Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.5 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2007 298357 280104 2026-06-09T10:22:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298357 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sanaag''' ( [[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]] : Sanaag , [[Carabi]] : سَنَاج ) Waa gobol ( [[Gobolada Somaliland|gobol]] ) ee waqooyi bari [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] . Sanaag waxay leedahay xeeb dheer oo dhanka waqooyi kaga beegan Gacanka Cadmeed , waxayna xuduud la wadaagtaa gobolka [[Saaxil]] oo galbeed ka xigta, [[Sool]] oo dhanka koonfureed ka xigta iyo [[Soomaaliya]] oo bari ka xigta. Gobolkan waxaa ku muransan Jamhuuriyadda iskeed ugu dhawaaqday madaxbannaanida ee [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] iyo [[Puntland]] oo xubin ka ah Federaalka [[Soomaaliya]] . caasimaddeedu waa [[Ceerigaabo]] . Sanaag waa gobolka ugu weyn [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]], wuxuuna ka yahay 35% dhulka guud ee [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]]. {{Infobox settlement |name =Sanaag |native_name =سناج |other_name = |nickname = |motto = |settlement_type =[[:Category:Gobolada SSC-Khatumo|Gobol]] |image_skyline =Almadow Overview.JPG |imagesize = 250px |image_caption =Muuqaalka buuraha Cal Madoow ee gobolka Sanaag. |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_shield = |image_map =Somalia Sanaag location map.svg |mapsize = |map_caption =Goobta Soomaaliland |pushpin_map =Somaliland |coordinates_display =inline,title |coordinates_region =SO |subdivision_type =Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somaliland}} iyadoo la isku haysto {{flag|Puntland}} |subdivision_type1 =Maamul Gobaleedka |subdivision_name1 = |seat_type =Xarunta maamulka |seat =[[Ceerigaabo]] |government_type = |leader_title =Guddoomiye |leader_name =Maxamed Cilmi Xuseen Axmed |leader_title2 =HDI (2021) |leader_name2 =0.448 hooseya [[Liiska gobollada Soomaaliya marka loo eego Tilmaanta Horumarinta Aadanaha | 3aad ee 18]] |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 =54,231 |population_as_of =2022 |population_note = |population_total =325,136 |population_density_km2 = |timezone =[[East Africa Time|EAT]] |utc_offset = +3 |latd=|latm|lats=|latNS=N |longd=|longm=|longs=|longEW=E |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |website = |footnotes = }} Gobolka waxaa qayb ka ah maamullada [[Puntland]] iyo [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]]. [[Puntland]] waxay ku muransan tahay in Harti ay degto qaybo ka mid ah gobolka inay ka tirsan yihiin [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] halka kan dambena uu ku andacoonayo in gobolka oo dhan uu ku salaysan yahay xuduudka [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] ee [[Ingiriiska]] . ==Khilaaf dhuleed== [[File:Sambalaxx.jpg|thumb|]] Gobolka Sanaag waxaa ku muransan Somaliland iyo [[Puntland]] . [[Somaliland]] waxay si hufan u maamushaa galbeedka iyo badhtamaha Sanaag. Puntland ayaa gacanta ku haysa magaalada Badhan iyo deegaano kale oo bari ah. Somaliland waxay ku dhawaaqday inay sheeganayso Sanaag oo dhan, laakiin meelaha qaar (oo ay ku adag tahay inay maamusho) ayaan run ahaantii ka qaybgelin doorashada Somaliland. ==Taariikhda== [[File:LaasqorayRuins09.JPG|thumb|]] 1944 kii ilaa 1974kii, gobolka Sanaag ee casriga ahi wuxuu ka mid ahaa saddex degmo oo ka tirsan gobolka Burco. Labada degmo ee kale waxay kala ahaayeen Burco iyo Laascaanood. Sanaag waxa laga soo xardhay gobolka Togdheer waxaana la asaasay gobol gaar ah June 23, 1973 oo ka kooban saddexda degmo ee Ceerigaabo , Laas-qorey iyo Garadag .  Sanaag waxa ku yaala goobo badan oo qadiimiga ah , oo leh farshaxanno qadiimi ah , dhismayaal qadiimi ah , dhismayaal iyo saqafyo laga helay goobo badan, sida Gudmo Biyo Cas , Heis , Maydh , Haylaan , Qaa'ableh , Qombo'ul , Gelweita iyo Ceel Ayo . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar badan oo ka mid ah qaab-dhismeedyadaas qadiimka ah ayaan wali si sax ah loo baadhin, habkaas oo kaa caawin doona in uu iftiimiyo taariikhda maxaliga ah oo fududeeya ilaalintooda farcanka. Sanaag waxa kale oo ay hoy u tahay magaaladii Islaamka ahayd ee Maduuna oo u dhow Ceel Afweyn , taas oo lagu tiriyo burburka ugu badan ee nooceeda ah ee ka dhaca Somaliland.  Muuqaalka ugu muhiimsan ee magaalada burburay waxaa ka mid ah masaajid weyn oo leydi ah, darbiyadiisa dhaadheer ee 3 mitir ah ayaa weli taagan oo ay ku jiraan mihraab iyo laga yaabo inay ka mid yihiin meelo yaryar oo yaryar.  Sada Mire oo ku takhasustay cilmiga qadiimiga ah ee soomaali-Iswidishka ayaa taariikhdeeda ku sheegay in magaaladii burburtay qarnigii 15-aad-17aad. ==Deegaanka== Abaar ba'an oo ka dhacday gobolka horraantii qarnigii 21-aad ayaa sababtay khasaare 80% ama ka badan oo xoolo ah, inkastoo laba xilli roobaad oo wanaagsanaa 2004-2005 ay gacan ka geysteen dib u soo celinta deegaanka. Muddo 15 sano ah oo falanqayn ah, laga soo bilaabo 1988 ilaa 2003, waxa dhacay 52% kaynta oo luntay iyo 40% oo dhul daaqsimeed ah ,iyo 370% oo kordhay dhulkii cawska ahaa. Nabaadguurka ciidda ee cimilada iyo hawlaha bani'aadamka iyo nadiifinta xaabada iyo burushka loo isticmaalo sida dhuxusha iyo shidaalka ayaa ah arrimo horseedaya nabaad-guurka deegaanka ==Dhaqaalaha== Taariikhda dhaw gobolka Sanaag waxa uu si caadi ah u lahaa dhaqaalihii kala duwanaa, waxa uu soo saari jiray, ka dibna loo dhoofin jiray gobollo kale, waxa uu soo saari jiray xoolo nool , fooxa iyo hargaha oo loo dhoofiyo, taasina waxa ay dhacday iyada oo gobolku aanu lahayn kaabayaasha aasaasiga ah , balse, ka dib markii ay dillaaceen dagaalladii sokeeye dhaqaalaha gobolku waxa uu u burburay suuq-la'aan iyo kaabayaashii dhaqaalaha oo burburay ,isla markaana aan waligeed waxba ka tagin, iyo maalgashi la'aan. Hadda gobolku waxa uu taageeraa hal dhaqaale oo muhiim ah, dhaqashada xoolaha . Xayiraadda xoolaha nool ee ay soo rogeen dalalka Khaliijka oo ahaa suuqa ugu weyn gobolka Sanaag ayaa gabi ahaanba burburiyay dhaqaalihii gobolka, iyadoo hoos u dhigtay awoodda wax iibsiga, isla markaana ku qasabtay xoolo-dhaqatada gobolka inay ku noolaadaan nolol-maalmeedkooda. Gobolkan ayaa isku xidha magaalada burco ee xarunta gobolka togdheer iyo waliba dalka intiisa kale iyadoo la marayo wadada siilaanyo . ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== Gobolka waxaa inta badan dega dad ka soo jeeda qowmiyada Soomaalida , oo ay ugu horreeyaan beelaha Habr Yuunis iyo Habar Jeclo oo ka kala tirsan beelaha Isaaq iyo Dhulbahante iyo Warsangali ee Harti Daarood. ==Degmooyinka== Gobolka Sanaag wuxuu u qaybsan yahay 5 degmo oo kala ah sidan : Degmada Ceel Afweyn [[Ceerigaabo|Degmada Ceerigaabo]] [[Gar adag|Degmada Garadag]] [[Badhan|Degmada Badhan]] [[Dhahar|Degmada Dhahar]] ==Magaalooyinka== [[Ceerigaabo]] [[Ceel afwayn|Ceel Afweyne]] [[Maydh]] [[Badhan]] [[Dararwayne|Dararweyne]] [[Laascaanood]] [[Gar adag|Garadag]] Heis [[Midhishe|Midisho]] [[Yubbe]] [[Hadaaftimo]] [[Xingalool]] [[Dhahar]] [[Buraan]] [[Ceelbuh|Ceel Buuh]] [[Gudmo Biyo Cas]] [[Ruguda]] [[Yufle]] Dayaxa [[Godcaanood|Guud Caanood]] == Tixraac == [https://madaxtooyadajsl.com/somaliland-president-bihi-announces-government-reshuffle/ "Madaxweyne Biixi Oo Ku Dhawaaqay Isku Shaandhayn Xukuumadeed"] [https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ "Hadda-hoosaad HDI - Xogta Aagga - Shaybaarka Xogta Caalamiga ah"] [https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/are-somaliland-puntland-ready-for-war-over-land--1398366 "Somaliland iyo Puntland diyaar ma u yihiin dagaal dhul?"] [https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-no-elections-disputed-regions-puntland-says "Soomaaliya: Ma jirto doorasho ka dhacda gobollada lagu muransan yahay, Puntland waxay tiri - Soomaaliya"] [https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somaliland/141-averting-war-northern-somalia "In laga hortago dagaal ka dhaca Waqooyiga Soomaaliya"] [https://www.africaportal.org/publications/overlapping-claims-somaliland-and-puntland-case-sool-and-sanaag/ "Sheekooyinka is-daba-jooga ee Somaliland iyo Puntland: Arrinta Sool iyo Sanaag"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.africaportal.org/publications/overlapping-claims-somaliland-and-puntland-case-sool-and-sanaag/ |date=20210614004141 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20210711080102/https://www.fsnau.org/downloads/Sanaag%20Survey%20-%20May%202002.pdf " Warbixinta Sahanka Nafaqada ee Gobolka Sanaag"] [https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/ear27.pdf "Sheekooyinka is-daba-jooga ee Somaliland iyo Puntland: Dacwadda Sool iyo Sanaag"] [http://somalilandstandard.com/nec-starts-to-release-provisional-results-of-5-electoral-districts/ "KDQ Wuxuu Bilaabey Inuu Soo Saaro Natiijooyinka Ku Meel Gaarka Ah Ee 5 Degmo Doorasho"] [https://www.somaliland.com/news/somaliland/somaliland-president-imposes-state-of-emergency-to-sanaag-region/ "Madaxweynaha Somaliland Oo Xaalad Deg Deg Ah Ku Soo Rogey Gobolka Sanaag"] [http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL1.16&d=HASH01c8959afc055f5b4fbdb183.6.5 "Colaaddii Soomaaliya: Qaybtii V: Somaliland: Nabadaynta: 5. Shir Nabadeedka ee Sanaag: 'Shirweynihii nabadda iyo dib-u-heshiisiinta ee Sanaag'] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281061039 "Saameynta Saameynta Haweenka Soomaaliyeed ee Ganacsiga ku leh Puntland: Daraasad ku saabsan Degmooyinka Baran iyo Dhahar ee Gobolka Sanaag"] 1icreumxuhjpt3oj591vlnz5lyiz2pa 0 3774 298323 255845 2026-06-09T01:35:55Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298323 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:BirminghamUK skyline Centenary Square 700.jpg|thumb|220px|Birmingham]] '''Magaalada Birmingham''' waamagaalda labaad ee ugu wayn [[Midowga boqortooyada Britan]] waxa ay kutaalalaa badhtamaha [[Ingiriiska]].waxa ay gaadhayaan dadka kunooli ilaa 989,000 kun oo qof [[File:St_Martins_church_and_Bullring_-Birmingham_-England.jpg|right|thumb|Bullring e glèisa de Sant Martin|220px]] ==Daadka degaan Birmingham Waddnamha== * {{Flag|India}} 40,000++: * {{Flag|Pakistan}} 40,000+: * {{Flag|Kenya}} 3,000+: * {{Flag|Nigeria}} 2,000++: * {{Flag|Australia}} 2000+: * {{Flag|United States}} 3000+: == Qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed == Waxaa jira koox Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah oo af Soomaali ah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kulamada qaar ayaa sidoo kale lagu qabtay: Soomaali |url=https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/?w=3CA40B0B-A45C-41E7-AF08-D133DEFCA177 |access-date=2021-10-15 |archive-date=2022-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327102107/https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/?w=3CA40B0B-A45C-41E7-AF08-D133DEFCA177 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Category:Midowga boqortooyada Britan]] lmyrn87e8v7qnlhc29j5fbyqroms0og 0 4682 298356 296199 2026-06-09T09:42:49Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | bodystyle = border-collapse:collapse | title = Qorraxda [[Image:Sun symbol (bold).svg|24px|☉]] | image = [[File:Sun white.jpg|frameless]] | caption = Qaab muuqaalka Qorraxda | headerstyle = background:#FCC857 | labelstyle = padding:2px | datastyle = padding:2px <!-- section break, rows 1-19--> | header1 = Caddeymaha | label2 = Fogaanta ay<br>u jirto [[Dhul]]ka | data2 = 1 [[astronomical unit|au]] ≈ {{val|1.496|e=8|u=km}}<br>8&nbsp;daqiiqo 19&nbsp;sekin ee [[Xawaaraha ileyska|xawaare ileys]] | label3 = [[Laxaad muuqda]] (''V'') | data3 = −26.74<ref name=nssdc>{{cite web |last=Williams |first=D. R. |date=1 July 2013 |title=Sun Fact Sheet |url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html |publisher=[[NASA Goddard Space Flight Center]] |accessdate=12 August 2013 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=15 Bisha Todobaad 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715200549/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | label4 = [[Laxaad sugan]] | data4 = 4.83<ref name=nssdc /> | label5 = Abla-ablayn<br>jeegaan | data5 = G2V<ref>{{cite book|last=Zombeck|first=Martin V.|date=1990|title=Handbook of Space Astronomy and Astrophysics 2nd edition|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|url=http://ads.harvard.edu/books/hsaa/|access-date=2016-11-05|archive-date=2021-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203012304/http://ads.harvard.edu/books/hsaa/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | label6 = [[Bir (falag)]] | data6 = ''Z'' = 0.0122<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Asplund |first1=M. |last2=Grevesse |first2=N. |last3=Sauval |first3=A. J. |date=2006 |title=The new solar abundances – Part I: the observations |journal=[[Communications in Asteroseismology]] |volume=147 |pages=76–79 |bibcode=2006CoAst.147...76A |doi=10.1553/cia147s76}}</ref> | label7 = [[Jimidh xagaleed]] | data7 = 31.6–32.7 Daqiiqadaha qaansada<ref>{{cite web |title=Eclipse 99: Frequently Asked Questions |url=http://education.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/pages/faq.html |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=24 October 2010 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=27 May 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527142627/http://education.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/pages/faq.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | label8 = Magac u yeel | data8 = Cadceed | header10 = [[Orbit]]al characteristics | label11 = Mean distance<br>from [[Milky Way]] core | data11 = ≈ {{val|2.7|e=17|u=km}}<br>{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|27200|ul=light-years}}}} | label12 = [[Galactic year|Galactic period]] | data12 = (2.25–2.50){{e|8}} [[julian year (astronomy)|yr]] | label13 = [[Velocity]] | data13 = ≈ {{val|220|u=km/s}} (orbit around the center of the Milky Way) <br>≈ {{val|20|u=km/s}} (relative to average velocity of other stars in stellar neighborhood) <br>≈ {{val|370|u=km/s}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hinshaw |first=G. |display-authors=etal |date=2009 |title=Five-year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe observations: data processing, sky maps, and basic results |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series]] |volume=180 |issue=2 |pages=225–245 |arxiv=0803.0732 |bibcode=2009ApJS..180..225H |doi=10.1088/0067-0049/180/2/225}}</ref> (relative to the [[Cosmic microwave background radiation#CMBR dipole anisotropy|cosmic microwave background]]) <!-- section break, rows 20-39 --> | header20 = Physical characteristics | label21 = Equatorial [[radius]] | data21 = [[Solar radius|695,700]]&nbsp;km<ref name=IAU2015resB3>{{citation | first1=E.E. | last1=Mamajek | first2=A. | last2=Prsa | first3=G. | last3=Torres | first4=al. | last4=et | title=IAU 2015 Resolution B3 on Recommended Nominal Conversion Constants for Selected Solar and Planetary Properties | arxiv=1510.07674}}</ref><br> 109 × Earth<ref name=sse/> | label22 = Equatorial [[circumference]] | data22 = {{val|4.379|e=6|u=km}}<ref name=sse/><br>109 × Earth<ref name=sse>{{cite web |title=Solar System Exploration: Planets: Sun: Facts & Figures |url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102034758/http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sun&Display=Facts&System=Metric |archivedate=2 January 2008 |publisher=[[NASA]] }}</ref> | label23 = [[Flattening]] | data23 = {{val|9|e=-6}} | label24 = [[Surface area]] | data24 = {{val|6.09|e=12|u=km2}}<ref name=sse/><br>{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|12000}}}} × Earth<ref name=sse/> | label25 = [[Volume]] | data25 = {{val|1.41|e=18|u=km3}}<ref name=sse/><!-- NASA source has "1.412 x 10^18 km^3", which is 1.412 × 10^27 m^3 (basic arithmetic, also verified using the formula for volume of a sphere), but the Sun is not a sphere, and their radius is off a bit from what we have above, so we need to at least round a bit--><br>{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|1300000}}}} × Earth | label26 = [[Jir]] | data26 = {{val|1.98855|.00025|e=30|u=kg}}<ref name=nssdc/><br>{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|333000}}}} × Earth<ref name=nssdc/><!-- NASA Sun Fact Sheet states 333,000, a figure coherent with data already present in en.wiki --> | label27 = Average [[density]] | data27 = {{val|1.408|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=nssdc/><ref name=sse/><ref>{{cite web |last=Ko |first=M. |date=1999 |title=Density of the Sun |url=http://hypertextbook.com/facts/1999/MayKo.shtml |editor=Elert, G. |work=The Physics Factbook}}</ref><br>{{val|0.255}} × Earth<ref name=nssdc/><ref name=sse/> | label28 = Center [[density]] (modeled) | data28 = {{val|162.2|u=g/cm3}}<ref name=nssdc/><br>{{val|12.4}} × Earth | label29 = Equatorial [[surface gravity]] | data29 = {{val|274.0|u=m/s2}}<ref name=nssdc/><br>{{val|27.94|u=[[g-force|''g'']]}}<br>{{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|27542.29|u=''[[cgs]]''}}}}<br>28 × Earth<ref name=sse/> | label30 = [[Escape velocity]]<br>(from the surface) | data30 = {{val|617.7|u=km/s}}<ref name=sse/><br>55 × Earth<ref name=sse/> | label31 = Temperature | data31 = Center (modeled): {{val|1.57|e=7|u=K}}<ref name=nssdc/><br>[[Photosphere]] (effective): {{nowrap|{{val|fmt=commas|5772|ul=K}}}}<ref name=nssdc/><br> [[Corona]]: ≈ {{val|5|e=6|u=K}} | label32 = [[Luminosity]] (L_sol) | data32 = {{val|3.828|e=26|ul=W}}<ref name=nssdc/><br>≈ {{val|3.75|e=28|u=[[lumen (unit)|lm]]}}<br>≈ {{val|98|u=lm/W}} [[Luminous efficacy|efficacy]] | label33 = Mean [[radiance]]&nbsp;(I_sol) | data33 = {{val|2.009|e=7|u=W·m⁻²·sr⁻¹}} | label34 = Age | data34 = ≈ 4.6 billion years<ref name="Bonanno">{{Cite journal |last=Bonanno |first=A. |last2=Schlattl |first2=H. |last3=Paternò |first3=L. |date=2008 |title=The age of the Sun and the relativistic corrections in the EOS |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=390 |issue=3 |pages=1115–1118 |arxiv=astro-ph/0204331 |bibcode=2002A&A...390.1115B |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020749 |ref=harv}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=//www.sciencemag.org/content/338/6107/651.full|title=The Absolute Chronology and Thermal Processing of Solids in the Solar Protoplanetary Disk|date=2 November 2012|accessdate=17 March 2014|doi=10.1126/science.1226919 |journal=Science|volume=338 |issue= 6107 |pages=651–655|bibcode = 2012Sci...338..651C |pmid=23118187}}{{Registration required}}</ref> <!-- section break, rows 40-49 --> | header40 = [[Rotation]] characteristics | label41 = [[Axial tilt|Obliquity]] | data41 = 7.25°<ref name=nssdc/><br>(to the [[ecliptic]])<br>67.23°<br>(to the [[galactic plane]]) | label42 = [[Right ascension]]<br>of North pole<ref name="iau-iag">{{cite web |last1=Seidelmann |first1=P. K. |display-authors=etal |title=Report Of The IAU/IAG Working Group On Cartographic Coordinates And Rotational Elements Of The Planets And Satellites: 2000 |url=http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm |date=2000 |accessdate=22 March 2006 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=10 August 2011 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/60qCIcHwA?url=http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | data42 = 286.13°<br>{{nowrap|19 h 4 min 30 s}} | label43 = [[Declination]]<br>of North pole | data43 = +63.87°<br>63° 52' North | label44 = Sidereal [[Solar rotation|rotation period]] <br>(at equator) | data44 = 25.05 d<ref name=nssdc/> | label45 = (at 16° latitude) | data45 = 25.38 d<ref name=nssdc/><br>{{nowrap|25 d 9 h 7 min 12 s}}<ref name="iau-iag"/> | label46 = (at poles) | data46 = 34.4 d<ref name=nssdc/><!-- derived from T = ( 14.37 - 2.33 sin^2 L - 1.56 sin^4 L ) °/day, L = 90° --> | label47 = Rotation velocity<br>(at equator) | data47 = {{val|7.189|e=3|u=km/h}}<ref name="sse"/><!-- Derived from NASA source: equatorial circumference of 4,379,000 kilometres divided by sidereal rotation period of 609.12 hours; maybe this kind of basic calculation could be done in some generic template code? --> <!-- section break, rows 50-69 --> | header50 = [[photosphere|Photospheric]] composition (by mass) | label51 = [[Hydrogen]] | data51 = 73.46%<ref>{{cite web |title=The Sun's Vital Statistics |url=http://solar-center.stanford.edu/vitalstats.html |publisher=[[Stanford Solar Center]] |accessdate=29 July 2008 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=3 Bisha Todobaad 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120703061116/http://solar-center.stanford.edu/vitalstats.html |dead-url=yes }} Citing {{cite book |last=Eddy |first=J. |date=1979 |title=A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab |url=http://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/contents.htm |page=37 |publisher=[[NASA]] |id=NASA SP-402 |access-date=2016-11-05 |archive-date=2015-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113155042/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-402/contents.htm |dead-url=yes }}</ref> | label52 = [[Helium]] | data52 = 24.85% | label53 = [[Oxygen]] | data53 = 0.77% | label54 = [[Carbon]] | data54 = 0.29% | label55 = [[Iron]] | data55 = 0.16% | label56 = [[Neon]] | data56 = 0.12% | label57 = [[Nitrogen]] | data57 = 0.09% | label58 = [[Silicon]] | data58 = 0.07% | label59 = [[Magnesium]] | data59 = 0.05% | label60 = [[Sulfur]] | data60 = 0.04% }} [[File:Sun symbol (planetary color).svg|frameless|upright=0.35|thumb|⟨☉⟩ astaanta qoraxda]] '''Qorax''' ({{lang-en|Sun}}; {{lang-ar|الشمس}}; astaan: [[file:Sun symbol (fixed width).svg|20px|☉]]) sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Cadceed''', waa shey wayn oo ka samaysan [[neef|neefo ololaya]]. Sidoo kale qoraxdu waa [[Xidig]]ta aya nolosha [[Dhul|aduunku]] ku tiirsan tahay. Iyada iyo [[meere|mereereyaasha]] waxaa la isku yidhaahdaa [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]]. [[Aduunka]] iyo mereereyaasha kale waxeey ku wareegtaan Qoraxda, waxeena la wareegtaan waxyaabo baraf ah iyo boorka hawada, ayaga oo 99,8% buuxiya weeninka iskujoogga qoraxda. Qoraxda waxee keentaa awood (Enargy), gaar ahaan [[ileys]], taasi oo ugu wacan Nolosha aduunka oo dhan. Qoraxda waxee xakuntaa xaraaradaha aduunka iyo jawiga, waxeena u dhigantahay 1/3 [[Waqtiga Biyaha badtaan]] dhinaca badda, inta kale waxaa xakumo [[Bil|Bisha]]. ==Samayska Qoraxda== Qoraxda waxee ka koobantahay Dab ama (Hydrogen) taas oo daboosha 92% qoraxda oo dhan. Midabka qoraxda waa Cadaan, sababtoo ah, kuleelka qoraxda waxoo gaaraa 5.515 garaado. laakiin markii aduunka laga fiiriyo waa jaale, sababtoo ah, aduunka waxaa ku daboolan waxyaabo oo Dabeesha ama duufaanta qoraxda celiyo, taas ayaa midabka bedelaysa. Marka ee qoraxda dheceeso, [[Cir]]ka waxaa lagu arkaa ayada oo oranji ama gaduud ah. ==Nolosha Qoraxda== [[File:Solar Life Cycle.svg|thumb|upright=2|center|alt=wakhti dhan 14 bilyan sano oo muujinaya da'da Qoraxda. Hada Qoraxdu waxay jirtaa 4.6 bilyan sano, markeey gaadho 6 bilyan sano si tartiib ah ayay u casaani taas oo muujineeysa in awoodeedu soo yaraaneyso. Markey 10 bilyan sano gaadho weey cadaani dhamaanteed - markan qoraxdu weey dhimatey.]] Jiritaanka [[Dhul|dunidu]] waxay ku xidhan tahay nolosha [[Qorax]]da. Haddii isbedel ku yimaado qoraxda [[Dhul|nolosha dhulka]] iyo waxkasta weey doorsoomayaan. Sida la qiyaasayo, [[Hal]] [[bilyan]] sano ka dib, midabka qoraxdu waa isbedeli iftiinkuna waa sii kordhi sababto ah [[Hiliyaam]]ta bu'da qoraxda ayaa sii kordheeysa taas oo keeni doonta in 10% kordho iftiinka, heerkulka iyo falaadhaha khatarta ah ee ka soo baxa qoraxda; halka 3.5 bilyan sano ka dib ay badan doonto 40%. [[Aqoon|Aqoonyahanada Cimiladu]] waxay sheegeen isbedelkaas [[Qorax|qoraxda]] ku yimid sare u qaadi [[Ileys|ilayska halista]] ah ee "radiation" taas oo lumin doonto [[Bad|biyaha badaha]] dhulka. Wakhti yar gudaheed, waxaa kor u kici [[Heerkul|heerkulka]] oogada sare ee dhulka, sidoo kale isku-wareega [[Kaarboon|Kaarboon Ogsaydh CO₂]] oo muhiim u ah nolosha [[Dhir|dhirta]] ayaa jaha wareeri iskuna bedeli [[Kaarboon|Kaarbon afar (C4)]] oo [[sun]] ah. Dhirtu haday ka dhamaato dunida waxaa dhici in la waayo [[Hawo|hawada]] [[Ogsajiin]] midaas oo sababaysa dhimashada [[Noole|noolaha]] oo dhan. Hal bilyan sano oo kale kadib, heerkulka maqaarka sare ee dhulka wuxuu gaadhi, ugu yaraan, 70 degree Salsiyas midan oo jaho-wareer ku keenaysa miisaanka iyo cufis-jiidadka dunida. Midabka qoraxdu wuxu noqon casaan 5 bilyan sano ka dib, isla markaan gacanka qoraxdu wuxuu gaadhi meel ka badan 250 jeer meesha uu hada joogo. Wakhtigan lama hubo, sida dhulku noqon, laakiin waxa la og yahay in wareega dhulku isbedeli sababto ah aad ayuu uga fogaani qoraxda. Mudo yar ka dib, bu'da qoraxdu waxay isku bedeli cadaan bilaa [[kul]] iyo [[ileys]] ah, halkaas ayaana ugu dambeeysa isku xidhnaanta [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]]. „Abuureheenna Jacaylka Badan Wuu Ina Daneeyaa… Bal ka feker adduunka oo aan qorrax lahayn. Qorraxdu waxay geedaha siisaa awoodda ay ku soo saaraan caleemo, ubax, khudaar, midho iyo abuur. Waxay sidoo kale geedaha u banneysaa inay xididdadooda dhulka biyo kaga soo qaataan. Dabadeedna biyahaas waxay u gudbiyaan caleemahooda, kaddibna hawaday galaan iyagoo uumi ah.” *[https://www.jw.org/so/wargeysyada/majallado/munaaradda-waardiyaha-Lam3-2020-sebtembar-oktoobar/abuureheenna-wuu-ina-daneeyaa/ Abuureheenna Jacaylka Badan Wuu Ina Daneeyaa] ==Sidoo kale fiiri== * [[Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] * [[Meere]] * [[Koon]] {{commons|Sun}} {{Portal|Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} {{Bahda Qoraxdu Midaysay}} ==Xigasho== {{reflist|2}} {{Gumud}} [[Category:Cilmi Falag]] [[Category:Saynis]] [[Category:Cilmiga Xidigaha]] [[Category:Xiddigis]] [[Category:Bahda Midaysay Qoraxdu]] [[Category:Koon]] m6t5gqxgjj88z2yplue41a2n5n23ih9 0 4774 298342 261824 2026-06-09T07:08:33Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298342 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan Liindhanaanta. Bogag kale fiiri [[Liin Macaan]], [[Liin Beydariin]], [[Liin Qarboosh]] iyo [[Liin Bambeelmo]] By: Abdirisak Mohamed{{taxobox |name = '''Liindhanaan''' |image = Lemon, Lemon tree, Florence, Italy.jpg |image_caption = Liindhanaan |regnum = [[Plantae]] |diviso = Angiosperms |classis = Eudicots |ordo = Rosids |subordo = [[Khudaar]] |familia = [[Midho]] |genus = [[Liin]] |species = '''''Liino''''' |binomial = ''Liindhanaan'' |binomial_authority = |}} '''Liindhanaan''' ({{lang-en|lemom}}; {{lang-ar|ليمون}}) waa [[midho]] ka mid ah [[khudaar]]ta oo ka tirsan qoyska [[liin]]ta. Liindhanaantu waxay caan ku tahay [[dhadhan]]keeda [[dhanaan]]ka ah iyo [[biyo|biyaha asiidha badan]] ee laga helo midhaheeda. Geedka liindhanaantu waa mid waligiis [[cagaar]] ah oo ka dherer gaaban geedaha kale ee liinta. Sidoo kale liindhanaanta waxay aad iskugu dhow yihiin xaga dhadhanka iyo walxaha ay ka samaysan tahay midhaha [[liin qarboosh]]ta, waxayna keliya ku kala duwan yihiin midabka cagaaran ee liin qarbooshta. Intaas waxaa dheer in liindhanaantu ka dhanaan badan tahay liin qarbooshta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Japanese Mikan and Satsuma Oranges |url=http://www.crosscurrents.hawaii.edu/content.aspx?lang=eng&site=cc&theme=work&subtheme=AGRIC&unit=CCWORK022 |access-date=2015-09-19 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105936/http://www.crosscurrents.hawaii.edu/content.aspx?lang=eng&site=cc&theme=work&subtheme=AGRIC&unit=CCWORK022 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus_2.html Sorting Citrus names|author=Michel H. Porcher The University of Melbourne]</ref> Isla markaana leedahay tiro badan oo [[nafaqo|nafaqada jidhku]] u baahan yahay ee [[fiitamiin]]-Sii.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=10IMFSavIMsC&pg=PA1033&dq=%22Citrus+unshiu%22#v=onepage&q=%22Citrus%20unshiu%22&f=false Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops (except ornamentals) Hanelt, Peter, Springer]</ref> Guud ahaan, liindhanaantu waxay ka baxdaa wadamo badan oo caalamka ah, kuwaasi waxaa ka mid ah [[Soomaaliya]], laakiin waxoo u badan yahay dalka [[Hindiya]]. Liindhanaan, waxaa aad looga isticmaali jiray, wadamada [[aasiya]], kumanaan sano ka hor. liinta dhanaan, waa geed mirahiis, oo jaale ama cagaar ah. dhaxda waxee ku leedahay hilibkii liinta, oo ubax camal u sameesan,oona ah biyo dhan ah. liinta waxaa lagu isticmaala Cuntada ama Biyaha cabiyaanka. =Taariikh= Dhamaan noocyada liintu waxay ka soo tafiirmeen geedka "genus" ee [[Saynis]] ahaan loo yaqaano ''Sitrus''. Taasi micnaheedu waa in dhamaan noocyada kale (sida [[Liin Dhanaan]]ta, [[Liin Qarboosh]]ta iyo [[Liin Bambeelmo|Liin Bambeelmada]]) ka soo tafiirmeen geedka Jenus ee liin macaanka.<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Superspecies |url=http://www.scientific-web.com/en/Biology/Taxonomy/Superspecies.html |access-date=2015-09-19 |archive-date=2012-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101111210/http://www.scientific-web.com/en/Biology/Taxonomy/Superspecies.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[File:Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines (橙黃橘綠) by Zhao Lingrang (趙令穰).jpg|thumb|upright|Sida ka muuqata [[sawir]] wakhti hore ah geedka iyo midhaha liinta]] Sida lagu xusay taariikhda geedka liinta waxaa markii ugu horeeysay lagu isticmali jirey [[Shiinaha|koonfurta wadanka Shiinaha]] oo la aaminsan yahay ineey tahay meesha ay asal ahaan ka timidey, iyo deegaano ka mid ah [[Aasiya|wadanada Koonfurbari Aasiya]]. Waxaa [[beer]]ashada geedka la [[dad]]ku bilaabeen ilaa [[C.H|2500 sano C.H]] (Ciise Hortii).<ref>Webber, Herbert John (1967–1989). [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523072403/http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter1.htm Chapter I. History and Development of the Citrus Industry] in ''ORIGIN OF CITRUS'', Vol. 1. University of California</ref> Dhinaca [[Yurub|qaarada Yurub]] waxaa la sheegay in nooc [[liin dhanaan]]ta ah lagu isticmaali jirey wadanka [[Talyaaniga]] taasi ooy ka sameeyn jireen [[daawo]]oyinka iyo walaxaha la isku dhayo. Waxay liintu aad ugu fiday qeybaha kale ee qaarada Yurub qiyaastii qarnigii 16aad, wakhtigaasi oo beerashada liintu aad u koobnayd. [[File:OUDRY Orange Tree.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sawir]] geedka liinta sanadkii 1740]] Waxaa [[Ameerika|qaaradaha Ameerika]] soo gaadhsiiyay liinta sahamiyayaashii [[Isbayn|boqortooyada Isbayn]]. [[Kiristofer Kolumbus]] ayaa la aaminsan yahay inuu geedka liinta ka beeray agagaarka deegaanka loo yaqaano Hispaniola.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sauls |first=Julian W. |title=HOME FRUIT PRODUCTION-ORANGES |url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/oranges.htm |publisher=The Texas A&M University System |accessdate=30 November 2012 |date=December 1998}}</ref> =Muuqaalka= <gallery> File:Citrus x limon - Köhler–s Medizinal-Pflanzen-041.jpg| File:Lemon - whole and split.jpg| File:13-09-01-kochtreffen-wien-RalfR-02.jpg| File:Lemon 8FruitAndFlower wb.jpg| File:Lemon closeup.jpg| File:Lemon02.jpg| File:Pair of lemons.jpg| File:Lemon tree02.jpg| File:Lemon tree Berkeley closeup.jpg| File:Lemon_tree_flowers_with_ant.jpg </gallery> =Qoraalo La Xidhiidha= {{Cunto}} =Tixraac= * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g201209/versatile-lemon/ The Versatile Lemon] {{Reflist}} [[Category:Caafimaad]] [[Category:Cunto]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Geed]] [[Category:Midho]] [[Category:Dad]] {{Commons|Citrus × limon}} [[Category:Bayoloji]] fd0m7h7odazniaulftji999wrm8z9bz 0 4827 298334 298245 2026-06-09T05:55:17Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta<Br/>'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' |conventional_long_name = Arabic Language States’</>.: |common_name = Arabic Language States:. Midowga Ummadda Carabta: |qaaradda = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &[[]] |sawir_calan = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of the Arab League.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = Arab League States'" (orthographic projection).svg |image_map = League of Arab States.png File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png |caasimadda = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’ |luuqadaha = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &[[Turki]]; & [[Af-Urdu]]; & [[Af-Faarisi]].::• |- |caasimada = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: & [[Dooxa]].:•!! |- |GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’ (€29,357’ trillions) * ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]]) |GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.) |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’ |GDP_nominal = "$23.957"-$19.453’ Trillions’ |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’ |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Dawladda = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]] |- |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = |- |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]: [[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: |magac_hogaamiye2 = DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* |MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_* |MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* |- |darajo_hogaamiye3 = [[Gudoomiye]]: [[Ciraaq]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye3 = (fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._* MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._* |- |darajo_hogaamiye4 = [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]: [[Aljeeriya]]:-) [[Marooko]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye4 = MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_* |- |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''': |sovereignty_note = |[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''': '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' & '''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~` |- |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area = 13,953,041`* |areami² = 5,382,910`* |biyo = |population_estimate =455-425*Million<sup>3</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2022-2025* |lacagta = |Magaca internetka = &nbsp; |wakhti = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]] |furaha_debedda = |furaha internetka = Ir,Is,& tr.!!'? |furaha telefonka = + }} <ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html</Ref>.: '''Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala [[Afrika]] iyo [[Aasiya]] xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya. Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka. Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, & Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, & Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn. Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in "Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.". Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya). Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. [[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages. Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan. Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!! Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'? Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953. Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal . [[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]] [[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]] value: call: reading: source presentation: previous versions: Partially protected: Incomplete-document-purple.svg This entry must be completed : this entry lacks essential content. You may find details on the conversation page . You are invited to complete the missing parts and remove this message. Consider creating titles for chapters that require completion, and transfer the template to them. editing Disambiguate RTL.svg The term "Arab" redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) . Arab Muslims Arabs & Muslims Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First population 425 million Main population concentrations Arab countries some of the African countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]] Languages: Arabic: religion: Islam: Christianity: Druze religion: related ethnic groups: Celestial peoples: [[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’ Distribution of the Arabic language : A single official language.!! official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!! Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons. Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called " Arab countries ". Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ). The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are: Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries). Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language. Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula . Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others. The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1] etymology: The word "Arab" in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the " Arab rain " that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, "the kings of the evening" are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word "Arab" also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe . In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ] In the Qur'an the word "Arab" does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as "Arab and clear" when the two attributes are related to each other. history: This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page . BC The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat "Gindibu, King of Arabia" riding a camel and his soldiers The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named " Gindibu , King of Arabia" among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen . There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there. The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:• After counting: As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture . Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’ The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: "The Age of Ignorance", or the "Jahiliyyah" . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan . When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs). After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine "doe") in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The "religion of truth" to control the other nations. The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction. After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as "Arabs" as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'! see also Islam: Judaism-Islam relations; Israeli Arabs: for further reading: Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995. Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996. Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia. Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’… <Ref> {{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |access-date=2025-06-16 |archive-date=2025-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616214621/https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |url-status=dead }} </Ref>.:• <Ref> https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women>/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}>.: “… Le saviez-vous ? Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..” <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women </Ref>.: <Ref>https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU</Ref>.:• December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights. Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php</Ref>.:• [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. <Ref>https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized</Ref>.::• <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/</Ref>.::• ==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05”.||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Jabaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]</Ref>. |- |08"'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11.||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<S>[[SADR]]<s's!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Maldives.svg|189px]]<S>[[Maldives]]<S'!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |16.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |18.=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |19.'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<S!>[[Falastiin]]<s'!> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |20.'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<s'?> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/> |- |21.”’.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |23.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!!>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |24."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Romania]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |28.".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |29._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- <S'!>[[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |} <Ref>https://www.museumwnf.org/league-of-arab-states/?page=LAS-missions-worldwide.php</Ref>.::.!'! <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: <ReF>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-developed-countries-in-africa</ReF>.: ===Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.!'!”=== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.".||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.".||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03.".||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.".||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. 190/>. |- |05.".||[[File:Flag of Korea.svg|189px]]<S>[[Kuuriya]]<s!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.".||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191"/>. |- |08."'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09.'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10.".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<!?>[[SADR]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12.".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |16.||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |18.'."'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<!>[[Falastiin]]<!'> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |19.'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |20.'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |21.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!?>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |23.."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'!> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |24..".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |28._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |29.."_.||[[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|191px]]<S>[[Soviet. 3mpire.!'!']]<s!'?> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |30.".||[[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|191px]]<S>[[Somalie.!'?]]<s'!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |31."_.||[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|191px]]<S'>[[Jabuuty.!'!]]<s'> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- [[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. | |} <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |} |- [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. |- <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: |- <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011%2F05%2F05%2F147980</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.unescwa.org/news/escwa-releases-new-report-real-sizes-arab-economies-between-2017-and-2023</Ref>.:• |- |} ==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta== <gallery mode="traditional" caption="" class="center"> File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}. File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.` File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}. File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}. File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.` File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}. File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Yemen Passport.svg|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`? File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`? File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}. File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`? <Ref>https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/</Ref>.!!`? <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile</Ref>.: !!`?`!!`?'?!' </gallery> [[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`? Comoros}}.!!`? Carabiya]].]] [[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: "as" King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Stevan Kragujevic, Gamal Abdel Naser u Beogradu, 1962.jpg|thumb|central|The second President of [[Egyptians]] 1954–1971.jpg: "as" President of [[Greater Arab Republics]].]] [[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]] <Ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia</Ref>.::.::.:: [[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.: [[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR"China.: [[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’ [[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.& P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&_.Philistianian Police Guard]] <Ref>https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854</Ref> [[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]] [[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~` <Ref> {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }} </Ref>.::. After killing an [[Egyptian]] slave-master who was beating a [[Hebrew]]; [[Moses]] fled across the [[Red Sea]] to Midian, where he encountered the Angel of the Lord, speaking.!'! … https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.: [[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.: From Britannica and Wikipedia and "World" Libraries.!!` [[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] . According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino . Content 1 The Arab world. 2 Religion. 2.1 Ancient times. 3 The Arabic language's. 4 History and civilization. 5 Arab events. 6 Ottoman decline: 7 The question of Palestine: 8 Arab relations with Arab Jews: The [[Arab world]]: The [[Arab world]] covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? The Arab countries are: [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't "ALLOW" to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]]; "Economically"; and "Gegraphically"; & "Politically"..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In "African Continent" NOT "ASIAN".• .!!`?'!.! In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]]. Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'? One day, after [[Moses]] had reached adulthood, he killed an [[Egyptian]] who was beating a [[Hebrew]]. To escape [[Pharaoh's death penalty]], [[Moses]] fled to Midian (a desert country south of Judah), where he married [[Zipporah]].::. ==Religion and Science.!!'?== The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories . Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]]. Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain . ==Ancient times.!!'== Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion. ==The Arabic languages.!!'== Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 & 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’? “…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……” There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and 3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’ Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’ “….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’ Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:• ==History and Civilization.!!'== The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae . Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?' ==Arabic performances.!!'== Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s. Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called "Arabic numbers" because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics "algebra" is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word "Al-Dzabr". ==Ottoman "Turks" decline and " “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise".!!'== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!! Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’ ==The question of Palestin.!!'?== Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region. ==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'== After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land. Categories : ==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them. Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!` <Ref>https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html</Ref>.: ==Warka== December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 [[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. ===BIODIVERSITY=== I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. FACT No. [#01.] Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#02.] Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#03.] Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No.[#04.] Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. [#05.] Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. 6. Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?' FACT No. 7. Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No.[#08.] Not all Jews are Israelis.!'? FACT No.[#09.] Not all Israelis are Jews.!'? FACT No.[#10.] Not all Jews are white.!'? FACT No. [#11.] Not all Israelis are white.!'? FACT No. [#12.] Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'? FACT No. 13. Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'? FACT No. 14. Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'? FACT No. 15. Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'? FACT No. 16. Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'? FACT No. 17. [[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'? FACT No. 18. Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'? FACT No. 19. Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'? FACT No. 20. [Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'? FACT No. 21. Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'? FACT No. 22. Your passport is not your political beliefs. FACT No. 23. Your government is not your morality.!'? FACT No. 24. Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 25. Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 26. Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government. FACT No. 27. Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people. FACT No. 28. Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'? FACT No. 29. US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020). FACT No. 30. Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with. FACT No. 31. Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with. FACT No. 32. What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them. FACT No. 33. What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'? FACT No. 34. You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 35. You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 36. People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '? FACT No. 37. No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley). FACT No. [#38.] Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?... FACT No. 39. Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking "IMPERIAL SHIT" There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'? FACT No. 40. Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies. FACT No. 41. Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial. FACT No. 42. Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'? FACT No. 43. You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'.. FACT No. 44. You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones. FACT No. 45. The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'? FACT No. 46. If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews. FACT No. 47. If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs. FACT No. 48. If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?... FACT No. 49. Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″ 56'"-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'? FACT No. 50. Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?' Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'? The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:. <Ref>https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/</</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts</Ref>.: 5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)! Waleed Gohar Waleed Gohar · Follow 3 min read · Jun 22, 2020 Listen Share Introduction: Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location. Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine. Is 3G available in Palestine? The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this? Facts About Palestine (3G Network) This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly. There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain. The Economy of Palestine: Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true? To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people. Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan. And what is textile is to Pakistan? 60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment! The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries. The National Animal of Palestine: Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians. Facts About Palestine (Gazelle) Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle. The National Flower of Palestine: Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria. The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy. One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same? Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing. The Siege in Gaza: In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing. The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited. Conclusion: The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense. Thank You very much for staying with me till the end! <Ref>https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical</Ref>.: "Jabaan" likely refers to the word for "Japan" in the language of the user, which in this case is probably "Swahili" or "Somali", as it is a transliteration of the word "Japan" in these languages. Here's a breakdown: "Jabaan" is a transliteration of "Japan" in Swahili and Somali: The word "Jabaan" is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali. Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa: Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!! ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]] * [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]] * https://livingcost.org/ ==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa== BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23 EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. — ===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!=== [#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’ Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. [#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?… In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. Your Contribution Makes a Difference Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions. DONATE TODAY…!!’?’ endangered species africa [#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’.. There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime. [#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’… This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R. [#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’? Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal. You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing? [#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’… There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise. <Ref>https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/</Ref>.:: endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’ [#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. [#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’ The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild. [#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’ Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful. [#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’ This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!! 알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다("..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..") [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 "..[[미국인]]..!!.."과 "...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'" 가치관을...!!'?'... aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida("..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..") [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae "..[[migug-in]]..!!.."gwa "...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'" gachigwan-eul...!!'?'... ==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== By H. Nimmo. Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks. Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them. =10,441 "African Safaris"= [#01.]Ethiopian’s..!.. Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’… The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs. Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia [#02.]Pangolin Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’ The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are. Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa [#03.] Black Rhino Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…. Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front. Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts. Best places to see black rhino: Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania Etosha National Park, Namibia Damaraland, Namibia Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe [#04.] White Rhino White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’… It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing. Best places to see white rhino: Kruger National Park, South Africa uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa [#05.]Mountain Gorilla Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’… Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!! Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda [#06.]African Wild Dog? African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’ Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. Best places to see African wild dog: Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Linyanti Concession, Botswana Selinda Concession, Botswana [#07.] African Penguin African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’ For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call. Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!… The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees. Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes: Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda [#09.] Hooded Vulture Hooded vulture..!!’?’ Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill. Best places to see hooded vultures: Moremi National Park, Botswana Kruger National Park, South Africa Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe [#10.] Chimpanzee Chimpanzee…!!’?’ When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’? Best places to see chimpanzees: Gombe National Park, Tanzania Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Kibale National Park, Uganda Want To Go on an African Safari? Click on the button below to compare African safaris offered by top-rated tour operators. 10,441 African Safaris *<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/</ref>. * <ref>https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/</ref>. * https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ * https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8 * https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette * https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries// * https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php</Ref> <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020</Ref>.: * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html * https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html <Ref>https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. <Ref>https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. * https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ |date=20220701200249 }} * https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html *https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02 <Ref>https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/ita.1</Ref>.: ** https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world <Ref>https://kottke.org/12/11/britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries</Ref>. * https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/ *<ref>https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/</ref> *<ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</ref>. <Ref>https://www.xe.com/popularity.php</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml</Ref>.: *<Ref>https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.</ref>. <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year</ref>.: * https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} * https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel * https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.: {{Wayback|url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }} * https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ |date=20240614155515 }} * https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/ * https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 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[[Dir|Dir]] | branches = *Ēlēye' (Musse & Mamasan) *Walaldon (Idleh & Youssouf) *Hōlle (Mahadle & Saaib) *Hōrrōne (Habar Walaal & Geele Walaal) *Ūrweyne(Cabdalla & Fiqi) *[[Wardiq|Wardīq]] (Wakhtishiil & Rumawaaq) | religion = [[Sunni]], [[Islaam]] | language = {{flagicon|Somalia}}[[Soomaalida|Soomaali]]<br>{{flagicon|Arab League}}[[Carabi]] | type = [[Dir|Dir – Qabiilka Soomaaliyeed]] | location = {{flagicon|Djibouti}}[[Djibouti]]<br>{{flagicon|Ethiopia}}[[Ethiopia]]<br>{{flagicon|Somalia}}[[Somalia]] }} ==Dulmar== Beesha Dir ahaan , beesha Ciise waxay xidhiidh toos ah la leedahay Gadabuursi , Akisho , Surre (Cabdalle iyo Qubeys ), Biimaal (oo Gaadsen sidoo kale ka tirsan yihiin), Bajimaal, Bursuq , Madigaan Dir, Gurgura , Garre (Beesha Quranyow, Direed kale, Direed, Direed, Direed kale, Direed, Direed kale, Direed, Direed, Direed, Direed, Direed, Direed, Direed, Direed, Dir, Dir, Gurre, iyo Dir. jufooyinka waxayna xiriir toos ah la leeyihiin Hawiye (Irir), Xawaadle , Ajuuraan , Degoodi , Gaaljeceel , oo ay isku abtigii Samaale wadaagaan . [[File:Esa-Grave.png|thumb|Qabri Ciise]] Qabiilka Ciise waxa ay qarniyo badan soo saartay rag iyo dumar Soomaaliyeed oo sharaf leh oo ay ku jiraan Boqorro badan ( Ughaz ). Inta la ogyahay taariikhdooda Ciisaha oo lagu yaqaanay cududooda ciidan iyo xumaantooda, Ingiriiska oo la kulmay waxay u arki jireen Issas inay yihiin "mid ka mid ah qabaa'ilka ugu xagjirnimada iyo dagaalka badan waqooyiga bari ee Afrika". waxa kale oo uu Ingiriisku isku dayey inuu Saylac ku duulo gurigii Ciisaha Cad (Caysa) ee dadka u dhashay ay guushu ku raacday, iyadoo aanay jirin wax la isku dayey oo la isku dayey in lagu qabsado gudaha dalka Ciisaha, oo inta badan ay degganaayeen Ciisaha Madow; oo aan u adkaysan karin dabeecadda arxan-darrada ah ee qabiilka, oo hammigooda keliya ee nololeed si sax ah loogu soo koobi karo labada kelmadood ee “Dil iyo Dhac”. Iyada oo sida caadiga ah wejiyada qabiilkooda ay ka muuqato waji xun sida maamulka Ingiriisku ku tilmaamay. Dhaqanka qabiilka ee la midka ah kuwa Black Ciisaha ayaa ahaa in aan loo ogolayn in la guursado dhiig yar ilaa uu nin ku dilo dagaalka; maadaama aysan muhiim ahayn in ninkaas lagu dilo dagaal xaq ah, taasi waxay inta badan horseedday dil qabow iyo dagaallo joogto ah oo lala galo qabaa’ilka iyo qowmiyadaha deriska la ah, waxaa ka mid ah qabaa’ilka kale ee Soomaalida caadooyinkan oo kale aan horay loo arag, waxaas oo dhan waxay ku dadaalayeen in ay iska ilaashadaan qabiil la dagaalamo. Ciisaha waxaa lagu yaqaanaa sida ay u yaqaaniin isticmaalka fallaadhaha sumaysan iyo awooddooda ugaarsiga ee cajiibka ah, Issa waxay u taagan tahay awood la isku halleyn karo. Dhulka Carabta, waxa ay noqdeen calooshood u shaqeystayaal la raadiyo, oo inta badan loo diiwaan galiyo awooddooda dagaal iyo aqoon istiraatijiyadeed. Marka loo eego in ay mar walba ku jireen xaalad dagaal ilaa heer loo arko in dilku yahay waqtigoodii, si ay u sharfaan halgamayaashoodii dhintay, waxa ay dhigi jireen dhagaxyo toosan oo mid kasta oo dhibane ah, ka soo horjeedka albaabka guriga marxuumka. Haddii qofka dhintay uu dilo saddex nin ama in ka badan, waxa sidoo kale dhagaxaan la dhigi jiray mid kasta oo ka mid ah saddexda aqal ee xaasaska. Haddii qofka dhintay uu dili lahaa hal ama in ka badan oo maroodi ah, waxaa la soo saari lahaa dhagxaan aad u waaweyn. Intaa waxaa dheer, haddii mid ka mid ah dhibbanayaasha marxuumka ay ku jiraan niman, hal dhagax oo toosan oo lagu dhejiyo dhagax kale ayaa la saari lahaa. Dhaqankan lagu maamuusayo halgamayaashooda iyada oo loo marayo meelaynta dhagaxa, waxay ahayd arrin muhiim ah oo ka mid ah hiddaha iyo dhaqanka qabiilka Ciisaha. ==Taariikhda== ===Horraantii Qarnigii 19-aad, Colaadihii Waqooyi & Waxqabadkii Qabiilka Ciise=== [[File:Le_Tour_du_monde-06-p067.jpg|thumb|Khariidadda Henri Lambert ee Geeska Afrika 1855, qabiilka Ciise ayaa ka talinayay labada dhinac ee gacanka Tadjoura.]] [[File:Ali-kalageyeh.png|thumb|Halyeygii ciidamada ee Ciise Cali Kalageeye]] Waagii qalalaasaha ahaa ee qabaa'ilka Canfarta, Weima Danakil waxay soo ifbaxday koox caan ah oo haysata ku dhawaad ​​100 qaansoley Soomaaliyeed ah, kuwaas oo calooshood u shaqeystayaal u ahaa qabaa'ilka kala duwan ee waqooyi-galbeed, oo u badan Ciisaha. In kasta oo la isku dayey in la isku dayo, haddana waxa ay si adag u ilaashadaan af-soomaaligooda oo ay door bidaan in ay isku guursadaan bulshadooda dhexdeeda, iyaga oo ka fogaanaya in ay ku dhex milmaan Danakil wakhtigaas. Arrinta xiisaha lihi waxa ay tahay in Danakil ay u arkaan in toogashada ay tahay mid sharci darro ah, sidaas awgeedna ay ku tiirsan yihiin dadka aqoonta u leh Soomaalida si ay doorkaas u gutaan. [[File:Somali_People.jpg|thumb|Ciise rag iyo Dumar dhar dhaqameed xidhan (1844)]] Dhaqanka Ciise wuxuu ku adkeysanayaa isticmaalka joogtada ah ee qaansooyinka iyo fallaadho sumeysan oo ka mid ah darajooyinkooda. Sannadkii hore, 1838, dagaal gacan ka hadal ah ayaa dhex maray Debenik Weima iyo Mudaito, taasoo keentay iskahorimaad dhiig badan ku daatay. Khasaaraha ayaa ahaa mid aad u badan, iyadoo Mudaito ay ku dhinteen 700 oo dhimasho ah iyo Debne Weima oo ay ku waayeen 140 qof. Waxaa jiray farqi u dhexeeya tirada la soo sheegay, iyadoo Maxamuud Cali uu sheegay in Mudiato ay ku dhaawacmeen 1500 halka Weima ay 120. Intii ay dagaallameen, Debne Weima waxay si joogta ah ula safteen Issa oo ka soo horjeeda Mudaito. Xaaladahan oo kale, Ciisahu waxay ka dhigan yihiin ku dhawaad ​​saddex meelood meel ciidamadooda la isku daray. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, iyadoo ay Ciisaha ka soo horjeedaan Mudaito, waxaa xusid mudan in magaalada caasimadda ah ee Aussa ay u badan tahay in ay degan yihiin Canfarta Mudaito iyada oo magaaladu u qaybsan tahay Assa-himera, Galeeya, Dar, Koorha, iyo Ciise. Qarniyo ka hor boqortooyadii Issa ee Aussa waxay la kulmeen kacdoon ka yimid Mudaitos, inkastoo dhacdooyinkaas, Issa ayaa weli sii waday joogitaanka Aussa, Kormeerkan waxaa sameeyay sahamiyeyaal Cornwallis iyo Harris R. Kirk 1841. Qaar badan oo ka mid ah Issa waxay degeen dhul ka soo horjeeda xeebta Ghoubbet-el-Kharab , oo ay kaxaysay harraad aan la dhayalsan karin oo loo qabo dhiigga bini'aadamka, si joogto ah ayay u soo galeen dhulka Danakil. Iyaga oo ka faa'iidaysanaya maqnaanshaha askariga dhamaadka ugu dambeeya ee garaacista, waxay si qarsoodi ah u soo degeen banka hadhsan ee godan waxayna ku kacaan fal naxariis darro ah. Isagoo dagaal aan joogsi lahayn kula jira reer Danaqil, inkastoo ay muuqato saaxiibtimo iyo xitaa isbahaysi ka dhexeeya caaqilada qabaa’ilka, haddana ma jirto fursad la lumiyo oo lagaga aarguto reer baadiyaha buuraleyda ah. Ficil kasta oo cusub oo cadaawad ah ayaa dhalinaya colaad cusub oo dhiig ah, iyada oo naf kasta oo labada dhinac ah la qaadayo ay dalbanayaan aargoosi laba laab ah, taas oo sii wadaysa rabshado aan dhamaad lahayn. Markii uu ka socdaalayay Tadjoura una socday buuraleyda Itoobiya ee Shoa sannadkii 1841, sahamiye Major Y. Cornwallis Harris waxa uu goob joog u ahaa dhibaato aad u daran. Ilaaladii la socotay ayaa la kulmay weeraro aan kala joogsi lahayn, iyada oo xubnaha si habaysan loo beegsaday, lagala baxay, oo ugu dambayntii la dilay waxa uu yidhi sidan: Eesah, oo sharaftiisa kaliya iyo maalkiisa uu ka kooban yahay tirada kawaannada xunxun ee ay damiirkoodu wasakhaysan yihiin, iyo kuwa wax-ku-tagga ah ee ku heshiiyey inay u taagan yihiin inay u ekaadaan sida bahalnimada iyo bahalnimada aan ka cabsanayn Ilaah iyo Ibliiska" Arabedoura, oo ah dhul fidsan oo ay sameeyeen walxo foolkaanooyin ah, ayaa waxaa lagu daboolay caws qurux badan oo u adeega sidii dhul daaqsimeed ee lo'da Baadiyaha. Xiliyada roobka da’a waxaa gobolkan u guura reer baadiyaha oo ay ku jiraan reer guuraaga Ciise. Reer guuraaga Issa waxa laga heli karaa iyagoo garab ka helaya Danakiles ee daaqa, sida uu sheegay sahamiye Rochet d'Hericourt 1841. Dhulka reer guuraaga Issa, oo ku yaal saddex horyaal oo koonfurta ka xigta Arabedoura. Sababo la xiriira imaanshaha xilli-roobaadka ee deegaannadaas, heshiis is-dhaafsi ah ayaa u oggolaanaya reer-guuraaga Ciise in ay xoolahooda daaqaan gudaha Danakile marka ay dhirtu u soo baxdo roob badan. Taa baddalkeeda, Danakils ayaa xoolahooda u kaxeeya reer-guuraaga Ciise markii ay daaqgoodii ka engegeen, roobkuna wuxuu billaabay inuu quudiyo dhulka deriska ah. Isku-tiirsanaantani waxay kobcinaysaa wada noolaanshaha labada qabiil ee caanka ah. Hawshan la'aanteed, isbahaysigoodu waxa uu halis gelin karaa, iyaga oo u xaglin kara reer guuraaga Ciise, ee caanka ku ah dabeecadda dagaalka iyo xirfadahooda qaanso ee cajiibka ah, oo ay ku caddeeyeen isticmaalka habboon ee qaansooyinka toogashada. Rochet d'Hericourt wuxuu sii wadaa inuu yiraahdo: "Soomaalida Ciise, oo ah jinsiyad aad u wanaagsan: dhererkoodu waa dheer yahay, sankoodu wuxuu ku dhow yahay aquiline; fool weyn oo xariijimo joogto ah ayaa siinaya wejigooda dabeecadda sifooyin muuqaal ah oo caqli-gal ah; geesinimada dabka leh, waxay jecel yihiin dagaallada, halkaas oo xirfaddooda ay ku tuuraan fallaadha waxay siinaysaa inay si weyn uga sarreeyaan deriskooda, oo iyaga ka cabsada." Sannadkii 1842-kii, dadka Soomaaliyeed ee Ciise waxay degganaayeen gobolka koonfureed ee Gacanka Tadjoura, oo ku fidsan dhulka Weima Danakil. Waxaa xusid mudan in qayb muhiim ah oo ka mid ah dadka Soomaaliyeed ee Ciise ay u aqoonsadeen Lohitu, Suldaanka Tadjoura, inuu yahay caaqilkooda. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa xusid mudan in kala bar qabiilka Weima ee Tadjoura ay ka kooban yihiin shakhsiyaad Soomaali ah oo Ciise ah. ===Bartamihii Qarnigii 19-aad=== Ciisaha ayaa ahaa qaybta ugu muhiimsan waddooyinka ganacsiga ee isku xidha Harar iyo magaalooyinka xeebta ee Berbera iyo Saylac. Xidhiidhka ganacsiga iyo beeralayda ee qabaa'ilka Soomaalida ee Afran-Qallo waxay ka qaybqaateen, laga soo bilaabo qarnigii shan iyo tobnaad, isku-dhafka siyaasadda iyo qowmiyadaha, taas oo lagu muujiyey abuurista qowmiyadaha Oromada-Soomaalida: Girri-Jaarso iyo Girri-Babillee, kuwaas oo isku daray hababka Oromada ee beeraha iyadoo la qaadanayo hay'adaha siyaasadda Soomaalida. Horumarka hay'adaha Soomaalidu waxay si qoto dheer ugu xidhnaayeen dhaqdhaqaaqii ganacsi ee qabiilka Ciisaha ee gobolka Saylac. Deegaankan Ciisaha ayaa ilaalo u ahaa ganacsatada iyo badeecadaha ay wataan ee u kala gooshta marinada ganacsi ee u dhexeeya Saylac iyo gobolada gudaha ee dalka. Beeshu waxay ku beddeshay adeegyadii ay ka qaadi jireen ganacsatada. Habayntani waxa ay gacan ka gaysatay habaynta iyo turxaan bixinta doorka Abbaan( ugaaska qabiilka) ee masuulka ka ahaa hubinta daryeelka iyo badbaadada dadkiisa. [[File:Map_of_Zeila_1877.jpg|thumb|Waddada ganacsiga Ciisaha ee Saylac ilaa Harar]] Muddo ka bacdi waxaa si rasmi ah u soo shaac baxay shaqadii iyo mas’uuliyaddii Abbaan-ku-taagnayd, wuxuuna ku khasbanaaday inuu maamulo dhaqaalaha iyo siyaasadda qabiilkiisa, la gorgortamo qabaa’ilka kale, isla markaana uu sugo amniga dadkiisa iyo hantidooda. Haddaba, dhaq-dhaqaaqa ganacsi ee qabiilka Ciisaha ayaa kaalin mug leh ka qaatay horumarinta hab-dhismeedka bulsho iyo siyaasadeed ee ummadda Soomaaliyeed. Qabiilka Ciisaha waxa ay hal-abuur ku haystaan ​​dhaqashada geela ee gobolka, iyaga ayaana ka masuul ahaa kiraynta xoolahan iyo kolonyada gaadiidka ee dhex mara gobollada Oromada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, geela ay leeyihiin Ciisaha ayaan ahayn kuwo ku habboon dhulka buuraleyda ah ee Harar u socda. Si loo maro dhulkan, waxa lagama maarmaan noqotay in la isticmaalo dameero ay Oromo bixiyeen. ===Issa - Khilaafka Masar, dabayaaqadii qarnigii 19aad=== Bartamihii 1870-meeyadii ka dib Khedivate ee Masar guuldaradii Itoobiya, waxay beddeleen xeeladdii ay Itoobiya dhinac walba uga hareerayn lahaayeen oo ay sidoo kale saldhig uga heli lahaayeen xeebaha Soomaaliya. Horraantii 1875, ciidamada Masar oo uu hogaaminayay Werner Munzinger waxay rabeen inay ku biiraan ciidamada Menelik iyagoo u socdaalay dhinaca galbeed ee dekedda Tadjoura kuna sii jeeday Awassa. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaladaha cimilada ee adag iyo cimilada adag ayaa wiiqday tamarta ciidamada. Habeenimadii Noofambar 14, dagaalyahano ka tirsan qabiilka Issa Madoobe ee Soomaalida ayaa weerar ku qaaday ciidamada Masar, taasoo keentay in la xasuuqo Werner Munzinger, xaaskiisa, iyo inta badan taliskii ciidamada. Dadkii hadhay ayaa u baxsaday Tadjoura. Guuldaradani waxay calaamadisay dhamaadka hamigii ahaa in Masar lagu balaadhiyo Abyssinia Masiixiyiinta. Inkasta oo ay hore uga adkaadeen Masar ayaa aakhirkii la wareegay gacan ku haynta magaalooyinka xeebaha Soomaaliya ee Saylac, Berberana waa lagu guulaystay. Dhinaca kale, Khedive Ismaaciil waxa uu ballanqaaday in dekedaha Bulxaar iyo Berbera ay u furnaan doonaan ganacsigooda, marka laga reebo ganacsiga addoonta, isla markaana laga hortago joogitaanka ciidamada Yurub ee dekedahaasi. Xukuumadda Khedival ayaa sidoo kale ogolaatay in la dalacsiiyo qiimaha kastamka oo aan ka badnayn 5 boqolkiiba qiimaha badeecadaha la dhoofiyo, iyo in loo ogolaado Ingiriiska in uu ka sameeyo wakiil qunsuliyadeed meelahaas. Xagaagii 1875kii ayaa Masriyiintii waxay guddoomiye u doorteen Abu Bakar Ibrahim Shahim, oo Saylac ka ganacsan jiray. Abuu Bakar, oo sida muuqata ka soo farcamay reer Cafar, wuxuu lahaa saameyn weyn oo maxalli ah. Abu-Bakar in uu xidhiidh la lahaa Menelik II waxa ay faa'iido weyn u ahayd Khedive oo jooga Qaahira waxaana aad u qiimeeyey Faransiiskii aagga. Waxay u badan tahay in ay siiyeen dhalashada Faransiiska horraantii 1860-aadkii oo ay u magacaabeen wakiilkooda si ay uga helaan faa'iidooyinka uu siiyo ganacsatadooda gobolka Saylac iyo Obock. Isagoo haysta dhalashada Faransiiska, Abuu Bakar wuxuu xoojiyay maqaamkiisa inuu yahay hoggaamiyaha ugu saameynta badan gobolka Saylac marka loo eego dadka Canfarta iyo quwadaha Yurub. Masaaridu wax faragelin ah kuma samayn arrimaha Soomaalida, ee waxay u hoggaansameen heshiiskii ay la galeen Abuu Bakar, waxayna u adeegsadeen laaluush si ay u saameeyaan hoggaamiyayaasha qabaa'ilka, oo inta badan loogu yeero Ugaaska Saylac. Si ay u dhistaan ​​maamulkooda, waxay u magacaabeen madax ka soo jeeda beesha Ciisaha iyo qabaa’ilka kale ee Soomaalida ee ku dhaqan dhulka saxaraha Ogaadeeniya ee Koonfur Bari Harar. Dhul laga soo bilaabo Saylac ilaa Harar, Ciisahu waxay ka talinayeen Saylac iyo inta badan xeebaha Soomaaliya ilaa Bulxaar, reer Khediyiintu waxay bixin jireen cashuurta Ugaaska Ciisaha si ay u isticmaalaan jidka ganacsiga Saylac iyo Harar. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Masaaridii oo ku sii socota Harar, waxay ku qasbanaadeen inay soo maraan dhulka Soomaalida Ciise, waxay socod ku mareen jeexjeexyo dhagax ah iyo sariiraha webiyada engegan ee gobolka Guban, kaas oo caadiyan la kulma kulayl kuleyl ah oo u dhexeeya 105 ilaa 110 darajo Fahrenheit May ilaa Sebtembar. Deegaanku waxa uu lahaa dhir kooban iyo ilo biyo-yaraan ah taas oo ay ugu wacan tahay xaaladaha xagaaga ee adag. [ 44 ] Dadka Ciise waxay faa'iido ka heleen ciidankii soo duulay, waxay yaqaaneen xaaladaha adag ee goobta iyo cimilada, sida la xusay, waxay tirtireen ciidamadii Munzinger bartamihii 1875 ee Awassa. [ 45 ] Iyaga oo keliya tiro xaddidan oo kabriid ah, ama 'Tower' nooca musketka garaaca, oo ay weheliyaan gacmahooda iftiinka ee dhaqameed, kuwaas oo ay ku jiraan laan, toorey, warmo, waran, seef, iyo gaashaan. Qaar baa shaqaaleysiiyay naadiyo, qaansooyin, bistoolado, ama, naadir, bastoolad, in kasta oo ay jireen hubkii qadiimiga ahaa, qabiillada Ciise ma ahayn mucaarad fudud. Marka la barbardhigo, ciidanka militariga ee Ra'uf Pasha ee Masaarida uu amar ku bixiyay waxay ka koobnaayeen shan cutub oo lugta ah, cutub kastaa wuxuu lahaa afar iyo toban sarkaal, 236 askari ( başhi bozuķ ), laba xabo oo buurta Howitzer ah, iyo laba gantaalada riddada ah. isla markaana, qabiilka Ciisaha waxa uu dagaal kula jiray Nole Oromo, Danakil (Afar) iyo Gadabuursi, iyada oo taas la tixgeliyey ka dib markii ay 5 maalmood ka hor istaageen hoggaamiyihii federaalka ee qabaa'ilka Ciisaha Soomaaliyeed, Sheikh Rolia, Masar, waxay isu dhiibeen ciidammadii soo celinta iyo calanka Masar. Taasi waxay meesha ka saartay khatartii Milatari ee Masaarida ay ku hayeen Ciisaha Soomaaliyeed, taasoo u sahashay inay u sii gudbaan dhinaca Harar iyagoo ka soo tallaabay dhulka Ciisaha. Korjoogayaashii Ingiriiska ee fadhigoodu ahaa Cadan ayaa warbixino u diray London, kuwaas oo muujinaya awoodda ciidanka soo duulay ay u isticmaali lahaayeen inay Issa ku khasbaan inay is dhiibaan, maadaama ay iyagu ahaayeen kuwii ugu horreeyay ee sidaas sameeya. Masaaridu waxay u qaybisay bulshooyinkii ku dhaqnaa deegaanka Harar saddex qaybood oo kala ah: Somali 'Ciise', Oromo Nole Oromo', iyo dadka magaalada Harar, iyadoo Ciisaha ay dhibaato badan ku keeneen maamulka Masar. Hogaamiye degan ma haystaan, marka laga reebo hogaamiyihii shuyuukhda culimadi Ciise. Dawladnimada ay iyagu dhisteen waa nooc ka mid ah dawlad wadaaga. Markay rabaan inay dawladnimada dumiyaan, waxay wiiqaan awoodeeda. Raggoodii wax-garadka ahaa iyo madaxdii reeraha ayaa is urursada. Way wada tashadaan, mararka qaarkoodna tani waxay socotaa toddobaadyo badan. Marka ra'yiga aqlabiyadda la aqbalo, dawladdu way fulisaa. Sidan ayaa loo fuliyaa magacaabista ama xil ka qaadista mudanayaashooda. [[File:UgaasAbode.jpg|thumb|Issa Somali oo taagan bannaanka hoyga Ugaas Roobleh Faarax ee Jaldessa]] Intii u dhaxaysay bilihii June iyo Luulyo 1878kii, xaaladda ammaan ee gobolka Harar ilaa xeebaha Soomaaliya aad ayay uga sii dartay, ka dib kacdoon ay sameeyeen dadka Soomaaliyeed ee Ciise. Qalalaasahan oo markii hore ka bilaabmay deegaanka Berber ayaa ugu dambayntii ku fiday gobolka Harar. Bishii Luulyo 1878, Raduan Pasha iyo ku xigeenkiisii, Axmad Rami Bey, waxay isku dayeen inay xakameeyaan kacdoonka dhowr boqol oo fallaago ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay dhayalsadeen awoodda ciidamada jabhadda, kuwaas oo ku guuleystay inay la yaabaan oo ay jabiyaan ciidankii yar ee Masar. Kadib jabhaddii waxay u carartay dhanka Saylac. Iyaga oo ka jawaabaya, Masaaridu waxay ka aargoosatay tuulooyin cidla ah oo ay ku duuleen, waxayna gubeen guryihii toban hoggaamiye beeleed. Marka loo eego qiimaynta Raduan Pasha, ciidanka garrison ee fadhigoodu yahay magaalada iyo nawaaxigeeda ma awoodi doonaan inay xakameeyaan fallaagada Issa ee baahsan. Waxa uu ku wargeliyay dowladda Khedival khatarta jirta, waxa uuna carabka ku adkeeyay in si deg deg ah loogu baahan yahay gurmad ciidan oo laga sameeyo magaalada Harar. Raduan Pasha waxa uu dalbaday in la soo celiyo markabkii dagaalka ee Masar, kaas oo ku sugnaa aagga Berbera ilaa horraantii sannadkii 1878-kii, balse ay dawladdii Kheddiga ahi ku amartay inuu ka baxo. Markabkan ayaa siday labo qeybood oo loo xilsaaray taakuleynta ciidamada gobolka ee ku sugan inta u dhaxeysa magaalooyinka xeebta ah iyo Harar. Jabhadihii Ciise waxay gaadheen aagga u dhexeeya Harar iyo xeebta Soomaaliya si ay uga baxaan gacanta Masar. Xukuumadda Khiri Pasha ayaa ka fiirsanaysay ikhtiyaarka ah in mar kale lagu daro gobolka xeebta ee Badda Cas iyo Harar ee Xikimdariya ee Suudaan. Raduan Pasha waxa ay isku dayday in ay weerarto fariisimaha jabhadda ee gobolka Harar bishii Oktoobar 1878 laakiin waxa ay la kulantay guuldarro kale oo weyn. Fallaagada waxaa u suurtagashay in ay dilaan lix iyo labaatan askari oo ay ka furteen ciidanka Raduan Pasha sagaal iyo labaatan qori iyo siddeed iyo soddon faras. Bishii Noofambar 1878-kii, Raduan Pasha waxa uu hoggaaminayey ciidan yar oo konton askari ah iyo hal madfac oo Saylac ka soo raacay Harar si uu ula xaajoodo hoggaamiyayaashii jabhadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, markii ay iman waayeen magaalada, wuxuu u safray tuulooyinkoodii si uu ula kulmo iyaga. Raduan Pasha sida degen ee uu ula dhaqmayo qabaa'ilka ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaartay nabadaynta jabhadda. Kadib shir ka dhacay magaalada Harar ee ay fallaagadu ku xooga badan yihiin, Raduan Pasha waxa ay la xaajoodeen madaxdooda oo ay ku heshiiyeen in la dhimo oo la qiimeeyo cashuuraha. Taas beddelkeeda, fallaagada waxay saxiixday heshiis xabbad-joojin ah oo ay ku ballan-qaadeen inay oggolaadaan gaadiidka xeebta iyo xitaa soo celiyaan wixii ay dhaceen. Raduan Pasha ayaa u sheegay guusha uu gaaray Gordon, kaasoo isna ku wargeliyay dowladda Khedive in kala dambeyn la soo celiyay oo aan loo baahneen wax xoojin ciidan ah. Xabad-joojintii lagu gaadhay wada-xaajoodyadii Raduan Pasha ee jabhadda waxay ahayd mid muddo gaaban jirtay, horraantii bishii Maarso 1879-kii, waxaa caddaatay in gaadiidka waddooyinka mar kale uu khatar ahaa. Jabhaddu waxay taas u qaadatay calaamad daciifnimo, waxaana ku biiray qabaa'il kale oo Soomaaliyeed oo jabhaddooda ku biiray. Waxay beegsadeen kolonyo gaadiid ah, waxayna dhaawaceen xadhkaha telegaraafka, waxayna jareen xiriirkii magaalooyinka xeebta. Raduan Pasha waxa uu ka codsaday in la xoojiyo milatariga dawladdii Kheddiga ah iyo ciidan ka kooban ilaa 1,500 oo askari oo caadi ah, oo ay weheliyaan qabaa'ilka kale ee Soomaalida ee ka soo horjeeda qabiilka Ciisaha, ayaa si degdeg ah badda ugu yimi Saylac. Dib-u-celintan, Raduan Pasha wuxuu hoggaamiyay weerar guul leh oo ka dhan ah mucaaradka, isagoo ka adkaaday ciidankooda ilaa 370 nin oo hubaysan. Taas ka dib, Ciisaha Soomaaliyeed ma aysan keenin wax khatar ah mar kale ilaa ay Masar ka guureen Harar 1885. Ka bixitaankii Masar ee Harar waxa la mid ahaa ka bixitaankooda Saylac iyo Berbera, si ay uga feejignaadaan kacdoonka Oromada iyo Ciisaha Somalidu kaga soo horjeedaan ciidamada Masar ee dib u guranaya. Thomas Hunter, oo ahaa xoghayihii koowaad ee ergadii Ingiriiska ee Cadan 1884-kii ilaa 1887-kii, waxa uu ka baqay in inta lagu guda jiro bixitaanka, ay dhici karto in kooxaha qabaa’ilka ay weerarro lama filaan ah ku qaadaan Masaarida oo ay gadaal ka soo galaan, taasoo dhalin karta kacdoon cusub oo Mahdiyya ah oo la mid ah kii Suudaan lagu arkay. Masaaridu waxay ka baxeen Geeska Afrika, waxay walaac ka muujiyeen dareenka Ingiriiska ee ku aaddan dareenka qalafsan ee Berbera iyo suurtagalnimada in qabiilka Ciisaha Soomaaliyeed ay la wareegaan magaalada. Si taas looga hortago, Thomas Hunter waxa uu soo jeediyay in markab dagaal oo Ingiriisku leeyahay oo uu hoggaaminayo sarkaal ka tirsan ciidammada badda ee fadhigoodu yahay magaalada Cadan uu si joogto ah u sii joogo dekedda Berbera. Talaabadani waxay u adeegi doontaa is-hortaag iyo is-hortaag ku yimid Issaga Soomaaliyeed ilaa laga dhameeyo daadgureynta Harar. Si looga hortago kacdoon kale oo Issa ah, Thomas Hunter wuxuu ku taliyay in Ingiriisku ka taliyo Saylac inta ay weli joogaan ciidamada Masar, iyada oo la adeegsanayo 150 ciidan lug ah oo degaanka ah oo lagu xoojiyay geel. Dabadeed, iyagoo ka faa'iidaysan kara millatari, waxay la kulmi doonaan Ciise heshiis ku saabsan ka bixista Harar, iyo inaan wax dhib ah laga fileyn waddooyinka, iyadoo ay ugu wacan tahay kaalmada ay bixiyeen dadka Soomaaliyeed ee Ciise. Markii ay Masar tagtay, Soomaalidu waxay markiiba bilaabeen inay dhacaan oo ay xasuuqaan kolonyadii ganacsiga ee Yurub: 'Ciidanayaashii Ciise waxay 103 qof oo reer Yurub ah iyo dadka deegaanka ku laayeen waddooyinka u dhexeeya Harar, Saylac iyo Berbera. 44 Isla mar ahaantaana weerarradaas, oo lala beegsaday shisheeyaha, ayaa bishii Nofembar 1885-kii dagaal dhiig badani ku daatay ka dhex qarxay Soomaalidii Ciise iyo Gadabuursi oo ku saabsanaa gacan ku haynta waddooyinka ganacsi ee u dhexeeya Harar iyo Saylac. Inta uu socday dagaalka waxaa ku dhintay 20 qof, waxaana aad loo wiiqay ammaanka waddooyinka. Dabadeed 1886 kii ayaa Ciise iyo Canfartu dagaal ku dhex-maray, iyo dhammaan jidad ganacsi oo ka soo baxay Saylac oo u socday Awsa. ===Qarnigii 20-aad – hadda=== Weerarkii Talyaanigu ku qaaday Itoobiya 1935/36, Ciisa wuxuu ka dagaallamay dhinaca Talyaaniga, taas beddelkeedana wuxuu ka faa'iidaystay hub iyo tababar ciidan iyo fursado suuq-geyneed oo faa'iido badan leh oo lo'dooda ah. Nuskii dambe ee Qarnigii 20-aad, Soomaaliya waxay hub dheeraad ah siisay Ciisaha, oo ay u cusboonaysiisay qayb ka mid ah Jabhadda Xoreynta Soomaali Galbeed. Xasuuqii Aysha waxay ahayd xasuuq ay ciidamada Itoobiya u geysteen qowmiyada Soomaalida ee Ciisaha 13 August 1960 magaalada Aysha ee dalka Itoobiya . Ciidamada Itoobiya ayaa la sheegay in ay u dhaadhaceen deegaanka si ay uga qeyb qaataan daminta colaada la xiriirta aanooyin qabiil. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida goob-joogeyaashu sheegeen, in rag Soomaali ah la geeyey meel kale, ka dibna ay dileen askar Itoobiyaan ah. Kuwii danbe ee u qaxay Dikhil iyo Cali Sabiix ee Jabuuti . Abaartii iyo gaajadii 1972-1973 / 74 waxay sii kordhisay colaadaha. Ciidanka Itoobiya ayaa soo dhexgalay Ciisaha waxayna 1971/72 ka dileen boqollaal, kuna qafaasheen in ku dhow 200,000 oo neef. Markii Jabhadda Xoreynta Soomaali Galbeed laga adkaaday , qeybta Ciisaha waxay ku hareen magaca Ciise iyo Jabhadda Xoreynta Gurgura . Waxay taageero ka heli jireen Soomaaliya waxayna ku biireen EPRDF . Sannadkii 1987kii ayaa ismaamulka Diridhaba loo sameeyay Ciisaha (oo hore uga tirsanaan jiray gobolka Xararge ) oo qayb ka ahaa qayb cusub oo maamulka Itoobiya. Tan iyo markii EPRDF la wareegtay 1991, deegaanada Ciisaha ee Itoobiya waxay ka mid ahaayeen qeexitaan qowmiyadeed ee Gobolka Soomaalida . Jabuuti oo uu Faransiisku ku gumaysan jiray magaca Xeebta Soomaalida ee Faransiiska (ilaa 1967-kii, ka dibna dhulka faransiiska ee Cafarta iyo Ciisaha ) waxaa sidoo kale ka jiray xiisad u dhaxaysa Ciisa iyo Canfarta , iyadoo Ciise iyo Soomaalida kale ee Jabuuti ku nool ay doonayeen in ay ku xidhmaan Soomaaliya oo xor ah tan iyo 1960kii. Inta badan Canfartu waxay door bidaysay masiirka Faransiiska . Mahamoud Xarbi waxa uu ahaa hogaamiyihii ugu weynaa ee dhaqdhaqaaqii gobonimo doonka balse waxa la dilay 29 September 1960 waxana la waayay saaxiibadii Djama Mahamoud Boreh iyo Mohamed Gahanlo iyagoo ka duulaya Geneva kuna sii jeeday Qaahira . Si rasmi ah, waxay ku dhinteen shil diyaaradeed , laakiin doorka suurtogalka ah ee ururka de l'armée secrète ayaa la qiyaasayaa. 1977kii Jabuuti xornimadeeda way qaadatay , laakiin lama midoobin Soomaaliya . Intii uu socday dagaalkii Ogaadeenya , siyaasiyiintii Ciisaha ee saamaynta ku lahaa waxay ku tala galeen Jibuuti-weyn ama “Ciise-land”, halkaas oo soohdinta Jabuuti ka bilaabanayso Badda Cas ilaa Diridhaba. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, riyadaas waxay ku burburtay dhammaadkii dagaalka iyadoo ciidammadii Soomaalida laga saaray Itoobiya. Xiligii Hassan Gouled Aptidoon , Djibouti waxa ay isu rogtay dawlad hal xisbi ah oo ka tirsan Rassemblement Populaire pour le Progrès (RPP) taas oo aan laga fiirsan danaha dadka tirada yar ee Canfarta . 1991-1994, sidaas darteed waxaa Jabuuti ka dhacay dagaal sokeeye oo u dhexeeyay dawladdii Ciisaha u badnayd iyo jabhadii Canfarta ee FRUD. Ugu dambeyntii, xisbiyada kale ee mucaaradka ayaa la aqbalay, Canfartuna waxay ku lug lahayd dawladda, halka Ciise uu weli gacanta ku hayo siyaasadda. 1999kii Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle , oo uu adeer u ahaa Xasan Guuleed Aptidoon, waxa uu bedelay Jabuuti. Gobolka Awdal ee Somaliland waxa ka dhacay dagaallo ay la galeen beelaha Gadabuursi oo ah beelaha kale ee Dir . Colaaddu waxay keentay in qaar ka mid ah Issa ay u baxsadaan Itoobiya dhammaadkii 1990-aadkii. Xero qaxooti ayaa laga furay Degago/Ayisha. Mawjad labaad oo qaxoonti Ciise ah ayaa ka guuray magaalo xeebeedka Saylac 1991kii ka dib markii ay la dagaalameen SNMta Isaaq iyo Gadabuursi . ==Qaybinta== [[File:Issa_in_Somaliland.png|thumb|Khariidadda Jasiiradda Waqooyi ee Soomaaliya oo muujinaysa sida loo qaybiyay qabiilka Ciise ee qaybta waqooyi-galbeed]] [[File:Map_of_Somaliland_Protectorate.jpg|thumb| Maabka Somaliland oo ay ka muuqato beesha Ciise.]] Issa waxay ku nool yihiin Itoobiya inta badan halkaas oo ay gaaraan gobollada Oromada iyo Canfarta waxayna ka sameeyaan qayb weyn oo ka mid ah magaalada Diridhaba ee Chartered. Waxa kale oo ay deggan yihiin Jabuuti , halkaas oo ay ka yihiin in ka badan kala badh dadweynaha, marka saddexaadna waxay deggan yihiin Awdal , Somaliland sidoo kale. Ciisahu waa qabiilka ugu badan ee ku nool Djibouti . Sidoo kale beesha Ciise waa beesha labaad ee ugu badan ee ku nool xudduudaha Ismaamulka Soomaalida Itoobiya iyadoo lagu saleeyay tirakoobkii dadweynaha Itoobiya ee 2008-dii. Dariska dhow ee Ciisaha galbeedku waa Canfarta (ama Danakil) oo ay Ciisahu si joogto ah ula dagaalami jireen. IM Lewis waxa uu ku tilmaami jiray "xaalad cadaawad joogto ah oo ka dhaxaysa Ciise iyo Cafar", Barigooda reer ciise waxa ay xidhiidh la leeyihiin Gadabuursiga Somaliyeed oo ay dareemayaan in ay isku isir yihiin oo ay isku isir iyo dhaqan wadaagaan. Ku socota Koonfur Gurguura, Hawiye iyo Oromo. Magacyada Caddaanka iyo Madow, sida horgale loogu sii dhigay Issa, si fudud u tixraac qaybintooda juqraafiga; Buuro kala duwan oo galbeed ka xiga oo barbar socda jidka Jabuuti iyo Harrar ayaa u adeega sida xariiqda kala qaybisa; Ciisaha cad waa kuwa ugu dhow badda, halka Isaaqa Madow ee ka baxsan xadka. Kala duwanaanshiyahan ayaa waxaa sabab u ah sida ay u egyihiin labada dal, iyadoo dalka dhanka galbeed ka xiga uu ku dhow yahay in uu ka kooban yahay ciid, dalka dhanka bari ka xigana uu yahay mid inta badan qariyay dhagax weyn oo basaltic ah. Natiijo ahaan, kii hore wuxuu leeyahay muuqaal madow sababtoo ah dabeecaddiisa volcano, halka kan dambe uu yahay saxare cad oo bacaad ah. Ciisaha Madow wuxuu ka kooban yahay Wardiq , qaybo ka mid ah Muuse Eleeye, Horrone oo dhan, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Furlabe iyo Walaldoon. Cidda Cad waxay sida caadiga ah ka kooban tahay qaar ka mid ah Furlabe, qayb Muuse Eleeye ah, iyo qayb Mamassan ah, iyo qayb Walaldoon ah. ==Xeer-dhaqameedka Xeerka & Maamulka== [[File:Ugaas_Rooble.png|thumb|Ciise Ugaas Rooble oo la sawiran adeerkii Shirdoon 1885kii]] Odayaashii Ciise oo u shaqaynayay sidii qoys beeleed isku xidhan, waxa ay la kulmeen dhibaatooyin badan oo ay ka mid yihiin colaado sokeeye, abaaro, budhcadnimo, khalkhal ganacsi iyo qas bulsho. Iyagoo ka jawaabaya, waxay dejiyeen dastuur dhaqameed loogu magac daray Xeer Ciise, oo ku sifoobay mabaadi'da awood qaybsiga, midaynta bulshada si ay u raadiyaan xasillooni iyo kala dambayn. Sida dhaqanka afka ah, sida ay cuqaasha Ciise ka sheekeeyaan, dhowr qarni ka hor, awoowayaashii beesha Ciisaha waxa ay safar tahriib ah kaga soo baxeen Saylac, iyaga oo aakhirkii isugu yimi buurta Sitti ee hadda loo yaqaan Caasha Wereda. Goobtan gaarka ah waxa loo yaqaannay Laas-Harad. Si uu u noqdo oday Ciise oo uu u noqdo wakiil ka socda laba-iyo-tobanka beelood ee Ciise, waa in la buuxiyaa laba shuruudood oo aasaasi ah: labada waalidba waa inay noolaadaan, oo waxay u baahan yihiin inay helaan wiil. Si loo fududeeyo maamulkooda iyo hannaankooda go'aan gaarista, koox ka kooban afartan iyo afartan oday ayaa shirar socday muddo bil ah ku qabtay Buurta Sitti. Laba iyo tobanka beelood ee Ciisaha mid kastaa wuxuu isu beddeshay in uu cuqaasha u qaybiyo inta uu shirku socdo. Muddo ka dib, golahan odayaashu waxa ay hindiseen xeerar dhammaystiran oo 362 ah oo aan qornayn oo loo yaqaan "hera." Sheekadu waxay leedahay in dhacdo muhiim ah ay dhacday mid ka mid ah shirarka Buur Sitti markii daruur ay u muuqatay inay si toos ah uga laadlaadsan tahay wakiillada hal beel oo Ciise ah, Wardik. Dhacdadan aan caadiga ahayn ayaa guud ahaan lagu macneeyay inay tahay calaamad Rabbaani ah, taasoo muujineysa in Wardiqiintu ay yihiin kuwo loo doortay, xitaa Eebbe, si ay u gutaan doorarka hoggaamineed ee beesha Ciise/Soomaaliyeed. Sidaa darteed, wixii intaa ka dambeeyay, hoggaamiyaha Ciise/Soomaaliyeed, ee loo yaqaan Ugaaska, ayaa si joogto ah looga soo xulay beesha Wardiq. Inkasta oo Ughaz ay lahayd maamulka ugu sarreeya, haddana beesha Ciisaha waxa ay si gaar ah u ilaalinaysaa qaab-dhismeed bulsho oo sinnaan ku dhisan oo salka ku haya hayb-beeleed, kaas oo qof kasta, iyadoo aan loo eegin lab iyo dheddig, loo tixgaliyo in ay siman yihiin, qof kastaana waxa uu xaq u leeyahay in uu fikirkiisa ka dhiibto arrimaha khuseeya qabiilkiisa. Sidaa darteed, go'aan-qaadasho ku salaysan is-afgarad ayaa ah caadada dhexdooda. Habka go'aan gaarista ugu horrayn waxa ku jira wada-tashi, halkaas oo xubin kasta oo lab ah oo ku abtirsada ay xaq u leedahay in ay ka qaybgasho doodaha la xidhiidha arrimaha qabaa'ilka ee shir-wadareed loo yaqaan 'shir'. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jirta maxkamad ka kooban afartan iyo afar wakiil, oo matalaya qaybaha kala duwan ee qabiilka, oo loo yaqaan 'Rer Gendi'. Qaybtani waxa ay u adeegtaa laba ujeedo sida maxkamada rafcaanka ee garsoorka iyo urur dhaqameed labadaba. Waxa si gaar ah loo qabtaa xilliyada xaaladaha degdegga ah ama dhibaatooyinka qaranka. ==Nasab== [[File:Sheikh_Issa_Tomb.png|thumb|Qabriga Sheekh Ciise oo ahaa aabbihii dhidibada u taagay beesha Ciisaha ee gobolka Sanaag .]] Ciisahu dhaqan ahaan waxa uu xidhiidhkooda ka raadiyaa Dir, qabrigiisu waxa uu u dhexeeyaa Rugay iyo Maydh ee bariga Somaliland Qabriga Sheekh Ciise waxay u badan tahay inuu ka hor imaanshaha maxalliga ah ee Islaamka , taas oo macnaheedu yahay dhismayaashooda wuxuu dhacay qarnigii 13aad ama ka hor. ===Qari=== Issa waxay ka tirsan tahay T-M184 haplogroup waxaana TMRCA lagu qiyaasaa inay tahay 2100-2200 sano ama 150 BCE. ===Geed qabiil=== Iyadoo lagu salaynayo qoraalada urur bulsheed ee Ciisaha Somaliyeed. Ciise wuxuu u qaybsan yahay laamaha soo socda. Ciise *Ēleye' (Musse & Mamasan) *Walaldon (Idleh & Youssouf) *Hoolle (Mahadle & Saa'ib) *Hōrrōne (Habar Walaal & Geele Walaal) *Ūrweyne(Cabdelle & Fiqi) *Wardiiq (Wakhtishiil & Rumawaaq) ==Dadka caanka ah ee Ciise== [[File:Ismail_Omar_Guelleh_2010.jpg|thumb|Madaxweynaha Jabuuti Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle]] *Maxamuud Xarbi : Madaxweyne-ku-xigeenka Golaha Dawladda Faransiiska Somaliland . *Xasan Guuleed Aptidoon : 1916–2006, Madaxweynihii ugu horreeyay ee Jabuuti 1977 ilaa 1999. *Ismaaciil Cumar Geelle : Madaxweynaha Jabuuti 1999kii. *Lula Cali Ismaaciil : Jibuuti- Canadian agaasimaha filimada *Cabdoo Xamargod : Muusikiiste *Daahir Axmed Faarax : Siyaasi reer Jabuuti ah *Cabdiraxmaan Waaberi : qoraa *Ahmed-Idriss Moussa :Siyaasi Jabuutiyaan ah *Nima Djama : muusikiiste *Aicha Bogoreh : Marwada koowaad ee Jabuuti *Axmed Boulaleh Barreh : Siyaasi reer Jabuuti ah *Axmed Saalax : Orodyahanka Jabuuti *Idriss Arnaoud Ali : Siyaasi reer Jabuuti ah *Xabiiba Cabdilaahi : Musician *Cumar Faarax Iltireh : Siyaasi reer Jabuuti ah *Aden Robleh Awaleh : Madaxweynaha Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga Qaranka . *Xaawo Axmed Yuusuf : Siyaasi reer Jabuuti ah *Mohamed Ali Fourchette : muusikiiste *Rooble Olhaye : Wakiilka joogtada ah ee Qaramada Midoobay u qaabilsan Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti. *Kadra Axmed Xasan : Ergeyga Joogtada ah ee Qaramada Midoobay iyo Ururka Ganacsiga Adduunka ee Jamhuuriyadda Jabuuti. *Yacin Bouh : Siyaasi reer Jabuuti ah. *Xasan Dharaar Hufane : Siyaasi reer Jabuuti ah *Cabdalla Cabdillahi Migil : Siyaasi reer Jabuuti ah &Xuseen Axmed Saalax : Orodyahanka Maratoonka Jabuuti. *Moumin Bahdon : Siyaasi reer Jabuuti ah. *Aïcha Mohamed Robleh : Qoraa *Jamaal Cabdi Diiriye : Orodyahan *Faadumo Axmed Dhimbiil : Fanaanad *Abdi Waiss Mouxiyadiin : Orodyahan *Axmed Daahir : Kubadda Cagta *Aden Faarax Samatar : Fanaan *Youssouf Hiss Bachir : Orodyahanka *Maxamed Yuusuf : Badmaax *Axmed Goumane-Rooble : Siyaasi *Djama Robleh : Orodyahanka *Roda Ali Wais : Orodyahan *Mohamed Ali Fourchette : muusikiiste *Mouna-Hodan Axmed : Abwaan *Hoche Yaya Aden : Orodyahanka *Moumina Houssein Darar : Baaraha Jabuuti ee la dagaalanka Argagaxisada. *Aadan Faarax : Afhayeenka Aqalka Sare ee Itoobiya *Choukri Djibah : Siyaasi iyo u dhaqdhaqaaqa sinaanta haweenka. *Mohamoud Dirir Geeddi : Siyaasi Itoobiya ==Tixraac== [https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6ac7672.html "Refworld | 1) Cadaadiska Qowmiyada Ciisaha ee Itoobiya; 2) Cadaadiska ay dadka Itoobiya ku hayaan qowmiyadda Soomaalida ee ku nool waqooyiga Itoobiya"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=XMoNDgAAQBAJ&q=Dir Shucuubta Geeska Afrika (Soomaalida, Canfarta iyo Saaxo): Waqooyi Bari Afrika Qaybta 1aad] [https://books.google.com/books?id=j3DGs00LT8EC Shucuubta Geeska Afrika: Soomaali, Canfar iyo Saaxo] [https://books.google.com/books?id=29wxAQAAIAAJ&q=Aysa+the+nominal+ Hoosta Calanka iyo Sheekooyinka Xeebaha Soomaaliyeed] [https://books.google.com/books?id=ItguAAAAYAAJ&dq=comalis+issas+tadjoura&pg=PA371 La gazette géographique iyo l'sahaminta] [https://books.google.com/books?id=p3N0DwAAQBAJ&dq=This+is+because+the+Issa+are+afraid+of+the+Nole&pg=PA112 Emirate, Masaarida, Xabashida: Waaya aragnimada Gumaysiga ee Qarnigii Sagaalaad ee Harar dabayaaqadii] [https://books.google.com/books?id=p3N0DwAAQBAJ&dq=This+is+because+the+Issa+are+afraid+of+the+Nole&pg=PA112 Emirate, Masaarida, Xabashida: Waaya aragnimada Gumaysiga ee Qarnigii Sagaalaad ee Harar dabayaaqadii] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43131170 "Afars, Issas ... iyo Jabuutiyaanka: Xagga Taariikhda Madaahibta"] [http://www.unhcr.org/3d5d0f3a4.pdf Bulshada xoolo dhaqatada ah iyo qaxootiga ka gudba: dhaq-dhaqaaqa dadweynaha ee Somaliland iyo bariga Itoobiya 1988-2000. Arrimaha Cusub ee Cilmi-baarista Qaxootiga, Warqadda Shaqada ee No. 65] [http://tobiashagmann.freeflux.net/files/media/publications/non-refereed/hagmann_roape-2005.pdf Caqabadaha Maamul-daadejinta ee Gobolka Soomaalida Itoobiya] {{Wayback|url=http://tobiashagmann.freeflux.net/files/media/publications/non-refereed/hagmann_roape-2005.pdf |date=20140116114912 }} [https://books.google.com/books?id=XD9oFjvFurAC&q=issa+gurgura&pg=PA135 Awood Siyaasadeed iyo Federaal Qowmiyadeed: Halganka Dimuqraadiyadda ee Itoobiya] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/179798 "Qodobada Taariikhiga ah ee Abtirsiimada ee Qaabdhismeedka Bulsho ee Waqooyiga Soomaaliya", Joornaalka Taariikhda Afrika] [[doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201390|"Soo noqnoqoshada sare ee jiilka koromosoomyada Y oo lagu garto E3b1, DYS19-11, DYS392-12 ee ragga Soomaaliyeed"]] [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOMALIA/Resources/conflictinsomalia.pdf Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics] [http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf Unugga Macluumaadka iyo Siyaasadda Dalka, Xafiiska Arrimaha Gudaha, Ingiriiska, Qiimaynta Soomaaliya 2001, Lifaaqa B: Qaab-dhismeedka Qabiilka Soomaaliyeed] {{Wayback|url=http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf |date=20110716081350 }} http://www.undp.org/content/dam/kenya/docs/Amani%20Papers/AP_Volume1_n2_May2010.pdf ==Xiriirinta dibadda== King, Preston (1987). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ANEwAAAAMAAJ Jiilaal Afrikaan ah] 1itkgtmvpa3gvt7s4bpl5eubgigvxpv 0 10906 298358 274211 2026-06-09T10:48:08Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298358 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Sidoo kale fiiri "[[Xoriyad]]"'' '''Soosaarid xor ah''' ({{lang-en|free content}}) waa dhamaan noocyada kala duwan ee shaqo, xirfad, aqoon, cilmi, farshaxan, alifaad iyo noocyada kale ee shaqada taasi oo mulkiilaha (qofka xuquuqda iska leh) u ogol yahay in qof kasta u isticmaalo si ka faa'iideysi. Intaas waxaa dheer, akhbaarta ku jirta dhamaan xeedhasha xorta ah waa kuwo loo isticmaalo si bilaa lacag ah.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://freedomdefined.org/Definition |title=Definition of Free Cultural Works |version=1.1 |publisher=freedomdefined.org |author=Erik Möller, e.a. |authorlink=Erik Möller |date=2008 |accessdate=2015-04-20}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html |title=Free Software and Free Manuals |accessdate=March 22, 2009 |last=Stallman |first=Richard |authorlink=Richard Stallman |date=November 13, 2008 |publisher=[[Free Software Foundation]] |archive-date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 25, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091125114302/http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-doc.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fekradda xorta ah waa fekrad ku saabsan inaad wax allifi karto taasoo aan ku xirnayn shuruudo ama xakamayn. Sidoo kale waxaa lagu soo koobaa howl kasta ee si gaar ah looleeyahay sida xuquudka qoraha, faafinta iyo mid dadka kawada dhaxeeysa. [[File:Copyright.svg|thumb|astaanta xuquuqda qoraha]] =Tixraac= {{reflist}} {{gumud}} gl3vchtfc1wy8rlz3ud1to5pgtkrn56 0 17480 298341 228319 2026-06-09T07:08:30Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298341 wikitext text/x-wiki ::''Kani waa maqaal ku saabsan Liin beydariinta. Bogag kale fiiri [[Liin Macaan]], [[Liin Dhanaan]], [[Liin Qarboosh]] iyo [[Liin Bambeelmo]] ::''Boga "[[Beydariin]]" halkan ayaa laga soo toosiyay. {{taxobox |name = '''Liin Beydariin''' |image = Citrus unshiu 20101127 c.jpg |image_caption = Midhaha liin beydariintu waa mid aad ugu eg [[Liin Macaan]]ta |regnum = [[Plantae]] |diviso = Angiosperms |classis = Eudicots |ordo = Rosids |subordo = [[Khudaar]] |familia = [[Midho]] |genus = [[Liin]] |species = '''''Liino''''' |binomial = ''Liin Beydariin'' |binomial_authority = (Walter Tennyson Swingle) Vasil Vasilevicz Marcowicz |}} '''Liin Beydariin''' ({{lang-en|''Citrus unshiu''}}, sidoo kale: ''Naartjie'') waa nooc ka mid ah [[liin]]ta taasi oon lahayn wax siidh ah ama lafo ah. Liin beydariintu waxay kaga duwan tahay [[liin macaan]]ta way ka yar tahay mar ahaan, sidoo kale qolofta ama dahaarka sare ee liin beydariintu waa mid si fudud looga qaadi karo marka la rabo in la cuno, sidoo kale waxay leedahay [[dhanaan]] ka badan liin macaanta, taasi ka yar [[liin dhanaan]]ta.<ref name="crosscurrents.hawaii.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www.crosscurrents.hawaii.edu/content.aspx?lang=eng&site=cc&theme=work&subtheme=AGRIC&unit=CCWORK022|title=Japanese Mikan and Satsuma Oranges|work=hawaii.edu|access-date=2015-09-19|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304105936/http://www.crosscurrents.hawaii.edu/content.aspx?lang=eng&site=cc&theme=work&subtheme=AGRIC&unit=CCWORK022|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=sortingcitrus>{{cite web|url=http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Citrus_2.html|title=Sorting Citrus names|author=Michel H. Porcher|publisher=The University of Melbourne}}</ref> Si la mid ah liin macaanta ayaa liin beydariintu waxay leedahay [[midab|midab oranji]] mararka qaar [[casaan]] xiga mararka qaarna aad [[huruud]] u ah. Sidoo kale liin beydariintu waxay leedahay hilib aad u dhadhan macaan oo jilicsan. Marka bahda liinta laga hadlayo waxaa aad iskugu dhow liin macaanta iyo liin beydariinta sababtoo ah waxay leeyihiin midab aad iskugu eg, dhadhan aan kala fogayn iyo bixitaanka [[geed]]aha oo aad iskugu qaab dhow.<ref name="Hanelt">{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=10IMFSavIMsC&pg=PA1033&dq=%22Citrus+unshiu%22#v=onepage&q=%22Citrus%20unshiu%22&f=false |page=1033|title=Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops (except ornamentals)|author= Hanelt, Peter|publisher= Springer|year= 2001 |isbn= 3-540-41017-1|quote=''(natural distribution) Japan''|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Si kastaba ha ahaatee, geedka liin beydariintu wuxuu ka soo jeedaa [[Shiinaha|wadanka Shiinaha]] asal ahaan, halkaasi oo lagu beeran jiray mudo dhowr kun oo sano ah.<ref name="Wiersema">{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=hQL-2sdxgDAC&pg=PA136&dq=%22Citrus+unshiu%22#v=onepage&q=%22Citrus%20unshiu%22&f=false |page= 136 |title= World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference |first1= John Harry |last1= Wiersema |first2= Blanca |last2= León |publisher= CRC Press |year= 1999 |isbn= 0-8493-2119-0 |ciwaan= Nuqul Archive |access-date= 2015-09-19 |archive-date= 2011-12-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111213063445/http://books.google.com/books?id=hQL-2sdxgDAC&pg=PA136&dq=%22Citrus+unshiu%22#v=onepage&q=%22Citrus%20unshiu%22&f=false |dead-url= yes }}</ref><ref name="IPNI unshiu">{{cite web|url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=772094-1&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditSimplePlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_wholeName%3Dcitrus%2Bunshiu%26output_format%3Dnormal|title=Plant Name Details: Rutaceae Citrus unshiu Marcow.|publisher=[[International Plant Names Index]]|quote=''Original Data: Notes: Japon''}}</ref> Liin beydariintu waxay dunida inteeda kale soo gaadhay [[qarni|qarnigii 18aad]] wixii ka dambeeyay, goortaasi oo gumeystihii reer [[Yurub]] ee qabsaday wadanada [[Aasiya|koonfurbari Aasiya]] soo gaadhsiiyay [[Afrika]], [[Yurub]] iyo [[Ameerika|labada Ameeriko]].<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web|url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?10793|title=Taxon: Citrus unshiu Marcow.|publisher=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]](GRIN), [[United States Department of Agriculture]]|quote=''probable origin Japan''|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=2015-09-19|archive-date=2011-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605015242/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?10793|dead-url=yes}}</ref> In kastoo maanta laga beero wadamo badan oo caalamka ah, wadanka Shiinaha ayaa lambar kow ah soo saarida iyo dhoofinta liin beydariinta caalamka.<ref name=Misaki>{{cite journal |last=Misaki |first=Akira |journal=経済理論(The Wakayama Economic Review) |title=紀州有田みかんの起源と発達史(The Origin and the Development-Process of "Kisyu Arida Mikan(Arida Mandarin)") |pages=97–118 |volume=292 |date=November 1999 |publisher=University of Wakayama |url=http://www.eco.wakayama-u.ac.jp/keiken/kriron.html |language=Japanese |quote=(''After the many years of research, [[Chōzaburō Tanaka|Dr. Tanaka]] has concluded the place of origin of Satsuma is [[Azuma, Kagoshima|Nagashima, Kagoshima]]. Satsuma is a [[chance seedling]] of Sōkitsu, Mankitsu, or Tendaisankitsu introduced from Huangyan Zhejiang, China. It appeared in the early Edo period.'') }} Archived by Arita Mikan Database at http://www.mikan.gr.jp/report/kigen/index.html {{Wayback|url=http://www.mikan.gr.jp/report/kigen/index.html |date=20160304091529 }}</ref> =Taariikh= Dhamaan noocyada liintu waxay ka soo tafiirmeen geedka "genus" ee [[Saynis]] ahaan loo yaqaano ''Sitrus''. Taasi micnaheedu waa in dhamaan noocyada kale (sida [[Liin Dhanaan]]ta, [[Liin Qarboosh]]ta iyo [[Liin Bambeelmo|Liin Bambeelmada]]) ka soo tafiirmeen geedka Jenus ee liin macaanka.<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Superspecies |url=http://www.scientific-web.com/en/Biology/Taxonomy/Superspecies.html |access-date=2015-09-19 |archive-date=2012-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101111210/http://www.scientific-web.com/en/Biology/Taxonomy/Superspecies.html |dead-url=yes }}</ref> [[File:Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines (橙黃橘綠) by Zhao Lingrang (趙令穰).jpg|thumb|upright|Sida ka muuqata [[sawir]] wakhti hore ah geedka iyo midhaha liinta]] Sida lagu xusay taariikhda geedka liinta waxaa markii ugu horeeysay lagu isticmali jirey [[Shiinaha|koonfurta wadanka Shiinaha]] oo la aaminsan yahay ineey tahay meesha ay asal ahaan ka timidey, iyo deegaano ka mid ah [[Aasiya|wadanada Koonfurbari Aasiya]]. Waxaa [[beer]]ashada geedka la [[dad]]ku bilaabeen ilaa [[C.H|2500 sano C.H]] (Ciise Hortii).<ref>Webber, Herbert John (1967–1989). [http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160523072403/http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter1.htm Chapter I. History and Development of the Citrus Industry] in ''ORIGIN OF CITRUS'', Vol. 1. University of California</ref> Dhinaca [[Yurub|qaarada Yurub]] waxaa la sheegay in nooc [[liin dhanaan]]ta ah lagu isticmaali jirey wadanka [[Talyaaniga]] taasi ooy ka sameeyn jireen [[daawo]]oyinka iyo walaxaha la isku dhayo. Waxay liintu aad ugu fiday qeybaha kale ee qaarada Yurub qiyaastii qarnigii 16aad, wakhtigaasi oo beerashada liintu aad u koobnayd. [[File:OUDRY Orange Tree.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Sawir]] geedka liinta sanadkii 1740]] Waxaa [[Ameerika|qaaradaha Ameerika]] soo gaadhsiiyay liinta sahamiyayaashii [[Isbayn|boqortooyada Isbayn]]. [[Kiristofer Kolumbus]] ayaa la aaminsan yahay inuu geedka liinta ka beeray agagaarka deegaanka loo yaqaano Hispaniola.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sauls |first=Julian W. |title=HOME FRUIT PRODUCTION-ORANGES |url=http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/citrus/oranges.htm |publisher=The Texas A&M University System |accessdate=30 November 2012 |date=December 1998}}</ref> =Muuqaalka= [[File:Chenpi,陳皮,Citrus unshiu 5026687.JPG|thumb|left|Qolofta sare ee liin beydariinta waa la qalajiyaa isla markaana lagu isticmaala cuntada wadanka Shiinaha]] [[File:MIKAN field.jpg|250px|center|]] [[File:Satsuma Juice vs. Orange Juice.jpg|thumb|left|Isbarbardhiga muuqaalka marka la miiro liin beydariinta (bidix) iyo liin macaanta (midig)]] =Qoraalo La Xidhiidha= {{Cunto}} =Tixraac= {{Reflist}} [[Category:Caafimaad]] [[Category:Cunto]] [[Category:Dhir]] [[Category:Geed]] [[Category:Midho]] [[Category:Dad]] 3ofykthmiqzw2rq8g2v4e5pagc3pvsx 0 19803 298321 277424 2026-06-09T00:00:16Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298321 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Af-bantuu''' ({{lang-en|Bantu languages}}, {{lang-ar|البانتو}}) waa farac ka mida afafka loo yaqaan Mayjar-koongo,  qiyaasta la sameeyay ayaa ah in 522 farac uu leeyahay afka baantuuga iyagoo waliba si hoose u sii kala qaybsama, afka baantuuga waxaa looga hadlaa si balaaran bariga iyo koofurta kaamiruun, waxaa kaloo aad looga hadlaa afrika dhexe, afrikad koonfureed iyo bariga afrika,  Tirada ugu badan dadka ku hadla afkaan waa sawaaxiliga looga hadlo geeska afrika, dhexda afrika iyo afrikada koonfureed. afka shoona ayaa ku xiga waxaana  ku hadla 10.8 milyan, waxaa ku soo xiga afka Zulu 10.3 milyan ayaa ku hadasha. Afka baantuuga ayaa asal ahaan ka soo jeeda nayjeeriya iyo kaamiruun ka dib wuxuu u faafay bari iyo koonfur. ereyga baantuu ayaa macnihiisu yahay Dad ama bulsho. inkastoo ay luuqad ahaan kala fogtahay hadan ereyada kulmiya ayaa aad u badan waxaa ka mida Mtu ama Mntu oo loola jeedo Qof. ==Afafka ugu caansan Baantuuga== Liiskaan soo socda waxaa ku qoran afafka ugu waaweyn afka baanntuuga io xaga badnaanta dadka. {{Col-begin}} {{col-2}} '''[[Lingua franca]]''' *[[Swahili language|Swahili]] (Kiswahili) (350,000; tens of millions as L2) '''Angola''' *[[Umbundu|South Mbundu]] (Umbundu) (4 million) *[[Kimbundu|North Mbundu]] (Kimbundu) (3 million) *[[Ovambo language|Ovambo (Ambo)]] (Oshiwambo) (500,000) *[[Luvale language|Luvale]] (Chiluvale) (500,000) *[[Chokwe language|Chokwe]] (Chichokwe) (500,000) '''Botswana''' *[[Tswana language|Tswana]] (Setswana) (1 million) *[[Kalanga language|Kalanga]] (Ikalanga) (150,000) '''Burundi''' *[[Kirundi]] (8.5 - 10.5 million) '''Cameroon''' *[[Beti language|Beti]] (1.7 million: 900,000 [[Bulu language|Bulu]], 600,000 [[Ewondo language|Ewondo]], 120,000 [[Fang language|Fang]], 60,000 [[Eton language|Eton]], 30,000 Bebele) *[[Basaa language|Basaa]] (230,000) *[[Duala language|Duala]] (350,000) '''Central African Republic''' *[[Mbati language|Mbati]] (60,000) '''Democratic Republic of the Congo''' *[[Lingala|Lingala (Ngala)]] (2 million; 7 million with L2 speakers) *[[Luba-Kasai language|Luba-Kasai]] (Tshiluba) (6.5 million) *[[Kituba language|Kituba]] (4.5 million), a Bantu creole *[[Kongo language|Kongo]] (Kikongo) (3.5 million) *[[Luba-Katanga language|Luba-Katanga]] (Kiluba) (1.5+ million) *[[Songe language|Songe]] (Lusonge) (1+ million) *[[Nande language|Nande]] (Orundandi) (1 million) *[[Tetela language|Tetela]] (Otetela) (800,000) *[[Yaka language (Congo–Angola)|Yaka]] (Iyaka) (700,000+) *[[Shi language|Shi]] (700,000) *[[Kongo language|Yombe]] (Kiyombe) (670,000) '''Equatorial Guinea''' *[[Beti language|Beti]] ([[Fang language|Fang]]) (300,000) *[[Bube language|Bube]] (40,000) '''Gabon''' *[[Baka language|Baka]] *[[Barama language|Barama]] *[[Bekwel language|Bekwel]] *[[Benga language|Benga]] *[[Bubi language|Bubi]] *[[Bwisi language|Bwisi]] *[[Duma language|Duma]] *[[Fang language|Fang]] (500,000) *[[Kande language|Kendell]] *[[Kaningi language|Kanin]] *[[Sake language|Sake]] *[[Sangu language (Gabon)|Sangu]] *[[Seki language|Seki]] *[[Sighu language|Sighu]] *[[Simba language|Simba]] *[[Sira language|Sira]] *[[Northern Teke language|Northern Teke]] *[[Western Teke language|Western Teke]] *[[Tsaangi language|Tsaangi]] *[[Tsogo language|Tsogo]] *[[Vili language|Vili]] (3,600) *[[Vumbu language|Vumbu]] *[[Wandji language|Wandji]] *[[Wumbvu language|Wumbvu]] *[[Yangho language|Yangho]] *[[Yasa language|Yasa]] '''Kenya''' :''Swahili and English are national languages'' *[[Gikuyu language|Gikuyu]] (7 million) *[[Luhya language|Luhya]] (5.4 million) *[[Kamba language|Kamba]] (4 million) *[[Meru language|Meru]] (Kimeru) (2.7 million) *[[Gusii language|Gusii]] (2 million) '''Lesotho''' *[[Sotho language|Sotho]] (Sesotho) (1.8 million) *[[Zulu language|Zulu]] (Isizulu) (300,000) '''Malawi''' *[[Chewa language|Chewa (Nyanja)]] (Chichewa) (7 million) *[[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]] (1 million) *[[Yao language|Yao]] (1 million) '''Mozambique''' *[[Makhuwa language|Makhuwa]] (3 million; 5.5 million all [[Makua languages|Makua]]) *[[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] (Xitsonga) (1.7 million) *[[Ndau language|Shona (Ndau)]] (1.6 million) *[[Lomwe language|Lomwe]] (1.5 million) *[[Sena language|Sena]] (1.3 million) *[[Tswa language|Tswa]] (1.2 million) *[[Chuwabu language|Chuwabu]] (1.0 million) *[[Chopi language|Chopi]] (800,000) *[[Ronga language|Ronga]] (700,000) *[[Chewa language|Chewa (Nyanja)]] (Chichewa) (600,000) *[[Yao language|Yao]] (Chiyao) (500,000) *[[Nyungwe language|Nyungwe]] (Cinyungwe/Nhungue)(400,000) *[[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]] (400,000) *[[Makonde language|Makonde]] (400,000) '''Nigeria''' *[[Bakassi language|Batiu]] (300,000: [[Efiat language|Efiat]], 600,000 [[Efut Ibonda language|Efut Ibonda]], 900,000 [[Ejagham language|Ejagham]],1,900,000, 60,000 [[Ikoneto language|Ikoneto]], 900,000 *[[Ibibio language|Ibibio]] 50,000,230,000) *[[Efik language|Efik]] (30,000,350,000) *[[Tiv language|Tiv]] (13,200,000) '''Namibia''' *[[Ovambo language|Ovambo (Ambo, Oshiwambo)]] (1 500,000) *[[Herero language|Herero]] (200,000) {{col-2}} '''Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville)''' *[[Kituba language|Kituba]] (1.2+ million) [a Bantu creole] *[[Kongo language|Kongo]] (Kikongo) (1.0 million) *[[Teke languages]] (500,000) *[[Kongo language|Yombe]] (350,000) *[[Suundi language|Suundi]] (120,000) *[[Mboshi language|Mbosi]] (110,000) *[[Lingala]] (100,000; ? L2 speakers) '''Rwanda''' *[[Kinyarwanda]] (Kinyarwanda) (10 - 12 million) '''South Africa''' *[[Zulu language|Zulu]] (Isizulu) (10 million) *[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] (Isixhosa) (8 million) *[[Sotho language|Sotho]] (Sesotho) (4 million) *[[Northern Sotho language|Pedi]] (Sepedi) (4 million) *[[Tswana language|Tswana]] (Setswana) (3.5 million) *[[Tsonga language|Tsonga]] (Xitsonga) (2 million) *[[Swazi language|Swazi]] (Siswati) (1 million) *[[Venda language|Venda]] (Tshivenda) (1 million) *[[Southern Ndebele language|Ndebele]] (Isindebele) '''Swaziland''' *[[Swati language|Swazi]] (Siswati) (1 million) '''Tanzania''' :''Swahili is the national language'' *[[Sukuma language|Sukuma]] (5.5 million) *[[Gogo language|Gogo]] (1.5 million) *[[Haya language|Haya]] (Kihaya) (1.3 million) *[[Chaga languages|Chaga]] (Kichaga) (1.2+ million : 600,000 Mochi, 300,000+ Machame, 300,000+ Vunjo) *[[Nyamwezi language|Nyamwezi]] (1.0 million) *[[Makonde language|Makonde]] (1.0 million) *[[Ha language|Ha]] (1.0 million) *[[Nyakyusa language|Nyakyusa]] (800,000) *[[Hehe language|Hehe]] (800,000) *[[Luguru language|Luguru]] (700,000) *[[Bena language|Bena]] (600,000) *[[Shambala language|Shambala]] (650,000) *[[Turu language|Nyaturu]] (600,000) '''Uganda''' *[[Luganda|Ganda]] (Luganda) (7.5 million) *[[Nkore language|Nkore-Kiga]] (3.5 million : 2.3 million [[Nkore-Kiga language|Nyankore]], 1.2 million [[Kiga language|Kiga]] (Chiga)) *[[Soga language|Soga]] (Lusoga) (2 million) *[[Masaba language|Masaba]] (Lumasaba) (1.1 million) *[[Nyoro language|Nyoro]]-[[Tooro language|Tooro]] (1.1 million) *[[Kinyarwanda]] (Kinyarwanda) (750,000) *[[Konjo language (Bantu)|Konjo]] (600,000) *[[Gwere language|Gwere]] (400,000) '''Zambia''' *[[Bemba language|Bemba]] (3.3 million) *[[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]] (1.0 million) *[[Chewa language|Chewa (Nyanja)]] (Chichewa) (800,000) *[[Lozi language|Lozi]] (Silozi) (600,000) *[[Lala-Bisa language|Lala-Bisa]] (600,000) *[[Nsenga language|Nsenga]] (550,000) *[[Tumbuka language|Tumbuka]] (Chitumbuka) (500,000) *[[Lunda language|Lunda]] (450,000) *[[Nyiha language|Nyiha]] (400,000+) *[[Mambwe-Lungu language|Mambwe-Lungu]] (400,000) '''Zimbabwe''' *[[Shona language]]s (15.4 million incl. Karanga, Zezuru, Korekore, Ndau, Manyika) *[[Northern Ndebele language|Ndebele]] (2 million) *[[Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)|Tonga]] *[[Venda language|Venda]] *[[Kalanga language|Kalanga]] {{Col-end}} Liiskaan ma dhamaystirna, isku day lagu sameeyay in la kulmiyo luuqadaha baantuuga waxaa laga helay gudaha ''The Bantu Languages of Africa'', 1959 .<ref>Bryan, M.A. (compiled by), ''The Bantu Languages of Africa''. Published for the International African Institute by the Oxford University Press, 1959.</ref> ==Eeriyada afka oo juqraafi ah== {{multiple image|align=none |image1=Niger-Congo map.png |width1=300 |image2=Nigeria Benin Cameroon languages.png |width2=310 |footer=Localization of the Niger–Congo languages }} ==Ereyo Baantuu ah oo galbeedka laga adeegsado== Qaar ka mida ereyada baantuuga ayaa amaah ahaaan looga adeegsada wadama reer galbeedka waxaana ka mida : * Bomba *Bongos *[[wikt:bwana|Bwana]] *Candombe *Chimpanzee *Conga *Goobers *Gumbo *Hakuna matata *Impala *Indaba *Jenga *Jumbo *Kalimba *Kwanzaa *Mamba *[[wikt:mambo|Mambo]] *Mbira *Marimba *Rumba *Safari *Samba *Simba *Ubuntu \<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vass|first1=Winifred Kellersberger|title=The Bantu Speaking Heritage of the United States|date=1979|publisher=Center for Afro-American Studies, University of California|page=73|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Sbp1AAAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Here+we|accessdate=7 September 2014|quote="“Here we go looby-loo; here we go looby-la (or looby-light) / Here we go looby-loo; all on a Saturday night!” Both of these Luba words, ''lubilu'' (quickly, in a hurry), and ''lubila'' (a shout) are words still in common usage in the Republic of Zaïre."}}</ref> ==Qaab qoraalka== Sida badan waxaa loo qoraa afafka baantuuga qaabka laatiinka iyo qaabka carabiga, qaar kaloo waxaa jira adeegsada qaabab u gaar asii aan badanayn. Along with the [[Latin script]] and [[Arabic script]] orthographies, there are also some modern indigenous writing systems used for Bantu languages:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://miami2015.designmiami.com/design-galleries/view/southern-guild4 |title=Isibheqe cabinets |publisher=Design Miami |date= |accessdate=2015-11-23 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2015-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124050557/http://miami2015.designmiami.com/design-galleries/view/southern-guild4 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ==Xiriiriye dibadeed== *[http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/CBOLD/ Comparative Bantu Online Dictionary] – includes a comprehensive bibliography. *[http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf Maho 2009] {{Wayback|url=http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf |date=20180203191542 }}. Guthrie 1948 in detail, with subsequent corrections and corresponding ISO codes *[http://www.bantu-languages.com/en/ Bantu online resources by Jacky Maniacky], including **[http://www.bantu-languages.com/fr/classes.html List of Bantu noun classes with reconstructed Proto-Bantu prefixes (in French)] *[http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/history/ehret/kinship/BantuClassification%204-09.pdf Ehret's compilation of classifications by Klieman, Bastin, himself, and others] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/history/ehret/kinship/BantuClassification%204-09.pdf |date=20120624221430 }} *Contini-Morava, Ellen. ''[http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/swahili/ Noun Classification in Swahili] {{Wayback|url=http://www3.iath.virginia.edu/swahili/ |date=20201026011841 }}''. 1994. *[http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/CBOLD/Lgs/LgsbyGN.html List of Bantu language names with synonyms ordered by Guthrie number]. *[http://salanguages.com Introduction to the languages of South Africa] {{Wayback|url=http://salanguages.com/ |date=20060829152336 }} *[http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/NarrowBantu.aspx Journal of West African Languages: Narrow Bantu] {{Wayback|url=http://www.journalofwestafricanlanguages.org/NarrowBantu.aspx |date=20110726212602 }} *[http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/bantu-people.html Bantu Languages of Uganda] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/bantu-people.html |date=20160401105207 }} *[https://ia600405.us.archive.org/20/items/artedalinguadean00dias/artedalinguadean00dias.pdf The art of the language of Angola, author Father Pedro Dias, published in 1697] {{Gumud}} [[Category:Gumud]] [[Category:Afafka]] klsvngnj2ay2r0ns49izuplcl7d6ncz 0 33897 298324 219735 2026-06-09T01:41:00Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298324 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Borås''' waa magaalo (rasmi ahaan, a degaanka) iyo fadhiga degmada Borås, Gobolka Västra Götaland, [[Iswiidhan]]. Waxay lahayd 66,273 degane 2010. == Qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed == Waxaa jira koox Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah oo af Soomaali ah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kulamada qaar ayaa sidoo kale lagu qabtay: Soomaali |url=https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/?w=E9A5759A-C0BE-4D87-8861-8D55DD102EC3 |access-date=2021-10-15 |archive-date=2022-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327102107/https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/?w=E9A5759A-C0BE-4D87-8861-8D55DD102EC3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> rgj1z8wclujt1quubcq632dra6ot729 0 33898 298325 219739 2026-06-09T01:41:24Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298325 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bristol''' waamagaalda ee [[Ingiriiska]]. Waxa ay gaadhayaan dadka kunooli ilaa 428,2 kun oo qof. == Qurbajoogta Soomaaliyeed == Waxaa jira koox Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah oo af Soomaali ah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kulamada qaar ayaa sidoo kale lagu qabtay: Soomaali |url=https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/?w=6FFC72E3-EA3E-4526-A4BE-1E2B6A4F5DC3 |access-date=2021-10-15 |archive-date=2022-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327102107/https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/?w=6FFC72E3-EA3E-4526-A4BE-1E2B6A4F5DC3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Category:Midowga boqortooyada Britan]] m8oqjqjawo3wanht9s8ee46rd7ic7vw 0 33995 298350 250919 2026-06-09T09:10:31Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298350 wikitext text/x-wiki ''' Isbitaalka Old Cooktown''' waa dhaxal ku taxan [[Isbitaal]]kii hore ee dadweynaha oo hadda ah Hoolka Boqortooyada Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee May Street, Cooktown, Shire of Cook, [[Queensland]], [[Australia]]. Waxaa naqshadeeyay Francis Drummond Greville Stanley wuxuuna dhisay 1879 ilaa c. 1881 waxaa qoray Alfred Doorey & Son. Waxaa lagu daray Diiwaanka Dhaxalka Queensland 21kii Oktoobar 1992kii. * [https://wol.jw.org/en/wol/d/r1/lp-e/1992602 From Historic Hospital to Unique Kingdom Hall] *[https://www.jw.org/finder?srcid=share&wtlocale=SO&lank=pub-whkh_x_VIDEO Maxaa Laga Qabtaa Hoolka Boqortooyada?] * [https://apps.jw.org/ui/SO/meeting-search.html#/weekly-meetings Hoolka Boqortooyada (cinwaanka)] {{Wayback|url=https://apps.jw.org/ui/SO/meeting-search.html#/weekly-meetings |date=20211023151240 }} [[File:Cooktown Hospital (former) (2010).jpg|thumb|650px|Old Cooktown Hospital]] qc0uwytxj44u4z0z6s2ujk7anbpgsj4 0 34657 298328 249388 2026-06-09T02:46:19Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298328 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Somdjibminhd1.png|thumb|250px|]] [[File:Little_Somalia_Columbus_Ohio_USA.jpg|thumb|right|250px]] [[File:SSA_Culture_Day.jpg|thumb|right|250px|]] '''Daadka Somali Degaan Maraykanka''' =={{Flag|United States}}== '''182,000+''' * {{Flag|Somaliland}} * {{Flag|Somalia}} * {{Flag|Djibouti}} * [[Miniyaabolis|Minneapolis]]-St. Paul-Bloomington * Columbus, Ohio Little Somalia * Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue Waxaa jira koox [https://www.jw.org/so/ Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah] oo af Soomaali ah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kulamada qaar ayaa sidoo kale lagu qabtay: Soomaali |url=https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/?w=4292FDC8-40AC-4241-A297-28544EC130AA |access-date=2021-12-04 |archive-date=2022-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327102107/https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/?w=4292FDC8-40AC-4241-A297-28544EC130AA |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Liska Daadka Degaan Dundia]] 4htdvxpbn3z9te5hii4xxjy51vw322h 0 38208 298360 287403 2026-06-09T11:18:13Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298360 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Königreichssaal Alsterdorf 2023.1.nnw.jpg|thumb|300px|thumb|Dhismaha Hoolka Boqortooyada oo ay toogashadu ka dhacday. Shacabka Hamburg iyo mas’uuliyiin ka tirsan dowladda ayaa albaabka soo dhigay ubax si ay u muujiyaan dareenkooda]] '''Toogashada Hamburg''', '''Toogasho Ku Weerartay Dad Ka Soo Qayb Galayay Hoolka Boqortooyada ee Hamburg''' - [[toogashada]] ayaa dhacday Maarso 9, [[2023]] magaalada [[Hamburg]] ee dalka [[Jarmalka]]. Natiijo ahaan, 8 qof ayaa ku dhintay (oo ay ku jiraan dembiilaha iyo ilmaha uurka ku jira) iyo 9 dhaawac ah, oo ay ku jiraan 4 dhaawac halis ah. „Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah weligood ma dilin kuwa kale. Dhanka kale, siyaasad ahaan waanu dhex dhexaad ka noqonay kana fogaa dagaal.” == Dabcan == Abaaro 21:00 Waxa uu riday ilaa 130 xabo. Kadib shirkii diinta ee Jamaacada Hamburg-Winterhude (oo ka kooban 67 xubnood) oo socday 19:00 fiidnimo ilaa 20:45 fiidnimo, waxa dabaqa hoose ee Hoolka Boqortooyada taagnaa 36 qof (marka laga reebo fiidnimadii Khamiista, 25 qof ayaa ku xidhnaa Internetka, kulanku wuxuu dhamaaday 8:45 galabnimo, ka dibna baahinta ayaa dhammaatay). Ka qaybgalayaashu weli way sheekeysanayeen oo isu diyaarinayeen inay baxaan. Nin weerarka soo qaaday oo ka soo baxay dhismaha ayaa rasaas ku furay gaadhiga baxayay oo ku sugnaa goobta baabuurta la dhigto abaaro 21:00 fiidnimo. Dembiilaha ayaa marka hore rasaas ku furay mid ka mid ah baabuurtii yaalay barxadda baabuurta la dhigto ee banaanka dhismaha, balse haweeneydii waday oo ku sii jeeday guriga markii uu kulanka dhamaaday ayaa waxaa u suurtagashay in ay ka baxsato dhaawac fudud, waxayna markiiba la xiriirtay booliska. 10 xabo ayaa laga helay gaariga. Kadib waxa uu rasaas badan ka riday daaqada qolka dabaqa hoose. Dembiilaha ayaa intaa kadib gudaha u galay dhismaha waxaana uu dil iyo dhaawac u geystay dad badan. Inta uu dambigu ku guda jiro, waxa uu eryay sagaal joornaal 15 wareeg ah, oo u dhiganta 135 wareeg. Waxa uu shandaddiisa ku sitay 22 joornaal oo kale oo buuxo, laba kalena wuu watay. Waxa loo diyaariyay in uu rido 585 xabo. Qaar ka mid ah dadkii meesha joogay ayaa kuwa kale ku ilaashaday jirkooda iyagoo isku tuuraya kuwa kale, oo ay la ildaran yihiin geeridooda. Mid ka mid ah Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ayaa ku guuleystay inuu damiyo nalka ka hor inta aan la toogan, isagoo badbaadiyay qaar badan oo ka mid ah dadkii goobta ku sugnaa. Dab-demiska iyo booliiska ayaa helay 47 taleefoon laga soo bilaabo 21:04, 21:08 waxaa goobta yimid baabuurtii ugu horreysay ee booliiska iyo adeegga gurmadka, 21:09-kii waxaa meel u dhow soo gaaray cutubyo gaar ah oo ka tirsan booliiska Hamburg. Ciidamada booliska ayaa galay dhismaha sacada 21:11. Dembiilaha ayaa u baxsaday dabaqa koowaad ee dhismaha, halkaasi oo uu isku toogtay caloosha, isagoo is dilay. Afhayeenka booliiska Holger Vehren ayaa sheegay in aysan jirin wax rasaas ah oo ay rideen booliiska laftooda. 953 sarkaal oo booliis ah ayaa la geeyay, oo ay ku jiraan 52 sarkaal oo ka kala socda Booliska Federaalka iyo Ciidamada gaarka ah ee Schleswig-Holstein. Tan iyo markii hore ma cadda in dembiilaha uu yahay mid ama in ka badan, abbaare 10:30 p.m., digniin SMS ah ayaa loo soo diray telefoonnada dadka deegaanka. Waxa uu ka hadlay "xaalad nafta halis gelisa". Matthias Tresp oo ah madaxa howlgalka ayaa carabka ku adkeeyay in falka degdega ah ee booliska ay badbaadiyeen dad badan. Afar rag ah iyo labo dumar ah ayaa waxaa toogtay dambiilaha (iyo gabar aan weli dhalan, uur 28 toddobaad ah, hooyada ayaa badbaaday). Dhammaantood waxay ka tirsan yihiin bulshada diimeed ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah. Dhibanayaasha ayaa ah muwaadiniin Jarmal ah oo da'doodu u dhaxayso 23-60. Dhammaantood waxay u dhinteen rasaas. Tirada dadka la dilay ayaa sidoo kale waxaa ku jira nin weerarka geystay oo is dilay. Sagaal qof oo kale ayaa ku dhaawacantay (Toddobo ka mid ah waxaa soo gaaray dhaawacyo rasaas ah), kuwaas oo afar ka mid ah ay xaaladoodu aad u liidato. Lix ka mid ah waa Jarmal. Todoba ka mid ah dadka dhaawacmay waxay ka soo jeedaan Hamburg iyo laba ka mid ah Schleswig-Holstein. Dadka dhaawacmay ayaa labo ka mid ah waxay u dhasheen dalka [[Yukrayn]], halka mid kalena uu u dhashay dalka [[Yugandha]]. == Dembiilaha == Ninka toogashada geystay ayaa lagu magacaabi jiray Philipp Fusz oo 35 jir ahaa; ilaa hadda lama garanayo ujeedadiisa. Sida laga soo xigtay booliiska Hamburg, Janaayo 2023 waxay heleen warqad qarsoodi ah oo soo jeedinaysa inuu hubiyo shatiga hubka. March 10, shir jaraa'id oo gaar ah, taliyaha bilayska Ralf Martin Meyer wuxuu sheegay in sida ku cad warqadda, ninku maskaxiyan buu dhibay laakiin uu iska ilaalinayay in la daweeyo. Horraantii bishii Febraayo, shaqaalaha waaxda hubku waxay sameeyeen kormeer aan la shaacin. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jiraan wax calaamado ah oo muujinaya dhibaatooyinka kaydinta hubka iyo rasaasta. Xaaladda maskaxeed ee qofka la baaray sidoo kale kama welwelin saraakiisha. Laga bilaabo Disembar 12, 2022, wuxuu haystay bastoolad toos ah. Sida laga soo xigtay xafiiska dacwad oogaha, boolisku waxay sidoo kale ka heleen rasaas aad u badan guriga qofka falka geystay. == Falcelinta == Hogaamiyaha Jarmalka iyo duqii hore ee Hamburg, [[Olaf Scholz]], ayaa ka hadlay "fal arxan darro ah" iyo "war xun oo ka timid Hamburg". Waxa uu qirtay in warbixinnada naxdinta leh ka dib uu ahaa "hadal la'aan". Waxaa sidoo kale tacsi u diray Muslimiinta: dowladda [[Imaaraatka Carabta]], [[Baxrayn]], [[Qatar]], [[Aserbiijaan]], [[Kuwayt]] iyo [[Sacuudi Carabiya]]. Duqa magaalada Hamburg, Peter Tschentscher, ayaa muujiyay sida uu uga xun yahay qoysaska dhibanayaasha, wuxuuna ku tilmaamay warbixinta dhacdadan mid laga naxo. Senetarka Arrimaha Gudaha ee Hamburg Andy Grote ayaa ku tilmaamay "dambigii ugu xumaa ee taariikhda dhow ee Hamburg." Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha Nancy Faeser iyo Madaxweynaha Federaalka [[Frank-Walter Steinmeier]] ayaa sidoo kale muujiyay sida ay uga xun yihiin dhibanayaasha iyo qoysaskooda, ayuu xusay, isagoo ka falcelinaya argagax weyn. wararka Hamburg. "Fikradaydu waxay la jirtaa dhibanayaasha iyo qoysaskooda." Madaxweynaha Bundestag Bärbel Bas ayaa "ka naxay" falkaas naxariis darrada ah. Fikirkeeda waxay la jiraan dhibanayaasha iyo qoysaskooda, waxayna u mahadcelisay ciidamada gurmadka. Senetarka Hamburg Katharina Fegebank ayaa qortay: “Aad baan uga naxay toogashadii ka dhacday Groß Borstel, taasoo sababtay dhimashada dhowr qof iyo dhaawaca, waxaan tacsi tiiraanyo leh u dirayaa qoysaska iyo asxaabta dhibanayaasha”. Waxaa sidoo kale tacsi u diray kooxaha kubbadda cagta maxalliga ah ee FC St. Pauli iyo Hamburger SV. Ka hor inta aysan bilaaban ciyaartii u dhaxeysay kooxaha FC St. Pauli iyo SpVgg Greuther Fürth ee ku sugnaa garoonka ayaa waxa ay dareemeen aamusnaan hal daqiiqo ah oo lagu xasuusanayo dhibanayaasha toogashada. Arnold Liebster Foundation ayaa muujiyay dareen qoto dheer. Isagoo ku dhawaaqaya in "dambigii ka dhacay Hamburg waa inaan loo isticmaalin warbixin dhinac ka tirsan. Sharafta dhibbanayaasha waa in la ilaaliyaa (...) Kuwa la dilay waxay ka tirsan yihiin bulshada Masiixiyiinta ah ee nabadda jecel ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, kuwaas oo si isdaba joog ah loo weeraray laguna silciyey Waa wax aan la aqbali karin in fal-dembiyeedkan argagaxa leh loo adeegsado mareeg aan leexleexad lahayn ama wax laga sheego Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la sugo baaritaanka iyo in la ilaaliyo sharafta dhibanayaasha dambigaas. Waxaan ugu baaqaynaa dhammaan muwaadiniinta, gaar ahaan siyaasiyiinta iyo warbaahinta, si ay ugu noolaadaan mas'uuliyadda taariikhiga ah ee Jarmalka ee ku wajahan Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, oo aan maanta oo keliya ahayn, si ay u muujiyaan midnimada bulshada Masiixiyiinta ah." NGO-ga Coordination des Associations iyo Shakhsiyaadka Xoriyadda Damiirka (Coordination des Associations et des Particuliers pour la Liberté de Conscience) ayaa muujiyay "murugada, taageerada iyo wadajirka", isagoo raaciyay, waxyaabo kale: "Waxaan ka warqabnaa in dhammaan bulshadaada caalamiga ah ay ka xun yihiin Tani waa masiibo ku sii jiri doonta xusuusta dadka oo dhan, waxaan si gaar ah u aragnaa caruurtii ku jirtay masiibadaas naxdinta iyo faham la'aanta ah. Madaxweynaha Faransiiska [[Emmanuel Macron]] ayaa muujiyay sida uu uga xun yahay "Saxiibada Jarmalka". Ylva Johansson, oo ah guddoomiyaha Yurub ee arrimaha gudaha, ayaa u mahadcelisay ciidamada booliska oo si degdeg ah uga jawaabay “geesinimo cajiib ah” Dowladda Mareykanka ayaa sidoo kale cambaareysay falkaas oo ay ku tilmaantay “fal aan macno lahayn oo rabshado ah.” Kaniisadaha Katooliga iyo Evangelicalka ayaa sidoo kale muujiyay tacsi. Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ayaa u tacsiyeeyay qoysaska dhibanayaasha iyo goob-joogayaashii dhibka soo gaaray oo ku sugnaa shabakadooda. Waxay sidoo kale sheegeen in “odayaasha maxalliga ah ay siiyaan raaxada ruuxa xubnaha qoyska iyo asxaabta dhibanayaasha. Waxaan aad uga mahadcelineynaa caawinta geesinimada leh ee booliska iyo adeegyada degdegga ah. Waxaan u ducaynaynaa cid kasta oo ay dhibaatadu saamaysay. Waxaan kalsooni ku qabnaa in Yehowah ah Ilaaha nabada uu sii ahaan doono “meel ay magan galaan wakhtiga dhibaatada” oo uu siin doono xoogga ay u baahan yihiin. “Dhammaan walaalaheenna midaysan waxay u duceeyaan dhammaan dadka dhibaatadu saamaysay. Yehowah waa “qalad maalinta cidhiidhiga ah” wuxuuna ina caawin doonaa wakhtigan adag si aanu u sii wadno caabudidda isaga si nabad ah.” Waxaan aad uga xunnahay weerarkii dhimashada badnaa ee lagu qaaday walaalaheenna Hoolka Boqortooyada ee Hamburg, Jarmalka. Odoyaasha jameecada deegaankaas ayaa daryeel ruuxeed u fidinaya dadka ay dhibaatadu soo gaartay. Waxaan fahamsanahay in mas'uuliyiintu ay wali baarayaan faahfaahinta dembigan. Waxaan ka mahadcelineynaa caawinta geesinimada leh ee ay bixiyeen booliiska iyo adeegyada gurmadka. Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee adduunka oo dhan ayaa u barooranaya dhibanayaasha dhacdadan naxdinta leh waxayna u duceeyaan qoysaskooda. Waqtigan adag, waxaan ku kalsoonahay rajada kitaabiga ah ee mustaqbalka marka aysan jiri doonin rabshad dambe." qaar badan ayaa ku jira xaalad naxdin iyo naxdin qoto dheer waxayna helayaan daryeelka maskaxeed iyo ruuxeed ee ugu fiican. Waxa uu u mahad celiyay "Maamulka magaalada iyo adeegyada naga caawiya mar walba iyaga oo si xirfadaysan uga soo baxa waajibaadkooda." Waxa uu intaa ku daray: “Waxa dhacay waxa uu ahaa mid aad u xun; Qofku wuxuu ku ordaa Hoolka Boqortooyada. Waxay qaadanaysaa male-awaal yar si loo fahmo waxa ay tahay inay dadkani soo mareen. Laga soo bilaabo wada sheekeysiga aan la yeelanay dadka soo nooleeyay, waxaynu ognahay inta ay le'eg tahay xoogga ay qaadato, naxariis qoto dheer iyo ixtiraam ayaa halkan ka ciyaara. Xataa hadhow, dhammaanteen waan is taageeri doonnaa.” Wuxuu ku baaqay in si weyn loo garab istaago dhibanayaasha, si la mid ah Massimo Introvigne iyo Raffaella Di Marzio. Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah waxay go'aansadeen in ilaa ay xaaladdu xasiloon tahay, shirarka diimeed ee 47 urur oo ku yaal Hamburg (oo ay ku jiraan ku dhawaad ​​4,000 oo Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah) la qaban doono dhowr maalmood oo qaab muuqaal-conference ah (iyaga oo aan ka qaybgelin kuwa jooga Hoolka Boqortooyada si shaqsi ah) Fiidnimadii Axadda, Maarso 12, shir ayaa loo qabtay qaab muuqaal muuqaal ah, oo ay ka soo qaybgaleen ilaa 1,500 oo qof, oo ay ku jiraan qaar ka mid ah kuwa ku dhaawacmay rugta caafimaadka. Buug tacsi ah ayaa laga soo saaray hoolka magaalada Hamburg. == Xafladaha aaska == In ka badan 3,300 ayaa ka soo qayb galay xaflada. In ka badan 90,000 oo isku xidh ayaa lagu sameeyay adeega si toos ah. Marka laga soo tago walaalaheen, waxaa ka soo qeyb galay mas’uuliyiin ka tirsan dowladda iyo wakiillada gurmadka. Waxaa ka mid ahaa Maayarada Koowaad iyo Labaad ee Hamburg, Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka Magaalada Hamburg, Qunsulka Guud ee Mareykanka ee Hamburg, Senatar Arrimaha Gudaha iyo Ciyaaraha, Madaxa Aqalka Senate-ka, Taliyaha Booliska Hamburg, iyo Madaxweyne kuxigeenka Hamburg. Booliiska. Markay ahayd Maarso 25, 2023, kumannaan xubnood oo ka tirsan bulshada Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ayaa sharfay dhibanayaasha weerarka. In ka badan 3,300 oo Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ah oo ka yimid Hamburg ayaa si shaqsi ah uga soo qayb galay aaska Alsterdorfer Sporthalle ee Hamburg (qiyaastii hal kiilomitir u jirta goobta dembiga), tobanaan kun ayaa aaska ka daawaday Internetka (in ka badan 90,000 oo xiriir). Marka laga soo tago qoysaska dhibanayaasha iyo badbaadayaasha, waxaa jiray wakiillo ka socday in ka badan 50 Hamburg iyo jameeco ku xeeran Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, iyo sidoo kale wakiilo ka socda maamulka - oo ay ku jiraan Duqa magaalada Peter Tschentscher, ku xigeenka duqa Katharina Fegebank, Madaxweynaha Baarlamaanka Hamburg. Carola Veit, maamulka Waaxda Booliska Hamburg, wakiilada safaaradaha iyo xarumaha kale iyo warbaahinta. Xafladda ayaa ka koobnayd laba qaybood. Midka ugu horreeya - diinta, wuxuu ku bilaabay hees ("Geesinimo, Markhaati!", oo ka kooban xerada fiirsashada ee Sachsenhausen) oo ay sameeyeen orchestra. Ka dib, Dirk Ciupek oo ka socda Xafiiska Bartamaha Yurub ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ayaa u mahad celiyay bilayska ka hortagay dhibanayaasha kale iyo shaqaalaha caafimaadka ee u daryeelay dhaawacyada si hagar la'aan ah. Waxa uu ka sheekeeyay muuqaaladii naxdinta lahaa iyo halka ay ku danbeeyeen fiidnimadii naxdinta lahayd, ee ku saabsan Markhaatigii Yehowah oo weli maskaxda ku haya in uu damiyo nalka qolka ay ku sugnaayeen dadka isugu soo baxay, taas oo uu ugu mahad naqay in uu badbaadiyay dad badan, inkasta oo uu naftiisa ku waayey. Wuxuu u sheegay kuwa si badbaado leh ugu garaacay kuwa kale - oo aan badbaaday. Waxa uu u mahad celiyay kalkaalisada oo siisay ehelada marxuumka lanbarkeeda gacanta, waxa uuna balan qaaday in uu wici doono isla marka uu dhibbanuhu indhaha kala qaado. Waxa kale oo uu ku dhawaaqay, "Waxay noqon doontaa nolol ka duwan tii hore, waxay noqon doontaa nolol faaruq ah, madhan oo dhibaysa. "Khudbaddiisa, waxa uu ku tilmaamay dabeecadda iyo dabeecadaha gaarka ah ee dhibbanaha kasta: "Waxaan tabaynaa Dan, kartidiisa urureed ee weyn, jacaylkiisa dabeecadda, inta badan dhammaan waxaan seegnaa feejignaantiisa wadahadalka iyo boodhka marzipan. Waxaan u xiisnay Stefan, dabeecaddiisa farxadda leh ee Rhineland, oo wadata dharkiisa guud iyo sanduuqa qalabka, waxaan u xiisnay hadiyadihiisii guriga. Waxaan u xiisnay James iyo Marie oo si qurux badan u dheelay. Marie waxay ahayd fanaankeena, waxaan u xiisay dareenkeeda weyn. Waxaan u xiisay Stefanie, qof jecel dadka kale si shuruud la'aan ah, qoto dheer iyo iftiinkooda, waxaan u xiisnay Sebastian, gacmihiisa waaweyn, dhoola cadeyntiisa, faallooyinkiisa gaarka ah ee [[Kitaabka quduska|Kitaabka Qudduuska]] ah, waxaanan tabaynaa Romi yar oo ahaa toddoba bilood oo keliya uurkii hooyadiis oo shirku aad u sugayey. Waxa uu sidoo kale yiri: "Waan u xiisnay iyaga, jacaylkooda, dhoola cadeyntooda, wax walba. Haa, waan u xiisnay meydkayaga, waanu u barooranaynaa kuwii dhintay. Waxay ahaan doonaan qayb naga mid ah .... "Waan ka hadalnay rabshadaha iyo naxariis darada. Ma jiraan erayo loogu talagalay…”. "Wuxuu ahaa weerar nagu soo qaaday dhowr naga mid ah, balse waa weerar nagu soo qaaday dhammaanteen" (...) "Ha u ogolaan naftaada in xumaan lagu jebiyo," ayuu yiri, isagoo la hadlayay xubnaha qoyska dhibbanayaasha. Dirk Ciupek Hadalkiisii xusuusta ahaa ee dareenka badnaa. Ciupek wuxuu yiri: "Weerarkii 9-kii Maarso ma ahayn oo keliya weerar lagu qaaday dhowr qof. Wuxuu ahaa weerar dhammaanteen nagu soo wajahan. Waxaan maanta halkan u nimid inaan jawaab ka bixinno nacaybka iyo rabshadaha. Waa jawaab ka kooban jacayl iyo naxariis iyo naxariis, sidoo kale jawaab rajo iyo iimaan. ‘Yaan sharku kaa adkaan,’ waxaynu ku akhrinaynaa Qorniinka Quduuska ah, ‘laakiin sharka wanaagga kaga adkaada.’ Kani waa go'aankeenna. Waana sababta aan maanta halkan u nimid”. Dhageystayaashu waxay wadaageen dareen gaar ah oo qiiro leh markii Ciupek uu xusay dhibane kasta magaciisa, isagoo leh: "Waxaan sidoo kale halkan u nimid inaan macsalaameyno, xusno, oo aan macsalaameyno Stephan, Sebastian, James iyo Marie, ilaa Stephanie, Dan , iyo Romy-yagii yaraa (ilmaha uurka ku jira ee lagu dilay weerarka)." Isagoo la hadlaya saaxiibbadii iyo xubnaha qoyska ee ka badbaaday daawadayaasha, wuxuu yiri: "Waxaan sidoo kale rabnaa inaan garabkiina istaagno, qaraabada qaaliga ahow." Intii uu ku guda jiray gunaanadkiisii dhiirri-gelinta ahaa, waxa uu sheegay sifooyin gaar ah oo dhibbanuhu leeyahay oo ay badbaadayaashu tebi doonaan. Isaga oo tixraacaya Muujintii 21:4, 5 (“Ilaah indhahooda ilmo kastuu ka tirtiri doonaa, oo dhimashona mar dambe ma jiri doonto, oo mar dambena ma jiri doonaan murug iyo oohin iyo xanuun toona, waayo, waxyaalihii hore way dhammaadeen.”), wuxuu yidhi: "Haa, waanu tabaynaa kuwii dhintay. Waanu u barooranaynaa kuwii dhintay. Waxay ahaan doonaan qayb naga mid ah. Oo waxaa iman doona maalinta Ilaaheennu bogsiin doono murugada aan haatan dareemayno, maxaa yeelay, isagaa joojin doona. . . . Dhimashadu mar dambe ma jiri doonto. Taasi waa aragtida weyn ee Masiixiyadda. Taasi waa aragtidayada. Dhimashada waa laga adkaan karaa. Dhimashadu maaha inay ku hadasho erayga ugu dambeeya. Erayga ugu dambeeya waxaa ku hadlay Ilaah. . . . Erayga ugu dambeeya ee nolosha Stephan, Sebastian, James iyo Marie, Stephanie, Dan, iyo sidoo kale Romy yar, weli lama hadlin. " Dhowaan dunida jannay noqon doontaa: Kuwii dhintay waa la soo sarakicin doonaa: ‘Kuwa xabaalaha ku jira dhammaantood codkiisay maqli doonaan, wayna ka soo bixi doonaan.’ Mark Sanderson, oo xubin ka ah Guddiga Xukunka ee Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah, ayaa hadal kooban ku yidhi: “Rajadeena, rumaysadkayada, jacaylkayagu way ka badbaadi karaan masiibada, waxay ka gudbi karaan nacaybka iyo rabshadaha . . . Haddii aan jacayl u muujino kuwa nagu xeeran, waxaynu ka tarjumaynaa rumaysadka aan ku qabno Ilaah." Sanderson wuxuu u sharxay dhagaystayaashii in Ilaah uusan keenin musiibo macno darro ah. Taa beddelkeeda, waxay yihiin waxa kitaabka Wacdiyuhu ugu yeedhay "dhacdooyin lama filaan ah." Sanderson wuxuu yiri: "Waa in aynaan ujeedo ka raadin falal aan macno lahayn ama masiibooyinka aan tooska ahayn . . . Rajadayada, rumaysadkayada, jacaylkayaga ayaa ka badbaadi kara masiibada. Waxay ka sare mari karaan nacaybka iyo rabshadaha.” Sidoo kale waxa uu u mahad celiyay ciidamada booliska, kuwa gurmadka deg dega ah iyo bahda caafimaadka ee ka qeyb qaatay caawinta walaalaheen. Barnaamijkan marmarka qaarkood ayaa loogu talagalay in lagu nasiyo dadka dhintay laguna xusuusiyo waxa Kitaabka Quduuska ah ka sheegay dhimashada iyo rajada sarakicidda ee ay lahaayeen dhibanayaasha. Dabaaldegii diiniga ahaa wuxuu ku dhamaaday duco iyo gabay Yehowah Ilaaha ah. Qaybtii labaad ee xaflada waxaa ka hadlay masuuliyiin ka socday maamulka. Farriin uu akhriyey Duqa Tschentscher, Madaxweynaha Federaalka ee Jarmalka, Frank-Walter Steinmeier, wuxuu qoray: "Maanta waxaan xuseynaa dhibanayaasha dembi weyn (...) Walaalaha, kuwa la jecel yahay, asxaabta, saaxiibada. Noloshoodu waxay ahayd mid aad u adag. Fal bahalnimo ah oo iyaga laga qaaday (…) Falka caynkaas ah wuxuu ina gaadhsiiyaa xadka fahamka, wuu ina cabsiiyaa, wuu na tusaa shaki (…) Ma nihin cidla, kaligaa ma nihin, waxaan helnaa taageero markaan helno. Naxariista iyo isu kaalmaynta (…) Falkan arxan-darrada ah wax kale kuma reebo khasaare, murugo iyo burbur mooyaane, falkan dambiilaha ah waxa uu ahaa mid liddi ku ah waxa dalkeenu u taagan yahay, waxa uu u taagan yahay nidaamkayaga. Waxaan tacsi tiiraanyo leh u diraynaa dhammaan dadka ku nool dalka Jarmalka, waxayna u dirayaan eheladii iyo qaraabadii ay ka geeriyoodeen dadka dhintay. Markii la soo gaba gabeeyay xuska ayaa waxaa hadalo fagaare ah ka jeediyay qaar ka mid ah mas’uuliyiinta dowladda. Khudbado kala duwan, Duqa Koowaad ee Hamburg, Dr. Peter Tschentscher, iyo Guddoomiyaha Baarlamaanka Magaalada Hamburg, Carola Veit, ayaa muujiyay dareenkooda shakhsi ahaaneed ee asxaabta iyo qoysaska dhibanayaasha. Dr. Tschentscher waxa uu sheegay in kuwa badbaaday ay “si geesinimo leh ula tacaalayeen murugadooda iyo dhaawacyadooda” sababta oo ah “rumaysad Masiixinimo oo qotodheer”. Waxa kale oo uu akhriyey warqad taageero ah oo uu qoray Madaxweynaha Federaalka ee Jarmalka, Frank-Walter Steinmeier. Duqa magaalada Tschentscher ayaa ku nuuxnuuxsaday: "Weligay dembi noocan oo kale ah kuma aannu kulmin Hamburg." Afhayeenka baarlamaanka Veit, iyo kuwo kale ayaa tacsi u diray magaca muwaadiniinta. Warbaahino badan ayaa goobjoog ka ahaa oo ka warbixiyey adeegga. Xubin ka tirsan shaqaalaha telefishanka ayaa faallo ka bixiyay: "Naxariista dhammaan dadka halkan jooga waa mid aad u cajiib ah." Waxa uu sharraxay: "Waxaan marti ku ahayn xaflado badan, laakiin waligeen lama arag wax la mid ah jawiga halkan ama qaabka iyo nuxurka khudbadaha." Lammaanihii ka badbaaday weerarka ayaa yiri: "Aad bay u wanaagsan tahay inaan ka fikirno rajadayada oo aan marno habka baroorta iyadoo ay ku hareereysan yihiin walaalo badan." Walaal ka tirsan kaniisad kale oo ku kulma Hoolka Boqortooyada ee weerarku ka dhacay ayaa sharaxay: “Waxay ahayd muddo dheer oo baroor diiq ah. Waxaan halkan imid anigoo si fudud u daalay dareenkaas murugada ah. Laakin waxay ahayd dhacdo sharaf leh oo cajiib ah. . . Waxaa jiray dareen naxariiseed oo aad u weyn oo laga maqlayay dhammaan bayaannada ka soo baxay walaalaha iyo sidoo kale wakiillada dadweynaha. Adeegga xusuustu wuxuu ahaa muujin cad oo ah daryeelka jacaylka ee Yehowah. Waxaan ognahay in "Aabbaha naxariista naxariista leh iyo Ilaaha raaxada oo dhan" ay sii wadi doonaan taageerada dhammaan kuwa ay si qoto dheer u saameeyeen toogashadii Hamburg. * Ilaahay waa mid. Mid la mid ahna ma jiro. * Ciise waa nebigii Ilaah, ma ahan Ilaaha Qaadirka ah. * Ilaahay wuu mamnuucay sanam caabudid. * Binuʼaadanku waxay arki doonaan maalin la xisaabin doono. * Kuwii dhintay in la tirin karin baa [[Jano#Dhowaan dunida jannay noqon doontaa|Jannada]] lugu soo nooleyn doonaa<ref>[https://wol.jw.org/so/wol/d/r182/lp-so/1102010303 Iimaanka runta ah muxuu yahay?]</ref> == Warka == * [https://www.jw.org/en/news/jw/region/germany/Thousands-Attend-Memorial-Service-for-Victims-of-the-Hamburg-Shooting/ Thousands Attend Memorial Service for Victims of the Hamburg Shooting] * [https://www.jw.org/en/news/jw/region/germany/Shooter-Attacks-Attendees-at-Kingdom-Hall-in-Hamburg-Germany/ Shooter Attacks Attendees at Kingdom Hall in Hamburg, Germany] *[https://www.europeantimes.news/so/2023/03/jehovahs-ayaa-markhaati-ka-ah-dil-wadareed-ka-dhacay-hamburg-waraysi-uu-la-yeeshay-raffaella-di-marzio/ Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah oo dad badan lagu laayey Hamburg, wareysi lala yeeshay Raffaella Di Marzio]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://www.diblomaasi.com/7-qof-ayaa-lagu-soo-waramayaa-in-lagu-dilay-weerar-ka-dhacay-kaniisad-ku-taalo-hamburg-jarmalka/ 7 qof ayaa lagu soo waramayaa in lagu dilay weerar ka dhacay kaniisad ku taalo Hamburg, Jarmalka] {{Wayback|url=https://www.diblomaasi.com/7-qof-ayaa-lagu-soo-waramayaa-in-lagu-dilay-weerar-ka-dhacay-kaniisad-ku-taalo-hamburg-jarmalka/ |date=20230417165725 }} * [https://www.jw.org/en/news/jw/region/global/2023-Governing-Body-Update-3/ 2023 Governing Body Update (Warbixintan, xubin ka tirsan Guddiga Xukunka ayaa kula wadaagaya wararka ka yimid Jarmalka)] * [https://wol.jw.org/so/wol/d/r182/lp-so/502013257 Maxaynan Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah Dagaal uga Qaybqaadan?]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/videos/#so/mediaitems/FeaturedLibraryLandingUnpubLangs/pub-whkh_x_VIDEO Maxaa Laga Qabtaa Hoolka Boqortooyada?] * [https://wol.jw.org/so/wol/d/r182/lp-so/1102012146 Maxaad ka Heli Doontaa Kulammadeenna?] * [https://apps.jw.org/ui/SO/meeting-search.html#/weekly-meetings Hoolka Boqortooyada (cinwaanka)] {{Wayback|url=https://apps.jw.org/ui/SO/meeting-search.html#/weekly-meetings |date=20211023151240 }} ** [[Markhaatiyaasha Yehowah ee Soomaaliya]] [[Category:Jarmalka]] mh0yoavlrllcav9333n5yooe2h5ucpp 0 39797 298338 298256 2026-06-09T06:54:52Z ~2026-33783-37 46018 /* Clan tree */ 298338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac|{{flagcountry|Masar}}|group=Abokor Musa <br> |flag=[[File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|45px]][[File:Flag_of_United Kingdom.svg|60px]]|image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry| United States}}|region4 ={{flagcountry|Turkey}}|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]]|rels=[[Islam]]|related-c= Other ,clans <!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! -->}} '''Abokor Muuse''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Abokor Musa'','' [[Carabi]]: أبوبكر موسى ; ''',''' Magaca oo buuxa: Abokor Musa Da'ud Sheekh Ishaaq) waa Qabiil wayn oo ka mid ah beelweynta Eidagalle ee Isaaq. Beeshu waxay degaan rasmiya ku tahay [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo [[Kenya]]. == Overview == The Abokor Musa is a major Somali clan that is part of the Eidagalle clan of the Isaaq clan family, traditionally also called ''Saleebaan''. Members of the Abokor Musa subclan are descendants of Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed. The Abokor musa<ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615-1-5.</ref> is one of the large somali clans and among the most prominent sub-clans of the Eidagale. They inhabit the Hargiesa and Salahley regions of Somaliland, in addition to the Somali Region of Ethiopia and Kenya, where they form part of the Isahakia community<ref name=":3">Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (2005-08-17). Voice and Power. Routledge. <nowiki>ISBN 9781135751753</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":4">Laitin, David D. (1977). Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience. 9780226467917.</ref>.The Abokor Musa traditionally consists of nomadic pastoralists, merchants, and skilled poets.<ref>Andrzejewski, B.W. and I.M. Lewis, 1964, Somali Poetry: An Introduction, Oxford University Press.</ref> ==Tariikhda == ===Nasabka === Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu ka mid ahaa culimadii ka soo haajiray Carabta kuna soo tallaabay badda si ay Islaamka ugu faafiyaan Geeska Afrika qarnigii 12aad ilaa 13aad. Sidaas darteed, Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu guursaday labo dumar ah oo deegaanka ah gudaha Somaliland, wuxuuna ka dhalay siddeed wiil. Mid ka mid ah, Daoud, wuxuu noqday aabihii beesha Ciidagale.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> ===Xiliyadii Dhexe=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxaa si gaar ah loogu xusuustaa kaalintii ay ka qaateen halgankii uu hoggaaminayay Axmed Gurey (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ([[Saldanadii Cadal|Saldanadii Adal]]) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Sida lagu sheegay buugga taariikhiga ah ee ''Futuh al-Habash'', beelaha Habar Magaadle, oo ay ku jirto laantan, waxay bixiyeen ciidamo iyo hoggaamiyeyaal muhiim ah.<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref><blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse—waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen dagaalkii qarnigii 16aad uu hogaaminayay Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Dagaalkan taariikhiga ah oo lagu xusay buugga Futuh al-Habash, beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka qeyb galay. Halyeeyada la xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa Basiralle iyo Dhimbil oo ahaa ugaasyo , taariikh ahaana loogu xuso iyo saraakiil ciidan oo caan ah. Qaybo kamid ah geedka qabiilka (clan tree) ayaa loo xusaa Boqorro, kuwaas oo ku jira dhamaan tarkhiidii dhaqan ee beesha, gaar ahaan ku dhadhaw qarnigii 15aad ilaa 16aad, oo ah Sultanate . Basiralle, oo lagu xasuusto geesinimo, wuxuu ku geeriyooday dhawac soogaadhay meel u dhow magaalada [[Herer|Herar]].<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982. KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref> Sidoo kale waxay samayn wan ku lahayeen magalda tariikhiga ah ee [[Saylac|zelia]].</blockquote> [[File:First_footsteps_in_East_Africa,_or,_An_exploration_of_Harar_(1904)_(14586268478).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| [[Axmad III bin Abu Bakar|Axmad Bin Abii Bakar]], Amiirkii [[Harar]]]] Qarnigii 19aad, laanta Abokor Muuse waxay door muuqda ku lahaayeen ganacsigii ka socday Hargeysa–Berbera–Harar. Ganacsatadoodu waxay ahaayeen kuwa ugu firfircoon ee karavaannada ka keeni jiray gudaha Soomaalida xoolaha, muxurka, malmalka iyo subagga, kuna dhoofin jiray Berbera iyo suuqyada Carabta. Waxaa si gaar ah loo xusuustaa xiriirka dhow ee ay la lahaayeen Amiir Axmed III bin Abu Bakr, oo ahaa amiirkii Harar intii u dhaxaysay 1856–1875. Amiirka ayaa si weyn u qadarin jiray ganacsatada Abokor Muuse.<ref>Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 116–118.</ref> <blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen ilaalinta dhaqanka, xeerka iyo dhexdhexaadinta. Goobta barakeysan ee [[Aw Barkhadle]], oo ku taalla inta u dhexeysa [[Hargeysa]] iyo [[Berbera]], waxay ahayd xarun dhaar iyo heshiis lagu xallin jiray khilaafaadka. Odayaasha Abokor Muuse ayaa si gaar ah loogu qadarin jiray hoggaaminta dhaarta iyo heshiisiinta,oo ah Ugaaysada dhaqanka<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref> </blockquote> Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku ahaayeen hal-abuurka gabayga iyo xigmadda afka ah. Gabayga ayaa u ahaa hub lagula dagaallamo, laguna xafido taariikhda. Sida uu qoray Laurence Margaret, beesha Ciidagale (oo ay ka mid yihiin Abokor Muse) waxaa lagu yaqaanay in tiro badan oo rag ah ay gabyaa yihiin, taasoo ka dhigtay beel kaalin weyn ku leh suugaanta Soomaalida.<ref>Laurance, Margaret. ''A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose''. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref>Sido kale Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen qoys caan ku ahaa fardaha fuulka iyo dagaalka, waxaana si weyn looga yaqaanay kartida dagaal iyo xirfadda ay ku lahaayeen maareynta fardaha dagaalka. [[File:Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png|right|thumb|250x250px| Map showing trade routes leading to Berbera.]] Qarnigii 19aad, Abokor Muuse waxay door muhiim ah ku lahaayeen ganacsigii karavaannada ee u dhexeeyay [[Berbera]] iyo gudaha dalka. Waxay qayb ka ahaayeen aasaaska magaalada [[Hargeysa]], taasoo markii hore ahayd xarun karavaan oo ay dhiseen ganacsatada Ciidagale.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). ''Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia''. p. 96.</ref> <blockquote>Taariikhda Abokor Muuse waa mid ku dhisan geesinimada dagaal, hal-abuurka suugaaneed, hoggaaminta dhaqameed iyo firfircoonida ganacsiga. Waxay qayb muhiim ah ka noqdeen halgankii diimeed ee Muslimiinta, nabadaynta bulshada Isaaq, iyo kobaca dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka gobolka—astaamo qeexaya kaalintooda qoto dheer ee taariikhda Soomaaliyeed.</blockquote> Sidoo kale, waxay leeyihiin tariikh soo jireen ah oo ku salaysan dhaqashada xoolaha, sida Geela, Adhiga iyo lo'da, iyadoo geelu uu yahay xoolahooda ugu muhiimsan ee noloshooda ku tiirsan yihiin isla markaana ay Aad u dhaqdaan. Dhaqashada xoolaha waxay ka tarjumaysa hodantinimada, hiddaha, iyo xirfadda ay bulshadu ku dhisantahay oo soo jireen ah. ===Baranches and Subclans=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waa beel ballaaran oo caan ku ah geesinimada iyo hiddaha soo jireenka ah, waxayna leedahay faracyo iyo laamo badan oo si dhaw isugu xidhan. Beeshan qiimaha leh waxay u kala baxdaa laamo waaweyn oo ay ka mid yihiin: ''[[Beesha Mohamed Dhimbil|Mohammed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Ahmed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Aden Abokor]]'', ''[[Muuse Dhimbil]]'' Faracyada ''[[Mohamoud Muuse]]'' iyo ''Abdalleh Muuse''. Laamaha Beesha ''Abdalleh Muuse'' ayaa iyaguna caan ku ah reero balaadhan ah sida ''Reer Aadan'', Reer ''Ali Abdi'', ''Reer Nuur'', ''Reer Benin'', ''Rer Gallab'', ''Reer Eiye'', iyo ''Mohamed Cabdille'', (kuwaas oo kala baxa ''Rer Dhibleh'' ,''Reer Cali'' iyo ''Reer Gubadleh''.) ; [[Shaxda beesha|Shaxda Beesha]] ===Saltanate of Abokor Musa=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku tahay hoggaamin, halgan iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Intii taariikhdu xusuusato, beeshani waxay lahayd taliyaal dhaqameed oo ka kala socday laamaha iyo faracyada beesha, kuwaas oo door weyn ku lahaa xallinta khilaafaadka, ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada, iyo kordhinta midnimada beesha dhexdeeda. Suldaanada, boqorrada iyo ugaasyada ka soo jeeda Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen hogaamiyayaal caan ah, kuwaas oo isku darsaday garaad, geesinimo, iyo karti ciidan. Markay timaaddo dirir ama dagaal, waxay ahaayeen abaanduulayaal dagaal oo hoggaamiya ciidamo si abaabulan u dagaallama. Halka marka nabaddu timaaddo, ay noqdaan odayaal dhaqameed oo hagaya bulshada dhinaca garsoorka, dhaqanka, iyo isku duubnida. Doorkooda Ugaasnimadu waa astaan sharaf, caddaalad, iyo hoggaan bulsho. Taasi waxay sababtay in beesha Abokor Muuse lagu xasuusto dad hoggaamiya, nabad dhaliya, iyo dhaqanka ilaaliya, taasoo qayb weyn ka qaadatay dhismaha iyo ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada guud ahaan. ==Distribution== [[File:Hargeisa Somaliland.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A general view of Hargeisa, where the community is widely settled.]] Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran u daganyihiin magaalada Hargeysa, gaar ahaan koofurta iyo galbeedka caasimadda. Xaafadaha ay si rasmi ah u deggan yihiin waxaa ka mid ah ''Calaamadaha'' , oo ay kala Qaybiso Wadada Halbawlaha ee ''Airport Road ([[Wadada Madaarka Egal)]]'', iyo xaafadaha Masalaha ( Siirooga galbeedkiisa), ''Jameecada'', iyo qaybo ka mid ah Xaafadda ''October''. Meelahan ayaa ka mid ah deegaannada taariikhiga ah ee ay beesha si xooggan ugu xidhan tahay. Marka laga sii gudbo gudaha magaalada, Abokor Muuse waxay degaan ''Qoolcaday'',''Toon'', magaalada ''Salahley'', iyo tuulooyinka u dhow ilaa ''Ina-Guxaa'', oo ah xuduudda u dhaxaysa Somaliland iyo Ethiopia. Deegaannadan ayaa loo arkaa in ay yihiin laf-dhabarta beesha ee dhulka Somaliland, maadaama ay yihiin goobaha ay ku badan yihiin beelaha reer guuraaga ah iyo xoolo-dhaqatada beesha. Dhinaca kale, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran uga deggan yihiin Dalka Itoobiya , halkaas oo ay ku leeyihiin magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin badan. Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ay degaan waxaa ka mid ah ''Bisad'', ''Abokor'', ''Egal Addani'', iyo ''Iskoyska'', halka ay sidoo kale ku nool yihiin deegaannada u dhow Dooxada ''Galool-Fadhiidh.'' Meelahan ayaa xiriir dhow la leh magaalada Awarre, taas oo ah xarun muhiim ah oo ka tirsan gobolka. Isku soo wada duuboo, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay degaan dhul aad u ballaaran oo ku kala yaalla labada dhinac ee xuduudda Somaliland iyo Itoobiya, iyagoo leh isku xirnaan dhaqan, deegaan, iyo taariikh wadaag ah oo soo jireen ah. ==Clan tree== A summarised clan family tree of the major subclans of Abokor Musa, is presented below: {{Tree list}} *Daoud (Eidagalle) ***'''Abokor''' (Saleiban) ****Salieban Abokor *****Mohammad Salieban ******Saleiban Mohamed *******Yousuf Saleiban ********Osman Yusuf ********Said Yusuf ********Mohamed Yusuf *******Arralleh Saleiban ********Ali Arralle ********Saleiban Arralle *********Abokor Saleiban **********Abdalleh Abokor ***********Saleiban Abdalle ************Osman Saleiban *************Waisleh Osman *************Mahamoud Wais *************Arralleh Wais *************Hussein wais *************Saleiban Wais **********Saleiban Abokor ***********Warfa Saleiban ***********Arrale Saleiban ***********Farah Saleiban ***********Mahamoud Saleiban **********Ibrahim Abokor ***********Mohamed Ibrahim ************Jibril Mohamed ************Hussein Mohamed ************Abokor Hussein *************Hassan Abokor **************Muuse Hassan **************Laqshe Hassan **************Basiralle Hassan **************Salah Hassan ***************Egal Salah ****************Hassan Egal *****************Dhimbil Hassan ******************'''Mohammed Dhimbil''' *******************Mucawiye Mohamed (Rer Mucawie) *******************Fatah Mohamed (Rer Fatah) *******************Gulled Mohamed (Rer Guled) *******************Musa Mohamed ********************Adawe Muuse (Rer Adawe) ********************Aden Muuse (Rer Aden) ******************'''Muuse Dhimbil''' *******************Mahamoud Muuse ********************Shirdon Mohamoud ********************Hildiid Mohamoud *********************Ali Hildiid *********************Geedi Hildiid *********************Hersi Hildiid *******************Abdalleh Muuse ********************Jibirl Abdalle *********************Saeed Jibril **********************Abdi Said ***********************Salah Abdi ***********************Roble Abdi **********************Ahmed Hersi **********************Abdalle Hersi *********************Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil) **********************Hersi Kalil **********************Egal Kalil **********************Wais Kalil **********************Ali kalil ***********************Said Ali ***********************Koshin Ali ***********************Arale Ali ***********************Osman Ali ***********************Guled Ali ***********************Boqorreh Ali *********************Hersi Jibril *********************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) **********************Aden Mohamed ***********************Benin Aden ***********************Nour Aden ***********************Ali Aden ***********************Adan Aden *********************Abdi Jibril **********************Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) ***********************Issa Ali ***********************Hussein Ali ***********************Mumin Ali ***********************Naleye Ali **********************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ***********************Ismail Nour ***********************Hersi Nour ***********************Gabal Nour ***********************Mohamed Nour **********************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) ***********************Naleye Benin ***********************Ahmed Benin ***********************Hersi Benin ***********************Warfa Benin ***********************Samter Benin ***********************Abdi Benin ***********************Fatah Benin ***********************Aden Benin ***********************Dirie Benin ***********************Farah Benin ***********************Dahir Benin ***********************Arale Benin ***********************Guled Benin ***********************Shirwa Benin ***********************Abane Benin ***********************Abdille Benin ***********************Yusuf Benin ***********************Arale Benin ***********************Roble Benin ***********************Osman Benin **********************Abdille Abdi ***********************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) ************************Ismail Gallab ************************Asker Gallab **********************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ***********************Gulled Eiye ***********************Sharmake Eiye **********************Mohamed Abdille ***********************Ahmed Mohamed ************************Samter Ahmed ************************Ziyad Ahmed ************************Mayle Ahmed ************************Elmi Ahmed ************************Warfa Ahmed ************************Geedi Ahmed ************************Amanle Ahmed ************************Food Ahmed ************************Roble Ahmed ************************Ainanshe Ahmed ************************Wais Ahmed ************************Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) *************************Ismail Dhible *************************Barre Dhible ************************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) ************************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) *************************Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) *************************Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh) ******************'''Ahmed Dhimbil''' ********************Musa Ahmed ********************Osman Ahmed ********************Liban Ahmed *********************Abdi Liban **********************Ismail Abdi (Rer Ismail) **********************Mohammed Abdi ***********************Sarar Mohamed ***********************Ahmed Mohamed **********'''Aden Abokor''' *************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) **************Mahamoud Awal **************Hussien Awal **************Abdi Awal *************Hassan Aden **************Ziyad Hassan **************Odawa Hasaan **************Ladon Hassan **************Abdalle Hassan ***************Ali Abdalle ***************Abdi Abdalle ***************Ahmed Abdalle ****************Halas Ahmed (Rer Halas) ****************Egal Ahmed (Rer Egal) ****************Geedi Ahmed (Rer Gheedi) {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader. *Aden Mohamed Guhad (Aden Walli) – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Sh. Abdiraham Aden Eigeh * Suldan Aden S.Farah.S.Omar –Respected traditional holder. *Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed, a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure. * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Suldan Osman Baane –traditional leader * Abdikarem Hikmawi – Is Author, literally scholar and Activist * Mohamed Badel – was a poet, politician, and university lecturer. * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Nadir Yusuf – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Ethiopia * Abwan Harir Osman Guray – Well-known Somali peot * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politiciancurrent mayor of Hargeisa city * Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ugaas) and highly respected traditional leader. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Hussein Habane - is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} 0o75c6noobji0mb8gpnl1gmtglr8evh 298339 298338 2026-06-09T06:57:10Z ~2026-33783-37 46018 /* Clan tree */ 298339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Farac|{{flagcountry|Masar}}|group=Abokor Musa <br> |flag=[[File:Flag_of_Somaliland.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg|60px]][[File:Flag_of_Kenya.svg|45px]][[File:Flag_of_United Kingdom.svg|60px]]|image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry| United States}}|region4 ={{flagcountry|Turkey}}|langs=[[Somali language|Somali]]|rels=[[Islam]]|related-c= Other ,clans <!-- CONFIRMED RELATIONS!!! -->}} '''Abokor Muuse''' ([[Af-Ingiriisi|Ingiriisi]]: Abokor Musa'','' [[Carabi]]: أبوبكر موسى ; ''',''' Magaca oo buuxa: Abokor Musa Da'ud Sheekh Ishaaq) waa Qabiil wayn oo ka mid ah beelweynta Eidagalle ee Isaaq. Beeshu waxay degaan rasmiya ku tahay [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo [[Kenya]]. == Overview == The Abokor Musa is a major Somali clan that is part of the Eidagalle clan of the Isaaq clan family, traditionally also called ''Saleebaan''. Members of the Abokor Musa subclan are descendants of Sheikh Ishaaq bin Ahmed. The Abokor musa<ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615-1-5.</ref> is one of the large somali clans and among the most prominent sub-clans of the Eidagale. They inhabit the Hargiesa and Salahley regions of Somaliland, in addition to the Somali Region of Ethiopia and Kenya, where they form part of the Isahakia community<ref name=":3">Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (2005-08-17). Voice and Power. Routledge. <nowiki>ISBN 9781135751753</nowiki>.</ref><ref name=":4">Laitin, David D. (1977). Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience. 9780226467917.</ref>.The Abokor Musa traditionally consists of nomadic pastoralists, merchants, and skilled poets.<ref>Andrzejewski, B.W. and I.M. Lewis, 1964, Somali Poetry: An Introduction, Oxford University Press.</ref> ==Tariikhda == ===Nasabka === Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu ka mid ahaa culimadii ka soo haajiray Carabta kuna soo tallaabay badda si ay Islaamka ugu faafiyaan Geeska Afrika qarnigii 12aad ilaa 13aad. Sidaas darteed, Sheekh Isxaaq wuxuu guursaday labo dumar ah oo deegaanka ah gudaha Somaliland, wuxuuna ka dhalay siddeed wiil. Mid ka mid ah, Daoud, wuxuu noqday aabihii beesha Ciidagale.<ref>I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), pp. 31 & 42</ref> ===Xiliyadii Dhexe=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxaa si gaar ah loogu xusuustaa kaalintii ay ka qaateen halgankii uu hoggaaminayay Axmed Gurey (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ([[Saldanadii Cadal|Saldanadii Adal]]) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Sida lagu sheegay buugga taariikhiga ah ee ''Futuh al-Habash'', beelaha Habar Magaadle, oo ay ku jirto laantan, waxay bixiyeen ciidamo iyo hoggaamiyeyaal muhiim ah.<ref>"مخطوطات-24 > بهجة الزمان > الصفحة رقم 16". makhtota.ksu.edu.sa. Retrieved 2017-08</ref><blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse—waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen dagaalkii qarnigii 16aad uu hogaaminayay Axmed Gurey bin Xuseen (Axmed Ibraahim al-Ghazi) ee lagula dagaallamay boqortooyadii Xabashida. Dagaalkan taariikhiga ah oo lagu xusay buugga Futuh al-Habash, beelo badan oo Soomaaliyeed ayaa ka qeyb galay. Halyeeyada la xasuusto waxaa ka mid ahaa Basiralle iyo Dhimbil oo ahaa ugaasyo , taariikh ahaana loogu xuso iyo saraakiil ciidan oo caan ah. Qaybo kamid ah geedka qabiilka (clan tree) ayaa loo xusaa Boqorro, kuwaas oo ku jira dhamaan tarkhiidii dhaqan ee beesha, gaar ahaan ku dhadhaw qarnigii 15aad ilaa 16aad, oo ah Sultanate . Basiralle, oo lagu xasuusto geesinimo, wuxuu ku geeriyooday dhawac soogaadhay meel u dhow magaalada [[Herer|Herar]].<ref>Morin, Didier (2004). Dictionnaire historique afar: 1288-1982. KARTHALA Editions. <nowiki>ISBN 9782845864924</nowiki>.</ref> Sidoo kale waxay samayn wan ku lahayeen magalda tariikhiga ah ee [[Saylac|zelia]].</blockquote> [[File:First_footsteps_in_East_Africa,_or,_An_exploration_of_Harar_(1904)_(14586268478).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| [[Axmad III bin Abu Bakar|Axmad Bin Abii Bakar]], Amiirkii [[Harar]]]] Qarnigii 19aad, laanta Abokor Muuse waxay door muuqda ku lahaayeen ganacsigii ka socday Hargeysa–Berbera–Harar. Ganacsatadoodu waxay ahaayeen kuwa ugu firfircoon ee karavaannada ka keeni jiray gudaha Soomaalida xoolaha, muxurka, malmalka iyo subagga, kuna dhoofin jiray Berbera iyo suuqyada Carabta. Waxaa si gaar ah loo xusuustaa xiriirka dhow ee ay la lahaayeen Amiir Axmed III bin Abu Bakr, oo ahaa amiirkii Harar intii u dhaxaysay 1856–1875. Amiirka ayaa si weyn u qadarin jiray ganacsatada Abokor Muuse.<ref>Burton, Richard (1856). First Footsteps in East Africa. London: Longman, Brown, Green and Longmans. pp. 116–118.</ref> <blockquote>Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay door weyn ka ciyaareen ilaalinta dhaqanka, xeerka iyo dhexdhexaadinta. Goobta barakeysan ee [[Aw Barkhadle]], oo ku taalla inta u dhexeysa [[Hargeysa]] iyo [[Berbera]], waxay ahayd xarun dhaar iyo heshiis lagu xallin jiray khilaafaadka. Odayaasha Abokor Muuse ayaa si gaar ah loogu qadarin jiray hoggaaminta dhaarta iyo heshiisiinta,oo ah Ugaaysada dhaqanka<ref>The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society Volume 19 p.61-62". 1849</ref> </blockquote> Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku ahaayeen hal-abuurka gabayga iyo xigmadda afka ah. Gabayga ayaa u ahaa hub lagula dagaallamo, laguna xafido taariikhda. Sida uu qoray Laurence Margaret, beesha Ciidagale (oo ay ka mid yihiin Abokor Muse) waxaa lagu yaqaanay in tiro badan oo rag ah ay gabyaa yihiin, taasoo ka dhigtay beel kaalin weyn ku leh suugaanta Soomaalida.<ref>Laurance, Margaret. ''A tree for poverty: Somali poetry and prose''. McMaster University Library Press. p. 27.</ref>Sido kale Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen qoys caan ku ahaa fardaha fuulka iyo dagaalka, waxaana si weyn looga yaqaanay kartida dagaal iyo xirfadda ay ku lahaayeen maareynta fardaha dagaalka. [[File:Sketch_Map_of_Northern_Somali_Land.png|right|thumb|250x250px| Map showing trade routes leading to Berbera.]] Qarnigii 19aad, Abokor Muuse waxay door muhiim ah ku lahaayeen ganacsigii karavaannada ee u dhexeeyay [[Berbera]] iyo gudaha dalka. Waxay qayb ka ahaayeen aasaaska magaalada [[Hargeysa]], taasoo markii hore ahayd xarun karavaan oo ay dhiseen ganacsatada Ciidagale.<ref>Carlos-Swayne, Harald (1900). ''Seventeen Trips Through Somaliland and a Visit to Abyssinia''. p. 96.</ref> <blockquote>Taariikhda Abokor Muuse waa mid ku dhisan geesinimada dagaal, hal-abuurka suugaaneed, hoggaaminta dhaqameed iyo firfircoonida ganacsiga. Waxay qayb muhiim ah ka noqdeen halgankii diimeed ee Muslimiinta, nabadaynta bulshada Isaaq, iyo kobaca dhaqaalaha iyo dhaqanka gobolka—astaamo qeexaya kaalintooda qoto dheer ee taariikhda Soomaaliyeed.</blockquote> Sidoo kale, waxay leeyihiin tariikh soo jireen ah oo ku salaysan dhaqashada xoolaha, sida Geela, Adhiga iyo lo'da, iyadoo geelu uu yahay xoolahooda ugu muhiimsan ee noloshooda ku tiirsan yihiin isla markaana ay Aad u dhaqdaan. Dhaqashada xoolaha waxay ka tarjumaysa hodantinimada, hiddaha, iyo xirfadda ay bulshadu ku dhisantahay oo soo jireen ah. ===Baranches and Subclans=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waa beel ballaaran oo caan ku ah geesinimada iyo hiddaha soo jireenka ah, waxayna leedahay faracyo iyo laamo badan oo si dhaw isugu xidhan. Beeshan qiimaha leh waxay u kala baxdaa laamo waaweyn oo ay ka mid yihiin: ''[[Beesha Mohamed Dhimbil|Mohammed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Ahmed Dhimbil]]'', ''[[Aden Abokor]]'', ''[[Muuse Dhimbil]]'' Faracyada ''[[Mohamoud Muuse]]'' iyo ''Abdalleh Muuse''. Laamaha Beesha ''Abdalleh Muuse'' ayaa iyaguna caan ku ah reero balaadhan ah sida ''Reer Aadan'', Reer ''Ali Abdi'', ''Reer Nuur'', ''Reer Benin'', ''Rer Gallab'', ''Reer Eiye'', iyo ''Mohamed Cabdille'', (kuwaas oo kala baxa ''Rer Dhibleh'' ,''Reer Cali'' iyo ''Reer Gubadleh''.) ; [[Shaxda beesha|Shaxda Beesha]] ===Saltanate of Abokor Musa=== Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay caan ku tahay hoggaamin, halgan iyo ilaalinta dhaqanka. Intii taariikhdu xusuusato, beeshani waxay lahayd taliyaal dhaqameed oo ka kala socday laamaha iyo faracyada beesha, kuwaas oo door weyn ku lahaa xallinta khilaafaadka, ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada, iyo kordhinta midnimada beesha dhexdeeda. Suldaanada, boqorrada iyo ugaasyada ka soo jeeda Abokor Muuse waxay ahaayeen hogaamiyayaal caan ah, kuwaas oo isku darsaday garaad, geesinimo, iyo karti ciidan. Markay timaaddo dirir ama dagaal, waxay ahaayeen abaanduulayaal dagaal oo hoggaamiya ciidamo si abaabulan u dagaallama. Halka marka nabaddu timaaddo, ay noqdaan odayaal dhaqameed oo hagaya bulshada dhinaca garsoorka, dhaqanka, iyo isku duubnida. Doorkooda Ugaasnimadu waa astaan sharaf, caddaalad, iyo hoggaan bulsho. Taasi waxay sababtay in beesha Abokor Muuse lagu xasuusto dad hoggaamiya, nabad dhaliya, iyo dhaqanka ilaaliya, taasoo qayb weyn ka qaadatay dhismaha iyo ilaalinta nidaamka bulshada guud ahaan. ==Distribution== [[File:Hargeisa Somaliland.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A general view of Hargeisa, where the community is widely settled.]] Beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran u daganyihiin magaalada Hargeysa, gaar ahaan koofurta iyo galbeedka caasimadda. Xaafadaha ay si rasmi ah u deggan yihiin waxaa ka mid ah ''Calaamadaha'' , oo ay kala Qaybiso Wadada Halbawlaha ee ''Airport Road ([[Wadada Madaarka Egal)]]'', iyo xaafadaha Masalaha ( Siirooga galbeedkiisa), ''Jameecada'', iyo qaybo ka mid ah Xaafadda ''October''. Meelahan ayaa ka mid ah deegaannada taariikhiga ah ee ay beesha si xooggan ugu xidhan tahay. Marka laga sii gudbo gudaha magaalada, Abokor Muuse waxay degaan ''Qoolcaday'',''Toon'', magaalada ''Salahley'', iyo tuulooyinka u dhow ilaa ''Ina-Guxaa'', oo ah xuduudda u dhaxaysa Somaliland iyo Ethiopia. Deegaannadan ayaa loo arkaa in ay yihiin laf-dhabarta beesha ee dhulka Somaliland, maadaama ay yihiin goobaha ay ku badan yihiin beelaha reer guuraaga ah iyo xoolo-dhaqatada beesha. Dhinaca kale, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay si ballaaran uga deggan yihiin Dalka Itoobiya , halkaas oo ay ku leeyihiin magaalooyin iyo tuulooyin badan. Magaalooyinka ugu waaweyn ee ay degaan waxaa ka mid ah ''Bisad'', ''Abokor'', ''Egal Addani'', iyo ''Iskoyska'', halka ay sidoo kale ku nool yihiin deegaannada u dhow Dooxada ''Galool-Fadhiidh.'' Meelahan ayaa xiriir dhow la leh magaalada Awarre, taas oo ah xarun muhiim ah oo ka tirsan gobolka. Isku soo wada duuboo, beesha Abokor Muuse waxay degaan dhul aad u ballaaran oo ku kala yaalla labada dhinac ee xuduudda Somaliland iyo Itoobiya, iyagoo leh isku xirnaan dhaqan, deegaan, iyo taariikh wadaag ah oo soo jireen ah. ==Clan tree== A summarised clan family tree of the major subclans of Abokor Musa, is presented below: {{Tree list}} *Daoud (Eidagalle) ***'''Abokor''' (Saleiban) ****Salieban Abokor *****Mohammad Salieban ******Saleiban Mohamed *******Yousuf Saleiban ********Osman Yusuf ********Said Yusuf ********Mohamed Yusuf *******Arralleh Saleiban ********Ali Arralle ********Saleiban Arralle *********Abokor Saleiban **********Abdalleh Abokor ***********Saleiban Abdalle ************Osman Saleiban *************Waisleh Osman *************Mahamoud Wais *************Arralleh Wais *************Hussein wais *************Saleiban Wais **********Saleiban Abokor ***********Warfa Saleiban ***********Arrale Saleiban ***********Farah Saleiban ***********Mahamoud Saleiban **********Ibrahim Abokor ***********Mohamed Ibrahim ************Jibril Mohamed ************Hussein Mohamed ************Abokor Hussein *************Hassan Abokor **************Muuse Hassan **************Laqshe Hassan **************Basiralle Hassan **************Salah Hassan ***************Egal Salah ****************Hassan Egal *****************Dhimbil Hassan ******************'''Mohammed Dhimbil''' *******************Mucawiye Mohamed (Rer Mucawie) *******************Fatah Mohamed (Rer Fatah) *******************Gulled Mohamed (Rer Guled) *******************Musa Mohamed ********************Adawe Muuse (Rer Adawe) ********************Aden Muuse (Rer Aden) ******************'''Muuse Dhimbil''' *******************Mahamoud Muuse ********************Shirdon Mohamoud ********************Hildiid Mohamoud *********************Ali Hildiid *********************Geedi Hildiid *********************Hersi Hildiid *******************Abdalleh Muuse ********************Jibirl Abdalle *********************Saeed Jibril **********************Abdi Said ***********************Salah Abdi ***********************Roble Abdi *********************Hersi Jibril **********************Ahmed Hersi **********************Abdalle Hersi *********************Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil) **********************Hersi Kalil **********************Egal Kalil **********************Wais Kalil **********************Ali kalil ***********************Said Ali ***********************Koshin Ali ***********************Arale Ali ***********************Osman Ali ***********************Guled Ali ***********************Amare Ali ***********************Boqorreh Ali *********************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) **********************Aden Mohamed ***********************Benin Aden ***********************Nour Aden ***********************Ali Aden ***********************Adan Aden *********************Abdi Jibril **********************Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) ***********************Issa Ali ***********************Hussein Ali ***********************Mumin Ali ***********************Naleye Ali **********************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ***********************Ismail Nour ***********************Hersi Nour ***********************Gabal Nour ***********************Mohamed Nour **********************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) ***********************Naleye Benin ***********************Ahmed Benin ***********************Hersi Benin ***********************Warfa Benin ***********************Samter Benin ***********************Abdi Benin ***********************Fatah Benin ***********************Aden Benin ***********************Dirie Benin ***********************Farah Benin ***********************Dahir Benin ***********************Arale Benin ***********************Guled Benin ***********************Shirwa Benin ***********************Abane Benin ***********************Abdille Benin ***********************Yusuf Benin ***********************Arale Benin ***********************Roble Benin ***********************Osman Benin **********************Abdille Abdi ***********************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) ************************Ismail Gallab ************************Asker Gallab **********************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ***********************Gulled Eiye ***********************Sharmake Eiye **********************Mohamed Abdille ***********************Ahmed Mohamed ************************Samter Ahmed ************************Ziyad Ahmed ************************Mayle Ahmed ************************Elmi Ahmed ************************Warfa Ahmed ************************Geedi Ahmed ************************Amanle Ahmed ************************Food Ahmed ************************Roble Ahmed ************************Ainanshe Ahmed ************************Wais Ahmed ************************Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) *************************Ismail Dhible *************************Barre Dhible ************************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) ************************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) *************************Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) *************************Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh) ******************'''Ahmed Dhimbil''' ********************Musa Ahmed ********************Osman Ahmed ********************Liban Ahmed *********************Abdi Liban **********************Ismail Abdi (Rer Ismail) **********************Mohammed Abdi ***********************Sarar Mohamed ***********************Ahmed Mohamed **********'''Aden Abokor''' *************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) **************Mahamoud Awal **************Hussien Awal **************Abdi Awal *************Hassan Aden **************Ziyad Hassan **************Odawa Hasaan **************Ladon Hassan **************Abdalle Hassan ***************Ali Abdalle ***************Abdi Abdalle ***************Ahmed Abdalle ****************Halas Ahmed (Rer Halas) ****************Egal Ahmed (Rer Egal) ****************Geedi Ahmed (Rer Gheedi) {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Mohamed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali instrumentalist, vocalist, and poet. * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader. *Aden Mohamed Guhad (Aden Walli) – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Ahmed Mooge Liibaan – prominent Somali musician and singer * Sh. Abdiraham Aden Eigeh * Suldan Aden S.Farah.S.Omar –Respected traditional holder. *Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed, a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure. * Mohamoud Guure Husien (Gaal-Eri) – Was a key Somali political figure who led the SNM office in France and was responsible for Somalia’s foreign strategic policy during the Ogaden War. * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Suldan Osman Baane –traditional leader * Abdikarem Hikmawi – Is Author, literally scholar and Activist * Mohamed Badel – was a poet, politician, and university lecturer. * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Nadir Yusuf – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Ethiopia * Abwan Harir Osman Guray – Well-known Somali peot * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politiciancurrent mayor of Hargeisa city * Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ugaas) and highly respected traditional leader. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Hussein Habane - is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered Somali SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} d5jb1utwmgga77oknm3vez4ymr5d4cj 0 40994 298337 298051 2026-06-09T06:31:37Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company|company_name=Kaar Engineering Services|company_type=Private|industry=Construction|founded=2019|hq_location=[[Muqdisho]], [[Soomaaliya]]|website=http://kaarengineering.com|services=|image=Kaar logo.jpg|image_size=350px}} '''Kaar Engineering Services''', oo ah shirkad [[dhisme]] oo fadhigeedu yahay [[Muqdisho]], [[Soomaaliya]], ayaa bixisa adeegyo xirfadeed oo loogu talagalay naqshadeynta, hirgelinta, iyo maareynta mashaariicda kaabayaasha muhiimka ah. == Taariikhda == Kaar Engineering Services waxaa la aasaasay sanadkii 2019-kii si loo kobciyo kaabayaasha dhaqaale ee Soomaaliya iyo sidii loo heli lahaa xalal casri ah oo dhanka dhismaha ah. Shirkaddu waxay si weyn uga qeyb qaatay dib u dhiska iyo dhismaha magaalooyinka Soomaaliyeed iyadoo la adeegsanayo farsamooyin iyo qalab casri ah. == Adeegyada Shirkadda == Kaar waxay bixisaa adeegyo badan oo dhismo, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin: * Naqshadeyn Dhisme * Maareynta Mashaariic * Dhismaha Kaabayaasha * Tayo Hubinta == Xarumaha Shirkada == Shirkaddu Xarunta Dhexe waa [[Muqdisho]], [[Soomaaliya]]. == Xiriirinta Dibadda == * [http://kaarengineering.com Kaar Engineering Services — Websaydka Rasmiga ah]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} lwqa4c1tepv2blsd9nczn9n4gef9akc 0 41778 298343 276808 2026-06-09T07:12:02Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298343 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Liiska madaxda gobolada Hindiya == === Dinasti Mamluk Delhi (1206–1290) === * Qutb-ud-din Aibak (1206-1210) * Aram Shah (1210-1211) * Syams-ud-din Iltutmish (1211–1236) * Rukn-ud-din Firuz (1236) * Raziyyat ud din Sultana (1236–1240) * Muiz-ud-din Bahram (1240–1242) * Ala-ud-din Masud (1242–1246) * Nasir-ud-din Mahmud (1246–1266) * Ghiyas-ud-din Balban (1266–1286) * Muiz-ud-din Qaiqabad (1286–1290) * Shamsuddin Kayumars (1290) === Dinasti Khalji (1290–1320) === * Jalal ud din Firuz Khalji (1290–1296) * [[Alauddin Khalji]] (1296–1316) * Qutb ud din Mubarak Shah (1316–1320) * Khusro Khan (1320) === Dinasti Tughlaq (1321–1414) === * Ghiyasu-Din Tughluq I (1321–1325) * Muhammad Shah Tughuluq I (1325–1351) * Muhammad Shah Tughuluq II (1351–1388) * Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq II (1388–1389) * Abu Bakr Shah (1389–1390) * Muhammad Shah Tughluq III (1390–1394) * Muhammad Shah Tughuluq IV (1394–1413) Setelah invasi [[Timur Lenk]] pada tahun 1398, gubernur [[Multan]], Khizr Khan menggantikan dinasti Tughlaq pada tahun 1414. === Dinasti Sayyid (1414–1451) === * Khizr Khan (1414–1421) * Mubarak Shah (1421–1434) * Muhammad Shah (1434–1445) * Alam Shah (1445–1451) === Dinasti Lodi (1451–1526) === * Bahlul Khan Lodi (1451–1489) * Sikandar Lodi (1489–1517) * Ibrahim Lodi (1517-1526), dikalahkan oleh [[Babur]] (yang menggantikan Kesultanan Delhi dengan [[Kesultanan Mughal|Kesultanan Mugha]]<nowiki/>l ) === Daftar Kaisar Mughal === {| style="width:100%;" class="wikitable" ! style="background:#f0dc88; width:9%;"| Nama Tituler ! style="background:#f0dc88; width:15%;"| Nama Lahir ! style="background:#f0dc88; width:9%;"| [[Nama anumerta|Nama Anumerta]] ! style="background:#b0dc88; width:9%;"| Kelahiran ! style="background:#b0dc88; width:15%;"| Memerintah ! style="background:#b0dc88; width:13%;"| Wafat ! style="background:#b0dc28; width:20%;"| Catatan |- | style="text-align:center;"|''Bābur''<br />{{Nastaliq|بابر}} | style="text-align:center;"|[[Babur|Zahir-ud-din Muhammad]]<br />{{Nastaliq|ظہیر الدین محمد}} | style="text-align:center;"|Firdaus Makani<br />فردوس مکانی | style="text-align:center;"|23 Februari 1483 | style="text-align:center;"|30 April 1526 – 26 Desember 1530 | style="text-align:center;"|26 Desember 1530<br />(usia 47) | style="text-align:center;"|Pendiri Kekaisaran |- | style="text-align:center;"|''Humayun''<br />{{Nastaliq|ہمایوں}} | style="text-align:center;"|[[Humayun|Nasir-ud-din Muhammad]] <br />{{Nastaliq|نصیر الدین محمد ہمایوں}} | style="text-align:center;"|Jannat-Ashyani<br />جنت آشیانی | style="text-align:center;"|17 Maret 1508 | style="text-align:center;"|26 Desember 1530 – 17 Mei 1540 <small>(jabatan ke-1)</small> 22 Februari 1555 – 27 Januari 1556 <small>(jabatan ke-2)</small> | style="text-align:center;"|27 Januari 1556<br />(usia 48) | style="text-align:center;"| Humayun dilengserkan pada 1540 oleh [[Sher Shah Suri]] dari [[dinasti Suri]] namun kembali ke tahta pada tahun 1555 setelah kematian [[Islam Shah Suri]] (putra dan penerus Sher Shah Suri). |- | style="text-align:center;"|''Akbar-e-Azam ''<br />{{Nastaliq|اکبر اعظم}} | style="text-align:center;"|[[Akbar|Jalal-ud-din Muhammad]]<br />{{Nastaliq|جلال الدین محمد اکبر}} | style="text-align:center;"|Arsy-Ashyani<br />ارش آشیانی | style="text-align:center;"|14 Oktober 1542 | style="text-align:center;"|27 Januari 1556 – 27 Oktober 1605 | style="text-align:center;"|27 Oktober 1605<br />(usia 63) | style="text-align:center;"| Ibunya adalah putri raja [[orang Persia|Persia]] [[Hamida Banu Begum]].<ref>{{cite book|author=[[Gulbadan Begum|Begum, Gulbadan]]|title=The History of Humayun (Humayun-Nama)|publisher=Royal Asiatic Society|year=1902|isbn=|pages=237-9}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|''Jahangir''<br />{{Nastaliq|جہانگیر}} | style="text-align:center;"|[[Jahangir|Nur-ud-din Muhammad Salim]]<br />{{Nastaliq| نور الدین محمد سلیم}} | style="text-align:center;"|Jannat Makani<br />جنت مکانی | style="text-align:center;"|20 September 1569 | style="text-align:center;"|15 Oktober 1605 – 8 November 1627 | style="text-align:center;"|8 November 1627<br />(usia 58) | style="text-align:center;"|Ibunya adalah putri raja [[Rajput]] [[Mariam-uz-Zamani]].<ref>{{cite book|title=South Asia in World History|author=Marc Jason Gilbert|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2017|page=79|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7OQWDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|''Shah-Jahan-e-Azam''<br />{{Nastaliq|شاہ جہان اعظم}} | style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan|Shahab-ud-din Muhammad Khurram]]<br />{{Nastaliq|شہاب الدین محمد خرم}} | style="text-align:center;"|Firdaus Ashiyani<br />فردوس آشیانی | style="text-align:center;"|5 Januari 1592 | style="text-align:center;"|8 November 1627 – 2 Agustus 1658 | style="text-align:center;"|22 Januari 1666<br />(usia 74) | style="text-align:center;"|Ibunya adalah putri raja Rajput [[Jagat Gosaini]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Emperor of Hindustan [[Jahangir]]|title=The [[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri|Tuzuk-I-Jahangiri]]; Or, Memoirs of Jahangir Translated by Alexander Rogers Edited by Henry Beveridge|publisher=General Books LLC|year=2010|isbn=978-1-152-49040-6|page=18}}</ref> Membangun [[Taj Mahal]]. |- | style="text-align:center;"|''Alamgir''<br />{{Nastaliq|عالمگیر}} | style="text-align:center;"|[[Aurangzeb|Muhy-ud-din Muhammad Aurangzeb]] <br />{{Nastaliq|محی الدین محمداورنگزیب }} | style="text-align:center;"|Khuld Makani<br />خلد مکانی | style="text-align:center;"|4 November 1618 | style="text-align:center;"|31 Juli 1658 – 3 Maret 1707 | style="text-align:center;"|3 Maret 1707<br />(usia 88) | style="text-align:center;"|Ibunya adalah putri raja Persia [[Mumtaz Mahal]]. Ia menikahi putri raja Rajput [[Nawab Bai]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Malika|last=Mohammada|title=The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India|publisher=Aakar Books|date=January 1, 2007|pages=300|isbn=978-8-189-83318-3}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;"|''Azam Shah'' | style="text-align:center;"|[[Muhammad Azam Shah|Abu'l Faaiz Qutb-ud-Din Muhammad Azam]] قطب الدين محمد اعظم | | style="text-align:center;"|28 Juni 1653 | style="text-align:center;"|14 Maret 1707 – 8 Juni 1707 | style="text-align:center;"|8 Juni 1707<br />(usia 53) | style="text-align:center;"| |- | style="text-align:center;"|''Bahadur Shah '' | style="text-align:center;"|[[Bahadur Shah I|Qutb ud-Din Muhammad Mu'azzam]] قطب الدین محمد معزام | | style="text-align:center;"|14 Oktober 1643 | style="text-align:center;"|19 Juni 1707 – 27 Februari 1712 | style="text-align:center;"|27 Februari 1712<br />(usia 68) | style="text-align:center;"| Ia membuat kesepakatan dengan Maratha, mencairkan Rajput, dan berteman dengan Sikh di Punjab. |- | style="text-align:center;"|''Jahandar Shah'' | style="text-align:center;"|[[Jahandar Shah|Ma'az-ud-Din Jahandar Shah Bahadur]] معز الدین جہاندار شاہ بہادر | | style="text-align:center;"|9 Mei 1661 | style="text-align:center;"|27 Februari 1712 – 11 Februari 1713 | style="text-align:center;"|12 Februari 1713 (usia 51) | style="text-align:center;"|Sangat dipengaruhi oleh [[Wali Raja Besar]]-nya Zulfikar Khan. |- | style="text-align:center;"|''Farrukhsiyar'' | style="text-align:center;"|[[Farrukhsiyar|Muin ud-din Muhammad]] معید الدین محمد | | style="text-align:center;"|20 Agustus 1685 | style="text-align:center;"|11 Januari 1713 – 28 Februari 1719 | style="text-align:center;"|29 April 1719<br />(usia 33) | style="text-align:center;"|Mengeluarkan [[firman (dekrit)|firman]] kepada [[East India Company]] pada 1717 yang memberikan mereka hak dagang bea cukai untuk [[Bengal]], menguatkan pos-pos mereka di pantai timur. Firman atau dekrit tersebut membantu perusahaan British East India mengimpor barang-barang ke Bengal tanpa membayar bea cukai kepada pemerintah. |- | style="text-align:center;"|Rafi ud-Darajat | style="text-align:center;"|[[Rafi ud-Darajat]] رفیع الدرجات | | style="text-align:center;"|30 November 1699 | style="text-align:center;"|28 Februari – 6 Juni 1719 | style="text-align:center;"|9 Juni 1719<br />(usia 19) | style="text-align:center;"|Kebangkitan [[Syed Bersaudara]] sebagai broker kekuasaan. |- | style="text-align:center;"|Shah Jahan II | style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan II|Rafi ud-Daulah]] رفیع الدوله | | style="text-align:center;"|Juni 1696 | style="text-align:center;"|6 Juni 1719 – 19 September 1719 | style="text-align:center;"|19 September 1719 (usia 23) | style="text-align:center;"| |- | style="text-align:center;"|Muhammad Shah | style="text-align:center;"|[[Muhammad Shah|Roshan Akhtar Bahadur]] روشن اختر بہادر | | style="text-align:center;"|17 Agustus 1702 | style="text-align:center;"|27 September 1719 – 26 April 1748 | style="text-align:center;"|26 April 1748<br />(usia 45) | style="text-align:center;"|Memajukan [[Syed Bersaudara]]. Menghadapi perang panjang dengan Maratha, kehilangan [[Deccan]] dan [[Malwa]] dalam prosesnya. Mengalami invasi [[Nader Shah]] dari Persia pada 1739. Ia merupakan kaisar terakhir yang memegang kontrol efektif atas kekaisaran tersebut. |- | style="text-align:center;"|Ahmad Shah Bahadur | style="text-align:center;"|[[Ahmad Shah Bahadur]] احمد شاہ بہادر | | style="text-align:center;"|23 Desember 1725 | style="text-align:center;"|26 April 1748 – 2 Juni 1754 | style="text-align:center;"|1 Januari 1775<br />(usia 49) | style="text-align:center;"|Pasukan Mughal dikalahkan oleh Maratha di [[Pertempuran Sikandarabad]]. |- | style="text-align:center;"|Alamgir II | style="text-align:center;"|[[Alamgir II|Aziz-ud-din]] عزیز اُلدین | | style="text-align:center;"|6 Juni 1699 | style="text-align:center;"|2 Juni 1754 – 29 November 1759 | style="text-align:center;"|29 November 1759<br />(usia 60) | style="text-align:center;"|Dominasi [[Wali Raja]] [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung III|Imad-ul-Mulk]]. |- | style="text-align:center;"|Shah Jahan III | style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Jahan III|Muhi-ul-millat]] محی اُلملت | | style="text-align:center;"|1711 | style="text-align:center;"|10 Desember 1759 – 10 Oktober 1760 | style="text-align:center;"|1772 (usia 60–61) | style="text-align:center;"|Konsolidasi Nizam dari Bengal, Bihar, dan Odisha, pada [[Pertempuran Buxar]]. [[Hyder Ali]] menjadi [[Sultan]] [[Mysore]] pada 1761. |- | style="text-align:center;"|Shah Alam II | style="text-align:center;"|[[Shah Alam II|Ali Gauhar]] علی گوہر | | style="text-align:center;"|25 Juni 1728 | style="text-align:center;"|24 Desember 1759 – 19 November 1806 | style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806<br />(usia 78) | style="text-align:center;"|Kematian [[Tipu Sultan]] dari [[Mysore]] pada tahun 1799. |- | style="text-align:center;"|Akbar Shah II | style="text-align:center;"|[[Akbar Shah II|Mirza Akbar]] میرزا اکبر | | style="text-align:center;"|22 April 1760 | style="text-align:center;"|19 November 1806 – 28 September 1837 | style="text-align:center;"|28 September 1837<br />(usia 77) | style="text-align:center;"|Kepala figur utama di bawah perlindungan Inggris. |- | style="text-align:center;"|Bahadur Shah II | style="text-align:center;"|[[Bahadur Shah II|Abu Zafar Sirajuddin Muhammad Bahadur Shah Zafar]] بو ظفر سراج اُلدین محمد بہادر شاہ ظفر | | style="text-align:center;"|24 Oktober 1775 | style="text-align:center;"|28 September 1837 – 14 September 1857 | style="text-align:center;"|7 November 1862<br />(usia 87) | style="text-align:center;"|Kaisar Mughal terakhir. Digulingkan oleh Inggris dan diasingkan ke [[Myanmar|Burma]] setelah [[Pemberontakan India 1857]]. |} <small>Catatan:Para Kaisar Mughal menerapkan [[poligami]]. Disamping para istri mereka, mereka juga memiliki sejumlah selir di [[harem]] mereka, yang menghasilkan anak-anak. Ini menjadikannya sulit untuk mengidentitfikasi seluruh keturunan dari setiap kaisar.<ref>{{cite book | last = Dalrymple | first = William | title = The Last Mughal | url = https://archive.org/details/lastmughalfallof0000dalr | publisher = Bloomsbury Publishing Plc | location = London | year = 2006 | page = [https://archive.org/details/lastmughalfallof0000dalr/page/44 44] | isbn = 978-1-4088-0092-8 }}</ref></small> ==Boqor (1876-1947)== * [[Victoria|Victoria]] (1876–1901) * [[Edward VII]] (1901–1910) * [[George V]] (1910–1936) * [[Edward VIII]] (1936) * [[George VI]] (1936–1950) == List== === Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal (1773–1833) === The [[Regulating Act of 1773]] replaced the office of the Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal with Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal. The office of the Governor of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal was restored in 1833. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! width="130px" | Portrait ! width="300px" | Name ! width="200px" colspan="2" | Term ! width="150px" | Appointer |- | [[File:Warren Hastings greyscale.jpg|120px]] | '''[[Warren Hastings]]'''<ref group=nb>Originally joined on 28 April 1772</ref> | 20 October<br />1773 | 8 February<br />1785 | rowspan=13 | [[East India Company]]<br />[[File:Coat of arms of the East India Company.svg|90px]]<br />{{small|(1773–1858)}} |- align=center | [[File:Captain John Macpherson (1726 - 1792) by anonymous (circa 1772-1792).jpg|120px]] | '''[[Sir John Macpherson, 1st Baronet|John Macpherson]]'''<br /> ''(acting)'' | 8 February<br />1785 | 12 September<br />1786 |- align=center | [[File:Lord Cornwallis.jpg|120px]] | '''[[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|The Marquess Cornwallis]]'''<ref group=nb>Earl Cornwallis from 1762; created Marquess Cornwallis in 1792.</ref> | 12 September<br />1786 | 28 October<br />1793 |- align=center | [[File:JohnShore.jpg|120px]] | '''[[John Shore, 1st Baron Teignmouth|John Shore]]''' | 28 October<br />1793 | 18 March<br />1798 |- align=center | [[File:Field Marshal Sir Alured Clarke.jpg|120px]] | '''[[Alured Clarke]]'''<br /> ''(acting)'' | 18 March<br />1798 | 18 May<br />1798 |- align=center | [[File:Richard Wellesley 2.JPG|120px]] | '''[[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|The Earl of Mornington]]'''<ref group="nb">Created Marquess Wellesley in 1799.</ref> | 18 May<br />1798 | 30 July<br />1805 |- align=center | [[File:Lord Cornwallis.jpg|120px]] | '''[[Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis|The Marquess Cornwallis]]''' | 30 July<br />1805 | 5 October<br />1805 |- align=center | [[File:Sir George Barlow, 1st Bt from NPG crop.jpg|120px]] | '''[[Sir George Barlow, 1st Baronet|Sir George Barlow, Bt]]'''<br /> ''(acting)'' | 10 October<br />1805 | 31 July<br />1807 |- align=center | [[File:Gilbert Eliot, 1st Earl of Minto by James Atkinson.jpg|120px]] | '''[[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto|The Lord Minto]]''' | 31 July<br />1807 | 4 October<br />1813 |- align=center | [[File:Francis, 1st Marquess of Hastings (Earl of Moira).jpg|120px]] | '''[[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|The Marquess of Hastings]]'''<ref group="nb">'''[[Earl of Moira]]''' prior to being created Marquess of Hastings in 1816</ref> | 4 October<br />1813 | 9 January<br />1823 |- align=center | [[File:John Adam governor general of India.jpg|120px]] | '''[[John Adam (administrator)|John Adam]]'''<br /> ''(acting)'' | 9 January<br />1823 | 1 August<br />1823 |- align=center | [[File:Sir Thomas Lawrence - Lord Amherst - Google Art Project.jpg|120px]] | '''[[William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst|The Lord Amherst]]'''<ref group=nb>Created Earl Amherst in 1826.</ref> | 1 August<br />1823 | 13 March<br />1828 |- align=center | [[File:William Butterworth Bayley, governor general of India.png|120px]] | '''[[William Butterworth Bayley]]''' <br /> ''(acting)'' | 13 March<br />1828 | 4 July<br />1828 |} {{reflist|group=nb}} {| class="wikitable" width="100%" style="text-align:center;" ! colspan="6" |'''Governors of the Presidency of Fort William in Bengal''' <small>'''''(ex-officio'' Governor-General of India, 1834-1854)'''</small> |- !{{Abbr|No.|Number}} !Name <small>(birth–death)</small> ! width="100px" |Portrait !Took office !Left office !Appointer |- align="center" |1 |[[William Bentick|The Lord William Bentick]] <small>(1774–1839)</small> |[[File:Bentinck_william.png|100px]] |15 November 1834 <small>(1833)</small> |20 March 1835 | rowspan="7" |'''[[East India Company|East India<br />Company]]'''<br />[[File:Coat of arms of the East India Company.svg|65px]] |- align="center" |style="background:#e6e6aa;"| – |style="background:#e6e6aa;"|[[Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe|Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt]], [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Raj Bhavan Kolkata|url=http://rajbhavankolkata.nic.in/writereaddata/PDF/CHAPTERVI.pdf}}</ref> <small>''(acting)''</small> <small>(1785–1846)</small> |style="background:#e6e6aa;"|[[File:Charles_Theophilus_Metcalfe,_1st_Baron_Metcalfe_by_George_Chinnery.jpg|100px]] |style="background:#e6e6aa;"|20 March 1835 |style="background:#e6e6aa;"|4 March 1836 |- align="center" |2 |[[George Eden, 1st Earl of Auckland|The Lord Auckland]] <small>(1784–1849)</small> |[[File:George_Eden,_1st_Earl_of_Auckland.png|100px]] |4 March 1836 |28 February 1842 |- align="center" |3 |[[Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough|The Lord Ellenborough]] <small>(1790–1871)</small> |[[File:1stEarlOfEllenborough.jpg|100px]] |28 February 1842 |June 1844 |- align="center" |style="background:#e6e6aa;"| – |style="background:#e6e6aa;"|[[William Wilberforce Bird (governor)|William Wilberforce Bird]], [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]]<ref name=":1" /> <small>''(acting)''</small> <small>(1784–1857)</small> |style="background:#e6e6aa;"|[[File:William Wilberforce Bird.jpg|100px]] |style="background:#e6e6aa;"|June 1844 |style="background:#e6e6aa;"|23 July 1844 |- align="center" |4 |[[Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge|Sir Henry Hardinge]] <small>(1785–1856)</small> |[[File:Henryhardinge.jpg|100px]] |23 July 1844 |12 January 1848 |- align="center" |5 |[[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|The Earl of Dalhousie]] <small>(1812–1860)</small> |[[File:Dalhousie.jpg|100px]] |12 January 1848 |1 May 1854 <small>(28 February 1856)</small> |} {{reflist|group=nb}} === Governors-General and Viceroys of India and Governors-General of the [[Dominion of India]], 1858–1950 === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Governor-General or Viceroy<br/>{{Small|(lifespan)}} ! colspan=2 | Term of office ! Notable events ! '''[[Secretary of State for India]]''' ! Prime Minister |- ! colspan=6 | Governors-General and Viceroys of India, 1858–1947 |- ! colspan=6 | [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|30x30px]] Appointed by '''[[Queen Victoria]]''' {{Small|(1837–1901)}} |- | [[File:Lord Viscount Canning.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning|Charles Canning, Viscount Canning]]<ref name="auto" group="nb"/><br/>{{Small|(1812–1862)}} | {{Small|1 November}}<br/>1858 | {{Small|21 March}}<br/>1862 | class=small | * [[Queen Victoria]]'s Proclamation (1 November 1858) and '''[[Government of India Act 1858|The Government of India Act, 1858]]'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=India - Government of India Act of 1858 |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/India/Government-of-India-Act-of-1858 |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=22 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> * Formation of [[Indian Civil Service (British India)|Imperial Civil Services]] (1858) * [[Indigo revolt|Indigo Revolt in Bengal]] (1859–1860) * [[White mutiny]] by the European troops (1859) * Enactment of [[Indian Penal Code]] (1860) * [[Indian High Courts Act 1861]] * [[Indian Councils Act 1861|Indian Councils Act, 1861]] * Indian Civil Service Act, 1861 * Police Act, 1861<ref>{{Cite web |title=Police Act. 1861 |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/police_act_1861.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref> * Establishment of [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (1861) * [[Union budget of India|System of Budget]] was introduced * Introduced Portfolio System which gave foundation for Cabinet System | * [[Edward Stanley, 15th Earl of Derby|Lord Stanley]] * [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Charles Wood]] | * [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby]] * [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] |- | [[File:Elgin.png|80px]]<br/>[[James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin]]<br/>{{Small|(1811–1863)}} | {{Small|21 March}}<br/>1862 | {{Small|20 November}}<br/>1863 | class=small | * Establishment of [[Calcutta High Court]] ({{Small|2 July}}), [[Bombay High Court]] ({{Small|14 August}}) and [[Madras High Court]] ({{Small|15 August}}) (1862) * Wahabi movement suppressed | rowspan=3 | [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Charles Wood]] | rowspan=3 | [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] |- style="background:#e6e6aa" | [[File:Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala - Project Gutenberg eText 16528.png|80px]]<br/>[[Robert Napier, 1st Baron Napier of Magdala|Robert Napier]] {{Small|''(acting)''<br/>(1810–1890)}} | ''{{Small|21 November}}<br/>1863'' | ''{{Small|2 December}}<br/>1863'' | &nbsp; |- style="background:#e6e6aa" | [[File:William Denison 2.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[William Denison]] {{Small|''(acting)''<br/>(1804–1871)}} | ''{{Small|2 December}}<br/>1863'' | ''{{Small|12 January}}<br/>1864'' | &nbsp; |- | [[File:SirJohnLawrence 16246.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence|John Lawrence, Baronet]]<br/>{{Small|(1811–1879)}} | {{Small|12 January}}<br/>1864 | {{Small|12 January}}<br/>1869 | class=small | * [[Bhutan War|Bhutan War (1864–1865)]] (The [[British Empire|British]] defeated an undefended [[Bhutan]] and annexed [[Assam]] and [[Bengal]] [[Dooars|Duars]]) * Establishment of [[Shimla]] as India's summer capital (1864) * Establishment of [[Allahabad High Court]] (1866) * Famine Commission was constituted (1867) under Henry Campbell due to [[Orissa famine of 1866]] * Tenancy Act was passed in Punjab and Oudh (1868) | * [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Charles Wood]] * [[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon|George Robinson, Earl de Grey]] * [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Viscount Cranborne]] * [[Stafford Northcote, 1st Earl of Iddesleigh|Stafford Northcote]] * [[George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll]] | * [[Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston|Viscount Palmerston]] * [[John Russell, 1st Earl Russell]] * [[Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby]] * [[Benjamin Disraeli]] * [[William Ewart Gladstone]] |- | [[File:6th Earl of Mayo.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[Richard Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo]]<br/>{{Small|(1822–1872)}} | {{Small|12 January}}<br/>1869 | {{Small|8 February}}<br/>1872 | class=small | * [[Keshub Chandra Sen]] establishes [[Indian Reform Association]] (1870) * Started Financial decentralization (1870)<ref name="Lord Mayo"/> * Enacted IPC amendment-Sedition Act 1870 to tackle Wahabi Movement * Assassinated by [[Sher Ali Afridi]] (1872)<ref>{{Cite news |title=How Viceroy Lord Mayo's Assassination Led To Creation Of India's First Intelligence Bureau |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/opinion-how-viceroy-lord-mayos-assassination-led-to-creation-of-indias-first-intelligence-bureau/352084 |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=Outlook India |date=14 February 2022 |language=en}}</ref> * Started the [[Census in British India|Census in India]] (1872) * Established the Department of Agriculture and Commerce (1872)<ref name="Lord Mayo">{{Cite book |last1=Reddy |first1=Krishna |title=Indian History |date=2017 |publisher=McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt. Ltd |location=Chennai |isbn=9789352606627 |pages=C.55 |edition=2nd}}</ref> * Established Statistical Survey of India (1872)<ref name="Lord Mayo"/> * Opening of [[Rajkumar College, Rajkot|Rajkumar college in Rajkot]] and [[Mayo College|Mayo College at Ajmer]] for political training of Indian Princes | rowspan=3 | [[George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll]] | rowspan=3 | [[William Ewart Gladstone]] |- style="background:#e6e6aa" | [[File:John Strachey (civil servant) (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br/>[[John Strachey (civil servant)|John Strachey]] {{Small|''(acting)''<br/>(1823–1907)}} | ''{{Small|9 February}}<br/>1872'' | ''{{Small|23 February}}<br/>1872'' | &nbsp; |- style="background:#e6e6aa" | [[File:FrancisNapier10thLordNapier.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[Francis Napier, 10th Lord Napier]] {{Small|''(acting)''<br/>(1819–1898)}} | ''{{Small|24 February}}<br/>1872'' | ''{{Small|3 May}}<br/>1872'' | &nbsp; |- | [[File:Arthur Stockdale Cope - Thomas George Baring, Earl of Northbrook.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[Thomas Baring, 1st Earl of Northbrook|Thomas Baring, Lord Northbrook]]<br/>{{Small|(1826–1904)}} | {{Small|3 May}}<br/>1872 | {{Small|12 April}}<br/>1876 | class=small | * He suppressed Kuka rebellion in Punjab led by Ram Singh (1872) * [[Jyotirao Phule|Jyotiba Phule]] launches the [[Satyashodhak Samaj]] in [[Maharashtra]] (1873) against the [[Caste system in India|caste system]] and the [[Untouchability]] practice * Trial of [[Gaekwad dynasty|Gaekwad]] of [[Baroda]] (1874) * [[Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College]] founded by [[Sir Syed Ahmed Khan]] (1875) * [[Prince of Wales]] [[Edward VII]] visited India (1875) * '''[[Dramatic Performances Act|Dramatic Performances Act, 1876]]''' * He resigned (1876), being asked by the British Prime Minister [[Benjamin Disraeli]] to make a treaty with the [[Emir of Afghanistan]] [[Sher Ali Khan]] | * [[George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll]] * [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]] | * [[William Ewart Gladstone]] * [[Benjamin Disraeli]] |- | [[File:Robert Bulwer-Lytton by Nadar.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton]]<br/>{{Small|(1831–1891)}} | {{Small|12 April}}<br/>1876 | {{Small|8 June}}<br/>1880 | class=small | * Royal Titles Act, 1876 by which [[Queen Victoria]] assumed the title of '[[Empress of India]]' * '''[[Great Famine of 1876–1878]]''', a 'Famine Commission' was constituted under [[Richard Strachey]] (1878) * [[Delhi Durbar|First Delhi Durbar]] (of three) (1877) * '''[[Vernacular Press Act|Vernacular Press Act, 1878]]''' * Arms Act, 1878<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arms Act, 1878 |url=http://www.myanmar-law-library.org/IMG/pdf/the_indian_arms_act.pdf |website=myanmar-law-library.org |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref> * [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]], (1878–1880) * [[Treaty of Gandamak]] signed (1879) * Decreased the maximum age of appearing in [[Indian Civil Services|civil services]] from 21 to 19 | * [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]] * [[Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook|Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, Viscount Cranbrook]] * [[Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire|Marquess of Hartington]] | * [[Benjamin Disraeli]] * [[William Ewart Gladstone]] |- | [[File:George Robinson 1st Marquess of Ripon.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon]]<br/>{{Small|(1827–1909)}} | {{Small|8 June}}<br/>1880 | {{Small|13 December}}<br/>1884 | class=small | * First Factory Act (1881) * [[Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881]] * First complete [[Census of India prior to independence#1881 Census|Census in India]] (1881) * Repeal of the [[Vernacular Press Act]] (1882) * Establishment of [[Panjab University]] (1882) * Government resolution on [[Local government in India|local self-government]] (1882)<ref>{{Cite news |title=Lord Ripon: Father of Local Self Government in India |url=https://thenationaltv.com/News/lord-ripon-father-of-local-self-government-in-india#:~:text=Lord%20Ripon%20was%20known%20as,for%20them%20in%20their%20locality. |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=thenationaltv.com}}</ref> * Appointment of Education Commission under Sir [[William Wilson Hunter]] (1882)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hunter Commission - Banglapedia |url=https://en.banglapedia.org/index.php/Hunter_Commission |website=en.banglapedia.org |access-date=22 March 2022}}</ref> * '''[[Ilbert Bill|Ilbert Bill (1883)]]''' * Passed [[Indian Famine Codes|Famine codes]] (1883) * Increased the maximum age of appearing in [[Indian Civil Services|civil services]] from 18 to 21 | * [[Spencer Cavendish, 8th Duke of Devonshire|Marquess of Hartington]] * [[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley]] | * [[William Ewart Gladstone]] |- | [[File:Young Lord Dufferin.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, 1st Marquess of Dufferin and Ava|Frederick Hamilton-Temple-Blackwood, Earl of Dufferin]]<br/>{{Small|(1826–1902)}} | {{Small|13 December}}<br/>1884 | {{Small|10 December}}<br/>1888 | class=small | * [[Indian National Congress|Formation of Indian National Congress]] (1885) * [[Bengal Tenancy Act (1885)]] * [[Third Anglo-Burmese War]] (1885) * [[Burma]] was made a province of India, with [[Rangoon]] as its capital (1886)<ref>{{Cite news |title=A Short History of Burma |url=https://newint.org/features/2008/04/18/history#:~:text=The%20British%20made%20Burma%20a,resentment%20in%20many%20Burmese%20people. |access-date=22 March 2022 |work=New Internationalist |date=18 April 2008 |language=en}}</ref> | * [[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley]] * [[Lord Randolph Churchill]] * [[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley]] * [[R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross]] | * [[William Ewart Gladstone]] * [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]] * [[William Ewart Gladstone]] * [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]] |- | [[File:Marquess of Lansdowne crop.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne]]<br/>{{Small|(1845–1927)}} | {{Small|10 December}}<br/>1888 | {{Small|21 January}}<br/>1894 | class=small | * [[Age of Consent Act, 1891]] was passed to prohibit the marriages of girl child under the age of 12 * Second Factory Act 1891 * [[Indian Councils Act 1892]] * Setting up the [[Durand Line|Durand Commission]] (1893) (India-Afghanistan) | * [[R. A. Cross, 1st Viscount Cross]] * [[John Wodehouse, 1st Earl of Kimberley]] * [[Henry Fowler, 1st Viscount Wolverhampton|Henry Fowler]] | * [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]] * [[William Ewart Gladstone]] * [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery]] |- | [[File:9thEarlOfElgin.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[Victor Bruce, 9th Earl of Elgin]] {{Small|(1849–1917)}} | {{Small|21 January}}<br/>1894<ref>https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33561/1/11010320.pdf{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Bare URL PDF|date=September 2022}}</ref> | {{Small|6 January}}<br/>1899 | class=small | * Spread of [[Bombay plague epidemic|Bubonic plague in Bombay]] (1896) * '''[[Indian famine of 1896–1897]]''' * Establishment of the [[Ramakrishna Mission]] by [[Swami Vivekananda]] at [[Belur Math]] (1897) * Assassination of two British officials ([[Walter Charles Rand]] and Ayerst) by the [[Chapekar brothers]] (1897) | * [[Henry Fowler, 1st Viscount Wolverhampton|Henry Fowler]] * [[Lord George Hamilton]] | * [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery]] * [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]] |- | [[File:George Curzon2.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston]]<ref group="nb">[[Oliver Russell, 2nd Baron Ampthill]] was acting Governor-General in 1904.</ref><br/>{{Small|(1859–1925)}} | {{Small|6 January}}<br/>1899 | {{Small|18 November}}<br/>1905 | class=small | * [[Indian famine of 1899–1900]] * Munda (Ulgulan) rebellion led by [[Birsa Munda]] (1899–1900) * Department of Agriculture was constituted (1901) * Creation of [[North-West Frontier Province]] (1901) * Appointment of Police Commission under [[Andrew Henderson Leith Fraser|Andrew Frazer]] (1902) * Appointment of [[Indian Universities Commission 1902|Raleigh University Commission (1902)]] (Indian Universities Act, 1904 was passed as per the recommendation of this commission) * [[Delhi Durbar#Durbar of 1903|Second Delhi Durbar]] (of three) (1903) * [[British expedition to Tibet|Younghusband expedition to Tibet]] under [[Francis Younghusband]] (1903–1904) * [[Central Hindu Girls School|Benaras Hindu Girls School]] was established by [[Annie Besant]] (1904) * [[Ancient Monuments Preservation Act 1904]] * Official Secrets Act 1904 to curb free press * [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute|Agricultural Research Institute]] at [[Samastipur|Pusa]] in [[Bihar]] was established (1905) * '''[[Partition of Bengal (1905)]]''' * [[Swadeshi Movement]] (1905–1911) against [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] by [[Lal Bal Pal]]-[[Sri Aurobindo|Aurbindo Ghosh]] | * [[Lord George Hamilton]] * [[St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton|William St John Brodrick]] | * [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]] * [[Arthur Balfour]] |- ! colspan=6 | [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|30x30px]] Appointed by '''[[King Edward VII]]''' {{Small|(1901–1910)}} |- | [[File:Earl Minto.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto]]<br/>{{Small|(1845–1914)}} | {{Small|18 November}}<br/>1905 | {{Small|23 November}}<br/>1910 | class=small | * Establishment of [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] by [[Aga Khan III]] and [[Khwaja Salimullah]] ([[Nawab of Dhaka]]) (1906) * Foundation of [[Jugantar]] revolutionary group in Bengal (1906) * Foundation stone of 'Victoria Memorial' laid (1906) * Split in Congress (1907) (in Surat session) * [[Satyendra Prasanna Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha|Satyendra Prasanna Sinha]] became first Indian member to be appointed in [[Viceroy's Executive Council]] * Seditious meetings (prohibition) Act 1907 to curb the extremist movement * [[Jamsetji Tata]] established [[Tata Steel|TISCO]] (1907) * Newspapers Act 1908 * '''[[Morley–Minto reforms|Morley–Minto reforms (1909)]]''' * [[Indian Press Act, 1910]] | * [[St John Brodrick, 1st Earl of Midleton|William St John Brodrick]] * [[John Morley]] * [[Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe|Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl of Crewe]] | * [[Arthur Balfour]] * [[Henry Campbell-Bannerman]] * [[H. H. Asquith]] |- ! colspan=6 | [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|30x30px]] Appointed by '''[[King George V]]''' {{Small|(1910–1936)}} |- | [[File:Charles Hardinge01 crop.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst]]<br/>{{Small|(1858–1944)}} | {{Small|23 November}}<br/>1910 | {{Small|4 April}}<br/>1916 | class=small | * [[1911 Delhi Durbar Honours|Third]] [[Delhi Durbar]] (1911) * Annulment of [[Partition of Bengal (1905)#Reunited Bengal (1911)|Partition of Bengal]] by [[King George V]] (1911) * Transfer of capital from [[Calcutta]] to [[Delhi]] (1911) * Partition of Bengal to form Bihar and Orissa province (1912) * '''[[World War I|World War I (1914–1918)]]''' * [[Komagata Maru incident]] (1914) * [[McMahon Line|McMahon border line]] was created between India and China (1914) * [[Ghadar Mutiny]] (1915) * [[Mahatma Gandhi]] came back to India from South Africa (1915) * Foundation of [[Hindu Mahasabha]] by [[Madan Mohan Malviya]] (1915) * Foundation of [[Banaras Hindu University]] (1916) | * [[Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe|Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl of Crewe]] * [[John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn]] * [[Robert Crewe-Milnes, 1st Marquess of Crewe]] * [[Austen Chamberlain]] | * [[H. H. Asquith]] |- | [[File:Chelmsford Governor.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford]]<br/>{{Small|(1868–1933)}} | {{Small|4 April}}<br/>1916 | {{Small|2 April}}<br/>1921 | class=small | * Formation of [[Indian Home Rule movement]] by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]] and [[Annie Besant]] (1916) * First Women's University ([[SNDT Women's University]]) at [[Pune]] was founded by [[Dhondo Keshav Karve]] (1916) * [[Lucknow Pact]] (1916) (between [[Indian National Congress]] and [[All India Muslim League|Muslim League]]) * [[Champaran Satyagraha]] (1917), the first [[satyagraha]] movement led by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] in [[British India]] * August Declaration, 1917 * Saddler University Commission or Calcutta Commission (1917) * [[Kheda Satyagraha of 1918]] * [[Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms]] (1919) * [[Government of India Act 1919]] * [[Rowlatt Act]] (1919) * '''[[Jallianwala Bagh massacre|Jallianwala Bagh massacre (1919)]]''' * [[Khilafat Movement]] (1919–1920) (later merged with [[Non-cooperation movement]] in 1920) * Foundation of [[Aligarh Muslim University]] (1920) * '''[[Non-cooperation movement|Non-cooperation movement (1920–1922)]]''' * [[Imperial Bank of India]] (now [[State Bank of India]] established in 1921) | * [[Austen Chamberlain]] * [[Edwin Montagu]] | * [[H. H. Asquith]] * [[David Lloyd George]] |- | [[File:Rufus Isaacs.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading]]<br/>{{Small|(1860–1935)}} | {{Small|2 April}}<br/>1921 | {{Small|3 April}}<br/>1926 | class=small | * Annulment of Press Act of 1910 and [[Rowlatt Act]] of 1919 * [[Malabar rebellion]] (also known as ''Moplah Rebellion''), first Ethnic Rebellion (1921) * [[Rabindranath Tagore]] founded [[Visva-Bharati University]] (1921) * [[Chauri Chaura incident]] (1922) and withdrawal of [[Non-cooperation movement]] by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] * Formation of [[Swaraj Party]] (1923) * Appointment of Lee Commission (1923) on public services reforms<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lee Commission |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lee-Commission |website=www.britannica.com |access-date=23 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref> * [[Railway budget of India|Railway budget]] was separated from [[Union budget of India|general budget]] since 1924 (this tradition continued till 2016) * [[Kakori conspiracy|Kakori train robbery]] (1925) * Foundation of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] by [[K. B. Hedgewar]] (1925) * Foundation of the [[Communist Party of India]] in [[Kanpur]] (1925) | * [[Edwin Montagu]] * [[William Peel, 1st Earl Peel|William Peel, Viscount Peel]] * [[Sydney Olivier, 1st Baron Olivier]] * [[F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead]] | * [[David Lloyd George]] * [[Bonar Law]] * [[Stanley Baldwin]] * [[Ramsay MacDonald]] * [[Stanley Baldwin]] |- | [[File:1st Earl of Halifax 1947.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[E. F. L. Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|E. F. L. Wood, Lord Irwin]]<br/>{{Small|(1881–1959)}} | {{Small|3 April}}<br/>1926 | {{Small|1 July}}<br/>1929 | class=small | * [[Simon Commission]] (1928) * [[Nehru Report]] (1928) * Death of [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] (1928) * [[Fourteen Points of Jinnah]] (1929) * '''[[Purna Swaraj|Purna Swaraj declaration (1929)]]''' * [[Meerut Conspiracy Case]] (1929) * Bombing in [[Central Legislative Assembly]] by [[Bhagat Singh]] and [[Batukeshwar Dutt]] (8 April 1929) * "Deepavali Declaration" (31 October 1929, to grant India dominion status in due course) * Appointment of "Hartog Committee" (1929) to survey the growth of education in [[British India]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2014 |title=Hartog Committee Report, 1929 |url=https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/law/acts/hartog-committee-report-1929/44829 |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=Your Article Library |archive-date=19 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119223245/https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/law/acts/hartog-committee-report-1929/44829 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Launching of [[Civil disobedience]] movement with [[Salt March]] (1930) * [[Dharasana Satyagraha]] (1930) * First [[Round Table Conferences (India)|Round Table Conference]]s (1930) * [[Allahabad Address]] by [[Sir Muhammad Iqbal]] (1930) * [[Chittagong armoury raid]] (1930) * [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]] (1931) * Execution of [[Bhagat Singh]], [[Shivaram Rajguru]], and [[Sukhdev Thapar]] (1931) | * [[F. E. Smith, 1st Earl of Birkenhead]] * [[William Peel, 1st Earl Peel|William Peel, Viscount Peel]] | rowspan=2 | * [[Stanley Baldwin]] * [[Ramsay MacDonald]] |- style="background:#e6e6aa" | [[File:Viscount Goschen.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[George Goschen, 2nd Viscount Goschen]] {{Small|''(acting)''<br/>(1866–1952)}} | ''{{Small|1 July}}<br/>1929'' | ''{{Small|18 April}} 1931'' | &nbsp; | * [[William Peel, 1st Earl Peel|William Peel, Viscount Peel]], [[William Wedgwood Benn]] |- | [[File:Freeman Freeman-Thomas by Henry Walter Barnett.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Freeman Freeman-Thomas, Earl of Willingdon]]<br/>{{Small|(1866–1941)}} | {{Small|18 April}}<br/>1931 | {{Small|18 April}}<br/>1936 | class=small | * Second [[Round Table Conferences (India)#Second Round Table Conference (September 1931 – December 1931)|Round Table Conference]] (1931) * Announcement of [[Communal Award]] by [[Ramsay MacDonald]] (1932) * [[Poona Pact]] between [[Mahatma Gandhi]] and [[B. R. Ambedkar]] (1932) * Third [[Round Table Conferences (India)#Third Round Table Conference (November – December 1932)|Round Table Conference]] (1932) * [[Pakistan Declaration]] (1933) * Foundation of [[Congress Socialist Party]] (1934) * '''[[Reserve Bank of India]]''' established by passing [[Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934|The Reserve Bank of India Act 1934]] * '''[[Government of India Act 1935]]''' * Formation of [[All India Kisan Sabha]] (1936) | * [[William Wedgwood Benn, 1st Viscount Stansgate|William Wedgwood Benn]] * [[Samuel Hoare, 1st Viscount Templewood|Samuel Hoare]] * [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland]] | * [[Ramsay MacDonald]] * [[Stanley Baldwin]] |- ! colspan=6 | [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|30x30px]] Appointed by '''[[King Edward VIII]]''' {{Small|(1936)}} |- | [[File:Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[Victor Hope, 2nd Marquess of Linlithgow]]<br/>{{Small|(1887–1952)}} | {{Small|18 April}}<br/>1936 | {{Small|1 October}}<br/>1943 | class=small | * [[1937 Indian provincial elections|Indian provincial elections]] (1937) * [[India in World War II|Indian entry into World War II]] (1939) * [[Day of Deliverance (India)|Day of Deliverance]] (1939) * Formation of [[All India Forward Bloc]] (1939) * [[Lahore Resolution]] (1940) * [[August Offer]] (1940) * [[Cripps Mission]] (1942) * Formation of [[Indian Legion]] (1942) * '''[[Quit India Movement|Quit India Movement (1942)]]''' * Formation of '''[[Indian National Army]]''' (1942) * [[Bengal famine of 1943|Bengal famine]] (1943) | * [[Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess of Zetland]] * [[Leo Amery]] | * [[Stanley Baldwin]] * [[Neville Chamberlain]] * [[Winston Churchill]] |- ! colspan=6 | [[File:Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom (1837-1952).svg|30x30px]] Appointed by '''[[King George VI]]''' {{Small|(1936–1947) (as [[Emperor of India]])}} |- | [[File:Archibald Wavell2.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell|Archibald Wavell, Viscount Wavell]]<br/>{{Small|(1883–1950)}} | {{Small|1 October}}<br/>1943 | {{Small|21 February}}<br/>1947 | class=small | * [[C. R. formula]] (1944) * [[Simla Conference]] (1945) * [[World War II]] ended (1945) * [[Indian National Army trials#|Indian National Army (INA) trials]] (1945–1946) * [[1946 Cabinet Mission to India|Cabinet Mission]] (1946) * [[Direct Action Day]] (16 August 1946) * [[Interim Government of India|Interim Government]] was formed (1946) * [[Royal Indian Navy mutiny]] (1946) | * [[Leo Amery]] * [[Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence]] | * [[Winston Churchill]] * [[Clement Attlee]] |- | [[File:Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, 1943. TR1230 (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br/>[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma]]<br/>{{Small|(1900–1979)}} | {{Small|21 February}}<br/>1947 | {{Small|15 August}}<br/>1947 | class=small | * [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] (18 July 1947) * [[Radcliffe Line|Radclife Commission]] was appointed under the chairmanship of [[Cyril Radcliffe, 1st Viscount Radcliffe|Cyril Radcliffe]] to demarcate the border line of [[Bengal Presidency]] and [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] | * [[Frederick Pethick-Lawrence, 1st Baron Pethick-Lawrence]] * [[William Hare, 5th Earl of Listowel]] | * [[Clement Attlee]] |- ! Governor-General<br/>{{Small|(birth–death)}} ! colspan=2 | Term of office ! Notable events ! &nbsp; ! Prime Minister |- ! colspan=6 | Governors-General of the [[Dominion of India]], 1947–1950 |- ! colspan=6 | Appointed by '''[[King George VI]]''' {{Small|(1947–1950) (as [[List of heads of state of India#Monarch of India (1947–1950)|King of India]]{{Broken anchor|date=2024-08-01|bot=User:Cewbot/log/20201008/configuration|target_link=List of heads of state of India#Monarch of India (1947–1950)|reason= }})}} |- | [[File:Admiral Lord Louis Mountbatten, 1943. TR1230 (cropped).jpg|80px]]<br/>[[Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma|Louis Mountbatten, Viscount Mountbatten of Burma]]<ref group="nb">Created Earl Mountbatten of Burma on 28 October 1947.</ref><br/>{{Small|(1900–1979)}} | {{Small|15 August}}<br/>1947 | {{Small|21 June}}<br/>1948 | * First Governor-General of the Union of India | rowspan=2 | | rowspan="2" | * [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] |- | [[File:Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari.jpg|80px]]<br/>[[C. Rajagopalachari|Chakravarti Rajagopalachari]]<br/>{{Small|(1878–1972)}} | {{Small|21 June}}<br/>1948 | {{Small|26 January}}<br/>1950 | * Last Governor-General of India, before the office was permanently abolished (1950) * First and only Indian-born Governor-General of India |} {{reflist|group=nb}} ==Madaxweynaha Hindiya== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! # ! style="width:17em" |Magaca !Sawirka ! colspan="2" |Dhererka adeega ! style="width:8em" |la doortay !Xisbiyada siyaasadda ![[Liiska madaxweyne ku xigeenada India|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]] |- !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp; 1 ! [[Rajendra Prasad]]<br>{{small|(1884–1963)}} | | {{nowrap|26 January}} 1950 | {{nowrap|13 May}} 1962 |[[1950 Indian presidential election|1950]]<br>[[1952 Indian presidential election|1952]]<br>[[1955 Indian presidential election|1955]] <br>[[1957 Indian presidential election|1957]] | [[Indian National Congress]] |Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |- ! 2 ! [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Sir Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]<br>{{small|(1888–1975)}} | | {{nowrap|13 May}} 1962 | {{nowrap|13 May}} 1967 | [[1962 Indian presidential election|1962]] <br>[[1965 Indian presidential election|1965]] | [[Independent politician|Independent]] |[[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]] |- ! 3 ! [[Zakir Husain (politician)|Zakir Husain]]<br>{{small|(1897–1969)}} | | {{nowrap|13 May}} 1967 | {{nowrap|3 May}} 1969<br>{{small|(''died in office.'')}} | [[1967 Indian presidential election|1967]] | [[Independent politician|Independent]] | rowspan="3" |[[V. V. Giri]] |- ! 4 ! [[V. V. Giri]]<br>{{small|(1894–1980)}} | | {{nowrap|3 May }} 1969 | {{nowrap|20 July}} 1969 | [[1969 Indian presidential election|1969]] | [[Independent politician|Independent]] |- ! 5 !'''[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]'''<br>{{small|(1905–1992)}} | |{{nowrap|20 July}} 1969 |{{nowrap|24 August}} 1969 |[[1969 Indian presidential election|1969]] |[[Independent politician|Independent]] |- ! (4) ! [[V. V. Giri]]<br>{{small|(1894–1980)}} | | {{nowrap|24 August}} 1969 | {{nowrap|24 August}} 1973 | [[1969 Indian presidential election|1969]] | [[Independent politician|Independent]] |[[Gopal Swarup Pathak]] |- !– ![[Gopal Swarup Pathak]]<br>(1896–1982) | |{{nowrap|24 August}} 1973 |{{nowrap|24 August}} 1973 |– |[[Independent politician|Independent]] |Gopal Swarup Pathak |- !(4) ![[V. V. Giri]] {{small|(1894–1980)}} | |{{nowrap|24 August}} 1973 |{{nowrap|24 August}} 1974 |– |[[Independent politician|Independent]] |Gopal Swarup Pathak |- !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp; 6 ! [[Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed]]<br>{{small|(1905–1977)}} | | {{nowrap|24 August}} 1974 | {{nowrap|11 February}} 1977<br>{{small|(''died in office.'')}} | [[1974 Indian presidential election|1974]] | [[Indian National Congress]] |Gopal Swarup Pathak B. D. Jatti |- !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp; 7 ![[B. D. Jatti]]<br>{{small|(1912–2002)}} | |{{nowrap|11 February}} 1977 |{{nowrap|25 July}} 1977<br> |— |[[Indian National Congress]] |B. D. Jatti |- !style="background:#1F75FE;" |&nbsp; 8 ![[Neelam Sanjiva Reddy]]<br>{{small|(1913–1996)}} | | {{nowrap|25 July}} 1977 | {{nowrap|25 July}} 1982 | [[1977 Indian presidential election|1977]] | [[Janata Party]] |B. D. Jatti Mohammad Hidayatullah |- !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp;9 ![[Zail Singh|Giani Zail Singh]]<br>{{small|(1916–1994)}} | |{{nowrap|25 July}} 1982 |{{nowrap|25 July}} 1983 |[[1982 Indian presidential election|1982]] |[[Indian National Congress]] | rowspan="4" |Mohammad Hidayatullah |- !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp; (5) !'''[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]'''<br>{{small|(1905–1992)}} | |{{nowrap|25 July}} 1983 |{{nowrap|25 July}} 1983 |— |[[Indian National Congress]] |- !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp; (9) ![[Zail Singh|Giani Zail Singh]]<br>{{small|(1916–1994)}} | |{{nowrap|25 July}} 1983 |{{nowrap|25 July}} 1984 |— |[[Indian National Congress]] |- !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp; (5) !'''[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]]'''<br>{{small|(1905–1992)}} | |{{nowrap|25 July}} 1984 |{{nowrap|25 July}} 1984 |— |[[Indian National Congress]] |- br > Gandhi !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp; (9) ![[Zail Singh|Giani Zail Singh]]<br>{{small|(1916–1994)}} | |{{nowrap|25 July}} 1984 |{{nowrap|25 July}} 1987 |<br>[[1984 Indian presidential election|1984]] |[[Indian National Congress]] |Ramaswamy Venkataraman |- !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp; 10 ! [[R. Venkataraman]]<br>{{small|(1910–2009)}} | | {{nowrap|25 July}} 1987 | {{nowrap|25 July}} 1992 | [[1987 Indian presidential election|1987]] | [[Indian National Congress]] |Shankar Dayal Sharma |- !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp; 11 ![[Shankar Dayal Sharma]]<br>{{small|(1918–1999)}} | | {{nowrap|25 July}} 1992 | {{nowrap|25 July}} 1997 | [[1992 Indian presidential election|1992]] | [[Indian National Congress]] |K. R. Narayanan |- !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp; 12 ! [[K. R. Narayanan]]<br>{{small|(1920–2005)}} | | {{nowrap|25 July}} 1997 | {{nowrap|25 July}} 2000 | [[1997 Indian presidential election|1997]] | [[Indian National Congress]] |[[Krishan Kant]] |- !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp;– !'''[[Krishan Kant]]''' <small>(1927–2002)</small> | |{{nowrap|25 July}} 2000 |{{nowrap|25 July}} 2000 |– |[[Indian National Congress]] |Krishan Kant |- !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp;(12) ![[K. R. Narayanan]] {{small|(1920–2005)}} | |{{nowrap|25 July}} 2000 |{{nowrap|25 July}} 2002 |– |[[Indian National Congress]] |Krishan Kant |- ! 13 ! [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]]<br>{{small|(1931–2015)}} | | {{nowrap|25 July}} 2002 | {{nowrap|25 July}} 2003 | [[2002 Indian presidential election|2002]] |[[Independent politician|Independent]] |Krishan Kant [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] |- !– !'''[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]''' <small>(1923–2010)</small> | |{{nowrap|25 July}} 2003 |{{nowrap|25 July}} 2003 |– |[[Independent politician|Independent]] |[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] |- !(13) ![[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] {{small|(1931–2015)}} | |{{nowrap|25 July}} 2003 |{{nowrap|25 July}} 2007 |– |[[Independent politician|Independent]] |[[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] |- !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp; 14 ! [[Pratibha Patil]]<br>{{small|(1934–)}} | | {{nowrap|25 July}} 2007 | {{nowrap|25 July}} 2010 | [[2007 Indian presidential election|2007]] | [[Indian National Congress]] | rowspan="4" |[[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]] |- !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp;– ![[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]<small>(1937–)</small> | |25 July 2010 |25 July 2010 |– |[[Indian National Congress]] |- !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp;(14) ![[Pratibha Patil]] {{small|(1934–)}} | |25 July 2010 |25 July 2012 |– |[[Indian National Congress]] |- ! style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp; 15 ![[Pranab Mukherjee]]<br>{{small|(1935–2020)}} | | 25 July 2012 | 25 July 2016 | [[2012 Indian presidential election|2012]] |[[Indian National Congress]] |- !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp;– ![[Mohammad Hamid Ansari]]<small>(1937–)</small> | |25 July 2016 |25 July 2016 |– |[[Indian National Congress]] |Mohammad Hamid Ansari |- !style="background:#00BFFF;" |&nbsp;(15) ![[Pranab Mukherjee]] {{small|(1935–2020)}} | |25 July 2016 |25 July 2017 |– |[[Indian National Congress]] |Mohammad Hamid Ansari |- ! style="background:#FF9933;" |&nbsp; 16 ! [[Ram Nath Kovind]]<br>{{small|(1945–)}} | | 25 July 2017 | 25 July 2018 | [[2017 Indian presidential election|2017]] | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] |Mohammad Hamid Ansari [[Venkaiah Naidu]] |- !style="background:#FF9933;" |&nbsp; _ !'''[[Venkaiah Naidu|M. Venkaiah Naidu]]''' <small>(1949–)</small> | |25 July 2018 |25 July 2018 |– |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] |Venkaiah Naidu |- !style="background:#FF9933;" |&nbsp; (16) ![[Ram Nath Kovind]] {{small|(1945–)}} | |25 July 2018 |25 July 2022 |– |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] |[[Venkaiah Naidu]] |- ! style="background:#FF9933;" |&nbsp;17 ! [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br>{{small|(1958-)}} | |25 July 2022 |11 August 2022 |[[2022 Indian presidential election|2022]] |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] |Venkaiah Naidu [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] |- !style="background:#FF9933;" |&nbsp;– !'''[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]''' <small>(1951–)</small> | |11 August 2022 |11 August 2022 |– |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] |[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] |- ! style="background:#FF9933;" |&nbsp;17 ! [[Droupadi Murmu]]<br>{{small|(1958-)}} | |11 August 2022 |25 July 2025 |– |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] |[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] |- !style="background:#FF9933;" |&nbsp;18 ! [[Narendra Modi]]<small>(1950–)</small> | |25 July 2025 |Incumbent |— |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]] |[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]] |- ! colspan="8" |Xoogag hubeysan oo afgambi milateri kula kacay dowladda oo talada la wareegay. |- !align="center" style="background-color: #808000" |19 ![[Javed Khans]] <small>(1996–)</small> | |25 July 2025 |''Incumbent'' | |[[Indian Armed Forces|Military]] |Armed forces |- |} ==sido kale fiiri== *[[Luqadaha Hindika]] *[[India visa Dalalka]] * [[Howrah Bridge]] {{Dalalka Aasiya}} ==I== <references /> 7v2ock9ybak2t762hw8bsiiw11jgc0y 0 43358 298346 285925 2026-06-09T08:13:13Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | image = Miah Madden headshot.jpg | caption = Madden Sannadkii 2020 | birth_name = Miah Grace Madden | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Sydney]], [[New South Wales]], Australia | education = [[Iskuulka St Catherine's , Waverley]] | alma_mater = | occupation = Jilaa, soo bandhige | years_active = 2012–hada | relatives = [[Madeleine Madden]] (Walaashiis badh) | website = }} '''Miah Grace Madden''' waa jilaa iyo soo bandhige Australian ah. Waxay shaqadeeda ku bilawday jilaa caruurnimo filimka Sapphires (2012) iyo taxanaha Telefishanka ABC ee Gods of Wheat Street (2014). Waxay tan iyo markaas xiddig ku lahayd taxanaha ABC Me The Unlisted (2019), 10 Shake series Dive Club (2021), iyo Network 10 iyo Paramount + taxanaha warqadaha Dolls (2023). ==Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada== Miah Grace Madden waxay ku dhalatay Sydney waxayna ka timid Rose Bay , xaafad bari ka xigta Sydney. Iyadu waa ina Lee Madden, oo ahaa nin Gadigal ah oo leh qaar ka mid ah hiddaha Bundjalung , iyo Belinda Kirkpatrick. Aabaheed ayaa ku dhintay shil baabuur sanadkii 2003 markaas oo Miah ay ahayd laba jir, hooyadeedna ay uur lahayd walaasheed Ruby Iyadu waa walaashii ka yar ee Madeleine Madden Waxay dhigatay St Catherine's School, Waverley . ==Xirfad== Madden waxay bilawday shaqadeeda iyada oo ku ciyaareysa nooca ka yar ee Jessica Mauboy jilaha filimka 2012 ee Sapphires . Waxay mar kale ku jawaabtay Mauboy da'yar iyada oo ku jirta " Weligaa isku mid ha noqon " muqaal muusig Waxay ku soo degtay doorkeedii ugu horreeyay ee telefishinka sida Athena Freeburn ee riwaayadda ABC TV Gods of Wheat Street . Madden wuxuu ciyaaray Abriil Tucker filimka 2017 ee Maalinta Australia . Waxay ka soo muuqatay taxanaha NITV 2018 Little J & Big Cuz . 2019 iyo 2020, Madden waxa uu jilay laba taxane ah oo khayaali sayniska carruurta ah: taxanaha ABC Me The Unlisted (2019) sida Kymara iyo 9Go! taxanaha Ciyaartoyga 2037 (2020) sida Kite Waxay martigelisay xilli ciyaareedkii saddexaad ee taxanaha Nickelodeon Australia Crash the Bash waxayna door soo noqnoqonaysa ku lahayd riwaayadaha majaajilada ah ee ABC Me Mustangs FC . 2021, Madden waxa uu u jilay sidii Maddie ee 10 Shake teen series Dive Club wuxuuna ku biiray jilayaasha fantasy Nickelodeon Xafiiska Waxyaabaha Sixirka sidii Tayla Devlin xilligeedii labaad. 2023, Madden waxa uu u jilay sidii Charlie Levett ee Shabakadda 10 iyo taxanaha riwaayadaha ee Paramount+ Warqad Dolls . ==Filmography== ===Filim=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Sannadka ! Ciwaanka ! Doorka ! class="unsortable" | Xusuusin |- | 2012 | ''[[The Sapphires (film)|The Sapphires]]'' | Young Julie | |- | 2013 | ''The Darkside'' | | |- | 2017 | ''[[Australia Day (film)|Australia Day]]'' | April Tucker | |- |} ===Telefishanka=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Sanadka ! Ciwaanka ! Doorka ! class="unsortable" | Xusuusin |- | 2013 | ''[[Redfern Now]]'' | Young Mattie | Episode: "Consequences" |- |rowspan="2" | 2014 | ''[[The Moodys]]'' | Billy | Episode: "Australia Day" |- | ''[[The Gods of Wheat Street]]'' | Athena Freeburn | Main role |- | 2016 | ''[[Hyde & Seek]]'' | Alicia | 1 episode |- | 2018 | ''[[Little J & Big Cuz]]'' | Monti | |- |rowspan="3" | 2019 | ''[[Mustangs FC]]'' | Jas | Recurring role |- | ''Crash the Bash'' | Herself / Host | |- | ''[[The Unlisted]]'' | Kymara | Main role |- | 2020–2021 | ''[[The Gamers 2037]]'' | Kite | Main role |- |rowspan="2" | 2021 | ''[[Dive Club]]'' | Maddie | Main role |- | ''[[The Bureau of Magical Things]]'' | Tayla Devlin | Recurring role (season 2) |- | 2023 | ''[[The Clearing (TV series)|The Clearing]]'' | Max Dhurrkay | 6 episodes |- | 2023 | ''[[Paper Dolls (Australian TV series)|Paper Dolls]]'' | Charlie Levett | 8 episodes |} ==Tixraac== [https://singlemothersurvivalguide.libsyn.com/episode-150 "Sheekada Belinda Kirkpatrick: Carmal laga dhintay iyadoo uur leh iyo hooyada ilaa 18 bilood jir"] [https://www.stcatherines.nsw.edu.au/news-events/Latest/school-news/Pages/Miah-Madden-OG-2019-partnered-with-UN-Women-Australia.aspx "Miah Madden (OG 2019) waxay iskaashi la samaysay UN Women Australia ololahoodii ugu dambeeyay"] [http://www.news.com.au/entertainment/music/australias-pop-princess-jess-mauboy-unveils-her-demons-in-new-single-never-be-the-same/story-e6frfn09-1226852907010 "Amiirad Pop-ka Australiya Jess Mauboy ayaa shayaadiinta ku soo bandhigtay hal-abuur cusub waligaa isku mid ha noqon] [https://www.kzone.com.au/article/escape-the-game-with-miah-madden-from-the-gamers-2037-560342 "Ka baxso ciyaarta Miah Madden oo ka socota Ciyaartoyga 2037"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.kzone.com.au/article/escape-the-game-with-miah-madden-from-the-gamers-2037-560342 |date=20210819002114 }} [https://10play.com.au/10-play-trending/articles/dive-club-miah-madden-gets-dropped-in-the-deep-end/tpa210526ozycx "Dive Club: Miah Madden Ayaa Lagu Riday Dhamaadka Qoto Dheer] [https://www.screenhub.com.au/news/news/paper-dolls-australian-original-series-lands-on-paramount-2630770/ "Dolls Waraaqaha: Taxanaha asalka ah ee Australiyaanka ah waxay ku degeen Paramount+ | ScreenHub Australia - Filimada & Shaqooyinka Telefishinada, Wararka, Dib u Eegida & Xogta Warshadaha Shaashada"] [[imdbtitle:19358544|Caruusadaha Warqadaha (Taxanaha TV-ga 2023- )]] ==Xiriirinta dibadda== [[imdbname:4783752|Miah Madden]] ee [[Internet Movie Database|IMDb]] 6es5v70mu8gsyewd2qyomdp6nfzmef1 0 43416 298320 298307 2026-06-08T13:22:45Z ~2026-33783-37 46018 298320 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shaxda beesha''' waxaan halkan ku soo bandhigaynaa (Clan Tree/Abtirsiinta), waxaana hoos ku faahfaahin doonaa sida ay Reeruhu u kala baxaan, Reeraha ay ka kobanyihiih, iyo Deegaannada ay deggan yihiin ama ay ku fidsan yihiin. <br /> {{Tree list}} *Daoud (Eidagalle) **Muuse Daoud ***Abokor ****Saleiban Abokor *****Mohammad Salieban ******Saleiban Mohamed *******Yousuf Saleiban ********Osman Yusuf ********Said Yusuf ********Mohamed Yusuf *******Aralleh Saleiban ********Ali Arralle ********Saleiban Arralle *********Abokor Saleiban **********Abdalleh Abokor ***********Saleiban Abdalle ************Osman Saleiban *************Waisleh Osman **************Mahamoud Wais **************Arralleh Wais **************Hussein wais **************Saleiban Wais **********Saleiban Abokor ***********Warfa Saleiban ***********Arreh Saleiban ***********Farah Saleiban ***********Mahamoud Saleiban **********Ibrahim Abokor ***********Mohamed Ibrahim ************Jibril Mohamed ************Hussein Mohamed ************Abokor Hussein **********Hassan Abokor ***********Muuse Hassan ***********Laqshe Hassan ***********Basiralle Hassan ***********Salah Hassan ************Egal Salah *************Hassan Egal **************Dhimbil Hassan ************Mohammed Dhimbil *************Musa Mohamed **************Adawe Muuse ***************Absiye Adawe ***************Allamagn Adawe ***************Yusuf Adawe ***************Liban Adawe ***************Roble Adawe ***************Osman Adawe ***************Egal Adawe ***************Wais Adawe **************Aden Muuse ***************Had Adan ***************Roble Aden ***************Abane Aden ***************Ali Aden ***************Wais Aden ***************Burale Aden ***************Geedi Aden ***************Boqorre Aden ****************Sugulle Boqore ****************Liban Boqorre ****************Warfa Boqorre ****************Koshin Boqorre ****************Shiekhdon Boqorre *************Mucawiye Mohamed **************Samter Muawiye **************Ali Muawiye *************Fatah Mohamed **************Awarre Fatah **************Mohamed Fatah **************Said Fatah **************Hassan Fatah **************Cisman Fatah *************Gulled Mohamed **************Hussein Guled **************Egal Guled **************Yusuf Guled **************Roble Guled **************Abdi Guled **************Elmi Guled **************Samater Guled ************Muuse Dhimbil *************Mahamoud Muuse **************Shirdon Mohamoud ***************Hamud Shirdon ***************Shirdon Mohamoud ***************Hamud Shirdon ***************Jama Shirdon ***************Geele Shirdon ***************Osman Shirdon ***************Egal Shirdon ***************Wais Shirdon ***************Farah Shirdon ***************Roble Shirdon ***************Samter Shirdon ***************Yusuf Shirdon ***************Guled Shirdon **************Hildiid Mohamoud ***************Ali Hildiid ***************Geedi Hildiid (Rer Geedi) ****************Odawa Geedi *****************Odawa Odawa *****************Mahamoud Odawa ****************Geele Geedi ****************Nour(Shire) Geedi ****************Haji Dirie Geedi ****************Samter Geedi ****************Ahmed Geedi ****************Ali Geedi ****************Roble Geedi ***************Hersi Hildiid (Rer Hersi) ****************Ali Hersi ****************Guled Hersi ****************Egal Hersi ****************Aden Hersi ****************Mahamoud Hersi ****************Fahiye Hersi *****************Roble Fahiye ******************Elmi Roble ******************Jama Elmi ******************Ali Elmi *****************Rage Roble *****************Elmi Rage ******************Wais Rage ******************Geedi Rage ******************Hersi Rage *************Abdalleh Muuse **************Jibirl Abdalle ***************Siad Jibril ****************Wa'eys Siad ****************Abdalle Siad ***************Kalil Jibirl ****************Ali kalil *****************Siad Ali *****************Koshin Ali *****************Arale Ali *****************Osman Ali *****************Boqorreh Ali ***************Saeed Jibril ****************Abdi Said *****************Abdalle Abdi *****************Roble Abdi ***************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) ****************Benin Aden *****************Wais Benin *****************Muse Benin *****************Mohamed Benin *****************Samter Benin *****************Nour Benin *****************Ahmed Benin ****************Nour Adan *****************Barre Nour *****************Guled Nour *****************Liban Nour *****************Shirwa Nour *****************Mohamed Nour ****************Ali Aden *****************Mohamed Ali *****************Hussein Ali *****************Ibrahim Ali *****************Omar Ali *****************Osman Ali *****************Khalaf Ali ****************Adan Aden *****************Ahmed Aden *****************Eiye Aden *****************Wais Aden *****************Issa Aden *****************Mohamed Aden *****************Abdille Aden *****************Roble Aden *****************Shire Aden *****************Hassan Aden ****************Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) *****************Issa Ali *****************Hussein Ali ******************Jama Hussien *******************Muhumoad Jama *******************Abdillahi Jama *******************Jibril Jama *******************Egal Jama ******************Nour Hussein ******************Roble Hussien ******************Dahir Hussein ******************Wa'ays Hussein ******************Ali Hussein ******************Mohamed Hussein ******************Hersi Hussien *******************Muhumad Hersi *******************Abdi Hersi *******************Ali Hersi *****************Mumin Ali ******************Egal Mumin ******************Ziyad Mumin ******************Wais Mumin ******************Hassan Munin ******************Farah Mumin ******************Essa Mumin ******************Jibril Mumin ******************Urmah Mumin *******************Dhible Urmah *******************Ismail Urmah *****************Naleye Ali ******************Jama Naleye ******************Dualeh Naleye ******************Warfa Naleye ******************Ahmed Naleye ******************Abdi Naleye ******************Jibril Naleye ******************Egal Naleye ******************Arralleh Egal *******************Elmi Aralleh *******************Aw-Jama Arralleh ****************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) *****************Ismail Nour ******************Gabal Ismail ******************Abdi Ismail ******************Barre Ismail ******************Musa Ismail ******************Hersi Ismail ******************Aden Ismail ******************Wais Ismail *****************Hersi Nour ******************Hugur Hersi ******************Osman Hersi ******************Bacalul Hersi ******************Ali Hersi ******************Aden Hersi ******************Farah Hersi ******************Warfa Hersi ******************Elmi Hersi *****************Gabal Nour ******************Samater Gabal ******************Dahir Gabal ******************Ahmed Gabal ******************Roble Gabal ******************Warfa Gabal *****************Mohamed Nour ******************Mohamed Omar *******************Hussein Mohamed ********************Wais Husien ********************Hujale Husien ********************Dirie Husien *******************Sharmake Mohamed ********************Roble Sharmake ********************Nour Sharmake ********************Jama Sharmake *********************Hudale Jama *********************Yasin Jama *******************Allale Mohamed ********************Egal Allale *********************Hassan Egal **********************Omar Hassan **********************Ahmed Hassan ****************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *****************Naleye Benin *****************Ahmed Benin *****************Hersi Benin *****************Warfa Benin *****************Samter Benin *****************Abdi Benin *****************Fatah Benin *****************Aden Benin *****************Dirie Benin *****************Farah Benin *****************Dahir Benin *****************Arale Benin *****************Guled Benin *****************Shirwa Benin *****************Abane Benin *****************Abdille Benin *****************Yusuf Benin *****************Arale Benin *****************Roble Benin *****************Osman Benin ****************Abdille Abdi *****************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) ******************Ismail Gallab *******************Farah Ismail *******************Idiris Ismail *******************Abdille Ismail *******************Jibirl Ismail *******************Mohamed Ismail *******************Ahmed Ismail *******************Sa'ad Ismail *******************Aden Ismail ******************Asker Gallab *******************Dahir Askar *******************Wais Askar *******************Osman Asker *******************Jama Asker *******************Roble Asker *******************Egal Asker *******************Koshin Asker *****************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ******************Gulled Eiye *******************Deria Guled ********************Abokor Deria ********************Osman Derie ********************Khalaf Derie ********************Abdalle Deria *******************Kalil Guled ********************Farah Kalil ********************Ali Kalil ********************Hassan Kalil ********************Roble kalil ********************Osman Kalil ********************Aden Kalil ******************Sharmake Eiye *******************Barre Sharmake *******************Omar Sharmake *******************Arrale Sharmake *******************Mohamed Sharmaae *******************Hager Sharmake ********************Farah Hager ********************Geedi Hagar ********************Ziyad Hagar ********************Adan Hagar ********************Boqorre Hagar ********************Elmi Hagar *****************Mohamed Abdille ******************Ahmed Mohamed *******************Samter Ahmed *******************Ziyad Ahmed *******************Mayle Ahmed *******************Elmi Ahmed *******************Warfa Ahmed *******************Geedi Ahmed *******************Amanle Ahmed *******************Food Ahmed *******************Wais Ahmed *******************Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) ********************Ismail Dhible *********************Geedi Ismail *********************Yusuf Ismail *********************Farah Ismail *********************Wais Ismail *********************Hersi Ismail *********************Abdille Ismail *********************Dalal Ismail ********************Barre Dhible *********************Ali Barre *********************Musa Barre *********************Said Barre *********************Wais Barre *********************Yusuf Barre *********************Osman Barre *********************Aden Barre *******************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) ********************Cadad Ali ********************Deria Ali ********************Egal Ali ********************Wa'eys Ali ********************Jibril Ali ********************Roble Ali ********************Suber Ali ********************Osman Ali ********************Egal Ali ********************Abdille Ali ********************kalil Ali *********************Magan kalil *********************Deria Kalil *********************Abdi kalil *********************Aden kalil *********************Yusuf kalil *******************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) ********************Derie Gubadleh *********************Ismail Derie *********************Gubtame Derie *********************Nour Derie *********************Mohamoud Derie *********************Omar Derie *********************Dualeh Derie *********************Hussein Derie *********************Wa'ays Derie *********************Yusuf Derie ********************Boqorre Gubdleh *********************Hersi Boqorre *********************Ali Boqorre *********************Abdille Boqorre *********************Hirad Boqorre *********************Asker Boqorre *********************Mohamed Boqorre *********************Aw Hassan Boqorre *********************Ismail Boqorre *********************Shire Boqorre *********************Hashi Boqorre *********************Mohamoud (Bahnan) Boqorre ************Ahmed Dhimbil *************Musa Ahmed *************Waisleh Ahmed *************Osman Ahmed *************Liban Ahmed *************Abdi Liban **************Ismail Abdi (Rer Ismail) ***************Aden Ismail ***************Iman Ismail ***************Bulale Ismail ***************Geedi Ismail ***************Idiris Ismail ***************Yusuf Ismail ***************Koshin Ismail ***************Hersi Ismail ***************Shirwac Ismail ***************Said Ismail **************Mohammed Abdi (Addeh) ***************Sarar Mohamed (Rer Sarar) ****************Nour Sarar ****************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ****************Farah Sarar ****************Yusuf Sarar ****************Dualeh Sarar ****************Elmi Sarar ***************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed ****************Koshin Ahmed ****************Samter Ahmed ****************Uballe Ahmed ****************Hurie (Egal) Ahmed ****************Waraf Ahmed ****************Karie Ahmed ****************Mohamed Ahmed **********Aden Abokor ***********( Aden Mohamed) ************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) *************Abdi Awal **************Had Abdi **************Nour Abdi **************Ahmed Abdi **************Liban Abdi **************Wa'eys Abdi **************Omar Abdi **************Aden Abdi **************Geedi Abdi **************Ibrahim Abdi **************Mohamoud Abdi *************Hassan Aden **************Ziyad Hassan **************Odawa Hasaan **************Ladon Hassan ***************Aden Ladon ****************Herar Ladon ****************Jama Ladon ****************Ali Ladon ****************Fahiye Ladon **************Abdalle Hassan ***************Ali Abdalle ***************Abdi Abdalle ***************Ahmed Abdalle ***************Halas Ahmed ****************Osman Halas ****************Samter Halas ****************Egal Ahmed *****************Wais Egal *****************Madar Egal ****************Geedi Ahmed *****************Samter Geedi *****************Mohamed Geedi *****************Dalal Geedi *****************Fatah Geedi *****************Waisleh Geedi *****************Allamagan Geedi ******************Guled Allamagan ******************Egal Allamagan *****************Hode Geedi ******************Farah Hode ******************Yusuf Hode ******************Geele Geedi *****************Ahmed Geele ******************Dahir Geele ******************Nour Geele *****************Ali Geedi ******************Osman Ali ******************Hassan Ali ******************Abdalle Ali ******************Yusuf Ali ******************Aden Ali {{tree list/end}} {|class="wikitable sortable" |+ Reeraha iyo Qabiilada Beesha Abokor Muuse !Magaca ! class="unsortable" |Tirada Qabiilada !Magacyada Qabiilada !Deegaanka !Sharaxaad Kooban |- | '''[[Beesha Mohamed Dhimbil]]''' ||Afar Reer || *Mucawiye Mohamed *Fatah Mohamed *Guled Mohamed *Musa Mohamed **Cadawe Muse **Aden Muse ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]] ,[[Toon]],[[Salahlay]]. Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad,[[Kaamtuug]],[[kaam Abokor]], [[Iskoyska]] ,[[ Awaare]]. || * Waa tiir ka mid ah afarta tiir ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Ahmed Dhimbil|beesha Axmed dhimbil]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Musa Ahmed *Waisleh Ahmed *Osman Ahmed *Liban Ahmed **Abdi liban ***Ismail Abdi (Rer Ismail) ***Mohamed Abdi ****Sarar Mohamed (Rer Sarar) ***Ahmed(Bedar) Mohamed ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Bisad]] ,[[kaam Abokor]], [[Qooryare]],[[Iskoyska]]. || * Waa tiir ka mid ah afarta tiir ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Aden Abokor | Beesha Aden Abokor ]] || Labo Reer|| *Cawal Aden (Reer Cawal) **Mohamoud Awal **Hussein Awal **Abdi Awal *Hassan Aden **Ziyad Hassan **Odawa Hassan **Ladon Hassan **Abdalle Hassan ***Abdi Abdalle ***Ali Abdalle ***Ahmed Abdalle ****Halas Ahmed ****Egal Ahmed ****Geedi Ahmed ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],,[[Salahlay]], [[Aden Abokor]] *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad ,[[kaam Abokor]] ,[[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah afarta tiir ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || ''' [[Mohamoud Muuse | Beesha Mohamoud Muuse]] || Saddex Reer|| *Shirdon Mohamoud (Rer Shirdon) *Hildiid Mohamoud **Ali Hildiid **Geedi Hildiid (Rer Geedi) **Hersi Hildiid (Rer Hersi) ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]] ,[[Salahlay]], [[ Aden warabe]] *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah afarta tiir ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || ''' [[ Abdalleh Muuse | Beesha Abdalleh Muuse]] || 7 todoba Reer oo balaadhan|| *Saeed jibril **Abdi Said ***Salah Abdi ***Abdalle Abdi *kalil jibril **Hersi Kalil **Egal Kalil **Wais Kalil **Ali kalil ***Said Ali ***Koshin Ali ***Arale Ali ***Osman Ali ***Boqorre Ali *Hersi Jibril **Ahmed Hersi **Abdalle Hersi *Aden Jibril (Rer Aadan) **Benin Aden **Nour Aden **Ali Aden **Aden Aden *Abdi Jibril **Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) ***Issa Ali ***Hussein Ali ***Mumin Ali ***Naleye Ali **Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ***Ismail Nour ***Gabal Nour ***Hersi Nour ***Mohamed Nour **Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) **Abdille Abdi ***Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) ****Ismail Gallab ****Asker Gallab ***Eiye Abdille (Rer Ciye) ****Gulled Eiye ****Sharmake Eiye ***Mohamed Abdille ****Ahmed Mohamed (Rer Ahmed Mohamed) ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]] ,[[Toon]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad, [[kaam Abokor]], [[Iskoyska]] ,[[Adan warabe ]],[[ Bisad]] ,[[Egal Adani]] , [[Iskoyska]] ,[[Dooxada-Galol fadhiidh]], [[Awaare]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah afarta tiir ee Beesha. * waana beesha kowaad ee ugu balaadhan f5ovct8bn0et68xtmigcqfla91jskcf 298340 298320 2026-06-09T07:06:11Z ~2026-33783-37 46018 298340 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shaxda beesha''' waxaan halkan ku soo bandhigaynaa (Clan Tree/Abtirsiinta), waxaana hoos ku faahfaahin doonaa sida ay Reeruhu u kala baxaan, Reeraha ay ka kobanyihiih, iyo Deegaannada ay deggan yihiin ama ay ku fidsan yihiin. <br /> {{Tree list}} *Daoud (Eidagalle) **Muuse Daoud ***Abokor ****Saleiban Abokor *****Mohammad Salieban ******Saleiban Mohamed *******Yousuf Saleiban ********Osman Yusuf ********Said Yusuf ********Mohamed Yusuf *******Aralleh Saleiban ********Ali Arralle ********Saleiban Arralle *********Abokor Saleiban **********Abdalleh Abokor ***********Saleiban Abdalle ************Osman Saleiban *************Waisleh Osman **************Mahamoud Wais **************Arralleh Wais **************Hussein wais **************Saleiban Wais **********Saleiban Abokor ***********Warfa Saleiban ***********Arreh Saleiban ***********Farah Saleiban ***********Mahamoud Saleiban **********Ibrahim Abokor ***********Mohamed Ibrahim ************Jibril Mohamed ************Hussein Mohamed ************Abokor Hussein **********Hassan Abokor ***********Muuse Hassan ***********Laqshe Hassan ***********Basiralle Hassan ***********Salah Hassan ************Egal Salah *************Hassan Egal **************Dhimbil Hassan ************Mohammed Dhimbil *************Musa Mohamed **************Adawe Muuse ***************Absiye Adawe ***************Allamagn Adawe ***************Yusuf Adawe ***************Liban Adawe ***************Roble Adawe ***************Osman Adawe ***************Egal Adawe ***************Wais Adawe **************Aden Muuse ***************Had Adan ***************Roble Aden ***************Abane Aden ***************Ali Aden ***************Wais Aden ***************Burale Aden ***************Geedi Aden ***************Boqorre Aden ****************Sugulle Boqore ****************Liban Boqorre ****************Warfa Boqorre ****************Koshin Boqorre ****************Shiekhdon Boqorre *************Mucawiye Mohamed **************Samter Muawiye **************Ali Muawiye *************Fatah Mohamed **************Awarre Fatah **************Mohamed Fatah **************Said Fatah **************Hassan Fatah **************Cisman Fatah *************Gulled Mohamed **************Hussein Guled **************Egal Guled **************Yusuf Guled **************Roble Guled **************Abdi Guled **************Elmi Guled **************Samater Guled ************Muuse Dhimbil *************Mahamoud Muuse **************Shirdon Mohamoud ***************Hamud Shirdon ***************Shirdon Mohamoud ***************Hamud Shirdon ***************Jama Shirdon ***************Geele Shirdon ***************Osman Shirdon ***************Egal Shirdon ***************Wais Shirdon ***************Farah Shirdon ***************Roble Shirdon ***************Samter Shirdon ***************Yusuf Shirdon ***************Guled Shirdon **************Hildiid Mohamoud ***************Ali Hildiid ***************Geedi Hildiid (Rer Geedi) ****************Odawa Geedi *****************Odawa Odawa *****************Mahamoud Odawa ****************Geele Geedi ****************Nour(Shire) Geedi ****************Haji Dirie Geedi ****************Samter Geedi ****************Ahmed Geedi ****************Ali Geedi ****************Roble Geedi ***************Hersi Hildiid (Rer Hersi) ****************Ali Hersi ****************Guled Hersi ****************Egal Hersi ****************Aden Hersi ****************Mahamoud Hersi ****************Fahiye Hersi *****************Roble Fahiye ******************Elmi Roble ******************Jama Elmi ******************Ali Elmi *****************Rage Roble *****************Elmi Rage ******************Wais Rage ******************Geedi Rage ******************Hersi Rage *************Abdalleh Muuse **************Jibirl Abdalle ***************Siad Jibril ****************Wa'eys Siad ****************Abdalle Siad ***************Kalil Jibirl ****************Ali kalil *****************Siad Ali *****************Koshin Ali *****************Arale Ali *****************Osman Ali *****************Boqorreh Ali ***************Saeed Jibril ****************Abdi Said *****************Abdalle Abdi *****************Roble Abdi ***************Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) ****************Benin Aden *****************Wais Benin *****************Muse Benin *****************Mohamed Benin *****************Samter Benin *****************Nour Benin *****************Ahmed Benin ****************Nour Adan *****************Barre Nour *****************Guled Nour *****************Liban Nour *****************Shirwa Nour *****************Mohamed Nour ****************Ali Aden *****************Mohamed Ali *****************Hussein Ali *****************Ibrahim Ali *****************Omar Ali *****************Osman Ali *****************Khalaf Ali ****************Adan Aden *****************Ahmed Aden *****************Eiye Aden *****************Wais Aden *****************Issa Aden *****************Mohamed Aden *****************Abdille Aden *****************Roble Aden *****************Shire Aden *****************Hassan Aden ****************Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) *****************Issa Ali *****************Hussein Ali ******************Jama Hussien *******************Muhumoad Jama *******************Abdillahi Jama *******************Jibril Jama *******************Egal Jama ******************Nour Hussein ******************Roble Hussien ******************Dahir Hussein ******************Wa'ays Hussein ******************Ali Hussein ******************Mohamed Hussein ******************Hersi Hussien *******************Muhumad Hersi *******************Abdi Hersi *******************Ali Hersi *****************Mumin Ali ******************Egal Mumin ******************Ziyad Mumin ******************Wais Mumin ******************Hassan Munin ******************Farah Mumin ******************Essa Mumin ******************Jibril Mumin ******************Urmah Mumin *******************Dhible Urmah *******************Ismail Urmah *****************Naleye Ali ******************Jama Naleye ******************Dualeh Naleye ******************Warfa Naleye ******************Ahmed Naleye ******************Abdi Naleye ******************Jibril Naleye ******************Egal Naleye ******************Arralleh Egal *******************Elmi Aralleh *******************Aw-Jama Arralleh ****************Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) *****************Ismail Nour ******************Gabal Ismail ******************Abdi Ismail ******************Barre Ismail ******************Musa Ismail ******************Hersi Ismail ******************Aden Ismail ******************Wais Ismail *****************Hersi Nour ******************Hugur Hersi ******************Osman Hersi ******************Bacalul Hersi ******************Ali Hersi ******************Aden Hersi ******************Farah Hersi ******************Warfa Hersi ******************Elmi Hersi *****************Gabal Nour ******************Samater Gabal ******************Dahir Gabal ******************Ahmed Gabal ******************Roble Gabal ******************Warfa Gabal *****************Mohamed Nour ******************Mohamed Omar *******************Hussein Mohamed ********************Wais Husien ********************Hujale Husien ********************Dirie Husien *******************Sharmake Mohamed ********************Roble Sharmake ********************Nour Sharmake ********************Jama Sharmake *********************Hudale Jama *********************Yasin Jama *******************Allale Mohamed ********************Egal Allale *********************Hassan Egal **********************Omar Hassan **********************Ahmed Hassan ****************Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) *****************Naleye Benin *****************Ahmed Benin *****************Hersi Benin *****************Warfa Benin *****************Samter Benin *****************Abdi Benin *****************Fatah Benin *****************Aden Benin *****************Dirie Benin *****************Farah Benin *****************Dahir Benin *****************Arale Benin *****************Guled Benin *****************Shirwa Benin *****************Abane Benin *****************Abdille Benin *****************Yusuf Benin *****************Arale Benin *****************Roble Benin *****************Osman Benin ****************Abdille Abdi *****************Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) ******************Ismail Gallab *******************Farah Ismail *******************Idiris Ismail *******************Abdille Ismail *******************Jibirl Ismail *******************Mohamed Ismail *******************Ahmed Ismail *******************Sa'ad Ismail *******************Aden Ismail ******************Asker Gallab *******************Dahir Askar *******************Wais Askar *******************Osman Asker *******************Jama Asker *******************Roble Asker *******************Egal Asker *******************Koshin Asker *****************Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ******************Gulled Eiye *******************Deria Guled ********************Abokor Deria ********************Osman Derie ********************Khalaf Derie ********************Abdalle Deria *******************Kalil Guled ********************Farah Kalil ********************Ali Kalil ********************Hassan Kalil ********************Roble kalil ********************Osman Kalil ********************Aden Kalil ******************Sharmake Eiye *******************Barre Sharmake *******************Omar Sharmake *******************Arrale Sharmake *******************Mohamed Sharmaae *******************Hager Sharmake ********************Farah Hager ********************Geedi Hagar ********************Ziyad Hagar ********************Adan Hagar ********************Boqorre Hagar ********************Elmi Hagar *****************Mohamed Abdille ******************Ahmed Mohamed *******************Samter Ahmed *******************Ziyad Ahmed *******************Mayle Ahmed *******************Elmi Ahmed *******************Warfa Ahmed *******************Geedi Ahmed *******************Amanle Ahmed *******************Food Ahmed *******************Wais Ahmed *******************Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) ********************Ismail Dhible *********************Geedi Ismail *********************Yusuf Ismail *********************Farah Ismail *********************Wais Ismail *********************Hersi Ismail *********************Abdille Ismail *********************Dalal Ismail ********************Barre Dhible *********************Ali Barre *********************Musa Barre *********************Said Barre *********************Wais Barre *********************Yusuf Barre *********************Osman Barre *********************Aden Barre *******************Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) ********************Cadad Ali ********************Deria Ali ********************Egal Ali ********************Wa'eys Ali ********************Jibril Ali ********************Roble Ali ********************Suber Ali ********************Osman Ali ********************Egal Ali ********************Abdille Ali ********************kalil Ali *********************Magan kalil *********************Deria Kalil *********************Abdi kalil *********************Aden kalil *********************Yusuf kalil *******************Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) ********************Derie Gubadleh *********************Ismail Derie *********************Gubtame Derie *********************Nour Derie *********************Mohamoud Derie *********************Omar Derie *********************Dualeh Derie *********************Hussein Derie *********************Wa'ays Derie *********************Yusuf Derie ********************Boqorre Gubdleh *********************Hersi Boqorre *********************Ali Boqorre *********************Abdille Boqorre *********************Hirad Boqorre *********************Asker Boqorre *********************Mohamed Boqorre *********************Aw Hassan Boqorre *********************Ismail Boqorre *********************Shire Boqorre *********************Hashi Boqorre *********************Mohamoud (Bahnan) Boqorre ************Ahmed Dhimbil *************Musa Ahmed *************Waisleh Ahmed *************Osman Ahmed *************Liban Ahmed *************Abdi Liban **************Ismail Abdi (Rer Ismail) ***************Aden Ismail ***************Iman Ismail ***************Bulale Ismail ***************Geedi Ismail ***************Idiris Ismail ***************Yusuf Ismail ***************Koshin Ismail ***************Hersi Ismail ***************Shirwac Ismail ***************Said Ismail **************Mohammed Abdi (Addeh) ***************Sarar Mohamed (Rer Sarar) ****************Nour Sarar ****************Mohamed(Hersi) Sarar ****************Farah Sarar ****************Yusuf Sarar ****************Dualeh Sarar ****************Elmi Sarar ***************Ahmed(Bedar)Mohamed ****************Koshin Ahmed ****************Samter Ahmed ****************Uballe Ahmed ****************Hurie (Egal) Ahmed ****************Waraf Ahmed ****************Karie Ahmed ****************Mohamed Ahmed **********Aden Abokor ***********( Aden Mohamed) ************Awal Aden (Rer Cawl) *************Abdi Awal **************Had Abdi **************Nour Abdi **************Ahmed Abdi **************Liban Abdi **************Wa'eys Abdi **************Omar Abdi **************Aden Abdi **************Geedi Abdi **************Ibrahim Abdi **************Mohamoud Abdi *************Hassan Aden **************Ziyad Hassan **************Odawa Hasaan **************Ladon Hassan ***************Aden Ladon ****************Herar Ladon ****************Jama Ladon ****************Ali Ladon ****************Fahiye Ladon **************Abdalle Hassan ***************Ali Abdalle ***************Abdi Abdalle ***************Ahmed Abdalle ***************Halas Ahmed ****************Osman Halas ****************Samter Halas ****************Egal Ahmed *****************Wais Egal *****************Madar Egal ****************Geedi Ahmed *****************Samter Geedi *****************Mohamed Geedi *****************Dalal Geedi *****************Fatah Geedi *****************Waisleh Geedi *****************Allamagan Geedi ******************Guled Allamagan ******************Egal Allamagan *****************Hode Geedi ******************Farah Hode ******************Yusuf Hode ******************Geele Geedi *****************Ahmed Geele ******************Dahir Geele ******************Nour Geele *****************Ali Geedi ******************Osman Ali ******************Hassan Ali ******************Abdalle Ali ******************Yusuf Ali ******************Aden Ali {{tree list/end}} {|class="wikitable sortable" |+ Reeraha iyo Qabiilada Beesha Abokor Muuse !Magaca ! class="unsortable" |Tirada Qabiilada !Magacyada Qabiilada !Deegaanka !Sharaxaad Kooban |- | '''[[Beesha Mohamed Dhimbil]]''' ||Afar Reer || *Mucawiye Mohamed *Fatah Mohamed *Guled Mohamed *Musa Mohamed **Cadawe Muse **Aden Muse ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]] ,[[Toon]],[[Salahlay]]. Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad,[[Kaamtuug]],[[kaam Abokor]], [[Iskoyska]] ,[[ Awaare]]. || * Waa tiir ka mid ah afarta tiir ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Ahmed Dhimbil|beesha Axmed dhimbil]] ||Saddex Reer|| *Musa Ahmed *Waisleh Ahmed *Osman Ahmed *Liban Ahmed **Abdi liban ***Ismail Abdi (Rer Ismail) ***Mohamed Abdi ****Sarar Mohamed (Rer Sarar) ***Ahmed(Bedar) Mohamed ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[Bisad]] ,[[kaam Abokor]], [[Qooryare]],[[Iskoyska]]. || * Waa tiir ka mid ah afarta tiir ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || '''[[Aden Abokor | Beesha Aden Abokor ]] || Labo Reer|| *Cawal Aden (Reer Cawal) **Mohamoud Awal **Hussein Awal **Abdi Awal *Hassan Aden **Ziyad Hassan **Odawa Hassan **Ladon Hassan **Abdalle Hassan ***Abdi Abdalle ***Ali Abdalle ***Ahmed Abdalle ****Halas Ahmed ****Egal Ahmed ****Geedi Ahmed ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]],,[[Salahlay]], [[Aden Abokor]] *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad ,[[kaam Abokor]] ,[[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah afarta tiir ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || ''' [[Mohamoud Muuse | Beesha Mohamoud Muuse]] || Saddex Reer|| *Shirdon Mohamoud (Rer Shirdon) *Hildiid Mohamoud **Ali Hildiid **Geedi Hildiid (Rer Geedi) **Hersi Hildiid (Rer Hersi) ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]] ,[[Salahlay]], [[ Aden warabe]] *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad [[kaam Abokor]] [[Iskoyska]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah afarta tiir ee Beesha. |- | | | | | |- || ''' [[ Abdalleh Muuse | Beesha Abdalleh Muuse]] || 7 todoba Reer oo balaadhan|| *Saeed jibril **Abdi Said ***Salah Abdi ***Abdalle Abdi *Hersi Jibril **Ahmed Hersi **Abdalle Hersi *kalil jibril(Rer kalil) **Hersi Kalil **Egal Kalil **Wais Kalil *Aden Jibril (Rer Aadan) **Benin Aden **Nour Aden **Ali Aden **Aden Aden *Abdi Jibril **Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) ***Issa Ali ***Hussein Ali ***Mumin Ali ***Naleye Ali **Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) ***Ismail Nour ***Gabal Nour ***Hersi Nour ***Mohamed Nour **Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) **Abdille Abdi ***Gallab Abdille (Rer Gallab) ****Ismail Gallab ****Asker Gallab ***Eiye Abdille (Rer Ciye) ****Gulled Eiye ****Sharmake Eiye ***Mohamed Abdille ****Ahmed Mohamed (Rer Ahmed Mohamed) ||Dalka [[Somaliland]]: *Magalada [[Hargeysa]],[[Qoolcaday]] ,[[Toon]],[[Salahlay]]. *Dalka [[Itoobiya]]: *magaalad, [[kaam Abokor]], [[Iskoyska]] ,[[Adan warabe ]],[[ Bisad]] ,[[Egal Adani]] , [[Iskoyska]] ,[[Dooxada-Galol fadhiidh]], [[Awaare]] || * Waa tiir ka mid ah afarta tiir ee Beesha. * waana beesha kowaad ee ugu balaadhan 2mpkmr7b62wcxg9jwvkbv5b9mreiq44 0 43702 298348 296035 2026-06-09T08:24:56Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific-prefix = Honorable | name = Miles Bwalya Sampa | image = | caption = | order = Xubinta la doortay ee [[Baarlamaanka Qaranka ee Zambia|Baarlamaanka Qaranka]] | term_start = September 2011 | term_end = August 2016 | constituency = [[Matero (degmada doorasho)|Matero]] | order2 = | term_start2 = | term_end2 = | order3 = Duqa Magaalada [[Degmada Lusaka]] | term_start3 = August 2018 | term_end3 = August 2021 | office4 = | term_start4 = | term_end4 = | constituency4 = | children = 7 | spouse = Nchimunya Hampinda Sampa | death_place = | death_date = | birth_place = [[Lusaka]], [[Zambia]] | birth_date = 26 December 1970 | birth_name = | alma_mater = | party = [[Jabhadda Waddani ee Zambia|Jabhadda Waddani]] | constituency1 = [[Matero (degmada doorasho)|Matero]] | termstart1 = August 2021 | termend1 = }} '''Miles Bwalya Sampa''' waa siyaasi reer Zambia ah , oo hadda u adeegaya xubin baarlamaan ee deegaanka Matero Waxa uu hore u soo noqday Duqa magaalada Lusaka , isaga oo loo doortay Agoosto 2018 Doorashadiisa 2021 waxay u horseedi doontaa inuu dib ugu soo laabto baarlamaanka Matalo Constituency , jagadaas oo uu mar soo noqday intii u dhaxaysay 2011 ilaa 2016. ==Xirfad siyaasadeed== Doorashadii guud ee 2011, Sampa wuxuu u taagnaa musharaxa xisbiga Waddaniga ee Matero constituency ee degmada Lusaka wuxuuna ku guuleystay kursiga Madaxweyne Michael Sata waxa uu Sampa u magacaabay Wasiirka Gobolka ee Gobolka Lusaka bishii Sebtembar 2011 ka hor inta aanu u wareejinin inuu noqdo Wasiirka Gobolka ee Gobolka Koonfurta December 2011 . Ka dib dhimashadii Michael Sata, Madaxweynihii Shanaad ee Jamhuuriyadda Zambia , oo ahaa Sampa adeerkiis, Sampa waxaa loo doortay inuu noqdo Madaxweynaha Jabhadda Waddaniga shirweynaha xisbiga Patriotic Front (PF) ee muranka dhaliyay. Doorashadiisa ayaa markii dambe loo aqoonsaday sharci-darro Maxkamadda Sare ee Zambia, Wasiirka Difaaca Edgar Lungu ayaa lagu dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweynaha saxda ah ee PF, iyada oo Lungu uu u socdo in loo doorto Madaxweynaha Zambia ee doorashadii madaxtinimo ee Febraayo 2015. Ka dib markii Lungu uu ku guuleystay doorashada madaxweynaha, Sampa ayaa dib loo magacaabay, Wasiirka Ganacsiga iyo Warshadaha 5 ilaa Nofembar 2. xilkii uu hayay ayuu iska casilay Waxa uu iska casilay xisbiga Waddani January 2016 Waxa uu isku dayay in uu sameeyo xisbi la yidhaahdo United Democratic Front (UDF). Sampa waxa uu isbahaysi la galay Xisbiga Dib u soo celinta Qaranka ee Elias Chipimo iyo Xisbiga 4aad ee Kacaanka Eric Chanda, ka hor inta aanu aakhirka u oggolaan Hakainde Hichilema iyo UPND si uu ugu guuleysto doorashada guud ee 2016 Kadib markii xisbiga UPND lagaga adkaaday doorashada, Sampa waxa uu dib ugu biiray Jabhadda Waddaniga Waxaa loo doortay Duqa magaalada Lusaka bishii Agoosto 2018 ka dibna wuxuu doortay inuu dib u soo ceshado jagada xubinta baarlamaanka (MP) ee deegaanka Matero doorashada guud ee 2021 (halkii uu mar labaad isu soo taagi lahaa duqa magaalada) Wuxuu ku guuleystay kursiga baarlamaanka ee Matero markii labaad Miles Sampa wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah siddeed xubnood oo ka tirsan xisbiga Patriotic Front kuwaas oo go'aansaday in ay u istaagaan jagada madaxweynaha xisbiga ka dib markii Edgar Lungu uu ku dhawaaqay inuu ka fariistay siyaasadda firfircoon ka dib doorashadii guud ee 2021 (ka tagay Given Lubinda oo ah ku-simaha madaxweynaha xisbiga Sampa waxa uu ka mid ahaa dadka ku andacoonaya in xisbiga waddani ay wakhti dheer ku qaadanayso qabashada shirweynaha xisbiga si ay u doortaan hogaamiyaha. Ugu dambayntii, waxa dhacay shirweyne aan caadi ahayn oo muran badan dhaliyay oo dhacay Oktoobar 2023 kaas oo Miles Sampa loogu dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweynaha xisbiga Patriotic Front (PF), isagoo ka adkaaday toddoba qof oo kale oo isla jagadaas u hanqal taagayay. Emmanuel Mwamba (Gudoomiyaha Warfaafinta iyo Dadweynaha ee PF; mid ka mid ah todobada musharax ee kale) ayaa ku dooday in shirweynihii dhacay uu ahaa mid sharci darro ah oo ka soo horjeeda nidaamka xisbiga ee dastuurkiisa ku xusan. Shirweynahaas wuxuu ka tagay xisbiga PF oo kala qaybiyay waxaana arrintii markiiba loo gudbiyay Maxkamadda Sare ee Lusaka Ku simaha madaxweynaha Given Lubinda ayaa markii dambe Sampa ka joojiyay PF. Isla bishaas, Edgar Lungu wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inuu ku soo laabtay siyaasad firfircoon, Lubinda ayaa markii dambe Lungu dib u soo celisay jagada madaxweynaha xisbiga (Lubinda waxaa hoos loo dhigay madaxweyne ku xigeenka xisbiga Sababtoo ah maxkamada sare waxay qaadaysaa amarkii Sampa oo u qaatay doorkiisa madaxweynaha xisbiga, Front Patriotic Front wuxuu lahaa laba qaybood (mid la Lungu hogaamiyaha iyo mid Sampa ah hogaamiyaha 25kii Maajo 2024, maxkamadda sare ee Lusaka ayaa meesha ka saartay kiiskii lix ka mid ah musharixiinta madaxweynaha PF ay uga soo horjeesteen doorashadii Sampa ee madaxweynaha PF, iyaga oo ku dhawaaqay inuu yahay madaxweynaha xisbiga ilaa amar dambe. 30kii Juunyo 2024, Sampa wuxuu go'aansaday inuu ka cayriyo xoghayihiisa guud (SG), Morgan Ng'ona, booskiisa SG Toddobaad gudihiis, maxkamaddu waxay soo saartay amar joogis hore ah kaas oo xannibay go'aankii Sampa ee uu ku cayriyey Ng'ona SG Ng'ona ayaa markaas go'aansaday in uu Sampa ka ceyriyo madaxweynaha xisbiga oo uu u magacaabo Robert Chabinga (oo ahaa Mafinga MP iyo hogaamiyaha mucaaradka si ku-simaha madaxweynaha xisbiga July 2024 iyo 10 November 2024, Chabinga go'aansaday in uu ka saaro Sampa iyo kuwa kale ee Patriot Front. Khilaafkan hogaamineed ee u dhexeeya Ng'ona iyo Sampa ayaa loo gudbiyay maxkamada, Sampa ayaa sidoo kale go'aansaday inuu ku sii socdo eedeymaha maxkamada ee ka dhanka ah Ng'ona iyo Chabinga si ay u muujiyaan midka dambe inuu yahay madaxweynaha xisbiga inta lagu guda jiro kiiskii hogaaminta ee maxkamada ka dib markii ay maxkamadu amar ku bixisay in aysan dhicin 25-kii Maarso 2025, Maxkamadda Sare ee Zambia ayaa xaqiijisay go'aankii Sampa (lagu sameeyay 30kii Juun 2024) ee lagu eryay Ng'ona inuu yahay xisbiga SG, isagoo si hufan ugu dhawaaqay Sampa inuu yahay madaxweynaha iyo ku-simaha SG ee xisbiga. Wuxuu sii waday inuu ka saaro Chabinga iyo dhowr qof oo kale oo ka tirsan xisbiga Patriotic Front party kaas oo lagu eedeeyay maxkamad 1dii Maajo 2025, Sampa waxa uu go'aansaday in uu dib u mideeyo kooxdiisii ​​Front Patriotic Front iyo kooxda Edgar Lungu , isaga oo si wax ku ool ah uga degaya xilka madaxtinimada xisbiga Lungu waxaa dib loogu celiyay madaxtinimo ee xisbiga waxaana la siiyay Lubinda dib u soo celinta madaxweyne ku xigeenka xisbiga (sidaas darteedna wuxuu ahaa ku simaha madaxweynaha ee Lungu maqan) iyadoo Sampa loo magacaabay hogaamiyaha mucaaradka Si kastaba ha ahaatee, afhayeenka baarlamaanka ayaa diiday inuu u aqoonsado Sampa inuu yahay hoggaamiyaha mucaaradka, isaga oo ku sababeeyay in Robert Chabinga loo aqoonsan yahay booskaas. ==Tixraac== [https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/1043 "Matero | Golaha Qaranka ee Zambia"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20141213015021/http://zambiadailynation.com/2014/07/24/sampa-attacks-greedy-mps/ "Sampa waxay weerartay xildhibaanno hunguri ah"] [https://www.daily-mail.co.zm/2025/02/04/miles-sampa-goes-to-court-over-pf-office-bearers/ Miles Sampa oo maxkamad la soo taagay saraakiil ka tirsan PF – Shabakadda Wararka ee Daily Mail ee] [https://allafrica.com/stories/201111080085.html "Sampa waxay ku boorinaysaa dadka deegaanka inay nadiifiyaan dalka"] [https://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/12/16/president-sata-fires-southern-province-minister/ Zambia : Madaxweyne Sata oo xilka ka qaaday wasiirkii gobolka koonfureed] {{Wayback|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2011/12/16/president-sata-fires-southern-province-minister/ |date=20251219041232 }} [https://thezambian.com/news/2014/12/02/miles-sampa-wins-disputed-pf-general-conference/ "Miles Sampa Oo Ku Guulaystay Murankii Lagu Muransanaa Shirweynihii Guud Ee PF - Wararka Zambia"] {{Wayback|url=https://thezambian.com/news/2014/12/02/miles-sampa-wins-disputed-pf-general-conference/ |date=20231110002708 }} [http://zambiareports.com/2014/11/13/miles-sampa-launches-campaign-24-hours-sata-burial/ "Miles Sampa waxa uu bilaabay Olole 24 saac kadib aaska Sata"] [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30327407 "Maxkamad Zambia waxay xukuntay Edgar Lungu iyo Miles Sampa dagaal"] [https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/04/23/miles-sampa-forms-new-political-party/ "Zambia : Miles Sampa oo sameeyay xisbi siyaasadeed cusub"] [https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/03/28/miles-sampa-hh-sign-electoral-pact-guy-scott-endorses-hh/ "Zambia : Miles Sampa iyo HH waxay saxeexeen heshiiska doorashada iyadoo Guy Scott uu taageerayo HH"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/03/28/miles-sampa-hh-sign-electoral-pact-guy-scott-endorses-hh/ |date=20240720150238 }} [https://www.lusakatimes.com/2023/10/25/miles-sampa-elected-as-pf-party-president-in-controversial-extraordinary-general-conference/ "Zambia : Miles Sampa oo loo doortay inuu noqdo madaxweynaha xisbiga PF shirweynaha guud ee aan caadiga ahayn ee muranku ka taagan yahay"] [https://www.zambiamonitor.com/pf-finally-torn-apart-faction-declares-sampa-president-another-expels-him-court-grants-restraining-order/ "PF ugu dambeyntii waa kala go'day? Kooxdii waxay ku dhawaaqday Sampa inuu yahay madaxweynaha, mid kalena waa ka ceyrisay; Maxkamad ayaa bixisay amar xayiraad | Zambia Monitor"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.zambiamonitor.com/pf-finally-torn-apart-faction-declares-sampa-president-another-expels-him-court-grants-restraining-order/ |date=20250324131241 }} [https://www.theafricareport.com/326788/daggers-drawn-in-zambia-as-lungu-announces-plans-to-retake-control-of-main-opposition/ "Toorrey ayaa lagu sawiray Zambia iyadoo Lungu uu ku dhawaaqay qorshe uu dib ugula wareegayo mucaaradka ugu weyn"] [https://www.lusakatimes.com/2023/11/02/police-deployed-to-guard-pf-secretariat-amid-fears-of-clashes-following-lungus-return-to-politics/ "Zambia : Booliiska ayaa la geeyay Ilaalada Xoghaynta PF iyadoo laga cabsi qabo isku dhacyo ka dib ku soo laabashadii Lungu ee siyaasadda"] [https://www.zambiamonitor.com/pf-faction-leader-sampa-seeks-dismissal-of-ex-parte-order-blocking-removal-of-ngona-as-secretary-general/ "Hogaamiyaha kooxda PF, Sampa, wuxuu doonayaa in la cayriyo amarkii xisbigii hore ee looga hortagayay in Ng'ona laga dhigo Xoghayaha Guud | Zambia Monitor"] [https://diggers.news/local/2024/07/04/ngona-expel-miles-appoints-chabinga-as-acting-president/ "Ng'ona wuxuu eryay Miles, wuxuu u magacaabay Chabinga inuu noqdo ku-simaha madaxweynaha"] [https://www.zambiamonitor.com/sampa-seeks-contempt-action-against-pf-faction-leader-chabinga-in-escalating-power-struggle/ "Sampa wuxuu raadinayaa tallaabo quudhsi oo ka dhan ah hoggaamiyaha kooxda PF, Chabinga, ee sii xumaanaya loolanka awoodda | Zambia Monitor"] [https://www.zambiamonitor.com/sampa-endorses-lungu-for-2026-presidency-confirms-zambia-monitors-reports-on-moves-to-unite-pf-factions/ "Sampa waxay ansixisay Lungu madaxweynenimada 2026, waxay xaqiijisay warbixinada Zambia Monitor ee ku saabsan dhaqdhaqaaqyada lagu mideynayo kooxaha PF | Zambia Monitor"] [https://dailyrevelationzambia.com/miles-endorses-lungu-for-2026/ "Miles wuxuu taageersan yahay Lungu sanadka 2026 - Wararka Muujinta Maalinlaha ah"] [https://diggers.news/local/2025/07/19/power-is-sweet-especially-when-you-lose-it-mutti-tells-pf/ "Awooddu waa macaan tahay, gaar ahaan marka aad lumiso, Mutti ayaa u sheegay PF"] [https://zambianobserver.com/pf-lawyers-apply-for-injunction-to-stop-miles-sampa-from-masquerading-as-pf-president/ "Qareennada PF waxay codsanayaan amar lagu joojinayo MILES SAMPA MASQUERADING AS MADAXWEYNAHA PF | Kormeeraha Zambia"] lbudn4s3h7d55hwwrg3eb1lu2aqy57a 0 43709 298332 289854 2026-06-09T04:45:39Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = | office = [[Wasaaradda Gaashaandhigga (Zambia)|Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga ee Zambia]] | image = | caption = | predecessor = [[Kalombo Mwansa]] | successor = [[Edgar Lungu]] | party = [[Jabhadda Waddani (Zambia)|Jabhadda Waddani]] {{small|(current)}}<br/> [[UPND]] {{small|(2015 - 2019)}} | office1 = Xubin ka tirsan [[Aqalka Sare ee Zambia|Baarlamaanka]] for [[Kasama Dhexe]] | president1 = | predecessor1 = [[Saviour Chishimba]] | successor1 = [[Kelvin Sampa]] | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1959|03|15}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | spouse = | children = | alma_mater = | education = | term_start = 2011 | term_end = 2013 | term_start1 = 16 October 2009 | term_end1 = 10 August 2016 | president = [[Michael Sata]] }} '''Geoffrey Bwalya Mwamba''' (wuxuu dhashay 15 Maarso 1959), oo loo yaqaan GBM waa ganacsade iyo siyaasi reer Zambia ah oo u soo shaqeeyay xubin baarlamaanka Kasama Central laga soo bilaabo 2009 ilaa 2016 Kadib wuxuu soo noqday Madaxweyne kuxigeenka Xisbiga Midnimada ee Horumarinta Qaranka . Dawladdii Jabhadda Waddaniga ah ee Madaxweyne Michael Sata , waxa uu soo noqday Wasiirka Difaaca 2011 ilaa 2013. ==Xirfad siyaasadeed== 27kii Luulyo 2009, Savior Chishimba wuxuu iska casilay xubinimada baarlamaanka dhexe ee Kasama wuxuuna ka tagay xisbiga Patriotic Front (PF) Doorasho ku celis ah ayaa la qabtay 15kii Oktoobar 2009 ee kursiga dhexe ee Kasama waxaana loo doortay Geoffrey Bwalya Mwamba (GBM) inuu noqdo musharraxa PF doorashadan. Mwamba ayaa ku guuleystay PF ayaana sii xajistay kursiga dhexe ee Kasama. Doorashadii guud ee 2011 , wuxuu mar kale isu soo taagay musharaxnimada PF ee Kasama Central oo uu sii xajistay kursiga Madaxweyne Michael Sata ayaa Mwamba u magacaabay inuu noqdo wasiirka gaashaandhigga golihiisa wasiirada ee ugu horreeya Si kastaba ha ahaatee , Mwamba ayaa go'aansaday inuu iska casilo xilka wasiirka gaashaandhigga bishii December 2013 Kahor doorashada madaxtinimo ee 2015 , Mwamba wuxuu go'aansaday inuu taageero Hakainde Hichilema oo ka tirsan xisbiga Midowga Horumarinta Qaranka (UPND) 23 July 2015, wuxuu mar kale taageeray xisbiga mucaaradka ah ee UPN waxaana loo magacaabay madaxweyne ku xigeenka maamulka xisbiga 3dii Juun 2016, waxaa loo doortay inuu isu soo taago musharaxa UPND Hakainde Hichilema doorashadii madaxtinimada ee Agoosto 2016 halkaas oo xisbigu ku dhameystay kaalinta labaad Sannadkii 2019, waxa uu si aan qarsoodi ahayn uga baxay Xisbiga Midnimada Qaran ee Horumarinta Qaranka , waxaanu dib ugu noqday xisbiga Waddaniga ah halkaas oo loo magacaabay Maareeyaha Ololaha Madaxweynaha ee Gobolka Waqooyi ee Edgar Lungu ka hor doorashada guud ee 2021 ==Tixraac== [https://www.africanews.com/2016/03/03/zambia-former-defence-minister-released-on-bail/ "Zambia: Wasiirkii hore ee gaashaandhigga ayaa dammaanad lagu sii daayey"] [https://www.parliament.gov.zm/node/360 Geoffrey Bwalya Mwamba | Golaha Qaranka ee Zambia] [https://www.lusakatimes.com/2009/07/30/former-pf-mp-chishimba-forms-new-political-party/ "Zambia : Xildhibaankii hore ee PF Chishimba wuxuu sameeyay xisbi siyaasadeed oo cusub"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2009/07/30/former-pf-mp-chishimba-forms-new-political-party/ |date=20210116035020 }} [https://www.lusakatimes.com/2009/10/16/pf-upnd-pact-emerge-winners-of-elections-across-the-country/ Zambia : Axdiga PF-UPND ayaa ku guuleystey doorashooyinkii dalka oo dhan"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2009/10/16/pf-upnd-pact-emerge-winners-of-elections-across-the-country/ |date=20150103132357 }} [https://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/12/23/gbm-announces-resignation-cabinet-position/ "Zambia : GBM ayaa ku dhowaaqday inuu iska casilayo xilkii uu u hayey golaha wasiirada"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2013/12/23/gbm-announces-resignation-cabinet-position/ |date=20250805044612 }} [https://zambianeye.com/gbm-endorsement-not-about-party-politics-hh/ " Taageerada GBM maaha mid ku saabsan siyaasadda xisbiga - HH - Zambian Eye"] [https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/08/16/hh-confirms-upnd-will-petition-president-lungus-re-election/ "Zambia : HH waxay xaqiijisay in xisbiga UPND uu codsi u gudbin doono madaxweyne Lungu dib u doorashada] {{Wayback|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/08/16/hh-confirms-upnd-will-petition-president-lungus-re-election/ |date=20160817150522 }} [https://thezambian.com/news/2019/04/24/mwamba-rejoins-ruling-party-vows-to-dismantle-opposition/ "Mwamba Oo Dib Ugu Biiray Xisbiga Talada Dalka Haya, Wacadna Ku Maray Inuu Burburin Doono Mucaaradka - Wararka Zambia]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [https://www.lusakatimes.com/2021/07/28/gbm-advises-zambians-to-give-president-lungu-another-mandate/ "Zambia : GBM waxay kula talisay dadka reer Zambia in ay madaxweyne Lungu siiyaan amar kale"] 5gl8le3x5x8dvj9pnvcv97qseri2he3 0 45062 298322 291221 2026-06-09T00:11:51Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ali Nuhu | image = Nuhu_at_a_traditional_wedding_in_2024.jpg | caption = Nuhu sanadkii 2024 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1974|03|15}} | birth_name = Ali Nuhu Mohammed | birth_place = [[Maiduguri]], [[Borno, Nigeria|Borno]], Nigeria | education = BA Geography | alma_mater = [[Jaamacadda Jos]] | occupation = jilaa | years_active = 1999–hadda | known_for = | children = 2 }} '''Ali Nuhu Mohammed''' wuxuu dhashay 15 Maarso 1974) waa jilaa reer Nayjeeriya ah oo u shaqeeya agaasimaha maamulka ee Hay'adda Filimada Nayjeeriya tan iyo Janaayo 2024. Wuxuu guursaday Maimuna Garba sanadkii 2003, lamaanuhu waxay leeyihiin 2 carruur ah Wuxuu ka soo muuqday filimada Hausa iyo Ingiriisiga waxaana badanaa loo arkaa "boqorka kannywood". Nuhu waxaa si weyn loogu arkaa mid ka mid ah jilayaasha ugu waaweyn uguna saameynta badan abid ee Shineemooyinka Hausa. Waxaa lagu tilmaamaa inuu yahay jilaaga filimada Hausa ugu guulaha badan adduunka. ==Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada== Ali Nuhu Mohammed wuxuu ku dhashay Maiduguri , Gobolka Borno , Nigeria. Aabihii, Nuhu Poloma, wuxuu ka yimid Balanga ee Gobolka Gombe , hooyadiis, Fatima Karderam Digema, waxay ka timid Bama ee Gobolka Borno. Wuxuu ku koray Kano wuxuuna ka baxay Kuliyadda Sayniska ee Dawakin Tofa . Waxa uu shahaadadiisa Juquraafiga ka qaatay Jaamacadda Jos Ka dib markii uu hal sano ka soo shaqeeyay Ciidanka Qaranka ee Adeegga Dhallinyarada ee Ibadan , waxa uu koorasyo ​​ku saabsan filim samaynta ka qaatay Akadeemiyada Filimada iyo Telefishanka Aasiya ee Delhi . Waxa uu sidoo kale wax ka bartay sheeko-xariiraha gudbinta ee Jaamacadda Koonfurta California . ==Tixraac== [https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/39972/1/SC_11_McCain_back--cm_edit_9--clean--for%20distribution.pdf "Kannywood, Nollywood, iyo tobanka sano ee faafreebka filimada Hausa ee Nigeria" ] {{Wayback|url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/39972/1/SC_11_McCain_back--cm_edit_9--clean--for%20distribution.pdf |date=20240714134912 }} [https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/193176-ali-nuhu-adam-zango-others-win-awards-in-london.html "Cali Nuhu, Adam Zango, iyo kuwa kale oo ku guuleystay abaal-marinaha London"] [https://guardian.ng/features/cherie-noodles-unveils-ali-nuhu-aishat-aliyu-tsamiya-as-brand-ambassadors/ "Cherie Noodles oo daaha ka qaaday Ali Nuhu, Aishat Aliyu Tsamiya sida Brand Ambassadors"] [https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-to-nollywood-ali-nuhu-rahama-sadau-other-northern-actors-bridging-the-gap "Kannywood ilaa Nollywood: Ali Nuhu, Rahama Sadau, jilayaasha kale ee Waqooyiga oo soo koobaya farqiga"] {{Wayback|url=https://dailytrust.com/kannywood-to-nollywood-ali-nuhu-rahama-sadau-other-northern-actors-bridging-the-gap |date=20250901205248 }} by5o6x2bgtyrycrx7b80naspg99j9fg 0 45167 298335 290804 2026-06-09T06:13:21Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Jemima Osunde | image = Jemima Osunde in 2018.png | caption = Osunde oo ka soo muuqanaysa qayb ka mid ah barnaamijka NdaniTV ee "Real Talk" | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1996|04|30|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lagos]], [[Lagos State]], Nigeria | occupation = {{hlist| Atariisho| Moodel| soo-bandhige| daaweeyaha jimicsiga jirka }} | years_active = | nationality = [[Nigerian]] | citizenship = | education = physiotherapy, [[Jaamacadda Lagos]] | alma_mater = [[Jaamacadda Lagos]] | known_for = ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]]'' | notable_works = [[Wiilka Dhalinaya]] | website = {{URL|jemimaosunde.com}} }} '''Jemima Osunde''' (waxay dhalatay 30 Abriil 1996) waa atariisho reer Nayjeeriya ah, moodel, iyo soo-bandhige. Waxay heshay sumcad ka dib markii ay Leila ku jishay taxanaha telefishanka ee Shuga Osunde waxaa loo magacaabay Aktarada ugu Fiican Doorka Hogaaminta ee Abaalmarinta 15-aad ee Akadeemiyada Filimada Afrika bandhiggeeda filimka The Delivery Boy (2018). ==Nolosha hore== Jemima Osunde waxay u dhalatay Gobolka Edo Waxay la kortay hooyadeed, aabbaheed, iyo walaalaheed ka waaweyn. Waa ilmihii ugu dambeeyay iyo gabadha keliya ee waalidkeed dhalay Waxa ay jaamacadda Lagos ku baratay daaweynta jimicsiga jirka Osunde ayaa ka soo muuqatay filimka Jungle Jewel ka dib markii uu adeerkeed ku dhiiri galiyay inay sii wado jilitaanka 2014. ==Tixraac== [https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/04/jemima-osundes-birthday/ "Gabadha dhalashada Jemima Osunde waxay magaalada ka rinjiyeynaysaa sariirteeda cas"] [https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/amaa-2019-nomination-four-huge-slots-for-nollywoods-leading-ladies/ "AMAA 2019 magacaabista: Afarta boos ee 'weyn' ee haweenka hormuudka u ah Nollywood"] [https://naijabiography.com/biography/jemima-osunde-biography/ "Jemima Osunde Taariikh Nololeedkii | Da'dii | Aflaan | Qiime saafi ah | Naijabiography"] {{Wayback|url=https://naijabiography.com/biography/jemima-osunde-biography/ |date=20260113022140 }} ninn39ocp9zzeuxeyvr9qzz4l620tl8 0 45305 298326 291099 2026-06-09T02:17:55Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298326 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cecil Kenneth Baker''' (1921 - Noofambar 1996) wuxuu ahaa farshaxaniste Koonfur Afrikaan ah ==Taariikh nololeedka== Baker wuxuu ku dhashay Harfield Road, Claremont, Cape Town , Koonfur Afrika, taas oo ahayd, wakhtiga dhalashadiisa, fasalka ugu badan ee shaqada xaafad Waxay u muuqataa in uu helay sanado aad u yar oo dugsi rasmi ah, oo uu is-baray farshaxan ahaan, laakiin waxaa dhiirigeliyay aabihiis, kaas oo kasbaday noloshiisa sida rinjiile guri . Kenneth waxa uu ku soo koray hoostimaada midabtakoorkii Koonfur Afrika . Xaafadda uu ku dhashay waxa ay bartilmaameed u ahayd dawladdii xilligaasi siyaasaddeedu ahayd in si khasab ah looga raro , halkaas oo kumannaan qoys loo raray degaanno kale, iyada oo lagu saleeyey kala soocidda jinsiyadda Qoyska Roofeeyaha ayaa ka mid ahaa kuwa la guuray. ==Tixraac== http://www.capegallery.co.za/kenneth_baker_cv.htm {{Wayback|url=http://www.capegallery.co.za/kenneth_baker_cv.htm |date=20210419193239 }} http://www.capegallery.co.za/kenneth_baker_cv.htm {{Wayback|url=http://www.capegallery.co.za/kenneth_baker_cv.htm |date=20210419193239 }} {{Wayback|url=http://www.capegallery.co.za/kenneth_baker_cv.htm |date=20210419193239 }} http://www.capegallery.co.za/kenneth_baker_cv.htm 5s4nz8mzn1ob3jenmqqc7m8q54w12hh 0 45339 298353 291140 2026-06-09T09:27:28Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist | honorific_prefix = | name = Jacobus Hendrik Pierneef<!-- include middle initial, if not specified in birth_name --> | honorific_suffix = | image = Jacobus Hendrik Pierneef00.jpg<!-- just the pagename, without the File:/Image: prefix or [[brackets]] --> | image_size = | alt = J.H. Pierneef oo shaqada jooga (kahor 1957) | caption = Pierneef oo shaqada jooga (kahor 1957) | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = <!--only use if different from name--> | birth_date = {{Birth date|1886|08|13|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Pretoria]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Koonfur Afrika]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1957|10|04|1886|08|13|df=yes}} | death_place =[[Pretoria]], [[Koonfur Afrika]] | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline}} --> | nationality = | education = | alma_mater = | known_for = [[farshaxaniistaha muuqaalka]] | notable_works = | style = | movement = | spouse = | awards = <!-- {{awd|award|year|title|role|name}} (optional) --> | elected = | patrons = | memorials = | website = <!-- {{URL|Example.com}} --> }} '''Jacobus Hendrik''' (Henk) Pierneef (badanaa waxaa loo yaqaan Pierneef ) (13 Agoosto 1886 Pretoria - 4 Oktoobar 1957 Pretoria), wuxuu ahaa farshaxanka muuqaalka Koonfur Afrika, guud ahaan waxaa loo arkaa inuu yahay mid ka mid ah kuwii ugu fiicnaa sayidyadii hore ee Koonfur Afrika. Qaabkiisa gaarka ah ayaa si weyn loo aqoonsan yahay waxaana shaqadiisa si weyn u saameeyay muuqaalka Koonfur Afrika. ==Taariikhda nolosha== Pierneef wuxuu ku dhashay Pretoria, oo ka soo jeeda Dutch iyo Boer waalid. Waxa uu xirfadiisa dugsiga sare ka bilaabay Staatsmodelschool (macnaha "model state school") halkaas, halkaas oo uu ku qaatay fasaladii ugu horeeyay ee fanka, laakiin waxaa hakiyay dagaalkii labaad ee Boer . Dagaalka awgeed, qoyska Pierneef waxay go'aansadeen inay dib ugu noqdaan Netherlands 1901. Halka uu wax ku bartay Rotterdamse Kunstakademie. Muddadaas, waxa kale oo uu la xidhiidhay shuqulladii sayidyadii hore, taas oo ku reebtay raad joogto ah isaga. Pierneef wuxuu ku soo laabtay Pretoria da'da 18, halkaas oo uu kula kulmay oo uu ku dhiirigeliyay fanaaniinta Koonfur Afrika ee horay loo aasaasay sida godfaw Anton van Wouw , Hugo Naude iyo Frans Oerder . Bandhigiisii ​​ugu horeeyay ee dadweynaha, halkaas oo shaqadiisa guud ahaan si fiican loo soo dhaweeyay, wuxuu la joogay van Wouw iyo Naude 1902. Wuxuu ka shaqeeyay Maktabada Gobolka intii lagu jiray habeenkii muddo ku dhow toban sano wuxuuna ku rinjiyeeyay istuudiyihiisa maalintii. Sanadkii 1910, Pierneef wuxuu guursaday Agatha Delen, haweeney 12 sano jir ah ==Tixraac== [https://openlibrary.org/works/OL6866442W/Die_Hout-_en_linosnee%CC%88_van_J.H._Pierneef Die Hout-en Linosneë van JH Pierneef] [http://absolutart.co.za/masters/jh-pierneef Jacob Hendrik Pierneef Farshaxan] {{Wayback|url=http://absolutart.co.za/masters/jh-pierneef |date=20111006014558 }} [http://www.arcyart.com/sah-pierneef.htm Jacob Hendrik Pierneef – Farshaxan Koonfur Afrikaan ah] 0wrsju36i6fiezxzxuh7dvearb2gs40 0 45439 298347 291483 2026-06-09T08:18:52Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mila Guy | other_names = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1992|11|14}} | birth_name = Mila Guy | birth_place = [[Nelspruit]], [[South Africa]] | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = [[Koonfur Afrika]]n | alma_mater = {{Plainlist| * [[Jaamacadda Auckland]] * [[Jaamacadda Pretoria]] }} | education = | height = | years_active = 2014–hadda | notable_works = | spouse = {{Marriage|Ben Fourie|2023}} | children = | awards = | father = | mother = | relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = | occupation = {{Plainlist| * Atariisho * Naqshadeeye dharka }} }} '''Mila Guy''' (waxay dhalatay 14 Noofambar 1992) waa jilaa Koonfur Afrikaan ah iyo naqshadeeye dharka. Waxay caan ku tahay doorkeeda "Malanie Schmit" ee taxanaha telefishanka ee kykNet Hotel iyo doorkeeda aadka loogu amaanay sida "Nonnie Blignout" ee filimka Liewe Kersfeesvader waxay guursatay Ben Fourie. ==Nolosha gaarka ah== Mila waxay ku dhalatay 14 November 1992 magaalada Nelspruit ee Mpumalanga, Koonfur Afrika Markii ay ku jirtay heerka 8, waxay u haajirtay New Zealand iyada iyo qoyskeeda. Sannadkeedii ugu horreeyay ee waxbarasho jaamacadeed waxay ku dhammaatay Jaamacadda Auckland . Ka dib markii ay ku soo laabatay Koonfur Afrika, waxay ka qalinjabisay shahaadada BA ee riwaayadaha ee Jaamacadda Pretoria ee 2014. ==Tixraac== https://www.bloss.co.za/yes-mila-guy-thinks-sexy-is-sexy/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.bloss.co.za/yes-mila-guy-thinks-sexy-is-sexy/ |date=20211017161601 }} https://afrikaans.com/2020/08/04/potgooi-in-gesprek-met-mila-guy/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [https://southafricaportal.com/mila-guy/ "Taariikh nololeedka Mila Guy: Da'da, Xirfadda, Filimada & Qiimaha saafiga ah"] ia9enxh7d80ocptbrqtxodgg51j9w0l 0 45445 298345 291401 2026-06-09T07:46:44Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mandi Baard | other_names = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1982|10|1}} | birth_name = Mandi du Plooy | birth_place = [[Johannesburg]], Koonfur Afrika | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = | alma_mater = [[Jaamacadda Stellenbosch]] | education = | height = 1.64m | years_active = 1998–hadda | known_for = | spouse = Schalk Baard | children = 2 | awards = | father = | mother = | relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = | occupation = Jilaa, Moodel, Farshaxan Cod }} '''Mandi du Plooy''' (wuxuu dhashay 1 Oktoobar 1982), sidoo kale loo yaqaan Mandi Baard , waa jilaa Koonfur Afrikaan ah, moodeel iyo farshaxan cod ah Waxay caan ku tahay doorkeeda "Lara" ee M-Net saabuun opera Egoli: Place of Gold iyo sidoo kale saabuunta Binnelanders , 7de Laan iyo Getroud Met Rugby ==Nolosha gaarka ah== Baard waxa ay ku dhalatay 1 October 1982 in Johannesburg, South Africa. Waxay ku qalin jabisay shahaadada koowaad ee maamulka ganacsiga ee Jaamacadda Stellenbosch Waxay guursatay Schalk Baard, halkaas oo arooska lagu qabtay 5 Abriil 2008, George, SA Lamaanuhu waxay leeyihiin hal wiil iyo hal gabar. ==Tixraac== [https://web.archive.org/web/20211020182420/https://talent-etc.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/MANDI-DU-PLOOY-BAARD-CV-Talent-ETC.pdf "Mandi du plooy baard - TALENT IWM"] [https://www.simonrademan.co.za/celebrity_bride_mandi_du_plooy.htm "Labiska Arooska ee caanka ah Mandi Du Plooy Baard] [https://blubetty.co.za/oh-mandi-profiling-blu-betty-ambassador-and-sa-actress-mandi-baard/ "Oh Mandi! Profiling Blu Betty Ambassador and SA atariishada Mandi Baard"] {{Wayback|url=https://blubetty.co.za/oh-mandi-profiling-blu-betty-ambassador-and-sa-actress-mandi-baard/ |date=20251111141547 }} jihum4chhzuh9rxa0h48zuharmcdx2q 0 45485 298329 291450 2026-06-09T03:02:37Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298329 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Kuijer''' waa rinjiile Koonfur Afrikaan ah. Kuijers waxa uu ku dhashay 30kii Maarso 1962 ee Vanderbijlpark , oo u dhaw Johannesburg , oo ay dhaleen waalidiin Dutch ah oo soogalootiga ah. Waxa uu ku dhammaystay dugsigiisii ​​Dugsiga Farshaxanka, Muusiga iyo Ballet ee Pretoria isaga oo gaarey farqi u dhexeeya Garaafyada iyo 1980-kii waxa uu helay abaalmarinta Rinjiyeynta ugu fiican. Muddo kooban ka dib qoraaga calaamadda, waxa uu dhammaystay Dibloomada Naqshadeynta Sawirka ee Cape Technikon , isaga oo ku takhasusay sawirka. Markii uu qalin-jabiyey 1989-kii, waxa la guddoonsiiyey abaal-marinta mudnaanta Naqshadeeye/Sawiray. Kuijer wuxuu si kooban u ahaa naqshadeeye iyo sawir-qaade, laakiin hadda wuxuu rinjiyeeyaa waqti buuxa. Wuxuu si joogto ah uga qayb qaataa bandhigyo kooxeed wuxuuna dhameeyay guddiyo kala duwan, oo ay ugu horreeyaan akriliyada badda ee Hotelka cusub iyo midabada biyaha ee Villa Via Hotel iyo Volks Hospital. Hadda waxa uu ku nool yahay magaalada Greyton ee gobolka Western Cape isaga iyo xaaskiisa, inantiisa iyo laba wiil oo uu dhalay, halkaas oo uu ku leeyahay istuudiyo farshaxan oo isaga u gaar ah. ==Tixraac== https://houtbaygallery.co.za/hbg/artist/david-kuijers/ {{Wayback|url=https://houtbaygallery.co.za/hbg/artist/david-kuijers/ |date=20241127150413 }} al5etwb4t18488ig8uxy6h282pvz86w 0 45528 298333 291529 2026-06-09T04:58:46Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Gys de Villiers | other_names = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1960|11|4}} | birth_name = Dirk Gysbert de Villiers | birth_place = [[Roodepoort]], South Africa | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = | alma_mater = [[Jaamacadda Cape Town]] | education = Dugsiga Sare ee Linden | height = | years_active = 1976–hadda | known_for = | spouse = Jaci Smith (m. 2006) | children = | awards = | father = [[Dirk de Villiers]] | mother = Addy de Villiers | relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = | occupation = Jilaa, Muusigyahan, Farshaxanle, Qoraa }} '''Dirk Gysbert de Villiers''' (wuxuu dhashay 4 Noofambar 1960), oo caan ku ah Gys de Villiers , waa jilaa Koonfur Afrikaan ah, muusikiiste, farshaxan-gacmeed iyo qoraa Wuxuu caan ku yahay doorarka operas saabuunta telefishanka ee Binnelanders iyo 7de Laan , iyo sidoo kale filimada; Khaa'inul waddan , Baabuurka 19 , Siliga , iyo Gudaha . ==Nolosha gaarka ah== Gys de Villiers wuxuu ku dhashay 4 Noofambar 1960 magaalada Roodepoort, Koonfur Afrika isagoo ah kii ugu yaraa shan walaalo ah. Aabihii Dirk de Villiers wuxuu ahaa agaasime filim oo caan ah. Hooyadiis Addy de Villiers sidoo kale waa jilaa caan ah. Wuxuu ku qaatay Dugsiga Sare ee Linden ee Johannesburg. 1980-kii, waxa uu diwaangaliyay shahaadada koowaad ee jaamacadda ee riwaayadaha ee Jaamacadda Cape Town , laakiin waxa uu dhammaaday koorsada hal sano ah ka dib. Gys walaalkii ugu weynaa Valken ayaa ku dhintay shil diyaaradeed. ==Tixraac== [https://elcinema.com/en/person/2022899 "Gys de Villiers - Actor Filmography, sawiro, Video"] [https://www4.fusionmovies.to/celebrity/7AObfXTCh3/gys-de-villiers "Dhammaan ku saabsan caanka Gys de Villiers!"] [http://48hours.co.za/anna-mart-van-der-merwe-and-gys-de-villiers-in-doodsnikke/ "Anna Mart van der Merwe iyo Gys de Villiers ee Doodsnikke"] {{Wayback|url=http://48hours.co.za/anna-mart-van-der-merwe-and-gys-de-villiers-in-doodsnikke/ |date=20250123100409 }} je6mi8ywpug067ndul57fi5ac03ywjk 0 45555 298359 291558 2026-06-09T10:54:41Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist | name = Sue Williamson | image = SAV 2015Fall Exhibitions Portrait SueWilliamson MN WEB.jpg <!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Deputy President Kgalema Motlanthe with Sue Williamson during his visit to the Museum of Modern Ar t in New York March 27, 2011.jpg|thumbnail|]] --> | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1941|1|21|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Lichfield]], [[England]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Koonfur Afrika | movement = | awards = Abaalmarinta Cilmi-baarista Farshaxanka Muuqaalka, [[Hay'adda Smithsonian]] (2007) | patrons = | imagesize = | field = [[farshaxanka rakibaadda]], sawir qaadis, farshaxan muuqaal ah | tababar = [[Horyaalka Ardayda Farshaxanka ee New York]] iyo [[Dugsiga Farshaxanka ee Michaelis]]s ee [[Jaamacadda Cape Town]] | works = | influenced by = | influenced = }} '''Sue Williamson''' (ku dhashay 1941) waa farshaxane iyo qoraa fadhigiisuna yahay Cape Town , Koonfur Afrika. ==Nolosha== Sue Williamson waxa ay ku dhalatay Lichfield, England 1941. 1948 waxa ay iyada iyo qoyskeeda u soo haajireen Koonfur Afrika. Intii u dhaxaysay 1963 iyo 1965 waxay wax ku baratay Ururka Ardayda Fanka ee New York . Sannadkii 1983kii waxay Diploma Sare ka qaadatay Farshaxanka Fine ee Michaelis School of Fine Art, Cape Town 2007, waxay heshay Abaalmarinta Cilmi-baarista Farshaxanka Muuqaalka ee Machadka Smithsonian ee Washington DC iyo 2011 Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Hal-abuurka Farshaxanka Sannadkii 2013, waxay ahayd marti-geliyaha akadeemiyada xagaaga ee Zentrum Paul Klee ee Bern . ==Tixraac== [https://www.artfromus.in/artwork-in-focus-sue-williamson-one-hundred-and-nineteen-deeds-of-sale/ "Sue Williamson, 'Boqol iyo Sagaal iyo Toban Waxqabad oo Iib ah'] [https://www.districtsix.co.za/about-district-six/ "Ku saabsan Degmada Lixaad | Degmada Lixaad" ] {{Wayback|url=https://www.districtsix.co.za/about-district-six/ |date=20251214125100 }} [https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-south-african-past-is-present-in-sue-williamson-s-new-show-at-goodman-gallery "Koonfur Afrikan hore waxa uu joogaa bandhiga cusub ee Sue Williamson ee Goodman Gallery"] 5c734omnhw9061oqqlzub60hy29uuro 0 45800 298344 291953 2026-06-09T07:18:12Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Lina Spies |image = |image_size = |caption = |birth_name = |birth_date = {{birth date|1939|3|6|df=yes}} |birth_place = Harrismith, North-Eastern Free State |death_date = |death_place = |other_names = |nationality = Koonfur Afrika |occupation = Abwaan<br />Naqdiye Suugaaneed<br />Tacliimeed<br />Turjubaan |spouse = |children = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Carellina Pieternella''' (Lina) Spies (waxay ku dhalatay 6 Maarso 1939 Harrismith , oo ku taal Gobolka Xorta ah ee Waqooyi-bari Koonfur Afrika ) waa gabyaa Afrikaan ah iyo aqoonyahan. ==Tixraac== [https://versindaba.co.za/2009/10/21/spesiale-nuuswekker-nog-n-prys-vir-loftus-marais/ "Spesiale Nuuswekker. Nog 'n prys vir Loftus Marais"] {{Wayback|url=https://versindaba.co.za/2009/10/21/spesiale-nuuswekker-nog-n-prys-vir-loftus-marais/ |date=20250810140646 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20111007020623/http://www.kerkpad.co.za/argief/Maart2004/pers1.html Lina Spies, medewerker van psalmomdigting in die nuwe Liedboek van die NG en NH Kerke, glo nie meer in die goddelikhed van Jesus Christus nie] b3nc4l24hr8n79gk73d5ovl0l3ytkja 0 45807 298351 291960 2026-06-09T09:11:12Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Olive Schreiner | image = Olive Schreiner.jpg | caption = | native_name = Olive Emily Albertina Schreiner | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1855|3|24}} | birth_place = Wittebergen Reserve, [[Cape Colony]] (in present-day [[Lesotho]]) | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1920|12|11|1855|3|24}} | death_place = [[Wynberg, Cape Town|Wynberg]], [[Union of South Africa|South Africa]] | relations = {{plainlist| *{{ill|Samuel Cronwright|af| |lt=S. C. Cronwright-Schreiner}} (Husband) * Frederick Samuel Schreiner (walaal) * [[William Schreiner]] (walaal) * Helen Schreiner (walaalo) *[[Oliver Schreiner]] (nephew) }} | occupation = Qoraa, cod-bixiye, u dhaqdhaqaaqa siyaasadda | notableworks = ''[[Sheekada Beer Afrikaan ah]]'', ''Haweeney iyo Shaqaale'' | signature = Signature of Olive Schreiner.jpg }} '''Olive Schreiner''' (24 Maarso 1855 - 11 Diseembar 1920) waxay ahayd qoraa Koonfur Afrikaan ah, u ololeysa dagaalka iyo aqoonyahan. Maanta waxaa si fiican loogu xasuustaa sheekadeeda The Story of a African Farm (1883), oo si weyn loogu amaanay. Waxay si geesinimo leh uga hadlaysaa arrimaha casriga ah sida agnosticism, madaxbannaanida jiritaanka, shaqsiyadda, himilooyinka xirfadeed ee haweenka, iyo dabeecadda asaasiga ah ee nolosha ee xuduudda gumeysiga. ==Taariikh Nololeed== Karel Schoeman , oo ah taariikhyahan, iyo khabiir ku takhasusay Schreiner oo ku nool Koonfur Afrika, ayaa qortay inay ahayd qof aad u wanaagsan oo ku nool Koonfur Afrika. Wuxuu soo koobayaa qaab-dhismeedka aasaasiga ah ee nolosheeda sida soo socota, isagoo xusaya waqtiyadii ay ku noolayd dalka dibaddiisa: Marka laga eego dhinaca taariikheed, nolosha Olive Schreiner waxay muujinaysaa qaab xiiso leh. Ka dib markii ay shan iyo labaatankii sano ee ugu horreeyay ku qaadatay Koonfur Afrika ... waxay joogtay Ingiriiska in ka badan toddoba sano, waxayna sidoo kale ku noolayd waqtigan Yurub. Ka dib, waxay ku noolayd Koonfur Afrika muddo afar iyo labaatan sano ah, xilligii ay saaxiibtinimada la lahayd Rhodes, dagaalkii Anglo-Boer, iyo ku lug lahaanshaheeda sii kordhaya ee arrimaha sida cunsuriyadda iyo tirada haweenka, ka dibna masaafuris kale ayaa ka dambaysay Ingiriiska muddo toddoba sano ah; waxay ahayd wax yar ka hor dhimashadeeda 1920-kii markii ay ku soo laabatay Koonfur Afrika ==Tixraac== [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Olive-Schreiner "Olive Schreiner | Qoraa Koonfur Afrikaan ah | Britannica"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20200815112514/http://uctpress.bookslive.co.za/blog/2016/02/02/how-olive-schreiner%E2%80%99s-husband-%E2%80%98carelessly%E2%80%99-edited-her-lesser-known-novel-from-man-to-man-or-perhaps-only/ "Sidee Olive Schreiner ninkeeda 'si taxaddar la'aan ah' u tafatiray sheeko-xariireedkeeda aan aadka loo aqoon ee From Man to Man, ama Maybe Only"] [https://www.oliveschreiner.org/vre?view=personae&entry=163 "Dramatis Personae Frederick Schreiner"]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 6kllxeyiie74srf4k3wpuc6udcs4v31 0 45828 298349 291982 2026-06-09T08:27:50Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox academic |name = Milton Shain |image = |alt = |caption = |birth_date = 1949 |birth_place = |death_date = |death_place = |nationality = South African |other_names = |occupation = Barefisoor, aqoonyahan |known_for = Taariikhda [[Yuhuudda Koonfur Afrika]] iyo [[taariikhda nacaybka Yuhuudda]] |discipline = [[Taariikh]] |alma_mater = [[Jaamacadda Cape Town]] |work_institutions = Jaamacadda Cape Town }} '''Milton Shain''' (wuxuu dhashay 1949) waa taariikhyahan Koonfur Afrikaan ah. Wuxuu ku takhasusay taariikhda Yuhuudda Koonfur Afrika iyo taariikhda nacaybka Yuhuudda . Wuxuu ahaa Agaasimaha Xarunta Daraasaadka Yuhuudda iyo Cilmi-baarista Isaac and Jessie Kaplan ee Jaamacadda Cape Town ilaa uu ka fariistay dhammaadkii 2014 wuxuu ka mid yahay guddiga la-talinta ee Xarunta Holocaust ee Cape Town , sannadkii 2014-kiina waxaa loo doortay Xubin ka tirsan Bulshada Boqortooyada Koonfur Afrika . ==Tixraac== [https://cjc.org.za/2014/11/01/an-interview-with-professor-milton-shain-on-his-retirement/ Wareysi lala yeeshay Professor Milton Shain markii uu hawlgab noqday ] {{Wayback|url=https://cjc.org.za/2014/11/01/an-interview-with-professor-milton-shain-on-his-retirement/ |date=20231202021226 }} [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2023-07-13-fascists-fabricators-and-fantasists-antisemitism-in-south-africa-from-1948-to-the-present/ Faashiistayaasha, Sahamiyayaasha iyo Kuwa Male-awaalka ah: Nacaybka Yuhuudda ee Koonfur Afrika laga bilaabo 1948 ilaa] 6ska4hwdg8siy6glwipikpsp20iehdq 0 45833 298336 291987 2026-06-09T06:21:34Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 298336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | honorific_prefix = | name = Joan Alison Morice | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = <!--(filename only, i.e. without "File:" prefix)--> | image_size = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = <!-- if different from "name" --> | birth_date = {{birth date|1904|10|5|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Barberton, Mpumalanga|Barberton]], [[Transvaal Colony]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1944|11|24|1904|10|5|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Johannesburg]], Koonfur Afrika | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!--{{coord|LAT|LONG|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}--> | home_town = | other_names = | pronounce = | residence = | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = | workplaces = Shaybaarka Allerton | patrons = | education = | alma_mater = [[Jaamacadda Witwatersrand]]<br />[[Onderstepoort |Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute]] | thesis_title = <!--(or | thesis1_title = and | thesis2_title = )--> | thesis_url = <!--(or | thesis1_url = and | thesis2_url = )--> | thesis_year = <!--(or | thesis1_year = and | thesis2_year = )--> | doctoral_advisor = <!--(or | doctoral_advisors = )--> | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = Dhakhtarkii ugu horreeyay ee dumar ah ee qalliinka xoolaha ee Koonfur Afrika | influences = | influenced = | awards = | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | spouse = Maurice Connell Robinson<ref name="Vet1928"/> | partner = <!--(or | partners = )--> | children = 1<ref name="Tree"/> | signature = <!--(filename only)--> | signature_alt = | website = <!--{{URL|www.example.com}}--> | footnotes = }} '''Joan Alison Morice''' (5 Oktoobar 1904 - 24 Noofambar 1944) waxay ahayd haweeneydii ugu horreysay ee u qalanto oo ku shaqeysata dhakhtar qalliin oo xoolaha ah Koonfur Afrika Waxay ka qalin jabisay Machadka Xoolaha ee Onderstepoort , Koonfur Afrika sanadkii 1927, sagaal iyo toban sano ka dib ayay ahayd markii haweeneydii xigtay, Maud Bales, ay u qalantay dhakhtar qalliin oo xoolaha ah Koonfur Afrika Morice isla markiiba waxay bilowday dhakhtar xoolaad oo gaar loo leeyahay kaasoo socday ilaa 1935. Waxay u dhimatay da'da yar kansarka sanadkii 1944. ==Nolosha iyo shaqada== Morice waxay ku dhalatay 1904 Barberton , Transvaal Colony waxaana dhalay Andrew Morice iyo Alice Mary Morice (née Roberts). Waxaa loo diray England si ay u hesho waxbarashadeeda hore. Sannadkii 1922 waxay ku laabatay Koonfur Afrika waxayna iska diiwaangelisay koorso qalliin xoolaha ah. Morice waxay dhammaysatay labadii sano ee ugu horreysay ee shahaadada Jaamacadda Witwatersrand iyo sannadkii ugu dambeeyay Machadka Xoolaha ee Onderstepoort ee Kulliyadda Jaamacadda Transvaal Sannadkii 1927 Morice waxay qaadatay shahaadada koowaad ee cilmiga xoolaha waxayna ka shaqaysay Onderstepoort iyo Shaybaarka Allerton (oo hore u ahaan jirtay Natal , hadda KwaZulu-Natal ) iyadoo ah sarkaal ku meel gaar ah oo xoolaha ah ilaa Diseembar 1928, ka dibna waxay ka bilowday xarunteeda gaarka ah ee Johannesburg . ==Tixraac== [https://vethistorysa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Art-5-Class-of-1928-and-1929.pdf "Waxbarashada xoolaha ee Koonfur Afrika: Fasallada 1928 iyo 1929" ] {{Wayback|url=https://vethistorysa.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Art-5-Class-of-1928-and-1929.pdf |date=20260106090607 }} [https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/handle/2263/21238/posthumus_pt2.pdf XOOLEEYAYAASHA XOOLEEYA EE KOONFURTA AFRIKA: Mugga 2] [https://books.google.com/books?id=YgzGqNhLY1UC Haweenka oo u socda Qarniga 21aad] 98ewxh2zcdg1rgyzc56a9l9vqj1s7y7 0 47547 298319 298264 2026-06-08T13:01:25Z ~2026-33783-37 46018 /* Military */ 298319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Muuse Dhimbil | native_name = |image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}|region4={{flagcountry| Eratareya}} | languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | religions = [[Islam]] | related = iyo kuwo kale |region6={{flagcountry| Ethiopia}}}} Beesha '''Muuse Dhimbil'''({{lang-so|Muuse Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Muuse Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. <ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.</ref><ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615</ref>Beesha Muuse Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley ilaa Aware.<ref>A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland </ref> ==Hordhac == Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya. ==Abtirsiin== {{Tree list}} *Muuse Dhimbil **Abdalleh Muuse ***Jibril Abdalle ****Saeed Jibril *****Abdi Said ******Salah Abdi ******Roble Abdi ****Kalil Jibirl *****Hersi Kalil *****Egal Kalil *****Deria kalil *****Wais Kalil *****Ali kalil ******Said Ali ******Koshin Ali ******Arale Ali ******Osman Ali ******Boqorreh Ali ****Hersi Jibril *****Ahmed Hersi *****Abdalle Hersi ****Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *****Aden Mohamed ******Benin Aden ******Nour Aden ******Ali Aden ******Adan Aden ****Abdi Jibril *****Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) *******Issa Ali *******Hussein Ali *******Mumin Ali *******Naleye Ali ******Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) *******Ismail Nour *******Hersi Nour *******Gabal Nour *******Mohamed Nour ******Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) ******Abdille Abdi *******Gallab Abdi (Rer Gallab) ********Ismail Gallab ********Asker Gallab *******Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ********Guled Eiae ********Sharmake Eiae *******Mohamed Abdille ********Ahmed Mohamed *********Samter Ahmed *********Ziyad Ahmed *********Mayle Ahmed *********Elmi Ahmed *********Warfa Ahmed *********Geedi Ahmed *********Amanle Ahmed *********Food Ahmed *********Roble Ahmed *********Ainanshe Ahmed *********Wais Ahmed *********Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **********Ismail Dhible **********Barre Dhible *********Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) **********Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh ** Mohamoud Muuse ***Shirdon Mohamoud ***Hildiid Mohamoud ****Ali Hildiid ****Geedi Hildiid ****Hersi Hildiid {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== ===Royalty=== *Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ughaz) and highly respected traditional leader. *Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed, a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure. === Politicians === * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician. * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia ===Military=== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader. *Aden Mohamed Guhad – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Hussein Habane – is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered SomalIi SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship ===Intellectuals=== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Mustafe Ali – is a scholar and lecturer at one of the universities of Pakistan * Dr.Mohamed Ahmed Sulub is the chairman of Hargeisa University. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Sh. Abdiraham Aden Eigeh === Journalists=== * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== dnodk11ohf2gnsnn6qzqbolfvnqm5df 298330 298319 2026-06-09T04:21:42Z ~2026-33783-37 46018 /* Abtirsiin */ 298330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Muuse Dhimbil | native_name = |image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}|region4={{flagcountry| Eratareya}} | languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | religions = [[Islam]] | related = iyo kuwo kale |region6={{flagcountry| Ethiopia}}}} Beesha '''Muuse Dhimbil'''({{lang-so|Muuse Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Muuse Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. <ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.</ref><ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615</ref>Beesha Muuse Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley ilaa Aware.<ref>A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland </ref> ==Hordhac == Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya. ==Abtirsiin== {{Tree list}} *Muuse Dhimbil **Abdalleh Muuse ***Jibril Abdalle ****Saeed Jibril *****Abdi Said ******Salah Abdi ******Roble Abdi ****Hersi Jibril *****Ahmed Hersi *****Abdalle Hersi ****Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil) *****Hersi Kalil *****Egal Kalil *****Deria kalil *****Ali kalil ****Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *****Aden Mohamed ******Benin Aden ******Nour Aden ******Ali Aden ******Adan Aden ****Abdi Jibril *****Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) *******Issa Ali *******Hussein Ali *******Mumin Ali *******Naleye Ali ******Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) *******Ismail Nour *******Hersi Nour *******Gabal Nour *******Mohamed Nour ******Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) ******Abdille Abdi *******Gallab Abdi (Rer Gallab) ********Ismail Gallab ********Asker Gallab *******Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ********Guled Eiae ********Sharmake Eiae *******Mohamed Abdille ********Ahmed Mohamed *********Samter Ahmed *********Ziyad Ahmed *********Mayle Ahmed *********Elmi Ahmed *********Warfa Ahmed *********Geedi Ahmed *********Amanle Ahmed *********Food Ahmed *********Roble Ahmed *********Ainanshe Ahmed *********Wais Ahmed *********Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **********Ismail Dhible **********Barre Dhible *********Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) **********Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh ** Mohamoud Muuse ***Shirdon Mohamoud ***Hildiid Mohamoud ****Ali Hildiid ****Geedi Hildiid ****Hersi Hildiid {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== ===Royalty=== *Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ughaz) and highly respected traditional leader. *Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed, a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure. === Politicians === * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician. * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia ===Military=== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader. *Aden Mohamed Guhad – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Hussein Habane – is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered SomalIi SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship ===Intellectuals=== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Mustafe Ali – is a scholar and lecturer at one of the universities of Pakistan * Dr.Mohamed Ahmed Sulub is the chairman of Hargeisa University. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Sh. Abdiraham Aden Eigeh === Journalists=== * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== rcj3hcuhsjfbdw8y25tymntuckirtyg 298352 298330 2026-06-09T09:15:02Z ~2026-33783-37 46018 298352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Muuse Dhimbil | native_name = |image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}|region4={{flagcountry| Eratareya}}|region5={{flagcountry| United States}} | languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | religions = [[Islam]] | related = iyo kuwo kale |region6={{flagcountry| Ethiopia}}}} Beesha '''Muuse Dhimbil'''({{lang-so|Muuse Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Muuse Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. <ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.</ref><ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615</ref>Beesha Muuse Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley ilaa Aware.<ref>A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland </ref> ==Hordhac == Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya. ==Abtirsiin== {{Tree list}} *Muuse Dhimbil **Abdalleh Muuse ***Jibril Abdalle ****Saeed Jibril *****Abdi Said ******Salah Abdi ******Roble Abdi ****Hersi Jibril *****Ahmed Hersi *****Abdalle Hersi ****Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil) *****Hersi Kalil *****Egal Kalil *****Deria kalil *****Ali kalil ****Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *****Aden Mohamed ******Benin Aden ******Nour Aden ******Ali Aden ******Adan Aden ****Abdi Jibril *****Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) *******Issa Ali *******Hussein Ali *******Mumin Ali *******Naleye Ali ******Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) *******Ismail Nour *******Hersi Nour *******Gabal Nour *******Mohamed Nour ******Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) ******Abdille Abdi *******Gallab Abdi (Rer Gallab) ********Ismail Gallab ********Asker Gallab *******Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ********Guled Eiae ********Sharmake Eiae *******Mohamed Abdille ********Ahmed Mohamed *********Samter Ahmed *********Ziyad Ahmed *********Mayle Ahmed *********Elmi Ahmed *********Warfa Ahmed *********Geedi Ahmed *********Amanle Ahmed *********Food Ahmed *********Roble Ahmed *********Ainanshe Ahmed *********Wais Ahmed *********Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **********Ismail Dhible **********Barre Dhible *********Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) **********Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh ** Mohamoud Muuse ***Shirdon Mohamoud ***Hildiid Mohamoud ****Ali Hildiid ****Geedi Hildiid ****Hersi Hildiid {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== ===Royalty=== *Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ughaz) and highly respected traditional leader. *Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed, a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure. === Politicians === * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician. * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia ===Military=== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader. *Aden Mohamed Guhad – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Hussein Habane – is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered SomalIi SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship ===Intellectuals=== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Mustafe Ali – is a scholar and lecturer at one of the universities of Pakistan * Dr.Mohamed Ahmed Sulub is the chairman of Hargeisa University. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Sh. Abdiraham Aden Eigeh === Journalists=== * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== ncz3jfphe2iqjdxgyz0q2z8n41rienj 298354 298352 2026-06-09T09:29:21Z ~2026-33783-37 46018 298354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Muuse Dhimbil | native_name = |image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}|region4={{flagcountry| Eratareya}}|region5={{flagcountry| United States}} | languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | religions = [[Islam]] | related = iyo kuwo kale |region6={{flagcountry| Ethiopia}}}} Beesha '''Muuse Dhimbil'''({{lang-so|Muuse Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Muuse Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. <ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.</ref><ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615</ref>Beesha Muuse Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley ilaa Aware.<ref>A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland </ref> ==Hordhac == Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya. ==Distribution == Beesha Muusa dhimbil waa beel balaadhan oo dagata dhulbadan oo somaliland iyo Ethiopia, waxaa laga helaa golbalka maroodi Jeex iyo sahil, gaar ahaan konfur magaalada hargiesa ilaa dolwaynaha Ethiopia. ==Abtirsiin== {{Tree list}} *Muuse Dhimbil **Abdalleh Muuse ***Jibril Abdalle ****Saeed Jibril *****Abdi Said ******Salah Abdi ******Roble Abdi ****Hersi Jibril *****Ahmed Hersi *****Abdalle Hersi ****Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil) *****Hersi Kalil *****Egal Kalil *****Deria kalil *****Ali kalil ****Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *****Aden Mohamed ******Benin Aden ******Nour Aden ******Ali Aden ******Adan Aden ****Abdi Jibril *****Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) *******Issa Ali *******Hussein Ali *******Mumin Ali *******Naleye Ali ******Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) *******Ismail Nour *******Hersi Nour *******Gabal Nour *******Mohamed Nour ******Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) ******Abdille Abdi *******Gallab Abdi (Rer Gallab) ********Ismail Gallab ********Asker Gallab *******Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ********Guled Eiae ********Sharmake Eiae *******Mohamed Abdille ********Ahmed Mohamed *********Samter Ahmed *********Ziyad Ahmed *********Mayle Ahmed *********Elmi Ahmed *********Warfa Ahmed *********Geedi Ahmed *********Amanle Ahmed *********Food Ahmed *********Roble Ahmed *********Ainanshe Ahmed *********Wais Ahmed *********Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **********Ismail Dhible **********Barre Dhible *********Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) **********Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh ** Mohamoud Muuse ***Shirdon Mohamoud ***Hildiid Mohamoud ****Ali Hildiid ****Geedi Hildiid ****Hersi Hildiid {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== ===Royalty=== *Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ughaz) and highly respected traditional leader. *Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed, a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure. === Politicians === * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician. * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia ===Military=== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader. *Aden Mohamed Guhad – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Hussein Habane – is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered SomalIi SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship ===Intellectuals=== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Mustafe Ali – is a scholar and lecturer at one of the universities of Pakistan * Dr.Mohamed Ahmed Sulub is the chairman of Hargeisa University. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Sh. Abdiraham Aden Eigeh === Journalists=== * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== m8xjgcwki00zefhwbtk8skhye2rw3b7 298355 298354 2026-06-09T09:30:15Z ~2026-33783-37 46018 298355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Muuse Dhimbil | native_name = |image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}|region4={{flagcountry| Eratareya}}|region5={{flagcountry| United States}} | languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | religions = [[Islam]] | related = iyo kuwo kale |region6={{flagcountry| Ethiopia}}}} Beesha '''Muuse Dhimbil'''({{lang-so|Muuse Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Muuse Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. <ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.</ref><ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615</ref>Beesha Muuse Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley ilaa Aware.<ref>A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland </ref> ==Hordhac == Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya. ==Distribution == Beesha Muusa dhimbil waa beel balaadhan oo dagata dhulbadan oo somaliland iyo Ethiopia, waxaa laga helaa golbalka maroodi Jeex iyo sahil, gaar ahaan konfur magaalada hargiesa ilaa dolwaynaha Ethiopia. ==Abtirsiin== {{Tree list}} *Muuse Dhimbil **Abdalleh Muuse ***Jibril Abdalle ****Saeed Jibril *****Abdi Said ******Salah Abdi ******Roble Abdi ****Hersi Jibril *****Ahmed Hersi *****Abdalle Hersi ****Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil) *****Hersi Kalil *****Egal Kalil *****Deria kalil *****Ali kalil ****Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *****Aden Mohamed ******Benin Aden ******Nour Aden ******Ali Aden ******Adan Aden ****Abdi Jibril *****Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) *******Issa Ali *******Hussein Ali *******Mumin Ali *******Naleye Ali ******Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) *******Ismail Nour *******Hersi Nour *******Gabal Nour *******Mohamed Nour ******Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) ******Abdille Abdi *******Gallab Abdi (Rer Gallab) ********Ismail Gallab ********Asker Gallab *******Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ********Guled Eiae ********Sharmake Eiae *******Mohamed Abdille ********Ahmed Mohamed *********Samter Ahmed *********Ziyad Ahmed *********Mayle Ahmed *********Elmi Ahmed *********Warfa Ahmed *********Geedi Ahmed *********Amanle Ahmed *********Food Ahmed *********Roble Ahmed *********Ainanshe Ahmed *********Wais Ahmed *********Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **********Ismail Dhible **********Barre Dhible *********Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) **********Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh ** Mohamoud Muuse ***Shirdon Mohamoud ***Hildiid Mohamoud ****Ali Hildiid ****Geedi Hildiid ****Hersi Hildiid {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== ===Royalty=== *Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ughaz) and highly respected traditional leader. *Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed, a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure. === Politicians === * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician. * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia ===Military=== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader. *Aden Mohamed Guhad – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Hussein Habane – is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered SomalIi SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship ===Intellectuals=== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Mustafe Ali – is a scholar and lecturer at one of the universities of Pakistan * Dr.Mohamed Ahmed Sulub is the chairman of Hargeisa University. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Sh. Abdiraham Aden Eigeh === Journalists=== * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== fnn1yb019kcmpi2cwc7qusphckovvf8 298361 298355 2026-06-09T11:41:10Z ~2026-33783-37 46018 /* Distribution */ 298361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Muuse Dhimbil | native_name = |image=|region1={{flagcountry|Somaliland}}|region2={{flagcountry|Kenya}}|region3={{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}|region4={{flagcountry| Eratareya}}|region5={{flagcountry| United States}} | languages = [[Somali language|Somali]] | religions = [[Islam]] | related = iyo kuwo kale |region6={{flagcountry| Ethiopia}}}} Beesha '''Muuse Dhimbil'''({{lang-so|Muuse Dhimbil}}, {{lang-en|Muuse Dhimbil}}) waa beel ka mid ah beelaha Abokor Muuse , ku waasi oo dagan deegano badan oo katirsan Somaliland iyo DDS Itoobiya. <ref>Lewis, I. M. (3 February 2017). I.M Lewis : peoples of the Horn of Africa.</ref><ref>Diiriye, Anwar Maxamed (2006). Literature of Somali Onomastics & Proverbs with Comparison of Foreign Sayings.ISBN978-0-9726615</ref>Beesha Muuse Dhimbil Waxa laga helaa konfurta magaalada Hargiesa iyo Bariga magalda Salahley ilaa Aware.<ref>A General survey of the Somaliland protectorate 1944-1950, p.122, table 18. Somaliland </ref> ==Hordhac == Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waa farac ka tirsan beel-weynta Abokor Muse. Beesha Muuse Dhimbil waxay door muhiim ah ku leeyihiin bulshada, waxayna si taariikhi ah u degganaayeen meelo kala duwan oo ka tirsan Somaliland iyo Itoobiya . Sidoo kale, waxaa laga helaa koofurta Hargeysa,Salaxley, iyo qaybo ka mid ah Dalka Itoobiya. ==Abtirsiin== {{Tree list}} *Muuse Dhimbil **Abdalleh Muuse ***Jibril Abdalle ****Saeed Jibril *****Abdi Said ******Salah Abdi ******Roble Abdi ****Hersi Jibril *****Ahmed Hersi *****Abdalle Hersi ****Kalil Jibirl (Rer kalil) *****Hersi Kalil *****Egal Kalil *****Deria kalil *****Ali kalil ****Aden Jibril (Rer Adan) *****Aden Mohamed ******Benin Aden ******Nour Aden ******Ali Aden ******Adan Aden ****Abdi Jibril *****Ali Abdi (Rer Ali Abdi) *******Issa Ali *******Hussein Ali *******Mumin Ali *******Naleye Ali ******Nour Abdi (Rer Nuur) *******Ismail Nour *******Hersi Nour *******Gabal Nour *******Mohamed Nour ******Benin Abdi (Rer Benin) ******Abdille Abdi *******Gallab Abdi (Rer Gallab) ********Ismail Gallab ********Asker Gallab *******Eiae Abdille (Rer Eiye) ********Guled Eiae ********Sharmake Eiae *******Mohamed Abdille ********Ahmed Mohamed *********Samter Ahmed *********Ziyad Ahmed *********Mayle Ahmed *********Elmi Ahmed *********Warfa Ahmed *********Geedi Ahmed *********Amanle Ahmed *********Food Ahmed *********Roble Ahmed *********Ainanshe Ahmed *********Wais Ahmed *********Dhible Ahmed (Rer Dhibleh) **********Ismail Dhible **********Barre Dhible *********Ali Ahmed (Rer Ali) *********Gubadleh Ahmed (Rer Gubadleh) **********Derie Gubadleh (Rer Dirie) **********Boqorre Gubdleh (Rer Boqorreh ** Mohamoud Muuse ***Shirdon Mohamoud ***Hildiid Mohamoud ****Ali Hildiid ****Geedi Hildiid ****Hersi Hildiid {{tree list/end}} ==Notable figures== ===Royalty=== *Ughaz Ali-Abdi – A revered clan elder (Ughaz) and highly respected traditional leader. *Ugahz Mohamed Abdille Ahmed, a clan elder (Ughaz) and respected traditional figure. === Politicians === * Hussein Mohamed Mohamoud – Former Minister of Health * Ahmed Mohamed Diriye (Toorno) – Former Minister of Education and planning * Almis Omar Zakrie – Activist and Politician. * Guled Bihi Abdi – Politician and Member for Federal Parliament of Somalia ===Military=== * Mahamoud Ismail Gabush – Is a scholar, an Air Force engineer, and a respected military leader. *Aden Mohamed Guhad – He was a Colonel and the Commander of Internal Security of the (SNM), noted for his strategic leadership. * Gen.Mohamed Osman Aalin (Dayib)– Father of Somaliland Immigration border * Abdishakur Roble Ali– is a senior military leader in Somaliland. * Hussein Habane – is a Lieutenant in the Somaliland Coast Guard * Kol Ibrahim Koodbuur – Revered SomalIi SNM commander and freedom fighter, known for his unmatched courage and sacrifice in the struggle against dictatorship ===Intellectuals=== * Sh Mohamed Ali Geedi – Scholar and Founder of Horn of Africa charity Organization, which operates and establishes multiple schools across Somaliland and Beder International University. * Shiekh Harreed – Scholar and Religious leader * Mustafe Ali – is a scholar and lecturer at one of the universities of Pakistan * Dr.Mohamed Ahmed Sulub is the chairman of Hargeisa University. * Yusuf Saeed Elmi – Poet and politician * Sh. Abdiraham Aden Eigeh === Journalists=== * Khalid Foodhaadhi – Multi-Award-Winnnig Journalist ==Tixraac== 46kc97c3fggk0y1b89ypier4la09zni 0 47580 298331 2026-06-09T04:40:52Z ~2026-34023-12 46023 Waxaan ku daray xogta iyo taariikhda deegaanka garawaale 298331 wikitext text/x-wiki == Garawaale (Deegaan) == '''Garawaale''' waa deegaan muhiim ah oo hoos yimaada degmada Hobyo ee gobolka Mudug, Soomaaliya. Deegaanku wuxuu mudooyinkii u dambeeyay ku tallaabsaday horumarro ballaaran oo dhinacyo kala duwan leh, isagoo caan ku ah jawi deggan oo aad u wanaagsan iyo meelo ku habboon dalxiiska. === Dhaqaalaha iyo Nolosha === Nololosha iyo ilaha dhaqaale ee bulshada ku dhaqan deegaanka Garawaale waxay inta badan ku tiirsan yihiin xoolo-dhaqashada, iyadoo dadka deegaanku ay yihiin bulsho xoolaley ah. Kobaca dhaqaalaha ee deegaanka ayaa ah mid si xowli ah u soo koraya, taasoo gacan ka geysaneysa ballaarashada iyo dhismaha deegaanka. === Adeegyada Bulshada === Si loogu adeego bulshada sii kordheysa ee deegaanka, Garawaale waxay leedahay xarumo caafimaad oo daboola baahiyaha aasaasiga ah iyo dugsiyo waxbarasho oo kor u qaadaya aqoonta ubadka deegaanka. === Cimilada === Cimilada deegaanka Garawaale ayaa ah mid kulul oo qalalan (semi-arid) sanadka oo dhan, taas oo dabeecad u ah inta badan deegaannada dhaca bartamaha Soomaaliya. 0wg81oxzb0qy26xhumptwgi35v3l98l