Wikipedia snwiki https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peji_Rekutanga MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.17 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4068 114319 112472 2026-08-28T16:04:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 114319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | name = Chapfunga | image = Schistosomiasis in a child 2.jpg | caption = Mukomana ane makore 11 ane [[ascites|mvura mudumbu]] uye BP yemutsinga kana kuti [[portal hypertension]] zvichikonzerwa neschistosomiasis (Agusan del Sur, Philippines) | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce ={{IPAc-en|ˌ|ʃ|i|s|t|ə|s|ə|ˈ|m|aɪ|ə|s|ᵻ|s|,_|-|t|oʊ|-|,_|-|s|oʊ|-}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/schistosomiasis |title=Chapfunga - definition of schistosomiasis in English from the Oxford dictionary |publisher=[[OxfordDictionaries.com]] |access-date=2016-01-20 |accessdate=2016-11-04 |archive-date=2015-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151119184949/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/schistosomiasis |deadurl=yes }}</ref> | synonyms = bharaziya, fivha yehozhwa, Katayama fivha<ref name=NHS2011>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) | url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx | work=NHS Choices | accessdate=15 March 2014 | date=17 December 2011 | archive-date=15 March 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140315131919/http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/schistosomiasis/Pages/Introduction.aspx | deadurl=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis | url=http://www.patient.info/doctor/schistosomiasis-pro | website=Patient.info | accessdate=11 June 2014 | date=12/2/2013}}</ref> | DiseasesDB =11875 |DiseasesDB_mult={{DiseasesDB2|11882}}{{DiseasesDB2|11856}} | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|65||b|65}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|120}} | OMIM = | MedlinePlus =001321 | eMedicineSubj=article | eMedicineTopic=228392 | MeshID = D012552 |Orphanet=1247 }} '''Chapfunga''' (kureva ''Bilharzia'') inozivikanwawo se '''fivha yehozhwa''', [[helminthiasis|chirwere]] chinokonzerwa ne[[chisvetasimba]] re[[hwemusi rakati sandara]] rinonzi [[Shistosomi|shistosomi (''schistosome'')]]. [[Nzira yeweti]] kana [[matumbu]] zvinogona kuva neutachiona. Zviratidzo zvinogona kusanganisira [[kurwadziwa mudumbu]], [[manyoka]], [[blood in stool|tsvina ine ropa]], kana [[hematuria|weti ine ropa]]. Vaya vanenge vaita utachiona hwacho hwe[[chronic condition|nguva yakareba]] vanogona [[kukuvara chitaka]], [[kukanganisika itsvo]], [[kusabereka]], kana kuita [[kenza yedundiro]]. Muvana, hunogona kukonzera [[failure to thrive|kusakura zvakanaka]] uye [[learning disability|kuomerwa pakudzidza]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis Fact sheet N°115 | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs115/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014| date=3 February 2014}}</ref> Chirwere ichi chinoparadzirwa munhu akagumana ne[[mvura isina munyu]] inenge iine maparasaiti. Maparasaiti aya anobudiswa ne[[hozhwa yemumvura isina munyu]] inenge iine utachiona hwacho. Chirwere ichi chakanyanya kuwanda muvana vemunyika dzichiri kubudirira sezvo vaine mikana yakawanda yokutambira mumvura inenge iine utachiona. Vamwewo vari pangozi vanosanganisira varimi, varedzi, uye vanhu vanoshandisa mvura isina kuchena muupenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva.<ref name=WHO2014/> Utachiona uhwu huri muboka re[[Maheriminthi|utachiona hwe maheriminthi (''helminth'')]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Chapter 3 Infectious Diseases Related To Travel | url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/schistosomiasis | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=30 November 2014 | date=1 August 2013}}</ref> Kuti zvizivikanwe kuti ndicho chirwere chacho, panotsvagwa mazai eparasaiti racho muweti netsvina zvemunhu wacho. Chinogonawo kuzivikanwa kuti ndicho nekutsvaga [[Dzivaureya|madzivaureya]] anenge achirwisa chirwere chacho muropa.<ref name=WHO2014/> Nzira dzokudzivirira nacho chirwere ichi dzinosanganisira kunatsiridza mikana yokuti vanhu vawane mvura yakachena uye kuderedza uwandu hwehozhwa. Munzvimbo dzakawanda chirwere chacho, mushonga unonzi [[Parazikwantheri|parazikwantheri (''praziquantel'')]] unogona kupiwa vose vari muboka racho kamwechete pagore. Izvi zvinoitirwa kuderedza nhamba yevanhu vanotapurirwa utachiona uye, zvichideredzawo kupararira kwechirwere chacho. Parazikwantheri ndiyo zvakare mushonga unokurudzirwa ne[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) kuti ushandisirwe vanenge vaoneka kuti vane utachiona.<ref name=WHO2014/> Chapfunga yakatapukira kuvanhu vanoda kusvika mamiriyoni 210 pasi rose kubvira muna 2012.<ref name=Fen2012>{{cite journal | last=Fenwick | first=A | title=The global burden of neglected tropical diseases.| journal=Public Health | date=Mar 2012 | volume=126 | issue=3 | pages=233–6 | pmid=22325616|doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2011.11.015}}</ref> Vanofungidzirwa kuva pakati pe12,000<ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | last=Lozano | first=R. | title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095 | journal=Lancet | date=15 December 2012 | volume=380 | issue=9859 | pages=2095–128 | pmid=23245604 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 | last2=Naghavi | first2=M. | last3=Foreman | first3=K. | last4=Lim | first4=S. | last5=Shibuya | first5=K. | last6=Aboyans | first6=V. | last7=Abraham | first7=J. | last8=Adair | first8=T. | last9=Aggarwal | first9=R. | displayauthors=8}}</ref> ne200,000 vanouraiwa nayo gore negore.<ref name=The2013>{{cite journal | last=Thétiot-Laurent | first=S. A. | author2=Boissier, J. | author3=Robert, A. | author4= Meunier, B. | title=Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy | journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English | date=27 June 2013 | pmid=23813602 | volume=52 | issue=31 | pages=7936–56 | doi=10.1002/anie.201208390}}</ref> Chirwere ichi chinonyanya kuwanika mu[[Afurika]], uyewo mu[[Ezhiya]] nemu[[Amerika Chamhembe]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni 700 munyika dzinodarika 70 vanorarama munzvimbo munowanika chirwere chacho.<ref name=The2013/><ref>{{cite web | title=Schistosomiasis A major public health problem | url=http://www.who.int/schistosomiasis/en | work=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref> Munyika dzinopisa, chapfunga ndiyo yechipiri, ichitevera [[marariya]] pazvirwere zvemaparasaiti zvinonyanya kukanganisa upfumi.<ref name="SCP">{{Cite web | author=The Carter Center | title=Schistosomiasis Control Program | url=http://www.cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | accessdate=17 July 2008 | archive-date=20 July 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080720091015/http://cartercenter.org/health/schistosomiasis/index.html | deadurl=yes }}</ref> Chapfunga iri pakati pezvirwere zvinonzi [[zvirwere zvakashayirwa hanya zvokunzvimbo dzinopisa]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Neglected Tropical Diseases | url=http://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/diseases/index.html | website=cdc.gov | accessdate=28 November 2014 | date=6 June 2011}}</ref> ==Mitauro ye Chibantu== *[[VaBemba]] vanoti '''Mubongola''' (n. Bilharzia) kureva [[chapfunga]]. *[[VaVenda]] vanoti '''tshifunga''' (n. Bilharzia) kureva [[chapfunga]]. ==Kunowanika mamwe mashoko== <references /> [[Category:Chezvipenyu]] [[Category:Zvirwere]] fjott6z5ix1upd7x5pao9b20l08k019 0 10416 114318 48532 2026-08-28T16:04:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 114318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disease | Name = Chimbwamupengo | image = Dog with rabies.jpg | caption = Imbwa ine chimbwamupengo asi yadarika danho rokupengereka | DiseasesDB = 11148 | ICD10 = {{ICD10|A|82||a|82}} | ID9 = {{ICD9|071}} | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = 001334 | eMedicineSubj = med | eMedicineTopic = 1374 | eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|eerg|493}} {{eMedicine2|ped|1974}} | MeshID = D011818 }} '''Chimbwamupengo''' i[[Virus|vhairasi]] rechirwere chinokonzera [[encephalitis|kuzvimba kweuropi]] muvanhu nedzimwe mhuka dzine [[ropa rinodziya]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Zviratidzo zvokutanga zvinogona kusanganisira fivha uye kubayabaya panzvimbo inenge yapinda utachiona.<ref name=WHO2013/> Zviratidzo izvi zvinoteverwa nechimwe chete kana zviviri zvezvinotevera: maitiro echisimba, kufarisa kusina muganhu, [[hydrophobia|kutya mvura]], kutadza kufambisa dzimwe nhengo dzemuviri, kuvhiringidzika, uye [[kufenda]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Kana zviratidzo zvaoneka, chimbwamupengo kakawanda kacho chinouraya.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kubva panguva yokutapurirwa utachiona kusvika panotanga kuoneka zviratidzo, panowanzova nemwedzi mumwe chete kusvika kumitatu. Zvisinei, nguva iyi inogona kusiyana-siyana ichitangira pasi pevhiki rimwe chete kusvikira kugore kana kudarika.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kureba kwenguva kunotsamira pakuti vhairasi racho rinofanira kufamba daro rakadini kuti risvike ku[[muzongoza uye uropi]].<ref name=Robbins>{{cite book |author=Cotran RS |title=Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease |edition=7th |publisher=Elsevier/Saunders |year=2005 |page=1375 |isbn=0-7216-0187-1 |author2=Kumar V |author3=Fausto N }}</ref> == Chinokonzera uye kuzivikanwa kwechirwere== Chimbwamupengo chinotapurirwa kuvanhu chichibva kune dzimwe mhuka. Chimbwamupengo chinogona kutapurirwa kana mhuka inacho ikamara kana kuruma imwe kana munhu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Rute rwemhuka ine utachiona runogonawo kutapurira chimbwamupengo kana rukaenda pamikana inobuda kunze kwomuviri yeimwe mhuka kana munhu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kakawanda, chimbwamupengo muvanhu chinobva pakurumwa nembwa.<ref name=WHO2013/> Munyika dzine imbwa dzakawanda dzine chimbwamupengo, inopfuura 99% yechimbwamupengo inokonzerwa nokurumwa nembwa.<ref name=Tint2010>{{cite book |author=Tintinalli, Judith E. |title=Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide (Emergency Medicine (Tintinalli))|publisher=McGraw-Hill |year=2010 |pages=Chapter 152 |isbn=0-07-148480-9}}</ref> Munzvimbo dze[[Americas]], kurumwa ne[[chiremwaremwa]] ndiko kunonyanya kukonzera kutapukira kwechimbwamupengo, uye kutapukira kuri pasi pe5% kunokonzerwa nembwa.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Tint2010/> Kashoma chaizvo kuti mbeva nezvimwe zvakada kudaro zvitapurirwe chimbwamupengo.<ref name=Tint2010/> [[Vhairasi rechimbwamupengo]] rinofamba kuenda kuuropi richitevedza [[Peripheral nervous system|manevhi ekunze]]. Chirwere ichi chinogona chete kuzivikanwa kuti ndicho kana zviratidzo zvacho zvatanga kuoneka.<ref name=WHO2013/> == Kudzivirira uye marapiro == Mitemo yokuchengetedza mhuka uye zvirongwa zvokudzibaya ndizvo zvaderedza kutapukira kwechimbwamupengo kubva kumbwa munzvimbo dzakawanda dzepasi.<ref name=WHO2013/> Zvinokurudzirwa kufanobaya mishonga yokudzivirira vaya vane mikana yakakura yekutapurirwa chirwere ichi. Vari pangozi yakanyanya vanosanganisira vanoshanda nezviremwaremwa kana vaya vanotora nguva yakareba vari munzvimbo dzenyika dzinonyanya kuva nechirwere chacho.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kuvanhu vanenge vaita mukana wokubatwa nechimbwamupengo, [[mushonga wokudzivirira chimbwamupengo]] uye dzimwe nguva [[immunoglobulin]] yechimbwamupengo zvinogona kushanda pakudzivirira kuti vasabatwe nechirwere ndokunge varapiwa zviratidzo zvechimbwamupengo zvisati zvatanga.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kugeza panenge parumwa kana kumarwa kwemaminitsi 15 nesipo nemvura, [[povidone iodine]], kana mishonga yokuchenesa nayo zvinofungidzirwa kuti zvinogona kudzivirira kutapukira kwechimbwamupengo sezvo zvichigona kuuraya vhairasi racho.<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Rabies Fact Sheet N°99|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs099/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=28 February 2014|date=July 2013}}</ref> Vashomanene chete ndivo vakapukunyuka utachiona hwechimbwamupengo pashure pokunge vatanga kuratidza zviratidzo zvokuva nacho. Ava vakawana marapiro akasimba anozivikanwa se[[Milwaukee protocol]].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Hemachudha T, Ugolini G, Wacharapluesadee S, Sungkarat W, Shuangshoti S, Laothamatas J | title = Human rabies: neuropathogenesis, diagnosis, and management. | journal = Lancet neurology | volume = 12 | issue = 5 | pages = 498–513 | date = May 2013 | pmid = 23602163 | doi = 10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70038-3 }}</ref> ===Mushonga wekudzivirira=== '''Mushonga wekudzivirira chimbwamupengo''' [[mushonga wekudzivirira]] unoshandiswa kudzivirira [[chimbwamupengo]].<ref name=WHO2010>{{cite journal|title=Rabies vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Weekly epidemiological record|date=Aug 6, 2010|volume=32|issue=85|pages=309-320|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8532.pdf?ua=1}}</ref> Kune yakati wandei inoshandisika zvisina ngozi uye inoshanda.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Inogona kushandiswa kudzivirira chimbwamupengo kubvira panguva munhu yaanenge asati awana utachiona kusvikira kunyange pashure pokunge arumwa nembwa kana chiremwaremwa.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Pashure pokuwana mushonga katatu, kudzivirirwa kunobva kwaita kwenguva yakareba.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Mishonga yacho inowanzoita zvokubayiwa nejekiseni muganda kana patsandanyama.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Kana munhu ambova pangozi yokuwana chirwere, mushonga wokudzivirira wacho unowanzoshandiswa pamwechete ne[[immunoglobulin yechimbwamupengo]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Zvinokurudzirwa kuti vaya vane mikana yakakura yekutapurirwa chirwere ichi vafanobayiwa mishonga yokudzivirira.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Mishonga yokudzivirira inoshanda zvakanaka muvanhu nepadzimwe mhuka.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Kubaya imbwa kunoshanda chaizvo pakudzivirira vanhu pachirwere.<ref name=WHO2010/> ==== Nezvengozi dzemishonga ==== Mamiriyoni evanhu pasi rose vakabayiwa mishonga yokudzivirira uye zvinofungidzirwa kuti izvi zvinoponesa upenyu hwevanhu vanodarika 250,000 pagore.<ref name=WHO2010/> Inogona kushandisirwa vanhu vemazera ose.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Vanhu vari pakati pe35 kusvika 45 muzana vanomboita kanguva kadiki kokuti pacho pabaiwa jekiseni panotsvuka uye kurwadza.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Vanhu vari pakati pe5 kusvika 15 muzana vanogona kuita [[fivha]], [[kutemwa nemusoro]], kana [[kunzwa kuda kurutsa]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Hapana pazvinonzi hazvichaite kushandisa mushonga unodzivirira chimbwamupengo kana munhu ava nacho.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Mishonga yakawanda yokudzivirira haina [[thimerosal]].<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Mishonga yokudzivirira inogadzirwa nenyama yemanevhi inoshandiswa munyika shoma, kunyanya Asia neLatin America, asi hainyanyoshandi uye ine zvakawanda zvainovhiringa muvanhu.<!-- <ref name=WHO2010/> --> Kushandiswa kwayo hakukurudzirwe ne[[World Health Organization]].<ref name=WHO2010/> Inohodhwa nemutengo uri pakati pe44 ne78 USD pakurapwa kwega kwega, kubva muna 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vaccine, Rabies|url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=RAB000X&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=&desc=Vaccine%2C%20Rabies&pack=new&frm=VIAL&rte=INJ&class_code2=19%2E3%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2819%2E3%2E%29Vaccines%3Cbr%3E|website=International Drug Price Indicator Guide|accessdate=6 December 2015}}</ref> MuUnited States kurapiwa pachishandiswa mushonga unodzivirira chimbwamupengo kunodarika 750 USD.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Shlim|first1=David|title=Perspectives: Intradermal Rabies Preexposure Immunization|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2016/infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/perspectives-intradermal-rabies-preexposure-immunization|accessdate=6 December 2015|date=June 30, 2015}}</ref> ==Ruzivo nezvechirwere== Chimbwamupengo chinouraya vanhu vanokwana 26,000 kusvika 55,000 pasi rose, pagore.<ref name=WHO2013/><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal | author = Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R | title = Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095 | journal = Lancet | volume = 380 | issue = 9859 | pages = 2095–128 | date = Dec 15, 2012 | pmid = 23245604 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> Inodarika 95% yenzufu idzi inoitika ku[[Asia]] neku[[Africa]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Chimbwamupengo chinowanika munyika dzinopfuura 150 mumakondinendi ose kunze kweAntarctica.<ref name=WHO2013/> Vanhu vanodarika 3 bhiriyoni vanogara munzvimbo dzenyika munowanika chimbwamupengo.<ref name=WHO2013/> Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzeEurope neAustralia, chimbwamupengo chinongowanika muzviremwaremwa chete.<ref>{{cite web|title=Presence / absence of rabies in 2007|url=http://www.who.int/rabies/Absence_Presence_Rabies_07_large.jpg?ua=1|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=1 March 2014|year=2007}}</ref> Nyika dzakawanda dzakaita zvitsuwa hadzina chimbwamupengo zvachose.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rabies-Free Countries and Political Units|url=http://www.cdc.gov/animalimportation/rabies-free-countries.html|work=CDC|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref> ==Kunowanika mamwe mashoko== <references /> g1qckl4wbklzpxd03pd6kl593984mys 0 10419 114322 47232 2026-08-28T16:05:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 114322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | Name = Leishmaniasis | Image = Skin ulcer due to leishmaniasis, hand of Central American adult 3MG0037 lores.jpg | Caption = Leishmaniasis yemuganda iri paruoko rwemunhu wechikuru weku[[Central America]] | Field = [[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]] | pronounce = Leishmaniasis {{IPAc-en|ˌ|l|iː|ʃ|m|ə|ˈ|n|aɪ|ə|s|ɪ|s}}<br>leishmaniosis {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|eɪ|n|ɪ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ɪ|s}} or {{IPAc-en|l|iː|ʃ|ˌ|m|æ|n|ɪ|ˈ|əʊ|s|ɪ|s}}<ref>http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/leishmaniasis</ref> | ICD10 = {{ICD10|B|55||b|50}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|085}} | DiseasesDB = 3266 | DiseasesDB_mult = {{DiseasesDB2|29171}}<!-- {{DiseasesDB2|3266}} {{DiseasesDB2|7070}} --> | MedlinePlus = 001386 | eMedicineSubj = emerg | eMedicineTopic = 296 | MeshID = D007896 }} '''Leishmaniasis''', inonyorwawo kuti '''leishmaniosis''', [[chirwere]] chinokonzerwa ne[[protozoa]] [[parasaiti]] remhando ye''[[Leishmania]]'' uye chinoparadzirwa munhu paanorumwa neimwe mhando ye[[umhutu hwemunzvimbo dzine jecha]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Chirwere ichi chinobudira munzvimbo nhatu: [[Cutaneous leishmaniasis|muganda]], muganda nemikana inobuda kunze kwemuviri, kana [[leishmaniasis yemuchipfuva nemudumbu]].<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Fact sheet N°375|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs375/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014|date=January 2014}}</ref> Kana riri ganda, panoita maronda, kana riri ganda nemikana inobuda kunze kwemuviri panoita maronda paganda, muromo uye mhino, nepo kana muri muchipfuva nemudumbu, panotanga maronda paganda, pozova nefivha, kushomeka kwemasero matsvuku eropa, uye kukura kwechiropa nechitaka.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Cause and diagnosis --> Utachiona muvanhu hunokonzerwa nemhando dzinodarika 20 dzeumhutu hwe"Leishmania".<ref name=WHO2014/> Zvinowedzera dambudziko iri zvinosanganisira urombo, kushaika kwezvokudya zvinovaka muviri, kuparadzwa kwemasango, uye kuwedzera kwevanhu mumaguta vachibva mumamisha.<ref name=WHO2014/> Mhando dzose dziri nhatu dzechirwere ichi dzinogona kuzivikanwa nokutarisa utachiona hwacho pachishandiswa maikorosikopu.<ref name=WHO2014/> Uyewo, kana iri mhando yemuchipfuva nemudumbu, inogona kuzivikanwa nekuongororwa kweropa.<ref name=Barrett2012/> <!-- Prevention and treatment --> Leishmaniasis inogona kudzivirirwa nekurara munhu akazvidzivirira nemambure akaiswa [[mishonga inouraya zvipembenene]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Dzimwe nzira dzinosanganisira kufirita kuti umhutu hwemujecha hufe uye kukurumidza kurapa varwere kuitira kuti utachiona husarambe huchipararira.<ref name=WHO2014/> Marapirwo anozoshandiswa anotsamira pakuti chirwere chacho chawanika kupi, mhando yeumhutu hwe"Leishmania", uye mhando yeutachiona hwacho.<ref name=WHO2014/> Mimwe yemishonga inogona kushandisirwa kurapa mhando yemuchipfuva nemudumbu inosanganisira [[liposomal amphotericin B]],<ref name=Sun2013/> mubatanidzwa we[[pentavalent antimonials]] ne[[paromomycin]],<ref name=Sun2013>{{cite journal|last=Sundar|first=S|author2=Chakravarty, J |title=Leishmaniasis: an update of current pharmacotherapy.|journal=Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=14|issue=1|pages=53–63|pmid=23256501|doi=10.1517/14656566.2013.755515}}</ref> uye [[miltefosine]].<ref name=Dor2012>{{cite journal|last=Dorlo|first=TP|author2=Balasegaram, M |author3=Beijnen, JH |author4= de Vries, PJ |title=Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis.|journal=The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy|date=Nov 2012|volume=67|issue=11|pages=2576–97|pmid=22833634|doi=10.1093/jac/dks275}}</ref> Kana chiri chirwere chemuganda, paromomycin, [[fluconazole]], kana [[pentamidine]] inogona kushanda.<ref name=Min2007>{{cite journal|last=Minodier|first=P|author2=Parola, P |title=Cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment.|journal=Travel medicine and infectious disease|date=May 2007|volume=5|issue=3|pages=150–8|pmid=17448941|doi=10.1016/j.tmaid.2006.09.004}}</ref> <!-- Epidemiology --> Kutaura kuno, vanhu mamiriyoni 12 vatori neutachiona<ref name=Mag>{{cite web|title=Leishmaniasis Magnitude of the problem|url=http://www.who.int/leishmaniasis/burden/magnitude/burden_magnitude/en/index.html|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=17 February 2014}}</ref> munyika dzinokwana 98.<ref name=Barrett2012>{{cite journal|last=Barrett|first=MP|author2=Croft, SL |title=Management of trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis.|journal=British medical bulletin|year=2012|volume=104|pages=175–96|pmid=23137768|doi=10.1093/bmb/lds031|pmc=3530408}}</ref> Vanokwana mamiriyoni maviri vakabatwa nahwo kekutanga<ref name=Barrett2012/> uye vari pakati pe20,000 ne50,000 vanofa gore negore.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=Loz2012>{{cite journal|last=Lozano|first=R|title=Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_december-15-2012-january-4-2013_380_9859/page/2095|journal=Lancet|date=Dec 15, 2012|volume=380|issue=9859|pages=2095–128|pmid=23245604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0}}</ref> Vanenge mamiriyoni 200 muAsia, Africa, South nemuCentral America, nekumaodzanyemba kweEurope vanogara munzvimbo dzinonyanya kuwanika chirwere ichi.<ref name=Barrett2012/><ref>{{cite journal|last=Ejazi|first=SA|author2=Ali, N |title=Developments in diagnosis and treatment of visceral leishmaniasis during the last decade and future prospects.|journal=Expert review of anti-infective therapy|date=Jan 2013|volume=11|issue=1|pages=79–98|pmid=23428104|doi=10.1586/eri.12.148}}</ref> [[World Health Organization]] yakaita kuti mimwe yemishonga inorapa chirwere ichi iwanike nemitengo yakaderedzwa.<ref name=Barrett2012/> Chirwere chacho chinogonawo kuva pane dzimwe mhuka, dzinosanganisira [[Canine leishmaniasis|imbwa]] uye [[mbeva nezvimwe zvakada kudaro]].<ref name=WHO2014/> ==Kunowanika mamwe mashoko== <references /> hodq49ln3qosmwowt6qgmttlbovjaen 0 11588 114317 111974 2026-08-28T16:04:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 114317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox interventions | name = Nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri | image = Opened Oral Birth Control.jpg | alt = Package of birth control pills | caption = Pakiti re[[mapiritsi ekudzivirira nawo kubata pamuviri]] | ICD10 = | ICD9 = | ICD9unlinked = | MeshID = D003267 | LOINC = | other_codes = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicine = }} '''Nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri''', dzinozivikanwawo pachirungu se'''contraception''' kana '''fertility control''', inzira kana zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kuti munhu asaite [[nhumbu]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Definition of Birth control|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|work=MedicineNet|accessdate=9 August 2012|archive-date=6 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806234913/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=53351|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Kuronga, kuita kuti vanhu vawaniswe, uye kushandisa zvekudzivirira nazvo pakubata pamuviri ndiko kunonzi [[kuronga mhuri]].<ref name=OED2012>{{cite book|title=Oxford English Dictionary|date=June 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/19395}}</ref><ref name=WHO-health-topic>{{cite web|last=World Health Organization (WHO)|title=Family planning|url=http://www.who.int/topics/family_planning/en/|work=Health topics|publisher=World Health Organization (WHO)}}</ref> Nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri dzakabvira kare kare dzichishandiswa, asi nzira dzinonyatsoshanda uye dzisina ngozi dzakazotanga kuwanika kuma[[1900]].<ref name=Hopkins2010>{{cite book|last1=Hanson|first1=S.J.|last2=Burke|first2=Anne E.|date=21 December 2010|chapter=Fertility control: contraception, sterilization, and abortion|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PR232|editor1-last=Hurt|editor1-first=K. Joseph|editor2-last=Guile|editor2-first=Matthew W.|editor3-last=Bienstock|editor3-first=Jessica L.|editor4-last=Fox|editor4-first=Harold E.|editor5-last=Wallach|editor5-first=Edward E.|title=The Johns Hopkins manual of gynecology and obstetrics|edition=4th|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|pages=382–395|isbn=978-1-60547-433-5}}</ref> Dzimwe tsika hadzipi vese vese kana kuti hadzitokurudziri kudzivirira pamuviri nekuti izvi hazvienderani netsika dzavo, manamatiro, kana zvematongerwe enyika zvavo.<ref name=Hopkins2010/> <!-- Methods --> Nzira dzinonyanya kushanda ndidzo dzinoti [[Sterilization (yemishonga)|sterilization]] inoitwa kuburikidza ne[[kuchekwa]] kana vari varume uye [[kusungwa kwemachubhu echibereko]] kana vari vakadzi, [[chigadzirwa chinoiswa muchibereko]], uye [[zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira kubata pamuviri zvinoiswa mumuviri|zvigadzirwa zvekudzivirira kubata pamuviri zvinoiswa mumuviri]].<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Izvi zvinozoteverwa ne[[kudzivirira kubata pamuviri pachishandiswa mahomoni|nzira dzinoshandisa mahomoni]] kusanganisira [[Mubatanidzwa wemapiritsi ekudzivirira pamuviri|mapiritsi ekuita zvekunwa]], [[Chinamirwa chinodzivirira kubata pamuviri|zvinamirwa]], [[marin'i anoiswa musikarudzi]], uye [[majekiseni anodzivirira kubata pamuviri|majekiseni]].<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Nzira dzisinganyanyi kushanda dzinosanganisira [[Kudzivirira pamuviri nekudzivirira kuti urume nezai zvisabatane|zvinodzivirira kuti urume nezai zvisabatane]] zvakaita sema[[kondomu]], [[Diaphragm (kudzivirira pamuviri)|madiaphragm]] uye [[chipanji chinodzivirira pamuviri|zvipanji zvinodzivirira pamuviri]] uye [[nzira dzekuziva nadzo kana iri nguva yekuti mukadzi abate pamuviri]].<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Nzira dziri kwekupedzisira pakushanda ndidzo dzinoti [[mishonga inouraya urume]] uye [[kubudisa nhengo yemurume|kubudisa nhengo yemurume]] kunoitwa murume asati [[abudisa urume]].<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011/> --> Nepo sterilization ichishanda chaizvo, kakawanda haibvisike; dzimwe nzira dzese dzinogona kubvisika, uye dzakawanda dzacho dzinotoguma kushanda ipapo ipapo.<ref name=WHO_FP2011>{{cite book|author=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration|year=2011|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated|accessdate=2017-05-25|archive-date=2013-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054335/http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> [[Bonde rakadzivirirwa]], rakadai sekushandisa kondomu rechirume kana [[makondomu evakadzi]], zvinogona kubatsira kudzivirira [[utachiona hunotapuriranwa pabonde]].<ref name="pmid22423463">{{cite journal |last1 = Taliaferro | first1 = L. A. |last2 = Sieving | first2 = R. |last3 = Brady | first3 = S. S. |last4 = Bearinger | first4 = L. H. |title = We have the evidence to enhance adolescent sexual and reproductive health--do we have the will? |journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 22 |issue = 3 |pages = 521–543, xii |year = 2011 |pmid = 22423463}}</ref><ref name="pmid22341164">{{cite journal |last1 = Chin |first1 = H. B. |last2 = Sipe |first2 = T. A. |last3 = Elder |first3 = R. |last4 = Mercer |first4 = S. L. |last5 = Chattopadhyay |first5 = S. K. |last6 = Jacob |first6 = V. |last7 = Wethington |first7 = H. R. |last8 = Kirby |first8 = D. |last9 = Elliston |first9 = D. B. |doi = 10.1016/j.amepre.2011.11.006 |title = The Effectiveness of Group-Based Comprehensive Risk-Reduction and Abstinence Education Interventions to Prevent or Reduce the Risk of Adolescent Pregnancy, Human Immunodeficiency Virus, and Sexually Transmitted Infections |journal = American Journal of Preventive Medicine |volume = 42 |issue = 3 |pages = 272–294 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22341164 |pmc = |url = http://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(11)00906-8/abstract |accessdate = 2017-05-25 |archive-date = 2020-01-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200102180246/https://www.ajpmonline.org/article/S0749-3797(11)00906-8/abstract |deadurl = yes }}</ref> [[Nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo pamuviri pashure pebonde|Nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo pamuviri pashure pebonde]] dzinogona kudzivirira nhumbu kwemazuva pashure pebonde risina kudzivirirwa.<ref name=Gizzo2012>{{cite journal|last=Gizzo|first=S|last2=Fanelli |first2=T |last3=Di Gangi |first3=S |last4=Saccardi |first4=C |last5=Patrelli |first5=TS |last6=Zambon |first6=A |last7=Omar |first7=A |last8=D'Antona |first8=D |last9=Nardelli |first9=GB|title=Nowadays which emergency contraception? Comparison between past and present: latest news in terms of clinical efficacy, side effects and contraindications.|journal=Gynecological endocrinology : the official journal of the International Society of Gynecological Endocrinology|date=October 2012|volume=28|issue=10|pages=758–63|pmid=22390259|doi=10.3109/09513590.2012.662546}}</ref> Vamwe vanoona [[kusaita zvepabonde|kusaita zvepabonde]] senzira yekudzivirira nayo pamuviri, asi [[kudzidzisa vanhu kusaita zvepabonde chete]] zvinogona kuwedzera [[nhumbu dzevachiri kuyaruka]] kana kudzidzisa kwacho kukaitwa pasinawo kudzidziswa nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo pamuviri, zvichibva pakuti vachiri kuyaruka vanogona kutadza kuteerera zvavari kudzidziswa.<ref name="pmid12065267">{{cite journal |author=DiCenso A, Guyatt G, Willan A, Griffith L |title=Interventions to reduce unintended pregnancies among adolescents: systematic review of randomised controlled trials |journal=BMJ |volume=324 |issue=7351|pages=1426 |date=June 2002 |pmid=12065267 |pmc=115855 |doi= 10.1136/bmj.324.7351.1426|url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18923389">{{cite journal |last1 = Duffy | first1 = K. |last2 = Lynch | first2 = D. A. |last3 = Santinelli | first3 = J. |doi = 10.1038/clpt.2008.188 |title = Government Support for Abstinence-Only-Until-Marriage Education |journal = Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics |volume = 84 |issue = 6 |pages = 746–748 |year = 2008|pmid = 18923389 |pmc = |url = http://www.nature.com/clpt/journal/v84/n6/full/clpt2008188a.html}}</ref> <!--Special populations --> Nezvenyaya ye[[nhumbu dzevachiri kuyaruka|vachiri kuyaruka]], nhumbu dzacho dzine mikana yakakura yekusafamba zvakanaka.<!-- <ref name="pmid22764559"/> --> [[Dzidzo yezvebonde]] inotaura zvese uye kuwanika kwenzira dzekudzivirira nadzo pamuviri zvinoderedza uwandu hwenhumbu dzisina kurongwa dzevachiri kuyaruka.<ref name="pmid22764559">{{Cite journal |last1 = Black | first1 = A. Y. |last2 = Fleming | first2 = N. A. |last3 = Rome | first3 = E. S. |title = Pregnancy in adolescents |journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 23 |issue = 1 |pages = 123–138, xi |year = 2012 |pmid = 22764559}}</ref><ref name="pmid22764557">{{cite journal |last1 = Rowan | first1 = S. P. |last2 = Someshwar | first2 = J. |last3 = Murray | first3 = P. |title = Contraception for primary care providers|journal = Adolescent medicine: state of the art reviews |volume = 23 |issue = 1 |pages = 95–110, x–xi|year = 2012 |pmid = 22764557}}</ref> Nepo nzira dzese dzekudzivirira nadzo pamuviri dzichigona kushandiswa nevadiki,<ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/> [[nzira dzenguva yakareba asi dzinobvisika dzekudzivirira nadzo pamuviri]] sezvakaita zvigadzirwa zvinoiswa mumuviri, kana marin'i anoiswa musikarudzi inzira dzinonyanya kubatsira kuderedza uwandu hwenhumbu dzevachiri kuyaruka.<ref name="pmid22764557"/> Pashure pekuzvara mwana, mukadzi anenge asiri kuyamwisa chete chete, anogona kubata zvakare pamuviri pashure pemavhiki 4 kusvika ku6.<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>--> Dzimwe nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo pamuviri dzinogona kutotanga kushandiswa pashure chaipo pekuzvara mwana, nepo dzimwe dzichida kuti pambomirwa kwenguva inosvika mwedzi 6.<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>--> Kana vari vakadzi vari kuyamwisa, [[nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo pamuviri dzemahomoni eprogestogen|nzira dzemahomoni eprogestin chete]] ndidzo dzinonyanya kukurudzirwa pane mapiritsi emubatanidzwa.<!-- <ref name=WHO_FP2011p260/>--> Kana vari vakadzi vanenge [[vaguma kubereka]], zvinokurudzirwa kuti varambe vachishandisa nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri kwegore pashure pemwedzi wavanenge vaguma kuenda kumwedzi.<ref name=WHO_FP2011p260>{{cite book|author=World Health Organization Department of Reproductive Health and Research|title=Family planning: A global handbook for providers: Evidence-based guidance developed through worldwide collaboration|year=2011|pages=260–300|publisher=WHO and Center for Communication Programs|location=Geneva, Switzerland|isbn=978-0-9788563-7-3|url=http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|edition=Rev. and Updated|accessdate=2017-05-25|archive-date=2013-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054335/http://www.fphandbook.org/sites/default/files/hb_english_2012.pdf|deadurl=yes}}</ref> <!-- Prevalence and effects --> Mu[[nyika ichiri kubudirira|nyika dzichiri kubudirira]] vakadzi vanokwana 222&nbsp;miriyoni pasi rese avo vasiri kuda kubata pamuviri havasi kushandisa nzira dzemazuva ano dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri.<ref name="Guttmacher2012">{{cite web|title=Costs and Benefits of Contraceptive Services: Estimates for 2012|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/AIU-2012-estimates.pdf|work=United Nations Population Fund|pages=1|format=pdf|date=June 2012}}</ref><ref name="pmid22784540">{{cite journal |last1 = Carr |first1 = B. |last2 = Gates |first2 = M. F. |last3 = Mitchell |first3 = A. |last4 = Shah |first4 = R. |title = Giving women the power to plan their families |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60905-2 |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 80–82 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784540 |pmc = |url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60905-2/fulltext |accessdate = 2017-05-25 |archive-date = 2013-05-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510203702/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60905-2/fulltext |deadurl = yes }}</ref> Munyika dzichiri kubudirira, kushandiswa kwenzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri kuri kuderedza [[kufa kwevakadzi vane nhumbu|mafa anoitika pakuzvitakura kwemadzimai]] ne40% (mafa anenge 270 000 dzakadziviswa muna 2008) uye dzinogona kudzivirirwa kusvika pa70% kana vanhu vakawaniswa nzira dzese dzavanoda dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri.<ref name="pmid22784533">{{cite journal|last=Cleland|first=J|author2=Conde-Agudelo, A |author3=Peterson, H |author4=Ross, J |author5= Tsui, A |title=Contraception and health.|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_july-14-20-2012_380_9837/page/149|journal=Lancet|date=Jul 14, 2012|volume=380|issue=9837|pages=149–56|pmid=22784533|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60609-6}}</ref><ref name="pmid22784531">{{cite journal |last1 = Ahmed |first1 = S. |last2 = Li |first2 = Q. |last3 = Liu |first3 = L. |last4 = Tsui |first4 = A. O. |title = Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: An analysis of 172 countries |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60478-4 |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 111–125 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784531 |pmc = |url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60478-4/fulltext |accessdate = 2017-05-25 |archive-date = 2013-05-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510214305/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60478-4/fulltext |deadurl = yes }}</ref> Vakadzi vakura vanogona kuwedzera mikana yekuzvara vana zvakanaka uye yekuti vana vavo vararame kana vakarebesa nguva yepakati penhumbu dzavo vachishandisa nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri.<ref name="pmid22784533"/> Munyika dzichiri kubudirira, mari inotambirwa nevakadzi, [[zvinhu]], [[indekisi yeuremu hwemuviri|uremu]], uye dzidzo yevana vavo pamwe chete neutano zvinogona kuwedzera kana pakawaniswa nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo pamuviri.<ref name="pmid22784535">{{cite journal |last1 = Canning |first1 = D. |last2 = Schultz |first2 = T. P. |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60827-7 |title = The economic consequences of reproductive health and family planning |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 165–171 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784535 |pmc = |url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60827-7/fulltext |accessdate = 2017-05-25 |archive-date = 2013-06-02 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130602231028/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60827-7/fulltext |deadurl = yes }}</ref> Nzira dzekudzivirira nadzo kubata pamuviri dzinowedzeresa [[kubudirira mune zveupfumi]] nekuti panenge pava nevana vashoma vekutarisira, uye panova nevakadzi vakawanda vari muchikwata che[[vashandi]], uye zvinhu zvekurarama nazvo hazviwandirwi.<ref name="pmid22784535" /><ref name="pmid22784542">{{cite journal |last1 = Van Braeckel |first1 = D. |last2 = Temmerman |first2 = M. |last3 = Roelens |first3 = K. |last4 = Degomme |first4 = O. |title = Slowing population growth for wellbeing and development |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60902-7 |journal = The Lancet |volume = 380 |issue = 9837 |pages = 84–85 |year = 2012 |pmid = 22784542 |pmc = |url = http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60902-7/fulltext |accessdate = 2017-05-25 |archive-date = 2013-05-10 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130510213023/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60902-7/fulltext |deadurl = yes }}</ref> ==Kunowanika mamwe mashoko== <references /> 0vxpht6anrfgkosft0smyjkm82kadbc 0 11874 114321 111611 2026-08-28T16:05:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 114321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox medical condition |Name = Kuzvara |Image = Postpartum baby2.jpg |Caption = Newborn infant and mother |Width = 300 |Field = [[Obstetrics]], [[midwifery]] |synonyms = partus, parturition, birth }} [[File:Postpartum baby2.jpg|thumb|248px|Kuponiwa]] <!-- Definition --> [[File:A lhopital Cameroun 17.jpg|thumb|left|Kuponiwa ([[Cameroon]]).]] '''Kuzvara''', uko kunonziwo '''kusununguka kana kubereka''', ndiyo mhedzisiro ye[[nhumbu]] zvichibva pakuti mwana kana kuti [[vana]] vanenge vabuda [[muchibereko]] chamai.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Elizabeth|title=Concise Colour Medical Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199687992|page=375|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2_EkBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA375|language=en}}</ref> Muna 2015 kuzvara kunokwana mamiriyoni 135 kwakaitika pasi rose.<ref>{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|website=www.cia.gov|accessdate=30 July 2016|date=July 11, 2016|archive-date=16 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161116011033/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Vanenge mamiriyoni 15 vakaberekwa [[gavamwedzi|mavhiki 37 enhumbu asati akwana]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Preterm birth Fact sheet N°363|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs363/en/|website=WHO|accessdate=30 July 2016|date=November 2015}}</ref> ukuwo vari pakati pe3 kusvika 12% vakaberekwa [[kudarikidza kwenguva yenhumbu|pashure pemavhiki 42]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Buck|first1=Germaine M.|last2=Platt|first2=Robert W.|title=Reproductive and perinatal epidemiology|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199857746|page=163|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=by1lwSpfruQC&pg=PA163}}</ref> [[Munyika dzakabudirira]] vana vakawanda vanozvarirwa muzvipatara,<ref>{{cite book|last1=Co-Operation|first1=Organisation for Economic|last2=Development|title=Doing better for children|date=2009|publisher=OECD|location=Paris|isbn=9789264059344|page=105|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=0Q_WAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Olsen|first1=O|last2=Clausen|first2=JA|title=Planned hospital birth versus planned home birth.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=12 September 2012|issue=9|pages=CD000352|pmid=22972043}}</ref> nepo [[munyika dzichiri kubudurira]] vana vakawanda vanozvarirwa kumba paine rubatsiro rwa[[nyamukuta]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Fossard|first1=Esta de|last2=Bailey|first2=Michael|title=Communication for Behavior Change: Volume lll: Using Entertainment–Education for Distance Education|date=2016|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=9789351507581|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=PWElDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT138|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref> <!-- Method --> Vana vakawanda vanozvarwa vachiita zvekubuda [[nekusikarudzi]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Memon|first1=HU|last2=Handa|first2=VL|title=Vaginal childbirth and pelvic floor disorders.|journal=Women's health (London, England)|date=May 2013|volume=9|issue=3|pages=265-77; quiz 276-7|pmid=23638782}}</ref> Izvi zvinoitika mumatanho matatu: anoti [[kupfupika kwemuromo wechibereko|kupfupika]] uye [[Kuvhurika kwemuromo wechibereko|kuvhurika kwemuromo wechibereko]], kudzika uye [[kuzvarwa]] kwemwana, kwozouya kusundirwa panze kwe[[rukuvhute]].<ref name=Col2016/> Danho rekutanga rinowanzotora maawa 12 kusvika ku19, danho rechipiri maminitsi 20 kusvika kumaawa maviri, uye danho rechitatu maminitsi mashanu kusvika ku30.<ref name=NIH2010/> Danho rekutanga rinotanga nekukaka nechemudumbu kana kurwadziwa kumusana kwenguva inokwana hafu yeminiti asi kuchiitika pamaminitsi 10 kusvika 30 ega ega.<ref name=Col2016>{{cite web |title= Birth |url= http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/birth.aspx#5 |work= [[Columbia Encyclopedia|The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia]] | edition = 6| publisher= [[Columbia University Press]] |year= 2016 |accessdate= 2016-07-30 from Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> Marwadzo ekukaka anoramba achiwedzera uye nguva yaanombomira kuitika inoramba ichishomeka nekufamba kwenguva.<ref name=NIH2010>{{cite web|title=Pregnancy Labor and Birth|url=http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy//childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|website=Women's Health|accessdate=31 July 2016|date=September 27, 2010|archive-date=28 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728000124/http://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy//childbirth-beyond/labor-birth.html|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Mudanho rechipiri munogona kuitika kusungika kunoparira kuti mwana atange kusundwa.<ref name=NIH2010/> Mudanho rechitatu [[kunonoka kusunga rukuvhute|kunonoka kusunga rukuvhute]] zvinokurudzirwa chaizvo.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McDonald|first1=SJ|last2=Middleton|first2=P|last3=Dowswell|first3=T|last4=Morris|first4=PS|title=Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping of term infants on maternal and neonatal outcomes.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=11 July 2013|issue=7|pages=CD004074|pmid=23843134}}</ref> Pane zvinogona kubatsira kuderedza [[marwadzo]] zvakadai sekubatsira kuti munhu anzwe akazorora, mishonga inonzi ma[[opioid]], uyewo [[mishonga inokonzera chiveve]].<ref name=NIH2010/> <!-- Recommendations --> Vana vakawanda vanotanga kubudisa musoro; zvisinei vanokwana 4% vanotanga nemakumbo kana [[garo]] izvo zvinonyanya kuzivikanwa se[[kuzvara kwebreech|breech]].<ref name=NIH2010/><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hofmeyr|first1=GJ|last2=Hannah|first2=M|last3=Lawrie|first3=TA|title=Planned caesarean section for term breech delivery.|journal=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|date=21 July 2015|issue=7|pages=CD000166|pmid=26196961}}</ref> Munguva yemarwadzo ekubereka mukadzi anogona hake kudya uye kufamba famba madiro, kusunda mwana hakukurudzirwi mudanho rekutanga kana panguva yekuti musoro uri kubuda, uye hazvikurudzirwi kuiswa [[enema]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Childbirth: Labour, Delivery and Immediate Postpartum Care|date=2015|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-154935-6|page=Chapter D|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK326674/|accessdate=31 July 2016|language=en}}</ref> Nepo zvekucheka muromo we[[sikarudzi]] zvichiitwa chaizvo, uye zvichizivikanwa nezita rekuti [[episiotomy]], kakawanda hapana chikonzero chekuzviita.<ref name=NIH2010/> Muna 2012, kuzvara kunokwana mamiriyoni 23 kwakashandisirwa oparesheni inozivikanwa nekuti [[Caesarean section]].<ref name=Mol2015>{{cite journal|last1=Molina|first1=G|last2=Weiser|first2=TG|last3=Lipsitz|first3=SR|last4=Esquivel|first4=MM|last5=Uribe-Leitz | first5=T|last6=Azad|first6=T|last7=Shah|first7=N|last8=Semrau|first8=K|last9=Berry|first9=WR|last10=Gawande|first10=AA|last11=Haynes|first11=AB|title=Relationship Between Cesarean Delivery Rate and Maternal and Neonatal Mortality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2015-12-01_314_21/page/2263|journal=JAMA|date=1 December 2015| volume=314| issue=21| pages=2263–70| pmid=26624825| doi=10.1001/jama.2015.15553}}</ref> Oparesheni yeCaesarean section inogona kunzi iitwe kana ari [[manyambiri]], [[kukanganisika kwemwana|zvaoneka kuti mwana ava kukanganiswa]], kana kuti aita breech.<ref name=NIH2010/> Zvinotora nguva yakareba kuti munhu apore pamazvariro aya.<ref name=NIH2010/> <!-- Complications --> Gore negore matambudziko ane chekuita nenhumbu uye kuzvara anokonzera madzimai 500 000 [[kufa nepamuviri]], vanokwana mamiriyoni 7 vanoita matambudziko akanyanya uye enguva refu, uye mamiriyoni 50 vanotanga matambudziko eutano anokonzerwa nekuzvara.<ref name=WHO2008Ed/> Kakawanda izvi zvinoitika mu[[nyika dzichiri kubudirira]].<ref name=WHO2008Ed/> Matambudziko acho anosanganisira [[kuvharidzirwa kwenzira inobuda nemwana]], [[kuramba ropa richibuda pashure pekuberekwa kwemwana]], [[pfari]], uye [[kupinda kweutachiona munzira inobuda nemwana pashure pekuberekwa kwemwana]].<ref name=WHO2008Ed>{{cite book|title=Education material for teachers of midwifery : midwifery education modules|date=2008|publisher=World Health Organisation|location=Geneva [Switzerland]|isbn=978-92-4-154666-9|edition=2nd|url=http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|page=3|accessdate=2017-08-04|archive-date=2015-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221002801/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241546669_4_eng.pdf?ua=1|deadurl=yes}}</ref> Matambudziko anosangana nemwana anosanganisira [[kushaya mhepo yokufema pakuberekwa]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Richard J.|last2=Fanaroff|first2=Avroy A.|last3=Walsh|first3=Michele C.|title=Fanaroff and Martin's Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine: Diseases of the Fetus and Infant|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323295376|page=116|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=AnVYBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|language=en}}</ref> ==Kunowanika mamwe mashoko== <references /> f7ti95we9olckuvzlxpxt2b81ya17bp 0 16765 114320 97196 2026-08-28T16:05:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13356 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260828sim)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 114320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Edirne | native_name = Edirne | native_name_lang = TR | settlement_type = [[City]] | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | etymology = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Turkey | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Edirne within Turkey | pushpin_label_position = Bottom | latd=41|latm=40|lats=37|latNS=N | longd=26|longm=33|longs=20|longEW=E | coordinates_type = type:city | coordinates_display = inline | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = [[Turkey]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Turkey|Region]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Marmara Region|Marmara]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces of Turkey|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Edirne Province|Edirne]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | seat = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | governing_body = | leader_party = [[w:en:Republican People's Party (Turkey)|CHP]] | leader_title = [[w:en:Mayor#Turkey|Mayor]] | leader_name = [[w:en:Recep Gürkan|Recep Gürkan]] | leader_title1 = [[w:en:Wali (governor)#Turkish term|Governor]] | leader_name1 = Dursun Ali Şahin | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | area_footnotes = | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_magnitude = <!-- <ref> </ref> --> | area_note = | area_water_percent = | area_rank = | area_blank1_title = [[Edirne Province|Edirne]] | area_blank2_title = Province <!-- square kilometers --> | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_urban_km2 = | area_rural_km2 = | area_metro_km2 = | area_blank1_km2 = 6.098 | area_blank2_km2 = 844 <!-- hectares --> | area_total_ha = | area_land_ha = | area_water_ha = | area_urban_ha = | area_rural_ha = | area_metro_ha = | area_blank1_ha = | area_blank2_ha = | length_km = | width_km = | dimensions_footnotes = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 42 | population_footnotes = | population_as_of = 2018 | population_total = 180.327 | population_density_km2 = 196.7 | population_note = | population_demonym = | timezone1 = [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset1 = +3 | timezone1_DST = [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | blank_info = 22 | blank_name = [[w:en:Turkish car number plates|Licence plates]] | postal_code_type = [[Postal code]] | postal_code = 22000 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbering plan|Area code(s)]] | area_code = +90-284 | iso_code = TR-22 | website = http://www.edirne.bel.tr/ | module = | footnotes = }} '''Edirne''' ({{lang-el|Αδριανούπη|Adrianoúpoli}}; {{lang-bg|Одрин|Odrin}}), inhoroondo inozivikanwa se'''Adrianople''' ({{lang-la|Hadrianopolis}}; yakavambwa na [[Humambo hweRoma | hweRoma]] mambo [[Hadrian]] pane yakapfuura [[Thracians | Thracian]] kugadziriswa kwakatumidzwa ''Uskudama''), iguta kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokero [[Turkey|Turkish]] [[Edirne Province|Province of Edirne]], padyo neTurkey [[Greece-Turkey muganho | miganhu neGreece]] uye [[muBulgaria-Turkey muganho | Bulgaria]]. Edirne akashanda sedhorobha guru re [[Ottoman Umambo]] kubva 1369 kusvika muna 1453,<ref>"In 1363 the Ottoman capital moved from Bursa to Edirne, although Bursa retained its spiritual and economic importance." [http://www.kultur.gov.tr/–EN,33810/ottoman-capital-bursa.html ''Ottoman Capital Bursa'']. Official website of Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the Republic of Turkey. Retrieved 19 December 2014. Contradicted by refs cited in [[Conquest of Adrianople]]</ref> pamberi [[Ottoman Constantinople | Constantinople]] (wanhasi [[Istanbul]]) rakava guta rechina uye rekupedzisira guta guru pakati pa1453 na1922. Huwandu hweguta vanofungidzirwa muna 2014 hwaive 165.979. == Etymology == == Nhoroondo == === Chinyakare === === Nguva yekare === === Nguva yemazuva ano === == Echokwadiastical nhoroondo == == Geography == === Mamiriro ekunze === == Upfumi == == Masisita maguta == == Inotaridzika vanhu == == Mareferensi == {{reflist}} == Kuwedzera kuverenga == *{{cite book | last=Gökbilgin | first=M. Tayyib | year=1991 | chapter=Edirne | title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 2 | edition=2nd | publisher=Brill | place=Leiden | pages=683–686 | isbn=90-04-07026-5 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/02.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.LewPelScha.etc.UndPatIUA.v2.C-G.4th.Leid.EJBrill.1965.1991.#page/n709/mode/1up }} *{{cite journal|author=Wasti, Syed Tanvir|title=The 1912-13 Balkan Wars and the Siege of Edirne |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-eastern-studies_2004-07_40_4/page/59|journal=[[Middle Eastern Studies]]|volume=40|issue=4|date=July 2004|pages=59–78|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis, Ltd.]]|jstor=4289928|doi=10.1080/00263200410001700310}} *{{cite journal|author=Yerolympous, Alexandra|url=https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/viewFile/2539/2563|title=A Contribution to the Topography of 19th Century Adrianople|journal=[[Balkan Studies]]|pages=49–72|accessdate=2020-07-26|archive-date=2019-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719230510/https://ojs.lib.uom.gr/index.php/BalkanStudies/article/viewFile/2539/2563|deadurl=yes}} == Zvekunze zvinongedzo == {{commons|Edirne}} * [http://www.edirne.bel.tr/ www.edirne.bel.tr] [[Category:Turkey]] q0xdpmux2jadsfcei8wk3scaqtfc2fu