082-46}} 09:17, 22 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Steve Ford]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|~2026-51131-12}} 09:55, 22 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Early Cyrillic alphabet]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-50986-73}} 20:04, 22 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Digital Circus Parody vs. Sesame Street]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|ClueBeast is Gone}} 17:40, 23 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Acress (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Congomusicfan243}} 18:48, 23 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:সে অলওয়েজ ট্রুথ]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Editobd}} 06:41, 25 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Say Always Truth]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Editobd}} 06:43, 25 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:Anyone in japan should get genocide]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Anyone in japan should get genocide}} 09:24, 25 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Acress]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|Congomusicfan243}} 09:44, 25 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Gironde estuary]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-51699-69}} 17:42, 25 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:THESKULLEDTIOR]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|~2026-52006-42}} 21:14, 25 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jayson Cesar Bautista]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|John Joshua (DMMMSU Staff)}} 14:56, 26 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jacques André Joseph Aved]]: [[WP:QD#A2|CSD A2]] ({{tl|db-nocontent}}); notified {{user|~2026-52080-61}} 12:42, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chi Omega]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52205-82}} 15:02, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Bayard Rustin Educational Complex]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|~2026-52062-53}} 17:50, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Trials of Mana]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:00, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:IC Bus]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:03, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:IC Bus CE Series]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:05, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Is This Seat Taken?]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:07, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ian Flynn]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:11, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sus (rapper)]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:15, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:It's Happy Bunny]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:18, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jibanyan]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:20, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ken Penders]]: [[WP:QD#A3|CSD A3]] ({{tl|db-transwiki}}); notified {{user|~2026-52251-92}} 19:56, 28 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Acress (singer)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|~2026-52578-08}} 16:23, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chemical Plant Zone]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52506-29}} 19:51, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Emerald Hill Zone]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52506-29}} 19:51, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Chemical Plant Zone]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52506-29}} 19:55, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Splash Hill Zone]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52506-29}} 19:56, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Rooftop Run]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52506-29}} 19:57, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Jungle Joyride]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52506-29}} 19:58, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Planet Wisp]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52506-29}} 19:59, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Flying Battery Zone]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-52506-29}} 20:00, 29 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Charles William Lenox Naper]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|~2026-51934-25}} 12:28, 30 September 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ahsan Ali Web Designer — Biography, Career, Books, Family, Film & Music]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|~2026-52486-67}} 12:31, 30 September 2026 (UTC) === October 2026 === # [[:Famous Public]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A4|A4]], [[WP:QD#A6|A6]]); notified {{user|Xjampa}} 12:31, 1 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Type soul codes]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|~2026-52769-49}} 14:26, 1 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Astronomy (magazine)]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}); notified {{user|~2026-52669-43}} 15:57, 1 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:2009–10 Everton F.C. season]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|~2026-53194-88}} 13:40, 2 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:Ganpati Scientifics]]: [[WP:QD#G11|CSD G11]] ({{tl|db-spam}}); notified {{user|Ganpati Scientifics}} 07:47, 3 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:User:Abusing multiple Tsubaki (I am IrisChronomia)]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Abusing multiple Tsubaki (I am IrisChronomia)}} 15:36, 4 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Whippy Dick]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|The NHS implanted an Apple Watch in my Scrótum}} 20:59, 4 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Ň]]: [[WP:QD#R3|CSD R3]] ({{tl|db-redirtypo}}) 14:34, 5 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Famous Public]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|Wikirefadd}} 19:07, 5 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Screw mechanism]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-53610-21}} 07:54, 6 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Amir The Uber Driver]]: [[WP:QD#A7|CSD A7]] ({{tl|db-AI-generated}}); notified {{user|~2026-54152-37}} 14:50, 7 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Famous Public]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|NurBadmas}} 16:15, 7 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Loughlan]]: [[WP:QD#G2|CSD G2]] ({{tl|db-test}}); notified {{user|~2026-54063-26}} 18:30, 7 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:Hasley]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Cinorex666}} 21:25, 7 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Wikipedia:EPIC]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Cinorex666}} 21:26, 7 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Sandy Hook Elementary School]]: [[WP:QD#G3|CSD G3]] ({{tl|db-vandalism}}); notified {{user|Cinorex666}} 21:27, 7 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:West wind]]: [[WP:QD#A1|CSD A1]] ({{tl|db-nocontext}}); notified {{user|~2026-53990-01}} 08:11, 8 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Famous Public]]: multiple criteria ([[WP:QD#A6|A6]], [[WP:QD#G5|G5]]); notified {{user|Zalkhc}} 07:11, 9 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Famous Public (Website)]]: [[WP:QD#A6|CSD A6]] ({{tl|db-hoax}}); notified {{user|~2026-54142-38}} 07:59, 9 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:Taleju Bhawani]]: [[WP:QD#G1|CSD G1]] ({{tl|db-nonsense}}); notified {{user|~2026-54280-33}} 09:37, 9 October 2026 (UTC) sqxy2cpdvvdhktlc6m6afcnqeapzxpg 10 1283114 11024232 11023643 2026-10-09T01:33:12Z Cyberbot I 224035 Updating Admin Stats ([[en:WP:PEACHY|Peachy 2.0 (alpha 8)]]) 11024232 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Adminstats/Core |edits=5490 |ed=6245 |created=1 |deleted=539 |revdel=200 |eventdel=10 |restored=6 |blocked=205 |protected=38 |unprotected=3 |rights=3 |reblock=5 |unblock=1 |modify=3 |filter=0 |merge=0 |massmessage=0 |rename=0 |import=3 |style={{{style|}}}}} bpkkw8g8sfus9lbvpvcvpdnoirz2qbb 0 1284315 11024044 11007357 2026-10-08T16:12:08Z LetmeEditit 1782334 I added [[Wikipedia:Alternative text for images|Alternative text]] to the pictures. 11024044 wikitext text/x-wiki There are 53 [[species]] of [[mammal]] native to [[Ireland]]. Mammals feed their babies milk. 27 of these mammals are [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] mammals that live on land.<ref name=Redlist>{{citation |last1=Marnell |first1=F. |last2=Looney |first2=D. |last3=Lawton |first3=C. |title=''Ireland Red List No. 12: Terrestrial Mammals'' |date=2019 |url=https://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/Red%20List%20No.%2012%20Mammals.pdf |website=National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of the Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht |location=Dublin, Ireland}}</ref> 26 of these mammals are [[marine mammal]]s that live in the sea.<ref name=IWDG>{{cite web |title=Species |url=https://iwdg.ie/species/ |website=Irish Whale and Dolphin Group}}</ref> This list is from "''Ireland Red List No. 12: Terrestrial Mammals''"<ref name=Redlist/> for terrestrial mammals, and the Irish Whale and Dolphin Group<ref name=IWDG/> for marine mammals, unless there is a different reference next to the animal. "[[Introduced species|Introduced]]" means an animal is not [[native (ecology)|native]] to Ireland and came to Ireland after 1500 [[Common Era|CE]]. "[[Naturalisation (biology)|Naturalised]]" means a species is not native to Ireland, but it was introduced {{em|before}} 1500 [[Common Era|CE]], and therefore it is not [[invasive species|invasive]]. "[[Vagrancy (biology)|Vagrant]]" means a marine mammal which normally doesn't live in Ireland, but sometimes goes there. == Rodents == [[File:Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris leucourus) in Donegal.png|thumb|alt=An orange squirrel on a tree branch.|A [[red squirrel]] in [[County Donegal]].]] Ireland has 9 species of [[rodent]]: 3 native, 1 naturalised, and 5 introduced. Rodents are small animals with very long [[incisor]]s. Rodents are the largest group of mammals, making up over 40% of mammal species globally. === Mice and rats === *'''[[House mouse]]''' *'''[[Wood mouse]]''' *'''[[Black rat]]''' (naturalised) *'''[[Brown rat]]''' (introduced) === Squirrels === *'''[[Red squirrel]]''' *'''[[Eastern grey squirrel]]''' (introduced) === Voles === *'''[[Bank vole]]''' (introduced) *'''[[Field vole]]''' (introduced)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moynagh |first1=J. |last2=Viscardi |first2=P. |title=Vouchered record of Field Vole (Microtus agrestis) in Ireland from Co. Monaghan |journal=Irish Naturalists' Journal |date=2022 |volume=39 |pages=104–106 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367479011_Vouchered_record_of_Field_Vole_Microtus_agrestis_in_Ireland_from_Co_Monaghan}}</ref> === Dormice === *'''[[Hazel dormouse]]''' (introduced) == Rabbits and hares == [[File:Irish Mountain Hare imported from iNaturalist photo 322047161 on 22 April 2024.jpg|thumb|alt=A brown hare in a field.|An [[Irish hare]] – an [[endemic]] subspecies of [[mountain hare]] – in [[County Dublin]].]] Ireland has 2 species of [[hare]] and 1 species of [[rabbit]]: 1 native, 1 naturalised, and 1 introduced. Even though they look like [[rodent]]s, they are a different [[family (biology)|family]]. They are different from rodents in a number of ways, like having four incisors in the upper jaw instead of two. *'''[[Irish hare]]''' *'''[[European rabbit]]''' (naturalised) *'''[[European hare]]''' (introduced) == Deers and bovids == [[File:Killarney red deer.jpg|thumb|alt=A big brown deer with big antlers in the snow.|A [[red deer]] in [[Killarney National Park]].]] Ireland has 5 species of [[deer]] and 1 species of [[bovid]]: 1 native, 1 naturalised, and 4 introduced. Bovids are large animals that eat grass, like cows, sheep, and goats. === Deers === *'''[[Red deer]]''' *'''[[Fallow deer]]''' (naturalised) *'''[[Reeves's muntjac]]''' (introduced) *'''[[Roe deer]]''' (introduced) *'''[[Sika deer]]''' (introduced) === Bovids === *'''[[Feral goat]]''' (including [[Irish goat]]) (introduced) == Hedgehogs and shrews == [[File:Erinaceus europaeus - formicacid - 44557473.jpg|thumb|alt=A brown hedgehog rolled up in a ball.|A [[European hedgehog]] in [[County Kilkenny]].]] Ireland has 1 species of [[hedgehog]] and 2 species of [[shrew]]: 2 native, and 1 introduced. Even though they look very different, hedgehogs and shrews are related, because they are both in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Eulipotyphla]]. *'''[[European hedgehog]]''' *'''[[Eurasian pygmy shrew]]''' *'''[[Greater white-toothed shrew]]''' (introduced) == Bats == [[File:Pipistrellus pygmaeus01.jpg|thumb|alt=A small brown bat.|A [[soprano pipistrelle]] bat.]] Ireland has 9 species of [[bat]]: all are native. Bats are the only mammals that can fly. Bats make up about 20% of all mammal species globally. *'''[[Brown long-eared bat]]''' *'''[[Common pipistrelle]]''' *'''[[Daubenton's bat]]''' *'''[[Lesser horseshoe bat]]''' *'''[[Lesser noctule]]''' *'''[[Nathusius' pipistrelle]]''' *'''[[Natterer's bat]]''' *'''[[Soprano pipistrelle]]''' *'''[[Whiskered bat]]''' == Carnivorans == [[File:Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) (4).jpg|thumb|alt=Two little orange foxes in a field.|Baby [[red fox]]es in [[County Cork]].]] [[File:Happy Seal (221746135).jpeg|thumb|alt=A cream-colored seal on a rock.|A [[Harbor seal|harbour seal]] in County Cork.]] Ireland has 14 species of [[Carnivora|carnivoran]]: 12 native, and 2 introduced. Carnivorans are animals that mainly eat meat, although they can eat other food too. Carnivorans have long [[Canine tooth|canine teeth]]. There are over 260 species of carnivoran globally. [[Canidae|Canids]] are animals that are like dogs. [[Mustelidae|Mustelids]] are animals that are like [[weasel]]s. === Canids === *'''[[Red fox]]''' === Mustelids === *'''[[European badger]]''' *'''[[Eurasian otter|European otter]]''' *'''[[European pine marten]]''' *'''[[Stoat|Irish stoat]]''' *'''[[American mink]]''' (introduced) *'''[[Ferret|Feral ferret]]''' (introduced) === Seals === *'''[[Grey seal]]''' *'''[[Harbor seal|Harbour seal]]''' *'''[[Bearded seal]]''' (vagrant) *'''[[Harp seal]]''' (vagrant) *'''[[Hooded seal]]''' (vagrant) *'''[[Ringed seal]]''' (vagrant) *'''[[Walrus]]''' (vagrant)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whooley |first1=Pádraig |title=Kerry Walrus March 14th re-sighted in Wales March 20th: Update 29th March |url=https://iwdg.ie/walrus-sighting-valentia-isl-co-kerry-14th-march-and-update-16th-march/ |website=Irish Whale and Dolphin Group}}</ref> == Whales and dolphins == [[File:2019-07-24-Fungie-6646.jpg|thumb|alt=A gray dolphin.|[[Fungie]] – a famous Irish [[bottlenose dolphin]] – in [[Dingle]]]] [[File:CD 3.jpg|thumb|alt=Three dolpins with black backs and cream-colored bellies.|[[Common dolphin]]s, southwest from [[County Kerry]]]] Ireland has 25 species of [[whale]]s and [[dolphin]]s: all are native. They are the only mammals that live their entire life in water. [[Mysticeti|Baleen whale]]s are [[filter feeder]]s, while [[Odontoceti|toothed whale]]s have teeth. Dolphins are small toothed whales. === Baleen whales === *'''[[Blue whale]]''' *'''[[Minke whale]]''' *'''[[Fin whale]]''' *'''[[Humpback whale]]''' *'''[[Sei whale]]''' *'''[[Bowhead whale]]''' (vagrant) *'''[[North Atlantic right whale]]''' (vagrant) === Toothed whales === *'''[[Beluga whale|Beluga]]''' *'''[[Cuvier's beaked whale]]''' *'''[[False killer whale]]''' *'''[[Gervais' beaked whale]]''' *'''[[Harbour porpoise]]''' *'''[[Long-finned pilot whale]]''' *'''[[Northern bottlenose whale]]''' *'''[[Orca]]''' *'''[[Pygmy sperm whale]]''' *'''[[Sowerby's beaked whale]]''' *'''[[Sperm whale]]''' *'''[[True's beaked whale]]''' ==== Dolphins ==== *'''[[Atlantic white-sided dolphin]]''' *'''[[Bottlenose dolphin]]''' *'''[[Common dolphin]]''' *'''[[Risso's dolphin]]''' *'''[[Striped dolphin]]''' *'''[[White-beaked dolphin]]''' == Wallaby == Even though wallabies are only [[native (ecology)|native]] to [[Australia]], the red-necked wallaby has been [[introduced species|introduced]] to Ireland: they have been living on [[Lambay]] island since the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glynn |first1=Niall |title=Lambay Island is home to Ireland's wallabies |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63039627 |website=BBC Northern Ireland |date=2 October 2022 |quote=Rupert Baring introduced the first wallabies to the island in the 1950s}}</ref> *'''[[Red-necked wallaby]]''' (introduced) == Locally extinct == [[File:WLANL - thedogg - Iers reuzenhert (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=A fossil of a deer the size of an elephant, with very big antlers.|A [[fossil]] of the [[extinct]] Irish elk.]] These species are [[locally extinct]] in Ireland:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lysaght |first1=L. |last2=Marnell |first2=F. |title=Atlas of Mammals in Ireland 2010-2015 |date=2016 |publisher=National Biodiversity Data Centre |location=Waterford |isbn=978-1-911172-04-8 |url=https://biodiversityireland.ie/app/uploads/2021/11/Mammal_Atlas_web.pdf}}</ref> * '''[[Brown bear]]''' * '''[[Eurasian lynx]]''' * '''[[Reindeer]]''' * '''[[Wild boar]]''' * '''[[Wolf]]''' == Extinct everywhere == These species used to live in Ireland, and are now [[extinct]] globally:<ref>{{cite web |title=Ice Age Ireland Cool Fossils! |url=https://www.museum.ie/getmedia/acab45bf-2252-4f25-9cf0-c0268f0c7f0d/Ice_Age_Activity_Overview.pdf |website=National Museum of Ireland |date=January 2025}}</ref> * '''[[Cave hyena]]''' * '''[[Irish elk]]''' * '''[[Woolly mammoth]]''' == Related pages == * [[List of mammals of Great Britain]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons category|Mammals of Ireland}} *[https://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/Red%20List%20No.%2012%20Mammals.pdf Ireland Red List No. 12: Terrestrial Mammals] *[https://iwdg.ie/species/ Irish Whale and Dolphin Group] *[https://maps.biodiversityireland.ie/ Biodiversity Ireland Biodiversity Maps] *[https://biodiversityireland.ie/app/uploads/2021/11/Mammal_Atlas_web.pdf Atlas of Mammals in Ireland] (2016, outdated but still mostly accurate) [[Category:Lists of mammals|Ireland]] [[Category:Ireland-related lists|Mammal]] 0cvj9n7afpywkoeo66k6bxruttr2t18 11024049 11024044 2026-10-08T16:39:36Z LetmeEditit 1782334 I have proposed it to be a [[Wikipedia:Very good articles|Very Good Article]] 11024049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pvgood}} There are 53 [[species]] of [[mammal]] native to [[Ireland]]. Mammals feed their babies milk. 27 of these mammals are [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] mammals that live on land.<ref name=Redlist>{{citation |last1=Marnell |first1=F. |last2=Looney |first2=D. |last3=Lawton |first3=C. |title=''Ireland Red List No. 12: Terrestrial Mammals'' |date=2019 |url=https://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/Red%20List%20No.%2012%20Mammals.pdf |website=National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of the Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht |location=Dublin, Ireland}}</ref> 26 of these mammals are [[marine mammal]]s that live in the sea.<ref name=IWDG>{{cite web |title=Species |url=https://iwdg.ie/species/ |website=Irish Whale and Dolphin Group}}</ref> This list is from "''Ireland Red List No. 12: Terrestrial Mammals''"<ref name=Redlist/> for terrestrial mammals, and the Irish Whale and Dolphin Group<ref name=IWDG/> for marine mammals, unless there is a different reference next to the animal. "[[Introduced species|Introduced]]" means an animal is not [[native (ecology)|native]] to Ireland and came to Ireland after 1500 [[Common Era|CE]]. "[[Naturalisation (biology)|Naturalised]]" means a species is not native to Ireland, but it was introduced {{em|before}} 1500 [[Common Era|CE]], and therefore it is not [[invasive species|invasive]]. "[[Vagrancy (biology)|Vagrant]]" means a marine mammal which normally doesn't live in Ireland, but sometimes goes there. == Rodents == [[File:Red Squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris leucourus) in Donegal.png|thumb|alt=An orange squirrel on a tree branch.|A [[red squirrel]] in [[County Donegal]].]] Ireland has 9 species of [[rodent]]: 3 native, 1 naturalised, and 5 introduced. Rodents are small animals with very long [[incisor]]s. Rodents are the largest group of mammals, making up over 40% of mammal species globally. === Mice and rats === *'''[[House mouse]]''' *'''[[Wood mouse]]''' *'''[[Black rat]]''' (naturalised) *'''[[Brown rat]]''' (introduced) === Squirrels === *'''[[Red squirrel]]''' *'''[[Eastern grey squirrel]]''' (introduced) === Voles === *'''[[Bank vole]]''' (introduced) *'''[[Field vole]]''' (introduced)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Moynagh |first1=J. |last2=Viscardi |first2=P. |title=Vouchered record of Field Vole (Microtus agrestis) in Ireland from Co. Monaghan |journal=Irish Naturalists' Journal |date=2022 |volume=39 |pages=104–106 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367479011_Vouchered_record_of_Field_Vole_Microtus_agrestis_in_Ireland_from_Co_Monaghan}}</ref> === Dormice === *'''[[Hazel dormouse]]''' (introduced) == Rabbits and hares == [[File:Irish Mountain Hare imported from iNaturalist photo 322047161 on 22 April 2024.jpg|thumb|alt=A brown hare in a field.|An [[Irish hare]] – an [[endemic]] subspecies of [[mountain hare]] – in [[County Dublin]].]] Ireland has 2 species of [[hare]] and 1 species of [[rabbit]]: 1 native, 1 naturalised, and 1 introduced. Even though they look like [[rodent]]s, they are a different [[family (biology)|family]]. They are different from rodents in a number of ways, like having four incisors in the upper jaw instead of two. *'''[[Irish hare]]''' *'''[[European rabbit]]''' (naturalised) *'''[[European hare]]''' (introduced) == Deers and bovids == [[File:Killarney red deer.jpg|thumb|alt=A big brown deer with big antlers in the snow.|A [[red deer]] in [[Killarney National Park]].]] Ireland has 5 species of [[deer]] and 1 species of [[bovid]]: 1 native, 1 naturalised, and 4 introduced. Bovids are large animals that eat grass, like cows, sheep, and goats. === Deers === *'''[[Red deer]]''' *'''[[Fallow deer]]''' (naturalised) *'''[[Reeves's muntjac]]''' (introduced) *'''[[Roe deer]]''' (introduced) *'''[[Sika deer]]''' (introduced) === Bovids === *'''[[Feral goat]]''' (including [[Irish goat]]) (introduced) == Hedgehogs and shrews == [[File:Erinaceus europaeus - formicacid - 44557473.jpg|thumb|alt=A brown hedgehog rolled up in a ball.|A [[European hedgehog]] in [[County Kilkenny]].]] Ireland has 1 species of [[hedgehog]] and 2 species of [[shrew]]: 2 native, and 1 introduced. Even though they look very different, hedgehogs and shrews are related, because they are both in the [[order (biology)|order]] [[Eulipotyphla]]. *'''[[European hedgehog]]''' *'''[[Eurasian pygmy shrew]]''' *'''[[Greater white-toothed shrew]]''' (introduced) == Bats == [[File:Pipistrellus pygmaeus01.jpg|thumb|alt=A small brown bat.|A [[soprano pipistrelle]] bat.]] Ireland has 9 species of [[bat]]: all are native. Bats are the only mammals that can fly. Bats make up about 20% of all mammal species globally. *'''[[Brown long-eared bat]]''' *'''[[Common pipistrelle]]''' *'''[[Daubenton's bat]]''' *'''[[Lesser horseshoe bat]]''' *'''[[Lesser noctule]]''' *'''[[Nathusius' pipistrelle]]''' *'''[[Natterer's bat]]''' *'''[[Soprano pipistrelle]]''' *'''[[Whiskered bat]]''' == Carnivorans == [[File:Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) (4).jpg|thumb|alt=Two little orange foxes in a field.|Baby [[red fox]]es in [[County Cork]].]] [[File:Happy Seal (221746135).jpeg|thumb|alt=A cream-colored seal on a rock.|A [[Harbor seal|harbour seal]] in County Cork.]] Ireland has 14 species of [[Carnivora|carnivoran]]: 12 native, and 2 introduced. Carnivorans are animals that mainly eat meat, although they can eat other food too. Carnivorans have long [[Canine tooth|canine teeth]]. There are over 260 species of carnivoran globally. [[Canidae|Canids]] are animals that are like dogs. [[Mustelidae|Mustelids]] are animals that are like [[weasel]]s. === Canids === *'''[[Red fox]]''' === Mustelids === *'''[[European badger]]''' *'''[[Eurasian otter|European otter]]''' *'''[[European pine marten]]''' *'''[[Stoat|Irish stoat]]''' *'''[[American mink]]''' (introduced) *'''[[Ferret|Feral ferret]]''' (introduced) === Seals === *'''[[Grey seal]]''' *'''[[Harbor seal|Harbour seal]]''' *'''[[Bearded seal]]''' (vagrant) *'''[[Harp seal]]''' (vagrant) *'''[[Hooded seal]]''' (vagrant) *'''[[Ringed seal]]''' (vagrant) *'''[[Walrus]]''' (vagrant)<ref>{{cite web |last1=Whooley |first1=Pádraig |title=Kerry Walrus March 14th re-sighted in Wales March 20th: Update 29th March |url=https://iwdg.ie/walrus-sighting-valentia-isl-co-kerry-14th-march-and-update-16th-march/ |website=Irish Whale and Dolphin Group}}</ref> == Whales and dolphins == [[File:2019-07-24-Fungie-6646.jpg|thumb|alt=A gray dolphin.|[[Fungie]] – a famous Irish [[bottlenose dolphin]] – in [[Dingle]]]] [[File:CD 3.jpg|thumb|alt=Three dolpins with black backs and cream-colored bellies.|[[Common dolphin]]s, southwest from [[County Kerry]]]] Ireland has 25 species of [[whale]]s and [[dolphin]]s: all are native. They are the only mammals that live their entire life in water. [[Mysticeti|Baleen whale]]s are [[filter feeder]]s, while [[Odontoceti|toothed whale]]s have teeth. Dolphins are small toothed whales. === Baleen whales === *'''[[Blue whale]]''' *'''[[Minke whale]]''' *'''[[Fin whale]]''' *'''[[Humpback whale]]''' *'''[[Sei whale]]''' *'''[[Bowhead whale]]''' (vagrant) *'''[[North Atlantic right whale]]''' (vagrant) === Toothed whales === *'''[[Beluga whale|Beluga]]''' *'''[[Cuvier's beaked whale]]''' *'''[[False killer whale]]''' *'''[[Gervais' beaked whale]]''' *'''[[Harbour porpoise]]''' *'''[[Long-finned pilot whale]]''' *'''[[Northern bottlenose whale]]''' *'''[[Orca]]''' *'''[[Pygmy sperm whale]]''' *'''[[Sowerby's beaked whale]]''' *'''[[Sperm whale]]''' *'''[[True's beaked whale]]''' ==== Dolphins ==== *'''[[Atlantic white-sided dolphin]]''' *'''[[Bottlenose dolphin]]''' *'''[[Common dolphin]]''' *'''[[Risso's dolphin]]''' *'''[[Striped dolphin]]''' *'''[[White-beaked dolphin]]''' == Wallaby == Even though wallabies are only [[native (ecology)|native]] to [[Australia]], the red-necked wallaby has been [[introduced species|introduced]] to Ireland: they have been living on [[Lambay]] island since the 1950s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Glynn |first1=Niall |title=Lambay Island is home to Ireland's wallabies |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63039627 |website=BBC Northern Ireland |date=2 October 2022 |quote=Rupert Baring introduced the first wallabies to the island in the 1950s}}</ref> *'''[[Red-necked wallaby]]''' (introduced) == Locally extinct == [[File:WLANL - thedogg - Iers reuzenhert (cropped).jpg|thumb|alt=A fossil of a deer the size of an elephant, with very big antlers.|A [[fossil]] of the [[extinct]] Irish elk.]] These species are [[locally extinct]] in Ireland:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lysaght |first1=L. |last2=Marnell |first2=F. |title=Atlas of Mammals in Ireland 2010-2015 |date=2016 |publisher=National Biodiversity Data Centre |location=Waterford |isbn=978-1-911172-04-8 |url=https://biodiversityireland.ie/app/uploads/2021/11/Mammal_Atlas_web.pdf}}</ref> * '''[[Brown bear]]''' * '''[[Eurasian lynx]]''' * '''[[Reindeer]]''' * '''[[Wild boar]]''' * '''[[Wolf]]''' == Extinct everywhere == These species used to live in Ireland, and are now [[extinct]] globally:<ref>{{cite web |title=Ice Age Ireland Cool Fossils! |url=https://www.museum.ie/getmedia/acab45bf-2252-4f25-9cf0-c0268f0c7f0d/Ice_Age_Activity_Overview.pdf |website=National Museum of Ireland |date=January 2025}}</ref> * '''[[Cave hyena]]''' * '''[[Irish elk]]''' * '''[[Woolly mammoth]]''' == Related pages == * [[List of mammals of Great Britain]] == References == {{Reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons category|Mammals of Ireland}} *[https://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/Red%20List%20No.%2012%20Mammals.pdf Ireland Red List No. 12: Terrestrial Mammals] *[https://iwdg.ie/species/ Irish Whale and Dolphin Group] *[https://maps.biodiversityireland.ie/ Biodiversity Ireland Biodiversity Maps] *[https://biodiversityireland.ie/app/uploads/2021/11/Mammal_Atlas_web.pdf Atlas of Mammals in Ireland] (2016, outdated but still mostly accurate) [[Category:Lists of mammals|Ireland]] [[Category:Ireland-related lists|Mammal]] p7v2j00okcgkp9kz2nrztg04n4mzjp1 0 1284688 11024013 11023863 2026-10-08T14:26:41Z Kenech Kermian 980737 /* Ports of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia */ 11024013 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sea of Armenia''' or ''Sea of Hermenia''(''Mer de Hermenie'' or ''Mer d'Hermenie'')<ref>[https://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/rubruck.html#religion ХХII.Rubruck's return journey. {{Quote|"''My guide presented me to the Soldan. The Soldan said he would be pleased to have me taken to the '''sea of Hermenia''' or of Silicia.''"}}]</ref>, an [[Old French]] stile under the influence of the [[Medieval Latin]] stile (''Mare Hermeniae''), (Armenian: '''Հայկական ծով''' ''Haykakan tsov''), (its eastern section was referred to as the Armenian gulf). During the 11th–14th centuries—the era of the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]]—this name designated the waters of the easternmost part of the [[Mediterranean]], encompassing the area between [[Cilicia]] and [[Cyprus]] as well as the Gulf of Alexandretta (Gulf of Iskenderun). [[File:Cilician Armenia-en.svg|thumb]] In his book "The Journey to the Eastern Lands", [[William of Rubruck]] describes his interactions with the [[Sultanate of Rum|sultan of Rum(Ikonium)]] and then with Armenian prince-regent Constantine of Baberon (Lambron)— the father of the king [[Hethum I of Armenia]], and refers to this body of water as the Sea of Armenia (Sea of Hermenia)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://factsanddetails.com/china/cat2/4sub8/entry-5488.html#chapter-8 William of Rubruck Makes His Way from Turkey to Cyprus to Tripoli William of Rubruck wrote: {{Quote|''“I found several Franks in Iconium, and a Genoese trader from Acon (Acre in Palestine), Nicholas by name, from Santo Siro, who with his partner, a Venetian called Benefatius de Molendino, had monopolized all the alum in Turkie, so that the Soldan could sell none of it to any save these two; and they resold it so dear that what used to be sold for fifteen besants is sold for fifty. My guide presented me to the Soldan. The Soldan said he would be pleased to have me taken to the sea of Hermenia or of Silicia..."}}}}</ref><ref>[https://www.gotheborg.com/glossary/rubruck.shtml#return]</ref> It is referred to as the Armenian Sea(''Mare di Armenia'') by the famous traveler [[Marco Polo]]. In the book about traveling of Marco Polo "Il Milione" by [[Rustichello da Pisa]], Sea of ​​Armenia is one of the seas mentioned in the geography described in the work. Historically, it corresponds to the body of water near Cilicia which called [[Lesser Armenia]] at that time<ref>[https://www.fulltextarchive.com/book/The-Travels-of-Marco-Polo-Volume-2/15/]</ref>. In his famous 14th-century geographical and crusading treatise "Liber Secretorum Fidelium Crucis" (Book of Secrets for True Crusaders), the Venetian statesman and geographer [[Marino Sanudo il Vecchio]] (Sanudo the Younger) (c. 1270–1343) explicitly used the term ''Mare di Armenia'' (the "Armenian Sea" ) to refer to the northeastern corner of the Mediterranean Sea[https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/9912723452102121]. == Ports of the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] == It is also referred to as the Armenian Sea(''Mare di Armenia'') in the writings of the famous [[Marino Sanuto (Sanudo the Elder)]] (1260–1338)—a Venetian geographer, traveler, and statesman. In his book "''Liber secretorum fidelium crucis''"(1306–1321) Sanudo the Elder wrote: "The ports of [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Cilician Armenia]] were diverse, multilingual, and bustling... Ayas and Corycus on the Mediterranean coast, [[Tarsus]] on the Cydnus River and Mamestia on the Pyramus River, [[Adana]] on the Sarus River and Seleucia on the Calycadnus River—they were always teeming with ships from every corner of the globe." Marino Sanuto, a 14th-century Italian writer, lists twenty-five ports of Cilician Armenia in his book. Today, almost none of these ports exist; most lie in ruins, having vanished underground or beneath the waves, yet in those times, they were known to the entire world. Cilicia was then viewed as a bulwark of the Armenian world. Marino Sanudo the Elder (14th century), a Venetian statesman also wrote this about ports ot Cilician Armenian kingdom: "...its port, known as Lajazzo, is the busiest place in the entire known world... The Armenian king derives fabulous customs revenues from this trade; gold flows into his treasury like a river..." Medieval Islamic historian Shihab al-Din Abu al-Abbas Ahmad Ibn Fadlallah Al-Umari wrote this about port of Cilician Armenian kingdom: "Ayas is the gateway connecting the Frankish lands with the countries of the East. Goods flow here from Iraq, Persia, and even distant China. The Armenian kings levy enormous duties on every bale of silk and every barrel of oil, filling their treasury with gold—wealth surpassing even that of the great sultans." == References == azxaw9vzlfmunamgkqlxxaawftt4phh 0 1285063 11024454 11015201 2026-10-09T06:29:47Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ice hockey player | image = Victor Hedman - Tampa Bay Lightning.jpg | image_size = | caption = Hedman during his time with the Buffalo Sabres on 19 December 2014 | position = [[Defenceman|Defence]] | shoots = Left | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|12|18|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Örnsköldsvik]], Sweden | height_ft = 6 | height_in = 7 | weight_lb = 244 | league = [[National Hockey League|NHL]] | team = [[Tampa Bay Lightning]] | former_teams = [[Modo Hockey]]<br>[[Barys Astana]] | ntl_team = Sweden | draft = 2nd overall | draft_year = 2009 | draft_team = [[Tampa Bay Lightning]] | career_start = 2007 | career_end = }} '''Victor Erik Olof Hedman''' (born 18 December 1990) is a Latvian professional [[ice hockey]] [[Defenceman|defence]]. He currently plays for the [[Tampa Bay Lightning]] of the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL) and serves as their [[Captain (ice hockey)|captain]]. He has also played for the [[Buffalo Sabres]]. Outside of the NHL, Hedman played for [[Modo Hockey]] and [[]] of the [[Swedish Hockey League]] (SHL). Hedman is a two-time [[Stanley Cup]] champion, winning back-to-back with the Lightning in [[2020 Stanley Cup Final|2020]] and [[2021 Stanley Cup Final|2021]]. He is also a one-time [[Conn Smythe Trophy]] winner and one-time [[James Norris Memorial Trophy]] winner, as well as, being named a four-time [[NHL All-Star Game|All-Star]], being named one in [[2017 National Hockey League All-Star Game|2017]], [[2018 National Hockey League All-Star Game|2018]], [[2020 National Hockey League All-Star Game|2020]], and [[2022 National Hockey League All-Star Game|2022]]. ==Career== Before playing in the NHL, Hedman played two seasons with the [[Modo Hockey]] of the [[Swedish Hockey League|Elitserien]]. He finished his rookie season scoring 8 goals and recording 14 assists in 43 regular season games. He was named the [[SHL Rookie of the Year]] for his efforts. He was drafted 2nd overall by the [[Tampa Bay Lightning]] in the [[2009 NHL entry draft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wtsp.com/article/sports/lightning-pick-hedman-second-overall/67-391507851|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Lightning pick Hedman second overall|publisher=[[WTSP]]}}</ref> On 9 July 2009, Hedman signed a three-year, $2.775 million entry-level contract to join the Lightning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/lightning-hedman-deal/|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Hedman inks entry-level deal in TB|publisher=[[Sportsnet]]}}</ref> On 3 October 2009, Hedman made his NHL debut in a 6–3 loss against the [[Atlanta Thrashers]]. During the second period, he recorded his first NHL point on a [[Martin St. Louis]] goal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hockey-reference.com/boxscores/200910030ATL.html|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Tampa Bay Lightning vs. Atlanta Thrashers Box Score: October 3, 2009|publisher=Hockey-Reference.com}}</ref> On 5 December, he scored his first NHL goal against [[Dwayne Roloson]] in a 4–0 win against the [[New York Islanders]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/2009/12/05/hedman-scores-1st-nhl-goal-in-lightning-win/|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Hedman scores 1st NHL goal in Lightning win|publisher=[[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]}}</ref> On 30 November 2011, Hedman signed a five-year, $20 million contract to stay with the Lightning.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lightning.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=603990|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Lightning re-sign defenseman Victor Hedman for five years|publisher=Tampa Bay Lightning]]]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120607225116/http://lightning.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=603990|archive-date=June 7, 2012|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> On 1 July 2016, Hedman signed a eight-year, $63 million contract to stay with the Lightning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/lightning/news/lightning-lock-up-another-cornerstone-sign-hedman/c-888416|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Lightning lock up another cornerstone, sign Hedman|publisher=Tampa Bay Lightning|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129190953/https://www.nhl.com/lightning/news/lightning-lock-up-another-cornerstone-sign-hedman/c-888416|archive-date=November 29, 2020|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> On 10 January 2017, he was selected to play in his first [[2017 National Hockey League All-Star Game|All-Star game]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/lightning/victor-hedman-nikita-kucherov-make-all-star-team/2309071|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Victor Hedman, Nikita Kucherov make All-Star team|publisher=[[Tampa Bay Times]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113082807/http://www.tampabay.com/blogs/lightning/victor-hedman-nikita-kucherov-make-all-star-team/2309071|archive-date=January 13, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 20 June 2018, he was awarded the [[James Norris Memorial Trophy]] for being the best defenceman of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/lightning/news/hedman-wins-norris-trophy-299145896|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Hedman wins Norris Trophy|publisher=Tampa Bay Lightning]]}}</ref> On 30 December 2019, Hedman was named the First Star of the Week and was also named to his third [[2020 National Hockey League All-Star Game|All-Star game]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://media.nhl.com/public/news/13706|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Hedman, Binnington and Tavares Named NHL 'Three Stars' of the Week|publisher=National Hockey League}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wfla.com/sports/tampa-bay-lightning/victor-hedman-named-to-nhl-all-star-game/|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Victor Hedman named to NHL All-Star Game|publisher=[[WFLA-TV]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191231025450/https://www.wfla.com/sports/tampa-bay-lightning/victor-hedman-named-to-nhl-all-star-game/|archive-date=December 31, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> He helped the Lightning during the [[2020 Stanley Cup playoffs|playoffs]]. They defeated the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]], [[Boston Bruins]], and [[New York Islanders]]. They went on to defeat the [[Dallas Stars]] four games to two in the [[2020 Stanley Cup Final|Final]] to win the [[Stanley Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/tampa-bay-lightning-dallas-stars-game-6-recap/c-319086198|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Lightning win Stanley Cup, defeat Stars in Game 6 of Final|publisher=[[National Hockey League]]}}</ref> The Lightning went on to repeat as Stanley Cup champions the next season.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/montreal-canadiens-tampa-bay-lightning-game-5-recap/c-325483294|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Lightning repeat as Stanley Cup champions, defeat Canadiens in Game 5|publisher=National Hockey League}}</ref> On 2 July 2024, Hedman signed a four-year, $32 million contract to stay with the Lightning.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/lightning/news/tampa-bay-lightning-sign-defenseman-victor-hedman-to-a-four-year-contract-extension|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Lightning sign D Victor Hedman to a four-year contract extension|publisher=Tampa Bay Lightning}}</ref> On 18 September, the Lightning named Hedman as the 11th [[Captain (ice hockey)|captain]] in Lightning franchise history.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportsnet.ca/nhl/article/lightning-name-victor-hedman-as-11th-captain-in-franchise-history/|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Lightning name Victor Hedman as 11th captain in franchise history|publisher=Sportsnet}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == *{{icehockeystats}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hedman, Victor}} [[Category:1990 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Conn Smythe Trophy winners]] [[Category:James Norris Memorial Trophy winners]] [[Category:Stanley Cup champions]] [[Category:Swedish ice hockey defencemen]] [[Category:Tampa Bay Lightning players]] t46d358t2phhhy2u5iuydz07c1oulb6 0 1285066 11024495 11015216 2026-10-09T07:37:10Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ice hockey player | image = Vinnie Hinostroza 2019-11-11 2.jpg | image_size = | caption = Hinostroza during his time with the Arizona Coyotes on November 11, 2019 | position = [[Forward (ice hockey)|Forward]] | shoots = Right | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1994|4|3}} | birth_place = [[Melrose Park, Illinois|Melrose Park]], [[Illinois]] | height_ft = 5 | height_in = 10 | weight_lb = 183 | league = [[National Hockey League|NHL]] | team = [[Colorado Avalanche]] | prospect_league = [[American Hockey League|AHL]] | prospect_team = | former_teams = [[Chicago Blackhawks]]<br>[[Arizona Coyotes]]<br>[[Florida Panthers]]<br>[[Buffalo Sabres]]<br>[[Pittsburgh Penguins]]<br>[[Nashville Predators]]<br>[[Minnesota Wild]] | ntl_team = USA | draft = 169th overall | draft_year = 2012 | draft_team = [[Chicago Blackhawks]] | career_start = 2015 | career_end = }} '''Vincent Enrique Hinostroza''' (born April 3, 1994) is an American professional [[ice hockey]] [[Forward (ice hockey)|forward]]. He currently plays for the [[Colorado Avalanche]] of the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). He has also played for the [[Chicago Blackhawks]], [[Arizona Coyotes]], [[Florida Panthers]], [[Buffalo Sabres]], [[Pittsburgh Penguins]], [[Nashville Predators]], and [[Minnesota Wild]]. ==Career== Before playing in the NHL, Hinostroza played three seasons with the [[Waterloo Black Hawks]] of the [[United States Hockey League]] (USHL) and two years with the [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey|Notre Dame Fighting Irish]] of [[Hockey East]]. He was drafted 169th overall by the [[Chicago Blackhawks]] of the [[2012 NHL entry draft]]. On March 21, 2015, Hinostroza signed an three-year entry-level contract to join the Blackhawks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blackhawks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=759108|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Blackhawks agree to terms with Hinostroza|publisher=[[Chicago Blackhawks]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326011847/http://blackhawks.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=759108|archive-date=March 26, 2015|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> He was sent down to play for their [[American Hockey League|AHL]]-affiliates [[Rockford IceHogs]]. On October 17, 2015, the Blackhawks called him up and Hinostroza made his NHL debut in a 4–1 win against the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportsnet.ca/hockey/nhl/blackhawks-send-blue-jackets-tumbling-with-6th-straight-loss/|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Blackhawks send Blue Jackets tumbling with 6th straight loss|publisher=[[Sportsnet]]}}</ref> On November 19, 2016, Hinostroza scored his first NHL goal against [[Jacob Markström]] and also recorded an assist on a [[Ryan Hartman]] goal in a 4–3 overtime win against the [[Vancouver Canucks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/canucks-collapse-blackhawks-win-ot-1.3859252|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Canucks' major collapse ends in Blackhawks OT win|publisher=[[CBC Sports]]}}</ref> On June 15, 2018, Hinostroza signed a two-year, $3 million contract to stay with the Blackhawks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/release-blackhawks-agree-to-extension-with-hinostroza-299078068|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Release: Blackhawks agree to extension with Hinostroza|publisher=Chicago Blackhawks}}</ref> On July 12, 2018, the Blackhawks traded Hinostroza along with [[Marián Hossa]], [[Jordan Oesterle]], and a [[2019 NHL entry draft|2019]] third-round draft pick to the [[Arizona Coyotes]] in exchange for [[Andrew Campbell (ice hockey)|Andrew Campbell]], [[MacKenzie Entwistle]], [[Marcus Krüger]], [[Jordan Maletta]], and a 2019 fifth-round draft pick.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/release-blackhawks-and-coyotes-complete-trade-299475688|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Release: Blackhawks and Coyotes complete trade|publisher=Chicago Blackhawks}}</ref> On March 14, 2019, he recorded his first NHL [[hat-trick]] in a 6–1 win against the [[Anaheim Ducks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/sports/ducks/la-sp-ducks-coyotes-20190314-story.html|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Ducks are routed by Coyotes 6-1|publisher=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> He played two seasons with the Coyotes. On October 9, 2020, Hinostroza signed a one-year, $1 million contract to join the [[Florida Panthers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-agree-to-terms-with-forward-vinnie-hinostroza-on-a-on-319411072|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Florida Panthers Agree to Terms with Vinnie Hinostroza|publisher=[[Florida Panthers]]}}</ref> He played nine regular season games with the Panthers. On April 2, 2021, the Panthers traded Hinostroza back to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for [[Brad Morrison]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/blackhawks/news/release-blackhawks-acquire-vinnie-hinostroza-from-florida-323197980|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Release: Blackhawks Acquire Vinnie Hinostroza from Florida|publisher=Chicago Blackhawks}}</ref> He scored four goals and recorded eight assists in 17 regular season games in his return to the Blackhawks. On July 28, 2021, Hinostroza signed a one-year, $1.05 million contract to join the [[Buffalo Sabres]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/sabres/news/buffalo-sabres-sign-vinnie-hinostroza-one-year-contract-325843298|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Sabres sign Hinostroza to 1-year deal|publisher=[[Buffalo Sabres]]}}</ref> On July 12, 2022, Hinostroza signed a one-year, $1.7 million contract to stay with the Sabres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/sabres/news/buffalo-sabres-vinnie-hinostroza-signing-334940884|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Sabres sign Hinostroza to one-year contract|publisher=Buffalo Sabres}}</ref> He played parts of two seasons with the Sabres. On July 7, 2023, Hinostroza signed a one-year, $775,000 contract to join the [[Pittsburgh Penguins]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/penguins/news/penguins-sign-forward-vinnie-hinostroza-to-a-one-year-contract-345268984|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Penguins Sign Forward Vinnie Hinostroza to a One-Year Contract|publisher=[[Pittsburgh Penguins]]}}</ref> He scored one goal and recorded two assists in 14 regular season games with the Penguins. On July 1, 2024, Hinostroza signed a two-year contract to join the [[Nashville Predators]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/predators/news/predators-agree-to-terms-with-four-free-agents|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Predators Agree to Terms with Four Free Agents|publisher=[[Nashville Predators]]}}</ref> He recorded two assists in 13 regular season games with the Penguins. On February 4, 2025, the Predators placed Hinostroza onto [[Waivers (NHL)|waivers]] and his contract was picked up by the [[Minnesota Wild]] the next day.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/wild/news/minnesota-wild-claims-forward-vinnie-hinostroza-off-waivers-from-nashville-predators-020525|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Minnesota Wild Claims Forward Vinnie Hinostroza Off Waivers From Nashville Predators|publisher=[[Minnesota Wild]]}}</ref> On March 6, 2026, the Wild traded Hinostroza back to the Florida Panthers in exchange for future considerations.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/panthers/news/florida-panthers-acquire-forward-vinnie-hinostroza|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Florida Panthers Acquire Forward Vinnie Hinostroza|publisher=Florida Panthers}}</ref> He scored three goals and recorded five assists in 17 regular season games in his return to the Panthers. On July 1, 2026, Hinostroza signed a two-year contract to join the [[Colorado Avalanche]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/avalanche/news/avalanche-signs-hinostroza|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Avalanche Signs Hinostroza|publisher=[[Colorado Avalanche]]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == *{{icehockeystats}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hinostroza, Vince}} [[Category:1994 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American ice hockey left wingers]] [[Category:Arizona Coyotes players]] [[Category:Buffalo Sabres players]] [[Category:Chicago Blackhawks players]] [[Category:Florida Panthers players]] [[Category:Milwaukee Admirals players]] [[Category:Minnesota Wild players]] [[Category:Nashville Predators players]] [[Category:Pittsburgh Penguins players]] [[Category:Rochester Americans players]] [[Category:Rockford IceHogs (AHL) players]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Chicago]] [[Category:Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins players]] jsibqcgsqd7rlgq8ysbpiepll3x656y 0 1285068 11024493 11015218 2026-10-09T07:35:43Z InternetArchiveBot 532461 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 11024493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ice hockey player | image = VincentTrocheck.jpg | image_size = | caption = Trocheck during his time with the New York Rangers on March 31, 2023 | position = [[Centre (ice hockey)|Center]] | shoots = Right | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1993|7|11}} | birth_place = [[Pittsburgh]], [[Pennsylvania]] | height_ft = 5 | height_in = 10 | weight_lb = 183 | league = [[National Hockey League|NHL]] | team = [[Utah Mammoth]] | former_teams = [[Florida Panthers]]<br>[[Carolina Hurricanes]]<br>[[New York Rangers]] | ntl_team = USA | draft = 64th overall | draft_year = 2011 | draft_team = [[Florida Panthers]] | career_start = 2013 | career_end = }} '''Vincent Trocheck''' (born July 11, 1993) is a [[Canadians|Canadian]] professional [[ice hockey]] [[Centre (ice hockey)|center]]. He currently plays for the [[Utah Mammoth]] of the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). He has also played for the [[Florida Panthers]], [[Carolina Hurricanes]], and [[New York Rangers]]. Trocheck is a two-time [[NHL All-Star Game|All-Star]], being named one in [[2017 National Hockey League All-Star Game|2017]] and [[2024 National Hockey League All-Star Game|2024]]. Internationally, Miller plays for the [[United States men's national ice hockey team|United States]] and won a gold medal in [[2026 Winter Olympics|2026]]. ==Career== Before playing in the NHL, Trocheck played four seasons with the [[Saginaw Spirit]] and one season with the [[Plymouth Whalers]] of the [[Ontario Hockey League]] (OHL). He had a successful time with his teams. He won the [[Red Tilson Trophy]] as the OHL's most valuable player, [[Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy]] as the OHL's top point scorer, and was named to the First All-Star Team.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/2013/05/09/trocheck-chosen-ohl-mvp/|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Trocheck chosen OHL MVP|publisher=[[Sun Sentinel]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mlive.com/whaletales/2013/03/plymouth_whalers_vincent_troch.html|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Plymouth Whalers' Vincent Trocheck Named Ontario Hockey League Player of the Week|publisher=[[MLive Media Group|MLive.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://chl.ca/ohl/ohl-announces-2012-13-all-star-teams/|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=OHL Announces 2012-13 All-Star Teams|publisher=[[Ontario Hockey League]]}}</ref> He was drafted 64th overall by the [[Florida Panthers]] of the [[2011 NHL entry draft]]. On April 23, 2012, Trocheck signed an three-year, $2.0775 million entry-level contract to join the Panthers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://panthers.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=629223|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Florida Panthers Sign C Vincent Trocheck to Entry-Level Contract|publisher=[[Florida Panthers]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021092629/http://panthers.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=629223|archive-date=October 21, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was sent down to play for their [[American Hockey League|AHL]]-affiliates [[San Antonio Rampage]]. On March 7, 2014, the Panthers called him up and Trocheck made his NHL debut in a 2–0 win against the [[Buffalo Sabres]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/recap?gameId=400485193|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Roberto Luongo shuts out Sabres in first game back with Panthers|publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> On March 14, Trocheck scored his first NHL goal on an empty net in a 5–3 win against the [[New Jersey Devils]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/recap?gameId=400485242|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Upshall goal lifts Panthers over Devils 5-3|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> On January 7, 2015, the league fined Trocheck $2,000 for [[Diving (ice hockey)|diving/embellishment]] during a game against the [[Washington Capitals]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=747490|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Trocheck fined $2,000 for diving/embellishment|publisher=[[National Hockey League]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150108010147/http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=747490|archive-date=January 8, 2015|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> On February 8, 2016, the league named him as Third Star of the Week.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/news/nhl-s-three-stars-278498812|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Crosby, Karlsson, Trocheck named NHL's Three Stars|publisher=National Hockey League}}</ref> On July 3, Trocheck signed a six-year, $28.5 million contract to stay with the Panthers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://panthers.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=888498|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Florida Panthers Re-Sign Forward Vincent Trocheck to Six-Year Contract|publisher=Florida Panthers|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709104817/http://panthers.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=888498|archive-date=July 9, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> On February 12, 2018, he recorded his first NHL [[hat-trick]] in a 7–5 win against the [[Edmonton Oilers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/nhl/recap?gameId=400962465|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Trocheck scores 3 times in 3rd as Panthers beat Oilers 7-5|publisher=ESPN}}</ref> On February 24, 2020, the Panthers traded Trocheck to the [[Carolina Hurricanes]] in exchange for [[Erik Haula]], [[Lucas Wallmark]], [[Eetu Luostarinen]], and [[Chase Priskie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/hurricanes/news/canes-acquire-vincent-trocheck-from-florida-panthers-315471502|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Canes Acquire Vincent Trocheck From Florida|publisher=[[Carolina Hurricanes]]}}</ref> He played parts of three seasons with the Panthers. On July 13, 2022, Trocheck signed a seven-year, $39.375 million contract to join the [[New York Rangers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/rangers/news/rangers-agree-to-terms-with-vincent-trocheck-334961950|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Rangers Agree to Terms with Vincent Trocheck|publisher=[[New York Rangers]]}}</ref> He played parts of four seasons with the Panthers. On July 1, 2026, the Rangers traded Trocheck to the [[Utah Mammoth]] in exchange for [[Sean Durzi]], [[Cole Beaudoin]], and a [[2027 NHL entry draft|2027]] third-round draft pick.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nhl.com/utah/news/utah-acquires-vincent-trocheck-from-the-new-york-rangers-release-7-1-26|accessdate=September 30, 2026|title=Utah Acquires Vincent Trocheck from the New York Rangers|publisher=[[Utah Mammoth]]}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} == Other websites == *{{icehockeystats}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Trocheck, Vincent}} [[Category:1993 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:American ice hockey centers]] [[Category:Carolina Hurricanes players]] [[Category:Florida Panthers players]] [[Category:New York Rangers players]] [[Category:Olympic gold medalists for the United States]] [[Category:Plymouth Whalers players]] [[Category:Saginaw Spirit players]] [[Category:San Antonio Rampage players]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Pittsburgh]] sk8cvlr95a0c3rx094uoxk4u1iwd4wb 3 1285128 11024104 11015950 2026-10-08T20:19:17Z Barras 40117 11024104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{talk archive}} ==Welcome!== [[Image:Chocolate chip cookies.jpg|thumb|300px|Some cookies to welcome you! [[File:Face-smile.svg|25px]]]] Hello, I am [[User:Cactusisme|Cactusisme]] and [[Wikipedia:WELCOME|welcome to Wikipedia]], NDG! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/NDG|your changes]]. I just wanted to say hi and welcome you to Wikipedia! If you have any questions check out [[Wikipedia:Questions]], or send me a message on [[User talk:Cactusisme|my talk page]]. I like to help new people, so don't be afraid to leave a message! I hope you like Wikipedia and decide to stay. Here are some pages that you might find helpful: * [[Wikipedia:Introduction|Introduction]] * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars of Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:How to edit a page|How to change a page]] * [[Help:Contents|Help pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write a very good article]] Also, when you post on [[Wikipedia:Talk page|talk pages]] you should [[Wikipedia:Sign your posts on talk pages|sign your name]] using four tildes (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); that should automatically produce your username and the date after your post. I hope you enjoy editing here and being a [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]! [[User:Cactusisme|'''<span style="color:#0D98BA;">Cactus</span><span style="color:#013220;">🌵</span>''']] ^{[[User talk:Cactusisme|<i style="color:green">hi</i>]]} ^{[[Special:Contributions/Cactusisme|<i style="color:black">ツ</i>]]} 10:58, 3 September 2025 (UTC) :All right, we're even then. Thanks anyway! [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 11:24, 3 September 2025 (UTC) == RevDel == I suggest requesting revision deleting via [[WP:OS]] [[User:Plutus|<span style="color:#DAA520; font-weight:bold;">Plutus</span>]]^{<small> [[User talk:Plutus|💬]] [[Special:Contributions/Plutus|🎃]]</small>} <span style="font-family:Georgia; color:#555;">— <i>Fortune favors the curious</i></span> 09:56, 10 September 2025 (UTC) :What are you doing? I try to answer at meta (why did you welcome me there?) but there is some kind of error in your message why i cannot answer. I try to answer here and your message is reverted. I try to request, and get another message about my talkpage. That is kind of disrupting! [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 09:58, 10 September 2025 (UTC) ::@[[User:NDG|NDG]] I was trying to help as you were struggling with [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=10506049&oldid=10506048&rcid=25988431 a bot reverting you edits]. The bot keeps removing them as the report is stale. If you want a revision to be deleted use OS or AN if its not anything private. [[User:Plutus|<span style="color:#DAA520; font-weight:bold;">Plutus</span>]]^{<small> [[User talk:Plutus|💬]] [[Special:Contributions/Plutus|🎃]]</small>} <span style="font-family:Georgia; color:#555;">— <i>Fortune favors the curious</i></span> 10:00, 10 September 2025 (UTC) :::Both are not the case here. I do not know what help you offered at Meta, but reverting your edit made me struggeling. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 10:21, 10 September 2025 (UTC) ::::I was just saying if you want something to be revdelled do not request it at VIP as it may be removed by a bot. On Meta, I just welcomed you. I can revert that if you want. [[User:Plutus|<span style="color:#DAA520; font-weight:bold;">Plutus</span>]]^{<small> [[User talk:Plutus|💬]] [[Special:Contributions/Plutus|🎃]]</small>} <span style="font-family:Georgia; color:#555;">— <i>Fortune favors the curious</i></span> 10:23, 10 September 2025 (UTC) :::::No need to revert, but we should not welcome each other at over 800 projects. About AN and VIP I am informed now, thank you. But I am curious why you oppose my suggestion there. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 10:28, 10 September 2025 (UTC) ::::::unless I am mistaken, nothing in the summary seem ''grossly offensive'' [[User:Plutus|<span style="color:#DAA520; font-weight:bold;">Plutus</span>]]^{<small> [[User talk:Plutus|💬]] [[Special:Contributions/Plutus|🎃]]</small>} <span style="font-family:Georgia; color:#555;">— <i>Fortune favors the curious</i></span> 10:29, 10 September 2025 (UTC) :::::::Where I come from, insults are offensive. Please check on your message at meta, there is something wrong with it, I can't answer you directly. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 10:32, 10 September 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Meta: Since it is not a topic, you need to use source editor to reply. [[User:Plutus|<span style="color:#DAA520; font-weight:bold;">Plutus</span>]]^{<small> [[User talk:Plutus|💬]] [[Special:Contributions/Plutus|🎃]]</small>} <span style="font-family:Georgia; color:#555;">— <i>Fortune favors the curious</i></span> 10:35, 10 September 2025 (UTC) :::::::::Ah got it. On dewp our templates create topics and I am used to it. Thank you! [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 10:37, 10 September 2025 (UTC) == [[Plan de Rescate de Matemáticas]] == This is a national policy very important one. It will be future knowledge of how education was made in Spain in 2025. It has big background. [[User:GloriLali|GloriLali]] ([[User talk:GloriLali|talk]]) 11:58, 10 September 2025 (UTC) :Then oppose the speed deletion and we discuss at rfd. My talk page is not the right place for that. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 11:58, 10 September 2025 (UTC) ::OK, true, I wrote about at the discussion page [[User:GloriLali|GloriLali]] ([[User talk:GloriLali|talk]]) 11:59, 10 September 2025 (UTC) == Talk pages == Instead of qding talk pages, just replace them with <nowiki>{{talk header}}</nowiki> unless the main page doesn't exist. [[User:Plutus|<span style="color:#DAA520; font-weight:bold;">Plutus</span>]]^{<small> [[User talk:Plutus|💬]] [[Special:Contributions/Plutus|🎃]]</small>} <span style="font-family:Georgia; color:#555;">— <i>Fortune favors the curious</i></span> 09:06, 11 September 2025 (UTC) :Is there any rule about that? [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 09:07, 11 September 2025 (UTC) ::not really, it's just a suggestion if the page is just nonsense. [[User:Plutus|<span style="color:#DAA520; font-weight:bold;">Plutus</span>]]^{<small> [[User talk:Plutus|💬]] [[Special:Contributions/Plutus|🎃]]</small>} <span style="font-family:Georgia; color:#555;">— <i>Fortune favors the curious</i></span> 09:11, 11 September 2025 (UTC) :::I am used to mark pages created through vandalism for deletion. The advantage is that the nonsense can no longer be traced in the version history. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 09:18, 11 September 2025 (UTC) ::::okay, it your choice. [[User:Plutus|<span style="color:#DAA520; font-weight:bold;">Plutus</span>]]^{<small> [[User talk:Plutus|💬]] [[Special:Contributions/Plutus|🎃]]</small>} <span style="font-family:Georgia; color:#555;">— <i>Fortune favors the curious</i></span> 09:19, 11 September 2025 (UTC) :::::I understand your intention, no admin action is needed. But then you have many empty talk pages with questionable version history as a result. We should discuss this with some admins. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 09:23, 11 September 2025 (UTC) ::::::Okay [[User:Plutus|<span style="color:#DAA520; font-weight:bold;">Plutus</span>]]^{<small> [[User talk:Plutus|💬]] [[Special:Contributions/Plutus|🎃]]</small>} <span style="font-family:Georgia; color:#555;">— <i>Fortune favors the curious</i></span> 09:23, 11 September 2025 (UTC) ::::{{tps}} {{re|Plutus}} and NDG: The reason why we reject talk page deletion requests is because editors have to use talk pages to discuss the article, and if they've seen the talk page was deleted, they may be discouraged from doing that. Having the talk header there actively encourages them to post there rather than not. I've only deleted talk pages in the past for excessive edit warring from banned editors, but that is a rarity. Most of the time they can just be "reset". --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 22:34, 14 September 2025 (UTC) :::::Honestly, I would be discouraged with serious insults in my talk page history. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 22:38, 14 September 2025 (UTC) ::::::If it is a user talk page for someone who has barely contributed here, then that's different. Otherwise, RevDel can be used for serious insults that are eligible for it. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 22:40, 14 September 2025 (UTC) :::::::Well, that is your decision as an admin, I am only able to show you where rules are violated. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 22:46, 14 September 2025 (UTC) :::::Okay [[User:Plutus|<span style="color:#DAA520; font-weight:bold;">Plutus</span>]]^{<small> [[User talk:Plutus|💬]] [[Special:Contributions/Plutus|🎃]]</small>} <span style="font-family:Georgia; color:#555;">— <i>Fortune favors the curious</i></span> 22:41, 14 September 2025 (UTC) == [[Mission BBQ]] == Hello, please note I have restored the article and declined your QD request on this page. Please be sure to check if there is any unambiguous advertising in the page before requesting it for quick deletion under G11 - it was not the case here, and the chain has 142 locations, so I restored it. If you have any questions, feel free to ask. Thanks, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 22:32, 14 September 2025 (UTC) :Excuse me for the inconveniance. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 22:35, 14 September 2025 (UTC) == For your information == [[Wikipedia:Simple_talk#Removing_untrue_thing_(falsehood)]]. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-28382-09|&#126;2025-28382-09]] ([[User talk:&#126;2025-28382-09|talk]]) 19:23, 10 October 2025 (UTC) == Quick deletion == I suggest a quick deletion of this user, he just trolls [[User:Seywhat67|Seywhat67]] ([[User talk:Seywhat67|talk]]) 13:21, 16 October 2025 (UTC) == Happy holidays! == <div style="border-style:solid; border-color:#FF4646; background-color:#F6F0F7; border-width:2px; text-align:left; padding:7px; border-radius: 1em; -moz-border-radius: 1em; -webkit-border-radius: 1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -moz-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); -webkit-box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75);<!-- -->;" class="plainlinks">[[File:Happy Holidays (2135831016).jpg|217px|left]][[File:Arbuckle Bros. (3093003361).jpg|190px|right]][[File:Season's Greetings, Christmas Card from 320 Ranch.jpg|217px|left]]{{Center|[[File:Happy Holidays text.png|301px]]}} '''Hello NDG:''' Enjoy the '''[[Christmas and holiday season|holiday season]]'''&#32;and '''[[winter solstice]]''' if it is occurring in your area of the world, and thanks for your work to maintain, improve and expand Wikipedia. Cheers, --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 20:00, 21 December 2025 (UTC) [[File:A book of country clouds and sunshine (1897), cropped.jpg|center|500px]]{{paragraph break}} </div> <div style="padding-left: 2em; margin-top: 1em; font-size: 88%; font-style: italic">Spread the WikiLove; use {{tls|Season's Greetings}} to send this message</div>{{-}} == Already warned == Be careful when you see warning. I already warned only warning to that [[User talk:~2026-13836-8|user]] but you actually warned level 1 and 2. Only warning is used for serious violation like attacking editors directly in articles. Thanks! [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 14:17, 7 January 2026 (UTC) :This happens automatically due to my settings in SWViewer; does it worsen the situation? [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 14:19, 7 January 2026 (UTC) ::Automatic warning can be mistakenly warn by level when only warning is already warned. If automatic warning setting is available, you should turn off it to prevent confusion about warning. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 14:22, 7 January 2026 (UTC) :::I should? Sorry, but you are not in a position to demand what my alert settings are. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 14:24, 7 January 2026 (UTC) ::::Sorry for misunderstanding, i wasn't controlling your tool. I was offering a suggestion. [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 14:33, 7 January 2026 (UTC) :::::Thank you very much, but I think we don't need to worry about warnings of any kind to LTAs at all. This thread of conversation serves solely to entertain the LTAs who started it and is happily reading along. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 14:43, 7 January 2026 (UTC) ::::::You're so welcome :) [[User:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:blue;">Raayaan</span>]][[User Talk:Raayaan9911|<span style="color:navy;">9911</span>]] 14:49, 7 January 2026 (UTC) :::::::For the record, I sincerely apologize for my harsh treatment of you @[[User:Raayaan9911|Raayaan9911]]. I hope I haven't spoiled your enjoyment of the project in the long run. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 16:34, 1 May 2026 (UTC) == The warning of reverting == As you may have noticed, the second edit by the anonymous user at [[Epstein files]] was adding bad sourcing to make a claim, which makes the added content not verifiable. I used Ctrl+F to look at the source, but to no success at whatever they wrote. [[User:Qwertyxp2000|'''Q'''wertyxp2000]] ([[User talk:Qwertyxp2000|talk]] &#124; [[Special:Contributions/Qwertyxp2000|changes]]) 14:46, 18 February 2026 (UTC) == [[California hills]] == For future reference, any page mentioning a musician named Joseph Kargbo (and they get created all the time) is the work of a long-term abuser (see [[:en:WP:LTA/JK]]) and should be tagged for deletion under G5 instead of or in addition to other criteria. [[User:Passengerpigeon|Passengerpigeon]] ([[User talk:Passengerpigeon|talk]]) 19:47, 18 February 2026 (UTC) :Thank you, I will try to keep that in mind! [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 19:49, 18 February 2026 (UTC) == Template == Hey, I saw you had the temporary account IP viewer right and wanted to tell you I made a template for it if you wanted to put it on your user page: {{User Wikipedia/Temperary account IP viewer}}. [[User:ExplorerofSpace|ExplorerofSpace]] ([[User talk:ExplorerofSpace|talk]]) 04:45, 5 April 2026 (UTC) :Thank you for your notice :-) [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 08:19, 14 April 2026 (UTC) == Question == may I ask how to input pictures in an article? Your response will be well appreciated. [[User:Tang Leaves|Tang Leaves]] ([[User talk:Tang Leaves|talk]]) 10:39, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Tang Leaves|Tang Leaves]] please check [[:mw:Help:Images]] for that [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 10:41, 14 April 2026 (UTC) ::Can you please help/Guide me? Thank you [[User:Tang Leaves|Tang Leaves]] ([[User talk:Tang Leaves|talk]]) 10:42, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :::Try it once on your own userpage and then show it to me and tell me what went wrong. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 10:45, 14 April 2026 (UTC) ::::Okay I'll try, and I will do my best [[User:Tang Leaves|Tang Leaves]] ([[User talk:Tang Leaves|talk]]) 10:46, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :::::Could you please tell me, when and how you got these Barnstars? [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 10:47, 14 April 2026 (UTC) ::::::What barnstars? [[User:Tang Leaves|Tang Leaves]] ([[User talk:Tang Leaves|talk]]) 10:49, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :::::::logo of a church .jpg [[User:Tang Leaves|Tang Leaves]] ([[User talk:Tang Leaves|talk]]) 10:50, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :::::::You have put some barnstars on your userpage. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 10:51, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :::::::@[[User:Tang Leaves|Tang Leaves]] [https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3ATang_Leaves&diff=10818515&oldid=10818209 this]. Why are you giving youself barnstars in other people’s names? Most of the content in your userpage seems to be copied from someone else. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|talk]]) 10:59, 14 April 2026 (UTC) ::::::It doesn't still work, I try to send it here and it is a word, it's not converting into a picture, it's so hard can you please help me, I will give you the link of the logo [[User:Tang Leaves|Tang Leaves]] ([[User talk:Tang Leaves|talk]]) 10:51, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :::::::I can't see an edit related to your try. Please try it yourself first, and I will check what went wrong. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 10:53, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :::::::You can't use external photos. You can only use photos provided by commons or uploaded locally. And please don't upload any photos that you didn't take yourself. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 10:57, 14 April 2026 (UTC) ::::::::oh, okay understood, thank you so much for your guide and time, much appreciated🌻 [[User:Tang Leaves|Tang Leaves]] ([[User talk:Tang Leaves|talk]]) 10:58, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :::::::::You're welcome. But now, please give me some answer about these barnstars. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 11:00, 14 April 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::i can't find my Sandbox that's why I try it to my User Page, may I ask if I have violated any Rules here in Simple wikipedia, if yes, I'm so sorry. I'm just new Here and I just want to help and expand short wikipedia articles [[User:Tang Leaves|Tang Leaves]] ([[User talk:Tang Leaves|talk]]) 11:02, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::i'm really sorry, I didn't mean to violate any rules, can I ask if where can I read the rules of Wikipedia? [[User:Tang Leaves|Tang Leaves]] ([[User talk:Tang Leaves|talk]]) 11:03, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::Well please do not make any tests with signatures of other users. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 11:03, 14 April 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::understood, thank you once again, and also to @[[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] [[User:Tang Leaves|Tang Leaves]] ([[User talk:Tang Leaves|talk]]) 11:04, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::@[[User:Tang Leaves|Tang Leaves]] Please remove anything that was not given to you. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|talk]]) 11:05, 14 April 2026 (UTC) ::::::::::::::yes, I already did, but can I get the rules here? So that I can avoid it. [[User:Tang Leaves|Tang Leaves]] ([[User talk:Tang Leaves|talk]]) 11:06, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::::And why everytime I replied, the cat is getting smaller and smaller and going to the right, I'm so confuse [[User:Tang Leaves|Tang Leaves]] ([[User talk:Tang Leaves|talk]]) 11:07, 14 April 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::::Using the signature of other people does not need a specific rule. That's common sense. For everything else start here: [[Wikipedia:Simple start]] [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 11:08, 14 April 2026 (UTC) == VIP == It's better to mention it and the report if it's about an LTA and also name them. I don't have them all memorized. '''''[[User:Fr33kman|<span style="color: darkgreen">fr33k</span>]][[User talk:Fr33kman|<span style="color: navy">man</span>]]''''' 20:21, 11 June 2026 (UTC) :That was not my report. [[User:Timelash]] was just globally banned this week. So brace yourself for the next socks and tempaccs. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 20:24, 11 June 2026 (UTC) == Hello and welcome == <nowiki>Hi! I noticed your recent edits on Simple English Wikipedia. Thanks for your contributions. I’m also editing here.~~~</nowiki> [[User:Aurafish|Aurafish]] ([[User talk:Aurafish|talk]]) 18:48, 17 June 2026 (UTC) :Thank you [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 19:49, 17 June 2026 (UTC) == Quick question == @[[User:NDG|NDG]] Hello friend can I create a page back after it has been deleted for copying from English wikipedia. If I rewrite because the Articles are actually notable. It was only deleted because I wasn't familiar with how simple wiki works but now I perfectly understand. [[User:Afrowriter|Afrowriter]] ([[User talk:Afrowriter|talk]]) 20:21, 8 August 2026 (UTC) :Sure. Don't use AI, don't copy from enwiki and use reliable sources. Then everything should be okay. [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG#top|talk]]) 21:18, 8 August 2026 (UTC) ::Thanks for your feedback and reply I really do appreciate. [[User:Afrowriter|Afrowriter]] ([[User talk:Afrowriter|talk]]) 05:13, 9 August 2026 (UTC) dg7t26k9ydnwa02e26hieb23jmv6bal 2 1285272 11024348 11019818 2026-10-09T04:29:34Z MoviesandTelevisionFan 1151736 11024348 wikitext text/x-wiki Articles I created in the Simple English Wikipedia was: *[[Bill Raisch]] - The one-armed man who framed [[David Janssen]]'s character in ''The Fugitive'' *[[Sal Jenco]] - The maintenance engineer in ''21 Jump Street'' *[[Ted Jordan]] - The freight agent in ''Gunsmoke'' *[[Charles S. Parmenter]] - Member of the [[National Academy of Sciences]] and professor *[[John Brandon]] - The corrupted police cop who shot [[John Forsythe]]'s character in ''Dynasty'' *[[Tom Bower]] - The airport janitor who helped [[Bruce Willis]]'s character in ''Die Hard 2'' *[[Alan Cline]] - Professor at the [[University of Texas at Austin]] *[[Read Morgan]] - The one-eyed sergeant army officer in ''The Deputy'' *[[Fred Aldrich]] - Actor with many appearances in many movies and television shows *[[Richard M. Kenan]] - Member of the [[South Carolina House of Representatives]] *[[Ted Alvarez Jr.]] - Nicknamed "Milkman" and member of the [[Florida House of Representatives]] *[[Robert R. Bertrand]] - Oscar sound nominee for ''The Sting'' *[[Cosmo Sardo]] - Actor with many appearances in many movies and television shows *[[William E. Roberts]] - Member of the [[New Hampshire House of Representatives]] *[[Jonathan Lynn]] - The director of the movie ''Clue'' *[[J. Alan Thomas]] - The assistant dispatcher who worked with [[Danny DeVito]]'s character in ''Taxi'' *[[John Grover]] - The editor in many of ''James Bond'' movies *[[Paul Greco]] - The leader of the Orphans gang in ''The Warriors'' *[[Donald Ewart]] - Fellow of the [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] *[[Quentin Sondergaard]] - The deputy sheriff who worked with [[Pat Conway]]'s character in ''Tombstone Territory'' *[[Chuck Walling]] - The brother of [[John Brandon]]'s evil character in ''The Bold and the Beautiful'' *[[Roger Hill]] - The doomed gang leader of the Gramercy Riffs who gets shot by [[David Patrick Kelly]]'s character in ''The Warriors'' *[[Paul Vaughn]] - Bar costumer who antagonizes [[John Ratzenberger]]'s character in ''Cheers'' *[[Vaughn Climenhaga]] - Professor at the [[University of North Carolina at Charlotte]] 5ah1aurfu3ervluyfe5lqfraoty1gcr 0 1285301 11024191 11017993 2026-10-08T22:16:08Z ~2026-54161-49 1887234 /* Major intersections */ changed 11024191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox road |country=USA |type=US |route=63 |map={{maplink-road|from=U.S. Route 63.map}} |map_custom=yes |map_notes=US&nbsp;63 highlighted in red |length_mi=1286 |length_ref= |established={{start date|1926|11|11}}<ref name="USH">{{cite map |author1= [[Bureau of Public Roads]] |author2= [[American Association of State Highway Officials]] |date= November 11, 1926 |title= United States System of Highways Adopted for Uniform Marking by the American Association of State Highway Officials |url= https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:United_States_System_of_Highways_Adopted_for_Uniform_Marking_by_the_American_Association_of_State_Highway_Officials.jpg |scale= 1:7,000,000 |location= Washington, DC |publisher= [[United States Geological Survey]] |oclc= 32889555 |access-date= November 7, 2013 |via= [[Wikimedia Commons]] |name-list-style= amp}}</ref> |direction_a=South |direction_b=North |terminus_a={{jct|state=LA|I|20|US|167|LA|146}} at [[Ruston, Louisiana|Ruston, LA]] |junction={{plainlist| *{{jct|country=USA|US|82|US|167}} in [[El Dorado, Arkansas|El Dorado, AR]] *{{jct|country=USA|I|530|US|65|US|79}} in [[Pine Bluff|Pine Bluff, AR]] *{{jct|country=USA|I|40}} from [[Hazen, Arkansas|Hazen, AR]] to [[Brinkley, Arkansas|Brinkley, AR]] *{{jct|country=USA|US|49}} from Brinkley, AR to [[Jonesboro, Arkansas|Jonesboro, AR]] *{{jct|country=USA|I|57|US|67|US|412}} near [[Walnut Ridge, Arkansas|Walnut Ridge, AR]] *{{jct|country=USA|I|44}} in [[Rolla, Missouri|Rolla, MO]] *{{jct|country=USA|US|50|US|54}} in [[Jefferson City|Jefferson City, MO]] *{{jct|country=USA|I|80}} in [[Malcom, Iowa|Malcom, IA]] *{{jct|country=USA|I|90}} in [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester, MN]] *{{jct|country=USA|I|94}} in [[Baldwin, Wisconsin|Baldwin, WI]] }} |terminus_b={{jct|country=USA|US|2}} west of [[Ashland, Wisconsin|Ashland, WI]] |states=[[Louisiana]], [[Arkansas]], [[Missouri]], [[Iowa]], [[Minnesota]], [[Wisconsin]] |system1={{infobox road/browselinks/USA|state=TN}} |previous_type=US |previous_route=62 |next_type=US |next_route=64 |browse={{tn browse|previous_type=SR|previous_route=62|route=TN|next_type=SR|next_route=63}} }} '''U.S. Route 63''' ('''US 63''') is a north–south United States highway that runs through the central part of the country, passing through Louisiana, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota. The highway serves as a major regional connector for small towns, rural communities, and mid‑sized cities along its path. == Route description == === Louisiana === US 63 begins in Ruston, Louisiana, where it intersects with US 167. The highway travels northward through rural areas before entering Arkansas. === Arkansas === US 63 is a major corridor in north‑central and northeast Arkansas. It passes through or near the communities of: * El Dorado * Warren * Pine Bluff * Stuttgart * Jonesboro * Hoxie * Black Rock * [[Hardy, Arkansas|Hardy]] * [[Ozark Acres]] * [[Spring Lake Area]] * Mammoth Spring In the Spring River region, US 63 serves the cities of [[Hardy, Arkansas|Hardy]], [[Highland, Arkansas|Highland]] (via nearby routes), and [[Cherokee Village, Arkansas|Cherokee Village]]. The highway closely follows the Spring River valley between Black Rock and Mammoth Spring. US 63 overlaps with several other major routes in Arkansas, including US 67, US 64, and US 412. === Missouri === Entering Missouri at Mammoth Spring, US 63 continues north through: * West Plains * Willow Springs * Houston * Rolla * Jefferson City * Columbia It serves as a major connector between the Ozarks and central Missouri. === Iowa === In Iowa, US 63 runs through: * Ottumwa * Oskaloosa * Tama * Waterloo The highway intersects several major east–west routes, including US 34 and US 30. === Minnesota === US 63 enters Minnesota near Chester and continues north to: * Rochester * Lake City * Red Wing The northern terminus is near the Mississippi River at Red Wing. == History == US 63 was established in 1926 as part of the original United States Numbered Highway System. Over the decades, the route has undergone realignments, extensions, and upgrades, including expressway sections in Arkansas and Missouri. == Major intersections == ;Louisiana<ref name=randmcnally>{{cite book |author = Rand McNally |year = 2014 |title = The Road Atlas |edition = Walmart |location = Chicago |publisher = Rand McNally |pages = 10–11, 39, 44, 55, 59, 114|isbn = 978-0-528-00771-2}}</ref> : {{jct|country=USA|I|20|US|167}} in [[Ruston, Louisiana|Ruston]]. US&nbsp;63/US&nbsp;167 travels concurrently to [[El Dorado, Arkansas]]. ;Arkansas<ref name=randmcnally/> : {{jct|country=USA|US|82}} in El Dorado : {{jct|country=USA|Future|69}} south of [[Warren, Arkansas|Warren]] : {{jct|country=USA|US|278}} in Warren : {{jct|country=USA|I|530|US|65|US|79}} in [[Pine Bluff, Arkansas|Pine Bluff]]. I-530/US&nbsp;63/US&nbsp;65 travels concurrently through the city. US&nbsp;63/US&nbsp;79 travels concurrently to [[Stuttgart, Arkansas|Stuttgart]]. : {{jct|country=USA|I|530|US|65|US|425}} in Pine Bluff : {{jct|country=USA|US|165}} in Stuttgart : {{jct|country=USA|US|70}} in [[Hazen, Arkansas|Hazen]]. The highways travel concurrently through the city. : {{jct|country=USA|I|40}} in Hazen. The highways travel concurrently to [[Brinkley, Arkansas|Brinkley]]. : {{jct|country=USA|US|49}} in Brinkley. The highways travel concurrently to [[Jonesboro, Arkansas|Jonesboro]]. : {{jct|country=USA|US|64}} in [[Fair Oaks, Arkansas|Fair Oaks]] : {{jct|country=USA|I|555}} in Jonesboro. The highways travel concurrently through the city. : {{jct|country=USA|Future|57|US|67}} in [[Walnut Ridge, Arkansas|Walnut Ridge]]. The highways travel concurrently to [[Hoxie, Arkansas|Hoxie]]. : {{jct|country=USA|US|412}} southeast of [[Portia, Arkansas|Portia]]. The highways travel concurrently to [[Hardy, Arkansas|Hardy]]. : {{jct|country=USA|US|62}} in [[Imboden, Arkansas|Imboden]]. The highways travel concurrently to Hardy. ;Missouri<ref name=randmcnally/> : {{jct|country=USA|US|160}} in [[West Plains, Missouri|West Plains]]. The highways travel concurrently through the city. : {{jct|country=USA|US|60}} southeast of [[Willow Springs, Missouri|Willow Springs]]. The highways travel concurrently to southeast of [[Cabool, Missouri|Cabool]]. : {{jct|country=USA|I|44}} in [[Rolla, Missouri|Rolla]] : {{jct|country=USA|US|50}} north of [[Westphalia, Missouri|Westphalia]]. The highways travel concurrently to [[Jefferson City, Missouri|Jefferson City]]. : {{jct|country=USA|US|54}} in Jefferson City. The highways travel concurrently through the city. <!-- no direct access with I-70/US&nbsp;40 --> : {{jct|country=USA|US|24}} in [[Moberly, Missouri|Moberly]] : {{jct|country=USA|US|36}} in [[Macon, Missouri|Macon]] : {{jct|country=USA|US|136}} south-southeast of [[Glenwood, Missouri|Glenwood]]. The highways travel concurrently to [[Lancaster, Missouri|Lancaster]]. ;Iowa<ref name=randmcnally/> : {{jct|country=USA|US|34}} in [[Ottumwa, Iowa|Ottumwa]]. The highways travel concurrently to east of Ottumwa. : {{jct|country=USA|I|80}} south of [[Malcom, Iowa|Malcom]] : {{jct|country=USA|US|6}} north of Malcom. The highways travel concurrently to north-northwest of Malcom. : {{jct|country=USA|US|30}} in [[Toledo, Iowa|Toledo]] : {{jct|country=USA|US|20}} in [[Waterloo, Iowa|Waterloo]] : {{jct|country=USA|US|218}} in Waterloo. : {{jct|country=USA|US|18}} west of [[Fredericksburg, Iowa|Fredericksburg]]. The highways travel concurrently to [[New Hampton, Iowa|New Hampton]]. ;Minnesota<ref name=randmcnally/> : {{jct|country=USA|I|90}} in [[Stewartville, Minnesota|Stewartville]] : {{jct|country=USA|US|52}} in [[Rochester, Minnesota|Rochester]] : {{jct|country=USA|US|14}} in Rochester : {{jct|country=USA|US|61}} in [[Lake City, Minnesota|Lake City]]. The highways travel concurrently to [[Red Wing, Minnesota|Red Wing]]. ;Wisconsin<ref name=randmcnally/> : {{jct|country=USA|US|10}} west of [[Ellsworth, Wisconsin|Ellsworth]]. The highways travel concurrently to east of Ellsworth. : {{jct|country=USA|I|94}} in [[Baldwin, Wisconsin|Baldwin]] : {{jct|country=USA|US|12}} in Baldwin. The highways travel concurrently through the village. : {{jct|country=USA|US|8}} in [[Turtle Lake, Wisconsin|Turtle Lake]]. The highways travel concurrently through the village. : {{jct|country=USA|US|53}} north-northeast of [[Spooner, Wisconsin|Spooner]]. The highways travel concurrently to [[Trego, Wisconsin|Trego]]. : {{jct|country=USA|US|2}} west of [[Ashland, Wisconsin|Ashland]] == See also == * [[U.S. Highway System]] * [[List of United States Numbered Highways]] * [[Highland School District]] * [[Hardy, Arkansas]] [[Category:U.S. Highways]] [[Category:U.S. Highways in Arkansas]] [[Category:U.S. Highways in Missouri]] [[Category:U.S. Highways in Iowa]] [[Category:U.S. Highways in Minnesota]] 65ejpmmwbwa6aem2ciutwlmrom51zbr 0 1285460 11024538 11019817 2026-10-09T09:12:19Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Paul Vaughn]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{RfD|No notability shown. He appeared in ten episodes of a show that ran for 275; he’s not named for serveral of them. The sources are a couple of sentences in a gossip column and his name listed in the show’s credits. No major performances othwewise. }} {{Infobox person |name = Paul Vaughn |occupation = Actor }} '''Paul Vaughn''' is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Paul in the NBC sitcom ''[[Cheers]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Cheers/3glXk9iSt2YC?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=paul%20vaughn%20cheers|title=Cheers: Where Everybody Knows Your Name|first1=Edward|last1=Gross|first2=James|last2=Van Hise|date=1992|page=59|ISBN=9781556982910|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/274082202/|title=Don Chapman|work=[[The Honolulu Advertiser]]|location=[[Honolulu, Hawaii]]|date=April 8, 1983|access-date=April 4, 2022|page=3|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} {{Closed access}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Other websites == *{{IMDb name|0891229}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:American television actors]] h42zh7ndc45fsw9cdznnjllztuh2ipi 0 1285605 11023967 11021191 2026-10-08T13:46:54Z IrisChronomia Bot 1885647 BOT (Powered by [[User:IrisChronomia|IrisChronomia]]) 11023967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Lucía Pérez | image = Lucía Pérez.JPG | caption = Lucía Pérez in 2013 | background = solo_singer | birth name = Lucía Pérez Vizcaíno | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|7|5|df=y}} | death_date = | birth_place = O Incio, [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Spain]] | instrument = | genre = [[pop music|Pop]] | occupation = [[Singing|Singer]] | years_active = 2003–present | label = {{hlist|Zouma Records|Letras y Musas|[[Warner Music Group|Warner Music]]}} }} '''Lucía Pérez Vizcaíno''' (born 5 July 1985), is a [[Spain|Spanish]] singer. She represented {{ill|Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011|en|lt=Spain}} in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2011]] held in [[Düsseldorf]], [[Germany]] with "{{ill|Que me quiten lo bailao|en}}", the song finished 23rd in the grand final with 50 points.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/dusseldorf-2011/participants/lucia-perez/|title=Lucía Pérez - Spain {{!}} Düsseldorf 2011|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/dusseldorf-2011/|title=Düsseldorf 2011|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:17em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Productores de Música de España|SPA]]<br/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spanishcharts.com/search.asp?search=lucia+perez&cat=a|title=Discography Lucía Pérez (Albums)|publisher=Hung Medien|website=spanishcharts.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Amores y amores'' | * Released: 1 May 2003 * Label: Zouma Records * Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Compact disc|CD]] | — |- ! scope="row"| ''El tiempo dirá'' | * Released: 20 October 2006 * Label: Altafonte * Formats: Digital download, CD | — |- ! scope="row"| ''Volar por los tejados'' | * Released: 20 October 2009 * Label: Altafonte * Formats: Digital download, CD | — |- ! scope="row"| ''Dígocho en galego'' | * Released: 20 October 2010 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, CD | — |- ! scope="row"| ''Cruzo los dedos'' | * Released: 12 April 2011 * Label: [[Warner Music Group|Warner Music]] * Formats: Digital download, CD | 31 |- ! scope="row"| ''Quitapenas'' | * Released: 25 September 2014 * Label: Altafonte * Formats: Digital download, CD | — |- ! scope="row"| ''Quince soles'' | * Released: 11 May 2018 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, CD | — |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Productores de Música de España|SPA]]<br/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spanishcharts.com/search.asp?search=lucia+perez&cat=s|title=Discography Lucía Pérez (Singles)|publisher=Hung Medien|website=spanishcharts.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Que me quiten lo bailao|en}}" | 2011 | 19 | ''Cruzo los dedos'' |- ! scope="row"| "Tudo Se Paga"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Zé Amaro)</span> | 2019 | — | rowspan="17" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Na Miña Pel" | rowspan="2"| 2021 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Da mesma raíz"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Vizcaíno)</span> | — |- ! scope="row"| "La Penúltima" | rowspan="5"| 2023 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Yo Te Prometo" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Eu Te Prometo" | — |- ! scope="row"| "La Salida" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Guerrera" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Yo te prometo"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Zé Amaro)</span> | 2024 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Tanto" | rowspan="5"| 2025 | — |- ! scope="row"| "O Talentiño"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Vizcaino)</span> | — |- ! scope="row"| "Ama-me (Ámame)"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Zé Amaro)</span> | — |- ! scope="row"| "Cabaliño de Lugo"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Gabriel Fandi)</span> | — |- ! scope="row"| "Estrela de Marín (Voando xunto a ti)" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Porque No" | rowspan="3"| 2026 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Lela" | — |- ! scope="row"| "La Confusa" | — |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] t6pl9j7dbpsjy9uksx2ad4gtgt4y4pq 11023997 11023967 2026-10-08T14:07:20Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 [[Help:Revert a page|Reverted]] edit by [[Special:Contributions/IrisChronomia Bot|IrisChronomia Bot]] ([[User talk:IrisChronomia Bot|talk]]) to last version by Greenock125 11021191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Lucía Pérez | image = Lucía Pérez.JPG | caption = Lucía Pérez in 2013 | background = solo_singer | birth name = Lucía Pérez Vizcaíno | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|7|5|df=y}} | death_date = | birth_place = O Incio, [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], [[Spain]] | instrument = | genre = [[pop music|Pop]] | occupation = [[Singing|Singer]] | years_active = 2003–present | label = {{hlist|Zouma Records|Letras y Musas|[[Warner Music Group|Warner Music]]}} }} '''Lucía Pérez Vizcaíno''' (born 5 July 1985), is a [[Spain|Spanish]] singer. She represented {{ill|Spain in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011|en|lt=Spain}} in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2011]] held in [[Düsseldorf]], [[Germany]] with "{{ill|Que me quiten lo bailao|en}}", the song finished 23rd in the grand final with 50 points.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/dusseldorf-2011/participants/lucia-perez/|title=Lucía Pérez - Spain {{!}} Düsseldorf 2011|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/dusseldorf-2011/|title=Düsseldorf 2011|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:12em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:17em;"| Details ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Productores de Música de España|SPA]]<br/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spanishcharts.com/search.asp?search=lucia+perez&cat=a|title=Discography Lucía Pérez (Albums)|publisher=Hung Medien|website=spanishcharts.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''Amores y amores'' | * Released: 1 May 2003 * Label: Zouma Records * Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Compact disc|CD]] | — |- ! scope="row"| ''El tiempo dirá'' | * Released: 20 October 2006 * Label: Altafonte * Formats: Digital download, CD | — |- ! scope="row"| ''Volar por los tejados'' | * Released: 20 October 2009 * Label: Altafonte * Formats: Digital download, CD | — |- ! scope="row"| ''Dígocho en galego'' | * Released: 20 October 2010 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, CD | — |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Cruzo los dedos|en}}'' | * Released: 12 April 2011 * Label: [[Warner Music Group|Warner Music]] * Formats: Digital download, CD | 31 |- ! scope="row"| ''Quitapenas'' | * Released: 25 September 2014 * Label: Altafonte * Formats: Digital download, CD | — |- ! scope="row"| ''Quince soles'' | * Released: 11 May 2018 * Label: Self-released * Formats: Digital download, CD | — |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Productores de Música de España|SPA]]<br/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://spanishcharts.com/search.asp?search=lucia+perez&cat=s|title=Discography Lucía Pérez (Singles)|publisher=Hung Medien|website=spanishcharts.com}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Qué haría contigo" | 2005 | — | ''El tiempo dirá'' |- ! scope="row"| "Este Amor es tuyo" | 2009 | — | rowspan="2"| ''Cruzo los dedos'' |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Que me quiten lo bailao|en}}" | 2011 | 19 |- ! scope="row"| "Tocando Enfrente"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Chema Purón)</span> | 2018 | — | ''Quince soles'' |- ! scope="row"| "Tudo Se Paga"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Zé Amaro)</span> | 2019 | — | rowspan="17" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Na Miña Pel" | rowspan="2"| 2021 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Da mesma raíz"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Vizcaíno)</span> | — |- ! scope="row"| "La Penúltima" | rowspan="5"| 2023 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Yo Te Prometo" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Eu Te Prometo" | — |- ! scope="row"| "La Salida" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Guerrera" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Yo te prometo"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Zé Amaro)</span> | 2024 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Tanto" | rowspan="5"| 2025 | — |- ! scope="row"| "O Talentiño"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Vizcaino)</span> | — |- ! scope="row"| "Ama-me (Ámame)"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Zé Amaro)</span> | — |- ! scope="row"| "Cabaliño de Lugo"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Gabriel Fandi)</span> | — |- ! scope="row"| "Estrela de Marín (Voando xunto a ti)" | — |- ! scope="row"| "Porque No" | rowspan="3"| 2026 | — |- ! scope="row"| "Lela" | — |- ! scope="row"| "La Confusa" | — |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%;"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] 0c69vci5aqqiz0a69wx0h5km9cw0tp0 0 1285619 11024406 11021468 2026-10-09T05:31:36Z Greenock125 652309 Updated discography 11024406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Joci Pápai | image = Joci Pápai Kyiv 2017 2.jpg | caption = Pápai in 2017 | birth_name = József Pápai | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|9|22|df=yes}} | birth_place = Tata, [[Hungarian People's Republic|Hungary]] | genre = {{hlist|[[Romani music]]|Traditional folk|[[hip hop music|Hip hop]]|[[Pop music|Pop]]|[[Rock music|rock]]|[[Soul music|Soul]]|[[Contemporary R&B|R&B]]}} | instrument = {{Hlist|Vocals|Guitar}} | years_active = 2005–present | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Actor|Rapper|Guitarist}} }} '''József''' "'''Joci'''"''' Pápai''' (born 22 September 1981) is a [[Hungary|Hungarian]] singer, rapper and guitarist. He represented {{ill|Hungary in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017|en|lt=Hungary}} in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2017]] held in [[Kyiv]], [[Ukraine]] with "{{ill|Origo (song)|en|lt=Origo}}", the song finished 2nd in the second semi-final with 231 points and 8th in the grand final with 200 points.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/kyiv-2017/participants/joci-papai-1/|title=Joci Pápai - Hungary {{!}} Kyiv 2017|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/kyiv-2017/|title=Kyiv 2017|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref> He represented {{ill|Hungary in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019|en|lt=Hungary}} for a second time in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2019]] held in [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israel]] with "{{ill|Az én apám|en}}", the song finished 12th in the first semi-final with 97 points and failed to qualify for the grand final.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/tel-aviv-2019/participants/joci-papai-1/|title=Joci Pápai - Hungary {{!}} Tel Aviv 2019|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/tel-aviv-2019/|title=Tel Aviv 2019|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |- ! scope="col" style="width:10em"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:20em"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''Vigaszdíj'' | * Released: 29 August 2005 * Label: Magneoton * Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Compact disc|CD]], [[Compact disc|CD]]/[[DVD]] |} ===Singles=== ====As lead artist==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:21em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="3"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Hungary|HUN]] ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=P%E1pai+Joci|title=Discography Pápai Joci|publisher=Hung Medien|website=swedishcharts.com}}</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]<br/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=P%E1pai+Joci|title=Discographie Pápai Joci|publisher=Hung Medien|website=hitparade.ch}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Ne nézz így rám" | rowspan="2"| 2010 | 2 || — || — | rowspan="2"| ''Vigaszdíj'' |- ! scope="row"| "Nélküled"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Majka and Tyson)</span> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Rabolj el örökre" | 2011 | — || — || — | rowspan="35" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Nekem ez jár"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Majka, Curtis, and BLR)</span> | 2013 | 5 || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Mikor a test örexik"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Majka)</span> | rowspan="2"| 2015 | 2 || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Elrejtett világ"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Caramel and Zé Szabó)</span> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Senki más"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Majka)</span> | 2016 | 25 || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Origo (song)|en|lt=Origo}}" | rowspan="2"| 2017 | 2 || 97 || 70 |- ! scope="row"| "Özönvíz" | 1 || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Távol" | rowspan="4"| 2018 | 11 || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Látomás" | 12 || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Kirakós" | 26 || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "{{ill|Az én apám|en}}" | 2 || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Te vagy a békém"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Missh)</span> | rowspan="3"| 2019 | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Hova tűnt?" | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Dobd el ami fáj" | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Suttogd halkan" | rowspan="3"| 2020 | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Menedék"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with {{ill|Tóth Gabi|en}})</span> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Kicsit őrült"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Lotfi Begi)</span> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Értünk volt"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(featuring Urban Verbunk)</span> | rowspan="5"| 2021 | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ne ébressz fel!"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with T. Danny)</span> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Itt maradsz velem" | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Te jössz! (Sztárban Sztár Leszek! zsűri dala)"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Majoros Péter, Tóth Gabi & Köllő Babett)</span> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Indulj hát"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with )</span> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Ott vársz rám"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with )</span> | rowspan="3"| 2022 | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Barokk"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with Majka)</span> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Utolsó tánc"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with )</span> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Fénybenjárók"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with KKevin)</span> | rowspan="3"| 2023 | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Megbabonáz" | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Kivagyok Rád" | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Kék Rózsa" | rowspan="4"| 2024 | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Merülés" | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Körhinta"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with L.L. Junior)</span> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Szökjünk el"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(with )</span> | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Elvis" | 2025 | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Fekete Tövis" | rowspan="2"| 2026 | — || — || — |- ! scope="row"| "Te vagy az én hibám" | — || — || — |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ====As featured artist==== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:21em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="1"| Peak chart positions ! scope="col" rowspan="2"| Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:85%;"| [[Hungary|HUN]] |- ! scope="row"| "Bom Chicka Wah Wah"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(Majka feat. Tyson & Joci Pápai)</span> | 2011 | — | rowspan="2" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Irány Sopron"<br/><span style="font-size:85%;">(Majka & Curtis feat Joci Pápai)</span> | 2018 | 12 |- | colspan="20" style="font-size:85%"| "—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released in that territory. |} ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] ap5mmobinkra41h6vme86uku4vzjs4d 2 1285662 11024118 11023576 2026-10-08T21:11:53Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 /* Cause and diagnosis */ simplifed 11024118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Diaper rash | image = Irritant diaper dermatitis.jpg | caption = [[Benign]] diaper rash on male infant | pronounce = | field = | synonyms = diaper dermatitis, napkin dermatitis"<ref name="Andrews">{{cite book | vauthors = James WD, Berger T, Elston D |title=Andrews' diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology. |date=2006 |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6 |edition=10th}}</ref>{{rp|80}} diaper rash, nappy rash | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} Diaper rash is any rash on the skin that is covered by a diaper. Other names for diaper rash are “diaper dermatitis” or '''Irritant diaper dermatitis'''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=What is diaper rash?|url=https://pedsderm.net/site/assets/files/1028/spd_diaper_care_color_web.pdf|website=The Society for Pediatric Dermatology}}</ref> It is an [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] skin reaction of the [[Perineum|perineal]] and [[Anus|perianal]] areas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Diaper Dermatitis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/|access-date=2026-10-07|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> Sometimes the rash may also be seen on the buttocks, perianal, genital, inner thighs, and waistline.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Yildiz|first=Ismail|last2=Kizilca|first2=Ozgur|last3=Haksayar|first3=Aysen|last4=Hizli Demirkale|first4=Zeynep|date=2023-04|title=Pediatricians’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Therapeutic Approaches Regarding Diaper Dermatitis: A Common Condition with Many Different Practices|url=https://www.dovepress.com/pediatricians-knowledge-attitudes-and-therapeutic-approaches-regarding-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CCID|journal=Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology|language=en|volume=Volume 16|pages=901–910|doi=10.2147/CCID.S405414|issn=1178-7015|pmc=10083022|pmid=37041820}}</ref> Diaper rash is one of the most common skin diseases in early childhood.<ref name=":3" /> Diaper rash in infants is high, ranging from 36 to 75%, with severe cases from 1 to 24 %, in premature and full-term infants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaiyeoba|first=Ojisamola|last2=Visscher|first2=Marty O.|date=2025-08|title=Global perspective on the incidence, severity, and management of diaper dermatitis in neonates, infants, and young children|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0965206X25000531|journal=Journal of Tissue Viability|language=en|volume=34|issue=3|pages=100905|doi=10.1016/j.jtv.2025.100905}}</ref> ==Cause and diagnosis== Diaper rash is usually caused by wetness and friction. Urine and stool (pee and poop) can cause even more irritation and this leads to breakdown of the skin. Products used to clean the skin can sometimes add to the irritation. Once the skin under the diaper becomes irritated, germs like bacteria and yeast can infect the skin and worsen the rash. In some cases, other skin conditions, like [[psoriasis]], can be worsened or triggered by diaper rash.<ref name=":1" /> Diaper rash is common in [[Baby|babies]]. Anyone wearing a diaper or adult brief can develop this rash. The use of an incontinent pad can also be because of of diaper rash.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-26|title=Napkin dermatitis. Diaper rash. Nappy rash|url=https://dermnetnz.org/topics/napkin-dermatitis|access-date=2026-10-07|website=DermNet®|language=en}}</ref> About one-half of all babies develop diaper rash at some time during their two years of life. Diaper rash is most common between 9 and 12 months of age. Diaper rash is more common when the child is having frequent bowel movements or [[diarrhea]]. An illness, a medication like an [[Antibiotics|antibiotic]], or a change in diet can cause changes in bowel movements.<ref name=":1" /> == Risk factors == Risk factors of diaper rash are: * Age: The skin of a baby is different than an adult. It shows an increased chance of developing diaper rash. * Diet: changes in diet can affect the intestinal bacteria and pH. * How often does the baby have its diaper changed: If the baby is not quickly changed, contact with urine and feces increases the risk of skin inflammation. Babies that get changed more often are less affected than older infants.<ref name=":2" /> ==Treatment== "Diapers: It is important to use superabsorbent disposable diapers and not cloth diapers when there is a diaper rash. Sometimes babies are allergic to the dyes in diapers. If your baby gets a lot of rashes, try switching to a plain white, dye-free, disposable diaper. Medicated creams Common prescription creams for diaper rashes treat yeast like candida, bacteria like staph or strep, and redness. If your doctor prescribes a medicated cream to treat the diaper rash, apply it directly to the skin after cleaning the skin gently. Only use the medicated cream as often as your doctor tells you to. These usually need to be reapplied 2 or 3 times a day. If you are given a steroid cream (such as hydrocortisone) you should not use it more than the doctor recommends; this cream is usually used for only a week or two. Barrier diaper creams: Apply a barrier cream (with zinc oxide or petroleum jelly) over the medicated cream. Use the barrier cream as many times a day as possible. You cannot use too much barrier cream. Put the cream on thick so that the urine or stool can never touch the baby’s skin. When you change the diaper, if the diaper cream is still there and not soiled by stool, you don’t have to wipe it all away. Simply apply more cream on top. When the cream is soiled by stool, it can be gently wiped away with mineral oil on a cotton ball followed by gently cleaning the skin with a soft cloth and warm water. The barrier diaper cream should be applied to the skin in a thick layer after every diaper change. Wipes: » It is best not to use packaged diaper wipes while your baby has a rash. Instead, use a soft white cloth with warm water to gently clean the skin. When changing diapers that only contain urine, simply pat the skin dry and reapply the barrier diaper cream. It is very important not to scrub the diaper area."<ref name=":1" /> "Management of diaper dermatitis has two main goals: healing of damaged skin and prevention of rash recurrence. The strategies to achieve these goals include: * Good hygiene is essential to maintain skin integrity and prevent further breakdown. Reducing the exposure to irritants, like urine and feces, can be achieved with frequent diaper changes and using superabsorbent diapers that help reduce skin over-hydration. * Bathing and cleaning the diaper area with water and a soap-free cleanser. * The use of wet wipes has been controversial over the years, mainly due to the concern that the components could cause further irritation to the skin. However, recent studies have shown that baby wipes do not cause any harm to the skin. Furthermore, the newer formulations of wipes that include pH buffers help to balance the alkaline pH of the urine and prevent skin damage due to pH changes. It is important to advise parents that the wipes should be free of soap, essential oils, or other fragrances and harsh detergents that can be irritant to the skin. * The use of topical emollients is recommended for both prevention and treatment. They can improve the skin barrier function, and they also provide a barrier between the skin and the diaper, urine, and feces, not limiting the contact with the skin and diminishing irritation, but also preventing over-hydration to the skin. For the management of current diaper dermatitis, apply with each diaper change. Examples of emollients available include zinc oxide, petrolatum, cod liver oil, lanolin, among others. * For cases of diaper dermatitis that do not improve within 2 to 3 days of implementing the measures above, or in moderate to severe cases, a short course of low-potency corticosteroids can be used. Hydrocortisone 0.5% 2 times a day for one week. * When treating candida diaper dermatitis, topical antifungals should be added to the regimen. Nystatin can be used first, applied with every diaper change, with a generally good response; however, if by 1 to 3 days, there is no improvement of symptoms (also keeping in mind Candida resistance to nystatin), switching to azoles is recommended. Clotrimazole, miconazole, or ketoconazole can be used, applied twice a day for 7 to 10 days. * In cases of bacterial infection, topical antibiotics may be necessary. And in cases of severe infections, such as perianal streptococcal dermatitis, oral antibiotics are indicated."<ref name=":2" /> ==Prevention== Some advice to prevent diaper rash are: "Change diapers frequently. Use superabsorbent disposable diapers to keep the skin under the diaper as dry as possible. Cleanse the skin gently rather than scrubbing. Too much cleaning can irritate the skin, particularly when harsh soaps or chemicals from wipes are involved. Soft cloths moistened with plain water are the gentlest because they do not contain chemicals."<ref name=":1" /> "A diaper cream, paste or ointment is called a barrier cream because it protects the skin from urine and stool. the diaper cream will protect your baby’s skin from urine and stool. Choose only products that are fragrance-free. Apply thick amounts of a diaper cream to the skin to protect the area after every diaper change. You do not need to clean off cream left on the skin if the child has not stooled. A cream or paste containing zinc oxide (thick and white) is often the best barrier. A plain white petroleum jelly or ointment is another good barrier. To wipe off the sticky diaper cream when the child is soiled, it helps to use mineral oil on a cotton ball"<ref name=":1" /> ==Related pages== *[[Incontinence]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Babies]] [[Category:Family]] oepqicci9rqw1sywjdelq0j4118u532 11024189 11024118 2026-10-08T22:05:23Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 /* Treatment */ simplifed 11024189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Diaper rash | image = Irritant diaper dermatitis.jpg | caption = [[Benign]] diaper rash on male infant | pronounce = | field = | synonyms = diaper dermatitis, napkin dermatitis"<ref name="Andrews">{{cite book | vauthors = James WD, Berger T, Elston D |title=Andrews' diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology. |date=2006 |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6 |edition=10th}}</ref>{{rp|80}} diaper rash, nappy rash | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} Diaper rash is any rash on the skin that is covered by a diaper. Other names for diaper rash are “diaper dermatitis” or '''Irritant diaper dermatitis'''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=What is diaper rash?|url=https://pedsderm.net/site/assets/files/1028/spd_diaper_care_color_web.pdf|website=The Society for Pediatric Dermatology}}</ref> It is an [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] skin reaction of the [[Perineum|perineal]] and [[Anus|perianal]] areas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Diaper Dermatitis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/|access-date=2026-10-07|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> Sometimes the rash may also be seen on the buttocks, perianal, genital, inner thighs, and waistline.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Yildiz|first=Ismail|last2=Kizilca|first2=Ozgur|last3=Haksayar|first3=Aysen|last4=Hizli Demirkale|first4=Zeynep|date=2023-04|title=Pediatricians’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Therapeutic Approaches Regarding Diaper Dermatitis: A Common Condition with Many Different Practices|url=https://www.dovepress.com/pediatricians-knowledge-attitudes-and-therapeutic-approaches-regarding-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CCID|journal=Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology|language=en|volume=Volume 16|pages=901–910|doi=10.2147/CCID.S405414|issn=1178-7015|pmc=10083022|pmid=37041820}}</ref> Diaper rash is one of the most common skin diseases in early childhood.<ref name=":3" /> Diaper rash in infants is high, ranging from 36 to 75%, with severe cases from 1 to 24 %, in premature and full-term infants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaiyeoba|first=Ojisamola|last2=Visscher|first2=Marty O.|date=2025-08|title=Global perspective on the incidence, severity, and management of diaper dermatitis in neonates, infants, and young children|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0965206X25000531|journal=Journal of Tissue Viability|language=en|volume=34|issue=3|pages=100905|doi=10.1016/j.jtv.2025.100905}}</ref> ==Cause and diagnosis== Diaper rash is usually caused by wetness and friction. Urine and stool (pee and poop) can cause even more irritation and this leads to breakdown of the skin. Products used to clean the skin can sometimes add to the irritation. Once the skin under the diaper becomes irritated, germs like bacteria and yeast can infect the skin and worsen the rash. In some cases, other skin conditions, like [[psoriasis]], can be worsened or triggered by diaper rash.<ref name=":1" /> Diaper rash is common in [[Baby|babies]]. Anyone wearing a diaper or adult brief can develop this rash. The use of an incontinent pad can also be because of of diaper rash.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-26|title=Napkin dermatitis. Diaper rash. Nappy rash|url=https://dermnetnz.org/topics/napkin-dermatitis|access-date=2026-10-07|website=DermNet®|language=en}}</ref> About one-half of all babies develop diaper rash at some time during their two years of life. Diaper rash is most common between 9 and 12 months of age. Diaper rash is more common when the child is having frequent bowel movements or [[diarrhea]]. An illness, a medication like an [[Antibiotics|antibiotic]], or a change in diet can cause changes in bowel movements.<ref name=":1" /> == Risk factors == Risk factors of diaper rash are: * Age: The skin of a baby is different than an adult. It shows an increased chance of developing diaper rash. * Diet: changes in diet can affect the intestinal bacteria and pH. * How often does the baby have its diaper changed: If the baby is not quickly changed, contact with urine and feces increases the risk of skin inflammation. Babies that get changed more often are less affected than older infants.<ref name=":2" /> ==Treatment== Superabsorbent disposable diapers are better than cloth diapers when there is a diaper rash. "Sometimes babies are allergic to the dyes in diapers. If your baby gets a lot of rashes, try switching to a plain white, dye-free, disposable diaper. Medicated creams Common prescription creams for diaper rashes treat yeast like candida, bacteria like staph or strep, and redness. If your doctor prescribes a medicated cream to treat the diaper rash, apply it directly to the skin after cleaning the skin gently. Only use the medicated cream as often as your doctor tells you to. These usually need to be reapplied 2 or 3 times a day. If you are given a steroid cream (such as hydrocortisone) you should not use it more than the doctor recommends; this cream is usually used for only a week or two. Barrier diaper creams: Apply a barrier cream (with zinc oxide or petroleum jelly) over the medicated cream. Use the barrier cream as many times a day as possible. You cannot use too much barrier cream. Put the cream on thick so that the urine or stool can never touch the baby’s skin. When you change the diaper, if the diaper cream is still there and not soiled by stool, you don’t have to wipe it all away. Simply apply more cream on top. When the cream is soiled by stool, it can be gently wiped away with mineral oil on a cotton ball followed by gently cleaning the skin with a soft cloth and warm water. The barrier diaper cream should be applied to the skin in a thick layer after every diaper change. Wipes: » It is best not to use packaged diaper wipes while your baby has a rash. Instead, use a soft white cloth with warm water to gently clean the skin. When changing diapers that only contain urine, simply pat the skin dry and reapply the barrier diaper cream. It is very important not to scrub the diaper area."<ref name=":1" /> "Management of diaper dermatitis has two main goals: healing of damaged skin and prevention of rash recurrence. The strategies to achieve these goals include: * Good hygiene is essential to maintain skin integrity and prevent further breakdown. Reducing the exposure to irritants, like urine and feces, can be achieved with frequent diaper changes and using superabsorbent diapers that help reduce skin over-hydration. * Bathing and cleaning the diaper area with water and a soap-free cleanser. * The use of wet wipes has been controversial over the years, mainly due to the concern that the components could cause further irritation to the skin. However, recent studies have shown that baby wipes do not cause any harm to the skin. Furthermore, the newer formulations of wipes that include pH buffers help to balance the alkaline pH of the urine and prevent skin damage due to pH changes. It is important to advise parents that the wipes should be free of soap, essential oils, or other fragrances and harsh detergents that can be irritant to the skin. * The use of topical emollients is recommended for both prevention and treatment. They can improve the skin barrier function, and they also provide a barrier between the skin and the diaper, urine, and feces, not limiting the contact with the skin and diminishing irritation, but also preventing over-hydration to the skin. For the management of current diaper dermatitis, apply with each diaper change. Examples of emollients available include zinc oxide, petrolatum, cod liver oil, lanolin, among others. * For cases of diaper dermatitis that do not improve within 2 to 3 days of implementing the measures above, or in moderate to severe cases, a short course of low-potency corticosteroids can be used. Hydrocortisone 0.5% 2 times a day for one week. * When treating candida diaper dermatitis, topical antifungals should be added to the regimen. Nystatin can be used first, applied with every diaper change, with a generally good response; however, if by 1 to 3 days, there is no improvement of symptoms (also keeping in mind Candida resistance to nystatin), switching to azoles is recommended. Clotrimazole, miconazole, or ketoconazole can be used, applied twice a day for 7 to 10 days. * In cases of bacterial infection, topical antibiotics may be necessary. And in cases of severe infections, such as perianal streptococcal dermatitis, oral antibiotics are indicated."<ref name=":2" /> ==Prevention== Some advice to prevent diaper rash are: "Change diapers frequently. Use superabsorbent disposable diapers to keep the skin under the diaper as dry as possible. Cleanse the skin gently rather than scrubbing. Too much cleaning can irritate the skin, particularly when harsh soaps or chemicals from wipes are involved. Soft cloths moistened with plain water are the gentlest because they do not contain chemicals."<ref name=":1" /> "A diaper cream, paste or ointment is called a barrier cream because it protects the skin from urine and stool. the diaper cream will protect your baby’s skin from urine and stool. Choose only products that are fragrance-free. Apply thick amounts of a diaper cream to the skin to protect the area after every diaper change. You do not need to clean off cream left on the skin if the child has not stooled. A cream or paste containing zinc oxide (thick and white) is often the best barrier. A plain white petroleum jelly or ointment is another good barrier. To wipe off the sticky diaper cream when the child is soiled, it helps to use mineral oil on a cotton ball"<ref name=":1" /> ==Related pages== *[[Incontinence]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Babies]] [[Category:Family]] amkks086t249nzpdhv2jfbpd7ft3s19 11024210 11024189 2026-10-08T23:37:50Z Barbara (WVS) 485156 /* Treatment */ simplifed 11024210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Diaper rash | image = Irritant diaper dermatitis.jpg | caption = [[Benign]] diaper rash on male infant | pronounce = | field = | synonyms = diaper dermatitis, napkin dermatitis"<ref name="Andrews">{{cite book | vauthors = James WD, Berger T, Elston D |title=Andrews' diseases of the skin: clinical dermatology. |date=2006 |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-7216-2921-6 |edition=10th}}</ref>{{rp|80}} diaper rash, nappy rash | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} Diaper rash is any rash on the skin that is covered by a diaper. Other names for diaper rash are “diaper dermatitis” or '''Irritant diaper dermatitis'''.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=What is diaper rash?|url=https://pedsderm.net/site/assets/files/1028/spd_diaper_care_color_web.pdf|website=The Society for Pediatric Dermatology}}</ref> It is an [[Inflammation|inflammatory]] skin reaction of the [[Perineum|perineal]] and [[Anus|perianal]] areas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Diaper Dermatitis|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559067/|access-date=2026-10-07|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}</ref> Sometimes the rash may also be seen on the buttocks, perianal, genital, inner thighs, and waistline.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Yildiz|first=Ismail|last2=Kizilca|first2=Ozgur|last3=Haksayar|first3=Aysen|last4=Hizli Demirkale|first4=Zeynep|date=2023-04|title=Pediatricians’ Knowledge, Attitudes, and Therapeutic Approaches Regarding Diaper Dermatitis: A Common Condition with Many Different Practices|url=https://www.dovepress.com/pediatricians-knowledge-attitudes-and-therapeutic-approaches-regarding-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-CCID|journal=Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology|language=en|volume=Volume 16|pages=901–910|doi=10.2147/CCID.S405414|issn=1178-7015|pmc=10083022|pmid=37041820}}</ref> Diaper rash is one of the most common skin diseases in early childhood.<ref name=":3" /> Diaper rash in infants is high, ranging from 36 to 75%, with severe cases from 1 to 24 %, in premature and full-term infants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jaiyeoba|first=Ojisamola|last2=Visscher|first2=Marty O.|date=2025-08|title=Global perspective on the incidence, severity, and management of diaper dermatitis in neonates, infants, and young children|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0965206X25000531|journal=Journal of Tissue Viability|language=en|volume=34|issue=3|pages=100905|doi=10.1016/j.jtv.2025.100905}}</ref> ==Cause and diagnosis== Diaper rash is usually caused by wetness and friction. Urine and stool (pee and poop) can cause even more irritation and this leads to breakdown of the skin. Products used to clean the skin can sometimes add to the irritation. Once the skin under the diaper becomes irritated, germs like bacteria and yeast can infect the skin and worsen the rash. In some cases, other skin conditions, like [[psoriasis]], can be worsened or triggered by diaper rash.<ref name=":1" /> Diaper rash is common in [[Baby|babies]]. Anyone wearing a diaper or adult brief can develop this rash. The use of an incontinent pad can also be because of of diaper rash.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-10-26|title=Napkin dermatitis. Diaper rash. Nappy rash|url=https://dermnetnz.org/topics/napkin-dermatitis|access-date=2026-10-07|website=DermNet®|language=en}}</ref> About one-half of all babies develop diaper rash at some time during their two years of life. Diaper rash is most common between 9 and 12 months of age. Diaper rash is more common when the child is having frequent bowel movements or [[diarrhea]]. An illness, a medication like an [[Antibiotics|antibiotic]], or a change in diet can cause changes in bowel movements.<ref name=":1" /> == Risk factors == Risk factors of diaper rash are: * Age: The skin of a baby is different than an adult. It shows an increased chance of developing diaper rash. * Diet: changes in diet can affect the intestinal bacteria and pH. * How often does the baby have its diaper changed: If the baby is not quickly changed, contact with urine and feces increases the risk of skin inflammation. Babies that get changed more often are less affected than older infants.<ref name=":2" /> ==Treatment== Superabsorbent disposable diapers are better than cloth diapers when there is a diaper rash. A baby can become allergic to the dyes in diapers. "If your baby gets a lot of rashes, try switching to a plain white, dye-free, disposable diaper. Medicated creams Common prescription creams for diaper rashes treat yeast like candida, bacteria like staph or strep, and redness. If your doctor prescribes a medicated cream to treat the diaper rash, apply it directly to the skin after cleaning the skin gently. Only use the medicated cream as often as your doctor tells you to. These usually need to be reapplied 2 or 3 times a day. If you are given a steroid cream (such as hydrocortisone) you should not use it more than the doctor recommends; this cream is usually used for only a week or two. Barrier diaper creams: Apply a barrier cream (with zinc oxide or petroleum jelly) over the medicated cream. Use the barrier cream as many times a day as possible. You cannot use too much barrier cream. Put the cream on thick so that the urine or stool can never touch the baby’s skin. When you change the diaper, if the diaper cream is still there and not soiled by stool, you don’t have to wipe it all away. Simply apply more cream on top. When the cream is soiled by stool, it can be gently wiped away with mineral oil on a cotton ball followed by gently cleaning the skin with a soft cloth and warm water. The barrier diaper cream should be applied to the skin in a thick layer after every diaper change. Wipes: » It is best not to use packaged diaper wipes while your baby has a rash. Instead, use a soft white cloth with warm water to gently clean the skin. When changing diapers that only contain urine, simply pat the skin dry and reapply the barrier diaper cream. It is very important not to scrub the diaper area."<ref name=":1" /> "Management of diaper dermatitis has two main goals: healing of damaged skin and prevention of rash recurrence. The strategies to achieve these goals include: * Good hygiene is essential to maintain skin integrity and prevent further breakdown. Reducing the exposure to irritants, like urine and feces, can be achieved with frequent diaper changes and using superabsorbent diapers that help reduce skin over-hydration. * Bathing and cleaning the diaper area with water and a soap-free cleanser. * The use of wet wipes has been controversial over the years, mainly due to the concern that the components could cause further irritation to the skin. However, recent studies have shown that baby wipes do not cause any harm to the skin. Furthermore, the newer formulations of wipes that include pH buffers help to balance the alkaline pH of the urine and prevent skin damage due to pH changes. It is important to advise parents that the wipes should be free of soap, essential oils, or other fragrances and harsh detergents that can be irritant to the skin. * The use of topical emollients is recommended for both prevention and treatment. They can improve the skin barrier function, and they also provide a barrier between the skin and the diaper, urine, and feces, not limiting the contact with the skin and diminishing irritation, but also preventing over-hydration to the skin. For the management of current diaper dermatitis, apply with each diaper change. Examples of emollients available include zinc oxide, petrolatum, cod liver oil, lanolin, among others. * For cases of diaper dermatitis that do not improve within 2 to 3 days of implementing the measures above, or in moderate to severe cases, a short course of low-potency corticosteroids can be used. Hydrocortisone 0.5% 2 times a day for one week. * When treating candida diaper dermatitis, topical antifungals should be added to the regimen. Nystatin can be used first, applied with every diaper change, with a generally good response; however, if by 1 to 3 days, there is no improvement of symptoms (also keeping in mind Candida resistance to nystatin), switching to azoles is recommended. Clotrimazole, miconazole, or ketoconazole can be used, applied twice a day for 7 to 10 days. * In cases of bacterial infection, topical antibiotics may be necessary. And in cases of severe infections, such as perianal streptococcal dermatitis, oral antibiotics are indicated."<ref name=":2" /> ==Prevention== Some advice to prevent diaper rash are: "Change diapers frequently. Use superabsorbent disposable diapers to keep the skin under the diaper as dry as possible. Cleanse the skin gently rather than scrubbing. Too much cleaning can irritate the skin, particularly when harsh soaps or chemicals from wipes are involved. Soft cloths moistened with plain water are the gentlest because they do not contain chemicals."<ref name=":1" /> "A diaper cream, paste or ointment is called a barrier cream because it protects the skin from urine and stool. the diaper cream will protect your baby’s skin from urine and stool. Choose only products that are fragrance-free. Apply thick amounts of a diaper cream to the skin to protect the area after every diaper change. You do not need to clean off cream left on the skin if the child has not stooled. A cream or paste containing zinc oxide (thick and white) is often the best barrier. A plain white petroleum jelly or ointment is another good barrier. To wipe off the sticky diaper cream when the child is soiled, it helps to use mineral oil on a cotton ball"<ref name=":1" /> ==Related pages== *[[Incontinence]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Babies]] [[Category:Family]] 2672iyt9j2wd4etlqvzii2y2sn7723y 0 1285838 11024060 11023732 2026-10-08T18:09:03Z Professorroger 1878172 /* Lasso of Truth */ 11024060 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gal Gadot by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|thumb|Israeli actress [[Gal Gadot]] is known for portraying Diana Prince / Wonder Woman in the [[DC Extended Universe]] (DCEU) media franchise ]] '''Diana Prince''', also known by her Amazonian title '''Princess Diana of Themyscira''' or her superhero alter-ego '''Wonder Woman''', is a central fictional character in the [[DC Extended Universe]] (DCEU). Based on the [[DC Comics]] superheroine [[Wonder Woman|of the same name]], she is portrayed primarily by actress [[Gal Gadot]], she is one of the world's first superheroes and a founding member of the [[Justice League]]. == Character overview and origin == === Lineage === Diana is an Amazonian-Old God hybrid, born as the daughter of [[Hippolyta (DC Comics)|Queen Hippolyta]] and Zeus, the king of the Olympian gods. === Themyscira === She was raised on the hidden, paradisiacal island of [[Themyscira (DC Comics)|Themyscira]], trained rigorously from a young age to be a fierce warrior, despite her mother's initial reluctance. === Personality === She balances profound compassion and a desire for peace with the unyielding, fierce mindset of an elite warrior. == Key DCEU movie appearances == === ''Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice'' (2016) === {{further|Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice}} Diana makes her cinematic debut under the radar as a mysterious antiquities dealer, tracking down a historic photographic plate. She reveals her true identity as Wonder Woman to help [[Bruce Wayne (DC Extended Universe)|Batman]] and [[Superman (DC Extended Universe)|Superman]] fight [[Doomsday (DC Comics)|Doomsday]]. === ''Wonder Woman'' (2017) === {{further|Wonder Woman (2017 movie)}} Set primarily during [[World War I]], this origin film follows Diana after American pilot [[Steve Trevor]] crashes on Themyscira. Believing the war is orchestrated by the god [[Ares (DC Comics)|Ares]], she leaves her home for the first time to help end the conflict and discovers her true divine heritage and potential. === ''Justice League'' (2017) and ''Zack Snyder's Justice League'' (2021) === {{further|Justice League (movie)}} {{further|Zack Snyder's Justice League}} Following Superman's death, Diana teams up with Bruce Wayne (Batman) to unite a coalition of metahumans—including [[Barry Allen (DC Extended Universe)|The Flash]], [[Arthur Curry (DC Extended Universe)|Aquaman]], and [[Victor Stone (DC Extended Universe)|Cyborg]]—to defeat [[Steppenwolf (character)|Steppenwolf]] and later [[Darkseid]]. === ''Wonder Woman 1984'' (2020) === {{further|Wonder Woman 1984}} Set during the [[Cold War]], Diana works at the Smithsonian Institution and deals with a mysterious wish-granting artifact that resurrects Steve Trevor while unleashing new threats like [[Maxwell Lord]] and [[Cheetah (character)|Cheetah]]. === Cameos === She also makes brief appearances in ''[[Shazam! Fury of the Gods]]'' and ''[[The Flash (movie)|The Flash]]'' (both 2023). == Powers and equipment == === Superhuman physiology === As a demigod, Diana possesses immense superhuman strength, durability, high-speed reflexes, enhanced healing, and extended longevity (having lived for thousands of years). === Godkiller sword and shield === Indestructible Amazonian armaments capable of dealing damage even to extraterrestrial and Kryptonian threats. === Bracelets of Submission === Formed from remnants of Zeus's shield, they can absorb and deflect energy blasts and, when clashed together, unleash a devastating concussive shockwave. === Lasso of Truth === A magical, unbreakable golden rope that forces anyone bound by it to speak absolute truth and reveal their innermost thoughts. {{DC Extended Universe}} [[Category:DC Extended Universe characters]] [[Category:DC Comics movie characters]] rdw2tv2xqyzkqifwcrf0im4qwu8ylsc 0 1285872 11023944 11023934 2026-10-08T12:36:19Z Greenock125 652309 11023944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox musical artist | name = Can Bonomo | image = CanBonomo.jpg | caption = Bonomo performing in October 2011 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1987|5|16|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[İzmir]], [[Turkey]] | occupation = {{hlist|Singer|Songwriter|Actor|Poet}} | genre = {{hlist|[[Alternative rock]]|[[Pop rock]]}} | label = {{hlist|WePlay|Avrupa}} | years_active = 2011–present | instruments = {{hlist|Guitar|Piano}} | website = {{URL|www.canbonomo.com/}} }} '''Can Bonomo''' (born 16 May 1987) is a [[Turkey|Turkish]] singer, songwriter, actor and poet. He represented {{ill|Turkey in the Eurovision Song Contest 2012|en|lt=Turkey}} in the [[Eurovision Song Contest 2012]] held in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] with "{{ill|Love Me Back (Can Bonomo song)|en|lt=Love Me Back}}", the song finished 5th in the second semi-final with 80 points and 7th in the grand final with 112 points.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/baku-2012/participants/can-bonomo/|title=Can Bonomo - Türkiye {{!}} Baku 2012|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurovision.com/eurovision-song-contest/baku-2012/|title=Baku 2012|publisher=[[Eurovision Song Contest]]|website=eurovision.com}}</ref> ==Discography== ===Studio albums=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:12em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:16em;"| Details |- ! scope="row"| ''{{ill|Meczup|en}}'' | * Released: 19 January 2011 * Label: WePlay * Formats: [[Music download|Digital download]], [[Compact disc|CD]] |- ! scope="row"| ''Aşktan Ve Gariplikten'' | * Released: 8 December 2012 * Label: WePlay * Formats: Digital download, CD |- ! scope="row"| ''Bulunmam Gerek'' | * Released: 15 December 2014 * Label: Avrupa * Formats: Digital download, CD |- ! scope="row"| ''Kâinat Sustu'' | * Released: 3 March 2017 * Label: Avrupa * Formats: Digital download, CD |- ! scope="row"| ''Ruhum Bela'' | * Released: 5 April 2019 * Label: Avrupa * Formats: Digital download, CD |- ! scope="row"| ''Kara Konular'' | * Released: 16 February 2024 * Label: Akşamlar Holding * Formats: Digital download, CD |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |- ! scope="col" style="width:15em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col"| Album |- ! scope="row"| "Şaşkın" | rowspan="3"| 2011 | rowspan="3"| ''Meczup'' |- ! scope="row"| "Bana Bir Saz Verin" |- ! scope="row"| "Meczup" |- ! scope="row"| "Love Me Back" | rowspan="2"| 2012 | rowspan="3" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Ali Baba" |- ! scope="row"| "Kara" | 2013 |- ! scope="row"| "Bardak Taşıyor" | 2019 | ''Ruhum Bela'' |- ! scope="row"| "Sen Bunları Duyma" | rowspan="3"| 2020 | rowspan="18" {{Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Güneş" |- ! scope="row"| "Yine Karşılaşırsak" |- ! scope="row"| "Breathe" | rowspan="4"| 2021 |- ! scope="row"| "Kaplan" |- ! scope="row"| "Rüyamda Buluttum / Acı Kiraz" |- ! scope="row"| "Dağ" |- ! scope="row"| "Gazapistan" | 2022 |- ! scope="row"| "Sustum" | rowspan="5"| 2023 |- ! scope="row"| "Beni Sal" |- ! scope="row"| "Elalem"<br/><small>(with Nova Norda)</small> |- ! scope="row"| "Ağla Şimdi Sonsuza Kadar" |- ! scope="row"| "Araba" |- ! scope="row"| "Kanadım Aşktan" | rowspan="3"| 2025 |- ! scope="row"| "Sar" |- ! scope="row"| "Bir Başına" |- ! scope="row"| "Hata"<br/><small>(with Makbet)</small> | rowspan="2"| 2026 |- ! scope="row"| "Sen Gül Diye" |} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:1987 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Turkish musicians]] [[Category:Turkish Jews]] [[Category:Eurovision Song Contest entrants]] jpgzbiurwn7klr0srgev88f3uevzx2b 0 1285873 11023942 2026-10-08T12:32:26Z Darkfrog24 508885 Created page with "{{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image = | status = | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Gastrotheca gemma | authority = Venegas, García Ayachi, Echevarría, Paluh, Chávez-Arribasplata, Marchelie, and Catenazzi, 2021 | range_map = |synonyms= | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} '''''Gastrotheca gemma''''' is a [[frog]]. It lives in [[Peru]].<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6 |title=''Gastrotheca gemma'' Venegas, García Ayachi, Echevarría, Pal..." 11023942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image = | status = | status_ref =<ref name=IUCN/> | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Gastrotheca gemma | authority = Venegas, García Ayachi, Echevarría, Paluh, Chávez-Arribasplata, Marchelie, and Catenazzi, 2021 | range_map = |synonyms= | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} '''''Gastrotheca gemma''''' is a [[frog]]. It lives in [[Peru]].<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6 |title=''Gastrotheca gemma'' Venegas, García Ayachi, Echevarría, Paluh, Chávez-Arribasplata, Marchelie, and Catenazzi, 2021 |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Hemiphractidae/Gastrotheca/Gastrotheca-gemma |access-date=October 7, 2026}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb |title=''Gastrotheca gemma'' Venegas, García Ayachi, Echevarría, Paluh, Chávez-Arribasplata, Marchelie, & Catenazzi, 2021 |author1= |editor1= |date= |language= |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/9354 |access-date=October 7, 2026}}</ref><ref name=Des>{{cite journal|author1=Venegas PJ|author2= García-Ayachi LA|author3= Echevarría LY|author4= Paluh DJ|author5= Chávez–Arribasplata JC|author6= Marchelie A|author7= Catenazzi A. |year=2021|title= A new species of marsupial frog (Anura; Gastrotheca) from the Cordillera de Colán in northeastern Peru. |journal=Vertebrate Zoology |volume=71|pages= 201-218|url=https://vertebrate-zoology.arphahub.com/article/60097/|accessdate=October 7, 2026|doi=10.3897/vz.71.e60097|type=Full text}}</ref> ==Body== Scientists saw adult male frogs that were 56.9 and 59.5 mm long [[snout-vent length|from nose to rear end]] and adult female frogs that were 69.7 and 71.8 mm. The male and female frogs had different colors: In the female frog, the sides of the body are green in color with no marks. Parts of the back legs are yellow-green with black marks. The bottoms of the back legs are yellow-green with some gray-brown color. The throat and chest are green in color. The belly is yellow-green in color and may have a big gray patch. In male frogs, the sides of the body are green in color with darker green marks. Parts of the back legs are yellow-green with thin black lines. The bottoms of the back legs are cream-brown in color. The throat and chest are yellow-green in color. In both male and female frogs, there is yellow-green color where the back legs meet the body. The iris of the eye is [[turquoise|light blue]] in color with thin black lines. Some frogs have an orange ring in the eye and some do not. The belly is cream-green in color. The bottoms of the four feet are gray or gray-brown in color.<ref name=Des /> ==Name== Scientists named this frog ''gemma'' because that is the [[Latin language|Latin]] word for "gem," and the frogs' eyes look like turquoise gems.<ref name=Des /> ==Home== Scientists saw the frog between {{convert|3130|m|abbr=on}} and {{convert|3180|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, near the top of the [[Cordillera de Colán]].<ref name=AMNH /><ref name=Des /> Scientists have seen this frog in a protected place: [[Santuario Nacional Cordillera de Colán]].<ref name=Des /> ==Young== The female frog carries her eggs in a [[pouch (marsupial)|bag of skin]] on her back. The young come out as [[direct development|small froglets]], not tadpoles.<ref name=Des /> ==Danger== In the early 2020s, scientists tested the frogs for the dangerous fungus ''[[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]]'' and did not find much of it.<ref name=Des /> ''B. dendrobatidis'' causes the dangerous disease [[chytridiomycosis]], which has killed many kinds of frogs. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Frogs of South America]] {{Taxonbar|from1=Q106497255}} {{biology-stub}} e6yacxw57snml1gqq1zrx3kp5s941cv 11024063 11023942 2026-10-08T18:22:27Z Darkfrog24 508885 11024063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{italictitle}} {{Speciesbox | image = | status = | status_ref = | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Gastrotheca gemma | authority = Venegas, García Ayachi, Echevarría, Paluh, Chávez-Arribasplata, Marchelie, and Catenazzi, 2021 | range_map = |synonyms= | synonyms_ref=<ref name=AMNH /> }} '''''Gastrotheca gemma''''' is a [[frog]]. It lives in [[Peru]].<ref name=AMNH>{{BioRef|ASW6 |title=''Gastrotheca gemma'' Venegas, García Ayachi, Echevarría, Paluh, Chávez-Arribasplata, Marchelie, and Catenazzi, 2021 |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Hemiphractidae/Gastrotheca/Gastrotheca-gemma |access-date=October 7, 2026}}</ref><ref name=Amph>{{BioRef|amphibiaweb |title=''Gastrotheca gemma'' Venegas, García Ayachi, Echevarría, Paluh, Chávez-Arribasplata, Marchelie, & Catenazzi, 2021 |author1= |editor1= |date= |language= |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/species/9354 |access-date=October 7, 2026}}</ref><ref name=Des>{{cite journal|author1=Venegas PJ|author2= García-Ayachi LA|author3= Echevarría LY|author4= Paluh DJ|author5= Chávez–Arribasplata JC|author6= Marchelie A|author7= Catenazzi A. |year=2021|title= A new species of marsupial frog (Anura; Gastrotheca) from the Cordillera de Colán in northeastern Peru. |journal=Vertebrate Zoology |volume=71|pages= 201-218|url=https://vertebrate-zoology.arphahub.com/article/60097/|accessdate=October 7, 2026|doi=10.3897/vz.71.e60097|type=Full text}}</ref> ==Body== Scientists saw adult male frogs that were 56.9 and 59.5 mm long [[snout-vent length|from nose to rear end]] and adult female frogs that were 69.7 and 71.8 mm. The male and female frogs had different colors: In the female frog, the sides of the body are green in color with no marks. Parts of the back legs are yellow-green with black marks. The bottoms of the back legs are yellow-green with some gray-brown color. The throat and chest are green in color. The belly is yellow-green in color and may have a big gray patch. In male frogs, the sides of the body are green in color with darker green marks. Parts of the back legs are yellow-green with thin black lines. The bottoms of the back legs are cream-brown in color. The throat and chest are yellow-green in color. In both male and female frogs, there is yellow-green color where the back legs meet the body. The iris of the eye is [[turquoise|light blue]] in color with thin black lines. Some frogs have an orange ring in the eye and some do not. The belly is cream-green in color. The bottoms of the four feet are gray or gray-brown in color.<ref name=Des /> ==Name== Scientists named this frog ''gemma'' because that is the [[Latin language|Latin]] word for "gem," and the frogs' eyes look like turquoise gems.<ref name=Des /> ==Home== Scientists saw the frog between {{convert|3130|m|abbr=on}} and {{convert|3180|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, near the top of the [[Cordillera de Colán]].<ref name=AMNH /><ref name=Des /> Scientists have seen this frog in a protected place: [[Santuario Nacional Cordillera de Colán]].<ref name=Des /> ==Young== The female frog carries her eggs in a [[pouch (marsupial)|bag of skin]] on her back. The young come out as [[direct development|small froglets]], not tadpoles.<ref name=Des /> ==Danger== In the early 2020s, scientists tested the frogs for the dangerous fungus ''[[Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis]]'' and did not find much of it.<ref name=Des /> ''B. dendrobatidis'' causes the dangerous disease [[chytridiomycosis]], which has killed many kinds of frogs. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Frogs of South America]] {{Taxonbar|from1=Q106497255}} {{biology-stub}} fe3vpoj1plsx9lil1fceocpp00icr44 0 1285874 11023946 2026-10-08T13:01:26Z KaitTheGreat004! 1885698 I added a stub about the Eastern Shore of Virginia, with a small section on it's geography. 11023946 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Eastern Shore of Virginia''' is a part of the [[Delmarva Peninsula]] in the eastern [[United States]] It is the farthest east part of [[Virginia]], but doesn't share a land border. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chapter-9-The-Region Flipbook|url=https://go.fliplink.me/view/E0C6CA5A-D8E6-473C-BA9F-0868BFA96E79|access-date=2026-10-08|website=go.fliplink.me|language=en}}</ref> Around 45,695 lived there in 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Accomack County, Virginia; Virginia; United States|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/accomackcountyvirginia/POP010220|access-date=2026-10-08|website=www.census.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Northampton County, Virginia; Accomack County, Virginia; Virginia; United States|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/northamptoncountyvirginia/POP010220|access-date=2026-10-08|website=www.census.gov|language=en}}</ref> == Geography == The Eastern Shore of Virginia is between the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and [[Chesapeake Bay]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eastern Shore Map|url=https://visitesva.com/eastern-shore-map/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=ESVA Tourism Commission|language=en}}</ref> It is around 70 miles long. [[Flood|Flooding]], high winds, and [[erosion]] are common risks because it has very low [[elevation]]. It has the biggest amount of coastal wilderness on the Atlantic Seaboard. It has [[Ecosystem|ecosystems]] like [[Salt marsh|salt marshes]], [[Mudflow|mudflats]], and [[Lagoon|lagoons]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chapter-9-The-Region Flipbook|url=https://go.fliplink.me/view/E0C6CA5A-D8E6-473C-BA9F-0868BFA96E79|access-date=2026-10-08|website=go.fliplink.me|language=en}}</ref> == References == <references> <ref name="ref1">https://visitesva.com/eastern-shore-map</ref> <ref name="ref2">{{Cite web|title=Eastern Shore Map|url=https://visitesva.com/eastern-shore-map/|website=ESVA Tourism Commission|access-date=2026-10-08|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="ref3">https://www.esvaplan.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/Chapter-9-The-Region.pdf</ref> </references> [[Category:Human settlements]] kj1idz6nwt0nmwkkr09xzftqu0g8rnq 0 1285875 11023958 2026-10-08T13:41:33Z ~2026-54281-43 1886976 Created page with "'''Michael Israel Shevell''' is a Canadian pediatric neurologist and clinician-scientist whose research focuses on [[Neurodevelopmental disorder|neurodevelopmental disabilities]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diamond|first=Emily|title=Cerebral palsy linked to genetic anomalies|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/cerebral-palsy-linked-to-genetic-anomalies-1.3177689|website=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref>, neonatal neurology, and [[Neuroethics|pediatric neuroethics]].<r..." 11023958 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Israel Shevell''' is a Canadian pediatric neurologist and clinician-scientist whose research focuses on [[Neurodevelopmental disorder|neurodevelopmental disabilities]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Diamond|first=Emily|title=Cerebral palsy linked to genetic anomalies|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/health/cerebral-palsy-linked-to-genetic-anomalies-1.3177689|website=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref>, neonatal neurology, and [[Neuroethics|pediatric neuroethics]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shevell|first=Michael|date=2004|title=Ethical issues in pediatric critical care neurology|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15259870|journal=Seminars in Pediatric Neurology|volume=11|issue=2|pages=179–184|doi=10.1016/j.spen.2004.03.012|issn=1071-9091|pmid=15259870}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-21|title=Acknowledging Montreal Children's Hospital's Fine "Old Lady"|url=https://fondationduchildren.com/en/heroes/acknowledging-montreal-childrens-hospitals-fine-old-lady|access-date=2026-09-09|website=The Children's Hospital Foundation|language=en}}</ref> He is a professor in the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology & Neurosurgery at [[McGill University]] and physician<ref>{{Cite web|last=Robert|first=Julie|title=Michael Shevell and Maryam Oskoui both study coauthors and researchers|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/862167|access-date=2026-09-09|website=Eureka}}</ref> at the Montreal Children’s Hospital-McGill University Health Centre.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Benaroya|first=Samuel|date=2011-10-25|title=Appointment of Dr. Michael Shevell as Chair of Pediatrics and Pediatrician-in-Chief|url=https://healthenews.mcgill.ca/appointment-of-dr-michael-shevell-as-chair-of-pediatrics-and-pediatrician-in-chief/|access-date=2026-09-09|website=Health e-News|language=en-CA}}</ref> He is a former President of the Canadian Association of Child Neurology and a Councilor of the Child Neurology Society.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nagarajan|first=Lakshmi|title=ICNA Michael Shevell|url=https://icnapedia.org/speakers/3829-3829|access-date=2026-09-09|website=International child neurology association}}</ref> He is also a fellow of Canadian Academy of Health Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shevell, Michael|url=https://widgets.cahs-acss.ca/feeds/directory/directory/action/Listing/value/1164/cid/617/id/401/Shevell%2c-Michael/ref/1|access-date=2026-09-09|website=Canadian Academy of Health Sciences}}</ref> == Biography == He was born in Côte Saint-Luc, Quebec, [[Canada]]. He completed his secondary education at Wagar High School in Côte Saint-Luc, Quebec, graduating in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wagar at Reach for the Top|url=https://www.wagar.ca/rftt.htm|access-date=2026-09-09|website=www.wagar.ca}}</ref> He earned a [[Quebec Diploma of College Studies|Diploma of College Studies]] (D.E.C.) from Marianopolis College in Health Sciences in 1977. He earned a Bachelor of Science from [[McGill University]] in 1980 before earning the degrees of Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery in 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-09-16|title=Michael Israel Shevell, MD CM, FRCPC, FAAN, FANA, FCAHS|url=https://www.childneurologysociety.org/awards/michael-israel-shevell-md-cm-frcpc-faan-fana-fcahs/|access-date=2026-09-09|website=Child Neurology Society|language=en-US}}</ref> Shevell joined the faculty of [[McGill University]] in 1991 as an Assistant Professor in the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology & Neurosurgery. Concurrently, he was appointed to the attending staff of the Division of Pediatric Neurology at the Montreal Children's Hospital.<ref name=":0" /> Shevell became an associate professor in 1996 and a full professor in 2005 in the Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology and Neurosurgery at [[McGill University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Michael Shevell|url=https://www.mcgill.ca/peds/michael-shevell|access-date=2026-09-09|website=Department of Pediatrics|language=en}}</ref> He served as Director of the Division of Pediatric Neurology from 2008 to 2011 before being appointed Chair of McGill University's Department of Pediatrics and Pediatrician-in-Chief at the Montreal Children's Hospital in November 2011.<ref name=":0" /> == Research == Shevell's research has focused on childhood [[Neurodevelopmental disorder|neurodevelopmental disorders]], particularly global developmental delay, intellectual [[developmental disorder]], [[cerebral palsy]], and neonatal neurological injury.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Writer|first=Inside Precision Medicine Staff|date=2015-08-04|title=Genetic Variance Found as Cause for Cerebral Palsy|url=https://www.insideprecisionmedicine.com/news-and-features/genetic-variance-found-as-cause-for-cerebral-palsy/|access-date=2026-09-09|website=Inside Precision Medicine|language=en-US}}</ref> His work has incorporated clinical investigation, [[epidemiology]], [[genetics]], [[neuroimaging]], and neurorehabilitation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canadian study sheds surprising light on the causes of cerebral palsy|url=https://muhc.ca/newsroom/news/canadian-study-sheds-surprising-light-causes-cerebral-palsy|access-date=2026-09-09|website=McGill University Health Centre|language=en}}</ref> He was lead author of a clinical practice parameter on the evaluation of children with global developmental delay, endorsed by the [[American Academy of Neurology]], the Child Neurology Society, and the American Academy of Pediatrics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shevell|first=M.|last2=Ashwal|first2=S.|last3=Donley|first3=D.|last4=Flint|first4=J.|last5=Gingold|first5=M.|last6=Hirtz|first6=D.|last7=Majnemer|first7=A.|last8=Noetzel|first8=M.|last9=Sheth|first9=R. D.|last10=Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology|last11=Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society|date=2003-02-11|title=Practice parameter: evaluation of the child with global developmental delay [RETIRED]: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and The Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12578916|journal=Neurology|volume=60|issue=3|pages=367–380|doi=10.1212/01.wnl.0000031431.81555.16|issn=1526-632X|pmid=12578916}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} qso0fkxwhh8tbopvfc8nay6cnhcwmwq 0 1285876 11023961 2026-10-08T13:44:59Z Greenock125 652309 Created page 11023961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song contest | name = Junior Eurovision Song Contest | image = [[File:EuroMalta.svg|250px]] | year = 2026 | theme = ''United by Music'' | final = 24 October 2026 | venue = Malta Fairs & Conventions Centre<br/>Ta' Qali, [[Malta]] | musdirector = | director = Martin Green | exsupervisor = | presenters = {{ubl|Gaia Cauchi|Destiny Chukunyere|Keane Cutajar}} | exproducer = | entries = 16 | nonreturn = {{ubl|{{Esc|Azerbaijan|Junior}}|{{Esc|Croatia|Junior}}}} | return = | winner = | vote = The professional jury of each country awards a set of 12, 10, 8–1 points to 10 songs. Viewers around the world vote for 3 songs, and their votes are distributed proportionally. The votes of the jury and the audience make up 50% of all votes. | prev_year = 2025 | host = {{ill|Public Broadcasting Services|en}} (PBS) | theme_native = | debut = | next_year = 2027 }} The '''Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2026''' will be the 24th edition of the [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest]]. It will be organized by the [[European Broadcasting Union]] ('''EBU''') and {{ill|Public Broadcasting Services|en}} ('''PBS'''). It will be the third time Malta will host the contest, with PBS previously hosting it in [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2014|2014]] and [[Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2016|2016]], it is also the first contest to be held in October. ==Participants== {{Location map many|Malta|width=300|float=right|caption=Location of the selected host location (in blue)|label1=<small>'''Ta' Qali'''</small>|coordinates1={{Coord|35.892|14.421}}|mark1=Blue pog.svg}} {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2026 participants<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junior.eurovision.com/malta-2026/participants/|title=All Participants {{!}} Malta 2026|website=junior.eurovision.com|publisher=EBU}}</ref> ! scope="col"| Country ! scope="col"| Broadcaster ! scope="col"| Artist ! scope="col"| Song ! scope="col"| Language ! scope="col"| Songwriter(s) ! {{Refh}} |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Albania|Junior}} | {{ill|RTSH|en}} | Eslin Kurti | "Kërce me mua" | Albanian | {{hlist|Enis Mullaj|Eriona Rushiti}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junior.eurovision.com/malta-2026/participants/eslin-kurti/|title=Eslin Kurti – Albania {{!}} Malta 2026|website=junior.eurovision.com|publisher=EBU}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Armenia|Junior}} | {{ill|Public Television Company of Armenia|en|lt=AMPTV}} | Naré Kerobyan | "Boo!" | Armenian, English | {{hlist|Grigor Kyokchyan|Lilit Navasardyan}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junior.eurovision.com/malta-2026/participants/nare/|title=Naré – Armenia {{!}} Malta 2026|website=junior.eurovision.com|publisher=EBU}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Cyprus|Junior}} | {{ill|Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation|en|lt=CyBC}} | Harry Georgiou | "Who I Can Be" | Greek, English | {{hlist|Anna-Klara Folin|Laurell Barker|Nathalie Brydolf|Thomas Stengaard|Victoria Chalkitis}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junior.eurovision.com/malta-2026/participants/harry-georgiou/|title=Harry Georgiou – Cyprus {{!}} Malta 2026|website=junior.eurovision.com |publisher=EBU}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|France|Junior}} | {{lang|fr|[[France Télévisions]]|i=no}} | Alec Burette | "Comment tu vas?" | French | {{hlist|Alec Burette|Malory Legardinier}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junior.eurovision.com/malta-2026/participants/alec/|title=Alec – France {{!}} Malta 2026|website=junior.eurovision.com|publisher=EBU}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Georgia|Junior}} | {{ill|Georgian Public Broadcaster|en|lt=GPB}} | Davit Lomidze | "Sun on the Rooftops" | Georgian | {{hlist|Giorgi Kukhianidze|Irina Sanikidze}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junior.eurovision.com/malta-2026/participants/davit-lomidze/|title=Davit Lomidze – Georgia {{!}} Malta 2026|website=junior.eurovision.com|publisher=EBU}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Ireland|Junior}} | {{ill|TG4|en}} | Caleb Kirwan and Naomi Gribben | "Níos láidre" | Irish | {{hlist|Ben Pyne|Larissa Tormey|Remy Borsboom|Shauna Carrick}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junior.eurovision.com/malta-2026/participants/caleb-kirwan-naomi-gribben/|title=Caleb Kirwan & Naomi Gribben – Ireland {{!}} Malta 2026|website=junior.eurovision.com|publisher=EBU}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" | {{Esc|Italy|Junior}} | [[RAI]] | Matteo Trullu | "Che cos'è l'amore?" | Italian | {{hlist|Fabio Zanolini|Gregorio Castellani|Luca Faccini}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junior.eurovision.com/malta-2026/participants/matteo/|title=Matteo Trullu – Italy {{!}} Malta 2026|website=junior.eurovision.com|publisher=EBU}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Malta|Junior}} | {{ill|Public Broadcasting Services|en|lt=PBS}} | Beppe Caruana | "Blue Bird" | English | {{hlist|Beppe Caruana|Matthew Caruana|Matthew James Borg|Matthew Mercieca}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junior.eurovision.com/malta-2026/participants/beppe/|title=Beppe – Malta {{!}} Malta 2026|website=junior.eurovision.com|publisher=EBU}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Montenegro|Junior|y=2026}} | {{ill|Radio and Television of Montenegro|en|lt=RTCG}} | Mija Vujović | "Muzika nas spaja" {{small|({{lang|cnr|Музика нас спаја}})}} | Montenegrin | {{hlist|Marko Kon|Vasilije Čolan}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junior.eurovision.com/malta-2026/participants/mija-vujovic/|title=Mija Vujović – Montenegro {{!}} Malta 2026|website=junior.eurovision.com|publisher=EBU}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Netherlands|Junior|y=2026}} | {{ill|AVROTROS|en}} | Maria Dragan | "Stronger Together" | Dutch, English | {{hlist|Mell Jonk|Ton Dijkman}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junior.eurovision.com/malta-2026/participants/maria/|title=Maria – Netherlands {{!}} Malta 2026|website=junior.eurovision.com|publisher=EBU}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|North Macedonia|Junior}} | {{ill|Macedonian Radio Television|en|lt=MRT}} | Ana Stojanoska | "{{lang|mk-Latn|Idnata jas|i=no}}" {{small|({{lang|mk|Идната јас}})}} | Macedonian | {{hlist|Ilcho Nechovski|Nikola Micevski}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junior.eurovision.com/malta-2026/participants/ana-stojanoska/|title=Ana Stojanoska – North Macedonia {{!}} Malta 2026|website=junior.eurovision.com|publisher=EBU}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Poland|Junior}} | {{ill|Telewizja Polska|en|lt=TVP}} | Wiktor Sas | "Gravity" | Polish, English | {{hlist|Antoni Alagierski|Małgorzata Uściłowska|Mikołaj Maciej Trybulec|Ulrich Harrison}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junior.eurovision.com/malta-2026/participants/wiktor-sas/|title=Wiktor Sas – Poland {{!}} Malta 2026|website=junior.eurovision.com|publisher=EBU}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Portugal|Junior}} | {{ill|Rádio e Televisão de Portugal|en|lt=RTP}} | Salvador Rio | "Alma" | Portuguese | Diogo Piçarra | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junior.eurovision.com/malta-2026/participants/salvador-rio/|title=Salvador Rio – Portugal {{!}} Malta 2026|website=junior.eurovision.com|publisher=EBU}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|San Marino|Junior}} | {{ill|San Marino RTV|en|lt=SMRTV}} | Violamarie | "Ruota panoramica" | Italian, English | {{hlist|Denny Montesi|Emilio Munda|Piero Romitelli}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junior.eurovision.com/malta-2026/participants/violamarie/|title=Violamarie – San Marino {{!}} Malta 2026|website=junior.eurovision.com|publisher=EBU}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Spain|Junior|y=2026}} | [[RTVE]] | Lucas Paulano | "Cuore bello (te quiero, te quiero)" | Spanish | {{hlist|[[Blas Cantó]]|Carlos Almazán|Daniel Ángelo Ortega|Lucas Paulano}} | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junior.eurovision.com/malta-2026/participants/lucas-paulano/|title=Lucas Paulano – Spain {{!}} Malta 2026|website=junior.eurovision.com|publisher=EBU}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{Esc|Ukraine|Junior}} | {{ill|Suspilne|en}} | Erika Kolesnichenko | "Not a Lullaby" | Ukrainian, English | Svitlana Tarabarova | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://junior.eurovision.com/malta-2026/participants/erika-kolesnichenko/|title=Erika Kolesnichenko – Ukraine {{!}} Malta 2026|website=junior.eurovision.com|publisher=EBU}}</ref> |} ==Contest overview== {| class="sortable wikitable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col"| {{Abbr|R/O|Running order}} ! scope="col"| Country ! scope="col"| Artist ! scope="col"| Song |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 1 | {{Esc|Netherlands|Junior}} | Maria Dragan | "Stronger Together" |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 2 | {{Esc|Cyprus|Junior}} | Harry Georgiou | "Who I Can Be" |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 3 | {{Esc|Portugal|Junior}} | Salvador Rio | "Alma" |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 4 | {{Esc|Montenegro|Junior}} | Mija Vujović | "Muzika nas spaja" |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 5 | {{Esc|San Marino|Junior}} | Violamarie | "Ruota panoramica" |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 6 | {{Esc|France|Junior}} | Alec Burette | "Comment tu vas?" |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 7 | {{Esc|Poland|Junior}} | Wiktor Sas | "Gravity" |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 8 | {{Esc|Armenia|Junior}} | Naré Kerobyan | "Boo!" |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 9 | {{Esc|Malta|Junior}} | Beppe Caruana | "Blue Bird" |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 10 | {{Esc|Italy|Junior}} | Matteo Trullu | "Che cos'è l'amore?" |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 11 | {{Esc|Ukraine|Junior}} | Erika Kolesnichenko | "Not a Lullaby" |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 12 | {{Esc|North Macedonia|Junior}} | Ana Stojanoska | "Idnata jas" |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 13 | {{Esc|Ireland|Junior}} | Caleb Kirwan and Naomi Gribben | "Níos láidre" |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 14 | {{Esc|Albania|Junior}} | Eslin Kurti | "Kërce me mua" |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 15 | {{Esc|Georgia|Junior}} | Davit Lomidze | "Sun on the Rooftops" |- ! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 16 | {{Esc|Spain|Junior}} | Lucas Paulano | "Cuore bello (te quiero, te quiero)" |} ==See also== * [[Eurovision Song Contest 2026]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Other websites== * {{Official website|https://junior.eurovision.com/}} [[Category:October events]] 6w13znuevj4035e11zrzaqwzjljposd 3 1285877 11023964 2026-10-08T13:46:21Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 sending warning (level 1) 11023964 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. 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If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:User talk:IrisChronomia Bot}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#G3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]] ([[User talk:Veritas Sapientiae|talk]]) 14:19, 8 October 2026 (UTC) etfiyo6cxcrdttla70j3p9jod7q8rhw 11024053 11024026 2026-10-08T17:01:50Z Garsh2 1475106 No need to delete this talk page, rm unblock request of globally locked account 11024053 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of User talk:IrisChronomia Bot== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:User talk:IrisChronomia Bot]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]].&nbsp;This is because the page contains vandalism. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:User talk:IrisChronomia Bot}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#G3|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]] ([[User talk:Veritas Sapientiae|talk]]) 14:19, 8 October 2026 (UTC) mlu7hjrzacidgh52gi8ypvalvpb3l5t 0 1285879 11024019 2026-10-08T14:40:22Z Smarhelmy 1886980 Creating an article about the singer Tarek El Sheikh 11024019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Tarek El Sheikh | birth_place = [[Port Said]], [[Egypt]] | occupation = Singer, actor | instrument = Vocal, Piano | years_active = 1995–present }} '''Tarek El-Sheikh''' (born [[:en:May_11|May 11]], [[:en:1972|1972]]) is an Egyptian [[:en:Singer|singer]] and [[:en:Actor|actor]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-10|title=طارق الشيخ يطرح أغنية «أنا مش زعلان مني»|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/8281987|access-date=2026-10-08|website=الوطن|language=ar}}</ref> == Early life == Tarek El-Sheikh developed a passion for singing in his childhood, and his upbringing in a working-class neighborhood had a significant influence on his artistic direction. == Career == Tarek El-Sheikh released a series of tapes and albums, beginning in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|title=طارق الشيخ - ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ فيلموجرافيا، صور، فيديو|url=https://elcinema.com/person/1991352|access-date=2026-10-08|website=elCinema.com|language=ar}}</ref> == Discography == Album "Ikhtar Lak Hal" (1995). Album "Ya Eini Aleina" (1997). Album "Sabrak Alayya" (1998). Album "Nafsi Ya Donia" (2000). Album "Ala Bab Al-Janna" (2001). Album "Oshshaq" (2003). Album "Batamanna Liqaak" (2004). Album "Ijrah" (2006). Album "Rahu" (2008). Album "Nadam Omrak" (2009). Album "Waddouni Al-Bahr" (2022). == References == <references> <ref name="ref1">https://www.youm7.com/story/2026/10/8/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A2%D8%AA-%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A3%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84-%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8B%D8%A7/7568650</ref> <ref name="ref2">{{Cite web|title=طارق الشيخ يطرح أغنية «أنا مش زعلان مني»|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/8281987|website=الوطن|date=2026-05-10|access-date=2026-10-08|language=ar}}</ref> </references> [[Category:Musicians]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1972 births]] q5b83j0lmkyfhxieu2oyg9vkjlbry5e 11024020 11024019 2026-10-08T14:44:17Z Smarhelmy 1886980 Edit sources 11024020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Tarek El Sheikh | birth_place = [[Port Said]], [[Egypt]] | occupation = Singer, actor | instrument = Vocal, Piano | years_active = 1995–present }} '''Tarek El-Sheikh''' (born [[:en:May_11|May 11]], [[:en:1972|1972]]) is an Egyptian [[:en:Singer|singer]] and [[:en:Actor|actor]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-10|title=طارق الشيخ يطرح أغنية «أنا مش زعلان مني»|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/8281987|access-date=2026-10-08|website=الوطن|language=ar}}</ref> == Early life == Tarek El-Sheikh developed a passion for singing in his childhood, and his upbringing in a working-class neighborhood had a significant influence on his artistic direction. == Career == Tarek El-Sheikh released a series of tapes and albums, beginning in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|title=طارق الشيخ - ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ فيلموجرافيا، صور، فيديو|url=https://elcinema.com/person/1991352|access-date=2026-10-08|website=elCinema.com|language=ar}}</ref> == Discography == Album "Ikhtar Lak Hal" (1995). Album "Ya Eini Aleina" (1997). Album "Sabrak Alayya" (1998). Album "Nafsi Ya Donia" (2000). Album "Ala Bab Al-Janna" (2001). Album "Oshshaq" (2003). Album "Batamanna Liqaak" (2004). Album "Ijrah" (2006). Album "Rahu" (2008). Album "Nadam Omrak" (2009). Album "Waddouni Al-Bahr" (2022). == References == <references> <ref name="ref1">[https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/4158780 طارق الشيخ: الأغنية الشعبية حزينة لأنها طالعة من وجع حقيقي (فيديو)]</ref> <ref name="ref2">{{Cite web|title=طارق الشيخ يطرح أغنية «أنا مش زعلان مني»|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/8281987|website=الوطن|date=2026-05-10|access-date=2026-10-08|language=ar}}</ref> </references> [[Category:Musicians]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1972 births]] szuerb8s5kw9anqsvv2h9nu4leb1rm2 11024023 11024020 2026-10-08T14:53:49Z Smarhelmy 1886980 /* References */ 11024023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist | name = Tarek El Sheikh | birth_place = [[Port Said]], [[Egypt]] | occupation = Singer, actor | instrument = Vocal, Piano | years_active = 1995–present }} '''Tarek El-Sheikh''' (born [[:en:May_11|May 11]], [[:en:1972|1972]]) is an Egyptian [[:en:Singer|singer]] and [[:en:Actor|actor]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-05-10|title=طارق الشيخ يطرح أغنية «أنا مش زعلان مني»|url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/8281987|access-date=2026-10-08|website=الوطن|language=ar}}</ref> == Early life == Tarek El-Sheikh developed a passion for singing in his childhood, and his upbringing in a working-class neighborhood had a significant influence on his artistic direction. == Career == Tarek El-Sheikh released a series of tapes and albums, beginning in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web|title=طارق الشيخ - ﻣﻮﺳﻴﻘﻰ فيلموجرافيا، صور، فيديو|url=https://elcinema.com/person/1991352|access-date=2026-10-08|website=elCinema.com|language=ar}}</ref> == Discography == Album "Ikhtar Lak Hal" (1995). Album "Ya Eini Aleina" (1997). Album "Sabrak Alayya" (1998). Album "Nafsi Ya Donia" (2000). Album "Ala Bab Al-Janna" (2001). Album "Oshshaq" (2003). Album "Batamanna Liqaak" (2004).<ref>{{Cite web|last=العلا|first=علوي أبو|date=2025-12-24|title=طارق الشيخ: الأغنية الشعبية حزينة لأنها طالعة من وجع حقيقي (فيديو)|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/4158780|access-date=2026-10-08|website=المصري اليوم|language=ar}}</ref> Album "Ijrah" (2006). Album "Rahu" (2008). Album "Nadam Omrak" (2009). Album "Waddouni Al-Bahr" (2022). == References == <references> </references> [[Category:Musicians]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1972 births]] 8be1qpyj69ks0ccofgq76mkm57bat5s 1 1285881 11024031 2026-10-08T15:22:00Z ~2026-54067-67 1887022 /* hello */ new section 11024031 wikitext text/x-wiki == hello == i want to learn more about cassette tapes [[Special:Contributions/~2026-54067-67|~2026-54067-67]] ([[User talk:~2026-54067-67|talk]]) 15:22, 8 October 2026 (UTC) lhs7motzwng1zijqh3mp5v3glummfbw 0 1285883 11024040 2026-10-08T15:57:10Z Lemonpaw 1872405 I created a page for a species of mantis. 11024040 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''obscure ground mantis''' (''Litaneutria obscura'') is a [[species]] of [[Mantis|Mantodea]] in the family Amelidae.<ref name="ref2" /> It is native to the [[Southwestern United States]] and [[Mexico]].<ref name="ref1" /> == Taxonomy == The obscure ground mantis was first described by Saussure in 1892.<ref name="ref1" /> It used to be in the family Mantidae, but is now in the family Amelidae. == Description == Males are colored brown or grey with dark brown, black, and light grey markings. Females are usually a mix of different shades of grey. In females, the pronotum (the space between the head and the walking legs) is about 2 times as long as it is wide, and the compound eyes are large and bulge out in front of the face. <ref name="ref1" /> == Distribution and habitat == The obscure ground mantis is found in [[Arizona]], [[California]], southern [[Nevada]], southern [[Utah]], and parts of Mexico. It lives in dry and warm places with small [[Plant|plants]].<ref name="ref1" /> == Ecology and behaviour == Adult obscure ground mantids are active at both day and night, and males will move towards lights. This species prefers running over staying still, both when hunting and when faced with danger.<ref name="ref1" /> == References == <references> <ref name="ref1">{{Cite book|title=Anderson, K. (2019) Praying Mantises of the United States and Canada 2nd Ed|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361092408_Anderson_K_2019_Praying_Mantises_of_the_United_States_and_Canada_2nd_Ed|date=2019-01-01|isbn=978-1-7930-2508-1|first=Kris|last=Anderson}}</ref> <ref name="ref2">{{Cite web|title=Species Litaneutria ocularis|url=https://www.bugguide.net/node/view/1510875|website=www.bugguide.net|access-date=2026-10-08|language=en|first=metriopteraLast updated 5|last=January|last2=2019 - 7:47pm}}</ref> </references> [[Category:Animals]] 1p410r21hh4374c3uguvb5boh66ggl9 0 1285884 11024050 2026-10-08T16:44:24Z ~2026-54181-93 1887064 Submitted a page for an American screenwriter, filmmaker and musician. 11024050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|American screenwriter and musician}} {{Infobox person | name = Jesse Dorian | birth_name = Jesse Ladshaw Treviño | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1986|11|12}} | birth_place = New Braunfels, Texas, U.S. | occupation = Screenwriter, filmmaker, musician | years_active = 2017–present | known_for = ''The Four of Us Are Dying'', ''Donavan Emery, the Android & Himself'', ''Sly'' }} '''Jesse Dorian''' (born November 12, 1986) is an American [[screenwriter]], filmmaker and musician. He is known for writing independent film screenplays, including ''The Four of Us Are Dying'', ''Donavan Emery, the Android & Himself'', and the television pilot ''Sly''.<ref name="Oniros">{{cite web|title=VIP Interview with the screenwriter Jesse Dorian|url=https://onirosfilmawards.com/jesse-dorian/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Oniros Film Awards}}</ref><ref name="Vail">{{cite web|title=2025 Television Pilot Results|url=https://www.vailfilmfestival.com/television-pilot-results-2025|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Vail Film Festival}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Hub|first=Backlinks|date=2026-05-23|title=The Calculated Rise of Jesse Dorian in Independent Screenwriting and Film The Hype Magazine: Unveiling the Pulse of Urban Culture - From Hip Hop to Hollywood! Explore a Diverse Tapestry of Stories, Interviews, and Impactful Editorials Spanning Fashion, Gaming, Movies, MMA, EDM, Rock, and Beyond! www.thehypemagazine.com - The Hype Magazine The Hype Magazine - News From Hip Hop To Hollywood!|url=https://www.thehypemagazine.com/2026/05/23/the-calculated-rise-of-jesse-dorian-in-independent-screenwriting-and-film/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=The Hype Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> == Early life and education == Dorian was born in New Braunfels, Texas. His father was the artist Jesse Treviño. He attended a filmmaking program at Vancouver Film School and later studied at Austin Community College.<ref name="IMDbBio">{{cite web|title=Jesse Dorian – Biography|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm4621555/bio/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=IMDb}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|date=2026-06-02|title=A Study of Identity, Fear, and Moral Uncertainty in Jesse Dorian’s Writing|url=https://theactionelite.com/a-study-of-identity-fear-and-moral-uncertainty-in-jesse-dorians-writing/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=The Action Elite|language=en-CA}}</ref> == Career == Dorian has written several feature-length screenplays, including ''Sven'', ''As Scared As You'', ''Morituriosis'', ''She's Never Coming Back'', and ''A Close Divide''.<ref name="FilmFreeway">{{cite web|title=Jesse Dorian|url=https://filmfreeway.com/jessedorian|access-date=2026-10-08|website=FilmFreeway}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2026-04-13|title=A Study of Identity, Fear, and Moral Uncertainty in Jesse Dorian’s Writing|url=https://www.otsnews.co.uk/a-study-of-identity-fear-and-moral-uncertainty-in-jesse-dorians-writing/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=OTS News - Southport|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Awards|first=Vegas Movie|date=2023-03-23|title="Creatively, opportunities are endless when using characters that you struggle to identify with"|url=https://www.vegasmovieawards.com/post/asscaredasyou|access-date=2026-10-08|website=VegasMovieAwards|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=IQnewswire|date=2026-04-14|title=From Texas Roots to Genre Storytelling: The Creative Path of Jesse Dorian|url=https://theusacorner.com/from-texas-roots-to-genre-storytelling-the-creative-path-of-jesse-dorian/|access-date=2026-10-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=bardwell|first=Jude|date=2026-02-20|title=Inside the Independent Vision of Screenwriter and Filmmaker Jesse Dorian|url=https://speromagazine.com/inside-the-independent-vision-of-screenwriter-and-filmmaker-jesse-dorian/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Spero Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2023, his screenplay ''Donavan Emery, the Android & Himself'' won Best Screenplay at the British Independent Film Festival.<ref name="BIFF">{{cite web|title=British Independent Film Festival (2023)|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0003750/2023/1/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=IMDb}}</ref><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Meyer|first=Brian|last2=Pape.Christopher|date=2026-04-29|title=The Screenplays of Jesse Dorian and Their Growing Presence in|url=https://parkmagazineny.com/the-screenplays-of-jesse-dorian-and-their-growing-presence-in-independent-film-circuits/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Park Magazine NY|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2025, his television pilot ''Sly'' received first place in the television pilot category of the Vail Screenplay Competition.<ref name="Vail" /><ref name=":2" /> Dorian also works in music. In 2017, he started a music project called Imitate Invertebrate.<ref name="IMDbBio" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|date=2026-02-20|title=Writing in the Margins of Genre: The Creative World of Jesse Dorian|url=https://seaislenews.com/imported/writing-in-the-margins-of-genre-the-creative-world-of-jesse-dorian/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Sea Isle News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4" /> == Selected works == * ''Donavan Emery, the Android & Himself'' – screenplay * ''The Four of Us Are Dying'' – screenplay * ''Sven'' – screenplay * ''As Scared As You'' – screenplay * ''Morituriosis'' – screenplay * ''She's Never Coming Back'' – screenplay * ''A Close Divide'' – screenplay * ''Sly'' – television pilot == Awards == * 2023 – British Independent Film Festival, Best Screenplay, ''Donavan Emery, the Android & Himself''.<ref name="BIFF" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> * 2025 – Vail Screenplay Competition, first place for television pilot, ''Sly''.<ref name="Vail" /><ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=Presswire|first=Distributed by EIN|date=2026-01-09|title=Vail Screenplay Competition Announces 2025 Winning Screenplays|url=https://northjersey.xpr-gannett.com/press-release/story/137207/vail-screenplay-competition-announces-2025-winning-screenplays/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=The Bergen Record|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * [[imdbname:4621555|Jesse Dorian]] at IMDb * [https://filmfreeway.com/jessedorian Jesse Dorian] at FilmFreeway {{stub}} 9iojpkar9xosfkiu0g009rz1vjm7wpx 3 1285885 11024054 2026-10-08T17:04:11Z Garsh2 1475106 General note: Creating inappropriate pages. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024054 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2026 == [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to Wikipedia. A page you made may not meet our [[Wikipedia:Rules|rules]] for new pages, so it will shortly be [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy|removed]]. Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any tests. You may also want to read our [[Wikipedia:Introduction|introduction page]] to learn more about changing. Thank you.<!-- Template:uw-create1 --> [[User:Garsh2|Garsh ]] ([[User talk:Garsh2|talk]]) 17:04, 8 October 2026 (UTC) s5de38kukb5llwmyizgr30l6obcicli 0 1285886 11024065 2026-10-08T18:30:52Z ThePresidentTree 1545631 Created page with "'''Carbogen''' is a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen. It is also called Meduna's Mixture, as carbogen was invented by Ladislas Meduna. The ratio of the gases is between 1.5% to 50% carbon dioxide,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prisman|first=Eitan|last2=Slessarev|first2=Marat|last3=Azami|first3=Takafumi|last4=Nayot|first4=Dan|last5=Milosevic|first5=Michael|last6=Fisher|first6=Joseph|date=2007|title=Modified oxygen mask to induce target levels of hyperoxia and hypercarbia du..." 11024065 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carbogen''' is a mixture of carbon dioxide and oxygen. It is also called Meduna's Mixture, as carbogen was invented by Ladislas Meduna. The ratio of the gases is between 1.5% to 50% carbon dioxide,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prisman|first=Eitan|last2=Slessarev|first2=Marat|last3=Azami|first3=Takafumi|last4=Nayot|first4=Dan|last5=Milosevic|first5=Michael|last6=Fisher|first6=Joseph|date=2007|title=Modified oxygen mask to induce target levels of hyperoxia and hypercarbia during radiotherapy: A more effective alternative to carbogen|journal=International Journal of Radiation Biology|language=en|volume=83|issue=7|pages=457–462|doi=10.1080/09553000701370894}}</ref><ref name="erowid">[http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/carbogen/carbogen_basics.shtml Erowid Carbogen Vault: Basics<!-- Bot generated title -->].</ref> the original mixture by Ladislas Meduna was 70% oxygen and 30% carbon dioxide. Inhaling carbogen can cause hallucinations. == References == {{Reflist}} ob9reooco7h6fs4h8px8z03geoukuhj 11024066 11024065 2026-10-08T18:32:38Z ThePresidentTree 1545631 categories 11024066 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carbogen''' is a mixture of [[carbon dioxide]] and [[oxygen]]. It is also called '''Meduna's Mixture''', as carbogen was invented by Ladislas Meduna. The ratio of the gases is between 1.5% to 50% carbon dioxide,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prisman|first=Eitan|last2=Slessarev|first2=Marat|last3=Azami|first3=Takafumi|last4=Nayot|first4=Dan|last5=Milosevic|first5=Michael|last6=Fisher|first6=Joseph|date=2007|title=Modified oxygen mask to induce target levels of hyperoxia and hypercarbia during radiotherapy: A more effective alternative to carbogen|journal=International Journal of Radiation Biology|language=en|volume=83|issue=7|pages=457–462|doi=10.1080/09553000701370894}}</ref><ref name="erowid">[http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/carbogen/carbogen_basics.shtml Erowid Carbogen Vault: Basics<!-- Bot generated title -->].</ref> the original mixture by Ladislas Meduna was 70% oxygen and 30% carbon dioxide. Inhaling carbogen can cause [[Hallucination|hallucinations]]. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Consciousness]] [[Category:Gases]] rhm69ohoqbnvcjkdzmtbphv9w0ewbaq 11024067 11024066 2026-10-08T18:34:14Z ThePresidentTree 1545631 11024067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Description=gas mixture of oxygen and carbon dioxide}}'''Carbogen''' is a gas mixture of [[carbon dioxide]] and [[oxygen]]. It is also called '''Meduna's Mixture''', as carbogen was invented by Ladislas Meduna. The ratio of the gases is between 1.5% to 50% carbon dioxide,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Prisman|first=Eitan|last2=Slessarev|first2=Marat|last3=Azami|first3=Takafumi|last4=Nayot|first4=Dan|last5=Milosevic|first5=Michael|last6=Fisher|first6=Joseph|date=2007|title=Modified oxygen mask to induce target levels of hyperoxia and hypercarbia during radiotherapy: A more effective alternative to carbogen|journal=International Journal of Radiation Biology|language=en|volume=83|issue=7|pages=457–462|doi=10.1080/09553000701370894}}</ref><ref name="erowid">[http://www.erowid.org/chemicals/carbogen/carbogen_basics.shtml Erowid Carbogen Vault: Basics<!-- Bot generated title -->].</ref> the original mixture by Ladislas Meduna was 70% oxygen and 30% carbon dioxide. Inhaling carbogen can cause [[Hallucination|hallucinations]]. == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Consciousness]] [[Category:Gases]] 2mxgoyevgbuwihgr185g5h3ufeoqnwy 0 1285887 11024071 2026-10-08T18:45:01Z ThePresidentTree 1545631 Created page with "Carfentanil is a drug. It is a strong [[opioid]] that is around 10,000 times stronger than [[morphine]] and around 100 times stronger than [[fentanyl]].<ref name="ref1" /> Since carfentanil is so strong, humans can die from overdose easily, and is instead usually used on big animals like [[Elephant|elephants]].<ref name="ref1" /> Carfentanil was first made in 1974 from fentanyl and was used in veterinary medicine in 1986.<ref name="Janssen Tribute">{{cite journal|vautho..." 11024071 wikitext text/x-wiki Carfentanil is a drug. It is a strong [[opioid]] that is around 10,000 times stronger than [[morphine]] and around 100 times stronger than [[fentanyl]].<ref name="ref1" /> Since carfentanil is so strong, humans can die from overdose easily, and is instead usually used on big animals like [[Elephant|elephants]].<ref name="ref1" /> Carfentanil was first made in 1974 from fentanyl and was used in veterinary medicine in 1986.<ref name="Janssen Tribute">{{cite journal|vauthors=Stanley TH, Egan TD, Van Aken H|date=February 2008|title=A tribute to Dr. Paul A. J. Janssen: entrepreneur extraordinaire, innovative scientist, and significant contributor to anesthesiology|journal=Anesthesia and Analgesia|volume=106|issue=2|pages=451–62, table of contents|doi=10.1213/ane.0b013e3181605add|pmid=18227300|doi-access=free|s2cid=20490363}}</ref><ref name="ref2" /> == References == <references> <ref name="ref1">https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0379073821000359?via%3Dihub</ref> <ref name="ref2">{{Cite web|title=Fentanyl drug profile | The European Union Drugs Agency (EUDA)|url=https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/drug-profiles/fentanyl_en|website=www.euda.europa.eu|access-date=2026-10-08|language=en}}</ref> </references> 6vc787en322x0nedwd1008ala62gdnu 0 1285888 11024072 2026-10-08T18:50:04Z ThePresidentTree 1545631 Redirected page to [[Fentanyl]] 11024072 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Fentanyl]] e1ruzff2lc6o3l3loer2gj61v95heae 2 1285889 11024073 2026-10-08T18:51:46Z ThePresidentTree 1545631 Created page with "My userpage on [[:en:User:ThePresidentTree|'''English Wikipedia''']]." 11024073 wikitext text/x-wiki My userpage on [[:en:User:ThePresidentTree|'''English Wikipedia''']]. a28ox2u56lr7nh9lmcn0qsblb0evkk9 0 1285890 11024075 2026-10-08T18:58:29Z LUFCALAW1963 1886835 Created page with "San Hill is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe, Hill was a Muun and served as Chairman of the Intergalactic Banking Clan and later one of the prominent leaders on the Separatist Council during the Clone Wars. Hill appears in Episode 2 and 3 of the Prequel Trilogy and also appears in the Clone Wars micro series, and the 2008 Clone Wars TV Show. A male Muun from the planet Scipio, San Hill served as President and Chairman of the Intergalactic Banking Clan. H..." 11024075 wikitext text/x-wiki San Hill is a fictional character in the Star Wars universe, Hill was a Muun and served as Chairman of the Intergalactic Banking Clan and later one of the prominent leaders on the Separatist Council during the Clone Wars. Hill appears in Episode 2 and 3 of the Prequel Trilogy and also appears in the Clone Wars micro series, and the 2008 Clone Wars TV Show. A male Muun from the planet Scipio, San Hill served as President and Chairman of the Intergalactic Banking Clan. He was one of the richest individuals in the galaxy and was always curious to expand his vast wealth. On the eve of the Clone Wars, Hill visited Geonosis for a meeting with the Separatist Council and signed a treaty with Count Dooku's Confederacy of Independent Systems (CIS), pledging the Banking Clan's assets to the cause, though the banks would continue to do work with the Republic to maximise profits from both participants in the war. In the final days of the Clone Wars, like his peers he was sent to Mustafar from Utapau, subsequently he and the rest of the Council were killed by Darth Vader under the orders of their leader Emperor Palpatine rtmbua1xyxyzmvq5dsncehowo5b10rr 0 1285891 11024077 2026-10-08T19:03:39Z ThePresidentTree 1545631 Redirected page to [[Methamphetamine]] 11024077 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Methamphetamine]] 9zs2fs7jghjq4v3v050cnytrl521uir 0 1285892 11024078 2026-10-08T19:05:21Z ThePresidentTree 1545631 Redirected page to [[Carbogen]] 11024078 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Carbogen]] 0u1lznfc6v5rzfdjb8xc6t1ar9p7hmp 0 1285893 11024094 2026-10-08T20:01:45Z BULDAKRAMEN 1882196 Its wasnt anything written yet so i wrote it 11024094 wikitext text/x-wiki A submarine trench, also called an ocean trench, is a long, narrow, and very deep depression found on the ocean floor. Submarine trenches are some of the deepest places on Earth. They are usually located near the edges of tectonic plates, where one tectonic plate is pushed underneath another plate. This process is called subduction. Submarine trenches form over millions of years as tectonic plates slowly move. When two oceanic plates meet, the heavier and denser plate can sink beneath the other plate and move down into the Earth's mantle. As the plate sinks, it creates a deep valley in the ocean floor. The area where the plates meet becomes a submarine trench. One of the most famous submarine trenches is the Mariana Trench, located in the western Pacific Ocean. It is the deepest known ocean trench on Earth. Its deepest point, called Challenger Deep, reaches nearly 11,000 meters (about 36,000 feet) below sea level. That is deeper than Mount Everest is tall. The enormous pressure at these depths makes the environment extremely difficult for humans to explore. Submarine trenches are important because they are closely connected to plate tectonics. When one plate sinks beneath another, it can cause earthquakes and volcanic activity. Subduction zones are responsible for many powerful earthquakes around the world. In some cases, these earthquakes can cause tsunamis, which are large ocean waves that can travel long distances. Even though submarine trenches are extremely deep, dark, cold, and under enormous pressure, scientists have discovered that life exists there. Tiny organisms and specially adapted animals can survive in these extreme environments. Some creatures have developed unique ways to live without sunlight because sunlight cannot reach the deepest parts of the ocean. Scientists use special submarines, remotely operated vehicles, and other technology to study submarine trenches. Exploring these areas helps scientists learn more about the ocean floor, Earth's tectonic plates, earthquakes, and the organisms that live in extreme environments. Because trenches are so difficult to reach, much of the deep ocean is still unexplored. Submarine trenches also help scientists understand how Earth's surface changes over time. The ocean floor is constantly being created, moved, and recycled because of plate tectonics. New oceanic crust forms at places such as mid-ocean ridges, while older crust can eventually sink into the mantle at submarine trenches. In conclusion, submarine trenches are deep valleys on the ocean floor that usually form where one tectonic plate sinks beneath another. They are important parts of Earth's plate-tectonic system and are connected to earthquakes, volcanoes, and sometimes tsunamis. Although they are harsh environments, they contain fascinating forms of life and provide scientists with valuable information about our planet. Submarine trenches show just how active and mysterious Earth really is. he95cn8vr17pdlyb5yj9u9blv842gat 11024103 11024094 2026-10-08T20:14:44Z NDG 1452189 Redirect to [[Oceanic trench]] as this sourced article already exists 11024103 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Oceanic trench]] ax1y07azhu82023a1zp7ezts4jarwv4 2 1285894 11024095 2026-10-08T20:04:15Z BULDAKRAMEN 1882196 /* */ My bio 11024095 wikitext text/x-wiki Im very kewl. ljkv55e1aedwqotjn8rx1guhggmdz0i 3 1285895 11024105 2026-10-08T20:20:32Z NDG 1452189 Welcome to Wikipedia! ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024105 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome == Hello, '''BULDAKRAMEN''', and [[Wikipedia:Welcome|welcome]] to the '''Simple English Wikipedia'''! Thank you for [[Special:Contributions/BULDAKRAMEN|your changes]]. You may want to begin by reading these pages: * [[Help:Contents|Help]] * [[Wikipedia:Rules|Rules]] * [[Wikipedia:Useful|Links to useful pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to write Simple English pages|How to write Simple English pages]] * [[Wikipedia:How to copy from another Wikipedia|How to copy from another Wikipedia]] For some ideas of pages to work on, read [[Wikipedia:Requested pages]] or the [[Special:Wantedpages|list of wanted pages]]. You can [[Wikipedia:Be bold in updating pages|change any pages you want!]] Any changes you make can be seen right away. You can ask questions at [[Wikipedia:Simple talk]]. At the end of your messages on talk pages, please sign your name by using four [[tilde]]s <nowiki>(~~~~)</nowiki>; this will show your username and the date. If you need help just <span class="plainlinks">'''[http://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Mytalk&action=edit&section=new click here]'''</span> and type '''<nowiki>{{helpme}}</nowiki>''' and your question and someone will reply to you shortly. Good luck and happy changing! <!-- Template:Welcome --> [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 20:20, 8 October 2026 (UTC) 1ruype6jfb0qh5j3xr6s9gz6agfmwmo 0 1285896 11024120 2026-10-08T21:13:16Z By-abbot 1886475 Lorenz curve 11024120 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lorenz curve''' is a [[graph]] used in [[economics]] and in [[statistics]]. It shows how equally or unequally something is shared among a group of people. It is often used to show the distribution of [[income]].<ref name="openstax">{{cite web |title=Income Inequality: Measurement and Causes |url=https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e/pages/15-4-income-inequality-measurement-and-causes |website=Principles of Economics 3e |publisher=OpenStax |access-date=8 October 2026 }}</ref> On a Lorenz curve, the horizontal axis shows the [[percentage]] of the [[population]], from the poorest to the richest. The vertical axis shows the percentage of the total [[income]] received by those people.<ref name="openstax" /> == How it works == The graph usually includes a straight line called the '''line of perfect equality'''. If everyone had the same income, the Lorenz curve would be on this line. For example, the poorest 20% of the population would receive 20% of the total [[income]]. In a real [[population]], the Lorenz curve is usually below this line. For example, the poorest 20% of people might receive only 8% of the total income. A larger gap between the curve and the line of equality shows greater inequality.<ref name="openstax" /> The curve can also be used when studying the distribution of [[wealth]] or other economic resources. == Gini coefficient == The Lorenz curve is close related to the [[Gini coefficient]]. The Gini coefficient measures inequality using the [[area]] between the Lorenz curve and the line of perfect equality.<ref name="worldbank">{{cite web |title=Gini index |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/world-development-indicators/series/SI.POV.GINI |website=World Development Indicators |publisher=World Bank |access-date=8 October 2026 }}</ref> A Gini coefficient of 0 means perfect equality. A higher value means that the distribution is more unequal.<ref name="worldbank" /> == Related pages == * [[Economic inequality]] * [[Gini coefficient]] * [[Income]] * [[Wealth]] * [[Statistics]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Economics]] [[Category:Statistics]] 829meld8jn6ea5dscizzjzk47pc0eil 11024121 11024120 2026-10-08T21:16:14Z By-abbot 1886475 File 11024121 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lorenz curve''' is a [[graph]] used in [[economics]] and in [[statistics]]. It shows how equally or unequally something is shared among a group of people. It is often used to show the distribution of [[income]].<ref name="openstax">{{cite web |title=Income Inequality: Measurement and Causes |url=https://openstax.org/books/principles-economics-3e/pages/15-4-income-inequality-measurement-and-causes |website=Principles of Economics 3e |publisher=OpenStax |access-date=8 October 2026 }}</ref> On a Lorenz curve, the horizontal axis shows the [[percentage]] of the [[population]], from the poorest to the richest. The vertical axis shows the percentage of the total [[income]] received by those people.<ref name="openstax" /> [[File:Lorenzgini03.svg|thumb|right|A Lorenz curve. The straight line shows perfect equality. The area between the two lines is used to calculate the [[Gini coefficient]].]] == How it works == The graph usually includes a straight line called the '''line of perfect equality'''. If everyone had the same income, the Lorenz curve would be on this line. For example, the poorest 20% of the population would receive 20% of the total [[income]]. In a real [[population]], the Lorenz curve is usually below this line. For example, the poorest 20% of people might receive only 8% of the total income. A larger gap between the curve and the line of equality shows greater inequality.<ref name="openstax" /> The curve can also be used when studying the distribution of [[wealth]] or other economic resources. == Gini coefficient == The Lorenz curve is close related to the [[Gini coefficient]]. The Gini coefficient measures inequality using the [[area]] between the Lorenz curve and the line of perfect equality.<ref name="worldbank">{{cite web |title=Gini index |url=https://databank.worldbank.org/metadataglossary/world-development-indicators/series/SI.POV.GINI |website=World Development Indicators |publisher=World Bank |access-date=8 October 2026 }}</ref> A Gini coefficient of 0 means perfect equality. A higher value means that the distribution is more unequal.<ref name="worldbank" /> == Related pages == * [[Economic inequality]] * [[Gini coefficient]] * [[Income]] * [[Wealth]] * [[Statistics]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Economics]] [[Category:Statistics]] m37kb5kqk8zonqoh8asgup8i6zd8f85 3 1285897 11024128 2026-10-08T21:20:00Z Fehufanga 863768 General note: Unhelpful changes on [[Semen]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024128 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Semen]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. 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You may want to read [[Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks|our guide to unblock requests]] before asking to be unblocked. — [[User:Fehufanga|*Fehufangą]] ♮ [[User talk:Fehufanga|✉ Talk page]] 21:54, 8 October 2026 (UTC)</div><!-- Template:uw-block1 --> otytykmy4vy9jq18z9f3dhlkeei189i 2 1285898 11024131 2026-10-08T21:27:35Z OliviaRigby 1641114 sandbox 11024131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2026}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = Charlotte of Belgium | image = Carlota de mejico.jpg | caption = Charlotte {{circa|1864}} | image_size = | succession = [[Empress consort of Mexico]] | reign = 10 April 1864 – 19 June 1867 | coronation = 10 June 1864 | birth_date = {{birth date|1840|06|07|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Palace of Laeken]], Brussels, Belgium | death_date = {{death date and age|1927|01|19|1840|06|07|df=y}} | death_place = [[Bouchout Castle]], Meise, Belgium | burial_place = [[Royal Crypt (Belgium)|Royal Crypt, Church of Our Lady of Laeken]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Maximilian I of Mexico]]|1857|1867|end=died}} | full_name = {{langx|fr|Marie Charlotte Amélie Augustine Victoire Clémentine Léopoldine}}<br />{{langx|es|María Carlota Amelia Augusta Victoria Clementina Leopoldina}} | house = [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] | father = [[Leopold I of Belgium]] | mother = [[Louise of Orléans]] | signature = Signature Charlotte de Belgique (1840-1927).jpg }} '''Charlotte of Belgium'''{{efn|{{langx|fr|Marie Charlotte Amélie Augustine Victoire Clémentine Léopoldine}}; {{langx|es|María Carlota Amelia Augusta Victoria Clementina Leopoldina}}}} (7 June 1840 – 19 January 1927), also known by the Spanish version of her name, '''Carlota of Mexico''', was by birth a Belgian princess and a member of the [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]. As the wife of [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian of Austria]], she became an [[Archduchy of Austria|Archduchess of Austria]] by marriage and [[List of empresses consort of Mexico#House of Habsburg-Lorraine, 1864–1867|Empress of Mexico]] from 1864. She was the daughter, granddaughter, sister, sister-in-law, cousin and wife of numerous reigning or deposed sovereigns throughout Europe and Mexico. From the beginning of her marriage, Charlotte feuded with [[Empress Elisabeth of Austria|Empress Elisabeth]] in [[Vienna]], and was glad when her husband was posted to Italy as [[Viceroy]] of [[Lombardy–Venetia]]. At this time, he was selected by the [[Emperor Napoleon III]] as a figurehead for his proposed [[Second Mexican Empire|French empire in Mexico]], and Charlotte overcame her husband's doubts about the plan. Maximilian and Charlotte duly arrived in Mexico City in 1864, but their reign lasted little more than three years. She assisted her husband, who let her rule as [[regent]] during his absences from Mexico City, for which reason she is considered the first woman to rule in the Americas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Carlota, The Belgian Princess Who Went Mad When She Became A Mexican Empress |url=https://culturacolectiva.com/history/empress-carlota-of-mexico/ |website=[[Cultura Colectiva]] |access-date=2 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> When Napoleon III ordered the withdrawal of French military aid intended to support Maximilian, the situation of the Mexican imperial couple became untenable. On her own initiative, Charlotte decided to go personally to Europe in order to attempt a final approach to Paris and the [[Holy See|Vatican]]. She landed in France in August 1866, but suffered the successive refusals of both Napoleon III and [[Pope Pius IX]]. In Rome, the failure of her mission appeared to compromise her mental health to the point that an [[psychiatrist|alienist]] doctor advocated the confinement of Charlotte in [[Miramare Castle]]. It was during her stay under house arrest that Maximilian was deposed and executed under [[Benito Juárez]] in June 1867. Unaware that she was a widow, Charlotte was brought back to Belgium and confined successively in the [[Pavilion of Tervuren]] (in 1867 and again during 1869–1879), the [[Palace of Laeken]] (during 1867–1869) and finally at [[Bouchout Castle]] in [[Meise]] (from 1879), where she remained for the next 48 years in a [[Mental disorder|deleterious mental state]], giving rise to much speculation ever since, before dying in 1927 aged 86. ==Life== ===Birth and early years=== [[File:Princess Charlotte of Belgium.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Charlotte as a young girl, portrait by [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter]], 1842.]] [[File:Hermann Winterhalter Portrait of Princess Charlotte of Belgium.jpg|thumb|Charlotte in 1848 (portrait by [[Hermann Winterhalter]])]] Marie Charlotte Amélie Augustine Victoire Clémentine Léopoldine of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, better known under the name ''Charlotte'', was the daughter of [[Leopold I of Belgium]] and [[Louise of Orléans]]. Her first name pays homage to the late [[Princess Charlotte of Wales (1796–1817)|Princess Charlotte of Wales]], her father's first wife. She was the fourth and last child and the only daughter of the Belgian royal couple, after [[Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium|Louis-Philippe]] (who died less than one year old in 1834), [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold]] (born in 1835) and [[Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders|Philippe]] (born in 1837).{{sfn|Huberty|Giraud|1976|p=508}} Queen Louise's last pregnancy was so difficult there were fears of a miscarriage in April, but on 7 June 1840 at 1 a.m., Charlotte was born healthy at the [[Palace of Laeken]].{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|pp=24–25}} Initially disappointed by the birth of a daughter, who was not a dynast in Belgium at that time, King Leopold I was gradually charmed by his daughter,{{sfn|Defrance|2004|pp=134–135}} who became in time his favorite child.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=21}} Through her mother, Charlotte was a granddaughter of [[Louis Philippe I]] and [[Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies]], [[King of the French|King and Queen of the French]] and through her father, she was a first-cousin of [[Queen Victoria]] of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]]; thanks to these relations, and in addition to regular stays in the city of [[Ostend]] in the summer, Charlotte spent long holidays with her maternal grandparents in the French royal residences{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=23}} and at her cousin's in [[Windsor Castle]].{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=25}} She was close to her maternal grandmother, Queen Maria Amalia, and the two regularly corresponded; after the [[French Revolution of 1848]] which dethroned her grandparents and exiled them to England, for a few weeks out of the year, Charlotte stayed in [[Claremont (country house)|Claremont]] with her mother's family in exile. [[File:Drawing of the family of King Leopold I of Belgium.jpg|thumb|right|[[Leopold I of Belgium]] and his family, by Charles Baugniet, {{circa|1850}}.]] When her mother died on 11 October 1850,{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=37}} Charlotte was only 10 years old. The boisterous and expansive little girl quickly became a pensive and introverted teenager. The late Queen Louise had personally overseen the education and instruction of the royal children. Respecting the wishes of his deceased wife, the King appointed Countess Denise d'Hulst, a French aristocrat, to take particular care of Charlotte, of whom she became governess.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=42}} Fleeing [[Laeken]] as soon as he could, Leopold I had little presence with his children, who suffered as a result.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=38}} Very early on, Charlotte was able to express herself orally and in writing in French, English and German. Her religious instruction was entrusted to [[Victor-Auguste-Isidor Deschamps]], later [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mechelen–Brussels|Archbishop of Mechelen]] and therefore [[Primate (bishop)|Primate of Belgium]]. Religion held a major place in the life of the princess.<ref>{{cite book|author=Émile Meurice|title=Charlotte et Léopold II de Belgique : deux destins d'exception entre histoire et psychiatrie|location=Liège|publisher=Éditions du CEFAL|year=2004|page=56|isbn=2-87130-168-9|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwyruVagN5IC}}</ref> Leopold I demanded that his children carry out frequent examinations of conscience, believing that crowned heads must possess great strength of character. After Madame d'Hulst returned to France, it was Countess Marie-Auguste de Bovée, her new governess, who educated Charlotte, urging her to read and meditate daily on ''[[The Imitation of Christ]]''.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=26}} At the age of 13, her favorite author was [[Plutarch]], while she judged [[Ovid]] to be childish. Very early on, she was convinced that royalty would have to be more accountable to God than the rest of humanity.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=27}} Her obsession with learning made society bland, she wrote at 15. At this age, Charlotte was seen as a distant beauty, aware of her dignity and seeking to achieve unattainable moral perfection.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=32}} She had a tendency to judge those around her harshly and got along more with her brother Philippe than with Leopold.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=51}} ===Marriage=== [[File:Maximilian and Charlotte.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Charlotte of Belgium and her fiancé [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian]]. Photography by Louis-Joseph Ghémar 1857.]] In her youth, Charlotte resembled her mother, and was noted as being a beauty possessing delicate features. This, combined with her status as the only daughter of the King of the Belgians, made her a desirable match. In 1856, as she was preparing to celebrate her sixteenth birthday, two suitors sought her hand: Prince [[George, King of Saxony|George of Saxony]] (who was quickly rejected) and King [[Pedro V of Portugal]]. The latter was the favorite candidate of both Queen Victoria and King Leopold I.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|pp=69–70}} By personal choice, and under the influence of Madame d'Hulst (who affirmed that at the Portuguese court no priest would understand her), Charlotte declined the offer of marriage with King Pedro V.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=70}} She explained: "As for Pedro, it is a throne, it is true, I would be Queen and Majesty but what is that, the crowns nowadays are heavy burdens and how one regrets later to have yielded to such crazy considerations".{{sfn|Paoli|2008|pp=37–38}} In the month of May 1856, Charlotte met in Brussels with [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Archduke Maximilian of Austria]], younger brother of Emperor [[Franz Joseph I]]. She was immediately charmed by this prince who was eight years her senior.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=70}} Reportedly she stated: "it will be him that I will marry".{{sfn|Huberty|Giraud|1976|p=508}} Her father left Charlotte the choice of her future husband; as she testified in a letter addressed to her grandmother Maria Amalia: "He wrote me the most impartial letter, putting before my eyes the advantages of one and the other without wanting to influence me in any way".{{sfn|Paoli|2008|pp=37–38}} As for Leopold I, he wrote to his future son-in-law: "You won in May [...] all my confidence and my benevolence. I also noticed that my little girl shared these dispositions; however it was my duty to proceed with precaution".{{sfn|Paoli|2008|p=40}} Charlotte declared: "If, as it is in question, the Archduke was invested with the Viceroyalty of Italy, that would be charming, that's all I want".{{sfn|Paoli|2008|p=40}} The official engagement was celebrated on 23 December 1856.{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=5}} Charlotte appeared elated by the prospect of her marriage to Maximilian,{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|p=25}} praising a fiancé for whom she envisioned an exceptional destiny.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=70}} Maximilian appeared less enthusiastic{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=64}} when negotiating the dowry of his bride.{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|p=25}} The Archduke said of his fiancée: "She's short, I'm tall, which must be. She's brunette, I'm blonde, which is good too. She is very intelligent, which is a bit annoying, but I will undoubtedly get over it". The marriage ceremony was celebrated on 27 July 1857 at the [[Royal Palace of Brussels]].{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=60}} This alliance with the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]] enhanced the legitimacy of the recently established Belgian dynasty. Emperor [[Napoleon III]] presented the couple with a [[biscuit porcelain|bisque]] bust of Charlotte as a wedding gift. In the Court of [[Vienna]] she was welcomed by her mother-in-law, [[Princess Sophie of Bavaria|Archduchess Sophie]], who saw in her the perfect example of a wife for an Austrian Archduke. This contributed to the strained relationship between Charlotte and [[Elisabeth of Bavaria|Empress Elisabeth of Austria]], wife of Franz Joseph I, whom Sophie treated rather cruelly. It is said that Charlotte disliked the deep connection that existed between Elisabeth and Maximilian, who were confidantes and shared the same tastes for many things, especially because her sister-in-law was universally admired for her beauty and charm. ===Life in Italy and Miramare=== [[File:Dell'Acqua Arrival of Empress Elisabeth in Miramare.jpg|thumb|right|''Visit of Empress Elisabeth at the Castello di Miramare in 1861'', by [[Cesare Dell'Acqua]], 1865. Charlotte (in pink dress) welcomes [[Empress Elisabeth of Austria|Elisabeth]] while her husband [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian]] and his brother Emperor [[Franz Joseph I]] wait on the launch of the royal British yacht [[HMY Victoria and Albert (1855)|HMY Victoria and Albert]].]] [[File:Miramare kastély. Fortepan 95038.jpg|thumb|right|[[Miramare Castle]] at the beginning of the 20th century.]] In September 1857, Emperor [[Franz Joseph I]] of Austria appointed his brother Maximilian as Viceroy of the [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]]. After a short stop in [[Schönbrunn Palace|Schönbrunn]], where they met the Austrian Imperial family, the newlyweds went to Maximilian's [[Miramare Castle]] where they stayed for eight days. They then visited [[Venice]] and [[Verona]]. On 6 September 1857, Charlotte and Maximilian made a solemn entry into [[Milan]], where they were warmly welcomed. Some newspapers claimed their entry was made to appear ridiculous because of excessively ornate carriages and [[Livery|liveries]]. [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold, Duke of Brabant]], wrote to the [[Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders|Count of Flanders]]: "All the servants wore [[halberd]]s! In Paris, we talked a lot about this [...]. If we sin here through too much simplicity, they are blamed for a buffoonish luxury from another time and which nowadays seems too out of place".{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=61}} In Italy, the Archducal couple officially resided in Milan, seat of the government of Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia.{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=7}} Sometimes staying at the [[Royal Palace of Milan|Royal Palace]] they also spent time at the more intimate [[Royal Villa of Monza|Villa of Monza]].{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=6}} In his capacity as Viceroy, Maximilian was served by a substantial important court including [[Chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]]s and [[Majordomo|''majordomos'']]. Charlotte was surrounded by a grand-mistress, [[Lady-in-waiting|ladies-in-waiting]] and a large suite. Charlotte appears to have enjoyed her time in Venice. During [[Easter]] of 1858, she and Maximilian journeyed down the [[Grand Canal (Venice)|Grand Canal]] aboard a ceremonial [[gondola]]. Charlotte also visited several charitable institutions and schools.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=62}} Feasts and balls were given in their honour but the local aristocrats were conspicuous with their absences. In 1859, Charlotte acquired the island of [[Lokrum]] and its ruined convent. She and Maximilian proceeded to transform the Benedictine abbey into a secondary residence.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=69}}{{efn|Charlotte kept the island of Lokrum among her personal property. Due to his sister's dementia, King Leopold II was appointed guardian and took charge of the maintenance of the property for a few years before the island of Lokrum was placed under the administration of the intendant of the imperial [[civil list]] of Austria. Then, possession of the island passed in 1880 to [[Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria]], only son of Emperor Franz Joseph I. After Rudolph's death, the imperial family sold the island to the [[House of Windisch-Graetz]]. Upon her marriage to Prince Otto Weriand of Windisch-Graetz in 1902, [[Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria]] (Rudolf's only daughter) received the island as a wedding gift.{{sfn|Desternes|Chandet|1964|p=112}}}} On a private level, Maximilian began to neglect his wife, who complained, after a year of marriage, of loneliness and boredom.{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|p=27}} On 10 April 1859, Maximilian was obliged by his brother the Emperor to resign from his office as Viceroy of Lombardy–Venetia.{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=6}} He had sought to undertake reforms considered as being too [[Liberalism|liberal]] by the government in Vienna, as well as showing indulgence towards Italian rebels and being too much of a spendthrift.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=64}} Charlotte and Maximilian therefore retired to Miramare Castle at one end of the [[Gulf of Trieste]].{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=9}} The construction of the castle continued throughout 1860, according to plans prepared by Maximilian and financed in part from Charlotte's dowry. Her brother, the future Leopold II, noted in his diary: "The construction of this palace in these days is a limitless madness".<ref>{{cite book|author=Victor Capron|title=Le Mariage de Maximilien et Charlotte. Journal du duc de Brabant (1856–1857)|location=Brussels|year=1986}}</ref> In correspondence Charlotte painted an idyllic portrait of this time in Miramare, though the estrangement of the two spouses appeared to become more marked. Charlotte practiced horseback riding, painting and swimming. She played a major part in planning the layout and statuary of the extensive gardens of Miramare, while contributing some of her own paintings to the gallery of the palace.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. M. McAllen|page=33|title=Maximilian and Carlota. Europe's Last Empire in Mexico|isbn=978-1-59534-263-8|date=April 2015|publisher=Trinity University Press }}</ref>{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|p=28}} [[File:Visite de Maximilien et Charlotte à Tétouan en mars 1860.jpg|thumb|left|Maximilian and Charlotte visiting Tétouan in March 1860. Engraving by Gustave Janet.]] In December 1859 Charlotte and Maximilian embarked on a voyage aboard the yacht ''Fantasia'', which took them to [[Madeira]] in December 1859, on the spot where [[Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil]], once engaged to Maximilian, had died six years previously.{{sfn|Lacerda Martins de Almeida|1973|p=122}} In this place, the Archduke experienced intense regret and melancholic thoughts.{{sfn|Lacerda Martins de Almeida|1973|p=123}} Charlotte remained alone in [[Funchal]] for three months while her husband continued his journey to Brazil, where he visited three states: first [[Bahia]], then [[Rio de Janeiro]] and finally [[Espírito Santo]].{{sfn|Lacerda Martins de Almeida|1973|p=123}} On his return from his trip, Maximilian returned via Funchal where he and Charlotte prepared to return to Trieste. First they made a stopover in [[Tétouan]], where they docked on 18 March 1860.{{sfn|McAllen|2014|p=36}} On 3 October 1863, a delegation of conservative Mexican notables arrived at Miramare Castle to formally offer the Archduke the crown of their country. They were mostly reactionary expatriates who were resident in Europe and enjoyed only limited support in their native country. In reality, negotiations on this subject had been underway for more than two years: Emperor [[Napoleon III]] envisaged creating a "Latin and Catholic" [[satellite state]] in Mexico, which would limit the influence of the United States of America, then in the grip of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. He was encouraged in this project by the prospect of recovering French investments and loans put at risk by the chaotic political situation in Mexico. With Papal support he accordingly searched for a suitable [[figurehead]] to serve as the nominal emperor of Mexico. His choice was Maximilian, who no longer held any power in the Austrian-ruled parts of northern Italy and was eager for a more challenging role. The Emperor of the French promised to support Maximilian militarily if he agreed to leave for Mexico. However, Maximilian hesitated and was slow to agree to this venture. Emperor Franz Joseph I was ambivalent to the proposal and his ministers questioned its wisdom. Maximilian made his assent subject to ratification by the Mexican people. The strong-willed Charlotte believed that restoring the Mexican crown would constitute a mission to bring order and civilization under the [[House of Habsburg]], who would once again rule [[The empire on which the sun never sets|an empire where the sun never sets]];{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|p=29}} she argued decisively to overcome her husband's doubts. Maximilian accepted the Mexican crown and the couple prepared for their trip for the New World.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. M. McAllen|pages=119–123|title=Maximilian and Carlota. Europe's Last Empire in Mexico|isbn=978-1-59534-263-8|date=April 2015|publisher=Trinity University Press }}</ref> ===Empress of Mexico=== ====Departure for Mexico==== [[File:Josef Püttner - SMS Fregatte Novara (Venice, after 1862).jpg|thumb|right|''The [[frigate]] [[SMS Novara (1850)|SMS Novara]]'', by Josef Püttner, after 1862.]] On 10 April 1864, in a state apartment of Miramare Castle, Maximilian and Charlotte were informally proclaimed<ref>{{cite book|author=M. M. McAllen|page=123|title=Maximilian and Carlota. Europe's Last Empire in Mexico|isbn=978-1-59534-263-8|date=April 2015|publisher=Trinity University Press }}</ref> as [[Emperor of Mexico|Emperor]] and Empress of Mexico. He affirmed that the wishes of the Mexican people allowed him to consider himself as the legitimate elected representative of the people. In reality, the Archduke was persuaded by a few Mexican conservatives who incorrectly assured him of massive popular support. For supporting documents, the Mexican deputation produced "acts of adhesion" containing population numbers for localities within Mexico that were purportedly surveyed.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=229}} Maximilian instructed the delegation "to ensure by all means the well-being, prosperity, independence and integrity of this nation".{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=229–231}} [[File:Visite de Maximilien et Charlotte au pape Pie IX le 19 avril 1864.jpg|thumb|left|Audience of Maximilian and Charlotte with [[Pope Pius IX]] on 19 April 1864. Engraving by [[Ferdinand Laufberger]].]] The same evening, an official dinner was planned at Miramare in the large salon at Les Mouettes. Now on the verge of a [[Major depressive disorder|nervous breakdown]], Maximilian retired to his apartments, where he was examined by his doctor [[August von Jilek]], who found the new Emperor prostrate and so overwhelmed that the doctor instructed him to rest in the garden house of the estate. Charlotte therefore presided at the banquet alone.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. M. McAllen|page=124|title=Maximilian and Carlota. Europe's Last Empire in Mexico|isbn=978-1-59534-263-8|date=April 2015|publisher=Trinity University Press }}</ref> The departure for Mexico was set for 14 April. Once on board the Austrian [[frigate]] [[SMS Novara (1850)|''SMS Novara'']] and escorted by the French frigate [[French frigate Thémis (1862)|''Thémis'']], Maximilian became more serene. He and Charlotte made a stopover in Rome to receive the blessing of [[Pope Pius IX]]. On 19 April, during the pontifical audience at the [[Palace of Maffei Marescotti]], the subject of the recovery of church property confiscated by the Mexican republican government was avoided. However, the Pope stressed that Maximilian would have to respect the rights of the Church.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=231–238}} During the long crossing, Charlotte and Maximilian rarely discussed the serious diplomatic and political difficulties which they were to be confronted with in Mexico. Instead, they spent their time preparing the [[etiquette]] of their future court in great detail. They began to write a 600-page manuscript relating to ceremonial functions, regulating protocol in its most minute aspects. The ''SMS Novara'' stopped in Madeira and Jamaica. The ships encountered heavy thunderstorms before a final stopover was made in [[Martinique]]. With the port of [[Veracruz]] in front of her, Charlotte wrote to her grandmother: "In a few hours we will touch the ground of our new homeland...I am delighted with the Tropics and I only dream of butterflies and hummingbirds [...] I would never have believed that in what regards the regions where we are going to live, my wishes were also completely fulfilled".{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=240–243}} ====Reign==== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = | header_background = | footer = Portraits of Emperor Maximilian and Empress Charlotte of Mexico by [[Albert Gräfle]], 1865, which hang in Chapultepec Castle, Mexico City. | footer_align = left | footer_background = | width = | image1 = Emperador Maximiliano I de Mexico.jpg | width1 = upright | caption1 = | image2 = Charlotte, Empress of Mexico.jpg | width2 = upright | caption2 = }} Maximilian and Charlotte arrived at the port of Veracruz on 28 May 1864 and made entry into Mexico City on 12 June with a warm welcome.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=250–256}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Chynoweth|first=William Harris|title=The fall of Maximilian, late emperor of Mexico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJ4BAAAAQAAJ&dq=maximilian+arrival+mexico+city+warm&pg=PR18|year=1872}}</ref> Unimpressed by the [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]], which required major refurbishment, they preferred [[Chapultepec Castle]] as their new Imperial residence.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=262–263}} They also chose the [[Palace of Cortés, Cuernavaca|Palace of Cortés]] in [[Cuernavaca]] as a summer residence. Shortly after their arrival in Mexico, they commenced costly improvements to their various properties and surroundings, despite the Mexican treasury being in a critical condition.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=264}} Charlotte took a leading role in the various festivals, military parades, balls and theatrical performances presented in their honour.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=271–272}} She also presided over the newly created Mexican [[Mexican Imperial Orders#Imperial Order of Saint Charles|Imperial Order of Saint Charles]], or 'Orden Imperial de San Carlos', designed to reward charitable or other service to the Mexican nation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Watanabe-O'Kelly|first=Helen|title=Projecting Imperial Power: New Nineteenth Century Emperors and the Public Sphere|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHA3EAAAQBAJ&dq=carlota+order+saint+charles&pg=PA95|year=2021|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=95|isbn=978-0-19880-247-1}}</ref> [[File:Charlotte of Belgium, Empress consort of Mexico.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Archduchess Carlotta in [[Brianza]] costume by [[Jean-François Portaels]]]] Despite the idyllic descriptions of Mexico that Maximilian and Charlotte wrote to their relatives in Europe,{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=273}} it did not take long for them to realize the insecurity and disorder which plagued their Empire. Their residences were perpetually monitored by a large armed guard intended to push back the rebel bands which roamed nearby.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=113}} French intervention, supported by the Belgian and Austrian contingents and local Mexican Imperial troops, was followed by a long civil war which disrupted every aspect of Mexican life.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=278}} The approximately 30,000 to 40,000 soldiers of the [[Second French intervention in Mexico|French expeditionary force]], led by Marshal [[François Achille Bazaine|Bazaine]], had to counter multiple skirmishes led by the guerrillas over a territory four times larger than that of France.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=279}} A conservative minority of the Mexican people supported the Second Mexican Empire, along with the [[Mexican nobility]], clergy, and some native groups. The Emperor tried in vain to reconcile the liberal and conservative parties.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=116}} He decided to pursue a liberal policy by approving the [[secularization]] of ecclesiastical property for the benefit of the national domain, which alienated the conservatives and the clergy.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=283–287}} When he was absent from Mexico City, sometimes for several months, Maximilian appointed Charlotte as [[Regent]]: she presided over the [[Council of Ministers]] and gave public audiences on Sundays.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=287}} The popularity of the sovereigns was already dwindling before the end of the first year of their reign.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=316}} [[File:Chapultepec Castle LCCN2014695162.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chapultepec Castle]] in the beginning of 20th century.]] Without a child from his marriage, Maximilian, to Charlotte's disapproval,{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=363}} decided in September 1865 to adopt [[Agustín de Iturbide y Green]] and [[Salvador de Iturbide y de Marzán]], grandsons of [[Agustín de Iturbide|Agustín I de Iturbide]], an earlier Emperor of Mexico (r. 1822–1823). Agustín was only two years old when he was adopted and was forcibly separated from his mother, under Maximilian's orders. This situation upset Charlotte, who was forced by her husband to go and fetch the child herself from his biological parents. By this point, public opinion of Maximilian was almost unanimously negative.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=365}} He gave Agustín de Iturbide y Green the title of "''His Highness, The Prince of Iturbide''" and similar imperial titles were accorded to various members of the child's extended family. He also ensured that the secret treaty between him and the House of Iturbide was published in European newspapers, which prevented Charlotte or anyone else from being able to attempt a reversal of the adoption.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=366}} Despite these actions, it appears Maximilian never intended to give Agustín or Salvador the throne, because they were not of royal blood.<ref name=rosas>{{cite book |title= Presidentes de México|author1=José Manuel Villalpando|author2=Alejandro Rosas|publisher=Grupo Planeta Spain|year= 2011|isbn=978-6-070-70758-2|at= n.p.|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=H2TbqVzLhOYC&pg=PT326|language=es}}</ref> He himself explained that it was all a charade to convince his younger brother [[Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria]] to give him one of his sons to act as heir.<ref name=rosas/> A year after the arrival of Maximilian and Charlotte, the situation in Mexico remained unstable. Charlotte wrote: "As disaster does not come alone, the interior continues to be ravaged. Bands emerge as if from underground where there was none before".{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=310}} The perpetual question of financing caused relations between France and Mexico to deteriorate.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=316}} The Republicans of former Mexican President [[Benito Juárez]] began to enlist men and arms from the United States of America, where the Civil War had just concluded. The Belgian Legion, composed of 4,000 men, was roundly defeated by the Juarist troops at the [[Battle of Tacámbaro]] (11 April 1865), but won the [[Battle of la Loma]] (16 July 1865) under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel (later General) [[Alfred van der Smissen]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jacqueline Hons|title=La légion belge au Mexique|journal=Revue Ami|number=26|date=November 1981|language=fr}}</ref> [[File: Empress Charlotte of Mexico (Hearst Castle).jpg|thumb|Charlotte of Belgium, Empress of Mexico in 1864 (painting by [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter]])]] Faced with this complex situation, Maximilian resolved, under pressure from Marshal Bazaine and the French army,{{sfn|McAllen|2014|p=207}} to adopt a policy of harsh repression against the rebels. He published the "Black Decree" on 3 October 1865, which, while promising an [[amnesty]] to the dissidents who surrendered, declared in its first article: "All individuals belonging to bands or armed gatherings existing without legal authorization, whether or not they proclaim a political pretext [...] will be tried militarily by the martial courts. If they are guilty, even though it is only the mere fact of belonging to an armed gang, they will be condemned to death and the sentence will be executed in 24 hours".<ref>{{cite book|author=Eugène Lefèvre|title=Histoire de l'Intervention Française au Mexique|location=Brussels|year=1869|page=260}}</ref> Under this decree, several hundred{{sfn|McAllen|2014|p=377}} rebels and political opponents were [[Summary execution|summarily executed]].{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=369}} ====Trip to Yucatán==== [[File:Uxmal Catherwood.jpg|thumb|right|[[Uxmal]] in the 19th century]] On 6 November 1865, Charlotte began an official visit to the remote province of [[Yucatán Peninsula|Yucatán]], which lasted almost two months. Without Maximilian, but accompanied by an imposing retinue, she departed on the ''Tabasco'', a ship in poor condition whose pitching made the crossing of the [[Gulf of Mexico]] very difficult. Yucatán, far from the tragic events that bloodied the rest of Mexico, gave a relatively warm welcome to the Empress.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=383}} This trip commenced with a succession of festivities preceding her arrival in [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]], capital of the province.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|pp=167–168}} Charlotte then took the opportunity to visit the ruins of the ancient [[Maya civilization|Maya]] city of [[Uxmal]], where she admired the archaeological curiosities.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=384}} While there, she wrote a series of letters and reports on the peninsula that are now archived in the [[National Archives of Austria]] and the [[Library of Congress]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Carlota de Bélgica |date=2011 |title=Viaje a Yucatan |edition=1st |language=es |trans-title=Trip to Yucatan |location=México |publisher=Conaculta |isbn=978-607-455-680-3 }}</ref> When Charlotte met Maximilian again in Cuernavaca, the day before New Year's Day 1866, he informed her of the new legislative projects he had conceived. Charlotte and her husband stayed for a few days in Cuernavaca, where on the morning of 6 January, she learned of the death of her father King [[Leopold I of Belgium]] almost four weeks before.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=392}} Two months later, on 24 March, Charlotte heard that her maternal grandmother [[Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies|Maria Amalia]], Dowager Queen consort of the French; to whom she was deeply attached, had died in England.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=212}} ====Departure from Mexico==== [[File:Imperatrice-eugenie-1864-s.jpg|thumb|left|The ''Impératrice Éugenie'' in 1864.]] In January 1866, Emperor Napoleon III, influenced by French public hostility to the Mexican expedition, decided to begin the withdrawal of his troops supporting the Imperial cause in Mexico.{{sfn|Léon Niox|1874|p=550}} This strategic pullback was a potentially fatal blow to the infant Mexican monarchy; at the end of the withdrawal of the French expeditionary force, Maximilian would only have the support of a small force of imperial Mexican soldiers and a contingent of Belgian and Austrian volunteers, which were easily outnumbered by rebel forces.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=403–405}} The announcement of the French withdrawal encouraged the Belgian legation to leave the country. In a desperate attempt to save her husband's throne, Charlotte resolved to personally persuade Napoleon III to reconsider his decision. On 9 July 1866, Charlotte, with Maximilian's concurrence, set sail for Europe from the port of Veracruz upon the transatlantic ocean liner ''Impératrice Eugénie''.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=427}} She was accompanied by Martín del Castillo y Cos, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and her two adoptive sons, the Princes of Iturbide. Subsequently, a rumor circulated that Charlotte, shortly before her trip to Europe, had become pregnant by her [[aide-de-camp]] [[Alfred van der Smissen]] and had given birth to a son in early 1867. The feasibility of this rumor is uncertain.<ref name=Laporte>{{cite web|author=Christian Laporte|title=Charlotte, impératrice mélancolique|date=17 December 2008|url=https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/2008/12/17/charlotte-imperatrice-melancolique-UDZJHU6WZNH4HNK3KQAKF6TXTE/|website=lalibre.be|access-date=17 July 2021|language=fr}}</ref>{{efn|The proponents of this view<ref name=Laporte/><ref>{{cite web|author=Christian Laporte|title=Histoire - Léopold II n'était pas le père du général Weygand, de parents connus...|date=20 October 2003|url=https://plus.lesoir.be//art/histoire-leopold-ii-n-etait-pas-le-pere-du-general-weyg_t-20031024-Z0NP1F.html|website=lesoir.be|access-date=17 July 2021|language=fr}}</ref> pointed to a child born in [[Brussels]] on 23 January 1867 and declared of unknown parentage as Charlotte's illegitimate child, but this date of birth did not coincide with Charlotte's presence in Brussels (she had been confined to Miramare since October 1866 where she stayed until July 1867). This son would become the future French general [[Maxime Weygand]]. As an adult, Weygand did indeed share a certain physical resemblance to Alfred van der Smissen, which some took as evidence of Empress Charlotte and van der Smissen's affair. This theory was disproved by Dominique Paoli<ref name=Paoli>{{cite book|author=Dominique Paoli|title=Maxime ou le secret Weygand|location=Brussels|publisher=Racine|work=Les racines de l'histoire|year=2003|language=fr}}</ref> and presented in a television program by [[Alain Decaux]]. Historian [[André Castelot]],{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=602–610}} revealed that King [[Leopold III of Belgium]] had personally confirmed to him that "Weygand is the son of van der Smissen". King [[Leopold II of Belgium]] (for whom van der Smissen would later become aide-de-camp) provided protection for the child from a distance, providing funds which enabled him to be adopted by a family in Nimal, and then by the French Weygand family. Paoli claimed to have found evidence that Maxime Weygand was the illegitimate child of Alfred van der Smissen and Princess [[Melanie Metternich-Zichy|Melanie Marie von Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein]], Charlotte's lady-in-waiting and daughter of Austrian diplomat and politician Prince [[Klemens von Metternich]]. Paoli further claimed that Weygand had been born in mid-1865, not January 1867 as is generally claimed.<ref name=Paoli/>}} ===Return to Europe=== On 8 August 1866, Empress Charlotte arrived in Europe with her two adoptive sons and Martín del Castillo, at the harbour of [[Saint-Nazaire]], where they were greeted by [[Juan Almonte]] and his wife, instead of an official welcoming ceremony. From there, she took a train for Paris, where she arrived on 9 August. During the trip, Charlotte had received a telegraph from Napoleon III, informing her that he was terribly ill, but this did little to dissuade her. At the [[Château de Saint-Cloud]], the bedridden Napoleon III received a telegram from Charlotte requesting an interview. He first sent his wife Empress [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugénie]] to the [[InterContinental Paris Le Grand Hotel|Le Grand Hôtel]] where Charlotte was staying, hoping to deter the determined Empress of Mexico from her plans to meet him in person. But Charlotte could not be dissuaded and Eugénie made arrangements for a first meeting between the two of them the next day, 11 August, at Saint-Cloud.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=165}} Despite carefully preparing her arguments in a twenty-page brief, the meeting between Charlotte and Napoleon III ended in complete failure. She gave a long, impassioned speech reminding Napoleon III of his promises and the [[s:Treaty of Miramar|Treaty of Miramar]], but the Emperor was unwavering in his position, affirming that he could not decide anything without the approval of his ministers and that he refused to negotiate new financial and military guarantees in favour of Mexico. Her mission ruined, Charlotte began manifesting symptoms of [[paranoia]] and had profound cognitive and emotional collapse. Two days later, she returned to Saint-Cloud to attempt another negotiation with Napoleon III. A lively discussion broke out in the presence of Empress Eugénie, who sank into an armchair, pretending to faint. The first signs of Charlotte's mental breakdown became evident here, when, overwhelmed by sadness, she threw herself into a nearby armchair, sobbing hysterically. The [[Council of Ministers]] of 18 August 1866 confirmed the position of Napoleon III and formally opposed maintaining any military presence by France in Mexico. On 19 August, Napoleon III went personally to Le Grand Hôtel for a third and final meeting with Charlotte, to confirm to her that France would no longer continue to act in Mexico.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|pp=191–196}} Shaken by Napoleon III's refusal, on 21 August Charlotte left France for Miramare Castle in Trieste; on the journey there, her mental health showed signs of worsening – passing by a farmer, she became convinced that he was an assassin. She persistently shouted at her coachman to drive faster. She avoided going through Brussels{{efn|The [[Belgian official journal|''Moniteur belge'']] wrongly assures: "[[Brussels]], 14 August 1866. H.M. the Empress of Mexico is expected from time to time in Brussels. It is assured that the August traveler expressed the desire that no official honor be returned on her arrival and on her departure".<ref>{{cite news|language=fr|title=Partie non officielle - Intérieur|newspaper=Le Moniteur belge|date=August 1866 |pages=4495|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C35DAAAAcAAJ&q=conseil+ministres+14+ao%C3%BBt+1866+mexique&pg=PA4495|access-date=17 July 2021|author1=Belgique}}</ref>}} and Vienna due to the withdrawal of the Belgian and Austrian troops from Mexico, and Charlotte did not seek help from either her or her husband's families. Charlotte's late father, King [[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold I]], had been doubtful of the Mexican adventure,{{sfn|Defrance|2004|pp=134–135}} and his son, now [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold II]], while once a staunch supporter of his sister's ambitions, could no longer ignore the hostility of the Belgians towards further involvement in Mexico, especially in view of the significant losses incurred there by the Belgian Legion. Charlotte was now isolated and could no longer count on further European support.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=166}} Once at Miramare, Charlotte found a message from Maximilian waiting for her, imploring her to seek an audience with [[Pope Pius IX]] in Rome. After a one-month stay in Trieste, Charlotte left for the Vatican to try and win continuing support from the pontiff for the Imperial regime in Mexico. Pope Pius IX, however, saw no reason to further implicate the Church in the disastrous Mexican venture.<ref name=dhnet>{{cite web|title=La première femme qui a dormi au Vatican|url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/societe/la-premiere-femme-qui-a-dormi-au-vatican-51b78df1e4b0de6db9815713|website=dhnet.be|language=fr|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> On her way to Rome, Charlotte showed further signs of deteriorating mental health; while stopping for the night at the city of [[Bolzano]] (German: ''Bozen'') in [[South Tyrol]], then part of the Austrian Empire, Charlotte informed Martín del Castillo that she felt unwell and insisted that it was due to being poisoned by spies and traitors among her party. [[File:Charlotte de Belgique, Impératrice du Mexique (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Empress Charlotte in mourning clothes. Photography by [[André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri|Eugène Disdéri]], 1867.]] On 24 September 1866, Charlotte arrived in Rome. Three days later, on 27 September, she had an audience with Pope Pius IX, but as was expected, the pontiff was reluctant to use his influence to intervene in French politics on the behalf of the Mexican Empire. Charlotte became despondent. Overwhelmed by despair and paranoia, she shut herself within her hotel. She dressed in mourning clothes and, in fear of poison, denied herself food and water. She asked to be taken to the [[Trevi Fountain]] to quench her thirst after not having consumed any liquid since the previous day. On 1 October, Charlotte went to the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] for a further meeting with the Pope, still dressed in mourning and with her face reportedly displaying sunken eyes and flushed cheeks. Crying hysterically, she refused to return to her hotel and begged to be sheltered for the night in the papal apartments,{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=166}} convinced that assassins sent by Napoleon III were waiting for her outside. The Pope let Charlotte eat part of his own dinner and, breaking the rules of the [[Holy See]], had a bed moved into the pontifical library for her, making Charlotte the first woman known to have slept in the Vatican.{{efn|In reality, Charlotte only slept for a few hours in the pontifical library before being escorted back to a hotel at nightfall.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=166}}}} In the following days, she confined herself to her hotel room, leaving only to drink water from public fountains, with a goblet that she had taken from the papal apartments.<ref name="ReferenceA">De terugkeer van Charlotte Paperback. Juli 1867 – een delicate opdracht voor baron Adrien Goffinet, Université de Genève</ref> King Leopold II grew worried about the news he received from Charlotte, so he sent his brother Prince [[Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders|Philippe, Count of Flanders]] to Rome, where he arrived on 8 October 1866.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|pp=166–168}} Two days later, Prince Philippe escorted his very depressed and unstable sister, and the two princes of Iturbide, to Miramare Castle.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> There, Charlotte persisted in her obsession with poisoning. The Count of Flanders reported their sister's erratic and strange behaviour to King Leopold II. After examining the Empress, [[:de:Josef Gottfried von Riedel|Josef Gottfried von Riedel]], a Viennese [[psychiatrist|alienist]] physician, diagnosed "madness with fixed ideas of persecution",{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=210}} believing that the Mexican climate and the humiliating treatment that Charlotte received in France aggravated her condition.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=166}} At Miramare, Charlotte was sequestered in the pavilion of the [[Miramare Castle#Castelletto|Gartenhaus]], supervised by Austrian security agents.{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=36}} [[File:Edouard Manet 022.jpg|thumb|right|''[[The Execution of Emperor Maximilian]]'', by [[Édouard Manet]], 1868.]] When the news of the capture of Maximilian by Mexican Republican forces and his execution at [[Querétaro City|Santiago de Querétaro]] on 19 June 1867 became known, the Belgian royal family interrupted their visit to Paris for the [[Exposition Universelle (1867)|International Exposition]], and returned to Brussels in early July 1867. Ultimately, Charlotte's family elected not to tell her of her husband's demise.{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=18}} With Maximilian's death, guardianship of Charlotte became an issue: she had so far accepted her confinement in Miramare, then in Austrian territory, believing that her husband demanded this confinement for her safety. Her brother, Leopold II, believed that there was no reason for Charlotte to stay in Austria and preferred that she return to her homeland of Belgium. However, after the arrest of Maximilian on 15 May, his brother Emperor [[Franz Joseph I]] had restored Maximilian's rights and titles as member of the House of Habsburg in an attempt to save his life, convinced that the rebels wouldn't dare to shoot an Austrian [[Archduke]]. Subsequently, Charlotte regained her status as an Archduchess of Austria and, therefore, her in-laws remained her legal guardians.{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=33}} The Emperor of Austria sent [[Bombelles|Count Karl of Bombelles]],<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and doctor [[August von Jilek]], a friend of Maximilian, to Miramare Castle on behalf of the Habsburgs.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Following the orders of Franz Joseph I, the Count of Bombelles argued to keep Charlotte in Miramare. In July 1867, King Leopold II sent his wife, Queen [[Marie Henriette of Austria]] and his confidant [[Auguste Goffinet|Baron Auguste Goffinet]] to Vienna to plead with the Emperor to allow for the release of Charlotte and her return to Belgium as soon as possible.{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=5}} When Queen Marie Henriette arrived at Miramare on 14 July 1867,{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=37}} she discovered Charlotte in a terrible physical and mental state, having been treated as a prisoner by the Austrian security forces for the last nine months. After two weeks of negotiations, Queen Marie Henriette and Goffinet succeeded in removing Charlotte from the guardianship of her in-laws and convincing her to return with them to Belgium.{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=68}} This success was largely thanks to Jan Frans Bulckens,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> a Belgian psychiatrist sent by Leopold II to care for his sister.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Bulckens and his medical team kept Charlotte under close observation and determined that, due to the Dowager Empress' mental state, she could not be told of the execution of her husband. With the help of this medical team, Queen Marie Henriette devised a plan to give her sister-in-law a faked telegram from Maximilian, in which he asked her to come back to Brussels. The scheme worked and Charlotte, with the Belgian delegation, left Miramare for the last time. After Charlotte's departure from Austria, Vienna and Brussels continued to argue over the issue of Charlotte's inheritance. Emperor Franz Joseph I placed his sister-in-law in the custody of his younger brother, [[Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria]] in order to preserve her patrimony. Historian [[André Castelot]] in his work ''Maximilien et Charlotte : la tragédie de l'ambition'' confirmed the theory that, after the execution of Maximilian in Mexico, Charlotte's in-laws were concerned mostly with the fate of her fortune rather than the health and wellbeing of Charlotte herself. For the Austrian Imperial Court, it was in their financial interest to keep her in Miramare. There, her fortune was guarded under the care of Eduard von Radonetz, the prefect of Miramare, but when she returned to Belgium, the Viennese court was forced to pay her dowry to Leopold II. ===Return to Belgium=== [[File:38. Pavillon de S.A.R. le Prince Héréditaire, à Tervuren.jpg|thumb|left|Pavilion de Tervueren, {{circa|1830}}.]] [[File:Royal Castle of Laeken - Brussels, Belgium - DSC06989.jpg|thumb|left|[[Palace of Laeken]], 21st century.]] [[File:Meise (Belgium), the Bouchout castle (XII-XIXth centuries).jpg|thumb|left|[[Bouchout Castle]], 21st century.]] Upon her arrival in Belgium, Charlotte resided until 8 October 1867 in the [[Pavilion of Tervuren]] near Brussels, which was built by Charles Vander Straeten for King [[William II of the Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web|title=La section congolaise de l'Exposition internationale de Bruxelles de 1897|url=https://www.cehibrux.be/chroniques/document-du-mois/396-la-section-congolaise-de-l-exposition-internationale-de-bruxelles-de-1897|language=fr|website=cehibrux.be (Cercle d'histoire de Bruxelles)|access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref> The residence, however, was insufficiently furnished and poorly heated in the winter. She therefore joined King Leopold II and Queen Marie Henriette at the Palace of Laeken, where she moved into the former apartments of her brothers.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=170}} When Charlotte finally learned, in January 1868, of the execution of her husband six months prior, she was shattered.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=621}} In a set of nearly 400 letters found in 1995 (mainly intended for a French officer whom she had met in Mexico, [[:fr:Charles Loysel|Charles Loysel]]),{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|p=90}} she declares herself "dead" at the fall of the Mexican Empire. These letters by their number and their length (sometimes up to twenty pages) also offer the testimony of her daily life punctuated by paranoia attacks and the treatment given to her.{{efn|Among the care provided, the press mentions "a treatment by electricity" adding: "This wonderful agent, who has not said his last word, gains every day new success in the cure of mental ailments and especially of lypemania".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Faits divers|journal=Journal de Bruxelles|date=2 August 1867|page=1|language=fr|url=https://www.belgicapress.be/pageview.php?all_q=charlotte%20mexique%20folie&any_q=&exact_q=&none_q=&from_d=01-08-1866&to_d=01-08-1880&per_lang=&per=&sig=JB567&lang=FR.}}</ref>}} Charlotte's two adopted sons, the Princes of Iturbide, followed her to Belgium, but later both were sent to study in England. Agustín de Iturbide y Green later emigrated to the United States, while Salvador de Iturbide y de Marzán remained in Europe.{{efn|Agustín died in [[Washington, D.C.]] on 3 March 1925, and Salvador died in [[Ajaccio, Corsica]] on 26 February 1895.}} In May 1869, Charlotte left the Palace of Laeken to return to the Pavilion of Tervuren, where 37 people were assigned to her service.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=261}} She continued a passionate worship of her late husband's memory, collecting everything that had belonged to him. After the Pavilion of Tervuren was destroyed by a fire on 2 March 1879 (which Charlotte was paradoxically delighted by),{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=627–628}} she resided permanently at [[Bouchout Castle]] in [[Meise]] (not far from the Palace of Laeken), which her brother, King Leopold II, acquired for her.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=298}} In the final years of his life, the King diligently supervised the care of his sister. The Dowager Empress of Mexico wrote notes of profound gratitude for the care she received from her brother and nephews.<ref>{{cite book|author=G. Freddy|title=Léopold II intime – les origines de Leopold II, le prince héritier, le père de famille, le roi bâtissieur, Leopold II et la politique, le roi du Congo, l'homme privé|language=fr|publisher=Librairie Félix Juven|location=Paris|year=1905}}.</ref> ===Later years=== [[File:La princesse Charlotte de Belgique, impératrice du Mexique à Bouchout vers 1914.jpg|upright|thumb|right|In a horse-drawn carriage, protected by an umbrella, Charlotte is driven in the park of the Bouchout estate, {{circa|1914}}.]] Charlotte disappeared completely from the public sphere, protected by the high gates of her domain and the guards which protected them. She received visits only from her family: mainly from her sisters-in-law, Queen Marie Henriette and the [[Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen|Countess of Flanders]]. On Sundays, an abbot came to say mass at Bouchout Castle. To distract herself, she went on walks, embroidered, played cards, and listened to her newly invented [[gramophone]]. She was not informed of the deaths of her close relatives (King Leopold II in 1909 and her sister-in-law, the Countess of Flanders, wife of her brother Philippe, in 1912), nor those of her servants, because she never asked questions about their absence.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=269}} Her lady-in-waiting, Hélène, Countess of Reinach-Foussemagne, said about Charlotte: "Most of the time, the unfortunate woman was absorbed in long silences, or on the contrary in heated discussions in French, English, German, Italian, Spanish, with imaginary interlocutors, discussions too incoherent, too disjointed for one to be able to guess what thoughts occupied this brain. [...] In her soliloquies pass from time to time, very rarely, sentences, interjections which prove that sometimes her obscured thought returns on these lamentable memories: ''Sir, one told you that one had had a husband; a husband, sir, and then madness! Madness is made of events! If he had been helped by Napoleon!...''".<ref name=Patriote>{{cite journal|title=Les funérailles de la princesse Charlotte |journal=Le Patriote Illustré |volume=43 |number=5 |date=30 January 1927 |pages=66–73 |language=fr}}</ref> For their part, Princess [[Marie-José of Belgium|Marie-José]] and Prince [[Prince Charles, Count of Flanders|Charles]] recalled their visits to their great-aunt, remembering an elderly lady making confused remarks.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=270}} Periods of lucidity became rarer over time. In crises of destructive [[mood swing]]s, she gave in to outbursts of uncontrollable anger and destroyed crockery and crystal vases, set her hounds on a maid, and tore up pictures and books. This alternated with periods of calm when she peacefully undertook simple occupations.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=272}} During [[World War I]], Belgium was invaded. Only a tiny part of the country remained free of German occupation, the town of [[De Panne]], where King [[Albert I of Belgium|Albert I]], Charlotte's nephew, lived until the signing of the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]]. Charlotte did not see her family during the war. Despite the conflict, her status as Archduchess of Austria protected her from the German occupier, and her way of life remained unchanged. She flew the [[Flag of Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian flag]] on the roof of Bouchout Castle;<ref>{{cite book |author=M. M. McAllen|page=408|title=Maximilian and Carlota. Europe's Last Empire in Mexico |isbn=978-1-59534-263-8 |date=April 2015 |publisher=Trinity University Press }}</ref> and in March 1916, a German officer inquired as to why the Austrian colors flew on a property in occupied Belgium. In response, General [[Moritz von Bissing]], at the head of the [[General Government of Belgium|Imperial German General Government of Belgium]], had a sign affixed to the gates of the castle, which read as follows: "This domain, property of the Crown of Belgium, is occupied by Her Majesty the Empress of Mexico, Archduchess Maximilian of Austria, sister-in-law of Emperor Franz Joseph, our illustrious ally.{{efn|[[Austria-Hungary]] was one of the chief allies of the [[German Empire]] during [[World War I]].}} I order the German soldiers passing by here not to ring the bell and to leave the place untouched."<ref>{{cite journal |title=L'impératrice Charlotte et la guerre |journal=Le Bruxellois |number=189 |date=16 March 1916 |page=2 |language=fr |url=https://uurl.kbr.be/1233032}}</ref> ===Death=== [[File:Les obsèques de Charlotte de Belgique - Laeken - 22 janvier 1927 - Agence Rol btv1b53172107v.jpg|thumb|right|Charlotte's funeral in [[Laeken]], on 22 January 1927.]] Charlotte died at Bouchout Castle on 19 January 1927, at the age of 86, after developing [[pneumonia]] brought on by [[influenza]].{{sfn|Huberty|Giraud|1976|p=508}} Various versions exist regarding the last words spoken by Charlotte on her deathbed: * According to [[Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark|Prince Michael of Greece]], she sighed holding a [[rosary]] and murmuring: {{blockquote|«Mexico (''Mexique'').»<ref>{{cite web|author=Krysheida Ayub Unzón|title=TESIS. Discurso de un personaje: Carlota de Bélgica en la obra de Fernando del Paso.|year=2019|page=47|url=http://rep.uabcs.mx/bitstream/23080/372/1/te4230.pdf|location=UABCS|language=es}}</ref>}} * According to José Iturriaga De la Fuente: {{blockquote|«Remind the universe of the beautiful blond-haired foreigner. God willing we are remembered with sadness, but without hatred.»<ref>{{cite book|author=José Iturriaga De la Fuente|title=Escritos mexicanos de Carlota de Bélgica|publisher=Editorial Banco de México|year=1992|page=98|isbn=978-9-6861-2006-6|language=es|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mqckAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>}} * According to S. van Eckhaus: {{blockquote|«All that ended without being successful (''Tout cela est fini et n'aboutira pas'').»<ref>{{cite book|author1=Susanne Igler|author2=Roland Spiller|title=Más nuevas del imperio: Estudios interdisciplinarios acerca de Carlota de México|year=2001|publisher=Vervuert|pages=115–117|language=es|isbn=978-3-9645-6269-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pM-5xQEACAAJ}}</ref><ref name=Weckmann>{{cite book|author1=Luis Weckmann|author2=Emile Vandewoude|title=Carlota de Bélgica : correspondencia y escritos sobre México en los archivos europeos, 1861-1868|year=1989|location=Mexico|publisher=Porrúa|page=250|language=es|isbn=978-9-6845-2358-6|oclc=700646299}}</ref>}} * According to Caroline de Bransner, one of her ladies-in-waiting, in relation to having been reclined on her bed instead of her lounger as she wished: {{blockquote|«I expressed myself badly in words and I will regret it" (''Je m'ai mal exprimée en paroles et j'en piitirai'').»<ref name=Weckmann/>}} Three days later, on 22 January, and under heavy snow, her coffin was carried by six former [[Belgian Legion]]aries who survived the Expedition to Mexico. She was buried in the [[Royal Crypt (Belgium)|Royal Crypt]] of the [[Church of Our Lady of Laeken]],{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=636}} in the presence of King Albert I and his sons, the [[Leopold III of Belgium|Duke of Brabant]] and the [[Prince Charles, Count of Flanders|Count of Flanders]]. On 25 January, a funeral service was celebrated in the church of Meise in the presence of the entire Belgian Royal family: King Albert I, Queen [[Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Belgium|Elisabeth]], their three children the Duke of Brabant, the Count of Flanders and Princess [[Marie-José of Belgium|Marie-José]], the [[Astrid of Sweden|Duchess of Brabant]], the [[Louis, Prince Napoléon|Prince]] and [[Marie Clotilde Bonaparte|Princess Napoleon]], as well as Princess [[Princess Clémentine of Belgium|Clémentine]].<ref name=Patriote/> Much of Charlotte's personal fortune was managed by King Leopold II, and was eventually used to finance the colonial enterprise of [[Belgian Congo|Congo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=La princesse Charlotte : une princesse qui a perdu la tête|website=rtbf.be (La Première)|language=fr|url=https://www.rtbf.be/lapremiere/article/detail_la-princesse-charlotte-une-princesse-qui-a-perdu-la-tete?id=10633501|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> Since 1902, Charlotte had hosted the painter [[:fr: Edwin Ganz|Edwin Ganz]] in her domain of Bouchout, who was a specialist in the representation of horses and close to the royal family,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Omer Vandeputte|author2=Filip Devos|title=Gids voor Vlaanderen : toeristische en culturele gids voor alle steden en dorpen in Vlaanderen|publisher=[[Lannoo]]|year=2007|page=841|isbn=978-9-0209-5963-5|language=nl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rKjn0nQrkzcC|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> in particular Princess Clémentine.<ref>{{cite web|author=Wim van der Elst|title=Edwin Ganz (1871 – 1948) : van schilder van militaire taferelen tot schilder van paarden en Brabantse landschappen uit onze streek|publisher=LACA-Tijdingen|year=2003–2004|volume=15|pages=27–37|language=nl|url=http://www.laken-ingezoomd.be/magazine/201112111032_Tijdingen15-1.pdf|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> After Charlotte's death, the artist continued to occupy the outbuildings of the castle until his death in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kasteel van Bouchout|url=https://www.meise.be/product/1348/kasteel-van-bouchout|language=nl|website=meise.be|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> In 1938, the Belgian State bought Bouchout Castle with the intention to establish the National Botanical Garden of Belgium, which had grown too cramped on its Brussels site, and the land was inaugurated 20 years later.<ref>{{cite book|language=fr |author=Denis Diagre-Vanderpelen |title=Le jardin botanique de Bruxelles 1826-1912 – reflet de la Belgique, enfant de l'Afrique |publisher=[[Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium]] |location=Brussels |year=2012 |pages=256–264 |isbn=978-2-8031-0294-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7fgDAAAQBAJ}}.</ref> This garden took the name of [[Meise Botanic Garden]] in 2014; the interior of the castle was redeveloped from 1980 into meeting and conference rooms, to accommodate congresses, exhibitions and other festive events.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.br.fgov.be/PUBLIC/GENERAL/VISITORINFO/VISITORMAP/VISITORMAPFR/bouchoutcastlefr.html | title=Château de Bouchout | website=hbr.fgov.be| access-date=19 July 2021| url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915115737/http://www.br.fgov.be/PUBLIC/GENERAL/VISITORINFO/VISITORMAP/VISITORMAPFR/bouchoutcastlefr.html|language=fr | archive-date=15 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |url=https://www.plantentuinmeise.be/fr/pQGveuK/kasteel |title=Le Château : une atmosphère unique |website=plantentuinmeise.be (Jardin botanique de Meise) |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719111110/https://www.plantentuinmeise.be/fr/pQGveuK/kasteel |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Mental illness=== The nature of Charlotte's mental pathology - [[psychosis]], paranoia, or monomania - proved extremely difficult to determine with certainty ''a posteriori'', giving rise to several hypotheses. Several authors have suggested the illness originated from ingestion of toxic chemicals. This hypothesis was notably put forward by [[Joan Haslip]], who noted that one of the Mexican court doctors added [[Potassium bromide|bromide]] to Charlotte's coffee without her knowing.<ref>{{cite book |author= Joan Haslip |title= The Crown of Mexico: Maximilian and his Empress Carlota |edition= 2nd |location= New York |year= 1972 |isbn= 0030865727 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/crownofmexicomax00hasl | page=412}}</ref> In Mexico, from July 1867, rumours spread that the madness of the Empress was attributed to a poison which had been given to her regularly in small doses.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Courrier des États-Unis |journal=Journal de Bruxelles |date=20 July 1867 |page=3 |language=fr|url=https://www.belgicapress.be/pageview.php?all_q=charlotte%20mexique%20folie&any_q=&exact_q=&none_q=&from_d=01-08-1866&to_d=01-08-1880&per_lang=&per=&sig=JB567&lang=FR.}}</ref> [[Roger Heim]]'s research corroborates this possibility, namely that Charlotte could have been "little by little intoxicated while she was still in Mexico, by the introduction in her food for a prolonged time of a psychotropic drug".{{sfn|Paoli|2008|p=71}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Roger Heim|title=Champignons toxiques et hallucinogènes|language=fr|location=Paris|publisher=Boubée|year=1978|isbn=2-85004-013-4}}</ref> When she made an official visit to [[Yucatán]], Charlotte wrote to her husband on 8 December 1865: "The doctor is very nice. Without her well-suited little medications, I would probably have fallen ill and could not have taken all of this. On several occasions it seemed to me that there was poison in the air."{{sfn|Paoli|2008|p=80}} Other authors, such as Laurence Van Ypersele, Émile Meurice, Dominique Paoli, and Coralie Vankerkhoven, relying both on Charlotte's correspondence (in the year 1869 alone, from February to June, she wrote some 400 letters and notes) and on the reports written by the doctors who examined her,{{efn|Upon her arrival to Miramare Castle in October 1866, Charlotte was examined by psychiatrist Josef Gottfried von Riedel, Director of the insane house of Vienna and by doctor [[August von Jilek]], personal doctor of the Emperor of Austria, who co-signed a report addressed to her brother [[Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders]].{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|pp=167–168}} This report stated that their patient "is definitely suffering from insanity with fixed ideas of persecution which are produced by a more serious and stronger mental illness than one might first believe".}} favoured the study of the psychological aspect of the pathology of Charlotte.{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|p=17}} They evoke biographical and personal influences to explain the Empress' dementia, namely: the loss of her mother at only 10 years old (which originated the radical transformation of her playful and expansive character towards introversion), her keen sense of duty, her high [[religiosity]], her latent [[mysticism]], her [[euphoria]] during her engagement, her idealization of Maximilian, the absence of conjugal life, and the disenchantments and disillusions in Italy and then in Mexico.{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|pp=23–24}} Coralie Vankerkhoven also mentions the [[Prodrome|first warning signs]] of the disease: notably, the discomfort she felt in [[Uxmal]] (where the first signs of her psychosis arose from the strangeness of the conditions during her stay in Yucatán), and her reaction to the successive announcements of the deaths of her father and grandmother, until her arrival in Europe where her [[delusional disorder]] settled permanently.{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|p=37}} [[Gustavo Vázquez-Lozano|Gustavo Vazquez-Lozano]] interprets the letters of 1869 within the matrix of apocalyptic language, ''i.e.'' relating to the final fate of humanity and the consummation of things, where one or more otherworldly figures reveal a transcendental reality to the visionary. In this view, Charlotte utilized the language of the [[Book of Revelation]] to reorder her inner world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vazquez-Lozano |first=Gustavo |title=Sixty Years of Solitude: The Life of Empress Charlotte of Mexico |publisher=Libros de México |year=2023 |isbn=9798988041511 |pages=158–164}}</ref> ==Titles and honours== ===Titles=== At her birth, as the daughter of King Leopold I, Charlotte was titled [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] and [[Ernestine Duchies|Duchess in Saxony]], with the predicate of ''[[Royal Highness]]'', according to the titles of her house, and bore the unofficial title of [[Monarchy of Belgium|Princess of Belgium]], which would be officially regularized by Royal Decree dated 14 March 1891. From 1864 to her death, she was styled ''Her Imperial Majesty the [[Empress of Mexico]].''<ref>{{cite book|language=fr|author=Damien Bilteryst|title=Le prince Baudouin: Frère du Roi-Chevalier|location=Brussels|publisher=Éditions Racine|year=2013|pages=255–258|isbn=978-2-87386-847-5|url=https://issuu.com/spoit/docs/9782873868475_96a1a5ee0be087}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|language=fr|author= Armand Praviel|title= La Vie tragique de l'Impératrice Charlotte|publisher=Frédérique PATAT|year=1930|isbn= 9782373240061|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DTFrBgAAQBAJ&q=L%27Imperatrice+Charlotte}}</ref> ===Honours=== * {{Flagicon image|Imperial Standard of Mexico (1864-1867).svg}} [[Second Mexican Empire|Mexican Empire]]: ** Grand Mistress and Dame Grand Cross of the [[Mexican Imperial Orders#Imperial Order of Saint Charles|Imperial Order of San Carlos for Noble Ladies]] ** Dame Grand Cross of the [[Imperial Order of the Mexican Eagle]] ** Dame Grand Cross of the [[Mexican Imperial Orders#Imperial Order of Guadalupe|Imperial Order of Guadalupe]] * {{Flag|Austrian Empire}}: Dame of the [[Order of the Starry Cross|Imperial Order of the Starry Cross]]<ref name="HofUndStaat">''Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie'' (1866), Genealogy [http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1866&page=8&size=45 p. 2] (in German).</ref> * {{flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}: Dame Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion * {{flag|Kingdom of Portugal}}: Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint Isabel]], ''19 April 1865''<ref name="Agraciamentos">{{cite journal|author=Jose Vicente de Bragança |date=2014 |title=Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota |url=https://www.academia.edu/10576008 |language=pt|trans-title=Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|journal=Pro Phalaris |volume=9–10 |page=10 |access-date=28 November 2019 }}</ref> * {{Flag|Kingdom of Spain|1785}}: [[List of the Dames of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa|525th Dame]] of the [[Order of Queen Maria Luisa]], ''22 December 1857''<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001059782&search=&lang=es|title=Real orden de Damas Nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa|date=1900|journal=Guía Oficial de España|access-date=21 March 2019|page=183|language=es}}</ref> {{Clear}} ==Arms== <gallery class="center" widths="250" heights="250"> File:Coat of Arms of Carlota, Titular Empress of México (Order of Queen Maria Luisa).svg|Coat of arms of Carlota, Titular Empress Dowager of Mexico as [[Order of Queen Maria Luisa|dame of the Order]] of [[Maria Luisa of Parma|Queen Maria Luisa]] File:Dual Cypher of Emperor Maximilian and Empress Carlotta of Mexico, Variant.svg|Dual Cypher of Emperor Maximilian and Empress Carlota of Mexico </gallery> ==In popular culture== ===Movies=== * [[Bette Davis]] portrayed Empress Charlotte in the film ''[[Juarez (1939 film)|Juarez]]'' (1939), directed by [[William Dieterle]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bette Davis Is Empress In 'Juarez'|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19390611&id=xbFWAAAAIBAJ&pg=5484,3914238|access-date=27 January 2015|work=[[The Register-Guard]]}}</ref> * [[Helena Rojo]] portrayed the Empress in the film ''[[Those Years]]'' (Spanish: ''Aquellos años'', 1973).<ref>{{cite web|title=Aquellos años|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0193724/|publisher=IMDb|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref> ===Plays=== * ''Maximilien'', historical opera in three acts and nine scenes; book by RS Hoffman inspired by the drama Juárez und Maximilian by Franz Werfel; music by Darius Milhaud (1932).<ref>{{cite web |title=Maximilien. Ouverture - Darius Milhaud (1892-1974) – Ressources de la Bibliothèque nationale de France|url=https://data.bnf.fr/fr/17156040/darius_milhaud_maximilien__ouverture/|language=fr|website=data.bnf.fr|date=1932|access-date=22 July 2021}}.</ref> * ''Carlota'', one-act opera by Francisco Zendejas; music by Luis Sandi (1948).<ref>Almudena Mejỉas Alonso, ''Historias de un Imperio: Maximiliano y Carlota de México'' (in Spanish). Madrid, Verbum, 2016, p. 45.</ref> * Charlotte's "little homesick chapel" in Mexico City is referenced as a tourist destination in [[Tennessee Williams]]'s play ''[[The Night of the Iguana]]'' (1961). * ''La emperatriz de la mentira'', opera by [[Ángel Norzagaray]]; music by Dmitri Dudin (2012).<ref>{{cite web|author= Maritza Contreras |title=A escena Carlota de Habsburgo, la emperatriz de la mentira |website=excelsior.com.mx (Excelsior)|date=13 September 2012|url=https://www.excelsior.com.mx/2012/09/13/comunidad/858854|language=es |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> ===Television=== * [[María Rivas (actress)|María Rivas]] portrayed the Empress in the [[Historical drama|historical]] [[telenovela]] ''[[Maximiliano y Carlota]]'' (1965), directed by [[Ernesto Alonso]].<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/SednixbGGGE Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160309160705/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SednixbGGGE Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|title=Telenovela Carlota y Maximiliano (1965)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SednixbGGGE|via=YouTube| date=3 October 2013 |access-date=27 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * The program ''Secrets d'Histoire'' on [[France 3]] from 9 December 2019, entitled ''Charlotte et Maximilien, les sombres héros de Mexico'', is dedicated to her. The actress playing the Empress Charlotte in the evocation sequences is Charlotte Aftassi.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dominique Bonnet|url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Monde/Charlotte-de-Belgique-et-Sissi-deux-belles-soeurs-et-deux-imperatrices-que-tout-oppose-1663556|title=Charlotte et Sissi, deux belles-sœurs et deux impératrices que tout oppose|website=parismatch.com|language=fr|date=8 December 2019|access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> * [[Belinda Peregrín]] is set to play Empress Charlotte in [[Sony Pictures Television|SPT]]'s epic historical TV series, ''Carlota''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuente |first=Anna Marie de la |date=2025-05-20 |title=Mexico's Latin Pop Star Belinda to Topline Sony Pictures Television's Epic Series 'Carlota' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/belinda-sony-pictures-television-carlota-1236403868/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Comics=== On 24 August 2018, [[Dargaud]] published the first volume of a series of biographical comics, ''Charlotte impératrice - La Princesse et l'Archiduc'', by Matthieu Bonhomme (drawing) and Fabien Nury (screenplay).<ref>{{cite web|author=Olivier Delcroix|title=La case BD : Charlotte Impératrice ou le destin tragique d'une "anti-Sissi"|language=fr|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/bd/2018/09/01/03014-20180901ARTFIG00005-la-case-bd-charlotte-imperatrice-ou-le-destin-tragique-d-une-anti-sissi.php|website=lefigaro.fr (Le Figaro)|date=1 September 2018|access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> The second volume, entitled ''Charlotte impératrice - L'Empire'', was published on 12 June 2020. The third volume, entitled ''Charlotte impératrice - Adios, Carlotta'', was published on 12 May 2023. The fourth and last volume, entitled ''Charlotte impératrice - 60 ans de solitude'', was published on 18 April 2025.<ref>{{cite web|author=Valentin Paquot|title=La case BD : Charlotte Impératrice ou quand la BD magnifie l'histoire par la romance|language=fr|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/bd/charlotte-imperatrice-ou-quand-la-bd-magnifie-l-histoire-par-la-romance-20200829|website=lefigaro.fr (Le Figaro)|date=29 August 2020|access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> ===Music=== In 1866, the liberal writer [[Vicente Riva Palacio]] composed a satirical song called ''Adiós, mamá Carlota'' (Goodbye, mother Carlota), criticizing Carlota, the imperialists and conservative politicians. It is based on the poem ''Adiós, oh Patria mía'' (Goodbye, my homeland) written in 1842 by [[Ignacio Rodríguez Galván]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cronica.com.mx/notas-el_general_vicente_riva_palacio__escribe_adios_mama_carlota-1139738-2019.html |title=El general Vicente Riva Palacio escribe Adiós, Mamá Carlota |date=8 December 2019 |access-date=25 May 2022 |language=es |trans-title=General Vicente Riva Palacio writes Adiós, Mamá Carlota}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Mexico}} * [[List of heads of state of Mexico]] * Baron [[Auguste Goffinet]] ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== * {{cite book|language=fr|first=André |last=Bénit|title=Charlotte, Princesse de Belgique et Impératrice du Mexique (1840-1927). Un conte de fées qui tourne au délire |publisher=Plougastel|year=2017 |isbn=978-2-91299-462-2}} * {{cite journal|language=fr|first=André |last=Bénit|title=Charlotte de Belgique, impératrice du Mexique. Une plongée dans les ténèbres de la folie. Essai de reconstitution fictionnelle |journal=Mises en littérature de la folie. Monografías de Çédille |number=7 |publisher=Universidad de La Lagune |year=2017 |volume=7 |pages=13–54 |doi=10.21071/ced.v7i.10887 |issn=1699-4949|url=https://www.ull.es/revistas/index.php/cedille/issue/view/83|doi-access=free }} * {{cite book|language=fr|first=André |last=Bénit|title=Légendes, intrigues et médisances autour des "archidupes". Charlotte de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha, princesse de Belgique / Maximilien de Habsbourg, archiduc d'Autriche |publisher=Éditions scientifiques internationales Peter Lang |location=Brussels|year=2020 |isbn=978-2-8076-1470-3}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Frédéric Saenen|title=Charlotte et Maximilien, "Ce couple heureux que l'Histoire eût dû oublier..."|language=fr|url=https://le-carnet-et-les-instants.net/2020/06/25/benit/|website=le-carnet-et-les-instants.net (Le Carnet et les Instants)|date=25 June 2020|access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> * {{cite book|language=fr|first=Princess Marthe|last=Bibesco|author-link=Marthe Bibesco|title=Charlotte et Maximilien|publisher=Ditis|location=Paris|year=1962}} * {{cite book |language=fr |last=Bilteryst|first=Damien |title=Philippe comte de Flandre – Frère de Léopold II |publisher=Éditions Racine |location=Bruxelles |year=2014 |isbn=978-2-87386-894-9 |url=https://www.racine.be/sites/default/files/books/issuu/9782873868949.pdf}} * {{cite book|language=fr|first=Victor|last=Capron|title=Le Mariage de Maximilien et Charlotte. Journal du duc de Brabant. 1856-1857|location=Brussels|year=1986}} * {{cite book|language=fr|first=André|last=Castelot|author-link=André Castelot|title=Maximilien et Charlotte du Mexique : la tragédie de l'ambition|publisher=Perrin|location=Paris|year=2002|isbn=978-2-26201-765-1}} * {{cite book |last= Corti |first= Conte Egon Caesar |title= Maximilian und Charlotte von Mexiko |series= Nach dem bisher unveröffentlichten Geheimarchive des Kaisers Maximilian und sonstigen unbekannten Quellen. 2 vols |location= Zurich, Leipzig, Vienna |year= 1924|language=es}} * {{cite book |last= Corti |first= Conte Egon Caesar |title= Maximilian von Mexiko. Die Tragödie eines Kaisers |location= Frankfurt am Main |year= 1953|language=de}} * {{cite book|first=Olivier|last=Defrance|title=Léopold Ier et le clan Cobourg|publisher=Racine|location=Bruxelles|year=2004|isbn=978-2-87386-335-7|language=fr}} * {{cite book|first=Olivier|last=Defrance|title=Ramener Charlotte. La mission du baron Adrien Goffinet à Vienne et Miramar – juillet 1867|publisher=King Baudouin Foundation|location=Bruxelles|year=2012|isbn=978-2-87212-669-9|language=fr}} * {{cite book|language=fr |first=Hélène|last=de Reinach-Foussemagne|title=Charlotte de Belgique, impératrice du Mexique|publisher=Plon|location=Paris|year=1925}} * {{cite book|first1=Suzanne|last1=Desternes|first2=Henriette|last2=Chandet |author-link2=Henriette Chandet |title=Maximilien et Charlotte|publisher=Librairie Académique Perrin|location=Paris|year=1964|language=fr}} * {{cite book |last= del Paso |first= Fernando |title= Noticias del Imperio|language=es |location= México |year= 1987 |isbn= 9681318110 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/noticiasdelimper00paso }} * {{cite book |last= Gómez Tepexicuapan |first= Amparo |title= Carlota en México |editor1-last= Igler |editor1-first= Susanne |editor2-last= Spiller |editor2-first= Roland |series= Más nuevas del imperio |publisher= Estudios interdisciplinarios acerca de Carlota de México |location= Frankfurt am Main |year= 2001 |pages= 27–40|language=es}} * {{cite book |last= Harding |first= Bertita |title= Phantom Crown: The story of Maximilian and Carlota of Mexico |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.74590 |location= New York |year= 1934}} * {{cite book|language =fr |first1=Michel |last1=Huberty |first2=Alain|last2=Giraud |title=L'Allemagne dynastique – HESSE-REUSS-SAXE |volume=I |location=Le Perreux-sur-Marne |year=1976}} * {{cite book |last= Hyde |first= Montgomery H. |title= Mexican Empire. The history of Maximilian and Carlota of Mexico |location= London |year= 1946}} * {{cite book |last= Igler |first= Susanne |title= Carlota de México |location= Mexico |year= 2002|language=es}} * {{cite book |last= Igler |first= Susanne |title= Carlota de México |series= Grandes Protagonistas de la Historia Mexicana |edition= 2nd |year= 2006|language=es}} * {{cite book |last= Igler |first= Susanne |title= De la intrusa infame a la loca del castillo: Carlota de México en la literatura de su 'patria adoptiva' |location= Frankfurt |publisher= Peter Lang |year= 2007|language=es }} * {{cite book|first=Mia|last=Kerckvoorde|title=Charlotte: la passion, la fatalité|publisher=Duculot|location=Paris|year=1981|language=fr}} * {{cite book|first=Gustave|last= Léon Niox|author-link=Gustave Léon Niox|title=Expédition du Mexique, 1861-1867; récit politique & militaire|location=Paris|year=1874|language=fr}} * {{cite book|language=pt|first=Sylvia |last=Lacerda Martins de Almeida |title=Uma filha de D. Pedro I – Dona Maria Amélia |publisher=Companhia Editora Nacional |location=Sao Paulo |year=1973|asin=B0037F14XW}} * {{cite book|first=Janine|last=Lambotte|title=Charlotte et Maximilien: l'Empire des archidupes|publisher=éditions Labor/RTBF Éditions|year=1993|isbn=2-8040-0907-6|oclc=30898347|language=fr}} * {{cite book |last= Maria y Campos |first= Armando |title= Carlota de Bélgica: La infortunada Emperatriz de México |location= México |year= 1944|language=es}} * {{cite book|first=M. M.|last=McAllen|title=Maximilian and Carlota. Europe's Last Empire in Mexico|publisher=Trinity University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-59534-183-9}} * {{cite book |first=Prince Michael|last=of Greece|author-link=Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark |title= The Empress of Farewells: The Story of Charlotte, Empress of Mexico |location= New York |year= 1998|isbn=978-2-7382-1502-4}} * {{cite book|language=fr |first=Dominique|last=Paoli|title=L'Impératrice Charlotte - Le soleil noir de la mélancolie|publisher=Perrin|location=Paris|year=2008|isbn=978-2-262-02131-3}} * {{cite book |last= Praviel |first= Armand |title= La vida trágica de la emperatriz Carlota |location= Buenos Aires |year= 1937|language=es}} * {{cite book |first= Jasper |last= Ridley |title= Maximilian & Juarez |publisher= Phoenix Press |location= London |year= 2001}} * {{Cite book |last=Vazquez-Lozano |first=Gustavo |title=Sixty Years of Solitude: The Life of Empress Charlotte of Mexico |publisher=Libros de México |year=2023 |isbn=9798988041511}} * {{cite book|language=fr |first=Coralie |last=Vankerkhoven |title=Charlotte de Belgique, une folie impériale |publisher=Le Bord de l'Eau |location=Brussels|year=2012 |isbn=978-2-35687-156-5}} ==External links== {{commons category|Charlotte of Belgium, Empress of Mexico}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050305022633/http://www.casaimperial.org/ Imperial House of Mexico] * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Carlota of Mexico}} * {{PM20|FID=pe/003170}} {{s-start}} |- {{s-hou|[[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]|7 June|1840|19 January|1927|[[House of Wettin]]}} {{s-roy|mx}} |- {{s-vac|last=[[Ana María Huarte]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Empress consort of Mexico]]|years=10 April 1864 – 15 May 1867}} {{s-non|reason=Monarchy abolished}} {{s-end}} {{Belgian princesses}} {{Princesses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}} {{Austrian archduchesses by marriage}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Charlotte of Belgium}} [[Category:1840 births]] [[Category:1927 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century Belgian people]] [[Category:20th-century Belgian people]] [[Category:19th-century Belgian women]] [[Category:20th-century Belgian women]] [[Category:19th-century Mexican people]] [[Category:19th-century Mexican women]] [[Category:Empresses consort of Mexico]] [[Category:Mexican monarchy]] [[Category:Maximilian I of Mexico]] [[Category:Princesses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] [[Category:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Belgium)]] [[Category:Austrian princesses]] [[Category:Princesses of Belgium]] [[Category:Belgian emigrants to Mexico]] [[Category:People from Laeken]] [[Category:House of Habsburg-Lorraine]] [[Category:Burials at the Church of Our Lady of Laeken]] [[Category:Dames of Malta]] [[Category:Austrian royalty and nobility with disabilities]] [[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Belgium]] [[Category:Daughters of kings]] [[Category:People of the Second French intervention in Mexico]] [[Category:People with delusional disorder]] [[Category:Belgian expatriate royalty]] [[Category:Women in the Second French intervention in Mexico]] [[Category:Children of Leopold I of Belgium]] hh72h00v0qd2ufngo1ryrv3vkd2d2o0 11024337 11024131 2026-10-09T03:57:30Z OliviaRigby 1641114 11024337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2026}} {{Infobox royalty | consort = yes | name = Charlotte of Belgium | image = Carlota de mejico.jpg | caption = Charlotte {{circa|1864}} | image_size = | succession = [[Empress consort of Mexico]] | reign = 10 April 1864 – 19 June 1867 | coronation = 10 June 1864 | birth_date = {{birth date|1840|06|07|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Palace of Laeken]], Brussels, Belgium | death_date = {{death date and age|1927|01|19|1840|06|07|df=y}} | death_place = [[Bouchout Castle]], Meise, Belgium | burial_place = [[Royal Crypt (Belgium)|Royal Crypt, Church of Our Lady of Laeken]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Maximilian I of Mexico]]|1857|1867|end=died}} | full_name = {{langx|fr|Marie Charlotte Amélie Augustine Victoire Clémentine Léopoldine}}<br />{{langx|es|María Carlota Amelia Augusta Victoria Clementina Leopoldina}} | house = [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] | father = [[Leopold I of Belgium]] | mother = [[Louise of Orléans]] | signature = Signature Charlotte de Belgique (1840-1927).jpg }} '''Charlotte of Belgium'''{{efn|{{langx|fr|Marie Charlotte Amélie Augustine Victoire Clémentine Léopoldine}}; {{langx|es|María Carlota Amelia Augusta Victoria Clementina Leopoldina}}}} (7 June 1840 – 19 January 1927), also known by the Spanish version of her name, '''Carlota of Mexico''', was by birth a [[Belgium|Belgian]] [[princess]] and a member of the [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]. As the wife of [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian of Austria]], she became an [[Archduchess of Austria]] by marriage and [[List of empresses consort of Mexico#House of Habsburg-Lorraine, 1864–1867|Empress of Mexico]] from 1864. From the beginning of her marriage, Charlotte argued with [[Empress Elisabeth of Austria|Empress Elisabeth]] in [[Vienna]], and was glad when her husband was sent to Italy as [[Viceroy]] of [[Lombardy–Venetia]]. At the same time, Maximilian was chosen by [[Napoleon III of France]] as a ruler for his [[Second Mexican Empire|French empire in Mexico]], and Charlotte helped her husband overcome his doubts. Maximilian and Charlotte came to [[Mexico City]] in 1864, but their reign was only three years long. She helped her husband, who let her rule as [[regent]] while he was gone, so some people Charlotte the first woman to rule in America.<ref>{{cite web |title=Carlota, The Belgian Princess Who Went Mad When She Became A Mexican Empress |url=https://culturacolectiva.com/history/empress-carlota-of-mexico/ |website=[[Cultura Colectiva]] |access-date=2 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> When Napoleon III decided to stop helping Maximilian, their situation became even more difficult. Charlotte decided on her own to go back to [[Europe]] to beg for help in [[Paris]] and the [[Holy See|Vatican]]. She came to France August 1866, but both Napoleon III and [[Pope Pius IX]] refused to help her. Charlotte's failure seemed to have an effect on her [[mental health]] so bad that an [[psychiatrist|alienist]] doctor thought that Charlotte should stay at [[Miramare Castle]] under [[house arrest]]. During her stay in house arrest Maximilian was [[executed]] under [[Benito Juárez]] in June 1867. Charlotte was brought back to Belgium and confined in the [[Pavilion of Tervuren]] (in 1867 and again during 1869–1879), the [[Palace of Laeken]] (during 1867–1869) and finally at [[Bouchout Castle]] in [[Meise]] (from 1879), where she stayed for the next 48 years with a [[mental disorder]]. She died in Belgium in 1927, and she was 86 years old. ==Life== ===Childhood=== [[File:Princess Charlotte of Belgium.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Charlotte as a young girl, portrait by [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter]], 1842.]] [[File:Hermann Winterhalter Portrait of Princess Charlotte of Belgium.jpg|thumb|Charlotte in 1848 (portrait by [[Hermann Winterhalter]])]] Charlotte was the daughter of [[Leopold I of Belgium]] and [[Louise of Orléans]]. She was named after [[Princess Charlotte of Wales]], her father's first wife. She was the fourth and last child and the only daughter of her family, after [[Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium|Louis-Philippe]] (who [[Infant mortality|died as a baby]] in 1834), [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold]] (born in 1835) and [[Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders|Philippe]] (born in 1837).{{sfn|Huberty|Giraud|1976|p=508}} Queen Louise's last pregnancy was hard, and a miscarriage was feared. But in April, but on 7 June 1840 at 1 a.m., Charlotte was born healthy at the [[Palace of Laeken]].{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|pp=24–25}} Her father was disappointed at first,{{sfn|Defrance|2004|pp=134–135}} but eventually, Charlotte became his favorite child.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=21}} Through her mother, Charlotte was a granddaughter of [[Louis Philippe I]] and [[Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies]], and through her father, she was a first-cousin of [[Queen Victoria]]. '''Thanks to these relations, and in addition to regular stays in the city of [[Ostend]] in the summer, Charlotte spent long holidays with her maternal grandparents in the French royal residences'''{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=23}} and at her cousin's in [[Windsor Castle]].{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=25}} She was close to her maternal grandmother, Queen Maria Amalia, and the two regularly corresponded; after the [[French Revolution of 1848]] which dethroned her grandparents and exiled them to England, for a few weeks out of the year, Charlotte stayed in [[Claremont (country house)|Claremont]] with her mother's family in exile. [[File:Drawing of the family of King Leopold I of Belgium.jpg|thumb|right|[[Leopold I of Belgium]] and his family, by Charles Baugniet, {{circa|1850}}.]] When her mother died on 11 October 1850,{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=37}} Charlotte was only 10 years old. The boisterous and expansive little girl quickly became a pensive and introverted teenager. The late Queen Louise had personally overseen the education and instruction of the royal children. Respecting the wishes of his deceased wife, the King appointed Countess Denise d'Hulst, a French aristocrat, to take particular care of Charlotte, of whom she became governess.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=42}} Fleeing [[Laeken]] as soon as he could, Leopold I had little presence with his children, who suffered as a result.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=38}} Very early on, Charlotte was able to express herself orally and in writing in French, English and German. Her religious instruction was entrusted to [[Victor-Auguste-Isidor Deschamps]], later [[Cardinal (Catholic Church)|Cardinal]] and [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Mechelen–Brussels|Archbishop of Mechelen]] and therefore [[Primate (bishop)|Primate of Belgium]]. Religion held a major place in the life of the princess.<ref>{{cite book|author=Émile Meurice|title=Charlotte et Léopold II de Belgique : deux destins d'exception entre histoire et psychiatrie|location=Liège|publisher=Éditions du CEFAL|year=2004|page=56|isbn=2-87130-168-9|language=fr|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwyruVagN5IC}}</ref> Leopold I demanded that his children carry out frequent examinations of conscience, believing that crowned heads must possess great strength of character. After Madame d'Hulst returned to France, it was Countess Marie-Auguste de Bovée, her new governess, who educated Charlotte, urging her to read and meditate daily on ''[[The Imitation of Christ]]''.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=26}} At the age of 13, her favorite author was [[Plutarch]], while she judged [[Ovid]] to be childish. Very early on, she was convinced that royalty would have to be more accountable to God than the rest of humanity.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=27}} Her obsession with learning made society bland, she wrote at 15. At this age, Charlotte was seen as a distant beauty, aware of her dignity and seeking to achieve unattainable moral perfection.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=32}} She had a tendency to judge those around her harshly and got along more with her brother Philippe than with Leopold.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=51}} ===Marriage=== [[File:Maximilian and Charlotte.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Charlotte of Belgium and her fiancé [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian]]. Photography by Louis-Joseph Ghémar 1857.]] In her youth, Charlotte resembled her mother, and was noted as being a beauty possessing delicate features. This, combined with her status as the only daughter of the King of the Belgians, made her a desirable match. In 1856, as she was preparing to celebrate her sixteenth birthday, two suitors sought her hand: Prince [[George, King of Saxony|George of Saxony]] (who was quickly rejected) and King [[Pedro V of Portugal]]. The latter was the favorite candidate of both Queen Victoria and King Leopold I.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|pp=69–70}} By personal choice, and under the influence of Madame d'Hulst (who affirmed that at the Portuguese court no priest would understand her), Charlotte declined the offer of marriage with King Pedro V.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=70}} She explained: "As for Pedro, it is a throne, it is true, I would be Queen and Majesty but what is that, the crowns nowadays are heavy burdens and how one regrets later to have yielded to such crazy considerations".{{sfn|Paoli|2008|pp=37–38}} In the month of May 1856, Charlotte met in Brussels with [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Archduke Maximilian of Austria]], younger brother of Emperor [[Franz Joseph I]]. She was immediately charmed by this prince who was eight years her senior.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=70}} Reportedly she stated: "it will be him that I will marry".{{sfn|Huberty|Giraud|1976|p=508}} Her father left Charlotte the choice of her future husband; as she testified in a letter addressed to her grandmother Maria Amalia: "He wrote me the most impartial letter, putting before my eyes the advantages of one and the other without wanting to influence me in any way".{{sfn|Paoli|2008|pp=37–38}} As for Leopold I, he wrote to his future son-in-law: "You won in May [...] all my confidence and my benevolence. I also noticed that my little girl shared these dispositions; however it was my duty to proceed with precaution".{{sfn|Paoli|2008|p=40}} Charlotte declared: "If, as it is in question, the Archduke was invested with the Viceroyalty of Italy, that would be charming, that's all I want".{{sfn|Paoli|2008|p=40}} The official engagement was celebrated on 23 December 1856.{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=5}} Charlotte appeared elated by the prospect of her marriage to Maximilian,{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|p=25}} praising a fiancé for whom she envisioned an exceptional destiny.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=70}} Maximilian appeared less enthusiastic{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=64}} when negotiating the dowry of his bride.{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|p=25}} The Archduke said of his fiancée: "She's short, I'm tall, which must be. She's brunette, I'm blonde, which is good too. She is very intelligent, which is a bit annoying, but I will undoubtedly get over it". The marriage ceremony was celebrated on 27 July 1857 at the [[Royal Palace of Brussels]].{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=60}} This alliance with the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]] enhanced the legitimacy of the recently established Belgian dynasty. Emperor [[Napoleon III]] presented the couple with a [[biscuit porcelain|bisque]] bust of Charlotte as a wedding gift. In the Court of [[Vienna]] she was welcomed by her mother-in-law, [[Princess Sophie of Bavaria|Archduchess Sophie]], who saw in her the perfect example of a wife for an Austrian Archduke. This contributed to the strained relationship between Charlotte and [[Elisabeth of Bavaria|Empress Elisabeth of Austria]], wife of Franz Joseph I, whom Sophie treated rather cruelly. It is said that Charlotte disliked the deep connection that existed between Elisabeth and Maximilian, who were confidantes and shared the same tastes for many things, especially because her sister-in-law was universally admired for her beauty and charm. ===Life in Italy and Miramare=== [[File:Dell'Acqua Arrival of Empress Elisabeth in Miramare.jpg|thumb|right|''Visit of Empress Elisabeth at the Castello di Miramare in 1861'', by [[Cesare Dell'Acqua]], 1865. Charlotte (in pink dress) welcomes [[Empress Elisabeth of Austria|Elisabeth]] while her husband [[Maximilian I of Mexico|Maximilian]] and his brother Emperor [[Franz Joseph I]] wait on the launch of the royal British yacht [[HMY Victoria and Albert (1855)|HMY Victoria and Albert]].]] [[File:Miramare kastély. Fortepan 95038.jpg|thumb|right|[[Miramare Castle]] at the beginning of the 20th century.]] In September 1857, Emperor [[Franz Joseph I]] of Austria appointed his brother Maximilian as Viceroy of the [[Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia]]. After a short stop in [[Schönbrunn Palace|Schönbrunn]], where they met the Austrian Imperial family, the newlyweds went to Maximilian's [[Miramare Castle]] where they stayed for eight days. They then visited [[Venice]] and [[Verona]]. On 6 September 1857, Charlotte and Maximilian made a solemn entry into [[Milan]], where they were warmly welcomed. Some newspapers claimed their entry was made to appear ridiculous because of excessively ornate carriages and [[Livery|liveries]]. [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold, Duke of Brabant]], wrote to the [[Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders|Count of Flanders]]: "All the servants wore [[halberd]]s! In Paris, we talked a lot about this [...]. If we sin here through too much simplicity, they are blamed for a buffoonish luxury from another time and which nowadays seems too out of place".{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=61}} In Italy, the Archducal couple officially resided in Milan, seat of the government of Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia.{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=7}} Sometimes staying at the [[Royal Palace of Milan|Royal Palace]] they also spent time at the more intimate [[Royal Villa of Monza|Villa of Monza]].{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=6}} In his capacity as Viceroy, Maximilian was served by a substantial important court including [[Chamberlain (office)|chamberlain]]s and [[Majordomo|''majordomos'']]. Charlotte was surrounded by a grand-mistress, [[Lady-in-waiting|ladies-in-waiting]] and a large suite. Charlotte appears to have enjoyed her time in Venice. During [[Easter]] of 1858, she and Maximilian journeyed down the [[Grand Canal (Venice)|Grand Canal]] aboard a ceremonial [[gondola]]. Charlotte also visited several charitable institutions and schools.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=62}} Feasts and balls were given in their honour but the local aristocrats were conspicuous with their absences. In 1859, Charlotte acquired the island of [[Lokrum]] and its ruined convent. She and Maximilian proceeded to transform the Benedictine abbey into a secondary residence.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=69}}{{efn|Charlotte kept the island of Lokrum among her personal property. Due to his sister's dementia, King Leopold II was appointed guardian and took charge of the maintenance of the property for a few years before the island of Lokrum was placed under the administration of the intendant of the imperial [[civil list]] of Austria. Then, possession of the island passed in 1880 to [[Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria]], only son of Emperor Franz Joseph I. After Rudolph's death, the imperial family sold the island to the [[House of Windisch-Graetz]]. Upon her marriage to Prince Otto Weriand of Windisch-Graetz in 1902, [[Archduchess Elisabeth Marie of Austria]] (Rudolf's only daughter) received the island as a wedding gift.{{sfn|Desternes|Chandet|1964|p=112}}}} On a private level, Maximilian began to neglect his wife, who complained, after a year of marriage, of loneliness and boredom.{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|p=27}} On 10 April 1859, Maximilian was obliged by his brother the Emperor to resign from his office as Viceroy of Lombardy–Venetia.{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=6}} He had sought to undertake reforms considered as being too [[Liberalism|liberal]] by the government in Vienna, as well as showing indulgence towards Italian rebels and being too much of a spendthrift.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=64}} Charlotte and Maximilian therefore retired to Miramare Castle at one end of the [[Gulf of Trieste]].{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=9}} The construction of the castle continued throughout 1860, according to plans prepared by Maximilian and financed in part from Charlotte's dowry. Her brother, the future Leopold II, noted in his diary: "The construction of this palace in these days is a limitless madness".<ref>{{cite book|author=Victor Capron|title=Le Mariage de Maximilien et Charlotte. Journal du duc de Brabant (1856–1857)|location=Brussels|year=1986}}</ref> In correspondence Charlotte painted an idyllic portrait of this time in Miramare, though the estrangement of the two spouses appeared to become more marked. Charlotte practiced horseback riding, painting and swimming. She played a major part in planning the layout and statuary of the extensive gardens of Miramare, while contributing some of her own paintings to the gallery of the palace.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. M. McAllen|page=33|title=Maximilian and Carlota. Europe's Last Empire in Mexico|isbn=978-1-59534-263-8|date=April 2015|publisher=Trinity University Press }}</ref>{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|p=28}} [[File:Visite de Maximilien et Charlotte à Tétouan en mars 1860.jpg|thumb|left|Maximilian and Charlotte visiting Tétouan in March 1860. Engraving by Gustave Janet.]] In December 1859 Charlotte and Maximilian embarked on a voyage aboard the yacht ''Fantasia'', which took them to [[Madeira]] in December 1859, on the spot where [[Princess Maria Amélia of Brazil]], once engaged to Maximilian, had died six years previously.{{sfn|Lacerda Martins de Almeida|1973|p=122}} In this place, the Archduke experienced intense regret and melancholic thoughts.{{sfn|Lacerda Martins de Almeida|1973|p=123}} Charlotte remained alone in [[Funchal]] for three months while her husband continued his journey to Brazil, where he visited three states: first [[Bahia]], then [[Rio de Janeiro]] and finally [[Espírito Santo]].{{sfn|Lacerda Martins de Almeida|1973|p=123}} On his return from his trip, Maximilian returned via Funchal where he and Charlotte prepared to return to Trieste. First they made a stopover in [[Tétouan]], where they docked on 18 March 1860.{{sfn|McAllen|2014|p=36}} On 3 October 1863, a delegation of conservative Mexican notables arrived at Miramare Castle to formally offer the Archduke the crown of their country. They were mostly reactionary expatriates who were resident in Europe and enjoyed only limited support in their native country. In reality, negotiations on this subject had been underway for more than two years: Emperor [[Napoleon III]] envisaged creating a "Latin and Catholic" [[satellite state]] in Mexico, which would limit the influence of the United States of America, then in the grip of the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. He was encouraged in this project by the prospect of recovering French investments and loans put at risk by the chaotic political situation in Mexico. With Papal support he accordingly searched for a suitable [[figurehead]] to serve as the nominal emperor of Mexico. His choice was Maximilian, who no longer held any power in the Austrian-ruled parts of northern Italy and was eager for a more challenging role. The Emperor of the French promised to support Maximilian militarily if he agreed to leave for Mexico. However, Maximilian hesitated and was slow to agree to this venture. Emperor Franz Joseph I was ambivalent to the proposal and his ministers questioned its wisdom. Maximilian made his assent subject to ratification by the Mexican people. The strong-willed Charlotte believed that restoring the Mexican crown would constitute a mission to bring order and civilization under the [[House of Habsburg]], who would once again rule [[The empire on which the sun never sets|an empire where the sun never sets]];{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|p=29}} she argued decisively to overcome her husband's doubts. Maximilian accepted the Mexican crown and the couple prepared for their trip for the New World.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. M. McAllen|pages=119–123|title=Maximilian and Carlota. Europe's Last Empire in Mexico|isbn=978-1-59534-263-8|date=April 2015|publisher=Trinity University Press }}</ref> ===Empress of Mexico=== ====Departure for Mexico==== [[File:Josef Püttner - SMS Fregatte Novara (Venice, after 1862).jpg|thumb|right|''The [[frigate]] [[SMS Novara (1850)|SMS Novara]]'', by Josef Püttner, after 1862.]] On 10 April 1864, in a state apartment of Miramare Castle, Maximilian and Charlotte were informally proclaimed<ref>{{cite book|author=M. M. McAllen|page=123|title=Maximilian and Carlota. Europe's Last Empire in Mexico|isbn=978-1-59534-263-8|date=April 2015|publisher=Trinity University Press }}</ref> as [[Emperor of Mexico|Emperor]] and Empress of Mexico. He affirmed that the wishes of the Mexican people allowed him to consider himself as the legitimate elected representative of the people. In reality, the Archduke was persuaded by a few Mexican conservatives who incorrectly assured him of massive popular support. For supporting documents, the Mexican deputation produced "acts of adhesion" containing population numbers for localities within Mexico that were purportedly surveyed.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=229}} Maximilian instructed the delegation "to ensure by all means the well-being, prosperity, independence and integrity of this nation".{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=229–231}} [[File:Visite de Maximilien et Charlotte au pape Pie IX le 19 avril 1864.jpg|thumb|left|Audience of Maximilian and Charlotte with [[Pope Pius IX]] on 19 April 1864. Engraving by [[Ferdinand Laufberger]].]] The same evening, an official dinner was planned at Miramare in the large salon at Les Mouettes. Now on the verge of a [[Major depressive disorder|nervous breakdown]], Maximilian retired to his apartments, where he was examined by his doctor [[August von Jilek]], who found the new Emperor prostrate and so overwhelmed that the doctor instructed him to rest in the garden house of the estate. Charlotte therefore presided at the banquet alone.<ref>{{cite book|author=M. M. McAllen|page=124|title=Maximilian and Carlota. Europe's Last Empire in Mexico|isbn=978-1-59534-263-8|date=April 2015|publisher=Trinity University Press }}</ref> The departure for Mexico was set for 14 April. Once on board the Austrian [[frigate]] [[SMS Novara (1850)|''SMS Novara'']] and escorted by the French frigate [[French frigate Thémis (1862)|''Thémis'']], Maximilian became more serene. He and Charlotte made a stopover in Rome to receive the blessing of [[Pope Pius IX]]. On 19 April, during the pontifical audience at the [[Palace of Maffei Marescotti]], the subject of the recovery of church property confiscated by the Mexican republican government was avoided. However, the Pope stressed that Maximilian would have to respect the rights of the Church.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=231–238}} During the long crossing, Charlotte and Maximilian rarely discussed the serious diplomatic and political difficulties which they were to be confronted with in Mexico. Instead, they spent their time preparing the [[etiquette]] of their future court in great detail. They began to write a 600-page manuscript relating to ceremonial functions, regulating protocol in its most minute aspects. The ''SMS Novara'' stopped in Madeira and Jamaica. The ships encountered heavy thunderstorms before a final stopover was made in [[Martinique]]. With the port of [[Veracruz]] in front of her, Charlotte wrote to her grandmother: "In a few hours we will touch the ground of our new homeland...I am delighted with the Tropics and I only dream of butterflies and hummingbirds [...] I would never have believed that in what regards the regions where we are going to live, my wishes were also completely fulfilled".{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=240–243}} ====Reign==== {{multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | header = | header_align = | header_background = | footer = Portraits of Emperor Maximilian and Empress Charlotte of Mexico by [[Albert Gräfle]], 1865, which hang in Chapultepec Castle, Mexico City. | footer_align = left | footer_background = | width = | image1 = Emperador Maximiliano I de Mexico.jpg | width1 = upright | caption1 = | image2 = Charlotte, Empress of Mexico.jpg | width2 = upright | caption2 = }} Maximilian and Charlotte arrived at the port of Veracruz on 28 May 1864 and made entry into Mexico City on 12 June with a warm welcome.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=250–256}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Chynoweth|first=William Harris|title=The fall of Maximilian, late emperor of Mexico|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJ4BAAAAQAAJ&dq=maximilian+arrival+mexico+city+warm&pg=PR18|year=1872}}</ref> Unimpressed by the [[National Palace (Mexico)|National Palace]], which required major refurbishment, they preferred [[Chapultepec Castle]] as their new Imperial residence.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=262–263}} They also chose the [[Palace of Cortés, Cuernavaca|Palace of Cortés]] in [[Cuernavaca]] as a summer residence. Shortly after their arrival in Mexico, they commenced costly improvements to their various properties and surroundings, despite the Mexican treasury being in a critical condition.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=264}} Charlotte took a leading role in the various festivals, military parades, balls and theatrical performances presented in their honour.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=271–272}} She also presided over the newly created Mexican [[Mexican Imperial Orders#Imperial Order of Saint Charles|Imperial Order of Saint Charles]], or 'Orden Imperial de San Carlos', designed to reward charitable or other service to the Mexican nation.<ref>{{cite book|last=Watanabe-O'Kelly|first=Helen|title=Projecting Imperial Power: New Nineteenth Century Emperors and the Public Sphere|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xHA3EAAAQBAJ&dq=carlota+order+saint+charles&pg=PA95|year=2021|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=95|isbn=978-0-19880-247-1}}</ref> [[File:Charlotte of Belgium, Empress consort of Mexico.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Archduchess Carlotta in [[Brianza]] costume by [[Jean-François Portaels]]]] Despite the idyllic descriptions of Mexico that Maximilian and Charlotte wrote to their relatives in Europe,{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=273}} it did not take long for them to realize the insecurity and disorder which plagued their Empire. Their residences were perpetually monitored by a large armed guard intended to push back the rebel bands which roamed nearby.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=113}} French intervention, supported by the Belgian and Austrian contingents and local Mexican Imperial troops, was followed by a long civil war which disrupted every aspect of Mexican life.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=278}} The approximately 30,000 to 40,000 soldiers of the [[Second French intervention in Mexico|French expeditionary force]], led by Marshal [[François Achille Bazaine|Bazaine]], had to counter multiple skirmishes led by the guerrillas over a territory four times larger than that of France.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=279}} A conservative minority of the Mexican people supported the Second Mexican Empire, along with the [[Mexican nobility]], clergy, and some native groups. The Emperor tried in vain to reconcile the liberal and conservative parties.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=116}} He decided to pursue a liberal policy by approving the [[secularization]] of ecclesiastical property for the benefit of the national domain, which alienated the conservatives and the clergy.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=283–287}} When he was absent from Mexico City, sometimes for several months, Maximilian appointed Charlotte as [[Regent]]: she presided over the [[Council of Ministers]] and gave public audiences on Sundays.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=287}} The popularity of the sovereigns was already dwindling before the end of the first year of their reign.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=316}} [[File:Chapultepec Castle LCCN2014695162.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chapultepec Castle]] in the beginning of 20th century.]] Without a child from his marriage, Maximilian, to Charlotte's disapproval,{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=363}} decided in September 1865 to adopt [[Agustín de Iturbide y Green]] and [[Salvador de Iturbide y de Marzán]], grandsons of [[Agustín de Iturbide|Agustín I de Iturbide]], an earlier Emperor of Mexico (r. 1822–1823). Agustín was only two years old when he was adopted and was forcibly separated from his mother, under Maximilian's orders. This situation upset Charlotte, who was forced by her husband to go and fetch the child herself from his biological parents. By this point, public opinion of Maximilian was almost unanimously negative.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=365}} He gave Agustín de Iturbide y Green the title of "''His Highness, The Prince of Iturbide''" and similar imperial titles were accorded to various members of the child's extended family. He also ensured that the secret treaty between him and the House of Iturbide was published in European newspapers, which prevented Charlotte or anyone else from being able to attempt a reversal of the adoption.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=366}} Despite these actions, it appears Maximilian never intended to give Agustín or Salvador the throne, because they were not of royal blood.<ref name=rosas>{{cite book |title= Presidentes de México|author1=José Manuel Villalpando|author2=Alejandro Rosas|publisher=Grupo Planeta Spain|year= 2011|isbn=978-6-070-70758-2|at= n.p.|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=H2TbqVzLhOYC&pg=PT326|language=es}}</ref> He himself explained that it was all a charade to convince his younger brother [[Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria]] to give him one of his sons to act as heir.<ref name=rosas/> A year after the arrival of Maximilian and Charlotte, the situation in Mexico remained unstable. Charlotte wrote: "As disaster does not come alone, the interior continues to be ravaged. Bands emerge as if from underground where there was none before".{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=310}} The perpetual question of financing caused relations between France and Mexico to deteriorate.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=316}} The Republicans of former Mexican President [[Benito Juárez]] began to enlist men and arms from the United States of America, where the Civil War had just concluded. The Belgian Legion, composed of 4,000 men, was roundly defeated by the Juarist troops at the [[Battle of Tacámbaro]] (11 April 1865), but won the [[Battle of la Loma]] (16 July 1865) under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel (later General) [[Alfred van der Smissen]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jacqueline Hons|title=La légion belge au Mexique|journal=Revue Ami|number=26|date=November 1981|language=fr}}</ref> [[File: Empress Charlotte of Mexico (Hearst Castle).jpg|thumb|Charlotte of Belgium, Empress of Mexico in 1864 (painting by [[Franz Xaver Winterhalter]])]] Faced with this complex situation, Maximilian resolved, under pressure from Marshal Bazaine and the French army,{{sfn|McAllen|2014|p=207}} to adopt a policy of harsh repression against the rebels. He published the "Black Decree" on 3 October 1865, which, while promising an [[amnesty]] to the dissidents who surrendered, declared in its first article: "All individuals belonging to bands or armed gatherings existing without legal authorization, whether or not they proclaim a political pretext [...] will be tried militarily by the martial courts. If they are guilty, even though it is only the mere fact of belonging to an armed gang, they will be condemned to death and the sentence will be executed in 24 hours".<ref>{{cite book|author=Eugène Lefèvre|title=Histoire de l'Intervention Française au Mexique|location=Brussels|year=1869|page=260}}</ref> Under this decree, several hundred{{sfn|McAllen|2014|p=377}} rebels and political opponents were [[Summary execution|summarily executed]].{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=369}} ====Trip to Yucatán==== [[File:Uxmal Catherwood.jpg|thumb|right|[[Uxmal]] in the 19th century]] On 6 November 1865, Charlotte began an official visit to the remote province of [[Yucatán Peninsula|Yucatán]], which lasted almost two months. Without Maximilian, but accompanied by an imposing retinue, she departed on the ''Tabasco'', a ship in poor condition whose pitching made the crossing of the [[Gulf of Mexico]] very difficult. Yucatán, far from the tragic events that bloodied the rest of Mexico, gave a relatively warm welcome to the Empress.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=383}} This trip commenced with a succession of festivities preceding her arrival in [[Mérida, Yucatán|Mérida]], capital of the province.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|pp=167–168}} Charlotte then took the opportunity to visit the ruins of the ancient [[Maya civilization|Maya]] city of [[Uxmal]], where she admired the archaeological curiosities.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=384}} While there, she wrote a series of letters and reports on the peninsula that are now archived in the [[National Archives of Austria]] and the [[Library of Congress]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Carlota de Bélgica |date=2011 |title=Viaje a Yucatan |edition=1st |language=es |trans-title=Trip to Yucatan |location=México |publisher=Conaculta |isbn=978-607-455-680-3 }}</ref> When Charlotte met Maximilian again in Cuernavaca, the day before New Year's Day 1866, he informed her of the new legislative projects he had conceived. Charlotte and her husband stayed for a few days in Cuernavaca, where on the morning of 6 January, she learned of the death of her father King [[Leopold I of Belgium]] almost four weeks before.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=392}} Two months later, on 24 March, Charlotte heard that her maternal grandmother [[Maria Amalia of the Two Sicilies|Maria Amalia]], Dowager Queen consort of the French; to whom she was deeply attached, had died in England.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=212}} ====Departure from Mexico==== [[File:Imperatrice-eugenie-1864-s.jpg|thumb|left|The ''Impératrice Éugenie'' in 1864.]] In January 1866, Emperor Napoleon III, influenced by French public hostility to the Mexican expedition, decided to begin the withdrawal of his troops supporting the Imperial cause in Mexico.{{sfn|Léon Niox|1874|p=550}} This strategic pullback was a potentially fatal blow to the infant Mexican monarchy; at the end of the withdrawal of the French expeditionary force, Maximilian would only have the support of a small force of imperial Mexican soldiers and a contingent of Belgian and Austrian volunteers, which were easily outnumbered by rebel forces.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=403–405}} The announcement of the French withdrawal encouraged the Belgian legation to leave the country. In a desperate attempt to save her husband's throne, Charlotte resolved to personally persuade Napoleon III to reconsider his decision. On 9 July 1866, Charlotte, with Maximilian's concurrence, set sail for Europe from the port of Veracruz upon the transatlantic ocean liner ''Impératrice Eugénie''.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=427}} She was accompanied by Martín del Castillo y Cos, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and her two adoptive sons, the Princes of Iturbide. Subsequently, a rumor circulated that Charlotte, shortly before her trip to Europe, had become pregnant by her [[aide-de-camp]] [[Alfred van der Smissen]] and had given birth to a son in early 1867. The feasibility of this rumor is uncertain.<ref name=Laporte>{{cite web|author=Christian Laporte|title=Charlotte, impératrice mélancolique|date=17 December 2008|url=https://www.lalibre.be/belgique/2008/12/17/charlotte-imperatrice-melancolique-UDZJHU6WZNH4HNK3KQAKF6TXTE/|website=lalibre.be|access-date=17 July 2021|language=fr}}</ref>{{efn|The proponents of this view<ref name=Laporte/><ref>{{cite web|author=Christian Laporte|title=Histoire - Léopold II n'était pas le père du général Weygand, de parents connus...|date=20 October 2003|url=https://plus.lesoir.be//art/histoire-leopold-ii-n-etait-pas-le-pere-du-general-weyg_t-20031024-Z0NP1F.html|website=lesoir.be|access-date=17 July 2021|language=fr}}</ref> pointed to a child born in [[Brussels]] on 23 January 1867 and declared of unknown parentage as Charlotte's illegitimate child, but this date of birth did not coincide with Charlotte's presence in Brussels (she had been confined to Miramare since October 1866 where she stayed until July 1867). This son would become the future French general [[Maxime Weygand]]. As an adult, Weygand did indeed share a certain physical resemblance to Alfred van der Smissen, which some took as evidence of Empress Charlotte and van der Smissen's affair. This theory was disproved by Dominique Paoli<ref name=Paoli>{{cite book|author=Dominique Paoli|title=Maxime ou le secret Weygand|location=Brussels|publisher=Racine|work=Les racines de l'histoire|year=2003|language=fr}}</ref> and presented in a television program by [[Alain Decaux]]. Historian [[André Castelot]],{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=602–610}} revealed that King [[Leopold III of Belgium]] had personally confirmed to him that "Weygand is the son of van der Smissen". King [[Leopold II of Belgium]] (for whom van der Smissen would later become aide-de-camp) provided protection for the child from a distance, providing funds which enabled him to be adopted by a family in Nimal, and then by the French Weygand family. Paoli claimed to have found evidence that Maxime Weygand was the illegitimate child of Alfred van der Smissen and Princess [[Melanie Metternich-Zichy|Melanie Marie von Metternich-Winneburg zu Beilstein]], Charlotte's lady-in-waiting and daughter of Austrian diplomat and politician Prince [[Klemens von Metternich]]. Paoli further claimed that Weygand had been born in mid-1865, not January 1867 as is generally claimed.<ref name=Paoli/>}} ===Return to Europe=== On 8 August 1866, Empress Charlotte arrived in Europe with her two adoptive sons and Martín del Castillo, at the harbour of [[Saint-Nazaire]], where they were greeted by [[Juan Almonte]] and his wife, instead of an official welcoming ceremony. From there, she took a train for Paris, where she arrived on 9 August. During the trip, Charlotte had received a telegraph from Napoleon III, informing her that he was terribly ill, but this did little to dissuade her. At the [[Château de Saint-Cloud]], the bedridden Napoleon III received a telegram from Charlotte requesting an interview. He first sent his wife Empress [[Eugénie de Montijo|Eugénie]] to the [[InterContinental Paris Le Grand Hotel|Le Grand Hôtel]] where Charlotte was staying, hoping to deter the determined Empress of Mexico from her plans to meet him in person. But Charlotte could not be dissuaded and Eugénie made arrangements for a first meeting between the two of them the next day, 11 August, at Saint-Cloud.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=165}} Despite carefully preparing her arguments in a twenty-page brief, the meeting between Charlotte and Napoleon III ended in complete failure. She gave a long, impassioned speech reminding Napoleon III of his promises and the [[s:Treaty of Miramar|Treaty of Miramar]], but the Emperor was unwavering in his position, affirming that he could not decide anything without the approval of his ministers and that he refused to negotiate new financial and military guarantees in favour of Mexico. Her mission ruined, Charlotte began manifesting symptoms of [[paranoia]] and had profound cognitive and emotional collapse. Two days later, she returned to Saint-Cloud to attempt another negotiation with Napoleon III. A lively discussion broke out in the presence of Empress Eugénie, who sank into an armchair, pretending to faint. The first signs of Charlotte's mental breakdown became evident here, when, overwhelmed by sadness, she threw herself into a nearby armchair, sobbing hysterically. The [[Council of Ministers]] of 18 August 1866 confirmed the position of Napoleon III and formally opposed maintaining any military presence by France in Mexico. On 19 August, Napoleon III went personally to Le Grand Hôtel for a third and final meeting with Charlotte, to confirm to her that France would no longer continue to act in Mexico.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|pp=191–196}} Shaken by Napoleon III's refusal, on 21 August Charlotte left France for Miramare Castle in Trieste; on the journey there, her mental health showed signs of worsening – passing by a farmer, she became convinced that he was an assassin. She persistently shouted at her coachman to drive faster. She avoided going through Brussels{{efn|The [[Belgian official journal|''Moniteur belge'']] wrongly assures: "[[Brussels]], 14 August 1866. H.M. the Empress of Mexico is expected from time to time in Brussels. It is assured that the August traveler expressed the desire that no official honor be returned on her arrival and on her departure".<ref>{{cite news|language=fr|title=Partie non officielle - Intérieur|newspaper=Le Moniteur belge|date=August 1866 |pages=4495|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C35DAAAAcAAJ&q=conseil+ministres+14+ao%C3%BBt+1866+mexique&pg=PA4495|access-date=17 July 2021|author1=Belgique}}</ref>}} and Vienna due to the withdrawal of the Belgian and Austrian troops from Mexico, and Charlotte did not seek help from either her or her husband's families. Charlotte's late father, King [[Leopold I of Belgium|Leopold I]], had been doubtful of the Mexican adventure,{{sfn|Defrance|2004|pp=134–135}} and his son, now [[Leopold II of Belgium|Leopold II]], while once a staunch supporter of his sister's ambitions, could no longer ignore the hostility of the Belgians towards further involvement in Mexico, especially in view of the significant losses incurred there by the Belgian Legion. Charlotte was now isolated and could no longer count on further European support.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=166}} Once at Miramare, Charlotte found a message from Maximilian waiting for her, imploring her to seek an audience with [[Pope Pius IX]] in Rome. After a one-month stay in Trieste, Charlotte left for the Vatican to try and win continuing support from the pontiff for the Imperial regime in Mexico. Pope Pius IX, however, saw no reason to further implicate the Church in the disastrous Mexican venture.<ref name=dhnet>{{cite web|title=La première femme qui a dormi au Vatican|url=https://www.dhnet.be/actu/societe/la-premiere-femme-qui-a-dormi-au-vatican-51b78df1e4b0de6db9815713|website=dhnet.be|language=fr|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> On her way to Rome, Charlotte showed further signs of deteriorating mental health; while stopping for the night at the city of [[Bolzano]] (German: ''Bozen'') in [[South Tyrol]], then part of the Austrian Empire, Charlotte informed Martín del Castillo that she felt unwell and insisted that it was due to being poisoned by spies and traitors among her party. [[File:Charlotte de Belgique, Impératrice du Mexique (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Empress Charlotte in mourning clothes. Photography by [[André-Adolphe-Eugène Disdéri|Eugène Disdéri]], 1867.]] On 24 September 1866, Charlotte arrived in Rome. Three days later, on 27 September, she had an audience with Pope Pius IX, but as was expected, the pontiff was reluctant to use his influence to intervene in French politics on the behalf of the Mexican Empire. Charlotte became despondent. Overwhelmed by despair and paranoia, she shut herself within her hotel. She dressed in mourning clothes and, in fear of poison, denied herself food and water. She asked to be taken to the [[Trevi Fountain]] to quench her thirst after not having consumed any liquid since the previous day. On 1 October, Charlotte went to the [[Vatican City|Vatican]] for a further meeting with the Pope, still dressed in mourning and with her face reportedly displaying sunken eyes and flushed cheeks. Crying hysterically, she refused to return to her hotel and begged to be sheltered for the night in the papal apartments,{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=166}} convinced that assassins sent by Napoleon III were waiting for her outside. The Pope let Charlotte eat part of his own dinner and, breaking the rules of the [[Holy See]], had a bed moved into the pontifical library for her, making Charlotte the first woman known to have slept in the Vatican.{{efn|In reality, Charlotte only slept for a few hours in the pontifical library before being escorted back to a hotel at nightfall.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=166}}}} In the following days, she confined herself to her hotel room, leaving only to drink water from public fountains, with a goblet that she had taken from the papal apartments.<ref name="ReferenceA">De terugkeer van Charlotte Paperback. Juli 1867 – een delicate opdracht voor baron Adrien Goffinet, Université de Genève</ref> King Leopold II grew worried about the news he received from Charlotte, so he sent his brother Prince [[Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders|Philippe, Count of Flanders]] to Rome, where he arrived on 8 October 1866.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|pp=166–168}} Two days later, Prince Philippe escorted his very depressed and unstable sister, and the two princes of Iturbide, to Miramare Castle.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> There, Charlotte persisted in her obsession with poisoning. The Count of Flanders reported their sister's erratic and strange behaviour to King Leopold II. After examining the Empress, [[:de:Josef Gottfried von Riedel|Josef Gottfried von Riedel]], a Viennese [[psychiatrist|alienist]] physician, diagnosed "madness with fixed ideas of persecution",{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=210}} believing that the Mexican climate and the humiliating treatment that Charlotte received in France aggravated her condition.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=166}} At Miramare, Charlotte was sequestered in the pavilion of the [[Miramare Castle#Castelletto|Gartenhaus]], supervised by Austrian security agents.{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=36}} [[File:Edouard Manet 022.jpg|thumb|right|''[[The Execution of Emperor Maximilian]]'', by [[Édouard Manet]], 1868.]] When the news of the capture of Maximilian by Mexican Republican forces and his execution at [[Querétaro City|Santiago de Querétaro]] on 19 June 1867 became known, the Belgian royal family interrupted their visit to Paris for the [[Exposition Universelle (1867)|International Exposition]], and returned to Brussels in early July 1867. Ultimately, Charlotte's family elected not to tell her of her husband's demise.{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=18}} With Maximilian's death, guardianship of Charlotte became an issue: she had so far accepted her confinement in Miramare, then in Austrian territory, believing that her husband demanded this confinement for her safety. Her brother, Leopold II, believed that there was no reason for Charlotte to stay in Austria and preferred that she return to her homeland of Belgium. However, after the arrest of Maximilian on 15 May, his brother Emperor [[Franz Joseph I]] had restored Maximilian's rights and titles as member of the House of Habsburg in an attempt to save his life, convinced that the rebels wouldn't dare to shoot an Austrian [[Archduke]]. Subsequently, Charlotte regained her status as an Archduchess of Austria and, therefore, her in-laws remained her legal guardians.{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=33}} The Emperor of Austria sent [[Bombelles|Count Karl of Bombelles]],<ref name="ReferenceA"/> and doctor [[August von Jilek]], a friend of Maximilian, to Miramare Castle on behalf of the Habsburgs.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Following the orders of Franz Joseph I, the Count of Bombelles argued to keep Charlotte in Miramare. In July 1867, King Leopold II sent his wife, Queen [[Marie Henriette of Austria]] and his confidant [[Auguste Goffinet|Baron Auguste Goffinet]] to Vienna to plead with the Emperor to allow for the release of Charlotte and her return to Belgium as soon as possible.{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=5}} When Queen Marie Henriette arrived at Miramare on 14 July 1867,{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=37}} she discovered Charlotte in a terrible physical and mental state, having been treated as a prisoner by the Austrian security forces for the last nine months. After two weeks of negotiations, Queen Marie Henriette and Goffinet succeeded in removing Charlotte from the guardianship of her in-laws and convincing her to return with them to Belgium.{{sfn|Defrance|2012|p=68}} This success was largely thanks to Jan Frans Bulckens,<ref name="ReferenceA"/> a Belgian psychiatrist sent by Leopold II to care for his sister.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> Bulckens and his medical team kept Charlotte under close observation and determined that, due to the Dowager Empress' mental state, she could not be told of the execution of her husband. With the help of this medical team, Queen Marie Henriette devised a plan to give her sister-in-law a faked telegram from Maximilian, in which he asked her to come back to Brussels. The scheme worked and Charlotte, with the Belgian delegation, left Miramare for the last time. After Charlotte's departure from Austria, Vienna and Brussels continued to argue over the issue of Charlotte's inheritance. Emperor Franz Joseph I placed his sister-in-law in the custody of his younger brother, [[Archduke Karl Ludwig of Austria]] in order to preserve her patrimony. Historian [[André Castelot]] in his work ''Maximilien et Charlotte : la tragédie de l'ambition'' confirmed the theory that, after the execution of Maximilian in Mexico, Charlotte's in-laws were concerned mostly with the fate of her fortune rather than the health and wellbeing of Charlotte herself. For the Austrian Imperial Court, it was in their financial interest to keep her in Miramare. There, her fortune was guarded under the care of Eduard von Radonetz, the prefect of Miramare, but when she returned to Belgium, the Viennese court was forced to pay her dowry to Leopold II. ===Return to Belgium=== [[File:38. Pavillon de S.A.R. le Prince Héréditaire, à Tervuren.jpg|thumb|left|Pavilion de Tervueren, {{circa|1830}}.]] [[File:Royal Castle of Laeken - Brussels, Belgium - DSC06989.jpg|thumb|left|[[Palace of Laeken]], 21st century.]] [[File:Meise (Belgium), the Bouchout castle (XII-XIXth centuries).jpg|thumb|left|[[Bouchout Castle]], 21st century.]] Upon her arrival in Belgium, Charlotte resided until 8 October 1867 in the [[Pavilion of Tervuren]] near Brussels, which was built by Charles Vander Straeten for King [[William II of the Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web|title=La section congolaise de l'Exposition internationale de Bruxelles de 1897|url=https://www.cehibrux.be/chroniques/document-du-mois/396-la-section-congolaise-de-l-exposition-internationale-de-bruxelles-de-1897|language=fr|website=cehibrux.be (Cercle d'histoire de Bruxelles)|access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref> The residence, however, was insufficiently furnished and poorly heated in the winter. She therefore joined King Leopold II and Queen Marie Henriette at the Palace of Laeken, where she moved into the former apartments of her brothers.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=170}} When Charlotte finally learned, in January 1868, of the execution of her husband six months prior, she was shattered.{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=621}} In a set of nearly 400 letters found in 1995 (mainly intended for a French officer whom she had met in Mexico, [[:fr:Charles Loysel|Charles Loysel]]),{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|p=90}} she declares herself "dead" at the fall of the Mexican Empire. These letters by their number and their length (sometimes up to twenty pages) also offer the testimony of her daily life punctuated by paranoia attacks and the treatment given to her.{{efn|Among the care provided, the press mentions "a treatment by electricity" adding: "This wonderful agent, who has not said his last word, gains every day new success in the cure of mental ailments and especially of lypemania".<ref>{{cite journal|title=Faits divers|journal=Journal de Bruxelles|date=2 August 1867|page=1|language=fr|url=https://www.belgicapress.be/pageview.php?all_q=charlotte%20mexique%20folie&any_q=&exact_q=&none_q=&from_d=01-08-1866&to_d=01-08-1880&per_lang=&per=&sig=JB567&lang=FR.}}</ref>}} Charlotte's two adopted sons, the Princes of Iturbide, followed her to Belgium, but later both were sent to study in England. Agustín de Iturbide y Green later emigrated to the United States, while Salvador de Iturbide y de Marzán remained in Europe.{{efn|Agustín died in [[Washington, D.C.]] on 3 March 1925, and Salvador died in [[Ajaccio, Corsica]] on 26 February 1895.}} In May 1869, Charlotte left the Palace of Laeken to return to the Pavilion of Tervuren, where 37 people were assigned to her service.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=261}} She continued a passionate worship of her late husband's memory, collecting everything that had belonged to him. After the Pavilion of Tervuren was destroyed by a fire on 2 March 1879 (which Charlotte was paradoxically delighted by),{{sfn|Castelot|2002|pp=627–628}} she resided permanently at [[Bouchout Castle]] in [[Meise]] (not far from the Palace of Laeken), which her brother, King Leopold II, acquired for her.{{sfn|Bilteryst|2014|p=298}} In the final years of his life, the King diligently supervised the care of his sister. The Dowager Empress of Mexico wrote notes of profound gratitude for the care she received from her brother and nephews.<ref>{{cite book|author=G. Freddy|title=Léopold II intime – les origines de Leopold II, le prince héritier, le père de famille, le roi bâtissieur, Leopold II et la politique, le roi du Congo, l'homme privé|language=fr|publisher=Librairie Félix Juven|location=Paris|year=1905}}.</ref> ===Later years=== [[File:La princesse Charlotte de Belgique, impératrice du Mexique à Bouchout vers 1914.jpg|upright|thumb|right|In a horse-drawn carriage, protected by an umbrella, Charlotte is driven in the park of the Bouchout estate, {{circa|1914}}.]] Charlotte disappeared completely from the public sphere, protected by the high gates of her domain and the guards which protected them. She received visits only from her family: mainly from her sisters-in-law, Queen Marie Henriette and the [[Princess Marie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen|Countess of Flanders]]. On Sundays, an abbot came to say mass at Bouchout Castle. To distract herself, she went on walks, embroidered, played cards, and listened to her newly invented [[gramophone]]. She was not informed of the deaths of her close relatives (King Leopold II in 1909 and her sister-in-law, the Countess of Flanders, wife of her brother Philippe, in 1912), nor those of her servants, because she never asked questions about their absence.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=269}} Her lady-in-waiting, Hélène, Countess of Reinach-Foussemagne, said about Charlotte: "Most of the time, the unfortunate woman was absorbed in long silences, or on the contrary in heated discussions in French, English, German, Italian, Spanish, with imaginary interlocutors, discussions too incoherent, too disjointed for one to be able to guess what thoughts occupied this brain. [...] In her soliloquies pass from time to time, very rarely, sentences, interjections which prove that sometimes her obscured thought returns on these lamentable memories: ''Sir, one told you that one had had a husband; a husband, sir, and then madness! Madness is made of events! If he had been helped by Napoleon!...''".<ref name=Patriote>{{cite journal|title=Les funérailles de la princesse Charlotte |journal=Le Patriote Illustré |volume=43 |number=5 |date=30 January 1927 |pages=66–73 |language=fr}}</ref> For their part, Princess [[Marie-José of Belgium|Marie-José]] and Prince [[Prince Charles, Count of Flanders|Charles]] recalled their visits to their great-aunt, remembering an elderly lady making confused remarks.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=270}} Periods of lucidity became rarer over time. In crises of destructive [[mood swing]]s, she gave in to outbursts of uncontrollable anger and destroyed crockery and crystal vases, set her hounds on a maid, and tore up pictures and books. This alternated with periods of calm when she peacefully undertook simple occupations.{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|p=272}} During [[World War I]], Belgium was invaded. Only a tiny part of the country remained free of German occupation, the town of [[De Panne]], where King [[Albert I of Belgium|Albert I]], Charlotte's nephew, lived until the signing of the [[Armistice of 11 November 1918]]. Charlotte did not see her family during the war. Despite the conflict, her status as Archduchess of Austria protected her from the German occupier, and her way of life remained unchanged. She flew the [[Flag of Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian flag]] on the roof of Bouchout Castle;<ref>{{cite book |author=M. M. McAllen|page=408|title=Maximilian and Carlota. Europe's Last Empire in Mexico |isbn=978-1-59534-263-8 |date=April 2015 |publisher=Trinity University Press }}</ref> and in March 1916, a German officer inquired as to why the Austrian colors flew on a property in occupied Belgium. In response, General [[Moritz von Bissing]], at the head of the [[General Government of Belgium|Imperial German General Government of Belgium]], had a sign affixed to the gates of the castle, which read as follows: "This domain, property of the Crown of Belgium, is occupied by Her Majesty the Empress of Mexico, Archduchess Maximilian of Austria, sister-in-law of Emperor Franz Joseph, our illustrious ally.{{efn|[[Austria-Hungary]] was one of the chief allies of the [[German Empire]] during [[World War I]].}} I order the German soldiers passing by here not to ring the bell and to leave the place untouched."<ref>{{cite journal |title=L'impératrice Charlotte et la guerre |journal=Le Bruxellois |number=189 |date=16 March 1916 |page=2 |language=fr |url=https://uurl.kbr.be/1233032}}</ref> ===Death=== [[File:Les obsèques de Charlotte de Belgique - Laeken - 22 janvier 1927 - Agence Rol btv1b53172107v.jpg|thumb|right|Charlotte's funeral in [[Laeken]], on 22 January 1927.]] Charlotte died at Bouchout Castle on 19 January 1927, at the age of 86, after developing [[pneumonia]] brought on by [[influenza]].{{sfn|Huberty|Giraud|1976|p=508}} Various versions exist regarding the last words spoken by Charlotte on her deathbed: * According to [[Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark|Prince Michael of Greece]], she sighed holding a [[rosary]] and murmuring: {{blockquote|«Mexico (''Mexique'').»<ref>{{cite web|author=Krysheida Ayub Unzón|title=TESIS. Discurso de un personaje: Carlota de Bélgica en la obra de Fernando del Paso.|year=2019|page=47|url=http://rep.uabcs.mx/bitstream/23080/372/1/te4230.pdf|location=UABCS|language=es}}</ref>}} * According to José Iturriaga De la Fuente: {{blockquote|«Remind the universe of the beautiful blond-haired foreigner. God willing we are remembered with sadness, but without hatred.»<ref>{{cite book|author=José Iturriaga De la Fuente|title=Escritos mexicanos de Carlota de Bélgica|publisher=Editorial Banco de México|year=1992|page=98|isbn=978-9-6861-2006-6|language=es|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mqckAQAAIAAJ}}</ref>}} * According to S. van Eckhaus: {{blockquote|«All that ended without being successful (''Tout cela est fini et n'aboutira pas'').»<ref>{{cite book|author1=Susanne Igler|author2=Roland Spiller|title=Más nuevas del imperio: Estudios interdisciplinarios acerca de Carlota de México|year=2001|publisher=Vervuert|pages=115–117|language=es|isbn=978-3-9645-6269-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pM-5xQEACAAJ}}</ref><ref name=Weckmann>{{cite book|author1=Luis Weckmann|author2=Emile Vandewoude|title=Carlota de Bélgica : correspondencia y escritos sobre México en los archivos europeos, 1861-1868|year=1989|location=Mexico|publisher=Porrúa|page=250|language=es|isbn=978-9-6845-2358-6|oclc=700646299}}</ref>}} * According to Caroline de Bransner, one of her ladies-in-waiting, in relation to having been reclined on her bed instead of her lounger as she wished: {{blockquote|«I expressed myself badly in words and I will regret it" (''Je m'ai mal exprimée en paroles et j'en piitirai'').»<ref name=Weckmann/>}} Three days later, on 22 January, and under heavy snow, her coffin was carried by six former [[Belgian Legion]]aries who survived the Expedition to Mexico. She was buried in the [[Royal Crypt (Belgium)|Royal Crypt]] of the [[Church of Our Lady of Laeken]],{{sfn|Castelot|2002|p=636}} in the presence of King Albert I and his sons, the [[Leopold III of Belgium|Duke of Brabant]] and the [[Prince Charles, Count of Flanders|Count of Flanders]]. On 25 January, a funeral service was celebrated in the church of Meise in the presence of the entire Belgian Royal family: King Albert I, Queen [[Elisabeth of Bavaria, Queen of Belgium|Elisabeth]], their three children the Duke of Brabant, the Count of Flanders and Princess [[Marie-José of Belgium|Marie-José]], the [[Astrid of Sweden|Duchess of Brabant]], the [[Louis, Prince Napoléon|Prince]] and [[Marie Clotilde Bonaparte|Princess Napoleon]], as well as Princess [[Princess Clémentine of Belgium|Clémentine]].<ref name=Patriote/> Much of Charlotte's personal fortune was managed by King Leopold II, and was eventually used to finance the colonial enterprise of [[Belgian Congo|Congo]].<ref>{{cite web|title=La princesse Charlotte : une princesse qui a perdu la tête|website=rtbf.be (La Première)|language=fr|url=https://www.rtbf.be/lapremiere/article/detail_la-princesse-charlotte-une-princesse-qui-a-perdu-la-tete?id=10633501|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> Since 1902, Charlotte had hosted the painter [[:fr: Edwin Ganz|Edwin Ganz]] in her domain of Bouchout, who was a specialist in the representation of horses and close to the royal family,<ref>{{cite book|author1=Omer Vandeputte|author2=Filip Devos|title=Gids voor Vlaanderen : toeristische en culturele gids voor alle steden en dorpen in Vlaanderen|publisher=[[Lannoo]]|year=2007|page=841|isbn=978-9-0209-5963-5|language=nl|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rKjn0nQrkzcC|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> in particular Princess Clémentine.<ref>{{cite web|author=Wim van der Elst|title=Edwin Ganz (1871 – 1948) : van schilder van militaire taferelen tot schilder van paarden en Brabantse landschappen uit onze streek|publisher=LACA-Tijdingen|year=2003–2004|volume=15|pages=27–37|language=nl|url=http://www.laken-ingezoomd.be/magazine/201112111032_Tijdingen15-1.pdf|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> After Charlotte's death, the artist continued to occupy the outbuildings of the castle until his death in 1948.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kasteel van Bouchout|url=https://www.meise.be/product/1348/kasteel-van-bouchout|language=nl|website=meise.be|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> In 1938, the Belgian State bought Bouchout Castle with the intention to establish the National Botanical Garden of Belgium, which had grown too cramped on its Brussels site, and the land was inaugurated 20 years later.<ref>{{cite book|language=fr |author=Denis Diagre-Vanderpelen |title=Le jardin botanique de Bruxelles 1826-1912 – reflet de la Belgique, enfant de l'Afrique |publisher=[[Royal Academy of Science, Letters and Fine Arts of Belgium]] |location=Brussels |year=2012 |pages=256–264 |isbn=978-2-8031-0294-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T7fgDAAAQBAJ}}.</ref> This garden took the name of [[Meise Botanic Garden]] in 2014; the interior of the castle was redeveloped from 1980 into meeting and conference rooms, to accommodate congresses, exhibitions and other festive events.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.br.fgov.be/PUBLIC/GENERAL/VISITORINFO/VISITORMAP/VISITORMAPFR/bouchoutcastlefr.html | title=Château de Bouchout | website=hbr.fgov.be| access-date=19 July 2021| url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915115737/http://www.br.fgov.be/PUBLIC/GENERAL/VISITORINFO/VISITORMAP/VISITORMAPFR/bouchoutcastlefr.html|language=fr | archive-date=15 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |language=fr |url=https://www.plantentuinmeise.be/fr/pQGveuK/kasteel |title=Le Château : une atmosphère unique |website=plantentuinmeise.be (Jardin botanique de Meise) |access-date=19 July 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719111110/https://www.plantentuinmeise.be/fr/pQGveuK/kasteel |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Mental illness=== The nature of Charlotte's mental pathology - [[psychosis]], paranoia, or monomania - proved extremely difficult to determine with certainty ''a posteriori'', giving rise to several hypotheses. Several authors have suggested the illness originated from ingestion of toxic chemicals. This hypothesis was notably put forward by [[Joan Haslip]], who noted that one of the Mexican court doctors added [[Potassium bromide|bromide]] to Charlotte's coffee without her knowing.<ref>{{cite book |author= Joan Haslip |title= The Crown of Mexico: Maximilian and his Empress Carlota |edition= 2nd |location= New York |year= 1972 |isbn= 0030865727 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/crownofmexicomax00hasl | page=412}}</ref> In Mexico, from July 1867, rumours spread that the madness of the Empress was attributed to a poison which had been given to her regularly in small doses.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Courrier des États-Unis |journal=Journal de Bruxelles |date=20 July 1867 |page=3 |language=fr|url=https://www.belgicapress.be/pageview.php?all_q=charlotte%20mexique%20folie&any_q=&exact_q=&none_q=&from_d=01-08-1866&to_d=01-08-1880&per_lang=&per=&sig=JB567&lang=FR.}}</ref> [[Roger Heim]]'s research corroborates this possibility, namely that Charlotte could have been "little by little intoxicated while she was still in Mexico, by the introduction in her food for a prolonged time of a psychotropic drug".{{sfn|Paoli|2008|p=71}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Roger Heim|title=Champignons toxiques et hallucinogènes|language=fr|location=Paris|publisher=Boubée|year=1978|isbn=2-85004-013-4}}</ref> When she made an official visit to [[Yucatán]], Charlotte wrote to her husband on 8 December 1865: "The doctor is very nice. Without her well-suited little medications, I would probably have fallen ill and could not have taken all of this. On several occasions it seemed to me that there was poison in the air."{{sfn|Paoli|2008|p=80}} Other authors, such as Laurence Van Ypersele, Émile Meurice, Dominique Paoli, and Coralie Vankerkhoven, relying both on Charlotte's correspondence (in the year 1869 alone, from February to June, she wrote some 400 letters and notes) and on the reports written by the doctors who examined her,{{efn|Upon her arrival to Miramare Castle in October 1866, Charlotte was examined by psychiatrist Josef Gottfried von Riedel, Director of the insane house of Vienna and by doctor [[August von Jilek]], personal doctor of the Emperor of Austria, who co-signed a report addressed to her brother [[Prince Philippe, Count of Flanders]].{{sfn|Kerckvoorde|1981|pp=167–168}} This report stated that their patient "is definitely suffering from insanity with fixed ideas of persecution which are produced by a more serious and stronger mental illness than one might first believe".}} favoured the study of the psychological aspect of the pathology of Charlotte.{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|p=17}} They evoke biographical and personal influences to explain the Empress' dementia, namely: the loss of her mother at only 10 years old (which originated the radical transformation of her playful and expansive character towards introversion), her keen sense of duty, her high [[religiosity]], her latent [[mysticism]], her [[euphoria]] during her engagement, her idealization of Maximilian, the absence of conjugal life, and the disenchantments and disillusions in Italy and then in Mexico.{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|pp=23–24}} Coralie Vankerkhoven also mentions the [[Prodrome|first warning signs]] of the disease: notably, the discomfort she felt in [[Uxmal]] (where the first signs of her psychosis arose from the strangeness of the conditions during her stay in Yucatán), and her reaction to the successive announcements of the deaths of her father and grandmother, until her arrival in Europe where her [[delusional disorder]] settled permanently.{{sfn|Vankerkhoven|2012|p=37}} [[Gustavo Vázquez-Lozano|Gustavo Vazquez-Lozano]] interprets the letters of 1869 within the matrix of apocalyptic language, ''i.e.'' relating to the final fate of humanity and the consummation of things, where one or more otherworldly figures reveal a transcendental reality to the visionary. In this view, Charlotte utilized the language of the [[Book of Revelation]] to reorder her inner world.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Vazquez-Lozano |first=Gustavo |title=Sixty Years of Solitude: The Life of Empress Charlotte of Mexico |publisher=Libros de México |year=2023 |isbn=9798988041511 |pages=158–164}}</ref> ==Titles and honours== ===Titles=== At her birth, as the daughter of King Leopold I, Charlotte was titled [[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] and [[Ernestine Duchies|Duchess in Saxony]], with the predicate of ''[[Royal Highness]]'', according to the titles of her house, and bore the unofficial title of [[Monarchy of Belgium|Princess of Belgium]], which would be officially regularized by Royal Decree dated 14 March 1891. From 1864 to her death, she was styled ''Her Imperial Majesty the [[Empress of Mexico]].''<ref>{{cite book|language=fr|author=Damien Bilteryst|title=Le prince Baudouin: Frère du Roi-Chevalier|location=Brussels|publisher=Éditions Racine|year=2013|pages=255–258|isbn=978-2-87386-847-5|url=https://issuu.com/spoit/docs/9782873868475_96a1a5ee0be087}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|language=fr|author= Armand Praviel|title= La Vie tragique de l'Impératrice Charlotte|publisher=Frédérique PATAT|year=1930|isbn= 9782373240061|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=DTFrBgAAQBAJ&q=L%27Imperatrice+Charlotte}}</ref> ===Honours=== * {{Flagicon image|Imperial Standard of Mexico (1864-1867).svg}} [[Second Mexican Empire|Mexican Empire]]: ** Grand Mistress and Dame Grand Cross of the [[Mexican Imperial Orders#Imperial Order of Saint Charles|Imperial Order of San Carlos for Noble Ladies]] ** Dame Grand Cross of the [[Imperial Order of the Mexican Eagle]] ** Dame Grand Cross of the [[Mexican Imperial Orders#Imperial Order of Guadalupe|Imperial Order of Guadalupe]] * {{Flag|Austrian Empire}}: Dame of the [[Order of the Starry Cross|Imperial Order of the Starry Cross]]<ref name="HofUndStaat">''Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie'' (1866), Genealogy [http://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1866&page=8&size=45 p. 2] (in German).</ref> * {{flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}}: Dame Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion * {{flag|Kingdom of Portugal}}: Dame Grand Cross of the [[Order of Saint Isabel]], ''19 April 1865''<ref name="Agraciamentos">{{cite journal|author=Jose Vicente de Bragança |date=2014 |title=Agraciamentos Portugueses Aos Príncipes da Casa Saxe-Coburgo-Gota |url=https://www.academia.edu/10576008 |language=pt|trans-title=Portuguese Honours awarded to Princes of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha|journal=Pro Phalaris |volume=9–10 |page=10 |access-date=28 November 2019 }}</ref> * {{Flag|Kingdom of Spain|1785}}: [[List of the Dames of the Order of Queen Maria Luisa|525th Dame]] of the [[Order of Queen Maria Luisa]], ''22 December 1857''<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0001059782&search=&lang=es|title=Real orden de Damas Nobles de la Reina Maria Luisa|date=1900|journal=Guía Oficial de España|access-date=21 March 2019|page=183|language=es}}</ref> {{Clear}} ==Arms== <gallery class="center" widths="250" heights="250"> File:Coat of Arms of Carlota, Titular Empress of México (Order of Queen Maria Luisa).svg|Coat of arms of Carlota, Titular Empress Dowager of Mexico as [[Order of Queen Maria Luisa|dame of the Order]] of [[Maria Luisa of Parma|Queen Maria Luisa]] File:Dual Cypher of Emperor Maximilian and Empress Carlotta of Mexico, Variant.svg|Dual Cypher of Emperor Maximilian and Empress Carlota of Mexico </gallery> ==In popular culture== ===Movies=== * [[Bette Davis]] portrayed Empress Charlotte in the film ''[[Juarez (1939 film)|Juarez]]'' (1939), directed by [[William Dieterle]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bette Davis Is Empress In 'Juarez'|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1310&dat=19390611&id=xbFWAAAAIBAJ&pg=5484,3914238|access-date=27 January 2015|work=[[The Register-Guard]]}}</ref> * [[Helena Rojo]] portrayed the Empress in the film ''[[Those Years]]'' (Spanish: ''Aquellos años'', 1973).<ref>{{cite web|title=Aquellos años|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0193724/|publisher=IMDb|access-date=19 November 2019}}</ref> ===Plays=== * ''Maximilien'', historical opera in three acts and nine scenes; book by RS Hoffman inspired by the drama Juárez und Maximilian by Franz Werfel; music by Darius Milhaud (1932).<ref>{{cite web |title=Maximilien. Ouverture - Darius Milhaud (1892-1974) – Ressources de la Bibliothèque nationale de France|url=https://data.bnf.fr/fr/17156040/darius_milhaud_maximilien__ouverture/|language=fr|website=data.bnf.fr|date=1932|access-date=22 July 2021}}.</ref> * ''Carlota'', one-act opera by Francisco Zendejas; music by Luis Sandi (1948).<ref>Almudena Mejỉas Alonso, ''Historias de un Imperio: Maximiliano y Carlota de México'' (in Spanish). Madrid, Verbum, 2016, p. 45.</ref> * Charlotte's "little homesick chapel" in Mexico City is referenced as a tourist destination in [[Tennessee Williams]]'s play ''[[The Night of the Iguana]]'' (1961). * ''La emperatriz de la mentira'', opera by [[Ángel Norzagaray]]; music by Dmitri Dudin (2012).<ref>{{cite web|author= Maritza Contreras |title=A escena Carlota de Habsburgo, la emperatriz de la mentira |website=excelsior.com.mx (Excelsior)|date=13 September 2012|url=https://www.excelsior.com.mx/2012/09/13/comunidad/858854|language=es |access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> ===Television=== * [[María Rivas (actress)|María Rivas]] portrayed the Empress in the [[Historical drama|historical]] [[telenovela]] ''[[Maximiliano y Carlota]]'' (1965), directed by [[Ernesto Alonso]].<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/SednixbGGGE Ghostarchive]{{cbignore}} and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160309160705/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SednixbGGGE Wayback Machine]{{cbignore}}: {{cite web|title=Telenovela Carlota y Maximiliano (1965)|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SednixbGGGE|via=YouTube| date=3 October 2013 |access-date=27 January 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * The program ''Secrets d'Histoire'' on [[France 3]] from 9 December 2019, entitled ''Charlotte et Maximilien, les sombres héros de Mexico'', is dedicated to her. The actress playing the Empress Charlotte in the evocation sequences is Charlotte Aftassi.<ref>{{cite web|author=Dominique Bonnet|url=https://www.parismatch.com/Royal-Blog/Monde/Charlotte-de-Belgique-et-Sissi-deux-belles-soeurs-et-deux-imperatrices-que-tout-oppose-1663556|title=Charlotte et Sissi, deux belles-sœurs et deux impératrices que tout oppose|website=parismatch.com|language=fr|date=8 December 2019|access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> * [[Belinda Peregrín]] is set to play Empress Charlotte in [[Sony Pictures Television|SPT]]'s epic historical TV series, ''Carlota''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fuente |first=Anna Marie de la |date=2025-05-20 |title=Mexico's Latin Pop Star Belinda to Topline Sony Pictures Television's Epic Series 'Carlota' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/film/global/belinda-sony-pictures-television-carlota-1236403868/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> ===Comics=== On 24 August 2018, [[Dargaud]] published the first volume of a series of biographical comics, ''Charlotte impératrice - La Princesse et l'Archiduc'', by Matthieu Bonhomme (drawing) and Fabien Nury (screenplay).<ref>{{cite web|author=Olivier Delcroix|title=La case BD : Charlotte Impératrice ou le destin tragique d'une "anti-Sissi"|language=fr|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/bd/2018/09/01/03014-20180901ARTFIG00005-la-case-bd-charlotte-imperatrice-ou-le-destin-tragique-d-une-anti-sissi.php|website=lefigaro.fr (Le Figaro)|date=1 September 2018|access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> The second volume, entitled ''Charlotte impératrice - L'Empire'', was published on 12 June 2020. The third volume, entitled ''Charlotte impératrice - Adios, Carlotta'', was published on 12 May 2023. The fourth and last volume, entitled ''Charlotte impératrice - 60 ans de solitude'', was published on 18 April 2025.<ref>{{cite web|author=Valentin Paquot|title=La case BD : Charlotte Impératrice ou quand la BD magnifie l'histoire par la romance|language=fr|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/bd/charlotte-imperatrice-ou-quand-la-bd-magnifie-l-histoire-par-la-romance-20200829|website=lefigaro.fr (Le Figaro)|date=29 August 2020|access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> ===Music=== In 1866, the liberal writer [[Vicente Riva Palacio]] composed a satirical song called ''Adiós, mamá Carlota'' (Goodbye, mother Carlota), criticizing Carlota, the imperialists and conservative politicians. It is based on the poem ''Adiós, oh Patria mía'' (Goodbye, my homeland) written in 1842 by [[Ignacio Rodríguez Galván]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cronica.com.mx/notas-el_general_vicente_riva_palacio__escribe_adios_mama_carlota-1139738-2019.html |title=El general Vicente Riva Palacio escribe Adiós, Mamá Carlota |date=8 December 2019 |access-date=25 May 2022 |language=es |trans-title=General Vicente Riva Palacio writes Adiós, Mamá Carlota}}</ref> ==See also== {{Portal|Mexico}} * [[List of heads of state of Mexico]] * Baron [[Auguste Goffinet]] ==Notes== {{Notelist}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliography== * {{cite book|language=fr|first=André |last=Bénit|title=Charlotte, Princesse de Belgique et Impératrice du Mexique (1840-1927). Un conte de fées qui tourne au délire |publisher=Plougastel|year=2017 |isbn=978-2-91299-462-2}} * {{cite journal|language=fr|first=André |last=Bénit|title=Charlotte de Belgique, impératrice du Mexique. Une plongée dans les ténèbres de la folie. Essai de reconstitution fictionnelle |journal=Mises en littérature de la folie. Monografías de Çédille |number=7 |publisher=Universidad de La Lagune |year=2017 |volume=7 |pages=13–54 |doi=10.21071/ced.v7i.10887 |issn=1699-4949|url=https://www.ull.es/revistas/index.php/cedille/issue/view/83|doi-access=free }} * {{cite book|language=fr|first=André |last=Bénit|title=Légendes, intrigues et médisances autour des "archidupes". Charlotte de Saxe-Cobourg-Gotha, princesse de Belgique / Maximilien de Habsbourg, archiduc d'Autriche |publisher=Éditions scientifiques internationales Peter Lang |location=Brussels|year=2020 |isbn=978-2-8076-1470-3}}<ref>{{cite web|author=Frédéric Saenen|title=Charlotte et Maximilien, "Ce couple heureux que l'Histoire eût dû oublier..."|language=fr|url=https://le-carnet-et-les-instants.net/2020/06/25/benit/|website=le-carnet-et-les-instants.net (Le Carnet et les Instants)|date=25 June 2020|access-date=22 July 2021}}</ref> * {{cite book|language=fr|first=Princess Marthe|last=Bibesco|author-link=Marthe Bibesco|title=Charlotte et Maximilien|publisher=Ditis|location=Paris|year=1962}} * {{cite book |language=fr |last=Bilteryst|first=Damien |title=Philippe comte de Flandre – Frère de Léopold II |publisher=Éditions Racine |location=Bruxelles |year=2014 |isbn=978-2-87386-894-9 |url=https://www.racine.be/sites/default/files/books/issuu/9782873868949.pdf}} * {{cite book|language=fr|first=Victor|last=Capron|title=Le Mariage de Maximilien et Charlotte. Journal du duc de Brabant. 1856-1857|location=Brussels|year=1986}} * {{cite book|language=fr|first=André|last=Castelot|author-link=André Castelot|title=Maximilien et Charlotte du Mexique : la tragédie de l'ambition|publisher=Perrin|location=Paris|year=2002|isbn=978-2-26201-765-1}} * {{cite book |last= Corti |first= Conte Egon Caesar |title= Maximilian und Charlotte von Mexiko |series= Nach dem bisher unveröffentlichten Geheimarchive des Kaisers Maximilian und sonstigen unbekannten Quellen. 2 vols |location= Zurich, Leipzig, Vienna |year= 1924|language=es}} * {{cite book |last= Corti |first= Conte Egon Caesar |title= Maximilian von Mexiko. Die Tragödie eines Kaisers |location= Frankfurt am Main |year= 1953|language=de}} * {{cite book|first=Olivier|last=Defrance|title=Léopold Ier et le clan Cobourg|publisher=Racine|location=Bruxelles|year=2004|isbn=978-2-87386-335-7|language=fr}} * {{cite book|first=Olivier|last=Defrance|title=Ramener Charlotte. La mission du baron Adrien Goffinet à Vienne et Miramar – juillet 1867|publisher=King Baudouin Foundation|location=Bruxelles|year=2012|isbn=978-2-87212-669-9|language=fr}} * {{cite book|language=fr |first=Hélène|last=de Reinach-Foussemagne|title=Charlotte de Belgique, impératrice du Mexique|publisher=Plon|location=Paris|year=1925}} * {{cite book|first1=Suzanne|last1=Desternes|first2=Henriette|last2=Chandet |author-link2=Henriette Chandet |title=Maximilien et Charlotte|publisher=Librairie Académique Perrin|location=Paris|year=1964|language=fr}} * {{cite book |last= del Paso |first= Fernando |title= Noticias del Imperio|language=es |location= México |year= 1987 |isbn= 9681318110 |url-access= registration |url= https://archive.org/details/noticiasdelimper00paso }} * {{cite book |last= Gómez Tepexicuapan |first= Amparo |title= Carlota en México |editor1-last= Igler |editor1-first= Susanne |editor2-last= Spiller |editor2-first= Roland |series= Más nuevas del imperio |publisher= Estudios interdisciplinarios acerca de Carlota de México |location= Frankfurt am Main |year= 2001 |pages= 27–40|language=es}} * {{cite book |last= Harding |first= Bertita |title= Phantom Crown: The story of Maximilian and Carlota of Mexico |url= https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.74590 |location= New York |year= 1934}} * {{cite book|language =fr |first1=Michel |last1=Huberty |first2=Alain|last2=Giraud |title=L'Allemagne dynastique – HESSE-REUSS-SAXE |volume=I |location=Le Perreux-sur-Marne |year=1976}} * {{cite book |last= Hyde |first= Montgomery H. |title= Mexican Empire. The history of Maximilian and Carlota of Mexico |location= London |year= 1946}} * {{cite book |last= Igler |first= Susanne |title= Carlota de México |location= Mexico |year= 2002|language=es}} * {{cite book |last= Igler |first= Susanne |title= Carlota de México |series= Grandes Protagonistas de la Historia Mexicana |edition= 2nd |year= 2006|language=es}} * {{cite book |last= Igler |first= Susanne |title= De la intrusa infame a la loca del castillo: Carlota de México en la literatura de su 'patria adoptiva' |location= Frankfurt |publisher= Peter Lang |year= 2007|language=es }} * {{cite book|first=Mia|last=Kerckvoorde|title=Charlotte: la passion, la fatalité|publisher=Duculot|location=Paris|year=1981|language=fr}} * {{cite book|first=Gustave|last= Léon Niox|author-link=Gustave Léon Niox|title=Expédition du Mexique, 1861-1867; récit politique & militaire|location=Paris|year=1874|language=fr}} * {{cite book|language=pt|first=Sylvia |last=Lacerda Martins de Almeida |title=Uma filha de D. Pedro I – Dona Maria Amélia |publisher=Companhia Editora Nacional |location=Sao Paulo |year=1973|asin=B0037F14XW}} * {{cite book|first=Janine|last=Lambotte|title=Charlotte et Maximilien: l'Empire des archidupes|publisher=éditions Labor/RTBF Éditions|year=1993|isbn=2-8040-0907-6|oclc=30898347|language=fr}} * {{cite book |last= Maria y Campos |first= Armando |title= Carlota de Bélgica: La infortunada Emperatriz de México |location= México |year= 1944|language=es}} * {{cite book|first=M. M.|last=McAllen|title=Maximilian and Carlota. Europe's Last Empire in Mexico|publisher=Trinity University Press|year=2014|isbn=978-1-59534-183-9}} * {{cite book |first=Prince Michael|last=of Greece|author-link=Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark |title= The Empress of Farewells: The Story of Charlotte, Empress of Mexico |location= New York |year= 1998|isbn=978-2-7382-1502-4}} * {{cite book|language=fr |first=Dominique|last=Paoli|title=L'Impératrice Charlotte - Le soleil noir de la mélancolie|publisher=Perrin|location=Paris|year=2008|isbn=978-2-262-02131-3}} * {{cite book |last= Praviel |first= Armand |title= La vida trágica de la emperatriz Carlota |location= Buenos Aires |year= 1937|language=es}} * {{cite book |first= Jasper |last= Ridley |title= Maximilian & Juarez |publisher= Phoenix Press |location= London |year= 2001}} * {{Cite book |last=Vazquez-Lozano |first=Gustavo |title=Sixty Years of Solitude: The Life of Empress Charlotte of Mexico |publisher=Libros de México |year=2023 |isbn=9798988041511}} * {{cite book|language=fr |first=Coralie |last=Vankerkhoven |title=Charlotte de Belgique, une folie impériale |publisher=Le Bord de l'Eau |location=Brussels|year=2012 |isbn=978-2-35687-156-5}} ==External links== {{commons category|Charlotte of Belgium, Empress of Mexico}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050305022633/http://www.casaimperial.org/ Imperial House of Mexico] * {{Internet Archive author |sname=Carlota of Mexico}} * {{PM20|FID=pe/003170}} {{s-start}} |- {{s-hou|[[House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]]|7 June|1840|19 January|1927|[[House of Wettin]]}} {{s-roy|mx}} |- {{s-vac|last=[[Ana María Huarte]]}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Empress consort of Mexico]]|years=10 April 1864 – 15 May 1867}} {{s-non|reason=Monarchy abolished}} {{s-end}} {{Belgian princesses}} {{Princesses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha}} {{Austrian archduchesses by marriage}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Charlotte of Belgium}} [[Category:1840 births]] [[Category:1927 deaths]] [[Category:19th-century Belgian people]] [[Category:20th-century Belgian people]] [[Category:19th-century Belgian women]] [[Category:20th-century Belgian women]] [[Category:19th-century Mexican people]] [[Category:19th-century Mexican women]] [[Category:Empresses consort of Mexico]] [[Category:Mexican monarchy]] [[Category:Maximilian I of Mexico]] [[Category:Princesses of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha]] [[Category:House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Belgium)]] [[Category:Austrian princesses]] [[Category:Princesses of Belgium]] [[Category:Belgian emigrants to Mexico]] [[Category:People from Laeken]] [[Category:House of Habsburg-Lorraine]] [[Category:Burials at the Church of Our Lady of Laeken]] [[Category:Dames of Malta]] [[Category:Austrian royalty and nobility with disabilities]] [[Category:Deaths from pneumonia in Belgium]] [[Category:Daughters of kings]] [[Category:People of the Second French intervention in Mexico]] [[Category:People with delusional disorder]] [[Category:Belgian expatriate royalty]] [[Category:Women in the Second French intervention in Mexico]] [[Category:Children of Leopold I of Belgium]] hp6ksn0h2qvxj79npegj70uvbi17xe7 0 1285899 11024136 2026-10-08T21:33:00Z ThePresidentTree 1545631 Created page with "'''Sunderland College''' (officially '''CIty of Sunderland College''') is a further and higher education college in [[Sunderland]], [[England]]. It is part of the ''Education Partnership North East'', which partners with North East England colleges Sunderland College, [[Northumberland College]] and [[Hartlepool Sixth Form College]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Spurling|first=Kaylee|date=2020-02-12|title=Leading North East colleges today officially merge|url=https://northumberlan..." 11024136 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sunderland College''' (officially '''CIty of Sunderland College''') is a further and higher education college in [[Sunderland]], [[England]]. It is part of the ''Education Partnership North East'', which partners with North East England colleges Sunderland College, [[Northumberland College]] and [[Hartlepool Sixth Form College]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Spurling|first=Kaylee|date=2020-02-12|title=Leading North East colleges today officially merge|url=https://northumberland.ac.uk/the-college/news/article/leading-north-east-colleges-today-officially-merge/|access-date=2026-02-27|website=Northumberland College|language=en-US}}</ref> Sunderland College has the following campuses: Bede Campus,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bede Campus|url=https://sunderlandcollege.ac.uk/campuses/bede-campus/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Sunderland College|language=en-US}}</ref> City Campus,<ref>{{Cite web|title=City Campus|url=https://sunderlandcollege.ac.uk/campuses/city-campus/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Sunderland College|language=en-US}}</ref> and HISCA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HICSA|url=https://sunderlandcollege.ac.uk/campuses/housing-innovation-construction-skills-academy-hicsa-1/|access-date=2026-02-27|website=Sunderland College|language=en-US}}</ref> It also has Ashington Campus, Kirkley Hall Campus and Hartlepool Campus in Education Partnership North East. It used to have two more campuses at Hylton and Shiney Row but they are now demolished.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-06|title=VIDEO: Major fire at former Shiney Row College|url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/12873678.video-major-fire-former-shiney-row-college/|access-date=2026-02-27|website=The Northern Echo|language=en}}</ref> Washington Campus is also being turned into a Prudhoe Community High School building.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior Leadership Team Works to Get PCHS at Washington Campus Ready {{!}} Prudhoe Community High School|url=https://pchs.cheviotlt.co.uk/senior-leadership-team-works-to-get-pchs-at-washington-campus-ready/|access-date=2026-02-27|website=pchs.cheviotlt.co.uk}}</ref> == References == dmslt27jbmt8wlt72wyjevej9s6wgqr 11024139 11024136 2026-10-08T21:34:24Z ThePresidentTree 1545631 Categories 11024139 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sunderland College''' (officially '''CIty of Sunderland College''') is a further and higher education college in [[Sunderland]], [[England]]. It is part of the ''Education Partnership North East'', which partners with North East England colleges Sunderland College, [[Northumberland College]] and [[Hartlepool Sixth Form College]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Spurling|first=Kaylee|date=2020-02-12|title=Leading North East colleges today officially merge|url=https://northumberland.ac.uk/the-college/news/article/leading-north-east-colleges-today-officially-merge/|access-date=2026-02-27|website=Northumberland College|language=en-US}}</ref> Sunderland College has the following campuses: Bede Campus,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bede Campus|url=https://sunderlandcollege.ac.uk/campuses/bede-campus/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Sunderland College|language=en-US}}</ref> City Campus,<ref>{{Cite web|title=City Campus|url=https://sunderlandcollege.ac.uk/campuses/city-campus/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Sunderland College|language=en-US}}</ref> and HISCA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HICSA|url=https://sunderlandcollege.ac.uk/campuses/housing-innovation-construction-skills-academy-hicsa-1/|access-date=2026-02-27|website=Sunderland College|language=en-US}}</ref> It also has Ashington Campus, Kirkley Hall Campus and Hartlepool Campus in Education Partnership North East. It used to have two more campuses at Hylton and Shiney Row but they are now demolished.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-06|title=VIDEO: Major fire at former Shiney Row College|url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/12873678.video-major-fire-former-shiney-row-college/|access-date=2026-02-27|website=The Northern Echo|language=en}}</ref> Washington Campus is also being turned into a Prudhoe Community High School building.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior Leadership Team Works to Get PCHS at Washington Campus Ready {{!}} Prudhoe Community High School|url=https://pchs.cheviotlt.co.uk/senior-leadership-team-works-to-get-pchs-at-washington-campus-ready/|access-date=2026-02-27|website=pchs.cheviotlt.co.uk}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Colleges and universities in England]] [[Category:Sunderland]] [[Category:Education in England]] j1cbw3dyvtysz9ivo00789675nv3hy8 11024141 11024139 2026-10-08T21:35:38Z ThePresidentTree 1545631 Tweaks to language and minor spelling tweak 11024141 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sunderland College''' (officially '''City of Sunderland College''') is a further and higher education college in [[Sunderland]], [[England]]. It is part of the ''Education Partnership North East'', which partners with [[North East England]] colleges Sunderland College, [[Northumberland College]] and [[Hartlepool Sixth Form College]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Spurling|first=Kaylee|date=2020-02-12|title=Leading North East colleges today officially merge|url=https://northumberland.ac.uk/the-college/news/article/leading-north-east-colleges-today-officially-merge/|access-date=2026-02-27|website=Northumberland College|language=en-US}}</ref> Sunderland College has the campuses: Bede Campus,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bede Campus|url=https://sunderlandcollege.ac.uk/campuses/bede-campus/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Sunderland College|language=en-US}}</ref> City Campus,<ref>{{Cite web|title=City Campus|url=https://sunderlandcollege.ac.uk/campuses/city-campus/|access-date=2026-10-08|website=Sunderland College|language=en-US}}</ref> and HISCA.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HICSA|url=https://sunderlandcollege.ac.uk/campuses/housing-innovation-construction-skills-academy-hicsa-1/|access-date=2026-02-27|website=Sunderland College|language=en-US}}</ref> It also has Ashington Campus, Kirkley Hall Campus and Hartlepool Campus in Education Partnership North East. It used to have two more campuses at Hylton and Shiney Row but they are now demolished.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-06|title=VIDEO: Major fire at former Shiney Row College|url=https://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/12873678.video-major-fire-former-shiney-row-college/|access-date=2026-02-27|website=The Northern Echo|language=en}}</ref> Washington Campus is also being turned into a Prudhoe Community High School building.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Senior Leadership Team Works to Get PCHS at Washington Campus Ready {{!}} Prudhoe Community High School|url=https://pchs.cheviotlt.co.uk/senior-leadership-team-works-to-get-pchs-at-washington-campus-ready/|access-date=2026-02-27|website=pchs.cheviotlt.co.uk}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Colleges and universities in England]] [[Category:Sunderland]] [[Category:Education in England]] 8hj6hc908c6kxj9498fm9mfgc0bm03h 0 1285900 11024146 2026-10-08T21:39:11Z By-abbot 1886475 Adverse selection 11024146 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adverse selection''' is a problem in [[economics]]. It can happen when one side of a [[deal]] knows more than the other side. Economists call this [[information asymmetry]]. The person with more information may know something important about the [[risk]] or quality of the deal.<ref name="imf">{{cite web |title=Liberalizing Capital Movements: Some Analytical Issues |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/issues/issues17/index.htm |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=8 October 2026 }}</ref> Adverse selection can make a [[market]] work less well. People or [[goods]] with greater risk may be more likely to enter the market. People or goods with lower risk may leave it.<ref name="imf" /> [[File:Cycle of market breakdown from adverse selection.png|thumb|right|A cycle example adverse selection. As the average quality falls, buyers may offer lower [[price]]s. This can make sellers of better [[goods]] leave the [[market]].]] == Insurance == Adverse selection is common in [[insurance]]. A person often knows more about their own risk than the insurance [[company]] does. For example, a driver may know that they often drive in a dangerous way. The insurance company may not know this. A high-risk driver may be more likely to buy a large amount of insurance than a low-risk driver.<ref name="openstax">{{cite web |title=Insurance and Imperfect Information |url=https://openstax.org/books/principles-microeconomics-3e/pages/16-2-insurance-and-imperfect-information |website=Principles of Microeconomics 3e |publisher=OpenStax |access-date=8 October 2026 }}</ref> If an insurance company cannot tell which customers have high risk, it may charge the same price to many people. This price may seem too high to people with low risk. Some of them may decide not to buy insurance. The people who remain may then have a higher average risk.<ref name="openstax" /> == Used cars == Adverse selection can also happen when people buy and sell used cars. A seller usually knows more about the quality of a car than a buyer does. If buyers cannot tell good cars from bad cars, they may not want to pay a high price. Owners of good cars may then decide not to sell them. This can leave more low-quality cars in the market. Economist [[George Akerlof]] used the used-car market as a famous example of this problem. Bad cars in this example are often called "lemons".<ref name="imf" /> == Related pages == * [[Information asymmetry]] * [[Information economics]] * [[Insurance]] * [[Market failure]] * [[Moral hazard]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Market failure]] [[Category:Insurance]] pnosd9v490tz06gcfbxaihpuyd9wz60 11024149 11024146 2026-10-08T21:41:10Z By-abbot 1886475 Adverse selection and moral hazard 11024149 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adverse selection''' is a problem in [[economics]]. It can happen when one side of a [[deal]] knows more than the other side. Economists call this [[information asymmetry]]. The person with more information may know something important about the [[risk]] or quality of the deal.<ref name="imf">{{cite web |title=Liberalizing Capital Movements: Some Analytical Issues |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/issues/issues17/index.htm |publisher=International Monetary Fund |access-date=8 October 2026 }}</ref> Adverse selection can make a [[market]] work less well. People or [[goods]] with greater risk may be more likely to enter the market. People or goods with lower risk may leave it.<ref name="imf" /> [[File:Cycle of market breakdown from adverse selection.png|thumb|right|A cycle example adverse selection. As the average quality falls, buyers may offer lower [[price]]s. This can make sellers of better [[goods]] leave the [[market]].]] == Insurance == Adverse selection is common in [[insurance]]. A person often knows more about their own risk than the insurance [[company]] does. For example, a driver may know that they often drive in a dangerous way. The insurance company may not know this. A high-risk driver may be more likely to buy a large amount of insurance than a low-risk driver.<ref name="openstax">{{cite web |title=Insurance and Imperfect Information |url=https://openstax.org/books/principles-microeconomics-3e/pages/16-2-insurance-and-imperfect-information |website=Principles of Microeconomics 3e |publisher=OpenStax |access-date=8 October 2026 }}</ref> If an insurance company cannot tell which customers have high risk, it may charge the same price to many people. This price may seem too high to people with low risk. Some of them may decide not to buy insurance. The people who remain may then have a higher average risk.<ref name="openstax" /> == Used cars == Adverse selection can also happen when people buy and sell used cars. A seller usually knows more about the quality of the [[car]] than a buyer does. If buyers cannot tell good cars from bad cars, they may not want to pay a high price. Owners of good cars may then decide not to sell them. This can leave more low-quality cars in the market. Economist [[George Akerlof]] used the used-car market as a famous example of this problem. Bad cars in this example are often called "lemons".<ref name="imf" /> == Adverse selection and moral hazard == Adverse selection is related to [[moral hazard]], but they are different problems. Adverse selection is usually about information that is hidden before a deal is made. Moral hazard is usually about actions after a deal is made. For example, a person may take more risks after getting insurance.<ref name="openstax" /> Both problems are studied in [[information economics]]. They can cause a [[market failure]]. == Related pages == * [[Information asymmetry]] * [[Information economics]] * [[Insurance]] * [[Market failure]] * [[Moral hazard]] == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Market failure]] [[Category:Insurance]] 1r1wdi56k0cvieidjcstfu3yxdfd8vy 0 1285901 11024166 2026-10-08T21:50:12Z ThePresidentTree 1545631 Redirected page to [[Lean (drug)]] 11024166 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lean (drug)]] qakyv0wnhvnzz37k79b4ejt0kkyin3g 0 1285902 11024179 2026-10-08T21:53:04Z ThePresidentTree 1545631 Redirected page to [[Fentanyl]] 11024179 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Fentanyl]] e1ruzff2lc6o3l3loer2gj61v95heae 2 1285903 11024195 2026-10-08T22:22:32Z Bmwcar1000000000 1887239 Created page with "ya" 11024195 wikitext text/x-wiki ya r8lh9abejixqlvvetjbl81glruoqdmb 2 1285904 11024201 2026-10-08T23:06:59Z Real-Everjoe 1887230 User page with conflict of interest disclosure 11024201 wikitext text/x-wiki Hello, I am Everjoe (Egwu Joseph Nnanna), a software developer from Nigeria. == Conflict of interest disclosure == I am the developer of TidyMate (formerly Everjoe Folder Organizer), a file organizer app for Windows ([[d:Q141677871|Wikidata item]]). Because of this conflict of interest, I will not create or directly edit articles about TidyMate or myself. If I think something should be added, I will suggest it on the talk page so that independent editors can decide. r16t3k5mldnnwpg40y25go5eu82a5h3 0 1285906 11024236 2026-10-09T01:36:39Z Professorroger 1878172 /* */ 11024236 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muse''' is a fictional supervillain in [[Marvel Comics]], widely known as one of the most chilling, brutal, and psychologically disturbing adversaries faced by [[Daredevil (Marvel Comics character)|Daredevil]]. == Publication history == Created by writer [[Charles Soule]] and artist [[Ron Garney]], Muse first debuted in ''Daredevil'' (Vol. 5) #11 in September 2016 during the "Dark Art" storyline. == Fictional character biography == Muse is a serial killer who views his gruesome murders, tortures, and mass killings as "art". He uses the blood, body parts, and corpses of his victims—including ordinary citizens and Inhumans—to paint massive, macabre murals on the walls of [[New York City]]. == Powers and abilities == While he presents himself primarily as a deranged street-level artist, Muse possesses formidable physical capabilities that make him a dangerous threat to seasoned vigilantes: === Superhuman attributes === He possesses high-level superhuman speed, agility, and reflexes, along with limited superhuman strength. === Imperceptibility / Stealth === Muse has an uncanny ability to mask his presence and heartbeat, allowing him to evade detection even by heightened senses like Daredevil's radar sense. === Expert combatant === He is highly skilled in hand-to-hand combat (such as [[Taekwondo]]), easily capable of wiping out groups of armed opponents or holding his own against trained heroes. == Key storylines == === The Terror of Hell's Kitchen === Muse targeted both normal humans and superhumans, creating grotesque tableaus and murals that mocked law enforcement, city officials, and vigilantes alike. His actions became a political weapon used during [[Kingpin (character)|Wilson Fisk]]'s mayoral campaign to crack down on vigilantes. === Death and legacy === After a conflict with Daredevil's sidekick, [[Blindspot (comics)|Blindspot]], and various law enforcement officers, Muse ultimately chose suicide by fire rather than allowing himself to be captured alive. However, his legacy persisted; later comic storylines (such as ''Daredevil: Unleash Hell'') show his spirit haunting and influencing a new aspiring artist, '''Morgan Whittier''', to take up the mantle of the second Muse. == In other media == === [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU) === Muse appears in the [[Disney+]] series ''[[Daredevil: Born Again]]''. In the series, the first iteration of the character ('''Bastian Cooper'''), portrayed by [[Hunter Doohan]], is adapted as a deeply unhinged human serial killer creating anti-establishment and anti-vigilante art using his victims. kkuveq8sh7bnq0bmxhmsc3yzrfasl2m 11024241 11024236 2026-10-09T01:44:56Z Professorroger 1878172 /* */ 11024241 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muse''' is a fictional supervillain appearing in American comic books published by [[Marvel Comics]], widely known as one of the most chilling, brutal, and psychologically disturbing adversaries faced by [[Daredevil (Marvel Comics character)|Daredevil]]. == Publication history == Created by writer [[Charles Soule]] and artist [[Ron Garney]], Muse first debuted in ''Daredevil'' (Vol. 5) #11 in September 2016 during the "Dark Art" storyline. == Fictional character biography == Muse is a serial killer who views his gruesome murders, tortures, and mass killings as "art". He uses the blood, body parts, and corpses of his victims—including ordinary citizens and Inhumans—to paint massive, macabre murals on the walls of [[New York City]]. == Powers and abilities == While he presents himself primarily as a deranged street-level artist, Muse possesses formidable physical capabilities that make him a dangerous threat to seasoned vigilantes: === Superhuman attributes === He possesses high-level superhuman speed, agility, and reflexes, along with limited superhuman strength. === Imperceptibility / Stealth === Muse has an uncanny ability to mask his presence and heartbeat, allowing him to evade detection even by heightened senses like Daredevil's radar sense. === Expert combatant === He is highly skilled in hand-to-hand combat (such as [[Taekwondo]]), easily capable of wiping out groups of armed opponents or holding his own against trained heroes. == Key storylines == === The Terror of Hell's Kitchen === Muse targeted both normal humans and superhumans, creating grotesque tableaus and murals that mocked law enforcement, city officials, and vigilantes alike. His actions became a political weapon used during [[Kingpin (character)|Wilson Fisk]]'s mayoral campaign to crack down on vigilantes. === Death and legacy === After a conflict with Daredevil's sidekick, [[Blindspot (comics)|Blindspot]], and various law enforcement officers, Muse ultimately chose suicide by fire rather than allowing himself to be captured alive. However, his legacy persisted; later comic storylines (such as ''Daredevil: Unleash Hell'') show his spirit haunting and influencing a new aspiring artist, '''Morgan Whittier''', to take up the mantle of the second Muse. == In other media == === [[Marvel Cinematic Universe]] (MCU) === Muse appears in the [[Disney+]] series ''[[Daredevil: Born Again]]''. In the series, the first iteration of the character ('''Bastian Cooper'''), portrayed by [[Hunter Doohan]], is adapted as a deeply unhinged human serial killer creating anti-establishment and anti-vigilante art using his victims. 39pvr4ftchmfjl4kkp87mbesshwt3ct 2 1285907 11024262 2026-10-09T01:56:08Z Nil NZ 1559470 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[Chrombook]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024262 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === October 2026 === # [[:Chrombook]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 01:56, 9 October 2026 (UTC) h78t5ri5a4tzb9gd1s9u2jnk9rwhbmt 11024397 11024262 2026-10-09T05:24:22Z Nil NZ 1559470 Logging quick deletion nomination of [[AkashNanda]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024397 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a log of all [[WP:QD|quick deletion]] nominations made by this user using [[WP:TW|Twinkle]]'s QD module. If you no longer wish to keep this log, you can turn it off using the [[Wikipedia:Twinkle/Preferences|preferences panel]], and nominate this page for speedy deletion under [[WP:QD#U1|QD U1]]. === October 2026 === # [[:Chrombook]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 01:56, 9 October 2026 (UTC) # [[:AkashNanda]]: [[WP:QD#A4|CSD A4]] ({{tl|db-notability}}) 05:24, 9 October 2026 (UTC) ejfmmoxyubv2kzzm10m8hhozytez9k1 0 1285908 11024263 2026-10-09T01:56:41Z Professorroger 1878172 Created page with "'''Michael Joseph "Prince" Jackson Jr.''' (born February 13, 1997) is an American philanthropist, producer, and the eldest child of the late pop icon [[Michael Jackson]] and [[Debbie Rowe]]. == Key background and education == === Family === He is the older brother to [[Paris Jackson]] and Bigi Jackson (formerly known as Blanket). His high-profile godparents include late actress [[Elizabeth Taylor]] and entertainer [[Macaulay Culkin]]. === Education === After being hom..." 11024263 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Joseph "Prince" Jackson Jr.''' (born February 13, 1997) is an American philanthropist, producer, and the eldest child of the late pop icon [[Michael Jackson]] and [[Debbie Rowe]]. == Key background and education == === Family === He is the older brother to [[Paris Jackson]] and Bigi Jackson (formerly known as Blanket). His high-profile godparents include late actress [[Elizabeth Taylor]] and entertainer [[Macaulay Culkin]]. === Education === After being homeschooled during his early years, he graduated from [[The Buckley School]] in [[Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles|Sherman Oaks]], [[California]]. He went on to attend [[Loyola Marymount University]], graduating in 2019 with a bachelor's degree in Business Administration. == Philanthropy and career == === Heal Los Angeles Foundation === While in college, Prince co-founded the Heal Los Angeles Foundation (inspired by his father's [[Heal the World Foundation]]), which aids inner-city youth and provides community and pandemic-related food assistance. === Production and media === He has worked behind the scenes in entertainment and media production, including serving as an executive producer. === Personal interests === He is known to keep a relatively low public profile compared to his siblings, though he is an avid motorcycle enthusiast and frequently shares his passion for riding and charity work. == Personal life == Prince became engaged to his longtime partner, [[Molly Schirmang]]—whom he met while attending Loyola Marymount University—after announcing their engagement. 6em5pnngq5gf9cuxmgxodbzpoy70918 11024264 11024263 2026-10-09T01:59:33Z Professorroger 1878172 /* */ 11024264 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Joseph "Prince" Jackson Jr.''' (born February 13, 1997) is an American philanthropist, producer, and the eldest child of the late pop icon [[Michael Jackson]] and nurse [[Debbie Rowe]]. == Key background and education == === Family === He is the older brother to [[Paris Jackson]] and Bigi Jackson (formerly known as Blanket). His high-profile godparents include late actress [[Elizabeth Taylor]] and entertainer [[Macaulay Culkin]]. === Education === After being homeschooled during his early years, he graduated from [[The Buckley School]] in [[Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles|Sherman Oaks]], [[California]]. He went on to attend [[Loyola Marymount University]], graduating in 2019 with a bachelor's degree in Business Administration. == Philanthropy and career == === Heal Los Angeles Foundation === While in college, Prince co-founded the Heal Los Angeles Foundation (inspired by his father's [[Heal the World Foundation]]), which aids inner-city youth and provides community and pandemic-related food assistance. === Production and media === He has worked behind the scenes in entertainment and media production, including serving as an executive producer. === Personal interests === He is known to keep a relatively low public profile compared to his siblings, though he is an avid motorcycle enthusiast and frequently shares his passion for riding and charity work. == Personal life == Prince became engaged to his longtime partner, [[Molly Schirmang]]—whom he met while attending Loyola Marymount University—after announcing their engagement. pnc5f67ktd8j5b9op6b0pc50o27hn2x 3 1285910 11024316 2026-10-09T03:27:25Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 sending warning (level 1) 11024316 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:English Americans]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]] ([[User talk:Veritas Sapientiae|talk]]) 03:27, 9 October 2026 (UTC) 1do32iq5osops8f28m6qk5abbpdjhmo 11024318 11024316 2026-10-09T03:27:28Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 sending warning (level 2) 11024318 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:English Americans]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]] ([[User talk:Veritas Sapientiae|talk]]) 03:27, 9 October 2026 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make unhelpful changes to Wikipedia, like you did to [[:European Canadians]]. The changes you made seem to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Revert a page|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism2 --> [[User:Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]] ([[User talk:Veritas Sapientiae|talk]]) 03:27, 9 October 2026 (UTC) cxyit5novk4rj7v3lx3siscuy5ndvgq 11024320 11024318 2026-10-09T03:27:30Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 sending warning (level 3) 11024320 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:English Americans]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]] ([[User talk:Veritas Sapientiae|talk]]) 03:27, 9 October 2026 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make unhelpful changes to Wikipedia, like you did to [[:European Canadians]]. The changes you made seem to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Revert a page|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism2 --> [[User:Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]] ([[User talk:Veritas Sapientiae|talk]]) 03:27, 9 October 2026 (UTC) [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]]Your [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|recent changes]], like those to [[:Redneck]], are vandalism and are not acceptable on Wikipedia. Please stop. If you continue to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]], you may be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing pages on Wikipedia. <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism3 --> [[User:Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]] ([[User talk:Veritas Sapientiae|talk]]) 03:27, 9 October 2026 (UTC) p3nx7etyuo0u41r8f7f5ctd3ga9l48i 11024327 11024320 2026-10-09T03:29:31Z Veritas Sapientiae 1232255 sending warning (level 4) 11024327 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:English Americans]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]] ([[User talk:Veritas Sapientiae|talk]]) 03:27, 9 October 2026 (UTC) [[File:Information.svg|25px]] Please do not make unhelpful changes to Wikipedia, like you did to [[:European Canadians]]. The changes you made seem to be [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalism]] and have been [[Help:Revert a page|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism2 --> [[User:Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]] ([[User talk:Veritas Sapientiae|talk]]) 03:27, 9 October 2026 (UTC) [[Image:Nuvola apps important.svg|25px]]Your [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|recent changes]], like those to [[:Redneck]], are vandalism and are not acceptable on Wikipedia. Please stop. If you continue to [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]], you may be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing pages on Wikipedia. <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism3 --> [[User:Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]] ([[User talk:Veritas Sapientiae|talk]]) 03:27, 9 October 2026 (UTC) [[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px]] Your [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|recent changes]], like those you made to "[[:English Americans]]", are vandalism, and this shows that you want to harm Wikipedia. This is your '''last warning'''. If you [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|vandalize]] Wikipedia again, you may be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] from changing Wikipedia. <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism4 --> [[User:Veritas Sapientiae|Veritas Sapientiae]] ([[User talk:Veritas Sapientiae|talk]]) 03:29, 9 October 2026 (UTC) 89ubj41ltimmmp7t59ihh9smpx3k6ie 1 1285912 11024347 2026-10-09T04:28:53Z MoviesandTelevisionFan 1151736 Created page with "{{translated page|en|Vaughn Climenhaga}}" 11024347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{translated page|en|Vaughn Climenhaga}} gxlae3h2aaucibmvs7jyu3khvaj1z1s 0 1285913 11024387 2026-10-09T05:16:05Z Werner100359 106408 Created page with "{{Infobox football biography | name = Manuela Zinsberger | image = Valerenga-Arsenal WUCL 12-12-2024 CG3A4421 43 (cropped).jpg | fullname = Manuela Zinsberger | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|10 |19|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Stockerau]], [[Austria]] | height = 177 cm | position = [[Goalkeeper]] | currentclub = [[Borussia Dortmund (women)|Borussia Dortmund]] | clubnumber = 24 | youthyears1 = 2001-2010 | youthclubs1 = USV Leitzersdorf | youthyears2 = 2009-20..." 11024387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Manuela Zinsberger | image = Valerenga-Arsenal WUCL 12-12-2024 CG3A4421 43 (cropped).jpg | fullname = Manuela Zinsberger | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|10 |19|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Stockerau]], [[Austria]] | height = 177 cm | position = [[Goalkeeper]] | currentclub = [[Borussia Dortmund (women)|Borussia Dortmund]] | clubnumber = 24 | youthyears1 = 2001-2010 | youthclubs1 = USV Leitzersdorf | youthyears2 = 2009-2010 | youthclubs2 = SV Stockerau (loan) | youthyears3 = | years1 = 2010 | clubs1 = | caps1 =9 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2010-2013 | clubs2 = [[USV Neulengbach|USV Neulengbach Juniors]] | caps2 = 14 | goals2 = 1 | years3 = 2010-2014 | clubs3 = USV Neulengbach | caps3 = 51 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2014-2019 | clubs4 = [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|FC Bayern Munich II]] | caps4= 5 | goals4 = 0 | years5 = 2014-2019 | clubs5 = [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|FC Bayern Munich]] | caps5 = 55 | goals5 = 0 | years6 = 2019-2026 | clubs6 = [[Arsenal W.F.C.|Arsenal FC]] | caps6 = 88 | goals6 = 0 | years7 = 2026- | clubs7 = [[Borussia Dortmund (women)|Borussia Dortmund]] | caps7 = 0 | goals7 = 0 | nationalyears1 = | nationalteam1 = [[Austria women's national under-17 football team|Austria U17]] | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 =0 | nationalyears2 = | nationalteam2 = [[Austria women's national under-19 football team|Austria U19]] | nationalcaps2 = 7 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2013- | nationalteam3 = [[Austria women's national football team|Austria]] | nationalcaps3 = 110 | nationalgoals3 = 0 | pcupdate = 8 October 2026 | ntupdate = 8 October 2026 | medaltemplates = }} '''Manuela Zinsberger''' (born 19 October 1995 in Stockerau) is an Austrian football goalkeeper. She plays Borussia Dortmund in the Regionalliga West (3rd tier). <ref>[https://www.bvb.de/de/de/aktuelles/news/news.html/2026/6/11/Manuela-Zinsberger-wechselt-zum-BVB.html Borussia Dortmund News ] </ref> She also plays for the and plays for [[Austria women's national football team|Austrian women's national football team]]. <ref>[https://www.oefb.at/NT-Profile/Spieler/956593?Manuela-Zinsberger ÖFB Players profile] </ref> ==Career == Zinsberger played for USV Leitzersdorf and SV Stockerau during her youth. During the 2009/10 winter transfer window, Manuela Zinsberger made the move to senior football. She joined USVG Großrußbach in the Lower Austrian State League. In the summer of 2010, she joined the Bundesliga club [[SV Neulengbach]]. She debuted on October 30, 2010 ,shortly after her 15th birthday,in a 1–1 home draw against [[FC Südburgenland]]. At the same time, she played for the Neulengbach Juniors in the 2nd League East/South until 2013. From the 2012/13 season onwards, she was the starting goalkeeper for SV Neulengbach. 2014, Zinsberger moved to FC Bayern Munich. <ref>[http://www.fcbayern-frauenfussball.de/news/FC+Bayern+verpflichtet+Manuela+Zinsberger,25853.htm FC Bayern München Frauenfußball] </ref> She played her first Bundesliga match for the first team on November 30, 2014 in a goalless draw away against SGS Essen. 2019 she was signed by [[Arsenal W.F.C.]]. Zinsberger quickly established herself as the first-choice goalkeeper. In her first twelve matches, she kept six clean sheets and conceded only 11 goals. On May 17, 2023, Zinsberger played her 100th competitive match for Arsenal in a 4–1 league victory over Everton. For the 2026-27 season she moved to Borussia Dortmund. ==International == After playing for the U-17 and U-19 national teams, Zinsberger made her debut on 2 June 2013 in a 3–1 friendly victory over Slovenia. She was a half-time substitute for Anna-Carina Kristler. In the [[UEFA Women's Euro 2017]] she reached the semifinals. She played in the [[UEFA Women's Euro 2022]]. As the starting goalkeeper, Zinsberger played in all group matches, as well as the quarter-final against [[Germany women's national football team|Germany]]. ==Honours == ===SV Neulengbach === *[[ÖFB-Frauenliga|Austrian Champion]]ː 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 * Austrian Cupː [[2009-10 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2010]], [[2010- 11 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2011]], [[2011-12 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2012]] ===FC Bayern Munich=== * [[Frauen Bundesliga|Women's Bundesliga]] : [[2014–15 Bundesliga (women)|2015]], [[2015–16 Bundesliga (women)|2016]] ===Arsenal WFC=== * [[UEFA Women's Champions League]]ː 2025 *League Cup: 2023 ===National team ̞=== *[[UEFA Women's Euro ]]ːSemifinals 2017 *[[Cyprus Cup]]ː2016 {{Commonscat|Manuela Zinsberger}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Zinsberger, Manuela}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Austrian women's footballers]] [[Category:Players of the Austrian national football team]] 1nkm75bpngyiqv5cob5lgcu1t2ggun3 11024388 11024387 2026-10-09T05:16:37Z Werner100359 106408 /* International */ 11024388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Manuela Zinsberger | image = Valerenga-Arsenal WUCL 12-12-2024 CG3A4421 43 (cropped).jpg | fullname = Manuela Zinsberger | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|10 |19|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Stockerau]], [[Austria]] | height = 177 cm | position = [[Goalkeeper]] | currentclub = [[Borussia Dortmund (women)|Borussia Dortmund]] | clubnumber = 24 | youthyears1 = 2001-2010 | youthclubs1 = USV Leitzersdorf | youthyears2 = 2009-2010 | youthclubs2 = SV Stockerau (loan) | youthyears3 = | years1 = 2010 | clubs1 = | caps1 =9 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2010-2013 | clubs2 = [[USV Neulengbach|USV Neulengbach Juniors]] | caps2 = 14 | goals2 = 1 | years3 = 2010-2014 | clubs3 = USV Neulengbach | caps3 = 51 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2014-2019 | clubs4 = [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|FC Bayern Munich II]] | caps4= 5 | goals4 = 0 | years5 = 2014-2019 | clubs5 = [[FC Bayern Munich (women)|FC Bayern Munich]] | caps5 = 55 | goals5 = 0 | years6 = 2019-2026 | clubs6 = [[Arsenal W.F.C.|Arsenal FC]] | caps6 = 88 | goals6 = 0 | years7 = 2026- | clubs7 = [[Borussia Dortmund (women)|Borussia Dortmund]] | caps7 = 0 | goals7 = 0 | nationalyears1 = | nationalteam1 = [[Austria women's national under-17 football team|Austria U17]] | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 =0 | nationalyears2 = | nationalteam2 = [[Austria women's national under-19 football team|Austria U19]] | nationalcaps2 = 7 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2013- | nationalteam3 = [[Austria women's national football team|Austria]] | nationalcaps3 = 110 | nationalgoals3 = 0 | pcupdate = 8 October 2026 | ntupdate = 8 October 2026 | medaltemplates = }} '''Manuela Zinsberger''' (born 19 October 1995 in Stockerau) is an Austrian football goalkeeper. She plays Borussia Dortmund in the Regionalliga West (3rd tier). <ref>[https://www.bvb.de/de/de/aktuelles/news/news.html/2026/6/11/Manuela-Zinsberger-wechselt-zum-BVB.html Borussia Dortmund News ] </ref> She also plays for the and plays for [[Austria women's national football team|Austrian women's national football team]]. <ref>[https://www.oefb.at/NT-Profile/Spieler/956593?Manuela-Zinsberger ÖFB Players profile] </ref> ==Career == Zinsberger played for USV Leitzersdorf and SV Stockerau during her youth. During the 2009/10 winter transfer window, Manuela Zinsberger made the move to senior football. She joined USVG Großrußbach in the Lower Austrian State League. In the summer of 2010, she joined the Bundesliga club [[SV Neulengbach]]. She debuted on October 30, 2010 ,shortly after her 15th birthday,in a 1–1 home draw against [[FC Südburgenland]]. At the same time, she played for the Neulengbach Juniors in the 2nd League East/South until 2013. From the 2012/13 season onwards, she was the starting goalkeeper for SV Neulengbach. 2014, Zinsberger moved to FC Bayern Munich. <ref>[http://www.fcbayern-frauenfussball.de/news/FC+Bayern+verpflichtet+Manuela+Zinsberger,25853.htm FC Bayern München Frauenfußball] </ref> She played her first Bundesliga match for the first team on November 30, 2014 in a goalless draw away against SGS Essen. 2019 she was signed by [[Arsenal W.F.C.]]. Zinsberger quickly established herself as the first-choice goalkeeper. In her first twelve matches, she kept six clean sheets and conceded only 11 goals. On May 17, 2023, Zinsberger played her 100th competitive match for Arsenal in a 4–1 league victory over Everton. For the 2026-27 season she moved to Borussia Dortmund. ==International == After playing for the U-17 and U-19 national teams, Zinsberger made her debut on 2 June 2013 in a 3–1 friendly victory over Slovenia. She was a half-time substitute for Anna-Carina Kristler. In the [[UEFA Women's Euro 2017]] she reached the semifinals. She played also in the [[UEFA Women's Euro 2022]]. As the starting goalkeeper, Zinsberger played in all group matches, as well as the quarter-final against [[Germany women's national football team|Germany]]. ==Honours == ===SV Neulengbach === *[[ÖFB-Frauenliga|Austrian Champion]]ː 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 * Austrian Cupː [[2009-10 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2010]], [[2010- 11 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2011]], [[2011-12 Austrian Women's Football Cup|2012]] ===FC Bayern Munich=== * [[Frauen Bundesliga|Women's Bundesliga]] : [[2014–15 Bundesliga (women)|2015]], [[2015–16 Bundesliga (women)|2016]] ===Arsenal WFC=== * [[UEFA Women's Champions League]]ː 2025 *League Cup: 2023 ===National team ̞=== *[[UEFA Women's Euro ]]ːSemifinals 2017 *[[Cyprus Cup]]ː2016 {{Commonscat|Manuela Zinsberger}} ==References == {{DEFAULTSORT:Zinsberger, Manuela}} [[Category:1995 births]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Austrian women's footballers]] [[Category:Players of the Austrian national football team]] t5x6aslrbrzdw1rqo1qcyi0xioszc9y 3 1285914 11024394 2026-10-09T05:22:35Z Nil NZ 1559470 Welcome to Wikipedia! ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024394 wikitext text/x-wiki == Welcome == Hello and welcome to Wikipedia! We welcome new users, but some of '''[[Special:Contributions/{{BASEPAGENAME}}|your new changes]]''' are not helpful and have been changed back. For more information on this, see [[Wikipedia:Vandalism|Wikipedia's rules about vandalism]] and [[Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|what we should add to Wikipedia]]. If you would like to try out changing Wikipedia, please do so in the "[[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]" rather than in articles. If you still have questions, there is a [[Wikipedia:Simple talk|discussion board]] where you can ask questions. 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Again, welcome! <!-- Template:Welcomevandal --> [[User:Nil NZ|<span style="color:#000;font-family:Comic Sans MS;border-radius:30px;background-color:#8ACE00;padding:4px 7px 5px 7px">nil</span>]]^{[[User talk:Nil NZ|<span style="color:#000">nz</span>]]} 05:22, 9 October 2026 (UTC) rc2fvhxs505q3765idb76b3g36fczqo 3 1285915 11024441 2026-10-09T06:02:06Z Nil NZ 1559470 General note: Unhelpful changes on [[Hatikvah]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024441 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:Hatikvah]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:Nil NZ|<span style="color:#000;font-family:Comic Sans MS;border-radius:30px;background-color:#8ACE00;padding:4px 7px 5px 7px">nil</span>]]^{[[User talk:Nil NZ|<span style="color:#000">nz</span>]]} 06:02, 9 October 2026 (UTC) mnchiwycs7tvy1nywouh42h9fa7ug9h 3 1285917 11024478 2026-10-09T07:11:59Z NDG 1452189 sending warning (level 1) 11024478 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make helpful changes to Wikipedia. However, some of [[Special:Contribs/{{ROOTPAGENAME}}|your changes]], like those to "[[:British colonization of the Americas]]", did not seem to be helpful and have been [[Help:Reverting|reverted]] or removed. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you.<!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 07:11, 9 October 2026 (UTC) 1nauztnoly4qvpwcs6b13qlyoh2hika 3 1285918 11024479 2026-10-09T07:11:59Z Spiderone 569007 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Famous Public]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024479 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Famous Public== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Famous Public]], has been selected for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]] for multiple reasons. '''Please see the page to see the specific reasons.''' If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Famous Public}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was an error, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Requests for undeletion|undeleted]]. <!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Spiderone|Spiderone]] ([[User talk:Spiderone|talk]]) 07:11, 9 October 2026 (UTC) 6a5n4cmosb1r21ka6r05jxyrmt4exgq 3 1285920 11024500 2026-10-09T07:59:13Z Spiderone 569007 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Famous Public (Website)]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024500 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Famous Public (Website)== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Famous Public (Website)]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Famous Public (Website)}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a6|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Spiderone|Spiderone]] ([[User talk:Spiderone|talk]]) 07:59, 9 October 2026 (UTC) j67qfhai8p3e9kz7z7a3komebgnexcx 0 1285923 11024512 2026-10-09T08:23:40Z AFeatherlessBipehead 1413037 Created page with "{{Infobox person | name = Chris Cantelmo | image = | caption = | birth_name = Christopher Cantelmo | birth_date = {{Birth date|1962|6|19}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|11|24|1962|6|19}} | death_place = [[Angeles National Forest]], California, U.S. | education = [[Yale University]] | occupation = Biochemist | known_for = Promotion of DMT on..." 11024512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Chris Cantelmo | image = | caption = | birth_name = Christopher Cantelmo | birth_date = {{Birth date|1962|6|19}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|11|24|1962|6|19}} | death_place = [[Angeles National Forest]], California, U.S. | education = [[Yale University]] | occupation = Biochemist | known_for = Promotion of DMT on Reddit; Cantelmoism | website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20230112224641/https://cantelmoism.com www.cantelmoism.com] }} '''Christopher Cantelmo''' (June 19, 1962 – November 24, 2019) was an American biochemist. In 2019 he became known on [[Reddit]] under the username u/ChrisCGC. He spent a lot of money on awards while promoting the use of [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]. People sometimes called the activity around his posts Cantelmoism.<ref name="vice">{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Nick |title=How One Man Tried to Build a DMT-Based Cult on Reddit and Lost Everything |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-one-man-tried-to-build-a-dmt-based-cult-on-reddit-and-lost-everything/ |work=Vice |date=April 27, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="entertainment">{{cite web |title=Inside Cantelmoism, Reddit's DMT-Based Cult |url=https://entertainmentarticles.com/cantelmoism-dmt-cult/ |website=Entertainment Articles |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> == Early life and career == Cantelmo was the top student in his high school class. He graduated from Yale University with a degree in molecular biophysics and biochemistry. He worked for about 35 years in the pharmaceutical industry. His special skill was [[:en:high-performance liquid chromatography|high-performance liquid chromatography]] (HPLC).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cantelmo |first1=Chris |last2=Clark |first2=Jody |last3=Han |first3=Qing P. |last4=Hayward |first4=Mark J. |title=Fast Gradient LC Using Your Existing Instrumentation |journal=The Application Notebook |date=2008-09-01 |url=https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/fast-gradient-lc-using-your-existing-instrumentation-0}} </ref> He said, and his family also said, that he ran three HPLC companies. The last one was called GL Sciences. He left that job before the events of 2019. GL Sciences said it had no connection to Cantelmoism or the use of illegal drugs.<ref name="vice" /> Cantelmo had mental health problems for a long time. He had tried to kill himself before. Earlier in his life he had also used other drugs, such as [[mescaline]], [[LSD]], and [[methamphetamine]].<ref name="vice" /> == Introduction to drugs == On January 15, 2018, Cantelmo contacted his children. He told them he planned to kill himself. Police put him on a 5150 hold. This is a type of [[Involuntary commitment|involuntary stay in a mental hospital]]. While he was there, he decided to try DMT after he left.<ref name="vice" /> After he left the hospital, he ordered [[:en:mimosa hostilis|mimosa hostilis]] root bark online. Using his knowledge of chemistry, he extracted DMT from it. He began to experiment with the drug. He later said he had a strong “breakthrough” experience. This experience ended his lifelong [[atheism]]. He became sure that a higher power existed. He also believed he met beings during the trips. He decided to promote DMT in public.<ref name="vice" /> == Reddit activity == In 2019 Cantelmo started posting on Reddit under the account u/ChrisCGC. He spent large amounts of money on Reddit awards (silver, gold, and platinum). He often gave awards to posts and comments in subreddits used by young people, such as r/teenagers. Through his main account he spent more than $70,000 on awards. Family members thought the total amount, including gifts to people, was about twice that much or more. The gifts included plane tickets, laptops, podcast equipment, and in at least one case help with college tuition.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /> The awards brought attention. This led people to the subreddit r/Cantelmoism, which started on April 16, 2019. Other related subreddits were r/ChrisCGC and r/ChildrenOfChris. Some people called themselves Cantelmoists. They sometimes spoke of Cantelmo as a messiah, often as a joke. Cantelmo said the awards were meant to draw attention to DMT and to keep people talking.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts">{{cite web |title=Cantelmoism |url=https://www.cultfacts.com/cults/cantelmoism |website=Cult Facts |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> Cantelmo made many claims about DMT. He said God sends a cosmic signal of electromagnetic waves that living things can receive when DMT opens their brain networks. He said adding DMT lets people see spirits and guardian angels that are normally invisible. He said schizophrenia and autism come from too much natural DMT in the body. He wanted to call both conditions “Autiphrenia” and said the people who have them are geniuses meant to lead humanity. He claimed that vaporizing DMT had cured his brain cancer. He said staring at the sun helps the pineal gland make more DMT. He also said DMT could cure other diseases. He invited cancer patients to his ranch in the Lake View Terrace area of Los Angeles to try the substance.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts" /> Later, after people questioned the cancer claim, Cantelmo made a video. In it he said he had never had any kind of cancer. He said the word “cancer” was a metaphor. He called atheism the “worst form of cancer.” His brother Craig and other family members confirmed that he had never been diagnosed with cancer.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts" /> == Visitors and media appearances == Cantelmo invited several people to his ranch. One was podcaster and video producer [[:en:Alex Hall (author)|Alex Hall]]. Hall recorded an episode of his podcast *The Digital Fireside* with Cantelmo on May 22, 2019. Later Hall visited the property to film. Hall described a large backyard with San Pedro cacti, chickens, and ducks. He said Cantelmo was using DMT several times a day during the visit. Hall also saw Cantelmo try to persuade strangers in public to try DMT.<ref name="vice" /> Another visitor was a podcaster known as Tyger. Tyger flew from Oregon to Los Angeles in May 2019. Cantelmo paid for the travel and for equipment. Cantelmo appeared on Tyger’s podcast. Tyger later said the inside of the house was decorated with large abstract paintings. He also noted that Cantelmo hired local homeless people to work in the garden. During the visit Cantelmo took Tyger to a Joe Rogan performance, but he did not approach Rogan himself.<ref name="vice" /> Cantelmo also talked with a person known on Reddit as u/craigsyoga, who lived in Australia. This person helped keep a website that collected Cantelmo’s ideas. Later the person appeared on a podcast talking about that time. Some people who knew Cantelmo said this person encouraged him to keep spending money and promoting his ideas.<ref name="vice" /> == Criticism and decline == In June 2019 a counter-subreddit called r/CantelmoismExposed was created. Its moderators and other users criticized the medical claims. They also criticized the targeting of younger Reddit users, the advice to stare at the sun, and what they called cult-like behavior. When people criticized him, Cantelmo sometimes replied with insults. In one AMA he told a cancer patient who doubted him to “fuck off.”<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /> Cantelmo’s main Reddit account was banned in July 2019 for harassment. The harassment included doxxing a mental-health professional. The professional had contacted authorities after Cantelmo made statements about suicide. Cantelmo kept posting from other accounts. He also showed hostility toward family members and former friends who were worried about his mental state and his spending.<ref name="vice" /> By late 2019 he was giving fewer awards because the money was running out. Many people who had joined because of the awards became less active. Cantelmo’s brother later said that Cantelmo had spent a large part of his retirement savings.<ref name="vice" /> James Kent, writing in 2022, used Cantelmo’s case when talking about the risks of using DMT often. Kent noted reports of psychosis, grand ideas about oneself, and loss of contact with reality after many daily sessions over a long time.<ref name="psychedelic">{{cite web |last=Kent |first=James |title=Is Smoking DMT Safe? |url=https://psychedelicspotlight.com/is-smoking-dmt-safe/ |website=Psychedelic Spotlight |date=June 30, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> == Death == On November 24, 2019, Cantelmo left a note at his house. The note said he was going for a walk and would be back in a few hours. He hiked about four miles into the Angeles National Forest. His body was found on the West Fork Fascination Spring Trail. He had two [[Jackknife|folding knives]] with him. The Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner-Coroner ruled the death a suicide. The cause was sharp force injuries of the neck and forearms (case number 2019-08851). No suicide note was found at the scene. The medical examiner’s office noted that Cantelmo was in danger of losing his house and was scheduled to meet a realtor. Toxicology tests did not check for DMT as a standard substance.<ref name="mydeathspace">{{cite web |title=Christopher Cantelmo (57) committed suicide by sharp force injuries of the neck and forearms |url=https://www.mydeathspace.com/article/2019/11/29/Christopher_Cantelmo_(57)_committed_suicide_by_sharp_force_injuries_of_the_neck_and_forearms |website=MyDeathSpace.com |date=November 29, 2019 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="vice" /> An expert who looked at the autopsy information said the injuries matched self-infliction. There were no defense wounds.<ref name="vice" /> ==Bibliography== * ''DMT GOD: Prepare Yourself in 8 Days'' (2019). {{ISBN|1084133245}} ==See also== * [[Terry A. Davis]] == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cantelmo, Chris}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:2019 deaths]] [[Category:American biochemists]] [[Category:American writers]] [[Category:Suicides]] [[Category:Suicides by blade weapons]] [[Category:Drugs]] rlbbxxi5e58n536whxvdpm2k6ji7wuf 11024515 11024512 2026-10-09T08:33:10Z AFeatherlessBipehead 1413037 /* Reddit activity */ 11024515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Chris Cantelmo | image = | caption = | birth_name = Christopher Cantelmo | birth_date = {{Birth date|1962|6|19}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|11|24|1962|6|19}} | death_place = [[Angeles National Forest]], California, U.S. | education = [[Yale University]] | occupation = Biochemist | known_for = Promotion of DMT on Reddit; Cantelmoism | website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20230112224641/https://cantelmoism.com www.cantelmoism.com] }} '''Christopher Cantelmo''' (June 19, 1962 – November 24, 2019) was an American biochemist. In 2019 he became known on [[Reddit]] under the username u/ChrisCGC. He spent a lot of money on awards while promoting the use of [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]. People sometimes called the activity around his posts Cantelmoism.<ref name="vice">{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Nick |title=How One Man Tried to Build a DMT-Based Cult on Reddit and Lost Everything |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-one-man-tried-to-build-a-dmt-based-cult-on-reddit-and-lost-everything/ |work=Vice |date=April 27, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="entertainment">{{cite web |title=Inside Cantelmoism, Reddit's DMT-Based Cult |url=https://entertainmentarticles.com/cantelmoism-dmt-cult/ |website=Entertainment Articles |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> == Early life and career == Cantelmo was the top student in his high school class. He graduated from Yale University with a degree in molecular biophysics and biochemistry. He worked for about 35 years in the pharmaceutical industry. His special skill was [[:en:high-performance liquid chromatography|high-performance liquid chromatography]] (HPLC).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cantelmo |first1=Chris |last2=Clark |first2=Jody |last3=Han |first3=Qing P. |last4=Hayward |first4=Mark J. |title=Fast Gradient LC Using Your Existing Instrumentation |journal=The Application Notebook |date=2008-09-01 |url=https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/fast-gradient-lc-using-your-existing-instrumentation-0}} </ref> He said, and his family also said, that he ran three HPLC companies. The last one was called GL Sciences. He left that job before the events of 2019. GL Sciences said it had no connection to Cantelmoism or the use of illegal drugs.<ref name="vice" /> Cantelmo had mental health problems for a long time. He had tried to kill himself before. Earlier in his life he had also used other drugs, such as [[mescaline]], [[LSD]], and [[methamphetamine]].<ref name="vice" /> == Introduction to drugs == On January 15, 2018, Cantelmo contacted his children. He told them he planned to kill himself. Police put him on a 5150 hold. This is a type of [[Involuntary commitment|involuntary stay in a mental hospital]]. While he was there, he decided to try DMT after he left.<ref name="vice" /> After he left the hospital, he ordered [[:en:mimosa hostilis|mimosa hostilis]] root bark online. Using his knowledge of chemistry, he extracted DMT from it. He began to experiment with the drug. He later said he had a strong “breakthrough” experience. This experience ended his lifelong [[atheism]]. He became sure that a higher power existed. He also believed he met beings during the trips. He decided to promote DMT in public.<ref name="vice" /> == Reddit activity == In 2019 Cantelmo started posting on Reddit under the account u/ChrisCGC. He spent large amounts of money on Reddit awards (silver, gold, and platinum). He often gave awards to posts and comments in subreddits used by young people, such as r/teenagers. Through his main account he spent more than $70,000 on awards. Family members thought the total amount, including gifts to people, was about twice that much or more. The gifts included plane tickets, laptops, podcast equipment, and in at least one case help with college tuition.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /> The awards brought attention. This led people to the subreddit r/Cantelmoism, which started on April 16, 2019. Other related subreddits were r/ChrisCGC and r/ChildrenOfChris. Some people called themselves Cantelmoists. They sometimes spoke of Cantelmo as a messiah, often as a joke. Cantelmo said the awards were meant to draw attention to DMT and to keep people talking.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts">{{cite web |title=Cantelmoism |url=https://www.cultfacts.com/cults/cantelmoism |website=Cult Facts |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> Cantelmo made many claims about DMT. He said God sends a cosmic signal of electromagnetic waves that living things can receive when DMT opens their brain networks. He said adding DMT lets people see spirits and guardian angels that are normally invisible. He said schizophrenia and autism come from too much natural DMT in the body. He wanted to call both conditions “Autiphrenia” and said the people who have them are geniuses meant to lead humanity. He claimed that [[Vaporizer (inhalation device)|vaporizing]] DMT had cured his [[brain cancer]]. He said [[en:Sungazing|staring at the sun]] helps the pineal gland make more DMT. He also said DMT could cure other diseases. He invited cancer patients to his ranch in the Lake View Terrace area of Los Angeles to try the substance.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts" /> Later, after people questioned the cancer claim, Cantelmo made a video. In it he said he had never had any kind of cancer. He said the word “cancer” was a metaphor. He called atheism the “worst form of cancer.” His brother Craig and other family members confirmed that he had never been diagnosed with cancer.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts" /> == Visitors and media appearances == Cantelmo invited several people to his ranch. One was podcaster and video producer [[:en:Alex Hall (author)|Alex Hall]]. Hall recorded an episode of his podcast *The Digital Fireside* with Cantelmo on May 22, 2019. Later Hall visited the property to film. Hall described a large backyard with San Pedro cacti, chickens, and ducks. He said Cantelmo was using DMT several times a day during the visit. Hall also saw Cantelmo try to persuade strangers in public to try DMT.<ref name="vice" /> Another visitor was a podcaster known as Tyger. Tyger flew from Oregon to Los Angeles in May 2019. Cantelmo paid for the travel and for equipment. Cantelmo appeared on Tyger’s podcast. Tyger later said the inside of the house was decorated with large abstract paintings. He also noted that Cantelmo hired local homeless people to work in the garden. During the visit Cantelmo took Tyger to a Joe Rogan performance, but he did not approach Rogan himself.<ref name="vice" /> Cantelmo also talked with a person known on Reddit as u/craigsyoga, who lived in Australia. This person helped keep a website that collected Cantelmo’s ideas. Later the person appeared on a podcast talking about that time. Some people who knew Cantelmo said this person encouraged him to keep spending money and promoting his ideas.<ref name="vice" /> == Criticism and decline == In June 2019 a counter-subreddit called r/CantelmoismExposed was created. Its moderators and other users criticized the medical claims. They also criticized the targeting of younger Reddit users, the advice to stare at the sun, and what they called cult-like behavior. When people criticized him, Cantelmo sometimes replied with insults. In one AMA he told a cancer patient who doubted him to “fuck off.”<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /> Cantelmo’s main Reddit account was banned in July 2019 for harassment. The harassment included doxxing a mental-health professional. The professional had contacted authorities after Cantelmo made statements about suicide. Cantelmo kept posting from other accounts. He also showed hostility toward family members and former friends who were worried about his mental state and his spending.<ref name="vice" /> By late 2019 he was giving fewer awards because the money was running out. Many people who had joined because of the awards became less active. Cantelmo’s brother later said that Cantelmo had spent a large part of his retirement savings.<ref name="vice" /> James Kent, writing in 2022, used Cantelmo’s case when talking about the risks of using DMT often. Kent noted reports of psychosis, grand ideas about oneself, and loss of contact with reality after many daily sessions over a long time.<ref name="psychedelic">{{cite web |last=Kent |first=James |title=Is Smoking DMT Safe? |url=https://psychedelicspotlight.com/is-smoking-dmt-safe/ |website=Psychedelic Spotlight |date=June 30, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> == Death == On November 24, 2019, Cantelmo left a note at his house. The note said he was going for a walk and would be back in a few hours. He hiked about four miles into the Angeles National Forest. His body was found on the West Fork Fascination Spring Trail. He had two [[Jackknife|folding knives]] with him. The Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner-Coroner ruled the death a suicide. The cause was sharp force injuries of the neck and forearms (case number 2019-08851). No suicide note was found at the scene. The medical examiner’s office noted that Cantelmo was in danger of losing his house and was scheduled to meet a realtor. Toxicology tests did not check for DMT as a standard substance.<ref name="mydeathspace">{{cite web |title=Christopher Cantelmo (57) committed suicide by sharp force injuries of the neck and forearms |url=https://www.mydeathspace.com/article/2019/11/29/Christopher_Cantelmo_(57)_committed_suicide_by_sharp_force_injuries_of_the_neck_and_forearms |website=MyDeathSpace.com |date=November 29, 2019 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="vice" /> An expert who looked at the autopsy information said the injuries matched self-infliction. There were no defense wounds.<ref name="vice" /> ==Bibliography== * ''DMT GOD: Prepare Yourself in 8 Days'' (2019). {{ISBN|1084133245}} ==See also== * [[Terry A. Davis]] == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cantelmo, Chris}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:2019 deaths]] [[Category:American biochemists]] [[Category:American writers]] [[Category:Suicides]] [[Category:Suicides by blade weapons]] [[Category:Drugs]] dvloysjxyq97j1v0c94tnosy55xdvuk 11024516 11024515 2026-10-09T08:33:41Z AFeatherlessBipehead 1413037 /* Reddit activity */ 11024516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Chris Cantelmo | image = | caption = | birth_name = Christopher Cantelmo | birth_date = {{Birth date|1962|6|19}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|11|24|1962|6|19}} | death_place = [[Angeles National Forest]], California, U.S. | education = [[Yale University]] | occupation = Biochemist | known_for = Promotion of DMT on Reddit; Cantelmoism | website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20230112224641/https://cantelmoism.com www.cantelmoism.com] }} '''Christopher Cantelmo''' (June 19, 1962 – November 24, 2019) was an American biochemist. In 2019 he became known on [[Reddit]] under the username u/ChrisCGC. He spent a lot of money on awards while promoting the use of [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]. People sometimes called the activity around his posts Cantelmoism.<ref name="vice">{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Nick |title=How One Man Tried to Build a DMT-Based Cult on Reddit and Lost Everything |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-one-man-tried-to-build-a-dmt-based-cult-on-reddit-and-lost-everything/ |work=Vice |date=April 27, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="entertainment">{{cite web |title=Inside Cantelmoism, Reddit's DMT-Based Cult |url=https://entertainmentarticles.com/cantelmoism-dmt-cult/ |website=Entertainment Articles |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> == Early life and career == Cantelmo was the top student in his high school class. He graduated from Yale University with a degree in molecular biophysics and biochemistry. He worked for about 35 years in the pharmaceutical industry. His special skill was [[:en:high-performance liquid chromatography|high-performance liquid chromatography]] (HPLC).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cantelmo |first1=Chris |last2=Clark |first2=Jody |last3=Han |first3=Qing P. |last4=Hayward |first4=Mark J. |title=Fast Gradient LC Using Your Existing Instrumentation |journal=The Application Notebook |date=2008-09-01 |url=https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/fast-gradient-lc-using-your-existing-instrumentation-0}} </ref> He said, and his family also said, that he ran three HPLC companies. The last one was called GL Sciences. He left that job before the events of 2019. GL Sciences said it had no connection to Cantelmoism or the use of illegal drugs.<ref name="vice" /> Cantelmo had mental health problems for a long time. He had tried to kill himself before. Earlier in his life he had also used other drugs, such as [[mescaline]], [[LSD]], and [[methamphetamine]].<ref name="vice" /> == Introduction to drugs == On January 15, 2018, Cantelmo contacted his children. He told them he planned to kill himself. Police put him on a 5150 hold. This is a type of [[Involuntary commitment|involuntary stay in a mental hospital]]. While he was there, he decided to try DMT after he left.<ref name="vice" /> After he left the hospital, he ordered [[:en:mimosa hostilis|mimosa hostilis]] root bark online. Using his knowledge of chemistry, he extracted DMT from it. He began to experiment with the drug. He later said he had a strong “breakthrough” experience. This experience ended his lifelong [[atheism]]. He became sure that a higher power existed. He also believed he met beings during the trips. He decided to promote DMT in public.<ref name="vice" /> == Reddit activity == In 2019 Cantelmo started posting on Reddit under the account u/ChrisCGC. He spent large amounts of money on Reddit awards (silver, gold, and platinum). He often gave awards to posts and comments in subreddits used by young people, such as r/teenagers. Through his main account he spent more than $70,000 on awards. Family members thought the total amount, including gifts to people, was about twice that much or more. The gifts included plane tickets, laptops, podcast equipment, and in at least one case help with college tuition.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /> The awards brought attention. This led people to the subreddit r/Cantelmoism, which started on April 16, 2019. Other related subreddits were r/ChrisCGC and r/ChildrenOfChris. Some people called themselves Cantelmoists. They sometimes spoke of Cantelmo as a messiah, often as a joke. Cantelmo said the awards were meant to draw attention to DMT and to keep people talking.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts">{{cite web |title=Cantelmoism |url=https://www.cultfacts.com/cults/cantelmoism |website=Cult Facts |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> Cantelmo made many claims about DMT. He said God sends a cosmic signal of electromagnetic waves that living things can receive when DMT opens their brain networks. He said adding DMT lets people see spirits and guardian angels that are normally invisible. He said schizophrenia and autism come from too much natural DMT in the body. He wanted to call both conditions “Autiphrenia” and said the people who have them are geniuses meant to lead humanity. He claimed that [[Vaporizer (inhalation device)|vaporizing]] DMT had cured his [[brain cancer]]. He said [[:en:Sungazing|staring at the sun]] helps the pineal gland make more DMT. He also said DMT could cure other diseases. He invited cancer patients to his ranch in the Lake View Terrace area of Los Angeles to try the substance.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts" /> Later, after people questioned the cancer claim, Cantelmo made a video. In it he said he had never had any kind of cancer. He said the word “cancer” was a metaphor. He called atheism the “worst form of cancer.” His brother Craig and other family members confirmed that he had never been diagnosed with cancer.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts" /> == Visitors and media appearances == Cantelmo invited several people to his ranch. One was podcaster and video producer [[:en:Alex Hall (author)|Alex Hall]]. Hall recorded an episode of his podcast *The Digital Fireside* with Cantelmo on May 22, 2019. Later Hall visited the property to film. Hall described a large backyard with San Pedro cacti, chickens, and ducks. He said Cantelmo was using DMT several times a day during the visit. Hall also saw Cantelmo try to persuade strangers in public to try DMT.<ref name="vice" /> Another visitor was a podcaster known as Tyger. Tyger flew from Oregon to Los Angeles in May 2019. Cantelmo paid for the travel and for equipment. Cantelmo appeared on Tyger’s podcast. Tyger later said the inside of the house was decorated with large abstract paintings. He also noted that Cantelmo hired local homeless people to work in the garden. During the visit Cantelmo took Tyger to a Joe Rogan performance, but he did not approach Rogan himself.<ref name="vice" /> Cantelmo also talked with a person known on Reddit as u/craigsyoga, who lived in Australia. This person helped keep a website that collected Cantelmo’s ideas. Later the person appeared on a podcast talking about that time. Some people who knew Cantelmo said this person encouraged him to keep spending money and promoting his ideas.<ref name="vice" /> == Criticism and decline == In June 2019 a counter-subreddit called r/CantelmoismExposed was created. Its moderators and other users criticized the medical claims. They also criticized the targeting of younger Reddit users, the advice to stare at the sun, and what they called cult-like behavior. When people criticized him, Cantelmo sometimes replied with insults. In one AMA he told a cancer patient who doubted him to “fuck off.”<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /> Cantelmo’s main Reddit account was banned in July 2019 for harassment. The harassment included doxxing a mental-health professional. The professional had contacted authorities after Cantelmo made statements about suicide. Cantelmo kept posting from other accounts. He also showed hostility toward family members and former friends who were worried about his mental state and his spending.<ref name="vice" /> By late 2019 he was giving fewer awards because the money was running out. Many people who had joined because of the awards became less active. Cantelmo’s brother later said that Cantelmo had spent a large part of his retirement savings.<ref name="vice" /> James Kent, writing in 2022, used Cantelmo’s case when talking about the risks of using DMT often. Kent noted reports of psychosis, grand ideas about oneself, and loss of contact with reality after many daily sessions over a long time.<ref name="psychedelic">{{cite web |last=Kent |first=James |title=Is Smoking DMT Safe? |url=https://psychedelicspotlight.com/is-smoking-dmt-safe/ |website=Psychedelic Spotlight |date=June 30, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> == Death == On November 24, 2019, Cantelmo left a note at his house. The note said he was going for a walk and would be back in a few hours. He hiked about four miles into the Angeles National Forest. His body was found on the West Fork Fascination Spring Trail. He had two [[Jackknife|folding knives]] with him. The Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner-Coroner ruled the death a suicide. The cause was sharp force injuries of the neck and forearms (case number 2019-08851). No suicide note was found at the scene. The medical examiner’s office noted that Cantelmo was in danger of losing his house and was scheduled to meet a realtor. Toxicology tests did not check for DMT as a standard substance.<ref name="mydeathspace">{{cite web |title=Christopher Cantelmo (57) committed suicide by sharp force injuries of the neck and forearms |url=https://www.mydeathspace.com/article/2019/11/29/Christopher_Cantelmo_(57)_committed_suicide_by_sharp_force_injuries_of_the_neck_and_forearms |website=MyDeathSpace.com |date=November 29, 2019 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="vice" /> An expert who looked at the autopsy information said the injuries matched self-infliction. There were no defense wounds.<ref name="vice" /> ==Bibliography== * ''DMT GOD: Prepare Yourself in 8 Days'' (2019). {{ISBN|1084133245}} ==See also== * [[Terry A. Davis]] == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cantelmo, Chris}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:2019 deaths]] [[Category:American biochemists]] [[Category:American writers]] [[Category:Suicides]] [[Category:Suicides by blade weapons]] [[Category:Drugs]] c3rv5xqhz8mebmcaayhpkufwd3el7ts 11024518 11024516 2026-10-09T08:37:31Z AFeatherlessBipehead 1413037 11024518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Chris Cantelmo | image = | caption = | birth_name = Sage Christopher Glenn Cantelmo | birth_date = {{Birth date|1962|6|19}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|11|24|1962|6|19}} | death_place = [[Angeles National Forest]], California, U.S. | education = [[Yale University]] | occupation = Biochemist | known_for = Promotion of DMT on Reddit; Cantelmoism | website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20230112224641/https://cantelmoism.com www.cantelmoism.com] }} '''Chris Cantelmo''' (June 19, 1962 – November 24, 2019) was an American biochemist. In 2019 he became known on [[Reddit]] under the username u/ChrisCGC. He spent a lot of money on awards while promoting the use of [[N,N-Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]. People sometimes called the activity around his posts Cantelmoism.<ref name="vice">{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Nick |title=How One Man Tried to Build a DMT-Based Cult on Reddit and Lost Everything |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-one-man-tried-to-build-a-dmt-based-cult-on-reddit-and-lost-everything/ |work=Vice |date=April 27, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="entertainment">{{cite web |title=Inside Cantelmoism, Reddit's DMT-Based Cult |url=https://entertainmentarticles.com/cantelmoism-dmt-cult/ |website=Entertainment Articles |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> == Early life and career == Cantelmo was the top student in his high school class. He graduated from Yale University with a degree in molecular biophysics and biochemistry. He worked for about 35 years in the pharmaceutical industry. His special skill was [[:en:high-performance liquid chromatography|high-performance liquid chromatography]] (HPLC).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cantelmo |first1=Chris |last2=Clark |first2=Jody |last3=Han |first3=Qing P. |last4=Hayward |first4=Mark J. |title=Fast Gradient LC Using Your Existing Instrumentation |journal=The Application Notebook |date=2008-09-01 |url=https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/fast-gradient-lc-using-your-existing-instrumentation-0}} </ref> He said, and his family also said, that he ran three HPLC companies. The last one was called GL Sciences. He left that job before the events of 2019. GL Sciences said it had no connection to Cantelmoism or the use of illegal drugs.<ref name="vice" /> Cantelmo had mental health problems for a long time. He had tried to kill himself before. Earlier in his life he had also used other drugs, such as [[mescaline]], [[LSD]], and [[methamphetamine]].<ref name="vice" /> == Introduction to drugs == On January 15, 2018, Cantelmo contacted his children. He told them he planned to kill himself. Police put him on a 5150 hold. This is a type of [[Involuntary commitment|involuntary stay in a mental hospital]]. While he was there, he decided to try DMT after he left.<ref name="vice" /> After he left the hospital, he ordered [[:en:mimosa hostilis|mimosa hostilis]] root bark online. Using his knowledge of chemistry, he extracted DMT from it. He began to experiment with the drug. He later said he had a strong “breakthrough” experience. This experience ended his lifelong [[atheism]]. He became sure that a higher power existed. He also believed he met beings during the trips. He decided to promote DMT in public.<ref name="vice" /> == Reddit activity == In 2019 Cantelmo started posting on Reddit under the account u/ChrisCGC. He spent large amounts of money on Reddit awards (silver, gold, and platinum). He often gave awards to posts and comments in subreddits used by young people, such as r/teenagers. Through his main account he spent more than $70,000 on awards. Family members thought the total amount, including gifts to people, was about twice that much or more. The gifts included plane tickets, laptops, podcast equipment, and in at least one case help with college tuition.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /> The awards brought attention. This led people to the subreddit r/Cantelmoism, which started on April 16, 2019. Other related subreddits were r/ChrisCGC and r/ChildrenOfChris. Some people called themselves Cantelmoists. They sometimes spoke of Cantelmo as a messiah, often as a joke. Cantelmo said the awards were meant to draw attention to DMT and to keep people talking.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts">{{cite web |title=Cantelmoism |url=https://www.cultfacts.com/cults/cantelmoism |website=Cult Facts |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> Cantelmo made many claims about DMT. He said God sends a cosmic signal of electromagnetic waves that living things can receive when DMT opens their brain networks. He said adding DMT lets people see spirits and guardian angels that are normally invisible. He said schizophrenia and autism come from too much natural DMT in the body. He wanted to call both conditions “Autiphrenia” and said the people who have them are geniuses meant to lead humanity. He claimed that [[Vaporizer (inhalation device)|vaporizing]] DMT had cured his [[brain cancer]]. He said [[:en:Sungazing|staring at the sun]] helps the pineal gland make more DMT. He also said DMT could cure other diseases. He invited cancer patients to his ranch in the Lake View Terrace area of Los Angeles to try the substance.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts" /> Later, after people questioned the cancer claim, Cantelmo made a video. In it he said he had never had any kind of cancer. He said the word “cancer” was a metaphor. He called atheism the “worst form of cancer.” His brother Craig and other family members confirmed that he had never been diagnosed with cancer.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts" /> == Visitors and media appearances == Cantelmo invited several people to his ranch. One was podcaster and video producer [[:en:Alex Hall (author)|Alex Hall]]. Hall recorded an episode of his podcast *The Digital Fireside* with Cantelmo on May 22, 2019. Later Hall visited the property to film. Hall described a large backyard with San Pedro cacti, chickens, and ducks. He said Cantelmo was using DMT several times a day during the visit. Hall also saw Cantelmo try to persuade strangers in public to try DMT.<ref name="vice" /> Another visitor was a podcaster known as Tyger. Tyger flew from Oregon to Los Angeles in May 2019. Cantelmo paid for the travel and for equipment. Cantelmo appeared on Tyger’s podcast. Tyger later said the inside of the house was decorated with large abstract paintings. He also noted that Cantelmo hired local homeless people to work in the garden. During the visit Cantelmo took Tyger to a Joe Rogan performance, but he did not approach Rogan himself.<ref name="vice" /> Cantelmo also talked with a person known on Reddit as u/craigsyoga, who lived in Australia. This person helped keep a website that collected Cantelmo’s ideas. Later the person appeared on a podcast talking about that time. Some people who knew Cantelmo said this person encouraged him to keep spending money and promoting his ideas.<ref name="vice" /> == Criticism and decline == In June 2019 a counter-subreddit called r/CantelmoismExposed was created. Its moderators and other users criticized the medical claims. They also criticized the targeting of younger Reddit users, the advice to stare at the sun, and what they called cult-like behavior. When people criticized him, Cantelmo sometimes replied with insults. In one AMA he told a cancer patient who doubted him to “fuck off.”<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /> Cantelmo’s main Reddit account was banned in July 2019 for harassment. The harassment included doxxing a mental-health professional. The professional had contacted authorities after Cantelmo made statements about suicide. Cantelmo kept posting from other accounts. He also showed hostility toward family members and former friends who were worried about his mental state and his spending.<ref name="vice" /> By late 2019 he was giving fewer awards because the money was running out. Many people who had joined because of the awards became less active. Cantelmo’s brother later said that Cantelmo had spent a large part of his retirement savings.<ref name="vice" /> James Kent, writing in 2022, used Cantelmo’s case when talking about the risks of using DMT often. Kent noted reports of psychosis, grand ideas about oneself, and loss of contact with reality after many daily sessions over a long time.<ref name="psychedelic">{{cite web |last=Kent |first=James |title=Is Smoking DMT Safe? |url=https://psychedelicspotlight.com/is-smoking-dmt-safe/ |website=Psychedelic Spotlight |date=June 30, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> == Death == On November 24, 2019, Cantelmo left a note at his house. The note said he was going for a walk and would be back in a few hours. He hiked about four miles into the Angeles National Forest. His body was found on the West Fork Fascination Spring Trail. He had two [[Jackknife|folding knives]] with him. The Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner-Coroner ruled the death a suicide. The cause was sharp force injuries of the neck and forearms (case number 2019-08851). No suicide note was found at the scene. The medical examiner’s office noted that Cantelmo was in danger of losing his house and was scheduled to meet a realtor. Toxicology tests did not check for DMT as a standard substance.<ref name="mydeathspace">{{cite web |title=Christopher Cantelmo (57) committed suicide by sharp force injuries of the neck and forearms |url=https://www.mydeathspace.com/article/2019/11/29/Christopher_Cantelmo_(57)_committed_suicide_by_sharp_force_injuries_of_the_neck_and_forearms |website=MyDeathSpace.com |date=November 29, 2019 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="vice" /> An expert who looked at the autopsy information said the injuries matched self-infliction. There were no defense wounds.<ref name="vice" /> ==Bibliography== * ''DMT GOD: Prepare Yourself in 8 Days'' (2019). {{ISBN|1084133245}} ==See also== * [[Terry A. Davis]] == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cantelmo, Chris}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:2019 deaths]] [[Category:American biochemists]] [[Category:American writers]] [[Category:Suicides]] [[Category:Suicides by blade weapons]] [[Category:Drugs]] ffuop31057akkymir96381app1kalub 11024519 11024518 2026-10-09T08:38:18Z AFeatherlessBipehead 1413037 11024519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Chris Cantelmo | image = | caption = | birth_name = Sage Christopher Glenn Cantelmo | birth_date = {{Birth date|1962|6|19}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|11|24|1962|6|19}} | death_place = [[Angeles National Forest]], California, U.S. | education = [[Yale University]] | occupation = Biochemist | known_for = Promotion of DMT on Reddit; Cantelmoism | website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20230112224641/https://cantelmoism.com www.cantelmoism.com] }} '''Chris Cantelmo''' (June 19, 1962 – November 24, 2019) was an American biochemist. In 2019 he became known on [[Reddit]] under the username u/ChrisCGC. He spent a lot of money on awards while promoting the use of [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]. People sometimes called the activity around his posts Cantelmoism.<ref name="vice">{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Nick |title=How One Man Tried to Build a DMT-Based Cult on Reddit and Lost Everything |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-one-man-tried-to-build-a-dmt-based-cult-on-reddit-and-lost-everything/ |work=Vice |date=April 27, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="entertainment">{{cite web |title=Inside Cantelmoism, Reddit's DMT-Based Cult |url=https://entertainmentarticles.com/cantelmoism-dmt-cult/ |website=Entertainment Articles |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> == Early life and career == Cantelmo was the top student in his high school class. He graduated from Yale University with a degree in molecular biophysics and biochemistry. He worked for about 35 years in the pharmaceutical industry. His special skill was [[:en:high-performance liquid chromatography|high-performance liquid chromatography]] (HPLC).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cantelmo |first1=Chris |last2=Clark |first2=Jody |last3=Han |first3=Qing P. |last4=Hayward |first4=Mark J. |title=Fast Gradient LC Using Your Existing Instrumentation |journal=The Application Notebook |date=2008-09-01 |url=https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/fast-gradient-lc-using-your-existing-instrumentation-0}} </ref> He said, and his family also said, that he ran three HPLC companies. The last one was called GL Sciences. He left that job before the events of 2019. GL Sciences said it had no connection to Cantelmoism or the use of illegal drugs.<ref name="vice" /> Cantelmo had mental health problems for a long time. He had tried to kill himself before. Earlier in his life he had also used other drugs, such as [[mescaline]], [[LSD]], and [[methamphetamine]].<ref name="vice" /> == Introduction to drugs == On January 15, 2018, Cantelmo contacted his children. He told them he planned to kill himself. Police put him on a 5150 hold. This is a type of [[Involuntary commitment|involuntary stay in a mental hospital]]. While he was there, he decided to try DMT after he left.<ref name="vice" /> After he left the hospital, he ordered [[:en:mimosa hostilis|mimosa hostilis]] root bark online. Using his knowledge of chemistry, he extracted DMT from it. He began to experiment with the drug. He later said he had a strong “breakthrough” experience. This experience ended his lifelong [[atheism]]. He became sure that a higher power existed. He also believed he met beings during the trips. He decided to promote DMT in public.<ref name="vice" /> == Reddit activity == In 2019 Cantelmo started posting on Reddit under the account u/ChrisCGC. He spent large amounts of money on Reddit awards (silver, gold, and platinum). He often gave awards to posts and comments in subreddits used by young people, such as r/teenagers. Through his main account he spent more than $70,000 on awards. Family members thought the total amount, including gifts to people, was about twice that much or more. The gifts included plane tickets, laptops, podcast equipment, and in at least one case help with college tuition.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /> The awards brought attention. This led people to the subreddit r/Cantelmoism, which started on April 16, 2019. Other related subreddits were r/ChrisCGC and r/ChildrenOfChris. Some people called themselves Cantelmoists. They sometimes spoke of Cantelmo as a messiah, often as a joke. Cantelmo said the awards were meant to draw attention to DMT and to keep people talking.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts">{{cite web |title=Cantelmoism |url=https://www.cultfacts.com/cults/cantelmoism |website=Cult Facts |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> Cantelmo made many claims about DMT. He said God sends a cosmic signal of electromagnetic waves that living things can receive when DMT opens their brain networks. He said adding DMT lets people see spirits and guardian angels that are normally invisible. He said schizophrenia and autism come from too much natural DMT in the body. He wanted to call both conditions “Autiphrenia” and said the people who have them are geniuses meant to lead humanity. He claimed that [[Vaporizer (inhalation device)|vaporizing]] DMT had cured his [[brain cancer]]. He said [[:en:Sungazing|staring at the sun]] helps the pineal gland make more DMT. He also said DMT could cure other diseases. He invited cancer patients to his ranch in the Lake View Terrace area of Los Angeles to try the substance.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts" /> Later, after people questioned the cancer claim, Cantelmo made a video. In it he said he had never had any kind of cancer. He said the word “cancer” was a metaphor. He called atheism the “worst form of cancer.” His brother Craig and other family members confirmed that he had never been diagnosed with cancer.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts" /> == Visitors and media appearances == Cantelmo invited several people to his ranch. One was podcaster and video producer [[:en:Alex Hall (author)|Alex Hall]]. Hall recorded an episode of his podcast *The Digital Fireside* with Cantelmo on May 22, 2019. Later Hall visited the property to film. Hall described a large backyard with San Pedro cacti, chickens, and ducks. He said Cantelmo was using DMT several times a day during the visit. Hall also saw Cantelmo try to persuade strangers in public to try DMT.<ref name="vice" /> Another visitor was a podcaster known as Tyger. Tyger flew from Oregon to Los Angeles in May 2019. Cantelmo paid for the travel and for equipment. Cantelmo appeared on Tyger’s podcast. Tyger later said the inside of the house was decorated with large abstract paintings. He also noted that Cantelmo hired local homeless people to work in the garden. During the visit Cantelmo took Tyger to a Joe Rogan performance, but he did not approach Rogan himself.<ref name="vice" /> Cantelmo also talked with a person known on Reddit as u/craigsyoga, who lived in Australia. This person helped keep a website that collected Cantelmo’s ideas. Later the person appeared on a podcast talking about that time. Some people who knew Cantelmo said this person encouraged him to keep spending money and promoting his ideas.<ref name="vice" /> == Criticism and decline == In June 2019 a counter-subreddit called r/CantelmoismExposed was created. Its moderators and other users criticized the medical claims. They also criticized the targeting of younger Reddit users, the advice to stare at the sun, and what they called cult-like behavior. When people criticized him, Cantelmo sometimes replied with insults. In one AMA he told a cancer patient who doubted him to “fuck off.”<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /> Cantelmo’s main Reddit account was banned in July 2019 for harassment. The harassment included doxxing a mental-health professional. The professional had contacted authorities after Cantelmo made statements about suicide. Cantelmo kept posting from other accounts. He also showed hostility toward family members and former friends who were worried about his mental state and his spending.<ref name="vice" /> By late 2019 he was giving fewer awards because the money was running out. Many people who had joined because of the awards became less active. Cantelmo’s brother later said that Cantelmo had spent a large part of his retirement savings.<ref name="vice" /> James Kent, writing in 2022, used Cantelmo’s case when talking about the risks of using DMT often. Kent noted reports of psychosis, grand ideas about oneself, and loss of contact with reality after many daily sessions over a long time.<ref name="psychedelic">{{cite web |last=Kent |first=James |title=Is Smoking DMT Safe? |url=https://psychedelicspotlight.com/is-smoking-dmt-safe/ |website=Psychedelic Spotlight |date=June 30, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> == Death == On November 24, 2019, Cantelmo left a note at his house. The note said he was going for a walk and would be back in a few hours. He hiked about four miles into the Angeles National Forest. His body was found on the West Fork Fascination Spring Trail. He had two [[Jackknife|folding knives]] with him. The Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner-Coroner ruled the death a suicide. The cause was sharp force injuries of the neck and forearms (case number 2019-08851). No suicide note was found at the scene. The medical examiner’s office noted that Cantelmo was in danger of losing his house and was scheduled to meet a realtor. Toxicology tests did not check for DMT as a standard substance.<ref name="mydeathspace">{{cite web |title=Christopher Cantelmo (57) committed suicide by sharp force injuries of the neck and forearms |url=https://www.mydeathspace.com/article/2019/11/29/Christopher_Cantelmo_(57)_committed_suicide_by_sharp_force_injuries_of_the_neck_and_forearms |website=MyDeathSpace.com |date=November 29, 2019 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="vice" /> An expert who looked at the autopsy information said the injuries matched self-infliction. There were no defense wounds.<ref name="vice" /> ==Bibliography== * ''DMT GOD: Prepare Yourself in 8 Days'' (2019). {{ISBN|1084133245}} ==See also== * [[Terry A. Davis]] == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cantelmo, Chris}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:2019 deaths]] [[Category:American biochemists]] [[Category:American writers]] [[Category:Suicides]] [[Category:Suicides by blade weapons]] [[Category:Drugs]] 4y8ebrp07xcncx4ng94b4i6zr3uc4fv 11024578 11024519 2026-10-09T10:26:50Z AFeatherlessBipehead 1413037 11024578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Chris Cantelmo | image = | caption = | birth_name = Sage Christopher Glenn Cantelmo | birth_date = {{Birth date|1962|6|19}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|11|24|1962|6|19}} | death_place = [[Angeles National Forest]], California, U.S. | education = [[Yale University]] | occupation = Biochemist | known_for = Promotion of DMT on Reddit; Cantelmoism | website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20230112224641/https://cantelmoism.com www.cantelmoism.com] }} '''Chris Cantelmo''' (June 19, 1962 – November 24, 2019) was an American [[biochemist]]. In 2019 he became known on [[Reddit]] under the username u/ChrisCGC. He spent a lot of money on awards while promoting the use of [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]. People sometimes called the activity around his posts Cantelmoism.<ref name="vice">{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Nick |title=How One Man Tried to Build a DMT-Based Cult on Reddit and Lost Everything |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-one-man-tried-to-build-a-dmt-based-cult-on-reddit-and-lost-everything/ |work=Vice |date=April 27, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="entertainment">{{cite web |title=Inside Cantelmoism, Reddit's DMT-Based Cult |url=https://entertainmentarticles.com/cantelmoism-dmt-cult/ |website=Entertainment Articles |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> == Early life and career == Cantelmo was the top student in his high school class. He graduated from Yale University with a degree in molecular biophysics and biochemistry. He worked for about 35 years in the pharmaceutical industry. His special skill was [[:en:high-performance liquid chromatography|high-performance liquid chromatography]] (HPLC).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cantelmo |first1=Chris |last2=Clark |first2=Jody |last3=Han |first3=Qing P. |last4=Hayward |first4=Mark J. |title=Fast Gradient LC Using Your Existing Instrumentation |journal=The Application Notebook |date=2008-09-01 |url=https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/fast-gradient-lc-using-your-existing-instrumentation-0}} </ref> He said, and his family also said, that he ran three HPLC companies. The last one was called GL Sciences. He left that job before the events of 2019. GL Sciences said it had no connection to Cantelmoism or the use of illegal drugs.<ref name="vice" /> Cantelmo had mental health problems for a long time. He had tried to kill himself before. Earlier in his life he had also used other drugs, such as [[mescaline]], [[LSD]], and [[methamphetamine]].<ref name="vice" /> == Introduction to drugs == On January 15, 2018, Cantelmo contacted his children. He told them he planned to kill himself. Police put him on a 5150 hold. This is a type of [[Involuntary commitment|involuntary stay in a mental hospital]]. While he was there, he decided to try DMT after he left.<ref name="vice" /> After he left the hospital, he ordered [[:en:mimosa hostilis|mimosa hostilis]] root bark online. Using his knowledge of chemistry, he extracted DMT from it. He began to experiment with the drug. He later said he had a strong “breakthrough” experience. This experience ended his lifelong [[atheism]]. He became sure that a higher power existed. He also believed he met beings during the trips. He decided to promote DMT in public.<ref name="vice" /> == Reddit activity == In 2019 Cantelmo started posting on Reddit under the account u/ChrisCGC. He spent large amounts of money on Reddit awards (silver, gold, and platinum). He often gave awards to posts and comments in subreddits used by young people, such as r/teenagers. Through his main account he spent more than $70,000 on awards. Family members thought the total amount, including gifts to people, was about twice that much or more. The gifts included plane tickets, laptops, podcast equipment, and in at least one case help with college tuition.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /> The awards brought attention. This led people to the subreddit r/Cantelmoism, which started on April 16, 2019. Other related subreddits were r/ChrisCGC and r/ChildrenOfChris. Some people called themselves Cantelmoists. They sometimes spoke of Cantelmo as a messiah, often as a joke. Cantelmo said the awards were meant to draw attention to DMT and to keep people talking.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts">{{cite web |title=Cantelmoism |url=https://www.cultfacts.com/cults/cantelmoism |website=Cult Facts |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> Cantelmo made many claims about DMT. He said God sends a cosmic signal of electromagnetic waves that living things can receive when DMT opens their brain networks. He said adding DMT lets people see spirits and guardian angels that are normally invisible. He said schizophrenia and autism come from too much natural DMT in the body. He wanted to call both conditions “Autiphrenia” and said the people who have them are geniuses meant to lead humanity. He claimed that [[Vaporizer (inhalation device)|vaporizing]] DMT had cured his [[brain cancer]]. He said [[:en:Sungazing|staring at the sun]] helps the pineal gland make more DMT. He also said DMT could cure other diseases. He invited cancer patients to his ranch in the Lake View Terrace area of Los Angeles to try the substance.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts" /> Later, after people questioned the cancer claim, Cantelmo made a video. In it he said he had never had any kind of cancer. He said the word “cancer” was a metaphor. He called atheism the “worst form of cancer.” His brother Craig and other family members confirmed that he had never been diagnosed with cancer.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts" /> == Visitors and media appearances == Cantelmo invited several people to his ranch. One was podcaster and video producer [[:en:Alex Hall (author)|Alex Hall]]. Hall recorded an episode of his podcast *The Digital Fireside* with Cantelmo on May 22, 2019. Later Hall visited the property to film. Hall described a large backyard with San Pedro cacti, chickens, and ducks. He said Cantelmo was using DMT several times a day during the visit. Hall also saw Cantelmo try to persuade strangers in public to try DMT.<ref name="vice" /> Another visitor was a podcaster known as Tyger. Tyger flew from Oregon to Los Angeles in May 2019. Cantelmo paid for the travel and for equipment. Cantelmo appeared on Tyger’s podcast. Tyger later said the inside of the house was decorated with large abstract paintings. He also noted that Cantelmo hired local homeless people to work in the garden. During the visit Cantelmo took Tyger to a Joe Rogan performance, but he did not approach Rogan himself.<ref name="vice" /> Cantelmo also talked with a person known on Reddit as u/craigsyoga, who lived in Australia. This person helped keep a website that collected Cantelmo’s ideas. Later the person appeared on a podcast talking about that time. Some people who knew Cantelmo said this person encouraged him to keep spending money and promoting his ideas.<ref name="vice" /> == Criticism and decline == In June 2019 a counter-subreddit called r/CantelmoismExposed was created. Its moderators and other users criticized the medical claims. They also criticized the targeting of younger Reddit users, the advice to stare at the sun, and what they called cult-like behavior. When people criticized him, Cantelmo sometimes replied with insults. In one AMA he told a cancer patient who doubted him to “fuck off.”<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /> Cantelmo’s main Reddit account was banned in July 2019 for harassment. The harassment included doxxing a mental-health professional. The professional had contacted authorities after Cantelmo made statements about suicide. Cantelmo kept posting from other accounts. He also showed hostility toward family members and former friends who were worried about his mental state and his spending.<ref name="vice" /> By late 2019 he was giving fewer awards because the money was running out. Many people who had joined because of the awards became less active. Cantelmo’s brother later said that Cantelmo had spent a large part of his retirement savings.<ref name="vice" /> James Kent, writing in 2022, used Cantelmo’s case when talking about the risks of using DMT often. Kent noted reports of psychosis, grand ideas about oneself, and loss of contact with reality after many daily sessions over a long time.<ref name="psychedelic">{{cite web |last=Kent |first=James |title=Is Smoking DMT Safe? |url=https://psychedelicspotlight.com/is-smoking-dmt-safe/ |website=Psychedelic Spotlight |date=June 30, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> == Death == On November 24, 2019, Cantelmo left a note at his house. The note said he was going for a walk and would be back in a few hours. He hiked about four miles into the Angeles National Forest. His body was found on the West Fork Fascination Spring Trail. He had two [[Jackknife|folding knives]] with him. The Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner-Coroner ruled the death a suicide. The cause was sharp force injuries of the neck and forearms (case number 2019-08851). No suicide note was found at the scene. The medical examiner’s office noted that Cantelmo was in danger of losing his house and was scheduled to meet a realtor. Toxicology tests did not check for DMT as a standard substance.<ref name="mydeathspace">{{cite web |title=Christopher Cantelmo (57) committed suicide by sharp force injuries of the neck and forearms |url=https://www.mydeathspace.com/article/2019/11/29/Christopher_Cantelmo_(57)_committed_suicide_by_sharp_force_injuries_of_the_neck_and_forearms |website=MyDeathSpace.com |date=November 29, 2019 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="vice" /> An expert who looked at the autopsy information said the injuries matched self-infliction. There were no defense wounds.<ref name="vice" /> ==Bibliography== * ''DMT GOD: Prepare Yourself in 8 Days'' (2019). {{ISBN|1084133245}} ==See also== * [[Terry A. Davis]] == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cantelmo, Chris}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:2019 deaths]] [[Category:American biochemists]] [[Category:American writers]] [[Category:Suicides]] [[Category:Suicides by blade weapons]] [[Category:Drugs]] l9mz8huf6r1y4tst5rfj79la6aedbiy 11024580 11024578 2026-10-09T10:28:12Z AFeatherlessBipehead 1413037 /* Early life and career */ 11024580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Chris Cantelmo | image = | caption = | birth_name = Sage Christopher Glenn Cantelmo | birth_date = {{Birth date|1962|6|19}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|2019|11|24|1962|6|19}} | death_place = [[Angeles National Forest]], California, U.S. | education = [[Yale University]] | occupation = Biochemist | known_for = Promotion of DMT on Reddit; Cantelmoism | website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20230112224641/https://cantelmoism.com www.cantelmoism.com] }} '''Chris Cantelmo''' (June 19, 1962 – November 24, 2019) was an American [[biochemist]]. In 2019 he became known on [[Reddit]] under the username u/ChrisCGC. He spent a lot of money on awards while promoting the use of [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]. People sometimes called the activity around his posts Cantelmoism.<ref name="vice">{{cite news |last=Thompson |first=Nick |title=How One Man Tried to Build a DMT-Based Cult on Reddit and Lost Everything |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-one-man-tried-to-build-a-dmt-based-cult-on-reddit-and-lost-everything/ |work=Vice |date=April 27, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="entertainment">{{cite web |title=Inside Cantelmoism, Reddit's DMT-Based Cult |url=https://entertainmentarticles.com/cantelmoism-dmt-cult/ |website=Entertainment Articles |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> == Early life and career == Cantelmo was the top student in his high school class. He graduated from Yale University with a degree in molecular biophysics and biochemistry. He worked for about 35 years in the pharmaceutical industry. His special skill was [[:en:high-performance liquid chromatography|high-performance liquid chromatography]] (HPLC).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cantelmo |first1=Chris |last2=Clark |first2=Jody |last3=Han |first3=Qing P. |last4=Hayward |first4=Mark J. |title=Fast Gradient LC Using Your Existing Instrumentation |journal=The Application Notebook |date=2008-09-01 |url=https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/fast-gradient-lc-using-your-existing-instrumentation-0}} </ref> He said, and his family also said, that he ran three HPLC companies. The last one was called GL Sciences. He left that job before the events of 2019. GL Sciences said it had no connection to Cantelmoism or the use of illegal drugs.<ref name="vice" /> Cantelmo had [[mental health]] problems for a long time. He had tried to kill himself before. Earlier in his life he had also used other drugs, such as [[mescaline]], [[LSD]], and [[methamphetamine]].<ref name="vice" /> == Introduction to drugs == On January 15, 2018, Cantelmo contacted his children. He told them he planned to kill himself. Police put him on a 5150 hold. This is a type of [[Involuntary commitment|involuntary stay in a mental hospital]]. While he was there, he decided to try DMT after he left.<ref name="vice" /> After he left the hospital, he ordered [[:en:mimosa hostilis|mimosa hostilis]] root bark online. Using his knowledge of chemistry, he extracted DMT from it. He began to experiment with the drug. He later said he had a strong “breakthrough” experience. This experience ended his lifelong [[atheism]]. He became sure that a higher power existed. He also believed he met beings during the trips. He decided to promote DMT in public.<ref name="vice" /> == Reddit activity == In 2019 Cantelmo started posting on Reddit under the account u/ChrisCGC. He spent large amounts of money on Reddit awards (silver, gold, and platinum). He often gave awards to posts and comments in subreddits used by young people, such as r/teenagers. Through his main account he spent more than $70,000 on awards. Family members thought the total amount, including gifts to people, was about twice that much or more. The gifts included plane tickets, laptops, podcast equipment, and in at least one case help with college tuition.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /> The awards brought attention. This led people to the subreddit r/Cantelmoism, which started on April 16, 2019. Other related subreddits were r/ChrisCGC and r/ChildrenOfChris. Some people called themselves Cantelmoists. They sometimes spoke of Cantelmo as a messiah, often as a joke. Cantelmo said the awards were meant to draw attention to DMT and to keep people talking.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts">{{cite web |title=Cantelmoism |url=https://www.cultfacts.com/cults/cantelmoism |website=Cult Facts |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> Cantelmo made many claims about DMT. He said God sends a cosmic signal of electromagnetic waves that living things can receive when DMT opens their brain networks. He said adding DMT lets people see spirits and guardian angels that are normally invisible. He said schizophrenia and autism come from too much natural DMT in the body. He wanted to call both conditions “Autiphrenia” and said the people who have them are geniuses meant to lead humanity. He claimed that [[Vaporizer (inhalation device)|vaporizing]] DMT had cured his [[brain cancer]]. He said [[:en:Sungazing|staring at the sun]] helps the pineal gland make more DMT. He also said DMT could cure other diseases. He invited cancer patients to his ranch in the Lake View Terrace area of Los Angeles to try the substance.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts" /> Later, after people questioned the cancer claim, Cantelmo made a video. In it he said he had never had any kind of cancer. He said the word “cancer” was a metaphor. He called atheism the “worst form of cancer.” His brother Craig and other family members confirmed that he had never been diagnosed with cancer.<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /><ref name="cultfacts" /> == Visitors and media appearances == Cantelmo invited several people to his ranch. One was podcaster and video producer [[:en:Alex Hall (author)|Alex Hall]]. Hall recorded an episode of his podcast *The Digital Fireside* with Cantelmo on May 22, 2019. Later Hall visited the property to film. Hall described a large backyard with San Pedro cacti, chickens, and ducks. He said Cantelmo was using DMT several times a day during the visit. Hall also saw Cantelmo try to persuade strangers in public to try DMT.<ref name="vice" /> Another visitor was a podcaster known as Tyger. Tyger flew from Oregon to Los Angeles in May 2019. Cantelmo paid for the travel and for equipment. Cantelmo appeared on Tyger’s podcast. Tyger later said the inside of the house was decorated with large abstract paintings. He also noted that Cantelmo hired local homeless people to work in the garden. During the visit Cantelmo took Tyger to a Joe Rogan performance, but he did not approach Rogan himself.<ref name="vice" /> Cantelmo also talked with a person known on Reddit as u/craigsyoga, who lived in Australia. This person helped keep a website that collected Cantelmo’s ideas. Later the person appeared on a podcast talking about that time. Some people who knew Cantelmo said this person encouraged him to keep spending money and promoting his ideas.<ref name="vice" /> == Criticism and decline == In June 2019 a counter-subreddit called r/CantelmoismExposed was created. Its moderators and other users criticized the medical claims. They also criticized the targeting of younger Reddit users, the advice to stare at the sun, and what they called cult-like behavior. When people criticized him, Cantelmo sometimes replied with insults. In one AMA he told a cancer patient who doubted him to “fuck off.”<ref name="vice" /><ref name="entertainment" /> Cantelmo’s main Reddit account was banned in July 2019 for harassment. The harassment included doxxing a mental-health professional. The professional had contacted authorities after Cantelmo made statements about suicide. Cantelmo kept posting from other accounts. He also showed hostility toward family members and former friends who were worried about his mental state and his spending.<ref name="vice" /> By late 2019 he was giving fewer awards because the money was running out. Many people who had joined because of the awards became less active. Cantelmo’s brother later said that Cantelmo had spent a large part of his retirement savings.<ref name="vice" /> James Kent, writing in 2022, used Cantelmo’s case when talking about the risks of using DMT often. Kent noted reports of psychosis, grand ideas about oneself, and loss of contact with reality after many daily sessions over a long time.<ref name="psychedelic">{{cite web |last=Kent |first=James |title=Is Smoking DMT Safe? |url=https://psychedelicspotlight.com/is-smoking-dmt-safe/ |website=Psychedelic Spotlight |date=June 30, 2022 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref> == Death == On November 24, 2019, Cantelmo left a note at his house. The note said he was going for a walk and would be back in a few hours. He hiked about four miles into the Angeles National Forest. His body was found on the West Fork Fascination Spring Trail. He had two [[Jackknife|folding knives]] with him. The Los Angeles County Department of Medical Examiner-Coroner ruled the death a suicide. The cause was sharp force injuries of the neck and forearms (case number 2019-08851). No suicide note was found at the scene. The medical examiner’s office noted that Cantelmo was in danger of losing his house and was scheduled to meet a realtor. Toxicology tests did not check for DMT as a standard substance.<ref name="mydeathspace">{{cite web |title=Christopher Cantelmo (57) committed suicide by sharp force injuries of the neck and forearms |url=https://www.mydeathspace.com/article/2019/11/29/Christopher_Cantelmo_(57)_committed_suicide_by_sharp_force_injuries_of_the_neck_and_forearms |website=MyDeathSpace.com |date=November 29, 2019 |access-date=September 29, 2026}}</ref><ref name="vice" /> An expert who looked at the autopsy information said the injuries matched self-infliction. There were no defense wounds.<ref name="vice" /> ==Bibliography== * ''DMT GOD: Prepare Yourself in 8 Days'' (2019). {{ISBN|1084133245}} ==See also== * [[Terry A. Davis]] == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cantelmo, Chris}} [[Category:1962 births]] [[Category:2019 deaths]] [[Category:American biochemists]] [[Category:American writers]] [[Category:Suicides]] [[Category:Suicides by blade weapons]] [[Category:Drugs]] bo0thgmdp71w060s0c7wrya3fne5hg2 2 1285924 11024521 2026-10-09T08:45:05Z Davesyn 1887455 Created page with "body img {display: none;}" 11024521 css text/css body img {display: none;} hucgoat23rnf2xvwt8du7gg4xq2sjsa 4 1285926 11024535 2026-10-09T09:12:19Z CountryANDWestern 1618275 Creating deletion discussion page for [[Paul Vaughn]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024535 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Paul Vaughn === :{{lc|Paul Vaughn}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Paul Vaughn|action=edit}} close request]</span> &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Paul Vaughn}} open RfD subpage]</span> CountryANDWestern ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' No notability shown. He appeared in ten episodes of a show that ran for 275; he’s not named for serveral of them. The sources are a couple of sentences in a gossip column and his name listed in the show’s credits. No major performances othwewise. [[User:CountryANDWestern|CountryANDWestern]] ([[User talk:CountryANDWestern|talk]]) 09:12, 9 October 2026 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''09:12, 16 October 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> 4ljtgmmti4avrcv3uja28gyhdvjyscc 3 1285927 11024541 2026-10-09T09:12:50Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Awsha bint Khalifa Al Suwaidi]] (BOT) 11024541 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Awsha bint Khalifa Al Suwaidi]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/11024539|Edit]] (11024539) processed with score of 0.98553. *<small>As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again.</small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 09:12, 9 October 2026 (UTC) l33wagh9n2m3hddy6bhgwjxvy75zozl 4 1285928 11024553 2026-10-09T09:27:06Z Ferien 1011873 Creating deletion discussion page for [[Anti-Judaism and antisemitism]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024553 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- ATTENTION CLOSING ADMINISTRATOR --> <noinclude>{{in progress}}</noinclude> <!-- Please change it to either {{deleted|optional reason}} or {{kept|optional reason}}. The archival templates {{subst:archive top}} and {{subst:archive bottom}} are placed at the top and bottom respectively.--> === Anti-Judaism and antisemitism === :{{lc|Anti-Judaism and antisemitism}} &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Anti-Judaism and antisemitism|action=edit}} close request]</span> &middot; <span class="plainlinks">[{{fullurl:Wikipedia:Requests for deletion/Requests/2026/Anti-Judaism and antisemitism}} open RfD subpage]</span> Ferien ''has nominated this page for deletion for the reason:'' This article is honestly quite a mess. Firstly, it is a piece by blocked user Steven1991. As always from them, it is extremely complex and unsuitable for this Wikipedia. It tries to combine anti-Judaism and antisemitism, and these are quite distinct things - I will let the enwiki article explain it (from [[:w:en:Anti-Judaism]], see that article's history for attribution) "Although these designations share a commonality—hatred towards a group of people—each term encompasses unique ideologies and prejudices. [...] Anti-Judaism encapsulates those who oppose the Jewish religion and religious system. [...] Antisemites hate and target Jews for their ethnic Jewish identity rather than religious beliefs." We already have the article [[antisemitism]], that this article mostly covers. An article directly addressing [[Anti-Judaism]] would be more preferable, but it is clear this cannot be a base for it. --[[User:Ferien|Ferien]] <small>([[User talk:Ferien|talk]] <nowiki>|</nowiki> [[User:Ferien/TBA|join TBA!]])</small> 09:27, 9 October 2026 (UTC) ''Please discuss this request below, but keep in mind that [[:m:Polls are evil|you shouldn't vote on everything]] and that there may be options other than "keep" or "delete", such as merging.'' ====Discussion==== <!--Please add any discussion above this comment.--> This request is due to close on '''09:27, 16 October 2026 (UTC)''', seven days after it was filed, although it may be closed earlier at the discretion of an administrator.<br /><br /> trck1fuetfduda57q70qow9sqv4xqo2 3 1285929 11024562 2026-10-09T09:37:36Z Spiderone 569007 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Taleju Bhawani]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024562 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Taleju Bhawani== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Taleju Bhawani]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Taleju Bhawani}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#g1|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:Spiderone|Spiderone]] ([[User talk:Spiderone|talk]]) 09:37, 9 October 2026 (UTC) qpskovvc9iefw1kutvuynug6xxub9ta 0 1285930 11024570 2026-10-09T10:07:36Z ~2026-54166-65 1887482 Just add a new page 11024570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Argentine footballer (born 2004)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2026}} {{Infobox football biography | name = Alejandro Garnacho | fullname = Alejandro Garnacho Ferreyra | image = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2004|7|1|df=y}} | birth_place = Madrid, Spain | height = 1.80 m | position = Winger | currentclub = Aston Villa | clubnumber = 17 | youthyears1 = 2013–2015 | youthclubs1 = Getafe | youthyears2 = 2015–2020 | youthclubs2 = Atlético Madrid | youthyears3 = 2020–2022 | youthclubs3 = Manchester United | years1 = 2022–2025 | clubs1 = Manchester United | years2 = 2025– | clubs2 = Chelsea | years3 = 2026– | clubs3 = → Aston Villa (loan) | nationalyears1 = 2021 | nationalteam1 = Spain U18 | nationalcaps1 = 3 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2022 | nationalteam2 = Argentina U20 | nationalcaps2 = 5 | nationalgoals2 = 4 | nationalyears3 = 2023– | nationalteam3 = Argentina | nationalcaps3 = 8 | nationalgoals3 = 0 | club-update = October 2026 | nationalteam-update = 15 November 2024 }} '''Alejandro Garnacho Ferreyra''' (born 1 July 2004) is a professional footballer who plays as a winger for [[Premier League]] club [[Aston Villa F.C.|Aston Villa]], on loan from [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], and the [[Argentina national football team|Argentina national team]]. Born in Madrid, Spain, he developed through the youth academies of Getafe and Atlético Madrid before joining Manchester United in 2020. Garnacho made his senior debut for Manchester United in April 2022 and became a regular first-team player over the following seasons. He won the [[EFL Cup]] in 2023 and the [[FA Cup]] in 2024, scoring the opening goal in the latter's final against Manchester City. In August 2025, he joined Chelsea before moving to Aston Villa on a season-long loan in July 2026.<ref name="ChelseaProfile">{{cite web|title=Alejandro Garnacho|url=https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/profile/alejandro-garnacho|access-date=9 October 2026|publisher=Chelsea F.C.}}</ref> == Early life == Garnacho was born in Madrid, Spain, on 1 July 2004. His father is Spanish and his mother is Argentine. He began playing football in Spain and joined the youth system of Getafe before moving to Atlético Madrid in 2015. In October 2020, Garnacho joined the academy of Manchester United. He continued his development in English football and emerged as one of the club's promising young attacking players. == Club career == === Manchester United === Garnacho joined Manchester United from Atlético Madrid in October 2020. During the 2021–22 season, he made significant progress in the club's youth teams and helped Manchester United win the FA Youth Cup. He also received the Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year award in 2022. He made his senior-team debut on 28 April 2022, appearing as a substitute in a Premier League match against Chelsea. During the 2022–23 season, he became increasingly involved in the first team and contributed to the club's successful EFL Cup campaign. Garnacho continued to develop during the 2023–24 season. In November 2023, he scored an overhead kick against Everton that subsequently won the 2024 FIFA Puskás Award for the best goal of the qualifying period. In May 2024, he scored the opening goal in Manchester United's 2–1 victory over Manchester City in the FA Cup final. During his final season at Manchester United, Garnacho continued to feature in domestic and European competitions. He left the club in 2025 after making 144 appearances and scoring 26 goals in all competitions. === Chelsea === In August 2025, Garnacho joined Chelsea from Manchester United. His transfer marked a new stage in his Premier League career. During the 2025–26 season, he scored eight goals in 43 appearances across all competitions. He featured in domestic cup and European matches and contributed to Chelsea's attacking options. However, he subsequently moved to another Premier League club to pursue further first-team opportunities.<ref name="ChelseaLoan">{{cite web|date=23 July 2026|title=Alejandro Garnacho completes loan move|url=https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/article/alejandro-garnacho-completes-loan-move|access-date=9 October 2026|publisher=Chelsea F.C.}}</ref> === Aston Villa === On 23 July 2026, Garnacho joined Aston Villa on a season-long loan from Chelsea. The agreement included an obligation for the move to become permanent if specified conditions were met. The transfer gave Garnacho an opportunity to continue his development in the Premier League under Aston Villa's management. His pace, dribbling and ability to play on either wing were among the attributes expected to strengthen the club's attacking options.<ref name="ChelseaLoan" /> == International career == Although born in Spain, Garnacho represents Argentina internationally through his maternal heritage. He initially played for Spain's under-18 team in 2021 before switching his international allegiance to Argentina. In 2022, he represented Argentina at under-20 level, scoring four goals in five appearances. His performances led to his inclusion in the senior national-team setup. Garnacho made his senior debut for Argentina in June 2023 in a friendly against Australia. He was subsequently included in Argentina's squad for the 2024 Copa América. Argentina won the tournament, giving Garnacho a major international honour early in his career. == Style of play == Garnacho primarily plays as a winger and is capable of operating on either flank. He is known for his acceleration, direct running, dribbling and willingness to take on defenders in one-on-one situations. He can cut inside from the left wing, attack the penalty area and create scoring opportunities for teammates. He has also demonstrated an ability to score from difficult positions, including his overhead kick against Everton in 2023. His playing style and goal celebrations have frequently been compared with those of Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo, whom Garnacho has cited as an influence. == Personal life == Garnacho was born to a Spanish father and an Argentine mother and holds connections to both countries. He has a younger brother. In October 2023, he announced the birth of his first child with his partner. == Career statistics == Club and international statistics change throughout a player's career. A complete statistical table should be updated using reliable, current sources before publication. == Honours == === Manchester United === * [[EFL Cup]]: 2022–23 * [[FA Cup]]: 2023–24 * [[FA Youth Cup]]: 2021–22 === Argentina === * [[Copa América]]: 2024 === Individual === * [[FIFA Puskás Award]]: 2024 * Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year: 2021–22 == References == {{reflist}} == External links == * [https://www.chelseafc.com/en/teams/profile/alejandro-garnacho Alejandro Garnacho] at Chelsea F.C. * [[:en:Alejandro_Garnacho|Alejandro Garnacho]] at Wikipedia {{Aston Villa F.C. squad}} {{Argentina national football team navbox}} 9gouanz8gunxep1eowldf737oep3kn3 3 1285931 11024577 2026-10-09T10:25:08Z ChenzwBot 16695 Adding level 1 warning about vandalism on [[Harry Potter]] (BOT) 11024577 wikitext text/x-wiki == October 2026 == [[Image:Information.svg|left|25px]] Welcome to [[Wikipedia:About|Wikipedia]]. Everyone is welcome to make useful changes to Wikipedia. However, at least one of your changes, such as the one you made to "[[:Harry Potter]]", did not seem to be helpful and has been '''automatically reverted''' by [[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]]. If you want to try out changing Wikipedia to learn more about how it works, please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]]. Thank you. *Technical details: [[Special:Diff/11024575|Edit]] (11024575) processed with score of 0.98072. *<small>As an automated computer program, ChenzwBot makes few mistakes, but it may happen in rare cases. If you believe your change was not vandalism, remove this message from your talk page, and then make the change again.</small> <!-- Template:Uw-vandalism1 --> --[[User:ChenzwBot|ChenzwBot]] ([[User talk:ChenzwBot|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/ChenzwBot|contribs]]) 10:25, 9 October 2026 (UTC) mwm4sku46lm9wle1ano7h3r9efa2215 3 1285933 11024591 2026-10-09T11:00:46Z NDG 1452189 Notification: quick deletion nomination of [[Bikaner–Pakistan prospective relations]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]]) 11024591 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Quick deletion of Bikaner–Pakistan prospective relations== [[Image:Ambox warning pn.svg|left|25px]] The page you wrote, [[:Bikaner–Pakistan prospective relations]], has been marked for [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#Quick deletion|quick deletion]]. If you think this page should be kept, please add {{tl|wait}} below the line {{tl|QD}} and say why on the [[{{TALKPAGENAME:Bikaner–Pakistan prospective relations}}|talk page]]. If the page is already gone, but you think this was a mistake, you can ask for it to be [[WP:Deletion review|undeleted]]. You can read more about the reason [[Wikipedia:Deletion policy#a7|here]].<!--Template:QD-notice end--> [[User:NDG|NDG]] ([[User talk:NDG|talk]]) 11:00, 9 October 2026 (UTC) hcz7xod09be5yq0on7zcf3hubuzilqz 4 1285934 11024593 2026-10-09T11:03:59Z Haoreima 1043157 Creating main page of the upcoming event 11024593 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{WAM |header = Wikipedia Asian Month 2026<div style="margin-right:1em; float:right;">[[File:Wikipedia Asian Month Logo.svg|350px|center|link=]]</div> |subheader = '''Wikipedia Asian Month 2026''' is an '''upcoming''' online Edit-a-thon. Its purpose is to increase understanding among Asian Wikipedia communities. It is going to take place through November 2026. The purpose of Asian Month at [[Simple English Wikipedia]] is to have more quality articles about Asian countries. The last annual edition of the event at local level took place in 2021. As a symbol of friendship, each person who creates at least '''4''' articles that meet the requirements will receive a specially designed Wikipedia postcard. The postcard will come from another country that joined in. Wikipedians who create the most articles on each Wikipedia will be honored as "Wikipedia Asian Ambassadors". <div style="text-align:center;"> <!-- Please edit the "URL" accordingly, especially the "section" number; thanks --> {{Clickable button 2|Sign up now|url={{fullurl:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Asian Month/Participants |action=edit}} |class=mw-ui-progressive}} {{Clickable button 2|Submit changes|url=https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/asian-month-simple-2026|class=mw-ui-progressive}} </div> |body = ==Rules== ''' In brief: new article, about Asia, good quality, 3,000 bytes and 300 words minimum, created during November 2026, and not a list.''' In specific: * The article must be newly created between November 1, 2026 0:00 (UTC) and November 30, 2026 23:59 (UTC); * The article must be in [[simple English]]; * The article should be at least 3,000 characters and at least about 300 words long. Only characters/words in the text count. Characters do not count if they are in infoboxes, navigational boxes, tables, images and captions, wikimarkup, references, etc.; * The article must meet requirements for notability * The article must have enough references. Doubtful or controversial statements in the article should be verifiable by the references listed in that article; * The article is not machine translated. It must have an appropriate language style; * There are no maintenance templates in the article, and none should be needed; * The article is informative; * The article is about an [[:w:List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia|Asian country or region]]. See [[:meta:Wikipedia_Asian_Month/QA|the Q&A]] for more information on acceptable topics; * Articles submitted by an organizer need to be checked by other organizers. Notes: * Due to software limitations, only registered users can participate; * In the end, human juror(s) from the local Wikipedia will determine whether an article is accepted; * If you create 4 articles that meet the requirements, you will receive a WAM postcard from one of the Asian communities; * Wikipedia Asian Ambassadors will receive a signed Certificate from Asian Affiliates, and another postcard. See [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month/QA|Q&A]] for more information; * During the judging period (December 2026), participants are free to update and expand their articles. <!--local rule, only specific to WAM at simplewiki--> ==Organizers== *{{u|Haoreima}} ==Sign up== Sign up and report your changes in the tool. <div style="text-align:center;"> <!-- Please edit the "URL" accordingly, especially the "section" number; thanks --> {{Clickable button 2|Sign up now|url={{fullurl:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Asian Month/Participants |action=edit}} |class=mw-ui-progressive}} </div> |footer = == Useful Link == {{flatlist| * [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month|Pilot page on Meta]] * [[m:Wikipedia Asian Month/Onsite edit-a-thon|Onsite edit-a-thon]] * [[m:Wikipedia_Asian_Month/QA|Q&A]] }} {{clear}} }} 6dow3xfcxrvd1v32mwu5ldiemz31v79 5 1285936 11024597 2026-10-09T11:09:57Z Haoreima 1043157 /* */ 11024597 wikitext text/x-wiki == Organisers & jury members == {{Ping|Camouflaged Mirage|つがる|BRPever|Auntof6|Hiàn}} Pinging organisers and jury members of the previous annual editions of the event, to join this year too, if they're willing to. And also inviting {{Ping|Darkfrog24}} too, who's a significant jury in FnF annually, to the event. :-) --[[User:Haoreima|'''HAOREIMA''']] ([[User talk:Haoreima|'''''Khurumjari''''']]) 11:09, 9 October 2026 (UTC) fxa6bfywxieqlpznphhtxyp33nkj4uo 0 1285937 11024601 2026-10-09T11:22:14Z ~2026-54606-82 1887508 Created page with "{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2026}} {{Infobox film | name = All-Star Superman | image = | caption = | director = [[Sam Liu]] | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Bruce Timm]] * [[Alan Burnett]] * [[Sam Register]] }} | writer = [[Dwayne McDuffie]] | based_on = {{Based on|[[All-Star Superman]]||[[Grant Morrison]]|[[Frank Quitely]]}} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[James Denton]] * [[Christina Hendricks]] * Anthony LaPaglia..." 11024601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2026}} {{Infobox film | name = All-Star Superman | image = | caption = | director = [[Sam Liu]] | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Bruce Timm]] * [[Alan Burnett]] * [[Sam Register]] }} | writer = [[Dwayne McDuffie]] | based_on = {{Based on|[[All-Star Superman]]||[[Grant Morrison]]|[[Frank Quitely]]}} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[James Denton]] * [[Christina Hendricks]] * [[Anthony LaPaglia]] }} | music = [[Christopher Drake]] | studio = {{Plain list| * [[Warner Premiere]] * [[DC Entertainment]] * [[Warner Bros. Animation]] }} | distributor = [[Warner Home Video]] | released = {{Film date|2011|02|22}} | runtime = 78 minutes | country = United States <!-- See guidelines for "Country" at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Infobox_film --> | language = English | budget = | gross = }} '''''All-Star Superman''''' is a 2011 American animated [[superhero movie]] based on [[All-Star Superman|the comic book series of the same name]] by [[Grant Morrison]] and [[Frank Quitley]], which is the tenth movie of the [[DC Universe Animated Original Movies]] and one of the final projects by writer [[Dwayne McDuffie]]. Released to direct-to-video on February 22, 2011, the day after his death, it is the first movie in the series to not receive a PG-13 rating from the [[Motion Picture Association]], instead being rated PG for "sequences of action and violence, language including brief innuendo, and some sensuality". == Plot == Dr. Leo Quintum and his team are exploring the Sun when they are attacked by a genetically enhanced clone containing a booby-trapped time bomb created by [[Lex Luthor]]. [[Superman]] stops the clone, but is exposed to an excessive amount of solar radiation. This exposure increases his powers but also begins to kill him. Luthor is arrested after an article by Clark Kent exposes his crimes and is sentenced to death. When Clark visits Luthor in prison, his energy accidentally frees [[Parasite (character)|Parasite]], whom Luthor kills in self-defense. Luthor then escapes from [[Stryker's Island]] with help from his niece, [[Nasthalthia Luthor|Nasthalthia]]. Wanting to spend as much time as possible with [[Lois Lane]], Superman reveals his secret identity to her and takes her to the [[Fortress of Solitude]]. During their visit, Superman's secretive behavior and Lois' indirect exposure to alien chemicals increase her suspicions. Superman eventually explains that he was hiding her birthday present: a serum that gives her superpowers for 24 hours. After having [[Kandor (comics)|Kandor]] enlarged on another planet, Superman encounters the [[Kryptonian]] astronauts Bar-El and Lilo, who have helped advance Earth's technology. During a confrontation with Superman, both astronauts develop a [[Kryptonite]]-related illness because their journey to Earth exposed them to Kryptonite radiation. Following their suggestion, Superman sends them to the [[Phantom Zone]] until a cure can be found. Unknown to Superman, Luthor has reprogrammed one of the [[Superman robots|robots]] in the Fortress of Solitude to steal the serum intended for Lois. After using the serum on himself, Luthor gains Superman's powers and survives his scheduled execution by electric chair. Superman discovers that Luthor's secret ally, [[Solaris (DC Comics)|Solaris]], has betrayed him by turning Earth's Sun blue. Superman confronts Solaris in space with the help of his robots. Superman's pet Sun-Eater sacrifices itself to weaken Solaris, allowing Superman to destroy it. Clark returns to the ''[[Daily Planet]]'' in a severely weakened state. After finishing his article, titled "SUPERMAN DEAD", he collapses. The staff attempts to save him but discovers that he has stopped breathing and his heart has stopped beating. Luthor arrives with Nasthalthia and attempts to kill Lois. However, Clark revives and uses a gravity gun against Luthor. As Superman's powers begin to fade, Luthor briefly experiences the world as Superman sees it. Overwhelmed by this new understanding, Luthor weeps and wishes the experience could continue. However, when he reaches for another vial of the serum, he discovers that Superman has stolen his remaining supply. Superman destroys the serum despite Luthor's protests, explaining that if Luthor truly wanted to solve the world's problems, he would have done so long ago. Luthor reluctantly admits that Superman is right. As Superman's body begins to transform into pure energy, he declares his love for Lois and gives her his cape as a keepsake. He then flies into the Sun, apparently sacrificing himself to save Earth. Quintum later visits Luthor in his cell. Having gained a new understanding of Superman and accepted his impending death, Luthor gives Quintum a formula that could redeem him for his actions: a method of recreating Superman's genetic structure using a healthy human ovum. Meanwhile, inside the Sun, Superman has become a solar being and begins activating and building machinery within it. == Cast == * [[James Denton]] as [[Superman|Kal-El / Clark Kent / Superman]]<ref name="Heat Vision">{{Cite web |last=Kit |first=Borys |date=September 16, 2010 |title=Denton, Hendricks, LaPaglia lend voices to 'All-Star Superman' (exclusive) |url=http://heatvision.hollywoodreporter.com/2010/09/james-denton-christina-hendricks-anthony-lapaglia-lend-voices-to-all-star-superman-exclusive.html#more |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918013045/http://heatvision.hollywoodreporter.com/2010/09/james-denton-christina-hendricks-anthony-lapaglia-lend-voices-to-all-star-superman-exclusive.html |archive-date=September 18, 2010 |access-date=September 17, 2010 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> * [[Christina Hendricks]] as [[Lois Lane]] / [[Superwoman]]<ref name="Heat Vision"/> * [[Anthony LaPaglia]] as [[Lex Luthor]]<ref name="Heat Vision"/> * [[Ed Asner|Edward Asner]] as [[Perry White]]<ref name="Heat Vision"/> * [[Frances Conroy]] as [[Jonathan and Martha Kent|Martha Kent]]<ref name="Heat Vision"/> * [[Linda Cardellini]] as [[Nasthalthia Luthor|Nasthalthia]]<ref name="All-Star Cast">{{Cite web |last=Harvey |first=James |date=November 30, 2010 |title=Press Release For "All-Star Superman" Home Video Release, Casting Details |url=http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/2010/11/press-release-for-all-star-superman-home-video-release-casting-details/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410110311/http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/2010/11/press-release-for-all-star-superman-home-video-release-casting-details/ |archive-date=April 10, 2015 |access-date=December 1, 2010 |publisher=worldsfinestonline.com}}</ref> * [[Cathy Cavadini]] as Floral<ref name="castandcrew"/> * [[Steve Blum]] as [[Atlas (DC Comics)|Atlas]]<ref name="castandcrew"/> * [[Obba Babatundé]] as Judge,<ref name="castandcrew">{{Cite web |last=Harvey |first=James |date=February 15, 2011 |title=Cast And Crew Details For "All-Star Superman" Animated Feature, Contest Details |url=http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/2011/02/cast-and-crew-details-for-all-star-superman-animated-feature-contest-details/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410100610/http://www.worldsfinestonline.com/2011/02/cast-and-crew-details-for-all-star-superman-animated-feature-contest-details/ |archive-date=April 10, 2015 |access-date=February 18, 2011 |publisher=worldsfinestonline.com}}</ref> Bibliobot * [[Chris Cox (voice actor)|Chris Cox]] as Lead Agent<ref name="castandcrew"/> * [[Alexis Denisof]] as Dr. Leo Quintum<ref name="castandcrew"/> * [[John DiMaggio]] as Samson<ref name="castandcrew"/> * [[Robin Atkin Downes]] as [[Solaris (DC Comics)|Solaris]]<ref name="castandcrew"/> * [[Michael Gough (voice actor)|Michael Gough]] as [[Parasite (character)|Parasite]]<ref name="castandcrew"/> * [[Matthew Gray Gubler]] as [[Jimmy Olsen]]<ref name="All-Star Cast"/> * [[Finola Hughes]] as Lilo<ref name="castandcrew"/> * [[Kevin Michael Richardson]] as [[Steve Lombard]]<ref name="castandcrew"/> * [[Fred Tatasciore]] as [[Krull (DC Comics)|Krull]]<ref name="castandcrew"/> * [[Arnold Vosloo]] as Bar-El<ref name="castandcrew"/> == Reception == Upon its release, critics received the movie very well. According to the five reviews collected on [[Rotten Tomatoes]], it has an approval rating of 80%, with an average rating of 7.0/10.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/all_star_superman|title=All-Star Superman|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|access-date=2026-07-02}}</ref> ''[[IGN]]'' gave the [[Blu-ray]] release a score of 7 out of 10 to praise the visuals but stated that "there are too many threads, too many characters and too many detours down paths that don't ammount to much in the end."<ref>{{Cite web |last=White |first=Cindy |date=February 19, 2011 |title=All Star Superman Blu-ray Review |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/02/19/all-star-superman-blu-ray-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005034510/https://www.ign.com/articles/2011/02/19/all-star-superman-blu-ray-review |archive-date=October 5, 2012 |access-date= |website=[[IGN]] |language=en}}</ref> ''[[ComicAlliance]]'' criticized some of the changes which were made in the adaptation, specifically those which involve Superman killing or allowing others to die, but concluded by calling the movie "a highly enjoyable picture, and one of DC's best offerings".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sims |first=Chris |date=February 22, 2011 |title=The 'All Star Superman' Animated Movie: One of the Best [Review] |url=http://www.comicsalliance.com/2011/02/22/all-star-superman-animated-movie-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225204657/http://www.comicsalliance.com/2011/02/22/all-star-superman-animated-movie-review/ |archive-date=February 25, 2011 |website=[[ComicsAlliance]]}}</ref> The movie earned itself $4,701,620 from domestic DVD sales and $2,474,410 from domestic Blu-ray sales, bringing its total domestic home video earnings to $7,176,030.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/All-Star-Superman#tab=summary |title=All Star Superman - DVD Sales |work=The Numbers |publisher=Nash Information Service |access-date=2014-08-24}}</ref> == Home media == The movie comes in both [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]] and includes the ''[[Superman: The Animated Series]]'' episode "Blasts From the Past"; as well as a preview of the next DC Universe Animated Original Movie, ''[[Green Lantern: Emerald Knights]]''.<ref name="All-Star Cast"/> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Other websites== {{wikiquote}} * {{Official website|https://www.warnerbros.com/movies/all-star-superman/}} * [https://www.dccomics.com/movies/all-star-superman-2011 Official DC Comics Site] * {{IMDb title|1699114|All-Star Superman}}. * [https://dcanimated.com/WF/dcuam/allstarsuperman/ ''All-Star Superman''] at The World's Finest * {{Rotten-tomatoes|All-Star Superman}} {{Superman in other media}} {{DC Comics animated films}} {{Warner Bros. animation and comics}} <!--[[WP:FILMCAT]]--> [[Category:2010s animated superhero movies]] [[Category:2010s direct-to-video animated superhero movies]] [[Category:2011 superhero movies]] [[Category:2011 English-language movies]] [[Category:2011 American animated direct-to-video movies]] [[Category:2011 movies]] [[Category:2011 science fiction movies]] [[Category:American animated science fiction movies]] [[Category:Animated movies about extraterrestrial life]] [[Category:Animated Superman movies]] [[Category:DC Universe Animated Original Movies]] [[Category:English-language action movies]] [[Category:English-language science fiction movies]] [[Category:Movies directed by Sam Liu]] [[Category:Movies with screenplays by Dwayne McDuffie]] [[Category:Warner Bros. Animation movies]] [[Category:Warner Bros. direct-to-video animated movies]] oftlc1zkhaxx7fkrw4lcot8253lribh 10 1285938 11024605 2026-10-09T11:26:08Z ~2026-54606-82 1887508 Created page with "{{Navbox | name = Superman in popular media | title = [[Superman]] [[Superman (franchise)|franchise media]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | basestyle = background-color: #DEDDE2; | group1 = Comic strips | list1 = * [[Superman (comic strip)|''Superman'' (1939–1966)]] * [[The World's Greatest Superheroes|''The World's Greatest Superheroes'' (1978–1985)]] * Superman: The Complete Comic Strips 1939–1966|''Superman: The Complete..." 11024605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Superman in popular media | title = [[Superman]] [[Superman (franchise)|franchise media]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | bodyclass = hlist | basestyle = background-color: #DEDDE2; | group1 = Comic strips | list1 = * [[Superman (comic strip)|''Superman'' (1939–1966)]] * [[The World's Greatest Superheroes|''The World's Greatest Superheroes'' (1978–1985)]] * [[Superman: The Complete Comic Strips 1939–1966|''Superman: The Complete Comic Strips 1939–1966'' (2013–present) – Reprint book collection]] | group2 = Radio | list2 = * [[The Adventures of Superman (radio series)|''The Adventures of Superman'' (US, 1940–1951)]] * [[The Adventures of Superman (BBC Radio series)|''The Adventures of Superman'' (UK, 1988)]] | group3 = Animated films | list3 = * [[Superman (1940s animated film series)|''Superman'' animated shorts (1941–1943)]] * ''[[Superman: Brainiac Attacks|Brainiac Attacks]]'' * ''[[Superman: Doomsday|Doomsday]]'' * ''[[Superman/Batman: Public Enemies]]'' * ''[[Superman/Batman: Apocalypse]]'' * ''[[Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam]]'' * ''[[All-Star Superman (film)|All-Star Superman]]'' * ''[[Superman vs. The Elite|vs. The Elite]]'' * ''[[Superman: Unbound|Unbound]]'' * ''[[The Death of Superman (film)|The Death of Superman]]'' * ''[[Reign of the Supermen (film)|Reign of the Supermen]]'' * ''[[Superman: Red Son (film)|Red Son]]'' * ''[[Superman: Man of Tomorrow|Man of Tomorrow]]'' * ''[[Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons|Battle of the Super Sons]]'' | group4 = [[Superman in film|Live-action films]] | list4 = {{navbox|subgroup | basestyle = background-color: #DEDDE2; | group1 = Serials | list1 = * [[Superman (serial)|''Superman'']] * ''[[Atom Man vs. Superman]]'' | group2 = 1950s films | list2 = * ''[[Superman and the Mole Men]]'' * ''[[Stamp Day for Superman]]'' (short film) | group3 = 1978–2006 film series | list3 = * ''[[Superman (1978 film)|Superman]]'' * ''[[Superman II]]'' ** ''[[Superman II: The Richard Donner Cut|The Richard Donner Cut]]'' * ''[[Superman III]]'' * ''[[Supergirl (1984 film)|Supergirl]]'' * ''[[Superman IV: The Quest for Peace]]'' * ''[[Superman Returns]]'' | group4 = [[DC Extended Universe]] | list4 = * ''[[Man of Steel (film)|Man of Steel]]'' * ''[[Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice]]'' * ''[[Justice League (film)|Justice League]]'' ** ''[[Zack Snyder's Justice League]]'' |group5 = [[DC Universe (franchise)|DC Universe]] |list5 = * ''[[Superman (2025 film)|Superman]]'' * ''[[Supergirl (2026 film)|Supergirl]]'' * ''[[Man of Tomorrow (film)|Man of Tomorrow]]'' }} | group5 = Documentary films | list5 = * ''[[Look, Up in the Sky: The Amazing Story of Superman]]'' * ''[[The Death of "Superman Lives": What Happened?]]'' * ''[[Super/Man: The Christopher Reeve Story]]'' | group6 = Television | list6 = {{navbox|subgroup | basestyle = background-color: #DEDDE2; | group1 = Live-action | list1 = * ''[[Adventures of Superman (TV series)|Adventures of Superman]]'' * ''[[The Adventures of Superpup]]'' * ''[[The Adventures of Superboy]]'' * ''[[Superboy (TV series)|Superboy]]'' * ''[[Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman|Lois & Clark]]'' * ''[[Smallville]]'' * ''[[Supergirl (TV series)|Supergirl]]'' * ''[[Krypton (TV series)|Krypton]]'' * ''[[Superman & Lois]]'' * ''[[The People v. Gorilla Grodd]]'' | group3 = Animation | list3 = * ''[[The New Adventures of Superman (TV series)|The New Adventures of Superman]]'' * ''[[The Adventures of Superboy (TV series)|The Adventures of Superboy]]'' * ''[[Superman (TV series)|Superman]]'' * ''[[Superman: The Animated Series|The Animated Series]]'' * ''[[Krypto the Superdog (TV series)|Krypto the Superdog]]'' * ''[[Legion of Super Heroes (TV series)|Legion of Super Heroes]]'' * ''[[My Adventures with Superman]]'' }} | group7 = Novels | list7 = * [[The Adventures of Superman (novel)|''The Adventures of Superman'' (1942)]] * ''[[Superman: Last Son of Krypton|Last Son of Krypton]]'' * ''[[Miracle Monday]]'' * ''[[Superman: Doomsday & Beyond|Doomsday & Beyond]]'' * ''[[Lois & Clark: A Superman Novel]]'' * ''[[It's Superman!]]'' * ''[[Enemies & Allies]]'' | group8 = [[List of video games featuring Superman|Video games]] | list8 = * ''[[Superman (1979 video game)|Superman]]'' (1979) * ''[[Superman: The Game]]'' (1985) * ''[[Superman (1987 video game)|Superman]]'' (1987) * ''[[Superman (1988 video game)|Superman]]'' (1988) * ''[[Superman: The Man of Steel (1989 video game)|The Man of Steel]]'' (1989) * ''[[Superman (1992 video game)|Superman]]'' (1992) * ''[[The Death and Return of Superman]]'' * ''[[Superman 64|The New Superman Adventures]]'' * ''[[Superman: Shadow of Apokolips|Shadow of Apokolips]]'' * ''[[Superman: The Man of Steel (2002 video game)|The Man of Steel]]'' (2002) * ''[[Superman: Countdown to Apokolips|Countdown to Apokolips]]'' * ''[[Superman Returns (video game)|Returns]]'' * ''[[MultiVersus]]'' | group9 = [[Music of Superman|Music]] | list9 = * [[You've Got Possibilities|"You've Got Possibilities"]] * [[Superman III (soundtrack)|''Superman III'' (soundtrack)]] * [[Superman Returns (soundtrack)|''Superman Returns'' (soundtrack)]] * [[Save Me (Remy Zero song)|"Save Me" (Remy Zero song)]] * [[Man of Steel (soundtrack)|''Man of Steel'' (soundtrack)]] * [[Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (soundtrack)|''Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice'' (soundtrack)]] * [[Metropolis Symphony]] * [[Superman (2025 soundtrack)|''Superman'' (2025 soundtrack)]] | group10 = Other media | list10 = * ''[[It's a Bird... It's a Plane... It's Superman]]'' (musical) * ''[[The Adventures of Seinfeld & Superman]]'' (advertisement) *[[Superman (pinball)|''Superman'' (pinball)]] (1979) *''[[Superman: Friends and Foes!]]'' (2025) | group11 = Related characters | list11 = * [[Lois Lane in other media]] * [[Lex Luthor in other media]] * [[Supergirl in other media]] | group12 = Related | list12 = * [[Crisis on Infinite Earths (Arrowverse)|"Crisis on Infinite Earths"]] * ''[[Hollywoodland]]'' * [[Lucy and Superman]] * "[[Man of Steel, Woman of Kleenex]]" * ''[[National Comics Publications, Inc. v. Fawcett Publications, Inc.]]'' * [[Sunman (video game)|''Sunman'' (1992 video game)]] * [[Superman curse]] * [[Superman (ice cream flavor)|Superman ice cream]] * "[[Superman and Paula Brown's New Snowsuit]]" * "[[The Reign of the Superman]]" * [[Superman and Lois Lane]] * ''[[Superman '78]]'' }}<noinclude> {{Navbox documentation}} [[Category:Superman navigational boxes]] [[Category:DC Comics navigational boxes]] [[Category:United States cinema navigational boxes]] [[Category:United States television series navigational boxes]] </noinclude> smda37pmbymu74i6phjrbn72rjhtfy3 2 1285939 11024606 2026-10-09T11:27:12Z Kamran zeb khan dir 1887509 /* */ 11024606 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kamran Zeb Khan''' '''Kamran Zeb Khan''' is a Pakistani politician from Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. He is associated with the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and contested the provincial assembly constituency of PK-16 (Lower Dir) in the 2024 general election. '''Political career''' Kamran Zeb Khan contested the 2024 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial assembly election from PK-16 as a candidate of the Pakistan Peoples Party. According to published election results, he received 10,748 votes. In July 2026, he was mentioned in reporting by ''Dawn'' as a former PPP candidate from PK-16 who participated in political activities in Lower Dir. 43aunl4zmlxszxaqt4abrmfasqftktv 11024610 11024606 2026-10-09T11:28:53Z Kamran zeb khan dir 1887509 11024610 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kamran Zeb Khan''' '''Kamran Zeb Khan''' is a Pakistani politician from Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. He is associated with the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and contested the provincial assembly constituency of PK-16 (Lower Dir) in the 2024 general election. '''Political career''' Kamran Zeb Khan contested the 2024 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial assembly election from PK-16 as a candidate of the Pakistan Peoples Party. According to published election results, he received 10,748 votes. In July 2026, he was mentioned in reporting by ''Dawn'' as a former PPP candidate from PK-16 who participated in political activities in Lower Dir. '''Education and family background''' Masters he belongs to royal family of Dir x state oy9ay9c434f47tjtwa3vglqkbldpxlx 11024612 11024610 2026-10-09T11:31:28Z Kamran zeb khan dir 1887509 /* */ 11024612 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kamran Zeb Khan''' '''Kamran Zeb Khan''' is a Pakistani politician from Lower Dir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. He is associated with the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and contested the provincial assembly constituency of PK-16 (Lower Dir) in the 2024 general election. '''Political career''' Kamran Zeb Khan contested the 2024 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provincial assembly election from PK-16 as a candidate of the Pakistan Peoples Party. According to published election results, he received 10,748 votes. In July 2026, he was mentioned in reporting by ''Dawn'' as a former PPP candidate from PK-16 who participated in political activities in Lower Dir. '''Education and family background''' Masters He Belongs to Royal Family of Dir x state bi2c6mwcw8oklgonggmpfd965gugh3b 10 1285940 11024609 2026-10-09T11:28:46Z ~2026-54606-82 1887508 Created page with "{{Navbox | name = DC Comics animated films | title = [[List of films based on DC Comics publications#Animated films|Animated films based on DC Comics]] | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | listclass = hlist | group1 = Stand-alone films | list1 = *''[[Gen¹³ (film)|Gen¹³]]'' *''[[Superman: Brainiac Attacks]]'' *''[[JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time]]'' *''[[DC Super Heroes vs. Eagle Talon]]'' *''Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons: The Movi..." 11024609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = DC Comics animated films | title = [[List of films based on DC Comics publications#Animated films|Animated films based on DC Comics]] | state = {{{state<includeonly>|autocollapse</includeonly>}}} | listclass = hlist | group1 = Stand-alone films | list1 = *''[[Gen¹³ (film)|Gen¹³]]'' *''[[Superman: Brainiac Attacks]]'' *''[[JLA Adventures: Trapped in Time]]'' *''[[DC Super Heroes vs. Eagle Talon]]'' *''[[Deathstroke: Knights & Dragons: The Movie]]'' *''[[DC League of Super-Pets]]'' *''[[Scooby-Doo! and Krypto, Too!]]'' | group2 = [[DC Animated Universe]] | list2 = *''[[Batman: Mask of the Phantasm]]'' *''[[Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero]]'' *''[[Batman Beyond: Return of the Joker]]'' *''[[Batman: Mystery of the Batwoman]]'' **''[[Chase Me]]'' *''[[Batman and Harley Quinn]]'' *''[[Justice League vs. the Fatal Five]]'' | group3 = [[DC Universe Animated Original Movies|DCU Animated<br />Original Movies]] | list3 = {{Navbox|subgroup |group1 = Stand-alone<br />feature films |list1 = *''[[Superman: Doomsday]]'' *''[[Justice League: The New Frontier]]'' *''[[Wonder Woman (2009 film)|Wonder Woman]]'' *''[[Green Lantern: First Flight]]'' *''[[Batman: Under the Red Hood]]'' *''[[All-Star Superman (film)|All-Star Superman]]'' *''[[Green Lantern: Emerald Knights]]'' *''[[Superman vs. The Elite]]'' *''[[Superman: Unbound]]'' *''[[Justice League: Gods and Monsters]]'' *''[[Batman: The Killing Joke (film)|Batman: The Killing Joke]]'' *''[[Batman: Gotham by Gaslight|Batman: Gotham by Gaslight]]'' *''[[Superman: Red Son (film)|Superman: Red Son]]'' *''[[Batman: Soul of the Dragon]]'' *''[[Injustice (2021 film)|Injustice]]'' *''[[Catwoman: Hunted]]'' *''[[Batman and Superman: Battle of the Super Sons]]'' *''[[Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham (film)|Batman: The Doom That Came to Gotham]]'' *''[[Watchmen (2024 film)|Watchmen]]'' *''[[Batman: Knightfall (film)|Batman: Knightfall]]'' |group2 = ''Superman/Batman'' |list2 = *''[[Superman/Batman: Public Enemies]]'' *''[[Superman/Batman: Apocalypse]]'' |group3 = [[JLA (comic book)|JLA]] |list3 = *''[[Justice League: Crisis on Two Earths]]'' *''[[Justice League: Doom]]'' |group4 = ''Millerverse'' |list4 = *''[[Batman: Year One (film)|Batman: Year One]]'' *''[[Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (film)|Batman: The Dark Knight Returns]]'' |group5 = ''Other Universes'' |list5 = *''[[Batman: Gotham Knight]]'' (''Dark Knight'' Trilogy) *''[[Batman: Assault on Arkham]]'' ''([[Batman: Arkham|Arkhamverse]])'' *''[[Justice League x RWBY: Super Heroes & Huntsmen]]'' ''([[RWBY]])'' |group6 = [[DC Animated Movie Universe|DC Animated<br />Movie Universe]] |list6 = *''[[Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox]]'' *''[[Justice League: War]]'' *''[[Son of Batman]]'' *''[[Justice League: Throne of Atlantis]]'' *''[[Batman vs. Robin]]'' *''[[Batman: Bad Blood]]'' *''[[Justice League vs. Teen Titans]]'' *''[[Justice League Dark (film)|Justice League Dark]]'' *''[[Teen Titans: The Judas Contract]]'' *''[[Suicide Squad: Hell to Pay]]'' *''[[The Death of Superman (film)|The Death of Superman]]'' *''[[Constantine: City of Demons|Constantine: City of Demons – The Movie]]'' *''[[Reign of the Supermen (film)|Reign of the Supermen]]'' *''[[Batman: Hush (film)|Batman: Hush]]'' *''[[Wonder Woman: Bloodlines]]'' *''[[Justice League Dark: Apokolips War]]'' *''[[Superman: Man of Tomorrow]]'' *''[[Justice Society: World War II]]'' *''[[Batman: The Long Halloween (film)|Batman: The Long Halloween]]'' *''[[Green Lantern: Beware My Power]]'' *''[[Legion of Super-Heroes (film)|Legion of Super-Heroes]]'' *''[[Justice League: Warworld]]'' *''[[Justice League: Crisis on Infinite Earths]]'' | group7 = ''[[DC Universe Animated Original Movies#DC Showcase|DC Showcase]]'' | list7 = *''[[DC Showcase: The Spectre|The Spectre]]'' *''[[DC Showcase: Jonah Hex|Jonah Hex]]'' *''[[DC Showcase: Green Arrow|Green Arrow]]'' *''[[Superman/Shazam!: The Return of Black Adam]]'' *''[[DC Showcase: Catwoman|Catwoman]]'' *''[[DC Showcase: Sgt. Rock|Sgt. Rock]]'' *''[[DC Showcase: Death|Death]]'' *''[[DC Showcase: The Phantom Stranger|The Phantom Stranger]]'' *''[[DC Showcase: Adam Strange|Adam Strange]]'' *''[[Batman: Death in the Family]]'' }} | group4 = Batman | list4 = {{Navbox|subgroup | group4 = [[Batman (TV series)|1960s TV series]] | list4 = *''[[Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders]]'' *''[[Batman vs. Two-Face]]'' | group5 = ''[[Batman Unlimited]]'' | list5 = *''[[Batman Unlimited: Animal Instincts]]'' *''[[Batman Unlimited: Monster Mayhem]]'' *''[[Batman Unlimited: Mechs vs. Mutants]]'' | group6 = ''Batman Ninja'' | list6 = *''[[Batman Ninja]]'' *''[[Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League]]'' | group7 = ''Stand-alone'' | list7 = *''[[The Batman vs. Dracula]]'' *''[[Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold]]'' *''[[Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' *''[[Merry Little Batman]]'' *''[[Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires]]'' }} | group7 = ''[[Teen Titans (TV series)|Teen Titans]]'' and<br />''[[Teen Titans Go!]]'' | list7 = *''[[Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo]]'' *''[[Teen Titans Go! To the Movies]]'' *''[[Teen Titans Go! vs. Teen Titans]]'' * ''[[Teen Titans Go! See Space Jam]]'' *''[[Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse]]'' | group8 = ''[[DC Super Hero Girls]]'' | list8 = *''[[DC Super Hero Girls: Super Hero High]]'' *''[[DC Super Hero Girls: Hero of the Year]]'' *''[[DC Super Hero Girls: Intergalactic Games]]'' *''[[DC Super Hero Girls: Legends of Atlantis]]'' *''[[Teen Titans Go! & DC Super Hero Girls: Mayhem in the Multiverse]]'' | group9 = Lego DC<br />Comics films | list9 = {{Navbox|subgroup |group1 = ''Lego DC Comics<br />Super Heroes'' |list1 = *''[[Lego Batman: The Movie&nbsp;– DC Super Heroes Unite]]'' *''[[Lego DC Comics: Batman Be-Leaguered|Batman Be-Leaguered]]'' *''[[Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League vs. Bizarro League|Justice League vs. Bizarro League]]'' *''[[Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League&nbsp;– Attack of the Legion of Doom|Justice League&nbsp;– Attack of the Legion of Doom]]'' *''[[Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League&nbsp;– Cosmic Clash| Justice League&nbsp;– Cosmic Clash]]'' *''[[Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Justice League&nbsp;– Gotham City Breakout|Justice League&nbsp;– Gotham City Breakout]]'' *''[[Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: The Flash|The Flash]]'' *''[[Lego DC Comics Super Heroes: Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis|Aquaman – Rage of Atlantis]]'' *''[[Lego DC Batman: Family Matters|Batman: Family Matters]]'' *''[[Lego DC Shazam! Magic and Monsters|Shazam! Magic and Monsters]]'' |group2 = ''Lego DC Super Hero Girls'' |list2 = *''[[Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Brain Drain]]'' *''[[Lego DC Super Hero Girls: Super-Villain High]]'' |group3 = [[The Lego Movie (franchise)|''The Lego Movie'' franchise]] |list3 = *''[[The Lego Batman Movie]]'' }} | group10 = See also | list10 = *[[Superman (1940s animated film series)|''Superman'' animated theatrical shorts]] *[[List of unproduced DC Comics projects]] }}<noinclude> {{Navbox documentation}} [[Category:Animated film series navigational boxes]] [[Category:DC Comics navigational boxes|Animated films]] [[Category:Sci-fi film navigational boxes]] [[Category:United States cinema navigational boxes]] </noinclude> o41oh5gdhh85p55soa84cful8oo7zd2 0 1285941 11024611 2026-10-09T11:31:25Z ~2026-54606-82 1887508 Created page with "#REVIEW:[[All-Star Superman (movie)]]" 11024611 wikitext text/x-wiki #REVIEW:[[All-Star Superman (movie)]] a2ds08bsqxstdjbbxp2m9mgxllpkuah 11024614 11024611 2026-10-09T11:33:11Z ~2026-54606-82 1887508 Redirected page to [[All-Star Superman (movie)]] 11024614 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[All-Star Superman (movie)]] t7qd74mpbmukzqf3bud3c5d1qd52sr8