Wikipedia snwiki https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peji_Rekutanga MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 9180 113620 106163 2026-05-25T01:20:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113620 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Musimboti''' (kureva ''essence, focal point, support structure'')<ref>Eco-Ed, 2013 30 Chikunguru, [https://www.facebook.com/ecoedtrust/posts/-we-have-been-asked-the-meaning-of-musimboti-when-one-builds-a-typical-african-r/554028617987730/ "Meaning of Musimboti"] Facebook, Yakaringwa: 4 Kubvumbi 2023.</ref> === Mamwe mashoko === * [[Usimboti]] (''essence'')<ref>Vashona, Ndira 29 2020, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230423134541/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/sn/musimboti "musimboti"] Yakaringwa: 4 Kubvumbi 2023</ref> * [[gundumbwiri]] == Mabviro eruzivo == [[Category:Mabizo eChishona]] d419j8i8yuoyj11tlbb27llr8hcr8le 0 12318 113619 104251 2026-05-25T01:12:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113619 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mauro''' (kureva ''twilight'')<ref>Vashona, 6 Ndira 2020, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230122160409/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/sn/mauro#:~:text=%2Fmaur%C3%B3%2F,origins%3A%20Zezuru%20English%20translation%20twilight "Mauro"] Yakaringwa 23 Ndira 2023</ref> i[[chiedza]] chinovoniwa mushure mekubuda kwezuva nokuvira kwezuva kana munguva zuva rarinenge riri 18¡ nyasi kwe [[jengachenga]]. == Ringai zve: == * [[Madeko]], [[Madekwana]] * [[Rudeukira]] * [[Utonga]] * [[Manheru]], [[Manhoko]] == Mabviro eruzivo: == [[Category:Mayuniti e nguva]] [[Category:Nguva]] 5qylapbo54wv9mbm2hdykq8acd6vc0u 0 17792 113625 95395 2026-05-25T02:12:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113625 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siki'''<ref>https://revisionnotes.co.zw/siki</ref> ([[Chingezi]]: Sexually transmitted infections) kana kuti '''zvirwere zvinoparira pabonde''' zvinoreva zvirwere zvinotapukira pa[[bonde]]. == Zvimwe zvinyorwa == === Mitauro yeBantu === *[[VaLozi]] vanoti '''mukau''' (n. venereal disease causing pain in the loins and the presence of blood in urine). === Mashoko ashandiswa === * [[Uchatsuro]] (''infection'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/infection |accessdate=2022-06-05 |archive-date=2025-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251127132018/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/infection |deadurl=yes }}</ref> == Mamwe mapeji ekutarisa: == * [[Njofe]] == Mabviro eruzivo: == [[Category:Zvirwere zvepabonde uye uchatsuro]] d09km2zflc62p72vp1phwzun4buvtyq 0 18658 113624 111031 2026-05-25T02:08:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113624 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:KingShaka.jpg|thumb|308x308px|[[1824]] Mufungo wemuEuropean wemuShaker ane refu kukanda [[assegai]] uye inorema nhovo. Hapana mifananidzo kubva muhupenyu inozivikanwa.<ref>Johanneson et al. 2011, p. 150.</ref> ]] Va'''Shaka kaSenzangakhona''' (<abbr>c.</abbr> Chikunguru 1787 – 22 Gunyana 1828), vaizivikanwa sa Va'''Shaka Zulu''' kana Va'''Sigidi kaSenzangakhona''' vaive Mambo we[[Umambo hwe Zulu]] kubva muna[[1816]] kusvika [[1828]]. Vaive pakati pemadzishe vanorangarirwa sevaive nepemhezvedzero huru muhumambo hwe [[Vazulu]]. Vakaronganisa chanduko yakasvika kuzhinji yezvokuronga mawuto kumaita akasimbarara kwazvo. Mambo Shaka vakazvarwa mumwedzi wechamwedzi weChikunguru (unozivikanwa naMazulu se ''uNtulikazi'') mugore ra1787, mu [[Melmoth, KwaZulu Natal|Mthonjaneni]], mu[[Dunhu re Kwazulu Natali]], [[Afurika Chamhembe]]. Vaive mukororo wamambo weMazulu, Va[[Senzangakhona kaJama]], vakasvodiwa seumwana waisava wepamutemo. VaShaka vakakura uzhinji weuhwana hwavo muvugarirwa hwa amai wavo, kwavaka[[gededzwa]]<ref group="C">'''initiate, initiated'''., kugeda, kugededzwa.</ref><ref>Vashona Project, (2015), [https://web.archive.org/web/20240520121912/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/initiate 'initiate'] Yakaringwa: 2024</ref> mu''ibutho lempi'' (mawuto ehondo), vachi[[Kudubvudza|dubvudza]]<ref group="C">'''serve.,''' ''kudubvudza'' </ref><ref>Vashona Project, (2015), [https://web.archive.org/web/20240520121913/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/serve 'serve'] yakaringwa: 2024</ref> semurwi pasi pa Ishe [[Dingiswayo]]. == Mabviro eruzivo == ^{'''C''' = Chirevo.} [[Category:Vazulu]] [[Category:Vandebele]] [[Category:Vanhu]] [[Category:Madzimambo]] [[Category:Madzimambo eVazulu]] <references /> <references group="C" responsive="" /> 0zq2fz45642j5y65qq9oswo2mow3rdl 0 20145 113623 93869 2026-05-25T01:53:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113623 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Noon]] mutauro unowanikwa ku[[Senegal]]. ==Mazwi Anotodza Shona== *Noon inoti lin (v. cultivate) kureva [[kurima]]. Mamwe mazwi: *Noon inoti sel (n. bird) kureva [[shiri]]. Mamwe mazwi: *Noon inoti soot (be angry) kureva [[kushatirwa]]. Mamwe mazwi: ==Mamwe Mazwi== *Noon inoti beti (n. woman) kureva [[mukadzi]]. Mamwe mazwi: mba:san (yellow). *Noon inoti ndam (glory) kureva [[mbiri]]. Mamwe mazwi: ki-nam (eat) kureva [[kudya]]. *Noon inoti dek (n. town, village, country) kureva [[dhorobha]]. Mamwe mazwi: hal (n. door). *Noon inoti hay (come) kureva [[huya]]. Mamwe mazwi: may (v. suck) kureva [[kuyamwa]]. *Noon inoti musu (n. water) kureva [[mvura]]. Mamwe mazwi: lom (buy) kutenga. *Noon inoti kaani (n. chilli) kureva [[mhiripiri]]. Mamwe mazwi: jokon (finger) kureva [[munwe]]. *Noon inoti oomaa (n. child) kureva [[mwana]]. Mamwe mazwi: yaal (n. man) kureva [[murume]]. *Noon inoti faan (n. body) kureva [[muviri]]. Mamwe mazwi: maraa (n. salt) kureva [[munyu]]. *Noon inoti kumun (n. nose) kureva [[mhuno]]. Mamwe mazwi: kul (n. land). *Noon inoti dutut (n. dark place) kureva [[pane rima]]. Mamwe mazwi: bukaan (n. family). *Noon inoti tum (v. do, make) kureva [[kuita]]. Mamwe mazwi: maalu (n. rice). *Noon inoti tam (be hot) kureva [[kupisa]]. Mamwe mazwi: kom (part, piece). *Noon inoti cipan (n. wedding) kureva [[muchato]]. Mamwe mazwi: gen (n. many, numerous). *Noon inoti guruu' (cut) kureva [[kucheka]]. Mamwe mazwi: wati (n. today) kureva [[nhasi]]. *Noon inoti karam (recently). Mamwe mazwi: kim (n. morning) kureva [[mangwanani]]. *Noon inoti dooli (strong) kureva [[chakasimba]]. Mamwe mazwi: boni (bad). *Noon inoti sam (be little) kureva [[kushomeka]]. Mamwe mazwi: dek (v. live). *Noon inoti ee (yes) kureva [[ehe]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28800/1/10672968.pdf |accessdate=2022-04-22 |archive-date=2020-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213035049/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/28800/1/10672968.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[Category:Mitauro yeAfrica]] [[Category:Mitauro yeSenegal]] 4kdugjjq0do9hvgur7fpblmqfv97awo 0 20329 113611 111028 2026-05-25T00:08:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113611 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Azote'''<ref>Vashona, 2015, [https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/nitrogen "Nitrogen"] Duramazwi re Vashona. Yakatariswa: 5 Chivabvu 2022</ref><ref>[https://github.com/kasahorow/kwl/blob/master/data/english_shona_woaka.tsv "Duramazwi e Chishona"]</ref> (ku[[Chingezi]] ''nitrogen'') kana '''nito''', i[[Nhangande ye chemushonga|nhangande yechemushonga]] ine chiratidzo '''N''' ne [[chiperengo che atoma]] cha [[Nomwe|nomwe (7)]]. Azote i-[[sinasimbi]]<ref group="C">'''non-metallic.,''' kubva pakuti "sina" - ''<nowiki/>'non, without'<nowiki/>'', na "simbi" - '<nowiki/>''metal; metallic'''</ref> uye chikamu chakarerukisisa muboka re gumineshanu (15) murupotera rwe nhangande, anovanzodanwa kunzi [[dzisikazote]]<ref group="C">'''nictogens.''', kubva pakuti "sika" - ''<nowiki/>'gen-, create''', na "azote, nito" - ''<nowiki/>'nicto-, nitrogen'.'' <small>Risikanito/risikazote (ushoma), dzisikanito/zote (uwandu).</small></ref>. Inhangande isingakoni kuwanikwa mu[[rudunhumwe]], inofungairwa kuwapanzvimbo yechinomwe pakuwanda mu[[Gwararezhou]] ne [[Mutandira weZuva|Mutandira we Mushana]]. Pahujoto ne [[nzvinya]]<ref group="C">'''Pressure'''., imwenzira yekuti "kumanikidzwa" Vashona Project, (2019), [https://web.archive.org/web/20240520093454/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/sn/nzvinya ''<nowiki/>'nzvinya'''] Yakaringwa 15 Chivabvu 2024.</ref> dzakajairika, mahatoma maviri, enhangande anobatana ovumba N₂, gasi ye maatoma maviri isina ruvara kana hwema. N₂ inovumba muzana wemakumimanomwe-nesere (78%) e[[jingamweya re Rinopasi]], zvichibva zvariisa pamusoro senhangande inowanikwa kakurusa isina kugumbanidzwa<ref group="C">combined., added. "kugumbanidzwa; kukumbanidzwa"</ref> iri mumweya. Nekuda kwevupapariko<ref group="C">Vashona Project, (2015), [https://web.archive.org/web/20240520093454/https://vashona.com/sn/dictionary/en/being%20volatile ''<nowiki/>'being volatile''']. Kubva pakuti "kupaparika".</ref> hwe [[Mbundanirwa|mambundanirwa]]<ref group="C">'''compound.,''' </ref> eazote, inhangande yeushomekari muzvikamu zvekaoma zve [[Rinopasi]]. Yakatanga [[Kubvumbunura|kubvumbunurwa]]<ref group="C">'''discovered'''., </ref> nekupatsanururwa na chiremba wechiSkoti [[Daniel Rutherford]] muna-[[1772]] uye na [[Carl Wilhelm Scheele]] pachake, na [[Henry Cavendish]] munguva yaivepedyo. Zita rokuti ''nitrogène'' raka[[Kuyambisa|yambiswa]] na [[mhizhamushonga]] wechiFurenji [[Jean-Antoine-Claude Chaptal]] muna[[1790]] pazvakawanikwa kuti azote yainge iri mu[[nyong'o ye rw'azote]]<ref group="C">'''nitric acid.,'''</ref> uye [[maazoteri]]<ref group="C">'''nitrates.,'''</ref>. [[Antoine Lavoisier]] akayambisa zita rokuti azote, kubva paku[[Chigiriki-chekare]] ἀζωτικός "pasina vupenyu", nekudakwokuti raive [[gasi inovhumidzisa]]<ref group="C">'''asphyxiant gas.,''' </ref>. Azote yechinhangande inowanzo gadzirwa nemweya ne [[ruambahweza]]<ref group="C">'''technology'''., kumba pakuti 'eza, hueza; hweza' - ''<nowiki/>'art, craft','' na "ruamba, unena" ''<nowiki/>'-logy, study'''</ref> rwe [[runamatiro nemushanduruko wenzvinya]]<ref group="C">'''pressure swing adsorption.''', kureva "kunamatira kwe[zvinhu] nekuda kwekushanduka kwe nzvinya/puresha".</ref>. Pamusviko wembiri-dzemunhatu (2/3) dzeazote yechinhangande inogadzirwa [[zvepamutengeso]]<ref group="C">'''commercial.,''' </ref> inoshandiswa segasi iri ineti<ref group="C">'''inert'''., hapasati pave neshoko reChishona</ref> (isina-ufemo) pakuita nezvepamutengeso senge kuphekeja chikafu, uye uwandu hwayo hwunoshandiswa se[[azote yeumadzi]] muzviiswa zve[[rusikarutonho]]<ref group="C">'''cryogenic'''., kureva "zvehujoto hwakatonhora". Kubva pakuti "sika" - ''<nowiki/>'gen-, create'<nowiki/>'' uye "kutonhora", ''<nowiki/>'cryo-, cold'''</ref>. Huzhinji hwe mambundanirwa akakosha muhushangazhi, senge [[amoniya]]<ref group="A">'''ammonia.,''' </ref>, nyong'o yerw'azote, maazoteri echerumhenyu<ref group="C">'''organic'''., </ref> ([[chityovhesi]]<ref group="C">'''propellant'''., kubva pakuti "kutyovha, kuchovha", nekumwe kutaura tingait 'kuchovha.' Zvinoreva "chinhu chinowedzera ito yekuita zviro, chinotyovhesa zvimwe."</ref>, uye [[Chiputiko|zviputiko]]), [[masiyanidhi]]<ref group="A">'''cyanides'''.,</ref>, aneazote. [[Musungo weutatu]]<ref group="C">'''triple bond'''.,</ref> wakasimba kakuru kwazvo muazote yechinhangande (N=N), musungo wechipiri pakusimva mumamorikyuri yemaatoma maviri mushure me[[Chimurasha chenyong'omwe|chimurasha chenyong'omwe (CO)]]<ref group="C">'''carbon monoxide.''', kubva pakuti "chimurasha, kabhoni', ''<nowiki/>'carbon = coal'<nowiki/>'', ne "nyong'omwe', ''<nowiki/>'mono = single, one' + 'oxide = acid, sharp'''</ref>, inokurira chemushonga cheazote. Izvi zvinokonzeresa kukoniwa kwe[[Chinyanhengo|zvinyanhengo]] ne hushangazhi pakushandurudzwa N₂ kuva[[Mbundanirwa rechemushonga|mambundanirwa]] anemushando, asi pamwepo zvinoreva kuti kupisa, kuputisa, kana kubvurunura mambundanirwa eazote kuitira kuwumba gasi ye azote zvinobuditsa huwandu hwukuru hwe[[ito]]<ref group="C">'''energy.,'''</ref> inemushando. Amoniya ne maazoteri anogadzirwa zve[[ukotsvanidzwa]]<ref group="C">'''synthetic.,''' </ref> akakosha mufetiraiza yechishangazhi, uye maazoteri efetiraiza i[[tsviniso]]<ref group="C">'''pollutants'''., </ref> dzakakosha mu[[Utyofikechi|kutyofikechwa]]<ref group="A">'''eutrophication'''., pachirikudingwa zita rechivanhu.</ref> kwe mitandira ye mvura. Kunze kwekushandiswa mumafetiraiza nemukubangwa kwe ito, azote chikamu chemabundanirwa echerumhenyu anosiyana-siyana se[[Aramidha|maaramidha]]<ref group="A">'''aramids'''., aromatic polyamides </ref> anoshandiswa munduko dzesimba-huru ne [[sayanoakrireti]]<ref group="A">'''cyanoacrylate'''., </ref> anoshandiswa mu[[namiridzidzo]]<ref group="C">'''superglue'''., iyo yamazuva ose ichingonzi '''[[namiso]]'''.</ref>. Azote inowanikwa mu[[Chinyanhengo|zvinyanhengo]] zvose, kunyanya mu[[dzinyong'o dzeamino]] (uyezve mu[[Chiakanyama|zvwakanyama]]<ref group="C">'''protein.,''' </ref>), mu[[dzinyong'o dzerusomo]] (DNA<ref group="CA">'''deoxyribonucleic acid'''., de + oxy + ribose + nucleic acid Chirevo kuChivanhu tinoti, 'morekyuri renyong'o ririmu-usomo rinetsvigiri yakarasa ufemo umwe', tichitodza chirevo kuChivanhu.</ref> ne RNA<ref group="A">'''ribonucleic acid.,'''</ref>) uye mumorekyuri rinotapuridza ito rinonzi [[adhenosini terafosifeti]]<ref group="A">'''adenosine triphosphate.,''' </ref>. Mwiri wemunhu une muzana wechitatu (3%) we ndemu ye azote, ichiva nhangande yechina pakuwanda mumwiri ichitevera [[ufemo]], [[chimurasha]], ne [[husikamadzi]]<ref group="C">oxygen, carbon, hydrogen</ref>. [[Rudzovo rwe azote]]<ref group="C">'''nitrogen cycle.,''' </ref> rwunotsanangura kufamba kwe nhangande mumweya, ichipinda mu[[jingabenyu]] ne mambundanirwa echerumhenyu, ichizodzoka mu[[jingamweya]]. Azote inoshandiswa mumadharaki mazhinji anoshandiswa kurapa, zvichisanganisa [[makazautachiwana]]<ref group="C">'''antibiotics.,''' </ref>. Madharaki mazhinji anoitazvekutevedza kana maprodrugs eazote yechekusikwa ine[[Kuninira kwenyere|mamorekyuri anoninira]]<ref group="C">'''signal molecules.,''' </ref> : semuenzaniso, maazote echerumhenyu [[nitirogiriseni]]<ref group="A">'''nitroglycerine.,''' kuChivanhu imorekyuri rine azote ne nyong'o ne doro rinozipa. azote + nyong'o + doro + nzipo/zipo</ref> ne [[nitiropurisidhi]]<ref group="A">nitroprusside., imorekyuri rine azote + nyong'o + iron cyanide-nitric oxide complex ion</ref> anodzoredza [[nzvinya ye ropa]]<ref group="C">'''blood pressure.,'''</ref> nekuimetabholaiza kuva [[chitutso che azote]]<ref group="C">'''nitric oxide.,'''</ref>. Madharaki anozivikwa ane azote, kusanganiswa dzekusikwa senge [[kafeni]] ne [[morufini]] kana iyo [[amufetamini]] yeukotsvanidzwa, dzinoshanda pamarhiseputa e[[Nyurotiranzimita|manyurotiranzimita]]<ref group="A">'''neurotransmitters.,'''</ref> emhuka. Tafura ye horokodza {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |<big>Azote</big> |- !Marotlopi<ref group="CA">'''allotropes.,''' ''rotlopi'' kuChivanhu kutodza Chingezi.</ref>: |tarisai chikamu chemarotlopi eAzote |- !Ratidziko: |gasi isina ruvara, [[mutuvi]], [[godo]] |- !Uremu weatoma ''A''_r°(N): | * [14.00643, 14.00728] * 14.007±0.001 (abridged) |- ! colspan="2" |Azote muTafura ye Nhangande |- | colspan="2" | |- !Chiperengo cheatoma (''Z'') |7 |- !Boka: |boku 15 (pdzisikazote) |- !Rupotera: |rupotera 2 |- !Bhuroku: |bhuroku-p |- ![[Jenganiso]] yemhodzgetsi: |[He] 2s² 2p³ |- !Mhodzigetsi pagoko: |2, 5 |- ! colspan="2" |Mutumbi we miriki |- !Fezi pa STP: |gasi |- !Poyindi yekunyauka: |(N₂) 63.23 K ​ (−209.86 °C, ​−345.75 °F) |- !Poyindi ye[[kufanza]]: |(N₂) 77.355 K ​ (−195.795 °C, ​−320.431 °F) |- !Dhenziti (pa STP) |1.2506 g/L at 0 °C, 1013 mbar |- !Semutuvi (pa <abbr>b.p.</abbr>) |0.808 g/cm³ |- !Poyindi itatu: |63.151 K, ​12.52 kPa |- !Poyindi iri kiritikari: |126.21 K, 3.39 MPa |- !Dziya ye[[kunyenguka]]: |(N₂) 0.72 kJ/mol |- !Kudziya kwe[[kupfunga]]: |(N₂) 5.57 kJ/mol |- !Kapasiti ye kudziya kwechi-molar: |(N₂) 29.124 J/(mol·K) |- ! colspan="2" |'''Nzvinya ye [[mupfunga]]:''' |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" !<abbr>''P''</abbr> (Pa) !1 !10 !100 !1 k !10 k !100 k |- !at <abbr>''T''</abbr> (K) |37 |41 |46 |53 |62 |77 |} |- ! colspan="2" |Miriki ye Hatomu |- !Umiriro ye [[Rututsiro]]: |'''−3''', −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, '''+3''', +4, '''+5''' (chitutso chine nyong'o yakasimba) |- ![[Uhwaradadahwegetsi]]: (''Electronegativity'') |Pauling scale: 3.04 |- ![[Ito]] ye[[kunonda]]: | * 1st: 1402.3 kJ/mol * 2nd: 2856 kJ/mol * 3rd: 4578.1 kJ/mol * (more) |- !Rhedhiyasi ye Gombedzwana: |71±1 pm |- !Rhedhiyasi ye Vhandewaarusi: |155 pm |- ! colspan="2" |Mitsara yeunangazire we Azote |- ! colspan="2" |Dzimwe Miriki |- !Chiitiko [[murusikwa]]: |primordial |- !Jenganiso ye njenjeka: |hexagonal |- !Spidhi ye ruzha: |353 m/s (gas, at 27 °C) |- !Thermal conductivity: |25.83×10⁻³ W/(m⋅K) |- !Raya re magineti: |huguramagineti |- !Chiperengo che CAS: |17778-88-0 7727-37-9 (N₂) |- ! colspan="2" |Nhoroondo |- !Kuvhumburwa: |Daniel Rutherford ([[1772]]) |- !Yakatumidzwa na: |Jean-Antoine Chaptal ([[1790]]) |- | colspan="2" | {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="5" |[[Enzanhara]] huru ye Azote |- !Enzanhara !Uzhinji !Chidimbu-Upenyu (''t''_1/2) !Modhi ye bvurunuro !Purodhakiti |- !¹³N |syn |9.965 min |ε |¹³C |- !¹⁴N |99.6% | colspan="3" |stable |- !¹⁵N |0.4% | colspan="3" |stable |} |} == Zita == === Unenashoko === Zita iri rinowanikwa ku Chistandadhi Shona, hariko kuChishona chakadzama saka rinogona kunge richibva ku[[Chiputukezi]] kunyangwe zvisina kugwarwa paDuramazwi reVashona. MuChiputukezi iyo nitrojeni inonzi ''azoto'' kana ''azote''. Zita rokuti sikanito ririkubva pachirevo che[[Chingezi]], ''nitrogen'' kana rikapatsanurwa shoko rokuti ''nitro'' ndiro "nito" muChishona uye chivakamberi ''-gen'' zvinoreva kuti "sika; umba; gadzirwa ne-". Sika shoko rokuti ''nitrogen'' ndiro sikanito kana umbanito. === Chibanthu === Mazita renhangande zhinji haawanikwi kumitauro yakawanda ye[[ChiBantu|Chibanthu]]. Chiswahiri pachinoshaya mazwi rinotora kubva ku[[Chiarabhu]] nokuti kubva kudhara wakambo tora mazwi kubva kumutaura wacho. Mitauro zhinji yeku[[Mabvazuva eAfurika|Mabvazuva kwe Afurika]] inotodza Chiswahiri saka inowanzo tora wo mazita ezvinhu kubva kuChiswahiri nokuti chinotaurwa vanhu hobho. * [[Swahili|Chiswahiri]] chinoti: '''Nitrojeni'''<ref>[[:sw:Nitrojeni|sw:wiki]]</ref> kutodza Chingezi. * Ku[[Chindevele]], [[Chizulu]] ne [[Xhosa|Chixhosa]] inonzi: '''I-Nitrogeni''' * [[Chingala]] chinoti: '''Azoti'''<ref>[[:ln:Azoti|ln:wiki]]</ref> * [[Venda|Chivhenda]] chinoti: '''naiṱhrodzheni'''<ref name=":0">https://web.archive.org/web/20220625054645/http://www.dac.gov.za/sites/default/files/terminology/natural-sciences-and-technology-for-grade-4-to-6%20Ven.pdf Peji 113. Yakatariswa: 5 Chivabvu 2022</ref> * [[Tsonga|Chitsonga]] choti wo: nayitirojeni<ref name=":0" /> == Mabviro eruzivo == ^{'''C''' = chirevo pachivanhu. '''A''' = Anodinga uturikiso pachivanhu.} [[Category:Azote]] [[Category:Nhangande dze Chemushonga]] <references /> [[Category:Chemishonga]] <references group="C" /> <references group="A" /> a1xh0io7qboc3gzxl262kpxvq018owo 0 20527 113627 110612 2026-05-25T02:38:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113627 wikitext text/x-wiki ''<small>Tarisai futi [[Nhangande yeMushonga|Nhangande dzemushonga]] uye [[Nhangande]]</small>'' '''Nhangande dze mushonga''' zvinoreva ku [[Chirungu|Chingezi]] kuti ''chemical elements''. Peji rinori ndere '''udorongodzwa hwe nhangande dze mushonga,''' kureva nhangande dzinowanikwa mu[[tafura ye rupotero]] mu [[ChiShona|Chishona]]. Mashoko aripano anogona kunge asingawanikwi kuChishona chamazuva ose, izvi ndezvekuda kwekuti tiri kuzama kuumba mutauro saka mamwe mashoko arikutogwa kubva mimwe [[mitauro ye Chibantu]] kana yemuno mu[[Africa|Afurika]]. Uyezve mamwe mashoko anenge achitoorwa kubva kwaakabva senge [[Chiratini]], [[Chigiriki]], [[Chiarabhu]] (kana [[Chiswahili|Chiswahiri]]), [[Chiperusiya]] uye wo Chiijipita Chekare (Chikemeti). Chimwe chinhu chokuziva ndechokuti Chishona chakagara chichikumbira mashoko kubva kumimwe mitauro senge [[Chiputukezi]], Chiswahiri, [[Chingezi]], [[Chibhunu]]. Pamusoro pezvo tinotora kubva kumitauro iri muboka re[[mitauro ye Chivanhu]] (Chishona) senge: [[Chikaranga]], [[Chindau]], [[Chimanyika]], [[Chizezuru]], [[Chikalanga]], [[Chinambya]] uye mimwe ine hukama huri pedyo senge [[Chivhenda]], [[Chitonga]] kana [[Chitsonga]]. == Udorongodzwa == {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" ! colspan="6" | |- ! colspan="4" |[[nhangande]] !vambo rezita !'''[[Fezi]]''' ku <abbr>r.t.</abbr> |- !numeri ye atomu ''Z'' !chiratidzo !zita mu [[ChiShona|chishona]] !Zita mu [[Chirungu|chingezi]] ! ! |- ! ! ! ! ! ! |- |1 |H |[[Sikamadzi]] |[[Hydrogen]] |Chingezi chinotodza [[Chigiriki]] ''hydro- (mvura)'' uye ''-gen (sika/umba)'' * '''''Chishona chirikuti: Sikamadzi (madzi kureva mvura)''''' * '''sikamadzi, umbamadzi,''' '''vambamadzi''' |[[gasi]] |- |2 |He |[[Chimuzuva]]<ref>Vashona, 30 Chikunguru 2015, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220620055955/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/helium "helium"] Yakatariswa: 16/8/2021</ref> |[[Helium]] |Rakavamba paChigirki, ''hḗlios'' kureva 'zuva' * '''Chimuzuva''' ishoko re[[Mitauro ye Chivanhu|Chivanhu,]] |gasi |- |3 |Li |[[Rifosi]] |[[Lithium]] |Kubva pashoko reChigirki ''líthos'', kureva '[[ibwe]]' |[[godo]] |- |4 |Be |[[Bheruli]] |[[Beryllium]] |''Beryl'', u[[Muchegwa|muchengwa]] (rakavamba pazita re ''Belur'' kuChamhembe cheIndia) |godo |- |5 |B |[[Bhawaraki]] |Boron |Borax, umuchengwa (Chingezi chakatodza [[Chiarabhu]] -> ''bawraq'') * '''''Chishona chirikutodza Chiarabhu wo, bawraq -> bawaraki''''' |godo |- |6 |C |[[Mrasha]] / Chimurasha <ref>Vashona, 30 Chikunguru 2015, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210816045136/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/carbon ''"carbon"''] Yakatariswa: 16 Nyamavhuvhu 2021</ref> |[[Carbon]] |Chingezi chakatodza [[Chiratini]], ''carbo'', 'rasha' * Shoko rokuti '''chimurasha'''/ '''mrasha''' ndiro ringagona kushandiswa paChivanh |godo |- |7 |N |[[Azote]]<ref>Vashona, 2015, [https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/nitrogen "Nitrogen"] Yakatariswa: 12 Chivabvu 2022</ref> |[[Nitrogen]] |Chingezi chinotodza Chigiriki ''nítron'' (nito) uye ''-gen (sika/umba)'', * mashoko eChivanhu angangoti '''sikanito, umbanito, vambanito''' Chishona chinotodza [[Chiputukezi]], nokuda kwepesvedzero yekare. * saka shona inoti, '''Azote, azoteri (nitrate)''' |gasi |- |8 |O |[[Ufemu]] |[[Oxygen]] |Chigiriki ''oxy ([[nyong'o]]) -'' and ''-gen (sika. umba, vamba)'' * '''''Ufemu (mweya unotiraramisa)''''' |gasi |- |9 |F |[[Fwerere]] |Fluorine |Chingezi chakatodza Chiratini ''fluere'', 'kuyerera' * '''''Chishona chirikutodza Chiratini, fluere -> fwere''''' |gasi |- |10 |Ne |[[Nyabwinya]], [[Niyoni]] |Neon |Chishona chirikutodza wo Chigirki, ''néon'', 'tsva, chowani' |gasi |- |11 |Na |[[Nasiri]] |Sodium |Chingezi (kubva pa[[Chiratini Chekare]]) ''soda'' * Chiratidzo ''Na'' chinobva ku[[Chiratini Chitsva]] ''natrium'', * Chiratini chakatodza [[Chijerumani]] ''Natron'', * Chishona chirikutodza Chiratini. '''''natrium -> natri, nasiri''''' |godo |- |12 |Mg |[[Magineso]] |Magnesium |''Magnesia'', inzvimbo rekuMambvazuva e[[Tesari]] ku[[Greece|Vuguriki]] Kutodza Chiputukezi Magnesio |godo |- |13 |Al |[[Arumino]] |Aluminium |''Alumina'', kubva kuChiratini ''alumen'' (gen. ''aluminis''), '[[ururu]], [[munyu]]' Kutodza Chiputukezi Alumenio |godo |- |14 |Si |[[Sirisiyo]] |Silicon |Chingezi chakatodza Chiratini ''silex'', 'flint' (pazwi rokuti ''silicium'') * Chishona chirikutodza [[Chiputukezi]] ''Silicio'' |godo |- |15 |P |[[Chifosiforo]] <ref>Vashona, 30 Chikunguru 2015, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220620055959/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/phosphorus ''"phosphorus"''] Yakatariswa: 16 Nyamavhuvhu 2021</ref>[[Fosiforo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/phosphor |accessdate=2022-06-20 |archive-date=2022-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621040739/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/phosphor |deadurl=yes }}</ref> |Phosphorus |Rakabva ku[[Chigiriki]] ''phōsphóros'', 'bara-chiedza' |godo |- |16 |S |[[Sarufa]] |Sulfur |Kubva [[Chiratini]], ''sulphur'', 'brimstone' |godo |- |17 |Cl |[[Kulorosi]] |Chlorine |Chingezi chinotodza Chigiriki, ''chlōrós'', '[[Zerere (Ruvara)|zerere]]-[[Huroro (Ruvara)|huroro]]' |gasi |- |18 |Ar |[[Arugosi]] |Argon |Kubva ku[[Chigiriki]], ''argós'', '[[udhiniwe]]' (nekuda kwe husimbe hwayo) |gasi |- |19 |K |[[Khafasi]], [[Kariwumi]] |Potassium |Chingezi chinotodza [[Chiratini Chitsva]] ''potassa'', 'potash', kubva ku ''pot'' ne ''ash'' * Chiratidzo chayo ''K'' chakavamba pa Chiratini ''kalium'' |godo |- |20 |Ca |[[Rondongu]]<ref>Vashona, 30 Chikunguru 2015, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220620055958/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/calcium ''"calcium"''] Yakatariswa: 16 Nyamavhuvhu 2021</ref> |Calcium |Kubva paChiratini ''calx'', 'lime' |godo |- |21 |Sc |[[Svcandya]], Skandya |Scandium |Kubva paChiratini ''Scandia'' * Chishona chirikutodza [[Chingezi]] - '''''scandium -> skandya''''' |godo |- |22 |Ti |[[Titanyo]] |Titanium |Titans, vakororo wa[[Rinopasi]] [[mwarikadzi]] we [[ruambangano dze Chigiriki]]. Kutodza [[Chiputukezi]] ''Titanio'' |godo |- |23 |V |[[Vhanandyo]] |Vanadium |''Vanadis'', zita ramwarikadzi we[[Skandinavhiya]] Freyja mu[[Chinorudhi Chekare]] Kutodza [[Chiputukezi]] ''Vanadio'' |godo |- |24 |Cr |[[Chirhangi]] |Chromium |Kubva pa Chigirki, ''chróma'', 'ruvara' |godo |- |25 |Mn |[[Man'hanisi]] |Manganese |Kwaive kukanywa kwe ''magnesia negra''; tarisai [[maginesia]] Kutodza [[Chiputukezi]] ''Magnesio'' |godo |- |26 |Fe |[[Utare]]<ref>Shokodyanamambo, Chikumi 2 2019, [https://twitter.com/Jamwanda2/status/1135054665593344002 ''https://twitter.com/Jamwanda2/status/1135054665593344002''] twitter., Yakatariswa: 16 Nyamavhuvhu 2021</ref> |Iron |Chiratidzo chayo ''Fe'' chakavambwa kubva kuChiratini ''ferrum'' |godo |- |27 |Co |[[Kongobwe]] |Cobalt |Ishoko re[[Chijerumani]] ''Kobold'', 'goblin' |godo |- |28 |Ni |[[Niyakari]] |Nickel |''Nickel'', ''mischievous sprite'' ye ruambangano rwe [[mutapi]] [[Vajerumani|Mujerumani]] * النيكل (alniykal) '''-> niyakari''' |godo |- |29 |Cu |[[Mhangura]]<ref>@Jamwanda2, Chikumi 2 2019,[https://twitter.com/jamwanda2/status/1135054665593344002?lang=en ''https://twitter.com/jamwanda2/status/1135054665593344002?lang=en''] witter, t atariswa: 16 Nyamavhuvhu 2021k</ref> |Copper |Shoko reChingezi, Chiratini ''cuprum'', [[Chigiriki Chenyakare]] Kýpros 'Cyprus' Narufuro, nyakamurivo |godo |- |30 |Zn |[[Zeng'e]] |Zinc |Rinofungidzirwa kubva paChijerumani ''Zinke'', 'prong' kana 'zino', * Vamwe vanoti raka pa[[Chiperusiya]] ''sang'', 'ibwe' |godo |- |31 |Ga |[[Gariyo]] |Gallium |Chiratini ''Gallia'', '[[France|Furansi]]' Kutodza [[Chiputukezi]] ''Galio'' |godo |- |32 |Ge |[[Gege]] |Germanium |Chiratini ''Germania'', '[[Germany|Jerumani]]' |godo |- |33 |As |[[Zaruniya]] |Arsenic |[[Chifurenji]] ''arsenic'', [[Chigiriki]] ''arsenikón'' 'aruseni huroro' * Yakabva paChiezhiya chekuMadokero [[Chiirani Chekare]] ''*zarniya-ka'', '[[ndarama]]' |godo |- |34 |Se |[[Serenyn'a]] |Selenium |Chigiriki ''selḗnē'', 'mwedzi' Kutodza [[Chiputukezi]] ''Selenio'' |godo |- |35 |Br |[[Boromo]] |Bromine |Chigiriki ''brômos'', 'stench' |[[mutuvi]] |- |36 |Kr | [[Kripushasi]] |Krypton |Chigiriki ''kryptós'', 'hidden' |gasi |- |37 |Rb |[[Rhuvi]] |Rubidium |Latin ''rubidus'', 'deep red' |godo |- |38 |Sr | [[Estoronzo]] |Strontium |Strontian, kumusha kwayakawanikwa mu[[Vuskoti]]. Kutodza [[Chiputukezi]] ''Estroncio'' |godo |- |39 |Y |[[Yitiwu]] |Yttrium |Ytterby, [[Swidheni]], kwayakawanikwa; ringai zve terbium, erbium, ytterbium |godo |- |40 |Zr |[[Zarukore]] |Zirconium |Zircon, a mineral, from Persian ''zargun'', 'gold-hued' ''sendarama, semukore, semukute'' '''Zandarama, Zarukore, Zarukute''' |godo |- |41 |Nb |[[Nyobhi]] |Niobium |Niobe, mukunda wa mambo Tantalus weRuambanhano dze Chigiriki * tarisai futi [[tandalumi]] |godo |- |42 |Mo |[[Molibhosi]] |Molybdenum |Chigiriki ''molýbdaina'', 'piece of lead', * kubva pa ''mólybdos'', 'lead', due to confusion with lead ore galena (PbS) |godo |- |43 |Tc |[[Tekinesho]] |Technetium |Chigiriki ''tekhnētós'', 'artificial' Kutodza [[Chiputukezi]] ''Tecnecio'' |godo |- |44 |Ru |[[Rhufeni]] |Ruthenium |New Latin ''Ruthenia'', '[[Russia|Rhashiya]]' |godo |- |45 |Rh |[[Rhodo]] |Rhodium |Chigiriki ''rhodóeis'', 'rose-coloured', kubva pakuti rhódon, 'rose' * viridha |godo |- |46 |Pd | [[Paradyo]] |Palladium |Pallas, [[ribwendeya]] chaivonekwa sechindeya munguva iyoyo. Kutodza [[Chiputukezi]] ''Paladio'' |godo |- |47 |Ag |[[Darejena]] |Silver |Shoko reChingezi. ·  Chiratidzo Ag chinobva kuChiratini ''argentum'' |godo |- |48 |Cd |[[Chadimwo]] |Cadmium |Chiratini Chidzva ''cadmia'', kubva pana Mambo Kadmos. Kutodza [[Chiputukezi]] ''Cadmio'' |godo |- |49 |In |[[Ukura]]<ref>Vashona, [https://web.archive.org/web/20240302111106/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/Indium 'Indium'] Yakaringwa: 1 Kurume 2024</ref> |Indium |Chiratini ''indicum'', 'rindyigo', ruvara rwunowanikwa panangazira rayo. |godo |- |50 |Sn |[[Gaba]]<ref>https://canov.jergym.cz/vyhledav/varian36/shona/shona.htm</ref><ref>https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/tin</ref> |Tin |English word '''·'''  Symbol Sn is derived from Latin ''stannum'' |godo |- |51 |Sb | [[Sitibhiyo]] |Antimony |Chiratini ''antimonium'', ruvambo haruzivikwi: * zviambashoko zvengano zvinoti Chigiriki ''antí'' ('against') + ''mónos'' ('alone'), * kana [[Chifurenji Chekare]] ''anti-moine'', 'Monk's bane', * asi, Varatini vanogana vakatora kuChiarabhu''ʾiṯmid'', 'antimony', * Chiratidzo ''Sb'' chakavambwa kuChiratini ''stibium'' 'stibnite' |godo |- |52 |Te | [[Teruri]] |Tellurium |Latin ''tellus'', 'pasi, rinopasi' Kutodza [[Chiputukezi]] ''Telurio'' |godo |- |53 |I | [[Ayodhini]] |Iodine |[[Chifurenji]] ''iode'', kubva kuChigiriki ''ioeidḗs'', '[[Vhiore (ruvara)|vhiore]]' |godo |- |54 |Xe |[[Zayinuni]] |Xenon |Chigiriki ''xénon'', neuter kuba pa xénos 'strange' * زينون (zaynun) * Chishona chirikutodza Chiarabhu |gasi |- |55 |Cs |[[Chesi]] |Caesium |Latin ''caesius'', 'sky-blue' |godo |- |56 |Ba |[[Bharisi]] |Barium |Chigiriki ''barýs'', 'heavy' |godo |- |57 |La |[[Rafanyo]] |Lanthanum |Chigiriki ''lanthánein'', 'to lie hidden' Kutodza [[Chiputukezi]] ''Lantanio'' |godo |- |58 |Ce |[[Cherisa]] |Cerium |Ceres, ([[Chirisa (chindeyana)|Chirisa]] kuChishona) chindeyana. |godo |- |59 |Pr |[[Mbesodima]] |Praseodymium |Greek ''prásios dídymos'', 'green twin' |godo |- |60 |Nd |[[Nondindima]] |Neodymium |Greek ''néos dídymos'', 'new twin' |godo |- |61 |Pm |[[Pomefiya]] |Promethium |Prometheus, muzivikanwi weNhema dzeChigiriki |godo |- |62 |Sm |[[Samha]] |Samarium |Samarskite, * kutodza zita raV. Samarsky-Bykhovets |godo |- |63 |Eu |[[Viropo]] |Europium |[[Europe|Yuropu]] |godo |- |64 |Gd |[[Gadholini]] |Gadolinium |Gadolinite, * kutodza Johan Gadolin, mukemisti [[Mufini]], physicist uye mineralogist |godo |- |65 |Tb |[[Terabiso]] |Terbium |Ytterby, [[Sweden|Swidheni]], kwayakawanikwa; * see also yttrium, erbium, ytterbium |godo |- |66 |Dy |[[Dyachambosi]] |Dysprosium |Greek ''dysprósitos'', 'hard to get' |godo |- |67 |Ho |[[Hhoriya]] |Holmium |New Latin ''Holmia'', 'Stockholm' |godo |- |68 |Er |[[Ebima]] |Erbium |Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see also yttrium, terbium, ytterbium |godo |- |69 |Tm |[[Twurimu]] |Thulium |Thule, the ancient name for an unclear northern location |godo |- |70 |Yb |[[Yatebiso]] |Ytterbium |Ytterby, Sweden, where it was found; see also yttrium, terbium, erbium Following Terbium. |godo |- |71 |Lu |[[Lutecha]] |Lutetium |Latin ''Lutetia'', 'Paris' |godo |- |72 |Hf |[[Hapfa]] |Hafnium |New Latin ''Hafnia'', 'Copenhagen' (from Danish ''havn'', harbour) |godo |- |73 |Ta |[[Tatenyobhi]] |Tantalum |King Tantalus, father of Niobe from Greek mythology; see also niobium |godo |- |74 |W |[[Wafuramu]] |Tungsten |Swedish ''tung sten'', 'heavy stone' * Symbol W is from ''Wolfram'', * Chijerumani ''wolf-rahm'' 'wolf's foam' describing the mineral wolframite |godo |- |75 |Re |[[Rendya]] |Rhenium |Latin ''Rhenus'', 'the Rhine' |godo |- |76 |Os |[[Osime]] |Osmium |Greek ''osmḗ'', 'smell' |godo |- |77 |Ir |[[Ribungu]] |Iridium |Iris, the Greek goddess of the rainbow |godo |- |78 |Pt | [[Puratinamu]] |Platinum |Spanish ''platina'', 'little silver', from ''plata'' 'silver' |godo |- |79 |Au |[[Ndarama]] |Gold |English word ·  Symbol Au is derived from Latin ''aurum'' |godo |- |80 |Hg |[[Chamatsatse]] |Mercury |[[Nyamatsatse|Mercury]], mwari we Varhoma we commerce, * Chiratidzo ''Hg'' kubva kuChiratini ''hydrargyrum'', * kubva paChigirik ''hydrárgyros'', 'water-silver' |mutuvi |- |81 |Tl |[[Talosi]] |Thallium |Greek ''thallós'', 'green shoot or twig' |godo |- |82 |Pb |[[Mutobvu|Mutobvo]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/sn/mutobvo |accessdate=2022-06-20 |archive-date=2022-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220620055956/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/sn/mutobvo |deadurl=yes }}</ref> |Lead |English word ·  Symbol Pb is derived from Latin ''plumbum'' |godo |- |83 |Bi |[[Bisa]] |Bismuth |German Wismut, from weiß Masse 'white mass', unless from Arabic |godo |- |84 |Po |[[Pongo]] |Polonium |Latin ''Polonia'', 'Poland', home country of Marie Curie |godo |- |85 |At |[[Asta]] |Astatine |Greek ''ástatos'', 'unstable' |[[fezi hayizivikwi]] |- |86 |Rn |[[Ranho]] |Radon |Radium emanation, originally the name of the isotope Radon-222 |gasi |- |87 |Fr | [[Faranzovu]] |Francium |France, home country of discoverer Marguerite Perey |[[fezi hayizivikwi]] |- |88 |Ra |[[Chiranzi]] |Radium |French ''radium'', from Latin ''radius'', 'ray' |godo |- |89 |Ac |[[Chachwina]] |Actinium |Greek ''aktís'', 'ray' |godo |- |90 |Th |[[Thuori]] |Thorium |Thor, the Scandinavian god of thunder |godo |- |91 |Pa |[[Parashina]] |Protactinium |Proto- (from Greek ''prôtos'', 'first, before') + actinium, since actinium is produced through the radioactive decay of protactinium |godo |- |92 |U |[[Uranyo]] |Uranium |Uranus, the seventh planet in the Solar System |godo |- |93 |Np |[[Nepunu]] |Neptunium |Neptune, the eighth planet in the Solar System |godo |- |94 |Pu |[[Mpunyo]] |Plutonium |Pluto, a dwarf planet, considered a planet in the Solar System at the time |godo |- |95 |Am |[[Amarishi]] |Americium |Amerika, kwarukwa nhangande racho pokutanga, ne homologue § europium |godo |- |96 |Cm |[[Churi]] |Curium |Pierre Curie and Marie Curie, French physicists and chemists |godo |- |97 |Bk |[[Bhereẋiya]] |Berkelium |Berkeley, California, where the element was first synthesised |godo |- |98 |Cf |[[Chikhalifo]] |Californium |California, where the element was first synthesised in the LBNL laboratory |godo |- |99 |Es |[[Esiteni]] |Einsteinium |Albert Einstein, German physicist |godo |- |100 |Fm |[[Ferumi]] |Fermium |Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist |fezi hayizivikwi |- |101 |Md |[[Mendelewi]] |Mendelevium |Dmitri Mendeleev, Russian chemist who proposed the periodic table |fezi hayizivikwi |- |102 |No |[[Nobhi]] |Nobelium |Alfred Nobel, Swedish chemist and engineer |fezi hayizivikwi |- |103 |Lr |[[Rerenzovu]] |Lawrencium |Ernest Lawrence, American physicist |fezi hayizivikwi |- |104 |Rf |[[Rufafoti]] |Rutherfordium |Ernest Rutherford, chemist and physicist from New Zealand |fezi hayizivikwi |- |105 |Db |[[Dhubeni]] |Dubnium |Dubna, [[Russia|Rhashiya]], * kwakarukwa nhangande pokutanha muJINR laboratory |fezi hayizivikwi |- |106 |Sg |[[Sebogo]] |Seaborgium |Glenn T. Seaborg, American chemist |fezi hayizivikwi |- |107 |Bh |[[Boho]] |Bohrium |Niels Bohr, Danish physicist |fezi hayizivikwi |- |108 |Hs |[[Haso]] |Hassium |New Latin ''Hassia'', 'Hesse', a state in Germany |fezi hayizivikwi |- |109 |Mt |[[Metinero]] |Meitnerium |Lise Meitner, Austrian physicist Kutodza Chiputukezi Meitnerio |fezi hayizivikwi |- |110 |Ds |[[Damasimbi]] |Darmstadtium |Darmstadt, * [[Germany|Jerumani]], kwakarukwa nhangande pokutanga muGSI laboratories |fezi hayizivikwi |- |111 |Rg |[[Rondegeni]] |Roentgenium |Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, German physicist |fezi hayizivikwi |- |112 |Cn |[[Kopanisi]] |Copernicium |Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer |fezi hayizivikwi |- |113 |Nh |[[Nhoni]] |Nihonium |[[Chijapani|Chijapa]] ''Nihon'', * '[[Japan|Japani]]', kwakarukwa nhangande pokutanga muRiken laboratories |fezi hayizivikwi |- |114 |Fl |[[Fherovi]] |Flerovium |Flerov Laboratory ye Nuclear Reactions, chikamu cheJINR * kwakarukwa nhanande pokutanga, * itself named after Georgy Flyorov, Russian physicist |fezi hayizivikwi |- |115 |Mc |[[Moskovi]] |Moscovium |Moscow, Russia, where the element was first synthesised in the JINR laboratories |fezi hayizivikwi |- |116 |Lv |[[Rivhomo]] |Livermorium |Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in Livermore, California |fezi hayizivikwi |- |117 |Ts |[[Tenesini]] |Tennessine |Tennessee, Amerika, kune Oak Ridge National Laboratory |fezi hayizivikwi |- |118 |Og |[[Ogane]] |Oganesson |Yuri Oganessian, Russian physicist |fezi hayizivikwi |} == Mabviro eruzivo == <references /> [[Category:Sainzi]] [[Category:Chemishonga]] c25w9w4hpmld8oy1yqbwlt9ea4mb62m 0 20814 113612 106185 2026-05-25T00:12:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113612 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Caspian Sea from orbit.jpg|thumb|Bhahari re Kaspiya]] '''Bhahari re Kaspiya''' ([[Chingezi|nge]]. ''Caspian sea'') kana '''bhahari kaspiya''', ndiro [[gahwi]] remwiri wemvura guru repasirose, rinowanzotsangugwa se[[nyanza]] guru repasirose kana sebhahari chairo. I[[bhasini risingayereri]] (''endorheic''), rigere pakati pe [[Europe|Yuropu]] ne [[Asia|Ezhiya]]; kumabvazuva kwe [[Kaukasi]] (''Caucasus''), kumadokero kwemapomho mafaru che[[Ezhiya Yepakati]], kuchamhembe kwe[[Bani|mapani]] anomerese e[[Chamhembe kwe Rhashiya]] ku[[Kumabvazuva kwe Yuropu|Mabvazuva kwe Yuropu]], uye maodzanyemba ePlatuwu (''plateu'') izeremakomo ye[[Iran|Irani]] ku[[Kumadokero kwe Ezhiya|Madokero kwe Ezhiya]]. Inovhara 143,550 [[Skweya re mutanho|sk mu]] (372,000 [[Kiromita|km]]²) (pachisiyiwa laghuni inevumunyu (''saline'') ye Garabogazköl kumabvazuva kwayo) uye ine vhorimu ye 78,200 [[Kiromita|km]]³ (19,000 [[Kyubhu re mutanho|ky mu]]). Vumunyu bwayo bwunosvika pamwe 1.2% (12 g/l), vutatu wevumunyu bwunowanikwa mumvura ye bhahari pachiavhareji. Yakaganhurwa ne [[Kazakhstan|Kazakhistani]] kumaodzanyembaemabvazuva, [[Russian Federation|Rhashiya]] kumaodzanyembaemadokero, [[Azeribhaijani|Azeribhaijani (Vuazeri)]] kuchamhembechemadokero, [[Iran|Irani]] kuchamhembe, uye [[Turkmenistan|Turukimenistani]] kuchamhembe chemabvazuva. == Mashoko ashandiswa == === Mayuniti e Upami === * '''sk mu''' zvirikumirira '''[[Skweya re mutanho|skweya mutanho]]''' - (''sq mi'' = ''square miles'') * '''km''' kureva [[Kiromita|'''kiromita''']] * '''ky mu''' zvirikumirira '''[[Kyubhu re mutanho|kyubhu mutanho]]''' - (''cu mi'' = ''cube miles'') * [[Mutanho|'''mutanho''']]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/mile |accessdate=2022-08-13 |archive-date=2023-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213215843/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/mile |deadurl=yes }}</ref> === Mashoko === * '''ghawa''' ishoko rechishona rinoreva kuti ''inlet - rinonyorwa zve sokuti [[gawa]]'' * '''Kaukasi''' or '''Vukokasi''' kureva caucausus - pachivanhu Vu- anoshandiswa panotaurwa nyika kana nzvimbo yevanhu, senge Vukaranga (ndiro raive zita reZimbabwe kare). * '''mapomho mafaru''', kureva [[bombo]] rakafaruka, pachingezi i - ''broad steppe'' * chizaramakomo kana izeremakomo, nyazaramokomo [[chipauro]] chirikushandiswa kutsangura chonzi ''mountainous'' pa chingezi. * platuwu (plateu) * '''vumunyu''' kureva saltiness, of salt -> '''''saline''''' == Mamwe mapeji ekutarisa: == * [[Bhahari]] * [[Gungwa Mediterranean|Bhahari re Medhiteraniya]] * [[Bhahari Dzvuku]] * [[Bhahari Tema]] == Mabviro eruzivo == [[Category:Taranyika]] [[Category:Bhahari re Kaspiya]] [[Category:Muganhu we Azeribhaijani–Irani]] tuhbn86kxqub3lcx133ce38bnnbxzsg 0 20960 113610 110844 2026-05-25T00:04:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113610 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Tarisai futi peji re: [[Arowana ye Afurika]]'' [[File:Scleropages formosus 2.jpg|thumb|Arowana]] '''Maarowana''' ihove dze pfupa dze mvura-[[obvu]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/fresh |accessdate=2022-08-27 |archive-date=2023-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230909181240/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/fresh |deadurl=yes }}</ref> idzasimhuri ye ''[[osteogirosine]]'' (kureva Osteoglossinae), inozivikwa futi se '''Arapemina''' (kureva Arapaiminae). Mumhuri iyi ye hove, musoro vupfupa uye mwiri urefu wakafukidzwa ne [[Bande|mapande]] makuru, ane mapateni emakanari echimosaiki (mosaic canals). == Mabviro eruzivo == [[Category:Arowana]] [[Category:Mhando dze hove]] gkdfu3cyf5ty8gzk5ci5ditxmamcxn8 0 20987 113628 98899 2026-05-25T02:46:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113628 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Europe topography map en.png|right|frameless|248x248px]] '''Yuropu'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/Europe |accessdate=2022-08-29 |archive-date=2025-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250129031453/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/Europe |deadurl=yes }}</ref> ([[Chirungu|Chingezi]]: Europe) rimwe rematunhu eziendanakuenda anonzi [[ziwumbe]] Izwi rokuti ziwumbe rinoreva nyika chinoenderera. Ziwumbe re Yuropu ndiko kunobva [[Varungu|Vazungu]] kwavakapararira vachibva vakanotapa nokutonga nzvimbo dzinoti: [[Australia|Ostireriya]]; [[United States of America|Mubatanidzwa we Mavuso e Amerika]]; [[Canada|Kanadha]] ne[[New Zealand|Nyuzilendi]]. == Taranyika == Yuropu ndiyo chikamu chiri kumadokero kweziendanakuenda re[[Yurezhiya]]. [[Asia|Ezhiya]] ne [[Europe|Yuropu]] dzine muganhu pa[[chisuvi chemvura]] chiri pamakomo e [[Urawu]] (''Ural'') ne [[Kaukasi]] (''Caucasus''), pa[[Rwizi Urawu]], ne [[Bhahari re Kaspiya]] ne[[Bhahari Tema]]. Dzinoganhurana zvakare pamvura inobatanidza Bhahari Tema ne [[Bhahari re Eegi]] (''Aegean''). Ku[[Maodzanyemba]] kwe Yuropu kune [[Gungwa reAkitiki|gungwa re Akitiki]] nemamwe makungwa, ku[[Madokero]] kune [[gungwa re Atlandiki]], ku[[chamhembe]] kune bhahari remedhiteraniya neBhahari tema nemuronga unobatanidza magungwa aya. Yuropu inopatsanurana ne[[Africa|Afurika]] pa[[bhahari]] re[[Mediterranean|medhiteraniya]] iyo iri kuMaodzanyemba kwe Afurika. Yuropu ndiyo ziwumbe rechipiri pakudupuka kwenharaunda; ziwumbe iri rine nharaunda inokwana 6.8% skweya makiromita enharaunda inevhu [[Pasirose]]. Yuropu ine nyika dzinoda kusvika makumi mashanu (50), [[Russia|Rhashiya]] iriyo nyika hombe pakuwanda kwevanhu nenharaunda. [[Vatican City|Guta Vhatikani]] ndiyo yakanyanya kudupuka. Yuropu ndiro ziwumbe rechitatu pakuwanda kwe[[hugari]] hwevanhu ichitevera [[Asia|Ezhiya]] ne [[Africa|Afurika]]. Yuropu ine vanhu 733 [[Churuchauru|zvuruzvauru]]/mamiriyoni chinova chikamu 11% chehugari hwevanhu Pasirose. Mugore ra[[1900]] zvinofungidzirwa kuti Yuropu yaive nehugari hwevanhu vanokwana 25% ye vanhu Pasirose. Rhashiya ine zvikamu zvevhu muYuropu zvese ne Ezhiya. == Mitauro ye Chibantu == * [[Makua]] inoti '''ulaya''' (n. Europe) kureva [[Yuropu]]. {{Ziwumbe}}{{Europe}} == Mabviro eruzivo == [[Category:Yuropu]] <references /> [[Category:Ziwumbe]] ls5901l4t9f0dh7kbpdhyo8ls9xjk9b 0 22513 113618 104836 2026-05-25T00:49:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113618 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dzikatira''' ([[Chingezi|nge]]. ''impede'') kubva pashoko rokuti '''kudzikatira''' (kureva ''to impede; impeding'')<ref>Vashona Project, (21 Mbudzi 2019), [https://web.archive.org/web/20230220144627/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/sn/dzikatira 'dzikatara'] Yakaringwa 2023.</ref> == Mabviro eruzivo: == [[Category:Zviito zve Chishona]] 0tjv1nchnyd5dj5ch14pyyaj0a5w8h1 0 22615 113622 103312 2026-05-25T01:41:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113622 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ngoromera''' (kureva ''to struggle; to contend'')<ref>Brian Tamuka Kagoro, 1-Zvita-2020[https://twitter.com/tamukakagoro77/status/1333606394357026816 "#AfricanLivesMatter"] ''Twitter thread.'' <small>Yakaringwa 28-Zvita-2022</small></ref><ref>Vashon, 24-Ndira-2019, [https://web.archive.org/web/20221227160831/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/sn/ngoromera "Ngoromera"] ''VashonaProject''. <small>Yakaringwa 28-Zvita-2022</small></ref> == Ringaizve == * [[Kutambura]] * [[Kupfidzisa]] * [[Kukaurisa]] == Mabviro eruzivo == [[Category:Mhando yekutambura]] 6bctazh9hzlhsq1m4abqq084cq896uv 0 22764 113621 103819 2026-05-25T01:27:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113621 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muteuro''' (kureva ''a cry out to the Devine; holy devotion; a prayer; a sacrifice; holy water'') kana '''mutewuro''' ishoko rechishona rinotsanangura kutaura kunoita vanhu kuna[[Mwari]] vachivaudza zviri muhupenyu hwavo, pachikuru muteuro imvura itsvene yakanamatirwa inoonekwa seyakacheneswa neMweya Mutsvene inoshandiswa kubvisa [[munyama]]. == Kutsauranisa Chirevo == ''<small>Ringai futi: [[Muteuro (tsauranisa chirevo)]]</small>'' === Muteuro (Chipiriso) === Duramazwi re[https://web.archive.org/web/20230203003859/https://vashona.com/en/ Wushumo weVaShona] rinoti muteuro zvinoreva kuti [[chipiriso]]<ref>Vashona Project, (31 Ndira 2020), [https://web.archive.org/web/20230107153007/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/sn/muteuro#:~:text=The%20offering%20of%20anything%20to,to%20a%20god%3B%20consecratory%20rite. "Muteuro"] <small>Yakaringwa: 8 Ndira 2023</small></ref>, izvi zvinodai nokuda kweshoko rokuti [[kuteura]] - iro shoko rinoshandiswa kureva zvakasiyana pekare. Rinoreva kuteura ropa (kucheka mombe ichibuda ropa), rinoreva kudurura kweMweya Mutsvene kuvanhu, kana kuteurwa kwemashoko kana zvivuya kuvanhu, senge kuti "teura mweya" zvichireva (''pour out the spirit''). === Muteuro (Mvura itsvene) === Zvichitodza kuteurwa kwemweya zve, shoko rokuti muteuro rinoshandiswa kuturikidzirwa zvinonzi "holy water", kureva "mvura-itsvene" iyo imvura yakanamatirwa inomwayiwa vanhu kuti vave vatsvene. Muteuro unogona kunge uune matombo mukati futi, zvichienderana nevatendi. ==== Muteuro (Munamato) ==== Muteuro zvinoreva futi kuti [[munamato]], apa kutodza muteuro we mvura itsvene, mvura yacho inova itsvene nekunamatirwa. Munhu anomwayiwa nemuteuro. == Ringai zve: == * [[Kuteura]] == Mabviro eruzivo: == [[Category:Muteuro]] [[Category:Munamato]] [[Category:Uchivanhu]] [[Category:Huzodzwa]] [[Category:Ukristu]] [[Category:Ujudha]] [[Category:Tsika dze Vashona]] 217ycp2o8nrq6wf17g7w1vbdu8h4mx8 0 23030 113614 104897 2026-05-25T00:19:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113614 wikitext text/x-wiki Adun mutauro unowanikwa mu[[Nigeria]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29013/1/10673257.pdf |accessdate=2023-02-22 |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330074023/https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29013/1/10673257.pdf |deadurl=yes }}</ref> [[Category:Mitauro yeNigeria]] 4vhic6euufl6adnw7nzrkm84qms8t59 0 23206 113613 108585 2026-05-25T00:15:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113613 wikitext text/x-wiki {| width="300" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4" align="right" border="1" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>'''''Kingdom of Bhutan'''''</big></big><big><big>'''''འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་'''''</big></big> | colspan="2" align="center" style="background:#efefef;" | {| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" border="0" | width="140px" align="center" |[[File:Flag_of_Bhutan.svg|125x125px]] | width="140px" align="center" |[[File:Emblem_of_Bhutan.svg|135x135px]] |} |- | colspan="2" align="center" |<small>''[[Rwiyo]]: Druk Tsendhen, "The Thunder Dragon Kingdom"''</small> |- | colspan="2" align="center" |[[File:Bhutan_(orthographic_projection).svg|250x250px]] |} '''Bhutani''' ([[Chidzongka]]: <big>འབྲུག་ཡུལ་</big>, <small>[[rurhoma]]:</small> ''Druk Yul''), pachihofisi ichinzi '''Umambo we Bhutani''' ([[Chidzongka|Dzong]]: འབྲུག་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་, <small>rurhoma:</small> ''Druk Gyal Khap''), inyika yakakomberedzwa iri ku[[Chamhembe che Ezhiya|Chamhembe kwe Ezhiya]]. Yakagadzikwa mu[[Mahimaleya eMabvirazuva]], pakati pe[[Chayina]] kumaodzanyemba uye [[India]] kuchamhembe. Inyika yakakomoka (kana kuti, izere nemakomo), Bhutani inozivikanwa nevanhu vayo se "Druk Yul" kana "Nyika ye [[Joka]] reMheni", zita rinorakidzisa nhaka ye tsika ye nyika. Zita rokuti Bhutani rinobva pashoko rokuti ''Bhŏṭṭaṃta'', zita rinonangidza rutarachisi rwayo rwuripedyo ne [[Tibheti]]. [[Neparu]] ne [[Bhangaladhesha]] dzakagadzikwa kudhuze ne Bhutani, asi dzinopanana muganhu nayo. Nyika ine huwandu hwe vanhu unopfuura 727,145 uye teritori ingasvika 38,394 skweya makiromita (14,824 sk mi) uye inorhenga pachinzvimbo chechi-133 pakutaura nezve ruwa rwevhu, uye riripachinzvimbo chechi-160 pahuwandu. == Mashoko == * Joka, johxa, jokha, jokga kana joxa kureva ''dragon''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230320163434/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/sn/joka "joka"] Yakaringwa 3/20/2023</ref> ** bhii ra "xa", kana "kha, hxa, kga" rinonzwika [[X|sekuhhora]], senge mumashoko anenge ''xarani, xumbudzi, pxere,'' kana mashoko anenge 'hxede', kana 'hxada' panenge pachishamiswa munhu. == Mabviro eruzivo == [[Category:Bhutani]] [[Category:Nyika dziri muEzhiya]] [[Category:Nyika dzakakomberedzwa]] <references />{{Ezhiya}} 7d4qf45cypwh7gtvclna8a1ix57ecgn 0 23436 113615 106708 2026-05-25T00:23:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113615 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chibhokisi''' (kureva ''small pox'')<ref>Vashona, 24 Gumiguru 2019, [https://web.archive.org/web/20230606135527/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/small%20pox "small pox"] Yakaringwa - Chikumi 2023</ref><ref>Tabona Shoko, [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=VtsFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146&dq=gonorrhea+in+shona+karanga&source=bl&ots=zRVOjBjTlV&sig=ACfU3U0sraN4L1AJ5dnF8dIt7l1ri0easg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwij98WowZz_AhXvplYBHWiODdcQ6AF6BAgtEAM#v=onepage&q=gonorrhea%20in%20shona%20karanga&f=false Karanga Indigenous Religion in Zimbabwe: Health and Well-Being] Yakaringwa: 30 Chivabvu 2023.</ref> chirwere chinotapukira chinokonzeresa ne vhairasi ye vhariola (inowanzonzi vhairasi ye chibhokisi) irimu jinasi ye [[Otopokisivhairasi]] (Orthopoxvirus). == Mabviro eruzivo: == [[Category:Zvirwere]] k5k3d53ke651fg8r1ezh44uik8216sy 0 23437 113616 106720 2026-05-25T00:41:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113616 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chipembwe'''<ref>Vashona, (1 Mbudzi 2019) [https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/Whooping%20cough Whooping cough], ''Vashona Project Dictionary''. Yakaringwa Chikumi 2023</ref><ref>Mangoya E, (2010), [https://www.academia.edu/50827700/Diglossic_principles_in_Shona_lexicography Diglossic principles in Shona lexicography], ''African Languages Research Institute (ALRI), University of Zimbabwe.,'' zanhi 332 . Yakaringwa 2023</ref> (kureva ''whooping cough; pertussis; 100 day cough'') kana '''chikosoro chorutakatira'''<ref>Vashona, (30 Chikunguru 2015), [https://web.archive.org/web/20251212085251/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/sn/chikosoro%20chorutakatira chikosoro chorutakatira] ''Vashona Project Dictionary''. Yakaringwa Chikumi 2021</ref><ref>Tabona Shoko, [https://books.google.com.au/books?id=VtsFDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA146&lpg=PA146&dq=gonorrhea+in+shona+karanga&source=bl&ots=zRVOjBjTlV&sig=ACfU3U0sraN4L1AJ5dnF8dIt7l1ri0easg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwij98WowZz_AhXvplYBHWiODdcQ6AF6BAgtEAM#v=onepage&q=gonorrhea%20in%20shona%20karanga&f=false Karanga Indigenous Religion in Zimbabwe: Health and Well-Being] Yakaringwa: 30 Chivabvu 2023.</ref>, chirwere chinokonzerwa nebhakiteriya chinotapukira zvakanyanya.<ref>Carbonetti NH (June 2007). "Immunomodulation in the pathogenesis of Bordetella pertussis infection and disease". ''Curr Opin Pharmacol''. '''7''' (3): 272–8. doi:[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1471489207000598?via%3Dihub 10.1016/j.coph.2006.12.004]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17418639 17418639].</ref><ref name=":0">[https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/about/signs-symptoms.html "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Signs & Symptoms"]. May 22, 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2015.</ref> Kakawanda zviratidzo zvekutanga zvakafanana nezvefuruu inoparira kuyerera mumhino, fivha uye kakukosora. Izvi zvinobva zvazoteverwa nemavhiki enguva dzekukosora kwakanyanya. Kana nguva yekukosora yapera kunozouya kakufema kekuti "hupu" kanogona kunzwika munhu wacho paanenge achifema.<ref name=":0" /> Kukosora uku kunogona kugara kwenguva inodarika mazuva zana kana mavhiki gumi.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/fast-facts.html "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Fast Facts"]. ''cdc.gov''. February 13, 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2015.</ref> Munhu anogona kukosora zvakasimba zvekuti anorutsa, kutyoka mbabvu, kana kuneta zvakanyanya kubva pakukosora kwacho.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">[https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/about/complications.html "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Complications"]. ''cdc.gov''. August 28, 2013. Retrieved 12 February 2015.</ref> Vana vane mwedzi iri pasi pegore vanogona kukosora zvishoma kana kusatombokosora asi voita nguva dzavanenge vasingafemi.<ref name=":0" /> Nguva iri pakati pekutapurirwa utachiona kusvika pakuoneka kwezviratidzo inowanzova mazuva 7 kusvika ku10.<ref name=":2">Atkinson, William (May 2012). ''[https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/pert.html Pertussis Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases]'' (12 ed.). Public Health Foundation. pp. 215–230. ISBN <bdi>9780983263135</bdi>.</ref> Chirwere ichi chinogona kuitika muvanhu vakapiwa mushonga unodzivirira asi kakawanda kacho zviratidzo zvacho zvinenge zvisina kunyanya.<ref name=":0" /> Pertussis inokonzerwa nebhakiteriya rinonzi ''Bordetella pertussis''. Ichi chirwere chinofamba nemumhepo icho chinopararira zviri nyore mukukosora nemukuhetsura kwemunhu ane utachiona hwacho.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/about/causes-transmission.html "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Causes & Transmission"]. ''cdc.gov''. September 4, 2014. Retrieved 12 February 2015.</ref> Vanhu vanotapurira vamwe kubvira panguva inotanga kuonekwa zviratidzo kusvikira kumavhiki anoda kuita matatu ekukosora kwemunhu. Vaya vanenge varapwa nemishonga inouraya utachiona vanenge vasisiri kutapurira vamwe pashure pemazuva mashanu.<ref name=":3">[https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/treatment.html "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Treatment"]. ''cdc.gov''. August 28, 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2015.</ref> Kuongororwa chirwere ichi kunoitwa nekutora chitorwa chinobva nechemukati memhino kana kuti mehuro. Chitorwa ichi ndicho chinozotariswa pachiongororwa maitiro evanhu kureva culture kana kuti pachiongororwa maitiro echirwere kana kuti polymerase chain reaction.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/diagnostic-testing/specimen-collection.html "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Specimen Collection"]. ''cdc.gov''. August 28, 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2015.</ref> Kudzivirira chirwere ichi kunowanzoitwa nekupa mushonga unodzivirira kureva mushonga unodzivirira pertussis.<ref name=":4">Heininger U (February 2010). "Update on pertussis in children". ''Expert review of anti-infective therapy''. '''8''' (2): 163–73. doi:[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1586/eri.09.124?journalCode=ierz20 10.1586/eri.09.124]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20109046 20109046].</ref> Kudzivirira kwekutanga kunokurudzirwa pakati pemavhiki 6 kusvika ku8 ekuzvarwa, mwana achipiwa mishonga kanokwana kana mumakore maviri ake ekutanga.<ref>[https://www.who.int/wer/2013/wer8930.pdf?ua=1 "Revised guidance on the choice of pertussis vaccines: July 2014"] (PDF). ''Wkly Epidemiol Rec''. '''89''' (30): 337–40. Jul 2014. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25072068 25072068].</ref> Mushonga unodzivirira wacho unopera simba nekufamba kwenguva pachikurudzirwa kuti vana vati kurei uye vanhu vakuru vapiwe zvakare mishonga yacho.<ref>"Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper". ''Wkly Epidemiol Rec''. '''85''' (40): 385–400. Oct 1, 2010. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20939150 20939150].</ref> Mishonga inouraya utachiona inogona kushandiswa kudzivirira chirwere kune vaya vanenge vari pangozi yekuchitapurirwa uye vanenge vari pangozi yekubata chirwere chakaipisisa.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/clinical/prevention.html "Pertussis (Whooping Cough) Prevention"]. ''cdc.gov''. October 10, 2014. Retrieved 13 February 2015.</ref> Kune vaya vane chirwere chacho mishonga inouraya utachiona inoshanda kana ikatanga kutorwa mumavhiki matatu ekutanga kubva panoonekwa zviratidzo, asi mishonga iyi haina zvainobatsira muvakawanda. Kana vari vana vane mwedzi isingasviki gore uye vaya vane pamuviri, zvinokurudzirwa kuti vatore mishonga yacho mumavhiki 6 kubva panoonekwa zviratidzo. Mishonga inouraya utachiona inosanganisira erythromycin, azithromycin, kana trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole.<ref name=":3" /> Hapana umboo hunogutsa hunoratidza kuti mishonga inonyatsoshanda zvakanaka kurapa chikosoro ichi.<ref name=":5">Wang, K; Bettiol, S; Thompson, MJ; Roberts, NW; Perera, R; Heneghan, CJ; Harnden, A (22 September 2014). "Symptomatic treatment of the cough in whooping cough". ''The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews''. '''9''': CD003257. doi:[https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003257.pub5/full 10.1002/14651858.CD003257.pub5]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25243777 25243777].</ref> Vana vakawanda avo vanenge vaine mwedzi isingasviki gore vanotofanira kurapirwa muchipatara.<ref name=":0" /> Zvinofungidzirwa kuti pertussis inobata vanhu 16 miriyoni pasi rese pagore.<ref name=":5" /> Kutapukirwa kwakawanda kunoitika munyika dzichiri kubudirira uye vanhu vemazera ese vanogona kutapukirwa.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Muna 2013 chirwere chacho chakaguma nenzufu 61 000 – kuderera kubva pa138 000 dzemuna 1990.<ref>GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013". ''Lancet''. '''385''' (9963): 117–71. doi:10.[https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)61682-2/fulltext 1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2]. PMID [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25530442 25530442].</ref> Vana vane utachiona vanoda kuita 2% avo vane mwedzi isingasviki gore vanofa.<ref name=":1" /> Matenda echirwere ichi akatanga kuoneka kumakore ekuma 1500. Bhakiteriya rinokonzera utachiona hwacho rakazivikanwa muna 1906. Mushonga unodzivirira wakatanga kuwanika kuma1940.<ref name=":2" /> == Mabviro eruzivo == <references /> [[Category:Zvirwere]] [[Category:Zvikosoro]] 5ktvkvxc0ev6ifw6igim6dj3xw3g3dt 0 24258 113626 109607 2026-05-25T02:27:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113626 wikitext text/x-wiki Zanhi rino ndere '''kudorongotsa mazita emhuka'''. == Zvizwi zvechimbarikwa == Mazwi ari mutafura iyi anoshandisirwa ruzhinji kana [[Vurutowo|mavurutowo (''kureva'' taxons)]] zvose zvemumhuri, [[musaku]], kana [[bazu]] zve [[ruambamhenyu]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Chizwi chechisainzi !Zita rezvisinei !Vana !Hadzi !Hono !Bizo revuzhinji (chaunga) !chipauro chevuzhinji |- |[[Nhoni]] (''aves'') |[[shiri]] |[[nhiyo]] |[[tseketse]] |[[jongwe]] |[[kuruunda]] |chinhoni (''avian'') |- |[[N'ombe]] (''Bovinae'') |[[mombe]], [[n'ombe]] |[[mhuru]] |[[Mhou yemombe|mhou]](yakazvara), [[tsiru]] (isati yazvara) |[[nzombe]], [[gwaimani]] kana [[ngavi]] |[[danga]] |chibofini (''bovine'') |- |[[Mbwa]] (''Canidae'') |[[imbwa]] |[[mbwanana]], handa, kutu |mbwakadzi |mbwamukono |[[Dumbu (Boka)|dumbu]] |chimbwa (canine) |- |[[Ngumi|Nyangumi]] (C''etacae'') |[[nguma]], [[Hengeto|hengeto (dhorofini)]], [[Bongorwana|bongorwana (popoisi)]] |ngumana, hengetwana, bongorwanana |mhovu |ngunzi |podhi |chinyangumi (''cetacaen'') |- |[[Hachi]] (''Equidae'') |[[bhiza]] (mbigi, hachi) |bhizana |bhizakadzi |bhizamukono |danga |chimbigi (''equine'') |- |[[Nyamangowi]] (''Felidae'') |[[Mangoyi|mangoi]] |[[chidharimbo]] (mangoi madoko), [[handa]] (mangoi makuru) |mangwekadzi |mangwemukono |clowder (madoko), pride (makuru) |chimangowi (''feline'') |- |Usui (Suidae) |[[nguruve]] |[[chigwi]], [[ngurwana]] |sow |boar |drift or drove |chisui (porcine) |- |(Procyonidae) |Raccoon family of Carnivorans |cub, kit |sow |boar |gaze, smack, committee |procyonine, nasuine, others |- |Viverridae |Civet family of Carnivorans |cub, kit |sow |boar |gaze, smack, committee |viverrine |- |Mustelidae |Ferret family of Carnivorans (large: badgers & wolverines; small: weasels & ferrets) |kit |sow (large) or jill (small) |boar (large) or hob, jack (small) |colony (large) or business (small) |musteline |- |Leporidae |tsuro |nestling |jill |jack |nest or band |leporine |- |Osteichthyes |bony fish |hatchling, fry, fingerling |? |? |school, shoal |piscine, ichthyic |} == Zvizwi ne rudzi kana mavurutowo == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Mhuka !Vana !Hadzi !Hono !Bizo revuzhinji !Chipauro chevuzhinji !Nyama |- ! colspan="7" |A |- |Aribhatlose, [[aribhatyose]] (''albatross'') |aribhatlosana, aribhatyosana |— |— |furoku |(''diomedeid'') |nyama ye aribhatlose |- |[[Arupaka]](''alpaca'') |arupakana |hembura (hembra) |mhacho |danga |chigamera (''camelid'') | |- ! colspan="7" |'''B''' |- |[[Bata|Bata (''kana'' dhadha)]] | | | | |chinhoni | |- |[[Bere]] |taona |berekadzi |beremukorno | |chisvitsi (''Hyaenine'') | |- |[[Beta (nyoka)]] | | | | | | |- |[[Bete]] | | | | | | |- |[[Bheya]] |handa |bheyahadzi |bheyahono | | | |- |[[Bhumi]] |[[handa]] |bhumikadzi |bhumimukono | | | |- |[[Bimha]] |[[tsvana]] | | | | | |- |[[Bumhi]] (''kana'' mhumhi) | | | | | | |- |[[Bungubwe]] | | | | |chimbwa (canine) | |- ! colspan="7" |'''C''' |- |[[Chengu|Chengu (''kana'' dunguza)]] | |chengukadzi |chenguhono | | | |- |[[Chevhu]] | | | | | | |- |[[Chidembo]] | | | | | | |- |[[Chingosve]] | | | | | | |- |[[Chinyaridi|Chinyaridi (''kana'' chinyavada)]] | | | | | | |- |[[Chipembere]] | | | | | | |- |[[Chipfukuto]] | | | | | | |- |[[Chitsere]] | | | | | | |- ! colspan="7" |'''D''' |- |[[Dausi]] | | | | | | |- |[[Dapi]] | | | | | | |- |[[Datya]] |burungwa, burunyu | | | | | |- |[[Dhumukwa]] | | | | | | |- |[[Dindingwe]] | | | | |chimangowe (feline) | |- |[[Dune]] | | | | | | |- |[[Dzoma]] | | | | | | |- |[[Dzvatsvatsva]] | | | | | | |- |[[Dzvinyu]] | | | | | | |- ! colspan="7" |'''E''' |- | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="7" |'''F''' |- |[[Fifinha|Fifinha (muramba)]] | | | | | | |- |Furiramudenga (<small>tarisai zve</small> [[Twiza]]) | | | | | | |- ! colspan="7" |'''G''' |- |[[Gakanje|Gakanje (''kana'' gakandye)]] |gakandyana | | | | | |- |[[Garwe]] | | | | |chikwena | |- |[[Gava]] |gavana, handa | | | |chimbwa | |- |[[Gombakomba]] | | | | | | |- |[[Gondo]] | | | | | | |- |Gondobwe (kana Gondohwe) | | | | | | |- |[[Gonzo]] | | | | | | |- |[[Gora (Shiri)|Gora]] | | | | |chinhoni (''avian'') | |- |[[Gurwe]] | | | | | | |- |[[Gwavava]] | | | | | | |- |[[Gwee]] | | | | | | |- |[[Gwete]] | | | | | | |- ! colspan="7" |'''H''' |- |[[Haka]] | | | | |hambakabvuka | |- |[[Handira]] |mhuru |tsiru, mhou |'''handira''', nzombe | |chimombe | |- |[[Hanga]] | | | | |chinhoni | |- |[[Hono|Hhono]] | | | | |("chihove") | |- |[[Hozhwa]] | | | | | | |- |[[Huku]] |nhiyo |tseketse |jongwe |kuruunda |chinhoni (''avian'') | |- |[[Humba]] |humbana |humbakadzi |humbamukono | | | |- |[[Hurekure]] | | | | |chinhoni (aves) | |- |[[Hweru]] |hwerwana |hwerukadzi |hwerumukono | |hwiribidi kana dzimba (''orycteropodian'') | |- |[[Manyene|Huhwe]] (''kana'' manyene) |handa, huhwena | | | |chimbwa (canine) | |- ! colspan="7" |'''I''' |- |[[Igo]] | | | | |chipembenene | |- |[[Imbwa]] |mbwanana, handa |mbwakadzi |mbwamukono |dumbu |chimbwa (''canine'') | |- |[[Ingwe|Ingwe (''kana'' taiga)]] | | | | |chimangowe (feline) | |- |[[Ishwa]] | | | | |chipembenene | |- ! colspan="7" |'''J''' |- |[[Jagwa]] |Jagwana, handa | | | |chimangowe (''feline'') | |- |[[Jerenyenje]] | | | | | | |- ! colspan="7" |'''K''' |- |[[Kamba]] | | | | | | |- |[[Kangaruwu]] |jowi |furaya, dhowi |bhaki, bhuma |mobhu |macropodine | |- |Khambangwe''[[Black Panther|(black panthe)]]''[[Ẋambangwe|(''<small>tarisai</small>'' <small>'''Ẋambangwe)'''</small>]] |handa, khambangwana | | | | | |- ! colspan="7" |'''L''' |- | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="7" |'''M''' |- |[[Mangoyi|Mangoi]] |[[chidharimbo]] |mangwekadzi |mangwemukono | |chimangowe (feline) | |- |[[Maserwe]] | | | | | | |- |[[Mbada]] |handa, mbadana |mbadakadzi |mbadagono | |chimangowe (feline) | |- |[[Mbasi]] | | | | | | |- |[[Mbeva]] | | | | | | |- |[[Mbizi]] |mbizana (?) |mbizihadzi |mbizigono | |chimbigi/chihachi (equine) | |- ! colspan="7" |'''N''' |- |[[Ngarikuni]] | | | | |chinhoni (aves) | |- |[[Nghamera]] | | | | |chigamera (camelid) | |- |[[Ngongoni]] | | | | | | |- |[[Nguma]] | | | | |[[ngumi]] (cetacae) | |- |[[Nguruve]] |chigwi, ngurwana | | | | | |- |[[Nhari]] | | | | | | |- |[[Njiri]] | | | | | | |- |[[Ngwarati]] | | | | | | |- |[[Ngwena]](''aligheta'') |ngwenyana |ngwenahadzi |ngwenamukono |chaunga |eusuchan | |- |[[Nyati]] | | | | | | |- |[[Nzou]] | | | | | | |- ! colspan="7" |'''O''' |- |[[Oyista]] | | | | | | |- ! colspan="7" |'''P''' |- |[[Phanda]] |phandana, handa | | | | | |- |[[Pweza]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/octopus |accessdate=2023-10-07 |archive-date=2022-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204024736/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/octopus |deadurl=yes }}</ref>(''octopus'') |pwezana (?) | | | | | |- ! colspan="7" |'''R''' |- |[[Rukodzi]] (''kana'' ruvango) | | | | | | |- |[[Rwaivhi]] |mandishaya | | | | | |- ! colspan="7" |'''S''' |- |[[Sekwe]] | | | | | | |- |[[Shumba]] |handa | | | |chimangowe (feline) | |- |[[Sokwe]] | | | | | | |- |[[Svosve]] |svosvana |rimambokadzi<ref>kutodza Chingezi, svosve hadzi rinonzi mambokadzi.</ref> (rinokwanisa kubara) rishandi<ref name=":0">Kutodza Chingezi, svosve risingabari riri pazasi perimambokadzi rinodanwa kunzi rishandi uye ribishingi</ref>, ribishingi<ref name=":0" /> |svosverikono<ref>Ragadzirwa tichitodza masikirwo emashoko mu[[ChiShona|Chishona]], chivakamberi ''-kono, -hono'', chawedzerwa kumberi kwe shoko kuvumba shoko ridzva. </ref> |koroni<ref>Kutodza Chingezi 'colony'</ref> | | |- |[[Svugu, Mbeva|Svugu]] | | | | | | |- ! colspan="7" |'''T''' |- |[[Tsenzi]] | | | | | | |- |[[Tsuro]] (''kana'' shuro) | | | | | | |- |[[Twana]] | | | | | | |- |[[Twiza]] (''kana'' furiramudenga) | | | | | | |- ! colspan="7" |'''V''' |- | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="7" |'''W''' |- |Walabhii |jowi |jili |jaki |mobhu |? | |- |Wombati |jowi |jili |jaki |wisidhomu |? | |- ! colspan="7" |'''Z''' |- |[[Zingizi]] | | | | | | |- |[[Zizi]] | | | | |chinhoni (aves) | |- |Zongororo | | | | | | |} == Mabviro eruzivo == [[Category:Zvidorongodzwa zve mhuka]] [[Category:Udorongodzwa hwe mashoko eChishona]] [[Category:Mabizo eChishona]] qayptr8jye199upiyxvv9w40jr5ig9p 0 24504 113617 110517 2026-05-25T00:43:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 113617 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chisamararo''' (kureva ''punctuation'' kuChingezi)<ref>Vashona project, 30 Chikunguru 2015,[https://web.archive.org/web/20240129071927/https://vashona.com/en/dictionary/en/punctuation 'punctuation'] yakaringwa 1/29/2024</ref> izita rezvimakiso zvinoshandiswa pakunyorwa kwe zvinyorwa. Zvinoshandiswa kupatsanusa mazano mumitsetse. Zvisamararo zvinoita kuti kuverenga uye kunzwisiswa kwe zvinyorwa kuvenyore. === Zvisamararo kuChishona === Zvisamararo zvinowanikwa ku[[ChiShona|Chishona]], parizvino Chishona uye [[Mitauro ye Chivanhu|mitauro yose]] inosanganiswa kutsi kwezita iri hayina keruro yadzo yekunyoresa. Dzose dzinoshandisa keruro ye Chiratini. Mashandisirwo ezvisamararo muChishona anokwanisa kuenzaniswa nemitauro ye Ezhiya senge [[Chichayina]], [[Chijapani]], [[Chikoriya]] nemimwe mitauro. Zvimwe zvisamararo zvakavakiwa kumitauro sezvinoitwa mumitauro yarevwa pamusoro. Somuenzaniso munhu anokwanisa kuziva mubvunzo nokuona shoko rokuti '<nowiki/>''here''<nowiki/>'. Izvi zvinowanikwa wo kumitauro yataurwa nezvayo, kuChijapani vanoshandisa '<nowiki/>''ka''<nowiki/>', kuChichayina vachishandisa '''ma''<nowiki/>' zvichingodaro. Izvi hazvirevi kuti zvisamararo zvekuratidza hazvidiikwe, zvinobetsira kuti kuverenga kuve kuri nyore. '''Mienzaniso ye Zvisamararo:''' # '''.''' ichi chinganzi [[chimisidzo]] kuChishona, ndicho chinoiswa kwekuguma kwemutsetse. # ''',''' ichi chinganzi [[chitsautso]], chinotsaurisa mashoko ne mamwe mashoko. # '''?''' ichi chinganzi [[chibvunziso]], chinoiswa panenge pachibvunzwa chinhu. #* kuChishona chibvunziso chakavakirwa mumutauro ndi [[Here|''here'']], munhu anokwanisa kusaisa chiratidzo chechibvunziso achikwanisa kurakidza kuti abvunza chinhu nekuisa ''<nowiki/>'here'<nowiki/>'' kwekupedzisira kwemubvunzo wake. Somuenzaniso, ''<nowiki/>'Auya here?'<nowiki/>'' kana ''<nowiki/>'Auya here.''' chinosiyana kuisa chiratidzo chekubvunzisa. # '''!''' ichi chinganzi [[chiyoweretso]]? # '''<nowiki/>'''' i-''aprostophe'', chinganzi chii paChishona? # '''"''' ichi chinganzi [[chidzupurisamanzwi]], nekuti chinoshandiswa kurakidza paye panenge pashandiswa mashoko emumwe. # ''':''' i-colon # ''';''' i-semicolon # '''...''' i-ellipsis mark # '''-''' i-hyphen # '''–''' i-en dash # '''—''' i-em dash # '''( )''' ma-parentheses or curved brackets # '''[ ]''' ma-brackets or square brackets. == Mabviro eruzivo: == [[Category:Chisamararo]] gfriwjt8lxo7gefsvmwbb78n6gsiygo 0 24677 113609 112050 2026-05-24T18:14:34Z HJ Mitchell 20929 Requesting speedy deletion (Spam). (TwinkleGlobal) 113609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delete|1=Spam}} = Mutemo weHungwaru hwekugadzira = '''Mutemo weHungwaru hwekugadzira''' — chidzidzo chezviga zvemutemo, zvinotungamirira, uye hunhu zvinotarisira kugadzirwa, kushandiswa, uye kuongororwa kwemasisitimu ehungwaru hwekugadzira (AI). Izvi zvinotarisirwa kuona mutoro, pachena, uye kuchengetedza kodzero dzevanhu mukushandiswa kwehunyanzvi uhu muzvikamu zvehurumende, zvakazvimirira, uye zvekune dzimwe nyika. == Mutemo muUSA == MuUnited States, kushandiswa kweAI kunotongwa nemimwe mitemo iripo yezvokodzero dzevanhu uye kudzivirira kusarura. Semuenzaniso, Chikamu VII cheCivil Rights Act ya1964 chinorambidza kusarura pakuhaya, izvo zvinosanganisirawo masisitimu anogadzirisa kushanda<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title-vii-civil-rights-act-1964|title=Title VII of the Civil Rights Act|publisher=EEOC}}</ref>. Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) inopa mitemo inova nechokwadi chekuti matekinoroji edhijitari, kusanganisira AI, anowanikwa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ada.gov|title=Americans with Disabilities Act|publisher=ADA.gov}}</ref>. Chikamu 1557 cheAffordable Care Act (ACA) chinovimbisa kushandiswa kweAI pasina kusarura muhurongwa hwehutano<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/civil-rights/for-individuals/section-1557/index.html|title=ACA Section 1557|publisher=HHS.gov}}</ref>. HHS inotungamirira HTI-1 regulation, inopa zvinodikanwa zvekuvhurika uye kubatana kweAI mumishonga<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthit.gov/topic/laws-regulation-and-policy/health-data-technology-and-interoperability-certification-program|title=HTI-1 Certification Program|publisher=HealthIT.gov}}</ref>. == Mitemo yeNyika dzeUS == MuUnited States, kune mitemo yakasiyana muhurumende dzenyika: * Virginia HB 747 inodzora njodzi dzeAI yakanyanyisa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legiscan.com/VA/text/HB747/id/2915334|title=Virginia HB 747|publisher=LegiScan}}</ref>. * Colorado SB24-205 inodzivirira vatengi kubva kune algorithms anokuvadza<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205|title=Colorado SB24-205|publisher=Colorado General Assembly}}</ref>. * California SB 942 inoda pachena mune AI<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legiscan.com/CA/text/SB942/id/3021807|title=California SB 942|publisher=LegiScan}}</ref>. == Mutemo Wemuno == MuNew York, Local Law 144 inoda ongororo yegore negore yekusarura mumasisitimu anobatsira pakuhaya<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page|title=NYC Local Law 144|publisher=nyc.gov}}</ref>. == Zviyero uye Mirayiridzo == FDA yakapa mirayiridzo kune vanogadzira AI inobatsira muhurongwa hwekurapa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/considerations-use-artificial-intelligence-support-regulatory-decision-making-drug-and-biological|title=FDA Guidance on AI|publisher=FDA.gov}}</ref>. NIST yakagadzira AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF) ine nzira dzakanakisa dzebhizinesi nehurumende<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework|title=NIST AI RMF|publisher=NIST.gov}}</ref>. [[ISO/IEC 42001:2023]] inopa zvinodiwa pakutarisira AI, uye yakatotanga kushandiswa mumatare sehwaro hwe"zviito zvinonzwisisika"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/81230.html|title=ISO/IEC 42001:2023|publisher=ISO.org}}</ref>. == Mutemo Wepasi Pose == [[European Union]] yakabvumira AI Act muna 2024, inopa zvinodikanwa kune vanogadzira uye vanoshandisa AI, kusanganisira kupatsanura njodzi uye zvakajeka<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai|title=EU AI Act|publisher=European Commission}}</ref>. MuCanada, AIDA (Artificial Intelligence and Data Act) iri kutariswa kudzora AI uye kuchengetedza data remunhu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitecase.com/insight-our-thinking/ai-watch-global-regulatory-tracker-canada|title=Canada AIDA|publisher=White & Case}}</ref>. == Zviito Zvekutevedzera Mutemo == Kutevedzera mutemo nehutsika, masangano ari kutora matanho akadai seongororo yakazvimirira yealgorithms, makomiti ehunhu, kuverengwa kwekushandiswa kweAI, uye certification maererano nezviyero zveindasitiri. Mamwe makambani ane [https://pacific.ai/healthcare-ai-governance-a-review-of-evaluation-frameworks/ AI governance] frameworks ane marongerwo ekugadzira, kuyedza, uye kushandisa algorithms. Aya marongerwo anosanganisira kusasarura, kuvhurika, kuchengetedza data, uye mutoro. Anogona kugadzirwa nemasangano kana makambani anopa mazano. Zvakajairika kushandisa nyanzvi dzekunze kana masangano kuti vaongorore kutevedzera AI nemitemo nehutsika. Izvi zvinosanganisira ongororo yekusarura, kuongorora mitemo, uye kupa mazano ekuvandudza kutungamira njodzi. == Ona Zvakare == * [[Hungwaru hwekugadzira]] * [[Hutsika hweAI]] * [[Sarudzo dzinoitwa neMasisitimu]] == Zvinyorwa == <references /> b57triknnmqmvme04kzmbtv6b1a7ty8 0 24691 113608 112169 2026-05-24T18:14:01Z HJ Mitchell 20929 Requesting speedy deletion (Spam). (TwinkleGlobal) 113608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delete|1=Spam}} = Mutemo weUchenjeri hwekugadzira = '''Mutemo weUchenjeri hwekugadzira''' mutsara wemitemo yehurumende, mirau, nemaitiro ehunhu anotungamira kugadzirwa, kushandiswa, nekuyedzwa kwemasisitimu anobva muUchenjeri hwekugadzira (AI). Chinangwa chawo ndechekuona mutoro, kujeka, uye kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzevanhu pakushandiswa kwetekinoroji idzi mudunhu rehurumende, rakazvimirira, nepasirese. <ref>[https://oecd.ai/en/ai-principles]</ref> == Mitemo muUnited States == MuUnited States, kushandiswa kweAI kunotungamirirwa nemitemo iripo yecivil rights uye yekudzivirira kusarura. Semuyenzaniso, Chikamu VII cheCivil Rights Act cha1964 chinorambidza kusarura pakuhaya vashandi, uye izvi zvinosanganisirawo masisitimu ekusarudza otomatiki<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eeoc.gov/statutes/title-vii-civil-rights-act-1964|title=Title VII of the Civil Rights Act|publisher=EEOC}}</ref>. Mutemo weAmericans with Disabilities Act (ADA) une mashoko anovimbisa kuti tekinoroji yedhijitari, kusanganisira AI, inowanikwa kune vese<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ada.gov|title=Americans with Disabilities Act|publisher=ADA.gov}}</ref>. Chikamu 1557 cheAffordable Care Act (ACA) chinovimbisa kushandiswa kweAI isina kusarura muchikamu chehutano<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/civil-rights/for-individuals/section-1557/index.html|title=ACA Section 1557|publisher=HHS.gov}}</ref>. Uyezve, US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) yakaburitsa mutemo weHTI-1, unodzika zviga zvekujeka uye kuenderana kweAI mune zvemishonga<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthit.gov/topic/laws-regulation-and-policy/health-data-technology-and-interoperability-certification-program|title=HTI-1 Certification Program|publisher=HealthIT.gov}}</ref>. == Mitemo yeMatunhu == MuU.S., kune mitemo yakati wandei pamwero wedunhu: Mutemo weVirginia HB 747 unodzora njodzi dzinobva muAI ine njodzi yakakwira<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legiscan.com/VA/text/HB747/id/2915334|title=Virginia HB 747|publisher=LegiScan}}</ref>. Mutemo weColorado SB24-205 unoratidza mabasa eku chengetedza vatengi kubva kumaalgorithm anogona kukuvadza<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205|title=Colorado SB24-205|publisher=Colorado General Assembly}}</ref>. Mutemo weCalifornia SB 942 unodzika zviga zvekujeka mumasisitimu eAI<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://legiscan.com/CA/text/SB942/id/3021807|title=California SB 942|publisher=LegiScan}}</ref>. == Mutemo weMunharaunda == MuNew York, mutemo 144 unoda ongororo yegore rega rega yekusarura pamasisitimu ekugadzira sarudzo pakuhaya vashandi<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page|title=NYC Local Law 144|publisher=nyc.gov}}</ref>. == Matanho uye Mirau == Food and Drug Administration (FDA) yakapa zano kune vanogadzira vanoshandisa AI mumatekinoroji ehutano<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/considerations-use-artificial-intelligence-support-regulatory-decision-making-drug-and-biological|title=FDA Guidance on AI|publisher=FDA.gov}}</ref>. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) yakagadzira AI Risk Management Framework (AI RMF), inoratidza nzira dzakanakisisa kumabhizinesi nehurumende<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework|title=NIST AI RMF|publisher=NIST.gov}}</ref>. Chiyero chepasi rose ISO/IEC 42001:2023 chinodzika zvinodiwa mumasisitimu ekutonga AI, uye chatotanga kushandiswa mumatare semuenzaniso wezviito "zvine musoro mune bhizinesi"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iso.org/standard/81230.html|title=ISO/IEC 42001:2023|publisher=ISO.org}}</ref>. == Mutemo wePasi Rose == [[European Union]] muna 2024 yakabvuma AI Act, inodzika zvinodiwa kune vanogadzira nevanoshandisa AI, kusanganisira kuverengwa kwenjodzi uye kudiwa kwekujeka<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai|title=EU AI Act|publisher=European Commission}}</ref>. MuCanada, bhiri reAIDA (Artificial Intelligence and Data Act) riri kutariswa, rinotarisira kugadzirisa mashandisirwo eAI uye kudzivirirwa kwedata remunhu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitecase.com/insight-our-thinking/ai-watch-global-regulatory-tracker-canada|title=Canada AIDA|publisher=White & Case}}</ref>. == Matanho ekutevedzera Mutemo == Kuti matevedzere zviga zvemitemo nehunhu muAI, masangano ari kushandisa nzira dzakasiyana kuderedza njodzi nekuwedzera kujeka. Izvi zvinosanganisira ongororo dzakazvimirira dzemaalgorithms, kugadzwa kwemakomiti ehunhu, kudururwa kwemashandisirwo eAI, uye zvitupa zvinoenderana nemaitiro eindasitiri. Kune dzimwe nguva, makambani anogadzira AI governance frameworks emukati kana ekunze, ane mitemo yehurongwa, [https://pacific.ai/healthcare-ai-governance-a-review-of-evaluation-frameworks/ bvunzo], nekushandiswa kwemaalgorithms. Mitemo iyi inowanzo sanganisira kusasarura, kujeka, kuchengetedzwa kwedata uye mutoro. Iyi mitemo inogona kugadzirwa nemakambani pachawo kana nemakambani ekupa mazano. Zvakare, zvava kujairika kuti nyanzvi dzepanze kana masangano azvimirira aongorore kuti maAI algorithms anotevedzera here mitemo iyi nehunhu, kusanganisira ongororo yekusarura, kuongorora kuenderana nemitemo, uye kupa mazano ekugadzirisa njodzi. == Ona Zvakare == [[Uchenjeri hwekugadzira]] [[Hunhu hweAI]] [[Sarudzo dzinoitwa neAI]] == Zvinyorwa == <references /> oklkdw09z656ittjpiswnzgtlv5nh9b