Wikipedia sowiki https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogga_Hore MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1909 304538 303409 2026-08-09T11:05:51Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Qoraal dheer}} {{Infobox country |latd=9 |latm=33 |latNS=N |longd=44 |longm=03 |longEW=E |leader_name2 = [[Maxamed Cali Aw Cabdi]] |leader_name3 = [[Yaasiin Maxamed xiir faratoon]] |conventional_long_name = Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliland</br>جَمْهورِيَدْدَ سومالِلَنْدْ |native_name = {{smaller|{{native name|en|Republic of Somaliland}}<ref>Name used in [http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Somaliland_Constitution/body_somaliland_constitution.htm#Heading The Constitution of the Republic of Somaliland] and in [http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Faafinta_Rasmiga_JSL_S1_Cad_1aad_2012.pdf Somaliland Official Gazette]</ref><br />{{native name|ar|{{lower|0.1em|<big>جمهورية صوماليلاند</big>}}|italic=no}}</big><br />{{smaller|''{{transl|ar|Jumhūrīyat Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl}}''}}}}<br/><ref>Susan M. Hassig, Zawiah Abdul Latif, ''Somalia'', (Marshall Cavendish: 2007), p.10.</ref> |image_flag = Flag of Somaliland.svg |image_coat = Emblem of Somaliland.svg |common_name = Somaliland |symbol_type = National emblem |national_motto = <br />{{native phrase|ar|{{lower|0.1em|[[Shahaadah|<big>لا إله إلا الله محمد رسول الله</big>]]}}|italics=off|nolink=on}}<br />''Lā ilāhā illā-llāhu; muhammadun rasūlu-llāhi''<br />{{small|"[[Shahadah|Ilaah ma jiro Alle mooye; Muxammed waa rasuulka Alle]]"}} |national_anthem = <br />{{lang|so|''[[Samo ku waar]]''}}<br />{{small|''Long life with peace''}}<br /><center> {{center|[[File:Samo ku waar - Anthem of Somaliland (Instrumental).ogg]]}} |image_map = Somaliland (orthographic projection).svg |capital = [[Hargeysa]] |largest_city = [[Hargeysa]] |Portka = [[Berbera]] |official_languages = [[Af Soomaali]] |demonym = Somalilander |government_type = Madaxweynenimo leh [[Dastuurka Somaliland|Dastuur Jamhuuriya]] |leader_title1 = [[Madaxweyne]] |leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Abdirahman Mohamed Abdulahi Cirro]]}} |leader_title2 = [[madaxwayne kuxigeen]] |leader_title3 = Gudoomiyaha Golaha Wakiilada |legislature = Baarlamaanka Somaliland |upper_house = [[Golaha Guurtida]] Somaliland|Golaha Guurtida |lower_house = [[Golaha Wakiilada]] Somaliland|Golaha Wakiilada |established_event1 = Ku dhawaaqdey |sovereignty_type = Dowlada |sovereignty_note = iyo Awooda |established_event2 = Aqoonsiga |established_date1 = May 18, 1991 |established_date2 = Dal aan la aqoonsanayn<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Issue 270, 28 March 2016 |url=http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2006/270/3.shtml |access-date=26 July 2016 |archive-date=21 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321062435/http://www.somalilandtimes.net/sl/2006/270/3.shtml |dead-url=yes }}</ref> |area_km2 = 137600 |area_sq_mi = 53100<ref>[http://somalilandgov.com/somaliland-geography/ Somaliland Geography, 28 March 2016]</ref> |percent_water = |population_estimate = 6,200,000<ref>REPORTER, I. (2012, September 18). As Somalia Struggles, Can Neighboring Somaliland Become East Africa's Next Big Commercial Hub? Retrieved December 26, 2015, from http://www.ibtimes.com/somalia-struggles-can-neighboring-somaliland-become-east-africas-next-big-commercial-1407582">[http://www.ibtimes.com/somalia-struggles-can-neighboring-somaliland-become-east-africas-next-big-commercial-1407582 As Somalia Struggles, Can Neighboring Somaliland Become East Africa's Next Big Commercial Hub?, International Business Times, 2013]</ref> |population_census = |population_estimate_year = 2024 |population_estimate_rank = |population_census_year = |population_density_km2 = 25 |population_density_rank = |population_density_sq_mi = 66 |GDP_PPP = $3.782 Billion<ref>World Bank. ''[http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/01/29/new-world-bank-gdp-and-poerty-estimates-for-somaliland New World Bank GDP and Poverty Estimates for Somaliland]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'' January 29, 2015. Accessed February 14, 2015.</ref> |GDP_PPP_year = 2022 |GDP = 3.2 Billion Dollars |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $852 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |HDI = |HDI_year = |HDI_rank = |currency = [[Somaliland shilling]] |currency_code = SSH |time_zone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] |utc_offset = +3 |utc_offset_DST = +3 |time_zone_DST = not observed |date_format = d/m/yy (AD|Anno Domini) |drives_on = right |calling_code = [[+252]] {{small|(Somalia)}} |iso3166code = |cctld = |footnote_a = Qiimeynta aheyn sida Somaliland waa [aqoonsi diblomaasiyadeed [|<nowiki> Somaliland State]].</nowiki> |footnote_b =Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |HDI_category = }} '''Soomaaliland''' ([[Af Ingiriis]]: ''Somaliland''; [[Af Carabi]]: صوماليلاند , {{lang|ar|أرض الصومال|rtl=yes}} ''{{transl|ar|Arḍ aṣ-Ṣūmāl}}''), si rasmi ah '''Soomaaliland''' ([[Af Ingiriis]]: ''Somaliland'', [[Af Carabi]]: صوماليلاند wuxuu xad la leedahay [[Jabuuti]], [[Itoobiya]] iyo maamulka [[Waqooyi Bari|Puntland]] [[Soomaaliya]]. Somaliland waa dhulkii [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland|Maxmiyada Ingiriis ee Somaliland ]] ee [[Ingiriis]] ku maamuli jiray . Waxay xornimadda ka qaatay Ingiriiska [[Juun]] [[26]] [[1960]]. 1 July 1960 kii waxay la midowday koonfurta Soomaaliya oo [[Talyaani|Talyaanigu]] guumeysan jiray.[[Magaalo|magaalada]] caasimada u ahi waa [[Hargaysa]]. [[Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali Tuur]] oo ahaan jirey Gudoomiyihii Ururkii Dhaqdhaqaaqa Wadaniga Soomaaliyeed [[SNM]], ayaa noqday madaxweynahii ugu horeeyay ee Somaliland. Waxaa ku xigey [[Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]] noqdey Madaxweynihii Labaad ee Somaliland, waxaana ka danbeeyay [[Daahir Rayaale Kaahin]]. Kahina waxa ku xigay [[Axmed Maxamed Maxamuud (Siilaanyo)]]. Waxa ku xigay [[Muuse Biixi Cabdi]]. Waxa imika ah Madaxweynaha JSL Mudane Abdirahman Mohamed Abdulahi cirro Somaliland waxaa ka jira saddex xisbi siyaasadeed oo kala ah [[Kulmiye]], [[Wadani]] iyo KAAH. ==Taariikhda== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Taariikhda Somaliland]]'' Somaliland waa magac aad cusub marka la eego taariikhda uu maamulkan leeyahay somaliland waxaa horay loogu magacaabi jiray dhulkii uduga iyo cadarka iyo bukhuurka ama uduga waa sida ay u yaqaaneen masaaridii horee. halka giriigii hore ay u yaqaaneen dhulkii berbera waa halka uu kasoo jeedo magaca [[berbera]] xiligii muslimka amaba qarniyadii uu muslimku soo gaadhay somaliland waxa looyaqaanay dhulkii [[saylac]] ugu danbayntii xiligan aan joogno waxa lagu magacaabaa Somaliland. ===Wakhtiyadii Hore=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Laas Geel]]'' ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Dhambalin]] iyo [[Dhaymoole]]'' Taariikhdii bilawga ahayd ee casri jaahiligii Somaliland waxay ku taal geeska Afrika, dhinaca Waqooyi galbeed waxa ka xigay deris la tahay dalka Jamhuuriyada Jabouti, galbeedna waxaa ka xiga Ethiopia, barina waxaa ka xiga somalia. Tirada dadka Somalilad waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 6,2 malyan. Baaxadda dhulka ay ku fadhido Somaliland waa 139,000 km½ Somaliland waxaa dhinaca waqooyiga ka xiga [[badda cas]] oo ku fadhida xeeb dhererkodu yahay 908 km½. Somaliland oo leh taariikh aad u balaadhan dadkuna aanu wada aqoon. Waxay kamid tahay meelihii ugu horeeyay ee ay ka hana qaaday ilbaxnimada adduunku. Dadka taariikhda ku xeel-dheeri waxay sheegeen in farraaciintii hore asalkoodu Somali kasoo jeedaan. Deganaana jireen dhulka xeebaha badda cas, taasoo markii danbana ay xidhiidh qoto dheer la lahaayeen Somaliland. Waxaana xaddaaradda Somaliland ku simantahay ilaa 7000 sanadood ciise hortii. ===Wakhtigii Diinta Islaamka=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Saldanadi Ifat]]'' ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Saldanadii Cadal]]'' [[File:YagbeaSionBattlingAdaSultan.JPG|thumb|250px|Suldaanka reer Adal (midig) iyo ciidankiisa oo la dagaallamaya King Yagbea-Sion iyo raggiisa. Laga soo bilaabo Le livre des Merveilles, qarnigii 15aad.]] [[File:Zayla.jpg|thumb|250px|Burburka [[Saldanadii Cadal]] ee Saylac, Awdal.]] Markii diintu soo degtay qarnigii 7aad, geeska Afrika waxay noqotay meel aad u muhiima markii uu muslimay boqorkii Xabashida ee Nataashi. Waxaana xeebaha Somaliland ahaayeen meel istiraaji ah oo asxaabtii usoo xijrootay. Qarnigii 13naad waxaa culimadii carbeed ee dalka timid kadhiseen saldanad la odhan jiray Bebad oo ay xukumi jirtay boqortooyadii Walaashma. Waana markii koowaad inta taariikhda lagu hayo qabaa'ilkii Somalidu yeeshaan maamul dhexe. Somaliland waxaa ay kamid tahay bariga Afrika marka laga yimaado [[Itoobiya]] dalkii ugu horreyey ee ay ka hanaqaaday maamul dawladeed, inkastoo aan runta laga sheegin taariikhda dhab ah ee Somaliland haddana waxaan muran ku jirin in Somaliland qarnigii 15naad ay lahayd dawlad dunida laga ictiraafsanyahay gaar ahaana markii uu hoggaanka qabtay Immam Ahmed Qasali (Guray). Maamulkaas oo markii danbe la magac baxday dawladii Awdal. Xukumina jirtay inta u dhaxaysa xeebaha badda cas ilaa Herer. ===Saldanadihii hore ee casriga ahaa=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Saldanada Isaaq|Saldanadii Isaaq]] iyo [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland]]'' [[File:Sultan Nur Map.png|thumb|250px|Khariidadda Jarmalka qarnigii 19-aad oo muujinaya [[Nuur Axmed Amaan|Suldaan Nuur]] Degaanka badhtamaha Somaliland]] [[File:Flag of British Somaliland (1952–1960).svg|250px|thumb|Calankii [[Dhulka Biritishka ee Somaliland|British Somaliland]].]] Horraantii xilligii casriga ahaa, dowladihii kala dambeeyay ee Saldanadii Adal iyo Ajuran Sultanate waxay bilaabeen inay ka hanaqaadaan Soomaaliya. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ahaa Isaaqa Saldanada iyo Habr Yunis Sultanate. Hawl-galkii ugu horreeyay ee dhexmara Soomaalida gobolka iyo Ingriiska wuxuu ahaa 1827 "Maqaallo Saaxiibtinimo iyo Ganacsi oo u dhexeeya Qabiilka Habar Awal iyo England. Tan waxaa xigay heshiis Ingiriis ah oo lala galay Badhasaabkii Saylac 1840. Ka dib hawlgal ayaa la bilaabay inta u dhaxaysa Ingiriiskii iyo odayaashii Habar Garxajis iyo Habar Toljaala ee reeraha Isaaqa 1855, sanad ka dib ayaa la soo gabagabeeyey "Qodobadii Nabadda iyo Saaxiibtinimada" ee u dhexeeyey Shirkadda Habar Awal iyo East India Company. kuna dhammaaday heshiisyadii rasmiga ahaa ee Ingiriisku la saxeexday wixii hadda ka dambeeya qabiilooyinkii 'British Somaliland', oo dhacay intii u dhexeysay 1884 iyo 1886 (heshiisyada waxaa lala saxeexday Habar Awal, Gadabursi, Habar Toljaala, Habar Garxajis, Esa, iyo beelaha Warsangali), kan waxay gogol xaar u ahayd Ingriisku inuu ka sameeyo maxmiyad goboleed loogu magac daray British Somaliland, Ingriiskuna wuxuu gaashaan u ahaa maxakamadda Cadan waxayna u maamushay sidii qayb ka mid ah Bri tish India ilaa 1898. British Somaliland ka dibna waxaa maamulayay Xafiiska Arimaha Dibada ilaa 1905, ka dibna Xafiiska Gumeysiga ===Maxmiyaddii British Somaliland=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Ololaha Somaliland]] iyo [[Ololaha Somaliland (1920)]]'' ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Duulaankii Talyaanigu ku qaaday British Somaliland]]'' [[File:Corriere Della Sera - 17 agosto 1940 - Offensiva in Africa - titolo.JPG|thumb|250px|Wargeyska Corriere della Sera ee ka soo baxa dalka [[Talyaaniga]] oo ka hadlaya bilowgii weerarkii British Somaliland.]] [[File:The National Archives UK - CO 1069-8-37.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Duqeyn diyaaradeed oo lagu garaacay qalcado Dowladii [[Darawiish|Deraviish]] ah [[Taleex]]..]] [[File:Independence Day State of Somaliland.png|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Heshiisyada iyo isweydaarsiga Waraaqaha ee u dhexeeya Dawladda Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyo Dawladda Somaliland oo ku lammaan Xoriyadda Somaliland.]] [[File:The Somaliland Protectorate Constitutional Conference, London.png|thumb|250px|Shirweynihii dastuurka maxmiyadda [[British Somaliland]], London, May 1960 kaas oo lagu go’aamiyey in 26 Juun ay noqoto maalinta Xorriyadda, sidaasna lagu saxeexay 12 May 1960. Waftiga Somaliland ka socday :- 1.Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal,2.Axmed Xaaji Ducaale, 3.Cali Garaad Jaamac iyo 4.Xaaji Ibraahim Nuur.Laga soo bilaabo Xafiiska Gumeysiga: Ian Macleod, D. B. Hall, H. C. F. Wilks (Xoghaye).]] Ololaha Somaliland, oo sidoo kale loogu magac daray Dagaalkii Dervish, wuxuu ahaa safarado milateri oo isdaba joog ah oo ka dhacay intii u dhaxeysay 1900 ilaa 1920 dhulka Khatumo ama dooxada Nugaal, oo ay iskaga hor yimaadeen Boqortooyadii Diiriye Guure iyo Amiirkiisa ee ahaa Sayid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan (oo ururkooda lagu naanaysi jiray "Dervishes" ) ka dhan ah Ingiriiska. Ingiriiska waxaa ka caawiyey weeraradoodii Xabashi iyo Talyaani. Intii lagu jiray Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka ([[1914]]–[[1918]]), Xasan wuxuu sidoo kale gargaar ka helay Ottomans, Jarmal iyo, in muddo ah, oo uu ka helay Imbaraadoor Iyasu V-kii Itoobiya. Colaadda ayaa dhammaatay markii Ingriiska uu si milatari u duqeeyey magaalo-madaxda Dervish-ka ee Taleex bishii Febraayo 1920-kii. Safarkii Shanaad ee ololihii Somaliland ee [[1920]]-kii wuxuu ahaa safarkii ugu dambeeyay ee Ingiriisku kaga soo horjeedo xoogaggii Dervish-ka ee Maxammed Cabdillaahi Xasan (oo had iyo goor Ingiriisku ugu yeedho "Mad Mullah" sharaf dhac), hoggaamiyaha diinta ee Ciid-Nugaal. In kasta oo dagaalkii ugu badnaa dhacay bishii Jannaayo ee sannadka, haddana ciidammada Ingiriisku waxay bilaabeen u diyaar garowga weerarkan horraantii Noofambar [[1919]]. Ciidammada Ingiriisku waxay ka koobnaayeen xubno ka tirsan Royal Air Force iyo Somaliland Camel Corps. Dagaal seddex usbuuc ah kadib, Dervishes-kii Xasan waa la jabiyay, taasoo keentay wax ku ool ah iska caabintii 20-ka sano ahayd. Qabsashadii Talyaanigu ee British Somaliland waxay ahayd olole milatari oo ka dhacay Bariga Afrika, kaas oo dhacay bishii Ogos 1940kii kaas oo dhex maray xoogaggii Talyaaniga iyo kuwii dhawr waddan oo Ingiriis iyo Barwaaqo-sooran ah. Socdaalkii Talyaanigu wuxuu qayb ka ahaa Ololihii Bariga Afrika. ===Dawladii Somaliland=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Dawladii Somaliland (1960)]]'' ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Maalinta Madaxbanaanida Somaliland 1960]]'' [[File:Somaliland_Flying_for_the_first_time_The_White_and_Blue_Somali_Flag_at_the_Independence_Celebrations_on_26_June_1960.jpg|thumb|250px|Somaliland oo markii ugu horeysay: Calanka Soomaaliya la taagay ee aha Caddaan iyo Buluugga ah ee Dabaal - degyadii [[Maalinta Madaxbanaanida (Maamulka Somaliland)|Xorriyadda]] ee 26-kii Juun 1960 Ra'iisul-wasaaraha [[Maamulkii Somaliland (1960)|Dawlad-goboleedka Somaliland]] iyo [[Madaxwaynaha Somaliland|madaxweynihii labaad ee Somaliland]] [[Maxamed Cigaal|Muxammad Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal ayaa]] salaamay calanka.]] Bishii Meey 1960kii, dawladda Ingiriisku waxay sheegtay inay diyaar u tahay inay madax-bannaani siiso maxmiyaddii xilligaa ee British Somaliland, iyada oo ujeedkeedu ahaa in dhulku la midoobo maamulkii Talyaanigu xukumi jiray ee Somaliland ee hoos-tagi jiray Maamulkii Talyaaniga (Talyaanigii hore ee Somaliland) . Golaha Sharci Dejinta ee British Somaliland wuxuu qaraar ka soo saaray bishii Abriil 1960 oo ay ku codsanayeen madaxbannaanida iyo la midowga dhulka la aaminay ee Somaliland, kaas oo qorshuhu ahaa in ay madax-bannaanideeda hesho 1-dii Julaay ee sanadkaas. Golayaasha sharci dejinta ee labada deegaan ayaa isku raacay soo jeedintan ka dib shir wadajir ah oo ay ku yeesheen magaalada Muqdisho. 26-kii Juun 1960, Maxmiyaddii hore ee British Somaliland waxay muddo kooban qaadatay madax-bannaanida iyada oo ah Dawladdii Somaliland, iyada oo Territori-ka Somaliland la raacay shan maalmood ka dib. Intii lagu jiray muddadii koobnayd ee ay la soo noqotay madax-bannaanida, Qaranka Somaliland wuxuu ka kasbaday ictiraaf shan iyo soddon iyo shan dal oo madax-bannaan. Maalintii ku xigtay, 27kii Juun 1960kii, Golaha Sharci Dejinta ee dhowaan la qabtay waxay ansixiyeen sharci si rasmi ah ugu oggolaanaya midowga Qaranka Somaliland iyo Gobollada Amaanada ee Somaliland 1dii Luulyo 1960 ===Xoriyadii 1960 iyo wixii kadanbeeyay=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliyeed]] iyo [[Soomaaliweyn]]'' Dawlada Ethiopia ayaa waxay qorshaynaysaa sidii ay u aqoon san lahayd somalailand. Bishii febraayo 1960kii ayaa wafdi uu hoggaaminaayo Alle ha u naxariistee [[Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]] u anbaxaxeen dalka Ingiriiska, waxaana heshiis ay la soo galeen dawladdii ingiriiska in Somaliland xornimo buuxda lasiiyo. 26 Juun 1960kii bay markii maxmiyadii ingriiska ee Somaliland "British Somaliland protectorate" xornimadeeda ka qaateen dawladii Ingiriiska,sida aan la socono intii ka horraysay 01 Luulyo 1960kii Somaliland waxay ahayd dawlad gooniya (independent state). waxayna noqdeen dawlad madax bannaan oo la aqoonsan yahay ilaa 01 Luulyo 1960kii. Isla maalintaas Waxay ku beegnayd maalintii Koonfurta Soomaaliya (Italian somaliland) in ay ka baxaan nidaamka (Trusteeship) (Nidaamka Wakiilnimada Caalamiga ah) "Koonfurta Soomaaliya: Waxay ahayd Trust Territory oo Talyaanigu maamulayay (1950–60) iyadoo hoos imanaysa Qaramada Midoobay" Luulyo 1960: Soomaaliya (Koonfur) waxay ka baxday Trusteeship oo ay noqotay dal madaxbannaan. Isla maalintaas 1 Luulyo 1960 kii ayuu dhacay midowgii labada dal ee Somaliland iyo Somalia inkastoo midawgaas mad madaw badani ku jiro. Dad badanina waxay aaminsanyihiin in midowgaasi ahayn mid sharciya. Waxaana Aragtidiisi sii xoogaysatay markii qorayaal ajaanib ahi sameeyeen daraasado arinta cadaynaya. Sida "Professor Mario G. Losano (Mario Giovanni Losano)" Bishii Luulyo1961kii waxaa dadka reer Somaliland gaashaanka ku dhufteen oo cod aqliyad ah ku diideen distoorkii qeexayey ee lagu sharciyeynaayey israaca labada dal ee Somaliya iyo Somaliland. Laakiin nasiib darro dawladdii markaas jirtay oo reer Koonfureedka ahayd waxay diideen inay aqoonsadaan maxsuulkii doorashadaas sababtoo maslaxad baan ugu jirin arrintan. Bishii december 1961 waxaa madaxdii ciidamada qalabka sida ee Somaliya isku dayeen inay dhigaan inqilaabkii dhicisoobay. Inqilaabkaasna waxay doonayeen inay kula soo noqdaan madaxbannaanidii luntay. 1967kii waxaa dalka ka noqday raysal wasaare Mohamed X.Ibrahim Cigaal. Halka uu madaxweynaha ka noqday Cabdirashid Cali sharmake. 15 Oktober 1969kii waxaa magaalada laascaanood lagu dilay madaxweynihii Jamhuuriyadda Somalida ee Cabdirashid Cali Sharmaake. === 1961 kacdoon ka reer Somaliland === ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[1961 kacdoon ka dhacay Soomaaliya]]'' Kacdoonkii 1961 ee Soomaaliya wuxuu ahaa kacdoon aan guuleysan oo isku day afgambi ah oo ka dhacay waqooyiga Soomaaliya imikana ah Somaliland kaasoo dhacay bishii Diseembar [[1961]]. === Inqilaabkii 21 oktober iyo wixii kasoobaxay === Waxaana midnimadii 60kii guul darro ku dhamaatay markii 21 Oktober [[1969]]kii uu dalka ka dhacay inqilaab aan dhiig ku daadan ee ay dhigeen ciimada qalabka sidaa, waxaana talada la wareegay ciidamada oo uu hoggaaminaayo mujrimkii Gen. Mohamed Siyaad Barre. 10 januari 1970kii waxaa kelidii taliyihii Siyaad Barre sameeyey maxkamadii badbaada oo xukumi jirtay xukunka dilka si looga takhaluso dadka aan taageersanayn madaxweynaha. 21 Oktober 1970kii wuxuu Siyaad Barre ku dhawaaqay in Somaliya qaadatay nidaamka hantiwadaaga cilmiga ku dhisan. Taasoo rabay inuu ugu bedelo inqilaabkii hab ku salaysan dhaqaaq siyaasadeed oo ku salaysan aydhiyooliyadda hantiwadaaga. Waxaana loo ololeeyey wixii loogu magacdaray kacaankii hantiwadaaga Somaliyeed. Xagaagii 1972kii waxaa la sameeyey ciimadii guulwadayaasha oo ujeedadoodu ahayd inay cabudhiyaan oo xabsiga u taxaabaan dadka shacbiga ee lagu tuxmo inay kacaan diid yihiin. July 1972kii waxaa la dilay labadii Jenaraal ee Salaad Gabayle, iyo Mohamed aynaanshe oo ka tirsanaa saraakiishii inqilaabka dhigay. Salaad gabayle wuxuu ahaa madaxweyne ku xigeen. Waxaa lagu xukumay dil ka dib markii lagu eedeeyey inay maleegayeen shirqool ay xukunka kaga tuurayaan Siyaad Barre. Oktober 1972kii waxaa lagu dhaqaaqay in la qoro [[Af-soomaliga]] oo uu noqdo luqadda rasmiga ah ee dalka. 1972kii-1975kii waxaa la qaaday ololihii barashada qorista Somaliga oo markii danbana isu rogay olalihii horumarinta reer miyiga ee la rabay in dadku waxna qoraan waxna akhriyaan. 1975kii waxaa la sameeyey 15 gobol oo cusub oo lagu bedelayeey 8 gobol ee hore u jiray. Waxaana ay ka koobnaayeen 78 degmo. Somaliland oo ka koobnayd 3 gobol looma samayn gobolo iyo degmooyin cusub toona. 1975kii Siyaad Barre wuxuu shaqadii ka eryey 50 saraakiil sare iyo madax ah oo badankooda ka soo jeeda Somaliland, waxaana uu ku bedelay dadka uu ku tuhmaayey inay taageersanyihiin kacaanka oo u badnaa caa'iladiisa ah. M.s.bare wuxuu ku dhawaaqay inay raga iyo dumarku siman yihiin culimadii iyo dhalinyaradii kasoo horjeedsatayna laayay dhamaantood. 1977kii maamulkii siyaad Barre wuxuu weerar ku qaaday dalka Itoobiya, waxaana markii hore uu ku guulaystay dagaalkaas. Laakiin waxaa dagaalku dhamaaday markii ciidamo Ruush iyo Kuubaan ahi usoo gurmadeenItoobiya ee ay si toosa dagaalka usoo galeen. Waxaana ciidamadii Somaliya dibuga soo noqatay dhammaan dhulkii horuu qabsadeen. ===Xasuuqii Isaaq ama Xasuuqii Somaliland=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Xasuuqi Isaaq]]'' ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[SNM]]'' [[File:Exhumed skeletal remains of victims of the Isaaq genocide.jpg|thumb|250px|Haraaga la soo saaray ee dhibanayaashii xasuuqii Isaaq ee laga helay xabaal wadareed ku yaal magaalada Berbera, Somaliland.]] [[File:4z2.jpg|thumb|250px|Ilaa 90% magaalada Hargeysa (magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya) waxaa burburiyey dawladda Soomaaliya.]] Awooddii akhlaaqeed ee dowladdii Barre si tartiib tartiib ah ayay u lumisay, iyadoo Soomaali badan ay ku hungoobeen nolosha xukunka militariga. Bartamihii 1980-meeyadii, dhaqdhaqaaqyo iska caabin ah oo uu taageerayay maamulkii shuuciga ahaa ee Derg ee Itoobiya ayaa ka billowday waddanka oo dhan. Barre wuxuu kujawaabey isagoo amrey in talaabooyin ciqaab ah laga qaado kuwa uu u arko inay gudaha ka taageerayaan jabhadaha, gaar ahaan gobolada waqooyi. Qabqabashada waxaa ka mid ahaa in la duqeeyo magaalooyin, xarunta maamulka waqooyi-galbeed ee Hargeysa, oo ahayd xaruntii Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed (SNM), oo ka mid ahayd aagagga la bartilmaameedsaday 1988. Duqeyntan waxaa hoggaaminayey Jeneraal Maxamed Saciid Xersi Morgan, wiilka uu sodogga u yahay Barre. Wixii ka dhacay Soomaaliya [[1988]] malaha waa ka sii foolxun. Markii Hargeysa la duqeeyay ayaa dadkii deganaa lagu khasbay inay qaxaan. Askarta ayaa markaas miinooyin ku aasay guryihii laga tagay. Markii uu dagaalku dhammaaday ayay qaxootigii dib u laabteen, balse waxaa lagu naafeeyay ama lagu dilay qaraxyo qarsoon.<ref>[https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/g20000508/Land-Mines-Weighing-the-Cost/ Land Mines—Weighing the Cost]</ref> Sida laga soo xigtay Abou Jeng iyo aqoonyahanno kale, xukunkii taliskii Barre waxaa lagu calaamadeeyay cadaadis arxan darro ah oo lala beegsaday qabiilka Isaaq. Max’ed Xaaji Ingiriis iyo Chris Mullin waxay caddeeyeen in qabqabashadii maamulkii Barre ee ka dhanka ahaa Dhaqdhaqaaqii Qaranka Soomaaliyeed ee fadhigiisu ahaa Hargeysa lala beegsaday beelweynta Isaaq oo ay ka tirsan yihiin inta badan xubnihii SNM. Waxay ku tilmaamayaan isku haynta inay tahay xasuuqii Isaaq ama xasuuqii Hargeysa. Baaritaan ay sameysay Qaramada Midoobay ayaa lagu soo gabagabeeyay in dambiga xasuuqa uu ahaa "mid ay maleegtay, qorsheysay oo ay ka fulisay Dowlada Soomaaliya dadka Isaaqa". Tirada dadka rayidka ah ee ku waxyeeloobay waxaa lagu qiyaasaa inta udhaxeysa 50,000–100,000 sida laga soo xigtay ilo wareedyo kala duwan, halka wararka qaarna ay ku qiyaasayaan wadarta dhimashada dadka rayidka ah inay kor u dhaafeyso 200,000 oo rayid Isaaq ah. Dhimashooyinkaas, taliskii Barre wuxuu duqeeyey oo burburiyey magaalooyinka labaad iyo saddexaad ee ugu weyn Soomaaliya, Hargeysa iyo Burco siday u kala horreeyaan. Tani waxay u barakicisay dad lagu qiyaasey 400,000 oo dadka deegaanka ah oo u qaxay Hartasheikh ee dalka Itoobiya; shaqsiyaad kale oo gaaraya 400,000 ayaa iyaguna gudaha ku barakacay. Dagaalkii ka soo horjeedka ee taliskii Barre ee ka dhanka ahaa SNM wuxuu bartilmaameedsaday saldhigii rayidka ee kooxda mucaaradka, isaga oo isu beddelay xasuuq xasuuq ka dhan ah beesha Isaaq. Tani waxay horseeday fowdo iyo ololeyaal dagaal oo ay gaystaan ​​maleeshiyooyin kala jabay, ka dibna awooddii heer degmo la wareeray. Cadaadiskii maamulkii Barre kuma koobnayn Isaaqa oo keliya, maxaa yeelay wuxuu bartilmaameedsanayay qabaa’illada kale sida Hawiye. Taliskii Barre wuxuu burburay Janaayo [[1991]]. Intaa kadib, markii xaalada siyaasadeed ee Somaliland xasiloonayd, dadkii barakacay waxay ku noqdeen guryahoodii, maleeshiyooyinkii waa laga daad gureeyay ama waxaa lagu daray ciidanka, tobanaan kun oo guri iyo meherado ahna dib ayaa looga soo dhisay burburka. ===Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya=== [[File:Ruined tank in Hargeisa, Somaliland.jpg|thumb|250px|Taangi M47 Patton oo ku burburay Somaliland.]] ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Dagaalkii sokeeye ee Soomaaliya]]'' In kasta oo SNM markii la aasaasay ay lahayd dastuur midow, haddana waxay ugu dambayntii bilawday inay raadiso madax-bannaanida, iyada oo doonaysa inay ka go'do Soomaaliya inteeda kale. Intii uu hoggaaminayey Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali Tuur, maamulka maxalliga ah wuxuu ku dhawaaqay gobollada waqooyi-galbeed ee Soomaaliya madax-bannaanida shirkii ka dhacay magaalada Burco intii u dhaxeysay 27-kii Abriil 1991-kii illaa 15-kii May 1991. ===Ku dhawaaqidii Maxadbanaanida=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Ku dhawaaqida Gooni isu taaga Somaliland]]'' ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Saxeexida Baaqa Madaxbanaanida Somaliland]]'' [[File:Signatures-Somaliland-independece-.png|thumb|250px|5 May go'aankii shirkii weynaa ee Burco. Shirkii labaad ee qaran ee 18 May, Golaha Dhexe ee SNM oo taageero ka helaya kulan ay yeesheen odayaal matalayay beelaha waaweyn ee Gobollada Waqooyi, ayaa lagaga dhawaaqay dib ula soo noqoshada Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland dhulkii Maxmiyaddii hore ee Ingiriiska ee Somaliland isla markaana la sameeyay. dowlad loogu magac daray ismaamul gobaleedka.]] 27 Jannayo 1991 ayaa ciidamadii SNM gacanta ku dhigeen dhamaan dalkii hore loo odhan jiray Somaliland. Dabadeedna madaxdii SNM waxay ka shaqeeyeen inay heshiiyeen oo beelihii walaalaha ee ay iska horkeentay dawladii hore ee Siyaad Barre. 18 Mey 1991 shirbeeleedkii ka dhacay magaalada Burco ayaa lagu go'aansaday lagagana dhawaaqay gooni isu taagga qaranimada Somaliland. ===Afti u qaadista dastuurka Somaliland 2001=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[2001 Afti u qaadista dastuurka Somaliland]]'' [[File:Somaliland Constitution Presidential Decree.jpg|thumb|250px|Digreeto madaxweyne oo uu ku ansaxinayo dastuurka Somaliland [[Maxamed Cigaal|Muxammad Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]].]] Bishii Ogast 2000, Dawladdii Madaxweyne Cigaal waxay kumanaan nuqul oo ka mid ah dastuurka la soo jeediyey u qaybiyey guud ahaan Somaliland si dadku u tixgeliyaan oo dib u eegis ugu sameeyaan. Hal qodob oo xasaasi ah oo ka mid ah 130ka qodob ee dastuurka u gaarka ah ayaa ansixin doona madax-bannaanida iskeed ugu dhawaaqday madaxbannaanida ee Somaliland iyo kala-goynta kama dambaysta ah ee Soomaaliya, taasoo soo celinaysa madax-bannaanida qaran markii ugu horreysay tan iyo 1960. Dabayaaqadii bishii Maarso 2001, Madaxweyne Cigaal wuxuu cayimay maalinta aftida loo qaadayo Dastuurka May 31, 2001. Afti dastuurka ayaa laga qaaday Somaliland 31 May 2001. Aftida ayaa loo qaaday dastuurka qabyada ah ee xaqiijinaya madaxbanaanida Somaliland ee Soomaaliya. 99.9% ee codbixiyaasha xaqa u leh ayaa kaqaybqaatay aftida waxaana 97.1% kamid ah ay ucodeeyeen dastuurka. ==Juquraafiga== Somaliland waxay dhacdaa Geeska Afrika, taasi oo udhexaysa dhigaha 08°00' – 11°30' waqooyiga dhulbadhaha iyo loolasha 42°30' – 49°00' ee bariga [[Greenwich]]. Waxa dhinaca galbeed ka xiga wadanka [[Jabuuti]], dhinaca koonfureed wadanka [[Itoobiya]], iyo dhinaca bari oo ka xigto maamul-goboleedka [[Khaatumo]]. Somaliland waxay leedahay xeeb-badeed dhererkeedu le'eg yahay {{convert|740|km|mi|0}};viyo dhul baaxadeedu le'eg yahay {{convert|176120|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|title=Somalia|accessdate=31 May 2009|date=14 May 2009|work=[[World Factbook]]|publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|archive-date=1 Bisha Todobaad 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701194614/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html|dead-url=yes}}</ref> Somaliland waxa ay dhul ahaan fidsantahay 137000 km laba jibbaaran dhulaka ay ka koobantahya jamhuuriyadani waxa uu u badanyahay dhul deegaana am waaba lawada daganyahay waxa uuleeyahay buuro iyo meelo banaan ah haddii lysidhaahdo taariikhda uu wadankani lereyahay iyo taariihda uu shacabkani leeyahayba ka sheekeeya waxay noqonaysaa mid aad u dheer. <gallery mode="packed" caption="Muuqaalka juquraafiga Somaliland"> File:Lamadayawaterfalls6.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Lamadaya]] waa biyo-dhacyo ku yaal buurta [[Cal Madow]]. File:Somalia (Somaliland)(168).jpg|upright|thumb|Baadiyaha Somaliland. File:Almadow Overview.JPG|upright|thumb|Muuqaalka Buuraha [[Cal Madow]] Buuraha, oo hoy u ah noocyo fara badan oo fara badan. File:Ceebaad island, Zeila Archipelago, Somaliland.jpg|[[Ceebaad|Jasiirada Ceebaad]], [[Jasiirada Sacadaddin]]. </gallery> ===Gobolada=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg [[Gobolada Somaliland]]'' Sanadkan 2020, Somaliland waxa ay ka kooban tahay 6 gobol, kuwaasi oo ugu weyn tahay gobolka [[sanaag]]. Gobolada somaliland intii u dhaxaysa 22 maarso ilaa 22 may, 2008, waxa uu madaxwaynihii horore ee [[Somaliland]] magacaabay gobolo cusub oo lagu daray goboladii hore ee lixda ahaa taas oo kadhigatay gobolada somaliland 13 gobol, gobolda cusub ee kuwii hore lagu daray waxa ay yihiin sidan. {| border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=4 align=center style="border:1px solid grey; border-collapse:collapse" |- ! bgcolor=lightgrey | # ! bgcolor=lightgrey | Gobol ! bgcolor=lightgrey | Magaalo Madax | bgcolor=white rowspan="14" | [[image: Somaliland regions.svg|380 px]] |- | 1 | [[Awdal]] | [[Boorama]] |- | 2 | [[Maroodi Jeex]] | [[Hargeysa]] |- | 3 | [[Saaxil]] | [[Berbera]] |- | 4 | [[Togdheer]] | [[Burco]] |- | 5 | [[Sool]] | [[Laascaanood]] |- | 6 | [[Sanaag]] | [[Ceerigaabo]] |- |} ===Magaalooyinka Waawayn=== ::''Sidoo kale fiiri: [[Magaalooyinka Somaliland]]'' <gallery> File:Borama2.jpg|[[Borama]] File: Hargeisa capital of Somaliland.jpg |[[Hargeysa]] File: Berbera, Somaliland.jpg|[[Berbera]] File: Laascaanood 2.jpg |[[Laascaanood]] </gallery> ===Cimiladda=== Somaliland waxay dhacdaa waqooyiga [[Dhulbadhe|dhulbadaha]]. Waa deegaan qalalan ([[Lamadegaan la mood]]), isku celceliska heerkulku yahay {{convert|25|to|35|C}} taasi oo hesha roob dhan {{convert|446|mm}} sanadkii.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://journeysbydesign.com/destinations/somaliland/when-to-go|title=SOMALILAND CLIMATE : when to visit|website=Jouneys by Design|language=en|access-date=12 March 2020}}</ref> Deegaanada Somaliland waxaa loo qeybiyaa sadex nooc oo kala ah: (1). [[Guban]]: dhul lamadegaan qalalan (2) [[Oogo]]: xooggag sare (3) [[Hawd]]: dhul daaqsiimeed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Somaliland in Figures|url=http://slministryofplanning.org/images/Statistics/SomalilandInfigures2015.pdf|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|access-date=2020-06-20|archive-date=2017-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816233801/http://slministryofplanning.org/images/Statistics/SomalilandInfigures2015.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref> {{Weather box |location = [[Hargeysa]] |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |Jan record high C = 31.1 |Feb record high C = 31.7 |Mar record high C = 32.8 |Apr record high C = 32.8 |May record high C = 35.0 |Jun record high C = 33.9 |Jul record high C = 33.9 |Aug record high C = 33.3 |Sep record high C = 32.8 |Oct record high C = 31.7 |Nov record high C = 30.6 |Dec record high C = 28.9 |year record high C = 35.0 |Jan high C = 24.2 |Feb high C = 26.6 |Mar high C = 28.7 |Apr high C = 29.2 |May high C = 30.5 |Jun high C = 31.0 |Jul high C = 29.2 |Aug high C = 29.2 |Sep high C = 30.5 |Oct high C = 28.2 |Nov high C = 26.0 |Dec high C = 23.7 |year high C = 28.1 |Jan mean C = 17.7 |Feb mean C = 18.7 |Mar mean C = 21.6 |Apr mean C = 23.0 |May mean C = 24.1 |Jun mean C = 24.3 |Jul mean C = 23.6 |Aug mean C = 23.6 |Sep mean C = 23.6 |Oct mean C = 24.1 |Nov mean C = 18.7 |Dec mean C = 18.0 |year mean C = 21.7 |Jan low C = 11.6 |Feb low C = 12.6 |Mar low C = 15.0 |Apr low C = 16.6 |May low C = 17.7 |Jun low C = 17.7 |Jul low C = 17.1 |Aug low C = 17.1 |Sep low C = 17.1 |Oct low C = 15.0 |Nov low C = 13.1 |Dec low C = 12.1 |year low C = 15.2 |Jan record low C = 2.8 |Feb record low C = 2.8 |Mar record low C = 3.9 |Apr record low C = 9.4 |May record low C = 11.7 |Jun record low C = 11.7 |Jul record low C = 10.5 |Aug record low C = 11.1 |Sep record low C = 11.1 |Oct record low C = 7.2 |Nov record low C = 4.4 |Dec record low C = 4.4 |year record low C = 2.8 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 2 |Feb precipitation mm = 2 |Mar precipitation mm = 36 |Apr precipitation mm = 53 |May precipitation mm = 49 |Jun precipitation mm = 61 |Jul precipitation mm = 38 |Aug precipitation mm = 81 |Sep precipitation mm = 61 |Oct precipitation mm = 20 |Nov precipitation mm = 8 |Dec precipitation mm = 1 |year precipitation mm = 412 |unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm |Jan precipitation days = 1 |Feb precipitation days = 1 |Mar precipitation days = 3 |Apr precipitation days = 6 |May precipitation days = 7 |Jun precipitation days = 9 |Jul precipitation days = 8 |Aug precipitation days = 10 |Sep precipitation days = 11 |Oct precipitation days = 4 |Nov precipitation days = 1 |Dec precipitation days = 0 |year precipitation days = 61 |Jan humidity = 65 |Feb humidity = 65 |Mar humidity = 58 |Apr humidity = 57 |May humidity = 56 |Jun humidity = 55 |Jul humidity = 53 |Aug humidity = 53 |Sep humidity = 55 |Oct humidity = 56 |Nov humidity = 61 |Dec humidity = 64 |year humidity = |Jan percentsun = 80 |Feb percentsun = 73 |Mar percentsun = 80 |Apr percentsun = 73 |May percentsun = 64 |Jun percentsun = 73 |Jul percentsun = 64 |Aug percentsun = 64 |Sep percentsun = 73 |Oct percentsun = 80 |Nov percentsun = 80 |Dec percentsun = 80 |year percentsun = 74 |source 1 = Food and Agriculture Organization: Somalia Water and Land Management (temperatures, humidity and percent sunshine)<ref> {{cite web | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161104142616/http://www.faoswalim.org/resources/site_files/W-01%20Climate%20of%20Somalia_0.pdf | archivedate = 4 November 2016 | url = http://www.faoswalim.org/resources/site_files/W-01%20Climate%20of%20Somalia_0.pdf | title = Climate of Somalia | publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization | pages = 69–73 | accessdate = 4 November 2016 | url-status = | df = dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://sddr.faoswalim.org/downloads/Long%20Term%20Mean_Monthly__sunshine%20fraction.xls |title = Long term mean monthly sunshine fraction in Somalia |publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate = 4 November 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005063105/http://sddr.faoswalim.org/downloads/Long%20Term%20Mean_Monthly__sunshine%20fraction.xls |archive-date = 5 October 2016 |url-status = |df = dmy-all }}</ref> |source 2 = Deutscher Wetterdienst<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_631700_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Hargeisa / Somalia | work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = German | accessdate = 4 November 2016}}</ref> }} {{Weather box|location = [[Borama]] |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 24.6 |Feb high C = 25.4 |Mar high C = 27.5 |Apr high C = 27.8 |May high C = 29.3 |Jun high C = 30.0 |Jul high C = 28.8 |Aug high C = 28.8 |Sep high C = 29.0 |Oct high C = 27.4 |Nov high C = 25.8 |Dec high C = 24.4 |Jan low C = 9.7 |Feb low C = 11.7 |Mar low C = 13.8 |Apr low C = 15.7 |May low C = 17.0 |Jun low C = 18.3 |Jul low C = 17.8 |Aug low C = 17.6 |Sep low C = 17.3 |Oct low C = 13.7 |Nov low C = 11.3 |Dec low C = 10.4 |Jan rain mm = 6 |Feb rain mm = 21 |Mar rain mm = 36 |Apr rain mm = 86 |May rain mm = 61 |Jun rain mm = 32 |Jul rain mm = 78 |Aug rain mm = 112 |Sep rain mm = 86 |Oct rain mm = 18 |Nov rain mm = 10 |Dec rain mm = 2 |source 1 = ''Climate-Data.org''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.faoswalim.org/ftp/Land_Reports/Cleared/L-12%20Land%20Resources%20of%20Somalia.pdf |title=Land Resources Assessment of Somalia |date=June 2009 |publisher=[[Somalia Water and Land Information Management Project]] |page=10 |accessdate=1 October 2013 |url-status= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010751/http://www.faoswalim.org/ftp/Land_Reports/Cleared/L-12%20Land%20Resources%20of%20Somalia.pdf |archivedate=5 October 2013 }}</ref> }} {{Weather box|location = [[Berbera]] | metric first = Y | single line = Y | Jan record high C = 35.3 | Feb record high C = 35.0 | Mar record high C = 35.0 | Apr record high C = 42.2 | May record high C = 47.3 | Jun record high C = 49.1 | Jul record high C = 47.7 | Aug record high C = 46.7 | Sep record high C = 46.0 | Oct record high C = 41.7 | Nov record high C = 36.7 | Dec record high C = 36.1 | year record high C = 49.1 | Jan high C = 27.9 | Feb high C = 29.2 | Mar high C = 30.7 | Apr high C = 31.0 | May high C = 35.7 | Jun high C = 42.8 | Jul high C = 42.9 | Aug high C = 41.9 | Sep high C = 39.7 | Oct high C = 33.1 | Nov high C = 30.0 | Dec high C = 28.6 | year high C = 34.5 | Jan mean C = 25.0 | Feb mean C = 25.0 | Mar mean C = 26.1 | Apr mean C = 28.3 | May mean C = 31.1 | Jun mean C = 33.5 | Jul mean C = 36.1 | Aug mean C = 35.6 | Sep mean C = 33.3 | Oct mean C = 28.8 | Nov mean C = 26.7 | Dec mean C = 26.7 | year mean C = 30.0 | Jan low C = 21.3 | Feb low C = 21.6 | Mar low C = 23.3 | Apr low C = 25.2 | May low C = 27.7 | Jun low C = 31.0 | Jul low C = 31.8 | Aug low C = 31.1 | Sep low C = 29.3 | Oct low C = 24.0 | Nov low C = 22.2 | Dec low C = 21.6 | year low C = 25.8 | Jan record low C = 14.4 | Feb record low C = 15.6 | Mar record low C = 16.7 | Apr record low C = 18.9 | May record low C = 20.6 | Jun record low C = 22.2 | Jul record low C = 20.6 | Aug record low C = 20.0 | Sep record low C = 17.8 | Oct record low C = 16.7 | Nov record low C = 16.1 | Dec record low C = 15.0 | year record low C = 14.4 | precipitation colour = green | Jan precipitation mm = 8 | Feb precipitation mm = 2 | Mar precipitation mm = 5 | Apr precipitation mm = 12 | May precipitation mm = 8 | Jun precipitation mm = 1 | Jul precipitation mm = 1 | Aug precipitation mm = 2 | Sep precipitation mm = 1 | Oct precipitation mm = 2 | Nov precipitation mm = 5 | Dec precipitation mm = 5 | year precipitation mm = 52 | unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm | Jan precipitation days = 0.6 | Feb precipitation days = 0.6 | Mar precipitation days = 0.5 | Apr precipitation days = 0.7 | May precipitation days = 0.8 | Jun precipitation days = 0.1 | Jul precipitation days = 0.3 | Aug precipitation days = 0.5 | Sep precipitation days = 0.4 | Oct precipitation days = 0.2 | Nov precipitation days = 0.3 | Dec precipitation days = 0.4 | year precipitation days = 5.2 | Jan humidity = 78 | Feb humidity = 79 | Mar humidity = 79 | Apr humidity = 81 | May humidity = 73 | Jun humidity = 49 | Jul humidity = 44 | Aug humidity = 45 | Sep humidity = 51 | Oct humidity = 72 | Nov humidity = 74 | Dec humidity = 76 | year humidity = 67 | Jan percentsun = 80 | Feb percentsun = 80 | Mar percentsun = 80 | Apr percentsun = 83 | May percentsun = 83 | Jun percentsun = 87 | Jul percentsun = 80 | Aug percentsun = 87 | Sep percentsun = 87 | Oct percentsun = 87 | Nov percentsun = 87 | Dec percentsun = 80 | year percentsun = | source 1 = Arab Meteorology Book (average temperatures, humidity and precipitation),<ref>{{cite web | url = http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf | title = Appendix I: Meteorological Data | publisher = Springer | accessdate = 22 October 2016 | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | archive-date = 4 March 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072830/http://extras.springer.com/2007/978-1-4020-4577-6/Book_Shahin_ISBN_9781402045776_Appendix.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Deutscher Wetterdienst<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_631600_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Berbera / Somalia | work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = German | accessdate = 22 October 2016}}</ref> | source 2 = Food and Agriculture Organization: Somalia Water and Land Management (percent sunshine)<ref>{{cite web |url = http://sddr.faoswalim.org/downloads/Long%20Term%20Mean_Monthly__sunshine%20fraction.xls |title = Long term mean monthly sunshine fraction in Somalia |publisher = Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate = 4 November 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161005063105/http://sddr.faoswalim.org/downloads/Long%20Term%20Mean_Monthly__sunshine%20fraction.xls |archive-date = 5 October 2016 |url-status = |df = dmy-all }}</ref> }} {{Weather box | location = [[Burco]] | single line = Yes | metric first = Yes | Jan high F = 79.7 | Feb high F = 82.4 | Mar high F = 85.5 | Apr high F = 87.3 | May high F = 88.3 | Jun high F = 88 | Jul high F = 84.9 | Aug high F = 86.7 | Sep high F = 88.9 | Oct high F = 85.6 | Nov high F = 81.7 | Dec high F = 79.7 | year high F = 84.9 | Jan low F = 54.9 | Feb low F = 56.8 | Mar low F = 60.1 | Apr low F = 63.1 | May low F = 65.1 | Jun low F = 66.9 | Jul low F = 66.9 | Aug low F = 67.1 | Sep low F = 66.9 | Oct low F = 61.2 | Nov low F = 57.7 | Dec low F = 55 | year low F = 61.8 | Jan precipitation mm = 2 | Feb precipitation mm = 0 | Mar precipitation mm = 6 | Apr precipitation mm = 50 | May precipitation mm = 59 | Jun precipitation mm = 14 | Jul precipitation mm = 13 | Aug precipitation mm = 13 | Sep precipitation mm = 30 | Oct precipitation mm = 26 | Nov precipitation mm = 9 | Dec precipitation mm = 0 | year precipitation mm = 222 | source 1 = Weatherbase<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=631750&refer=wikipedia | title = Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Burao, Somalia | publisher = Weatherbase | year = 2011 | accessdate = 24 November 2011 | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | archive-date = 7 Bisha Sideedaad 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200807094958/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=631750&refer=wikipedia | dead-url = yes }}</ref> | source 2 = Climate Data.ORG<ref> {{cite web | url = http://en.climate-data.org/location/907/ |title =Climate: Burao, Somalia | publisher = Climate-Data.org | year = 2013 | accessdate = 28 December 2013 }}</ref> }} {{Weather box|location = [[Ceerigaabo]] |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 30.5 |Feb record high C = 33.5 |Mar record high C = 32.0 |Apr record high C = 33.5 |May record high C = 31.5 |Jun record high C = 30.5 |Jul record high C = 30.5 |Aug record high C = 30.0 |Sep record high C = 30.0 |Oct record high C = 29.5 |Nov record high C = 29.5 |Dec record high C = 28.0 |year record high C = 33.5 |Jan high C = 24.5 |Feb high C = 25.5 |Mar high C = 25.5 |Apr high C = 26.5 |May high C = 26.5 |Jun high C = 26.0 |Jul high C = 26.0 |Aug high C = 26.0 |Sep high C = 25.5 |Oct high C = 25.0 |Nov high C = 24.0 |Dec high C = 23.5 |year high C = 25.5 |Jan mean C = 15.0 |Feb mean C = 16.0 |Mar mean C = 17.0 |Apr mean C = 18.0 |May mean C = 19.0 |Jun mean C = 19.5 |Jul mean C = 19.5 |Aug mean C = 19.5 |Sep mean C = 18.5 |Oct mean C = 16.5 |Nov mean C = 15.5 |Dec mean C = 14.5 |year mean C = 17.5 |Jan low C = 5.5 |Feb low C = 7.0 |Mar low C = 8.5 |Apr low C = 10.0 |May low C = 11.5 |Jun low C = 13.0 |Jul low C = 13.5 |Aug low C = 13.5 |Sep low C = 11.5 |Oct low C = 8.5 |Nov low C = 7.0 |Dec low C = 5.5 |year low C = 9.5 |Jan record low C = -3.5 |Feb record low C = 0.5 |Mar record low C = 0.5 |Apr record low C = 2.0 |May record low C = 1.5 |Jun record low C = 4.0 |Jul record low C = 5.0 |Aug record low C = 4.5 |Sep record low C = 3.0 |Oct record low C = 0.0 |Nov record low C = -3.0 |Dec record low C = -3.5 |year record low C = -3.5 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 18 |Feb precipitation mm = 13 |Mar precipitation mm = 33 |Apr precipitation mm = 38 |May precipitation mm = 81 |Jun precipitation mm = 64 |Jul precipitation mm = 10 |Aug precipitation mm = 41 |Sep precipitation mm = 114 |Oct precipitation mm = 8 |Nov precipitation mm = 13 |Dec precipitation mm = 2 |year precipitation mm = 435 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 1 |Feb precipitation days = 3 |Mar precipitation days = 6 |Apr precipitation days = 5 |May precipitation days = 8 |Jun precipitation days = 9 |Jul precipitation days = 1 |Aug precipitation days = 5 |Sep precipitation days = 15 |Oct precipitation days = 1 |Nov precipitation days = 2 |Dec precipitation days = 0 |year precipitation days = 56 |time day = 14:00 |Jan humidity = 34 |Feb humidity = 35 |Mar humidity = 42 |Apr humidity = 56 |May humidity = 51 |Jun humidity = 48 |Jul humidity = 43 |Aug humidity = 49 |Sep humidity = 55 |Oct humidity = 43 |Nov humidity = 34 |Dec humidity = 37 |year humidity = 44 |source 1 = Deutscher Wetterdienst<ref> {{cite web | url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_631800_kt.pdf | title = Klimatafel von Erigavo / Somalia | work = Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world | publisher = Deutscher Wetterdienst | language = German | accessdate = 4 November 2016}}</ref> |date = July 2012}} ==Dowlada iyo Siyaasada== ===Madaxweyneyaasha=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-right:2px;" |- | style="text-align:left;"| [[File: Muse Bihi official portrait 2017 (cropped).jpg|130px]] | style="text-align:left;"| [[File:Vice President of Somaliland Abdirahman SayliciSaylici.jpg|160px]] |- | style="text-align:center;"|[[Muuse Biixi]]<br /><small>[[File:Seal of the President of the Republic of Somaliland.png|20x20px]] [[Madaxwaynaha Somaliland|Madaxwaynaha]]</small> | style="text-align:center;"|[[Cabdiraxmaan Saylici]]<br /><small>[[File:Emblem of Somaliland.svg|15x15px]] [[Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Somaliland|Madaxweyne ku xigeenka]]</small> |} ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Dawladda Somaliland]] iyo [[Siyaasadda Somaliland]]'' [[File:Somaliland Parliament (5981346680).jpg|thumb|250px|Wasiirka Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibedda ee Ingiriiska Henry Bellingham oo la hadlaya [[baarlamaanka Somaliland]], July [[2011]]]] Guurtidu waxay la shaqeysay hoggaamiyeyaashii jabhadda si ay u soo dhisaan dowlad cusub, waxaana lagu soo daray qaab dhismeedka dowladnimada, waxayna noqotay Golaha Guurtida ee Barlamaanka. iyo guryaha Hoose oo si saami ahaan loogu qoondeeyey qabaa'ilka iyadoo lagu saleynayo qaacido horay loo sii dejiyey, in kasta oo reeraha oo dhami aysan ku qanacsanayn matalaadooda. Sannadkii 2002, ka dib markii dhawr jeer loo kordhiyey dawladdan ku-meel-gaadhka ah, Somaliland waxay u gudubtay dimuqraadiyadda xisbiyada badan. Doorashadu waxay ku koobnayd saddex xisbi, iyada oo la isku dayayo in la abuuro doorashooyin ku dhisan fikrad halkii laga dooran lahaa qaab qabiil. Laga bilaabo Diseembar 2014, Somaliland waxay leedahay saddex xisbi siyaasadeed: Xisbiga Nabadda, Midnimada, iyo Horumarka, Xisbiga Caddaaladda iyo Horumarka, iyo Wadani. Sida ku xusan dastuurka Somaliland, ugu badnaan saddex xisbi siyaasadeed ayaa loo oggol yahay. Fulinta waxaa hogaamiya madaxweyne la soo doortay, oo dowladdiisa ay ka mid yihiin madaxweyne-ku-xigeen iyo Golaha Wasiirrada. Golaha Wasiirrada, oo mas'uul ka ah howlaha caadiga ah ee dowladda, waxaa soo magacaaba Madaxweynaha, waxaana oggolaada Golaha Wakiillada ee Baarlamaanka. Madaxweynuhu waa inuu ansixiyaa hindise sharciyeedyada ay ansixiyeen Baarlamaanku intaanay dhaqan gelin. Doorashada madaxtinimada waxaa xaqiijiyey guddiga doorashooyinka qaranka ee Somaliland. Madaxweynaha wuxuu shaqeyn karaa ugu badnaan laba xilli oo shan sano ah. [[File:Tuur-and-Egaal.jpg|thumb|250px|Madaxweynaha waqtigiisu dhammaaday, [[Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali Tuur]], wuxuu hoolka ka baxayaa isaga iyo madaxweynaha cusub ee la doortay [[Maxamed Cigaal|Muxammad Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]]. C / Raxmaan Axmed Cali Tuur waxaa oday ugu hambalyeeynayaa go, aankiisa ah inuu aqbalo natiijada doorashada isla markaana si nabadgelyo ah isu soo taago kadib maalmo dhowr dood adag iyo gorgortan.]] Golaha Wakiilada (Aqalka Hoose) ee Baarlamaanka Somaliland. Awooda sharci dejinta waxaa leh baarlamaanka labada aqal. Aqalkiisa sare waa Golaha Guurtida, qolkan waxaa gudoomiye ka ah Suleiman Mohamoud Adan, aqalka hoose waa Golaha Wakiilada. Aqalka hoose waxaa gudoomiye ka ah Baashe Maxamed Faarax. Guri kasta wuxuu leeyahay 82 xubnood. Xubnaha Golaha Guurtida waxaa si dadban u doorta beelaha deegaanka muddo lix sano ah. Golaha Guurtidu wuxuu la wadaagayaa awooda gudbinta shuruucda Golaha Wakiilada, sidoo kale wuxuu leeyahay doorka xalinta khilaafaadka gudaha, iyo awood gaar ah oo lagu kordhiyo muddada Madaxweynaha iyo wakiilada iyadoo lagu jiro duruufaha doorashada ka dhigaya mid aan macquul aheyn. Xubnaha Golaha Wakiillada waxaa si toos ah u doorta dadku shan sano. Golaha Wakiiladu wuxuu la wadaagayaa awooda codbixinta Golaha Guurtida, in kasta oo ay soo saari karaan sharci Golaha Guurtidu diidayo hadii ay u codeeyaan sharciga aqlabiyada 2/3, waxayna awood buuxda ku leeyihiin arimaha dhaqaalaha iyo xaqiijinta magacaabista Madaxweynaha. (marka laga reebo Guddoomiyaha Maxkamadda Sare). Nidaamka garsoorku wuxuu u qaybsan yahay maxkamadaha degmada, (oo ka hadlaya arrimaha sharciga qoyska iyo isku xigxiga, dacwadaha oo gaaraya ilaa 3 milyan oo SL ah, kiisaska ciqaabta oo ciqaabtiisu tahay ilaa 3 sano oo xarig ah ama 3 milyan oo ganaax lacageed ah oo SL ah, iyo dambiyada ay galaan dhalinyarada) , maxkamadaha gobolka (kuwaas oo ka shaqeeya dacwadaha iyo kiisaska ciqaabta ee aan ku hoos jirin xukunka maxkamadaha degmada, sheegashooyinka shaqada iyo shaqaalaynta, iyo doorashooyinka dawladaha hoose), maxkamadaha rafcaanka ee gobolka (kuwaas oo wax ka qabta dhammaan rafcaannada ka imanaya maxkamadaha degmooyinka iyo gobollada), iyo Maxkamadda Sare (kaas oo ka hadlaya arrimaha u dhexeeya maxkamadaha iyo dawladda, isla markaana dib u eegis ku sameeya go'aannadeeda), oo ah maxkamadda ugu sarraysa sidoo kalena u shaqaysa sida Maxkamadda Dastuuriga ah. Sharciga Jinsiyadaha Somaliland wuxuu qeexayaa qofka muwaadin Somaliland ah, Haweenka reer Somaliland, oo xidhan midabada calanka Somaliland, ka hor doorashadii baarlamaanka ee 2005. Dawladda Somaliland waxay sii waddaa inay ku dhaqanto xeerka ciqaabta ee Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya 1962dii. Sidan oo kale, falalka khaniisiinta ayaa sharci darro ka ah gayiga. Guriga Freedom wuxuu ku qiimeeyaa dawladda Somaliland qayb ahaan dimuqraadiyadda. Seth Kaplan (2011) wuxuu ku doodayaa in si ka duwan koonfurta Soomaaliya iyo dhulalka ku dhow, ay Somaliland, gooni u goosadka waqooyiga-galbeed ee Soomaaliya, ay ka dhistay qaab dimoqraadi ah oo maamul hoosta ilaa kor, iyadoo aan haba yaraatee lahayn wax kaalmo shisheeye ah. Si gaar ah, Kaplan wuxuu soo jeedinayaa in Somaliland ay leedahay nidaamka siyaasadeed ee ugu dimuqraadiyadda wanaagsan geeska Afrika maxaa yeelay waxaa inta badan laga soo cayimay cunsuriyiinta xagjirka ah ee ka jira Soomaaliya inteeda kale waxayna leedahay hanaan doorasho iyo sharci dejin iyo sidoo kale nidaam gaar ah oo adag. ===Xidhiidhka Dibada=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Xidhiidhka Dibada ee Somaliland]]'' [[File:The President of Somaliland, Musa Bihi Abdi And the Guinean Foreign minister, Mamadi Toure.jpg|thumb|250px|Madaxweynaha Somaliland, [[Muuse Biixi]], ayaa booqasho ku tegey Jamhuuriyadda Guinea.]] Somaliland waxay xidhiidh siyaasadeed la leedahay dalalka deriska la ah ee Itoobiya iyo Jabuuti, Jamhuuriyadda Shiinaha oo aan xubin ka ahayn Qaramada Midoobay, iyo sidoo kale Koonfur Afrika, Sweden, Boqortooyada Ingiriiska iyo waddan yar oo Liberland ah. 17-kii Janaayo 2007, Midowga Yurub (EU) wuxuu wafdi u diray arrimaha dibedda si ay uga wada hadlaan iskaashiga mustaqbalka. Midowga Afrika (AU) wuxuu kaloo diray wasiir arrimo dibadeed si uu ugala hadlo mustaqbalka ictiraafka caalamiga, 29kii iyo 30kii Janaayo 2007, wasiiradu waxay sheegeen inay ictiraafka kala hadli doonaan dowladaha xubnaha ka ah ururka. Horraantii 2006, Golaha Qaranka ee Wales ayaa casuumaad rasmi ah u fidiyay dawladda Somaliland si ay uga soo qayb galaan furitaanka boqortooyada ee Senedd ee Cardiff. Tallaabadan ayaa loo arkay inay tahay tallaabo ay Golaha Welsh ku aqoonsadeen sharcinimada dowladda gooni u goosadka ah. Xafiiska Arimaha Dibadda iyo Barwaaqo Sooranka ayaanan wax faallo ah ka bixin casuumaada. Gobolka Wales waxaa ku nool jaaliyad Soomaali ah oo muhiim ah oo ka timid Somaliland. Sanadkii 2007, wafdi uu hogaaminayo Madaxweyne Kaahin ayaa goobjoog ka ahaa shirkii madaxda dowladaha xubnaha ka ah Barwaaqo Sooranka ee ka dhacay magaalada Kampala ee xarunta dalka Uganda. In kasta oo ay Somaliland codsatay ka mid noqoshada Barwaaqa Sooranka iyada oo ku hoos jirta xaalad goobjooge, codsigeedii weli waa la sugayaa. [[File:Missions in Somaliland.png|thumb|right|250px|Khariidada xafiisyada diblomaasiyadeed ee Somaliland{{legend|#ff0000|Somaliland}} <!--{{legend|#212178|States with embassy in Somaliland}}--> {{legend|#5f8dd3|Dowladdaha leh qunsuliyadda ama xafiiska wakiilka ee Somaliland}} <!--{{legend|#aaccff|Dowladdo safaarad aan deganayn ku leh Somaliland}}-->]] 24 Sebtember [[2010]], Johnnie Carson, Kaaliyaha Xoghayaha Arimaha Dibada ee Arimaha Afrika, wuxuu sheegay in Mareykanku uu wax ka badalidoono istiraatiijiyaddiisa Soomaaliya uuna raadinayo xiriir qoto dheer oo uu la yeesho dowladaha Somaliland iyo Puntland isagoo sii wadaya taageerida Dowlada KMG ee Soomaaliya. Carson wuxuu sheegay in Mareykanku u diri doono shaqaalaha gargaarka iyo diblomaasiyiinta Puntland iyo Somaliland wuxuuna si toos ah u sheegay suurtagalnimada mashaariic horumarineed oo mustaqbalka ah. Si kastaba ha noqotee, Carson wuxuu carabka ku adkeeyay in Mareykanku uusan u fidin doonin aqoonsi rasmi ah labada gobol midkoodna. Madaxweyne Siilaanyo ee Somaliland bishii Noofambar 2010 si uu ugala hadlo sidii loo kordhin lahaa wax ka qabashada Ingiriiska ee Somaliland. Madaxweyne Siilaanyo wuxuu yidhi safarkiisii ​​London “Waxaan la shaqeynaynay beesha caalamka beesha caalamkuna way nala shaqeyneysay, annaga oo bixinayna anaga oo naga caawinay kanala shaqeynayna barnaamijyada dimoqraadiyeynta iyo horumarka. Waxaan aad ugu faraxsanahay sida bulshada caalamku ay noola macaamileen, gaar ahaan UK, Mareykanka, quruumaha kale ee Yurub iyo deriskeena oo weli raadinaya ictiraaf Ictiraafka Somaliland ee Boqortooyada Midowday (UK) waxa kale oo taageeray Xisbiga Madaxbanaanida ee UK, oo ku soo galay kaalinta 3aad ee codadkii dadweynaha ee doorashadii guud ee 2015. Hogaamiyaha UKIP, Nigel Farage, ayaa la kulmay Cali Aadan Cawaale, Madaxa Ergada Somaliland ee UK Uk maalinta qaranimada Somaliland, 18 May, 2015, si ay u muujiyaan taageerada UKIP ee Somaliland. Nigel Farage wuxuu yidhi “Somaliland waxay 24-kii sano ee u dambeeyay u ahayd ilayska nabada, dimuqraadiyada iyo ku dhaqanka sharciga, ee Geeska Afrika 24-kii sano ee la soo dhaafay. Waxay ku beegan tahay wakhtigii UK iyo bulshada kale ee caalamku aqoonsadeen qadiyada Somaliland ee aqoonsiga. Waa waqtigii nabada la abaalmarin lahaa. In UK ay dhabarka u jeediso dalabkooda sharciga ah ee madaxbanaanida, waa khalad, waa wax aan caadi aheyn inaanan u ololeynin aqbalitaankooda Barwaaqo Sooranka. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, waxaan taageernay aqbalida dalal ay ka mid yihiin Mozambique oo aan xidhiidh taariikhi ah la lahayn Ingiriiska, laakiin Somaliland, oo hore u ahaan jirtay maxmiyad ayaa hartay qabow. Tani waa inay isbedeshaa". [[File:Somaliland Foreign Minister Hagi Mohamoud with Taiwan President Tsai Ing-wen.jpg|thumb|250px|Wasiirka Arimaha Dibada Somaliland Hagi Mohamoud oo uu weheliyo Madaxweynaha Taiwan Tsai Ing-wen.]] Sannadkii [[2011]], Somaliland iyo gobolka deriska la ah [[Khatumo]] ee Puntland wuxuu mid waliba la galay heshiis is-afgarad oo la xiriira nabadgelyada Jasiiradda Seychelles. Iyadoo la raacayo qaab dhismeedka heshiis hore oo ay kala saxiixdeen Dowladda Federaalka Ku Meel Gaarka ah iyo Seychelles, qoraalka ayaa ah "in dadka la xukumay loo wareejiyo xabsiyada 'Puntland' iyo 'Somaliland'. 1dii Julay [[2020]], Somaliland iyo Taiwan waxay kala saxeexdeen heshiis lagu aasaasayo xafiisyo wakiillo ka shaqeeya si kor loogu qaado iskaashiga labada dal. Wadashaqeynta labada siyaasadood ee ku saabsan waxbarashada, amniga badaha, iyo daawada waxay bilaabatay 2009, shaqaalaha Taiwan waxay soo galeen Somaliland Febraayo 2020 si ay ugu diyaar garoobaan xafiiska wakiilka. ===Doorashooyinka Somaliland=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Doorashooyinka Somaliland]]'' [[File:Elections in Somaliland.jpg|thumb|250px|Doorashooyinka Somaliland qof iyo cod]] Burburkii dowladdii militariga ee ka talineysay Soomaaliya 1991 AD, hoggaamiyeyaashii Dhaqdhaqaaqa Waddaniga Soomaaliyeed waxay qaadeen tallaabo ay ku dhawaaqeen gooni u goosadka gobolka woqooyi ee Soomaaliya, oo markaas ku jiray shan gobol oo ka tirsan Soomaaliya inteeda kale, isla sannadkaas. . Intaa wixii ka dambeeyay, Somaliland waxay ku guuleysatay inay gaarto dib u heshiisiin dhab ah oo dhex marta beelaha wada dega gobolka, waxayna ka shaqeysay fidinta amniga, kala dambeynta iyo sharciga, waxayna ku ansixisay dastuurkeedii ugu horreeyay afti laga qaaday 2001. Waxay sidoo kale abaabushay, xilliyo kala duwan, bilaash iyo doorashooyin guuleysta oo ay kujiraan doorashooyinka dowladaha hoose, sharci dejinta iyo madaxweynaha. Waxa wadankan ka dhacay doorashooyin madax banaan oo shacabku si run ah ay u dooranayeen waxa kale oo horay uga dhacay somaliland doorashooyin doorashaddii, uguhoraysay ee kadhacady somaliland waxa ay hayd dheceen sanadii 1997 waxca ku gulaystay madaxwayne [[Maxamed Xaaji Ibraahim Cigaal]] doorashada labaad ee kadhacady somalilad waxa ay dhacday sanadii 2003 halka tii sadexaad oo ah in ay jabisay rikoodhkii u yaaly afrika oo ahaaa in laba doorasho oo isku xiga wax kacadani aany wadan afrikaana kadhici iyada oo lagu yaqaanay in haddii doorasho sadexaad loodhaqaaqo uu wadankasta oo afrika kuyaala dagaal sokeeye ka bilaabmi jiray. ayaa wadanka somaliland waxa uu marayaa doorashaddii sadexaad ee si habsamiya uga dhacda doorashadan ugu danbaysay waxa ay djacday sandkii aynu soodhaafanay ee 2010ka waxaana madaxwayne loo doortay mujaaahidka wayn ee axmed maxamed maxamuud [[siilaanyo]] ===Ciidanka=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Ciidanka Qaranka Somaliland]]'' [[File:Women in Somaliland Army.jpg|thumb|250px|Haweenka Ciidanka Somaliland.]] [[File:Somaliland Army 1.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Ciidanka Qaranka Somaliland]]]] '''Ciidamada Somaliland''' (''Ciidanka Qaranka'') Somalilanad waxa ay leedahay ciidan militari oo si habaysan u tababaran kaas oo ah ilaaliyaha koobaad ee ciida somaliland. ciidamada somaliland waxa ay fadhiisimo iyo saldhigyo ku leeyihiin dhamaan wadanka. ciidamada somaliland waxa ay leeyhiin dhamaan qaybaha ciidan ee wadan yeesho. waxaa sharci ahaan loo ogolyahay dadka wixii kawayn 18 ilaa 49 ciidanka [[somaliland]] waxa lagu qiyaasaa ilaa 20.000 oo askari. Ciidamada somaliland waxay ka qaybqaatan ilaalinta ciidooda taaso oo ah arin muqaddas ah. ===Astaanta=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Astaanta Qaranka Somaliland]]'' [[File:Emblem of Somaliland.svg|thumb|250px|[[Astaanta Qaranka Somaliland]]]] Astaanta Qaranka [[Somaliland]] waxaa la abaabulay [[Oktoobar]] [[1996]]dii, ayada iyo calankaba. waxa ay kakoobantahay laba kafadood iyo miisaan isleeg, oo muujinaya cadaalda dhextaala shacabka [[somaliland]] iyo gorgor sare u haya miisaanka oo isna tusaale u ah dimuquraadiyada ay somaliland kudhaqanto waxa kale o kamida astaanta qaranka laba gacmood oo issisalaamya. waxaanay tasi tusaale u tahay sinaanta iyo cadaalada iyo dimuquraadiya dhextaala dadka reer somaliland waxa kale oo kamida calaamdaha ay kakoobantahay astaanta qaranka somaliland [[laan]] geed oo muujinaysa nabada ay haystaan shacabku waxa kale oo kamida halka danbe oo ah huruud taas oo muujinaysa dhaqan wanaaga shacabka somaliland waxa kale oo walaiba kamida bisinka oo kaga yaala halka sare oo muujinaya in shacabka somaliland ay yihiin dad islaama. ===Calanka=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Calanka Somaliland]]'' [[File:Flag of Somaliland.svg|thumb|upright=0.5|left|[[Calanka Somaliland]]]] Calanka Somaliland waxa markii uguhoraysay la isticmaalay calanka [[somaliland]] ee xilagan 14 0ktoba 1996kii waxa uu calanka [[somaliland]] ka koobanyahay sadex khad ama kald oo jiif ah waxa ugu koreeya [[cagaar]] waxa [[cadaan]] oo dhexda ah iyo [[casaan]] oo hoosta ah dehexdana waxaa kaga taala calanka xidig [[madaw]] waxa dhanka sare ee calanka ku taala [[shahaadada]] (لا إله إلا الله, محمد رسول الله) oo far cad kuqoran Heesta calanka somaliland (samo kuwaar) ee hada waxaana loogu dhawaaqaa sidan. {{big|Samoo ku waar samoo ku waar Sareeye calanka sudhan biley dhulkissa Samoo ku waariyo iyo bogaadin sugan Hambalyo suuban kugu salaanee samoo ku waar Hambalyo suuban kugu salaanee samoo ku waar Geesiyaashii naftooda u sadqeeyey qaranimadad somaliland Geesiyaashii naftooda u sadqeeyey qaranimadad somaliland Xuskooda dhawrsan kugu salaanee samoo ku waar Xuskooda dhawrsan kugu salaanee samoo ku waar Guul side xambaarsan soo noqoshaddiisa Guul side xambaarsan soo noqoshaddiisa Kalsooniduu mutaystayee dastuurka Distuurka ku salaan kugu salaanee Midnimo walaalnimo gobonimoo Midnimo walaalnimo gobonimoo Islaamnimo kugu salaanee Samoow saamidiyo samoo ku waar Samoo ku waar saamo ku waar}} ===Maalinta Madaxbanaanida=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Maalinta Madaxbanaanida Somaliland]]'' [[File:Women from Somaliland wearing the flag of Somaliland.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|right|Haweenka Somaliland oo ka qayb galay dabaaldeggii maalinta madaxbanaanida oo ay la socdaan calanka Somaliland.]] Maalinta xoriyada Somaliland waa maalinta ee maamulka Goboleedka la aqoonsan ee u dabaaldagto xoriyada ee aaminsanyihiin in ee ka heleen soomaaliya isla markaasneh ee ka go'een soomaaliya inteeda kale.Xuskii ugu danbeeyay waxee dhacday 18 may 2011. ==Dhaqaalaha== ===Lacagta=== ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Dhaqaalaha Somaliland]] iyo [[Dekada Berbera]]'' [[File:Somaliland Beverage Industries Factory.jpg|thumb||upright=0.8|left|[[SBI]] Warshada Coca–Cola Somaliland.]] [[File:New DP World Berbera Container Terminal Port.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Dekada Berbera]] Cusub ee DP World Berbera.]] [[Somaliland shilling]] waa lacagta laga isticmaalo [[somaliland]] waxa lahirgaliyay daabacaada iyo isticmalka lacagtan, 18 aktobar 1994, waxa ay ka koobantahay lacagta somaliland waraaqo iyo biro kal ah sidan soo 1,5,10,20,100,500, iyo 5000 Sidan lawada socono astaanta qaranku waa shayga kaliyata ee lagu garto dawlad amaba lagu aqoonsado qaran keena, [[somaliland]] waxuu leeyahay astaan iyo lacag u gaar ah taa oo uu kaga duwan yahay bulshada caalamka iyo Gobolka geeska afrikaba, hadaba tan iyo waxii ka adan beeyay sanadkii 1991 somaliland waxay lahayd lacag u gaar ah taasi oo aan gabi hanba wada gaadhin gobolada somaliland oo dhan , iyadoo inta badan ku kooban hargaysa oo ah caasimada somaliland. halka aan lagaba aqoon gobola da kale dalka sida gobolada Bariga ee ay ka mid ka yihiin gobolka togdheer,sanaag iyo sool ,waxaana laga isticmalaa badiba lacago qalaad oo kala duwan ku wasi oo iskugu jira lacagta itopiyanka iyo lacagtii faqashta ee soomaliyadii hore, dhinacakale waxad arkaysaa markaad tagto magaloyinka aan kor ku soo xusay iyo qaar kaleba inaad markaad dhex marayso goobaha lacagaha lagu sarifo anad arkayninba wax lacag shilinka somalialand ah mana jiraan lacago somaliland ah oo ay indha haagu qabanayaan, dhinacakale´shilinka somaliland hadad is tidhaah do suqa wax kaga so iibso ama ba wax kaga soo cun hotelada laga cunteeyo lagama yaabo inaad wax lagaga iibiyo, waxa yaduna nasiib daraa in qaar kamid ah lacagta shilinka somaliland ah guud ahan ba wadanka gudihiisa lagama qaato xataa casimada inana waxba lagaga iibin ibin mayo lacagtaas oo inta badan musha har loo ´siyo ciidamada qaranka marka ay isku dayaan inay ku soo adeegtana aan lagaqadan lacagtaas aan kor ku soo xusayna waxa kamid ah 5ta´shilin 10´ka shilin iyo 20´ka shilin lacagtasi la diidayaana waa lacagtii qaranka hadaba, waxa nasiib Daraa inay somaliland ku faanto inay hormar ka gaadhay dhinacyo badan sida dimuqraadiyada ´ dhaqaalaha´ Tignolajiyada iyo waxbarashada, hadana hormar ay gaadho iska dhaafo ay lacagteedii ayaa weli saaran Geedka Madhaafto === Sahaminta shidaalka === [[File:Oil and Gas exploration activities in Somaliland.jpg|thumb|left|Hawlaha sahaminta shidaalka iyo gaaska ee [[Oodwayne]], gobolka Togdheer.]] Bishii Ogosto 2012, dawladda Somaliland waxay siisay [[Genel Energy]] ruqsad ay shidaal uga baadhi karto dhulkeeda. Natiijooyinka baadhitaanka sagxadda oo la dhammaystiray horraantii 2015 waxay xaqiijiyeen suurtagalnimada waxqabad ee ka jirta SL-10B iyo baloogga SL-13 iyo baloogga Oodweyne oo lagu qiyaasay keyd shidaal oo midkiiba gaarayo 1 bilyan oo foosto. <ref>{{cite web | title = Somaliland | url = http: //www.genelenergy.com/operations/exploration-assets/somaliland/ | access-date = 3 August 2017 | Archive-date = 4 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170804013531/http://www.genelenergy.com/operations/exploration-assets/somaliland/ | url-status = dead | ciwaan = Nuqul Archive | archive-date = 4 August 2017 | dead-url = yes }}</ref> Shirkadda Genel Energy ayaa qarka u saaran inay si fiican u qoddo sahaminta SL-10B iyo SL-13 xannibaadda Buur-Dhaab oo 20 kiiloomitir waqooyi-galbeed ka xigta [[Caynabo]] dhammaadka 2018. <ref> {{cite web | title = Ruqsadaha Ciyaaraha ee Mesozoic Rift Play SL10B / 13 & Odewayne | url = http: // www. genelenergy.com/media/1977/genel-energy-onshore-somaliland-opportunity-summary_digital.pdf|publisher=Genel Energy | marin-u-helid = 3 Agoosto 2017 | taariikhda-taariikhda = 4 Janaayo 2017 | archive-url = https: / /web.archive.org/web/20170104062357/http://www.genelenergy.c om / media / 1977 / genel-energy-onshore-somaliland-fursad-summary_digital.pdf | url-status = dead}} </ref> ===Warbaahinta=== Somaliland waxa ay leedahay warbaahin madaxbanaan oo aanay cidi kormerin haba yaraatee war baahintaasi waxa ay isugu jirataaa warbaahinta la akhriyo tan ladaawdo iyo tan la dhagaysto. kuwa ugu waawayn ama ugu caansana waxa kamida, wargayska [[jamhuuriya]] wargayska [[haatuf]], tv ga [[horm kabel tv|horm kabel tv iyo shabakadda wararka caalamiga ah ee xoriyonews.com]] waxa jira warbaahin kale oo aad iyo aad u fara badan oo wadanka ka jira ciidamada qarnka ee somaliland waxa ay u kalabaxaan sida aan horeba usoo sheegnay qaybaha ciidan ee uu wadan yeesho * [[Berbera oil]] * [[SomCable]] * [[Dahabshiil]] * [[Golistelecom]] * [[Petrosoma]] Dawlada Ethiopia ayaa la filaayaa inay bisha tobnaad aad aqoonsato somaliland sida lagu baahiayay boga internetka ee ay dawaldu maamusho. '''Isgaadhsiinta Somaliland''' Shirkadaha Isgaadhsiinta Somaliland Shirkadaha Isgaadhsiinta [[Somaliland]] oo si rasmiya ugu Dhawaaqay inay Isu- Fureen Adeegyadoodii Taleefoonada iyo Madaxweyne Ku-xigeenka oo ka qayb galay Xafladii lagu Daah-furay. Munaasibada lagu Daahfurayay Isku-xidhka Shirkadaha Isgaadhsiinta [[Somaliland]] ayaa lagu qabtay Hoteelka [[Maansoor]] ee Magaalada [[Hargeysa]]. Xafladan oo lagaga dhawaaqay isku-xidhka shan Shirkadood oo ka mid ah Shirkadaha Isgaadhsiinta Somaliland oo kala ah [[Somtel]], [[Nation Link]], [[Telcom]], [[Soltelco]], [[African Online]]., waxa ka qayb galay Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Somaliland C/raxmaan Saylici, Wasiirka Boosaha iyo Isgaadhsiinta Axmed Xaashi Oday, Wasiirka Diinta iyo awqaafta Sh. Khaliil C/laahi, Maareeyaha Hawlaha shaqada ee Shirkadda Somtel Cali Saalax Cabdi, Mahdi Daahir Jaamac oo ah Maareeye ku-xigeenka Shirkadda Nation-link, Madax Shirkada Telcom Aadan C/laahi, Mareeyaha Shirkada Soltelco Mukhtaar Osman iyo Marti sharaf kale. Madaxweyne ku-xigeenka Somaliland C/raxmaan C/lahi Ismaaciil oo Munaasibadaasi ka hadlay ayaa soo dhaweeyay isku xidhka shirkadahan isgaadhsiinta oo wax badan ka tari doona dhibaatooyinkii Bulshada ka haysatay dhinaca Isgaadhsiinta, gaar ahaan wada hadal la’aanta dadka isticmaalada adeegyada kala duwan ee Shirkadaha Isgaadhsiinta. Waxaanu yidhi “Runtii waxa maanta Farxad ii ah inaan ka soo qayb galo, isku xidhkii shirkadaha Isgaadhsiinta oo runtii baahi weyn loo qabay inaynu ku wada xidhiidhno, iyadoo laga maarmayo sadexdii Telefoon iyo afartii Telefoion ee markii hore la sitay, arintan oo runtii ka mid ahayd balanqaadyadii Xisbiga Kulmiye ee in adeegyada Bulshada la mideeyo”. Mr. Saylici isagoo hadalkiisa sii wata waxa uu sheegay “Maanta waxaan ku faraxsanahay in talaabada koowaad ee la qaaday inteedii badnaydna Wasiirka Boosaha iyo Isgaadhsiintu halkan ka sheegay , shirkadaha laftoodiina ay ka marag kaceen, muhiimada aynu u soconaana waxay tahay inaynu shacbigeena u wada adeegno oo aynu ka saarno qoqobkii ku kala jiray ama kala xidhnaantii ku kala jirtay ,maadaama oo suuqeenu yahay suuq mid xor ah, waxaan qabaa inaanu dawladu mar walba ka madhnayn shirkadaha isgaadhsiinta oo waxa loo sameeyaa Cashuur dhaaf”. Wasiirka Boosaha iyo Isgaadhsiinta Somaliland Axmed Xaashi Oday oo Munaasibadaasi ka hadlay ayaa sheegay sheegay in Wasaarada Boosaha iyo isgaadhsiintu si isku mid ah u maamuli doonto iska Xidhka Shirdahan adeegyadooda Xidhiidhka laysku furay, isagoo hoosta ka xarriiqay inay si caadalad iyo sinaan ah ay u ilaalin doonaan dhamaan shirkadahan xuquuqdooda Ganacsi iyo sirta Adeegyadooda. Guddoomiyaha Guddidii ka soo shaqaysay isku xidhka shirkadahan Isgaadhsiinta ee mideeyay Adeegyadooda Isgaadhsiinta Mr: Jaamac X. Maxamed Cigaal ayaa isna munaasibadaasi ka sheegay qaabka ay dadku ugu wada Xidhiidhayaan shanta shirkadood ee laysku xidhay, waxaanu halkaasi ku soo. ==Bulshada== ===Maalmaha la Xuso=== *1- [[26]] [[Juun]] oo ah maalinta ay ka qadatay xornimada gumaysigii [[Ingiriis]]ka. *2- [[18. May maalinta xoriyada somaliland]] oo ku beegan 18.May.1991 kii maalintii shirweynihi shacabka reer somaliland gua'an sadiin guuni isotaga jumhuriyada somaliland ee ka dhacay Magaalada Burco. *3- Labada Ciidood ee Islaamka *4- Maalmaha Caalamiga ah sida maalinta shaqaalaha, [[AIDS|Aydhiska]], iwm. ===Luqadaha=== '''Luqadaha Somaliland''' Somaliland waxa lagaga hadlaa luqada somaliga oo boqolkiiba boqol ay kuhadalaan dadka kudhaqan somaliland waliba lahjada afsoomaaliga ugu nadiifsan amaba ugu dhaw marka laeego luqada somaliga ee qadiimka ah dadka kudhaqan somaliland lahjada afsomaliga ee ay kuhadlaan waxa ay shabahdaa ta wararka lagusiidaayo amaba saxaafada loo adeegsado. waxa kale oo somaliland lagaga hadlaa [[Carabi]]ga iyo [[Ingiriis]]iga oo ah laba luqadood oo iyana wadanka si rasmi ah looga isticmaalo, qodobka lixaad ee wadanka uyaala waxa kuqoran in somaliga carabiga iyo ingriisugu ay yihiin sadaxda luqadood ee wadanka sirasmi ah looga isticmaali karo ==Waxbarashada== ::''Sidoo kale fiiri [[:Category:Jaamacadaha Somaliland|Jaamacadaha Somaliland]]'' * [[Jaamacada Hargaysa]] * [[Jaamacadda Camuud]] * jaamacada admas * [[Jaamacad Burco]] * [[Jaamcada Golis]] * [[Jaamacada Timocade]] * [[New Generation University Hargeisa, Somaliland|Jaamacada New Generation]] * [[Jaamacadda Culuunta badda iyo Kaluumaysiga (BERBERA MARITIME AND FISHERIES ACADEMY)]] ==Warbixin Kale== ===Goobaha Dalxiiska=== Dalka Somaliland wuxu leeyahay deegaan ballaadhan oo dhul badhka uu ku fadhiyo lagu qiyaaso 136200KM2 iyo bad leh xeeb dhererkoodu dhanyahay 850Km2 laga bilaabo Lawyacaddo dhinaca galbeed illaa Ceelaayo dhinaca bari. Somaliland waa qaran ka nasiib badan qoomiyado badan oo caalamka ah marka laga eego cimillada iyo hawada meel dhexadka ah xilli kasta, dhulka fidsan iyo deegaanka kala nooc nooca ah. Goobaha aad loo dalxiiso ee Somaliland waxa ka mid ah daljirka dahsoon ee Hargeysa ku yaalla, dhammaan magaalooyinka qadiimiga ah ee dalka sida Berbera, xaruntii daraawiishta talex, Zeilac, Bullaxaar, Maydh & Xiis, Laas-qoray, jasiiradaha Sacaadadiin iyo ceebood, buurta Daallo, buurta Gacan-libaax (Waxa waliba lagu sameeyay dhisme iyo dayactir buurta dusheeda( buurta Saw, Laasgeel (Goob aasaar qadiimi ah oo sannad dhawaa khubaro faransiis ahi ka heleen degmada hore loo odhan jiray Dacar-budhuq, haddana loogu magac daray Laasgeel) ɖɦaɦaʀ ɖɦʊʟҡɨɨ զʊʀʊxɖa ɖaʀɨstɨɨ զʊʀxօօռaʏɖ ɖɦaɦaʀ ċʀɛɛռʟaռɖ iyo goobo kale oo aan xusi doonno. Waxannu ugu bushaaranaynaa soo booqdayaasha bartan inaanu boggan idiin ku soo gudbin doonno xogo iyo macluumaad faahfaahsan oo la xidhiidha dhammaan goobaha taariikhiga ah ee la dalxiiso Somaliland, xaqiiqooyin ku xeeran iyo is bedello ku yimi goobo ka mid ah. Guud ahaan, gobolkasta Somaliland waxa ka jira goobo caana ah, taariikhi ah ama lagu tilmaami karo fursadaha iyo/ama khayraadka qaaliga ah ee dalku leeyahay dhinaca dalxiiska iyo taariikhda. Laasgeel waa goob leh godod hoose oo leh xaradh iyo astaamo qadiimiga ah oo lagu qiyaasay inay noqon karayaan aasaarta taariikhiga ah ee ugu da’da weyn geeska ama qaarada Afrikaba guud ahaan marka loo eego sawirrada farshaxanka iyo astaamaha muujinaya quruumo qarniyaal badan ka hor dhulka ku noolaa. Aasaartan qadiimiga ah waxa goobtan ku ogaaday khubaro faransiis sannadkii 2002, illaa immikana waxay ka midtahay goobaha taariikhiga ah ee aad loo dalxiiso, isla markana ay Wasaaradda Dalxiiska iyo Dawladda xaqiijiyaan nabadgelyada iyo ilaalinta aasaartan iyadoo si taxadir leh loogu oggolaado dalxiisayaashaa gaarka ah.Goobta Laasgeel waxa 6km woqooyi looga weecdaa tuulada Dhubato ee Degmada Laasgeel ee hore loo odhan jiray Dacar-budhug, immikana loogu magac daray Laasgeel oo 55KM bari ka xigta Hargeysa, kuna taalla wadada halbawlaha ah ee Hargeisa-Berbera. ===Ciyaaraha=== Ciyaaraha Somaliland Tartanka ciyaaraha [[somaliland]] oo ah mid sanadkiiba mar laqabto ayaa sanadkan ahaa mid xiiso leh,waxa sanadkan kamid ahaa ciyaaraha lagusoo bandhigay sida ciyaaraha orodada [[Kubada cagta]] [[Kubada Kolayga]] iyo waliba qaarkale oo badan.waxa sanadkan ciyaaraha 2011 ciyaaraha somaliland lagu qabtay magaalo madaxda gobolka [[Togdheer]] ee magaalda [[Burco]] gaar ahaan garoonka ciyaaraha ee caanka ah ee looyaqaano [[Alamsay]]. * [[Awdal]] * [[Hawd]] * [[Gabiley]] * [[Togdheer]] * [[Saaxil]] * [[Maroodi Jeex]] * [[sool]] * [[sanaag]] Kahor intii aan lasoo gaadhin ciyaaraha kama danbaysta ah waxa lasoomaray isreebreeb ay ka qaybqaateen dhamaan gobalada [[Somaliland]] waxaana iskusoo hadhay sideedan Gobol oo soo bandhigay ciyaaro aad iyo aad u xiiso lahaa waxaa ay ahyd markii ugu horaysay ee ciyaaraha somaliland sitoosa caalamkka looga daawado waxa siidaynta ciyaarta hawada dadaka usoo marinayaay warbaahinta qaranka iyo tan madaxa banaan waxaana laga daawanayay daafaha caalmaka. ==Muuqaalo== <gallery> File:Berbera Port2.jpg| File:Almadow Overview.JPG|Buurta [[Cal Madow]] </gallery> ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Genel Energy]] * [[Oodwayne Beeraha Salidka]] * [[IGAD]] * [[Somalia]] * [[Dhaqalaha Somalia]] * [[Diinta Soomaalida]] == Xigasho == * [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmhansrd/vo040204/halltext/40204h03.htm United Kingdom parliamentary debate on recognition of Somaliland] * [http://www.awdalnews.com/ Awdadl News] * [http://www.horyaal.net/index.asp Radio Horyaal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.horyaal.net/index.asp |date=20121102031350 }} * [http://www.halganews.com/ Halgan news] {{Wayback|url=http://www.halganews.com/ |date=20101029081920 }} * [http://www.caynabanews.com/ Hadhwanaag New] {{Wayback|url=http://www.caynabanews.com/ |date=20140327103426 }} * [http://www.qarannews.com/pn/ Qaran News] {{Wayback|url=http://www.qarannews.com/pn/ |date=20061004150422 }} * [http://dillapress.com Dilla Press] {{Wayback|url=http://dillapress.com/ |date=20201024054735 }} * [http://www.jamhuuriya.info/index.php Jamhuuriya Newspaper] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jamhuuriya.info/index.php |date=20110419200647 }} * [http://www.abaarsotech.org/ Abaarso Tech University] *[https://somaliland.com/ Somaliland News] {{Wayback|url=https://somaliland.com/ |date=20190416002110 }} *[https://ToosNews.com ToosNews] {{Wayback|url=https://toosnews.com/ |date=20220201065019 }} ==Tixraac== {{reflist|2}} {{Maqaalo Somaliland |state=expanded}} {{Dalalka Afrika |state=expanded}} [[Category:Somaliland|*]] rp7an6nb8j56oqodxoluavd861oe23r 0 1995 304485 282224 2026-08-09T01:07:00Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Awdal | native_name = {{native name|so|italics=no|Awdal}} <br /> {{native name|ar|italics=no|أودَل}} | other_name = | settlement_type = [[Gobolada Somaliland|Gobol]] | image_skyline = [[File:Zayla.jpg|280px]] | imagesize = | image_caption = Burburkii Muslimiinta [[Cadal Sultanate|Suldaanka Cadal]] ee [[Saylac]] | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_shield = | motto = [[waxbarasho]], [[Nabad]] iyo [[Barwaaqo]]. | image_map = Awdal in Somaliland.svg | mapsize = 250px |pushpin_map =Somaliland | map_caption = Goobta Somaliland. | coordinates = {{coord|10|48|3|N|43|21|7|E|type:adm1st_region:SO|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag| Somaliland}} | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | established_title = | established_date = June 1984 | seat_type = [[Xarunta maamulka]] | seat = [[Boorama]] | government_type = Goboleed | leader_title = [[Gudoomiyaha Awdal|Gudoomiye]] | leader_name = [[Muxumed Xasan Jaamac]] (Tiimbaro)<ref>{{cite web |title=Protests turn violent in Borama: demonstrators seek justice for fallen coast guard officer |url=https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2023/May/191199/protests_turn_violent_in_borama_demonstrators_seek_justice_for_fallen_coast%C2%A0guard%C2%A0officer.aspx |website=www.hiiraan.com}}</ref> | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 21,374 | elevation_m = 2,136 | elevation_ft = | population_total = 636108 | population_as_of = 2024, estimate<ref name=ipc2024>{{Cite web|url=https://fsnau.org/downloads/Somalia-2024-Post-Gu-Acute-Food-Insecurity-Rural-Urban-and-IDP-Population-Stressed-Crisis-and-Emergency-%28Projection-Oct-Dec-2024%29.pdf|title=IPC Population Estimates: Projection (Oct-Dec 2024)|author=|date=|work=IPC|access-date=2025-02-23}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 30<!--636108/21374--> | population_note = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | blank_name_sec2 = [[Tilmaanta Horumarinta Aadanaha|HDI]] (2021) | blank_info_sec2 = 0.401<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref><br/>{{color|#500|low}} · [[Liiska gobollada Soomaaliya marka loo eego Tilmaanta Horumarinta Aadanaha|3aad]] | area_code = +252 | website = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | official_name = | iso_code = SO-AW | elevation_min_ft = 0 | elevation_max_ft = 8,635 | population_density_urban_km2 = <!--287,822 no source--> }} '''Awdal'''([[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Awdal, [[Carabi]]: أودَل) waa gobol ku yaalo Galbeed ka dalka [[Somaliland|Somalia]]<ref name="Cwfsom">{{cite web |title = Somalia |work = The World Factbook |publisher = Central Intelligence Agency |location = Langley, Virginia |url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html |accessdate = 6 December 2013 |ciwaan = Nuqul Archive |archive-date = 1 Bisha Todobaad 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160701194614/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html |dead-url = yes }}</ref><ref name="Awr">{{cite web | title = Awdal Region | url = http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/121024_Administrative_Map_Awdal_A4.pdf | accessdate = 30 January 2014 }}</ref>. Awdal waxay ka go'day gobolka [[Woqooyi Galbeed]] ayna noqotay gobol [[1984]]. <ref>{{Cite web | url = https://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf | title = Population Estimation Survey 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170804014649/http://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf | archive-date = 4 August 2017 }}</ref> . Dhinaca bariga waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Maroodi Jeex]] iyo [[saaxil]] Dhinaca GalbeedKa waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Jabuuti]] , koonfurta waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Itoobiya]] iyo Dhinaca woqooyiga neh [[Gacanka Cadmeed]]<ref>E. H. M. Clifford, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1785556 "The British Somalia-Ethiopia Boundary", ''Geographical Journal''] , Vol. 87, No. 4 (Apr. 1936), p. 296</ref>. Gobolka waxaa ku nool dad lagu qiyaasey 673,263 oo qof<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf | title = Population Estimation Survey 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170804014649/http://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population-Estimation-Survey-of-Somalia-PESS-2013-2014.pdf | archive-date = 4 August 2017 | url-status = }}</ref>. Gobolku wuxuu ka kooban yahay lix degmo [[Boorama]] oo ah xarunta gobolka, [[Baki|Gebiley Wajaale Baki]] ,[[Lughaya]] , iyo [[Saylac]]. ==Hordhac== Gobolkan waa gobol taariikh dheer leh oo xadaarad suldaanimo, boqortooyo iyo ismaamul dheer soo lahaa mudo aad u dheer. Boqortooyada [[Adal]] waxay ka mid tahay awooodihii ugu caansanaa ee ka soo talin jirey gobolka Awdal. Awdal waxaa magaalo madax u ah caasimada [[Boorama]], oo ah magaalada ugu weyn gobolka. Gobolkan waa gobolada ugu horumarsan woqooyiga gaar ahaan woqooyi galbeed, xag dhaqaale, waxbarsho, diineed iyo isgaadhsiineedba. ==Sharaxaada== [[File:Zayla.jpg|thumb|Burburkii Saldanadii Adal ee Saylac Somaliland .]] Awdal (أودل) waxa ay magaceeda ka soo qaadatay Adal Sultanate (عَدَل) dhexe oo asalkeedu ahaa Saylac . Dhulka ku teedsan xuduudka Itoobiya waa magaalo aad u badan oo burbursan, taasoo uu ku tilmaamay sahamiye Ingiriis ah Richard F. Burton . Geology ahaan, inta badan gobolka Awdal waxay ku yaalliin saxanka Carabta . ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== Gobolka Awdal waxa dega inta badan beesha Gadabuursi oo ka mid ah beelaha Dir kuwaas oo si gaar ah u matala oo loo tixgeliyo inay yihiin beesha ugu badan ee gobolka. Federico Battera (2005) wuxuu ka sheegay Gobolka Awdal: "Awdal waxa dega inta badan ururka Gadabuursi ee beelaha." Warbixin ay soo saartay Qaramada Midoobay oo ay daabacday Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (1999), ayaa ku sheegtay Awdal: "Beesha Gadabuursi ayaa ka talisa gobolka Awdal, taasina waxay keentay in siyaasadda gobolka Awdal ay ku dhowdahay inay la mid tahay arrimaha beelaha Gadabuursi." Roland Marchal (1997) wuxuu sheegay in tiro ahaan, Gadabuursigu ay yihiin dadka ugu badan ee deggan Gobolka Awdal: "Tirada Gadabuursi ee Awdal waxay hubaal ka dhigaysaa in danaha Gadabuursi ay wadaan siyaasadda gobolka." Marleen Renders iyo Ulf Terlinden (2010) labaduba waxay sheegeen in Gadabuursigu ay si gaar ah u deggan yihiin Gobolka Awdal: “Awdal ee galbeedka Somaliland waxay u dhaxaysaa Jabuuti, Itoobiya iyo dhulweynaha Somaliland ee Isaaqu degan yahay, waxa deggen ugu horrayn saddexda beelood ee beesha Gadabuursi ka kooban tahay, kuwaas oo hay’adoodii dhaqanku ka badbaadeen gumaysigii, dawladnimadii Soomaaliya iyo dagaalladii ka dhacayna si wanaagsan bay u socdaan, welina si habsami ah u shaqaynaya, aadna ugu xidhan nabadgelyada guud. Waxa kale oo jira tiro aad u tiro yar oo ka tirsan beesha Ciise ee Dir oo inta badan degta degmada Saylac. ==Degmooyinka Gobolka== Gobolkani waxa uu ka koobanyahay shan degmo oo kala ah * [[Boorama]] * [[Baki]] * [[Lughaya]] * [[Saylac]] * [[Dilla]] * [[Quljeed]] * [[Boon]] * [[Xariirad]] * [[Weeraar]] * [[Jirjir]] * [[Cali Xaydh]] * [[Bus]] * Siimodi * Goroyo cawl * Abuqees * Garboraaxo * Gebilay * Wajaale * kalabayadh ==Taariikhda== ===British Somaliland, Soomaaliya=== [[File:British_Somaliland_Districts.png|thumb|Qaybaha maamulka ee British Somaliland sida lagu sheegay buug lagu daabacay UK 1951kii]] British Somaliland , Awdal maanta waxa la odhan jiray degmada Saylac-Boorama iyadoo laga duulayo magaaladii ugu weynayd ee gobolka. Abbaarihii 1964kii waxa la isku daray degmooyinka Berbera, Boorama iyo Hargeysa oo laga dhigay gobolka Waqooyi-Galbeed (Hargeysa). 1984kii, dawladdii Soomaaliya ayaa aasaastay gobolka Awdal. Laga soo bilaabo dabayaaqadii sideetamaadkii, Soomaaliya waxa ay ku jirtay xaalad dagaal sokeeye. Gobolada Waqooyi Galbeed ee Soomaaliya waxaa hubkii qaatay jabhadii SNM oo ahayd urur siyaasi ah oo beesha Isaaq ka soo horjeeday. Ugu horrayn Maleeshiyo beeleedka Gadabuursi waxay ka barbar dagaalameen dawladdii Soomaaliya ee SNM. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, SNM ayaa dagaal ku qaaday, waxaana bishii January 1991-kii dagaallo ka dhacay Dilla oo ka tirsan Awdal , SNM-tuna ay ku guulaysatay oo ay soo gaadhay ilaa Boorama . Hase yeeshee, ka dib, beesha Gadabuursi waxay heshiis la gashay SNM, SNM-tuna waxay ka baxday Awdal goor hore. ===Dib ula soo noqoshada madax-banaanida Somaliland=== [[File:Sheikh-ibrahim-boorama-conference.jpg|thumb|Shirwaynihii Balaadhnaa Ee Boorama]] May 1991, SNM waxay ku dhawaaqday dib ula soo noqoshada madax-banaanida Qaranka Somaliland . Beesha Gabadulsi ma aysan rabin arinkaas, balse waxay la kaashadeen gooni isu taagga Somaliland, iyagoo ka duulaya rabitaankooda nabadda iyo in SNM ay ka sarreyso ciidan ahaan. Intaa ka dib, beesha Gabadulshi waxay iska kaashadeen xasilinta Somaliland, waxayna u dhaqmeen sidii gacan saddexaad oo dhex dhexaadin ah oo dhex dhexaadin ah beelaha Isaaq. Shirweynihii 1993-kii ee dib-u-heshiisiinta qaranka ayaa lagu qabtay magaalada Boorama ee gobolka Awdal. Sannadkii 2000 waxa la xidhay madaarka Boorama . 2002 ilaa 2010, Madaxweynaha Somaliland wuxuu ahaa Daahir Riyaale Kaahin , oo ka soo jeeda beesha Gadabuursi. Bishii March 2008, Madaxweynaha Somaliland waxa uu ku dhawaaqay in deegaanka Saylac ee gobolka Awdal ka tirsan la kala saari doono si loo sameeyo gobolka Salal. Hase yeeshee, ma ansixin golaha wakiilada Somaliland, waxaana dib loo xaqiijiyey in Saylac ay ku sugan tahay gobolka Awdal iyada oo laga dhaqangelinayo “Xeerkii Dawladaha Hoose ee 2019” January 2020. Bishii February 2009, waxa dagaal ku dhex maray beesha Reer Xareed ee degmada Gabiley iyo beesha Reer Nuur ee gobolka Awdal, waxaana ku dhintay laba qof. Colaadda labada beelood waxay soo bilaabatay 1998. Bishii Luulyo 2009, magaalada Boorama ee Awdal waxaa ka dhacay rabshado ka dhashay dagaal beeleed, waxaana ku dhintay afar qof. Bishii Sebtembar 2010, ciidan ka kooban 300 oo askari oo loo malaynayo inay ka tirsan yihiin Jabhadda Waddaniga Xoraynta Ogaadeenya , ayaa ku soo duulay aagga u dhexeeya Lughaya iyo Saylac ee Awdal, balse waxa ku hareeraysan ciidanka Somaliland. June 2012, Rashid Hersi, oo ku nool magaalada Barrhaven , Ottawa, Canada, ayaa ku dhawaaqay in Awdal ay xorowday, isla markaana loo magacaabay madaxweyne. Bishii February 2013, Suldaan Ibraahim Jaamac Samatar oo ka mid ah Madax-dhaqameedka Awdal, ayaa Maxamed Nuur Carraale , Wasiirka Arrimaha Gudaha Somaliland ku dhaliilay inuu faro-gelin ku hayo doorashadii Golaha Deegaanka Saylac, isla markaana uu ammaanka bulshada ka sii daray. Bishii April 2013, Badhasaabka Awdal waxa uu dhaliilay dhalinyarada tirada badan ee ka tahriibaysa Somaliland ee u tahriibaya dalalka kale, waxaanu xusay in loo baahan yahay in la xakameeyo. ===Jabhada Suldaan Wabar=== Bishii Agoosto 2013, Suldaan Abubakar Wabar, oo ah Ugaaska beesha Jibriil Yoonis ee beesha Gadabuursi, ayaa xukuumadda Somaliland ku dhaliilay inay khalkhal gelinayso nabadgelyada guud ee Awdal iyo Salal, Somaliland. In March 2014, Suldaan Ciise Suldaan C/laahi Suldaan Cumar was inaugurated as one of the Gadabuursi clan chiefs in Hayayaabe, west of Borama . On December 5th 2014, the Jibriil Yoonis clan leader Suldaan Abuubakar Wabar ayaa hogaaminaya ciidan galay buuraha kuna dhawaaqay in ay ka madax banaan yihiin dawlada Somaliland. Dhinaca kale Suldaan Saleebaan Cali Ismaaciil oo isna ka mid ah salaadiinta beelaha Awdal ayaa dhaliilay tallaabada Wabar uu qaaday, isagoo sheegay in maamulka Awdal loo daayo Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Somaliland oo isagu ka soo jeeda Awdal. Dhanka kale, golaha guurtida Awdal ayaa booqasho ku tagay magaalada Hargeysa ee xarunta Somaliland, waxayna codsadeen in Awdal laga siiyo matalaad cadaalad ah . March 18,2015, Waxgarad,Ganacsato,Siyaasiyiin ayaa isugu yimi guriga Suldaan Wabar,waxayna ku dhawaaqeen inay Somaliland ka xoraynayaan Gobolka Awdal, kuna biirayaan Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka Soomaaliya. March 28, 2015 dhawr maleeshiyo ah oo ka damqaday Suldaan Abiikar Waaberi ayaa isu soo dhiibay maamulka gobolka Awdal ee Somaliland. Bishii April 2015, xukuumadda Somaliland waxay xidhay lix ka mid ah 40-kii xubnood ee guddida uu dhisay Suldaan Abiikar Waaberi. Bishii Oktoobar 2015, rabshado ayaa ka dhacay garoonka kubadda cagta ee Boorama, waxaana ku dhintay hal qof oo rayid ah markii ay isku dhaceen ciidamada booliska. Maalintii xigtay ayaa guriga taliyaha booliska Boorama la weeraray oo dab la qabadsiiyay, dabadeedna wuu gubtay. Bishii Oktoobar 2015, labada Itoobiya iyo Somaliland waxay bilaabeen hawlgallo ay kaga soo saarayaan malleeshiyada raacsan Suldaan Abiikar Waaberi, oo fadhigoodu yahay meel u dhow xuduudka. Bishii November 2015, Suldaan Wabar ayaa ka baxay Somaliland, wuxuuna dib ugu laabtay Waqooyiga Ameerika, iyadoo ku dhawaad ​​70-kii maleeshiyo ee raacay Wabar lagu daray ciidamada Somaliland. Bishii December 2016, waxa Awdal ka dhacay khasaare abaareed oo ka dhashay roob la’aan xilli roobaadkii. December 27, 2016 waxaa la sheegay in Suldaan Abuubakar Wabar oo ah ugaaska beesha Jibriil Yoonis uu gudaha u galay saldhigga jabhadda Itoobiya, ciidamada Somaliland ayaa heegan buuxa la geliyay magaalada Boorama. ===Intaa ka dib=== [[File:Sagar_2018-05-18_1035Z.jpg|thumb|Cyclone Sagar sanadka 2018]] Bishii August 2017, Badhasaabkii Awdal waxa xilka ka qaaday Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Somaliland oo khaladaad badan sameeyay. Bishii May 2018, duufaantii Sagar ayaa ku dhufatay Awdal, taas oo adkeysay in taageero loo fidiyo dhulka miyiga ah fatahaadda awgeed. June 2018 arday reer Awdal ah ayaa ku guulaystey kaalmaha labaad iyo afraad ee tartanka xifdiga qur’aanka kariimka ah ee uu madaxweynuhu qabtay, waxaana abaal-marin gudoonsiiyey ardaydii reer Awdal. Bishii Luulyo 2018, Wasiirka Wasaaradda Maaliyadda Somaliland, ayaa ku dhawaaqay in Gobolka Awdal uu ka sarre maray Gobolka Togdheer oo noqday ka ugu sarreeya dakhliga cashuuraha ee qaranka. Bishii Oktoobar 2019, baabuur ay dawladdu leedahay ayaa ciidamo hubaysan oo aan haybtooda la aqoonsani ku rasaaseeyeen gobolka Awdal. Taasi waxay keentay in mid ka mid ah taliyayaasha ciidamada Somaliland uu booqdo magaalada Boorama ee gobolka Awdal, isla markaana uu kulamo ka dhan ah la qaatay dawladda hoose iyo madax-dhaqameedka. Bishii Nofembar 2019, muuqaal ayaa loo diray warbaahinta oo muujinaya ku dhawaad ​​30 nin oo hubaysan oo sheegay inay "xoreeyeen" deegaanka bariga Boorama, Awdal. December 2019, Suldaan Maxamed Abshir Ducaale, oo ka mid ah madax dhaqameedka gobolka Awdal, ayay xukuumadda Somaliland xabsiga dhigtay. Waxaa loo malaynayaa in ay taasi sabab u tahay in uu ka soo horjeestay qorshayaasha macdan baadhista ee dawladda ee gobolka. Mudaaharaad ay dhigayeen dhalinyaro ayaa ka dhacay magaalada Boorama, waxaana ku dhaawacmay hal qof oo ka tirsan ciidamada Booliska. August 19, 2020, Suldaan Cabdiraxmaan Dhawal, oo ka mid ah madax dhaqameedka beelaha Gadabuursi, ayaa ku dooday in saami-qaybsiga Awdal ee 82-ka xubnood ee golaha wakiillada Somaliland laga dhigo 40% halka ay hadda taagan yihiin (13 kursi, 16%). August 27th 2020 Ughaz Abdirashiid Ugaas Rooble oo ah Ugaaska Beesha Gadabuursi, isla markaana dhaliila siyaasadda Awdal ee Somaliland, ayaa ka dhoofay dalka Itoobiya, kuna sii jeeday magaalada Boorama, balse waxa ka hor istaagay ciidanka Somaliland. isla maalintaas waxa Boorama ka dhacay mudaharaad rabshado wata, waxaana sida la sheegay ka qayb qaatay dhawr boqol oo dhalinyaro ah. Waxa jira warar sheegaya dhacdooyin ay ka mid yihiin iska hor imaad hubaysan oo bishii March 2022 ku dhex maray dabley hubaysan iyo booliska Somaliland goob dahab laga qodo oo u dhaw Boorama, iyo saddex qof oo rayid ah oo lagu dilay magaalada Boorama bishii May 2022 iyada oo ay taagan tahay xiisado beeleed. May 2023, Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Somaliland , Cabdiraxmaan Saylici , oo ka soo jeeda Awdal, ayaa xukuumadda Somaliland ku dhaliilay askar booliis ah oo ku xad-gudbay dhallinyaro mudaaharaad ka dhigayay Boorama. Bishii Sebtembar 2023, shir ay isugu yimaadeen beesha Gadabuursi ayaa ka dhacay magaalada Ottawa ee dalka Canada, waxaana ka soo qayb galay 100 qof oo uu ku jiro Ugaaska beesha Ugaas Cabdirashiid Ugaas Rooble si loo dhiso Awdal State Movement (ASM), kaas oo ujeedadiisu ahayd in Awdal dib loogu soo celiyo Soomaaliya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, saamaynta Ugaaska beesha Gadabuursi ee Awdal ayaan la garanayn ilaa 2023. Bishii Oktoobar 2023, Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Somaliland, Cabdiraxmaan Saylici , oo ka soo jeeda Awdal, ayaa booqasho ku yimid Boorama, waxaanu ku dhaliilay ASM inay ka hawlgasho meel ka baxsan Somaliland, isagoo sheegay in Awdal ay hubaal tahay inay ka tirsan tahay Somaliland. January 2024, waxa heshiis is-faham dhex maray Somaliland iyo Itoobiya. Si rasmi ah looma oga, balse waxa jirta aragti ah in haddii ay Somaliland ogolaato ay Itoobiya kiraysato qayb aan la cayimin oo ka mid ah xeebaha Somaliland oo ay ka samaysanayso deked iyo saldhig ciidan. Mudaharaad lagaga soo horjeedo arrintan ayaa ka dhacay magaalooyinka Boorama iyo Lughaya . Bishii Febraayo, xildhibaanada Somaliland, oo uu ku jiro wakiilka Awdal, ayaa muujiyay sida ay uga soo horjeedaan Is-afgaradka. ==Dadka deegaanka oo xusid mudan== *Daahir Riyaale Kaahin — Madaxweynihii hore ee Somaliland *Xaaji Ibraahim Nuur — siyaasi ku sugan British Somaliland *Djama Ali Moussa — Siyaasi ku sugan Somaliland *Yuusuf Tallan - Taliyihii hore ee ciidamada qalabka sida ee Soomaaliya *Cabdiraxmaan Saylici — Madaxweyne ku xigeenka Somaliland 2010kii *Djama Rabile Ghod — Agaasimihii hore ee Soomaaliya *Muuse Rabiile Ghod — Wasiirkii hore ee Gaadiidka Soomaaliya *Aadan Isaaq Axmed – Wasiirkii hore ee Gaashaandhigga Soomaaliya *Saleebaan Xasan Xaddi- Maayarkii hore ee Boorama *Maxamed Axmed Caalin - Badhasaabkii hore ee Awdal *Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Cali — *Badhasaabkii hore ee Awdal *Rooble Afdeb - abwaan *Cali Bu’ul — abwaan ==Bulshada== Gobolka Awdal waxaa si khaas ah u dega beelaha [[Gadabuursi]], sidoo kale loo yaqaano [[Samaroon]] kuwaasi oo ka tirsan beelweynta [[Dir]]. Gobolkan wuxuu qiimo gaar ah u leeyahay taariikhda dowlada [[Somaliland]] taasi oo lagu asaasay magaalada Boorama, xagaas oo dhamaan xubnaha taliska lagu soo dhisay aynay daganayeen magaala madaxdiisa [[Boorame]] mudo shan bilood ah xagaasna lagu soo magacaabay madaxwaynihii u horeeyay ee la doorto Alaha u naxariistee marxuum [[Maxamed Xaaji. Ibraahim Cigaal]]. Gobolka awdal waa gobol dhaqaalihiisu aad ugu tiirsanyahay xoolaha nool, Beeraha, dalxiiska iyo macdanta. Gobolkan waxa ka soo jeeda madaxwaynaha hayn jiray mudii 2003 ilaa 2010 xilka waqooyiga somalia ee [[Daahir Rayaale Kaahin]] oo ka soo jeeday gobolkaas awdal waana [[samaroon]]. Gobolkan waxaa magaala madaxdiisu ahaan jirtey magaalda [[Baki]], laakiin markii dambe waxaa lagu bedelay magaalada ugu weyn ee Boorama. Sidoo kale, dhaqaalihiisuna waxa uu ku tiirsanyahay ganacsiga iyo xoolaha nool. Magaalo madaxdiisii hore waxa ay ahaan jirtay oo ay ugaas yaashii ka telin jiray magaalada qadiimiga ee saylac oo aan ku koobnayn oo kaliya gobolka awdal ay u ahayd indhaha soomaaliyeed gaar ahaan ugaasyada Samaroon oo dhamaantood saylac lagucalemasaaray. ==Sidoo kale fiiri== * [[Boorama]] * [[Saldanadii Cadal]] * [[Awdalland]] ==Tixraac== [https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2023/May/191199/protests_turn_violent_in_borama_demonstrators_seek_justice_for_fallen_coast%C2%A0guard%C2%A0officer.aspx "Mudaharaado Rabshado Isku Bedelay Oo Ka Dhacay Boorama: Bannaan-baxayaasha Oo Cadaalad U Doona Askari Ka Tirsanaa Ciidanka Ilaalada Xeebaha"] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1785556 "Xuduudka Somaliland iyo Itoobiya ee Biritishka", Joornaalka Juqraafi]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMBQCr4LysC Dimuqraadiyad Xoolo dhaqato: Daraasad lagu sameeyay Xoolo-dhaqatada iyo Siyaasadda ka dhex jirta Soomaalida Waqooyi ee Geeska Afrika] [https://www.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/legacy-pdf/3d5d0f3a4.pdf Bulshada xoolo-dhaqatada ah iyo qaxoontiga caalamiga ah: Dhaqdhaqaaqa dadweynaha ee Somaliland iyo bariga Itoobiya 1988 - 2000] [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos3wAofV4UC&pg=PA278 "Cutubka 9aad: Burburkii Dawladnimo iyo Dib u soo noolaynta Xeer-dhaqameedkii Waqooyiga Soomaaliya"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=z4AAAwAAQBAJ&q=gadabuursi+awdal&pg=PA296 Dhaqanka Burbursan: Dhaqanka, Sharciga iyo Shakhsiga ku sugan Badda Mediterranean-ka ee Muslimka]. [http://asia-abdulkadir.de/docs/RendersTerlinden2010.pdf Wadaxaajoodka Dawladnimo: Dhaqdhaqaaqa Awoodda iyo Xukunka Afrika] [https://books.google.com/books?id=Pos3wAofV4UC&pg=PA278 "Cutubka 9aad: Burburkii Dawladnimo iyo Dib u soo noolaynta Xeer-dhaqameedkii Waqooyiga Soomaaliya"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=WeuSqpJeoEoC&q=Gadabuursi "Xafiiska Horumarinta Qaramada Midoobay ee Soomaaliya: Daraasad ku saabsan Maamulka: Gobolka Awdal"] [https://books.google.com/books?id=DZJPm2j2iz4C&pg=PA132 Waa Maxay Aragtida Horumarineed ee Soomaaliya?: Cilmiga u dhexeeya Is-casilaadda iyo Rajada? Dacwaddii Shirweynihii 6aad ee SSIA, Berlin 6-9 Diseembar 1996] [https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-hundreds-flee-inter-clan-clashes-somaliland "Soomaaliya: Boqollaal qof ayaa ka qaxay dagaal beeleedyada Somaliland"] [https://www.bbc.com/somali/war/2010/09/100913_gaboose "Ciidan ka soo degay xeebta Awdal"] [https://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2014/dec/97350/somaliland_the_new_sick_man_of_the_horn_of_africa.aspx "Somaliland: Ninka Cusub Ee Xanuunsan Geeska Afrika"] [https://www.araweelonews.com/warar/dhacdooyinka-suldaan-wabar-ee-awdal-iyo-xaalladda-gobolka-ee-sii-xumaanay-waxay-u-muuqdaan-dheg-xumo-xukuumadda-madaxweyne-siilaanyo-dugsanay/ Ee Gobolka Awdal Iyo Xaalladda Gobolka Ee Sii Xumaanay Waxay U Muuqdaan Dheg-xumo Madaxweyne Siilaanyo Dugsanaysay"] [https://somalilandsun.com/somaliland-vp-fires-awdal-regional-governor-after-governors-mansion-in-borame-is-sold/ "Madaxweyne Ku Xigeenka Somaliland Oo Xilkii Ka Qaadey Badhasaabkii Gobolka Awdal Kadib Markii La Iibiyey Gurigii Badhasaabka Ee Boorame] [https://somalilandsun.com/somalilandfinance-ministry-reveals-that-awdal-province-scoops-second-position-in-revenue-collection/ "Wasaaradda Maaliyada Somaliland Oo Shaacisay In Gobolka Awdal Uu Kaalinta Labaad Ka Galay Dakhliga Ururinta"] [https://www.somaliland.com/news/somaliland/armed-rebels-in-western-somaliland-release-new-video/ "Jabhada Hubaysan Ee Galbeedka Somaliland Oo Soo Bandhigay Muuqaal Cusub"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.somaliland.com/news/somaliland/armed-rebels-in-western-somaliland-release-new-video/ |date=20251030072818 }} [https://horntribune.com/2020/08/19/awdal-region-demands-a-40-share-of-seats-in-parliaments-house-of-representatives/ "Gobolka AWDAL Waxa Uu Dalbaday 40`% Saamiga Kuraasta Golaha Wakiilada"] [https://hiiraan.com/news4/2020/Aug/179719/protests_in_borama_after_clan_elder_denied_entry_into_awdal.aspx "Mudaharaado Ka Dhacay Boorama Kadib Markii Oday Beeleed Loo Diiday In Ay Galaan Awdal"] [https://somalilandsun.com/somaliland-administrations-have-all-treated-residents-of-awdal-region-unfairly-vp-sayli/ "Maamulada Somaliland Waxay Dhamaan Dadka Gobolka Awdal Si Xaqdaro Ah Ula Dhaqmeen- Madaxweyne Saylici"] [https://thesomalidigest.com/breaking-awdal-announced-it-is-breaking-away-from-somaliland/ "DAAWO: Awdal Oo Ku Dhawaaqday Inay Ka Go'ayso Somaliland"] [https://www.caasimada.net/somaliland-oo-war-kasoo-saartay-dhaq-dhaqaaqa-awdal-state/ <nowiki>" [Somaliland released news about the movement of Awdal State ].</nowiki>]{{reflist}} {{Magaaloyaasha iyo Tuulooyinka Gobolka Awdal}} {{Degmooyinka Gobolka Awdal}} {{Gobolada Soomaaliland}} [[Category:Awdal]] [[Category:Magaalooyinka Somaliland]] [[Category:Gobolada Somaliland]] h20j81u51zt6e3v5c6xsk1258oi3t6h 0 2007 304535 298357 2026-08-09T10:46:01Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304535 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sanaag''' ( [[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]] : Sanaag , [[Carabi]] : سَنَاج ) Waa gobol ( [[Gobolada Somaliland|gobol]] ) ee waqooyi bari [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] . Sanaag waxay leedahay xeeb dheer oo dhanka waqooyi kaga beegan Gacanka Cadmeed , waxayna xuduud la wadaagtaa gobolka [[Saaxil]] oo galbeed ka xigta, [[Sool]] oo dhanka koonfureed ka xigta iyo [[Soomaaliya]] oo bari ka xigta. Gobolkan waxaa ku muransan Jamhuuriyadda iskeed ugu dhawaaqday madaxbannaanida ee [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] iyo [[Puntland]] oo xubin ka ah Federaalka [[Soomaaliya]] . caasimaddeedu waa [[Ceerigaabo]] . Sanaag waa gobolka ugu weyn [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]], wuxuuna ka yahay 35% dhulka guud ee [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]]. {{Infobox settlement |name =Sanaag |native_name =سناج |other_name = |nickname = |motto = |settlement_type =[[:Category:Gobolada SSC-Khatumo|Gobol]] |image_skyline =Almadow Overview.JPG |imagesize = 250px |image_caption =Muuqaalka buuraha Cal Madoow ee gobolka Sanaag. |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_shield = |image_map =Somalia Sanaag location map.svg |mapsize = |map_caption =Goobta Soomaaliland |pushpin_map =Somaliland |coordinates_display =inline,title |coordinates_region =SO |subdivision_type =Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somaliland}} iyadoo la isku haysto {{flag|Puntland}} |subdivision_type1 =Maamul Gobaleedka |subdivision_name1 = |seat_type =Xarunta maamulka |seat =[[Ceerigaabo]] |government_type = |leader_title =Guddoomiye |leader_name =Maxamed Cilmi Xuseen Axmed |leader_title2 =HDI (2021) |leader_name2 =0.448 hooseya [[Liiska gobollada Soomaaliya marka loo eego Tilmaanta Horumarinta Aadanaha | 3aad ee 18]] |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |area_total_km2 =54,231 |population_as_of =2022 |population_note = |population_total =325,136 |population_density_km2 = |timezone =[[East Africa Time|EAT]] |utc_offset = +3 |latd=|latm|lats=|latNS=N |longd=|longm=|longs=|longEW=E |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |website = |footnotes = }} Gobolka waxaa qayb ka ah maamullada [[Puntland]] iyo [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]]. [[Puntland]] waxay ku muransan tahay in Harti ay degto qaybo ka mid ah gobolka inay ka tirsan yihiin [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] halka kan dambena uu ku andacoonayo in gobolka oo dhan uu ku salaysan yahay xuduudka [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]] ee [[Ingiriiska]] . ==Khilaaf dhuleed== [[File:Sambalaxx.jpg|thumb|]] Gobolka Sanaag waxaa ku muransan Somaliland iyo [[Puntland]] . [[Somaliland]] waxay si hufan u maamushaa galbeedka iyo badhtamaha Sanaag. Puntland ayaa gacanta ku haysa magaalada Badhan iyo deegaano kale oo bari ah. Somaliland waxay ku dhawaaqday inay sheeganayso Sanaag oo dhan, laakiin meelaha qaar (oo ay ku adag tahay inay maamusho) ayaan run ahaantii ka qaybgelin doorashada Somaliland. ==Taariikhda== [[File:LaasqorayRuins09.JPG|thumb|]] 1944 kii ilaa 1974kii, gobolka Sanaag ee casriga ahi wuxuu ka mid ahaa saddex degmo oo ka tirsan gobolka Burco. Labada degmo ee kale waxay kala ahaayeen Burco iyo Laascaanood. Sanaag waxa laga soo xardhay gobolka Togdheer waxaana la asaasay gobol gaar ah June 23, 1973 oo ka kooban saddexda degmo ee Ceerigaabo , Laas-qorey iyo Garadag .  Sanaag waxa ku yaala goobo badan oo qadiimiga ah , oo leh farshaxanno qadiimi ah , dhismayaal qadiimi ah , dhismayaal iyo saqafyo laga helay goobo badan, sida Gudmo Biyo Cas , Heis , Maydh , Haylaan , Qaa'ableh , Qombo'ul , Gelweita iyo Ceel Ayo . Si kastaba ha ahaatee, qaar badan oo ka mid ah qaab-dhismeedyadaas qadiimka ah ayaan wali si sax ah loo baadhin, habkaas oo kaa caawin doona in uu iftiimiyo taariikhda maxaliga ah oo fududeeya ilaalintooda farcanka. Sanaag waxa kale oo ay hoy u tahay magaaladii Islaamka ahayd ee Maduuna oo u dhow Ceel Afweyn , taas oo lagu tiriyo burburka ugu badan ee nooceeda ah ee ka dhaca Somaliland.  Muuqaalka ugu muhiimsan ee magaalada burburay waxaa ka mid ah masaajid weyn oo leydi ah, darbiyadiisa dhaadheer ee 3 mitir ah ayaa weli taagan oo ay ku jiraan mihraab iyo laga yaabo inay ka mid yihiin meelo yaryar oo yaryar.  Sada Mire oo ku takhasustay cilmiga qadiimiga ah ee soomaali-Iswidishka ayaa taariikhdeeda ku sheegay in magaaladii burburtay qarnigii 15-aad-17aad. ==Deegaanka== Abaar ba'an oo ka dhacday gobolka horraantii qarnigii 21-aad ayaa sababtay khasaare 80% ama ka badan oo xoolo ah, inkastoo laba xilli roobaad oo wanaagsanaa 2004-2005 ay gacan ka geysteen dib u soo celinta deegaanka. Muddo 15 sano ah oo falanqayn ah, laga soo bilaabo 1988 ilaa 2003, waxa dhacay 52% kaynta oo luntay iyo 40% oo dhul daaqsimeed ah ,iyo 370% oo kordhay dhulkii cawska ahaa. Nabaadguurka ciidda ee cimilada iyo hawlaha bani'aadamka iyo nadiifinta xaabada iyo burushka loo isticmaalo sida dhuxusha iyo shidaalka ayaa ah arrimo horseedaya nabaad-guurka deegaanka ==Dhaqaalaha== Taariikhda dhaw gobolka Sanaag waxa uu si caadi ah u lahaa dhaqaalihii kala duwanaa, waxa uu soo saari jiray, ka dibna loo dhoofin jiray gobollo kale, waxa uu soo saari jiray xoolo nool , fooxa iyo hargaha oo loo dhoofiyo, taasina waxa ay dhacday iyada oo gobolku aanu lahayn kaabayaasha aasaasiga ah , balse, ka dib markii ay dillaaceen dagaalladii sokeeye dhaqaalaha gobolku waxa uu u burburay suuq-la'aan iyo kaabayaashii dhaqaalaha oo burburay ,isla markaana aan waligeed waxba ka tagin, iyo maalgashi la'aan. Hadda gobolku waxa uu taageeraa hal dhaqaale oo muhiim ah, dhaqashada xoolaha . Xayiraadda xoolaha nool ee ay soo rogeen dalalka Khaliijka oo ahaa suuqa ugu weyn gobolka Sanaag ayaa gabi ahaanba burburiyay dhaqaalihii gobolka, iyadoo hoos u dhigtay awoodda wax iibsiga, isla markaana ku qasabtay xoolo-dhaqatada gobolka inay ku noolaadaan nolol-maalmeedkooda. Gobolkan ayaa isku xidha magaalada burco ee xarunta gobolka togdheer iyo waliba dalka intiisa kale iyadoo la marayo wadada siilaanyo . ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== Gobolka waxaa inta badan dega dad ka soo jeeda qowmiyada Soomaalida , oo ay ugu horreeyaan beelaha Habr Yuunis iyo Habar Jeclo oo ka kala tirsan beelaha Isaaq iyo Dhulbahante iyo Warsangali ee Harti Daarood. ==Degmooyinka== Gobolka Sanaag wuxuu u qaybsan yahay 5 degmo oo kala ah sidan : Degmada Ceel Afweyn [[Ceerigaabo|Degmada Ceerigaabo]] [[Gar adag|Degmada Garadag]] [[Badhan|Degmada Badhan]] [[Dhahar|Degmada Dhahar]] ==Magaalooyinka== [[Ceerigaabo]] [[Ceel afwayn|Ceel Afweyne]] [[Maydh]] [[Badhan]] [[Dararwayne|Dararweyne]] [[Laascaanood]] [[Gar adag|Garadag]] Heis [[Midhishe|Midisho]] [[Yubbe]] [[Hadaaftimo]] [[Xingalool]] [[Dhahar]] [[Buraan]] [[Ceelbuh|Ceel Buuh]] [[Gudmo Biyo Cas]] [[Ruguda]] [[Yufle]] Dayaxa [[Godcaanood|Guud Caanood]] == Tixraac == [https://madaxtooyadajsl.com/somaliland-president-bihi-announces-government-reshuffle/ "Madaxweyne Biixi Oo Ku Dhawaaqay Isku Shaandhayn Xukuumadeed"] [https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ "Hadda-hoosaad HDI - Xogta Aagga - Shaybaarka Xogta Caalamiga ah"] [https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/are-somaliland-puntland-ready-for-war-over-land--1398366 "Somaliland iyo Puntland diyaar ma u yihiin dagaal dhul?"] [https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somalia-no-elections-disputed-regions-puntland-says "Soomaaliya: Ma jirto doorasho ka dhacda gobollada lagu muransan yahay, Puntland waxay tiri - Soomaaliya"] [https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somaliland/141-averting-war-northern-somalia "In laga hortago dagaal ka dhaca Waqooyiga Soomaaliya"] [https://www.africaportal.org/publications/overlapping-claims-somaliland-and-puntland-case-sool-and-sanaag/ "Sheekooyinka is-daba-jooga ee Somaliland iyo Puntland: Arrinta Sool iyo Sanaag"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.africaportal.org/publications/overlapping-claims-somaliland-and-puntland-case-sool-and-sanaag/ |date=20210614004141 }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20210711080102/https://www.fsnau.org/downloads/Sanaag%20Survey%20-%20May%202002.pdf " Warbixinta Sahanka Nafaqada ee Gobolka Sanaag"] [https://issafrica.s3.amazonaws.com/site/uploads/ear27.pdf "Sheekooyinka is-daba-jooga ee Somaliland iyo Puntland: Dacwadda Sool iyo Sanaag"] [http://somalilandstandard.com/nec-starts-to-release-provisional-results-of-5-electoral-districts/ "KDQ Wuxuu Bilaabey Inuu Soo Saaro Natiijooyinka Ku Meel Gaarka Ah Ee 5 Degmo Doorasho"] [https://www.somaliland.com/news/somaliland/somaliland-president-imposes-state-of-emergency-to-sanaag-region/ "Madaxweynaha Somaliland Oo Xaalad Deg Deg Ah Ku Soo Rogey Gobolka Sanaag"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.somaliland.com/news/somaliland/somaliland-president-imposes-state-of-emergency-to-sanaag-region/ |date=20230126072318 }} [http://www.nzdl.org/cgi-bin/library?e=d-00000-00---off-0hdl--00-0----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-en-50---20-about---00-0-1-00-0--4----0-0-11-10-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL1.16&d=HASH01c8959afc055f5b4fbdb183.6.5 "Colaaddii Soomaaliya: Qaybtii V: Somaliland: Nabadaynta: 5. Shir Nabadeedka ee Sanaag: 'Shirweynihii nabadda iyo dib-u-heshiisiinta ee Sanaag'] [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281061039 "Saameynta Saameynta Haweenka Soomaaliyeed ee Ganacsiga ku leh Puntland: Daraasad ku saabsan Degmooyinka Baran iyo Dhahar ee Gobolka Sanaag"] 2ql9qwhz4nlzjj16j0mtscl2xmm3f0i 0 4827 304475 304375 2026-08-08T22:01:06Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.” */ 304475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta<Br/>'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' |conventional_long_name = Arabic Language States’</>.: |common_name = Arabic Language States:. Midowga Ummadda Carabta: |qaaradda = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &[[]] |sawir_calan = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of the Arab League.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = Arab League States'" (orthographic projection).svg |image_map = League of Arab States.png File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png |caasimadda = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’ |luuqadaha = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &[[Turki]]; & [[Af-Urdu]]; & [[Af-Faarisi]].::• |- |caasimada = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: & [[Dooxa]].:•!! |- |GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’ (€29,357’ trillions) * ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]]) |GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.) |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’ |GDP_nominal = "$23.957"-$19.453’ Trillions’ |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’ |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Dawladda = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]] |- |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = |- |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]: [[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: |magac_hogaamiye2 = DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* |MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_* |MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* |- |darajo_hogaamiye3 = [[Gudoomiye]]: [[Ciraaq]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye3 = (fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._* MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._* |- |darajo_hogaamiye4 = [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]: [[Aljeeriya]]:-) [[Marooko]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye4 = MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_* |- |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''': |sovereignty_note = |[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''': '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' & '''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~` |- |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area = 13,953,041`* |areami² = 5,382,910`* |biyo = |population_estimate =455-425*Million³ |population_estimate_year = 2022-2025* |lacagta = |Magaca internetka = &nbsp; |wakhti = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]] |furaha_debedda = |furaha internetka = Ir,Is,& tr.!!'? |furaha telefonka = + }} <ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html</Ref>.: '''Ururka Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Ururka Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa Urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala. [[Aasiya]] iyo [[Afrika]] iyo [[Yurub]].:. xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya. Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka. Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, & Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, & Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn. Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in "Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.". Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya). Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. [[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages. Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan. Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!! Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'? Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953. Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal . [[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]] [[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]] value: call: reading: source presentation: previous versions: Partially protected: Incomplete-document-purple.svg This entry must be completed : this entry lacks essential content. You may find details on the conversation page . You are invited to complete the missing parts and remove this message. Consider creating titles for chapters that require completion, and transfer the template to them. editing Disambiguate RTL.svg The term "Arab" redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) . Arab Muslims Arabs & Muslims Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First population 425 million Main population concentrations Arab countries some of the African countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]] Languages: Arabic: religion: Islam: Christianity: Druze religion: related ethnic groups: Celestial peoples: [[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’ Distribution of the Arabic language : A single official language.!! official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!! Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons. Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called " Arab countries ". Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ). The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are: Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries). Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language. Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula . Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others. The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1] etymology: The word "Arab" in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the " Arab rain " that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, "the kings of the evening" are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word "Arab" also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe . In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ] In the Qur'an the word "Arab" does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as "Arab and clear" when the two attributes are related to each other. history: This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page . BC The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat "Gindibu, King of Arabia" riding a camel and his soldiers The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named " Gindibu , King of Arabia" among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen . There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there. The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:• After counting: As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture . Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’ The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: "The Age of Ignorance", or the "Jahiliyyah" . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan . When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs). After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine "doe") in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The "religion of truth" to control the other nations. The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction. After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as "Arabs" as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'! see also Islam: Judaism-Islam relations; Israeli Arabs: for further reading: Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995. Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996. Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia. Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’… <Ref> {{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |access-date=2025-06-16 |archive-date=2025-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616214621/https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |url-status=dead }} </Ref>.:• <Ref> https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women>/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}>.: “… Le saviez-vous ? Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..” <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women </Ref>.: <Ref>https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU</Ref>.:• December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights. Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php</Ref>.:• [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. <Ref>https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized</Ref>.::• <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/</Ref>.::• ==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|191px]][[Bangladesh]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |03.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05”.||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]<s>[[Jabaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]</Ref>. |- |08"'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11.||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<S>[[SADR]]<s's!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |16.=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |18.'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<S!>[[Falastiin]]<s'!> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |19.”’.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |20.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!!>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |21."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |23.".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |24.".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]<S>[[Baariis]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |27._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |} <Ref>https://www.museumwnf.org/league-of-arab-states/?page=LAS-missions-worldwide.php</Ref>.::.!'! <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: <ReF>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-developed-countries-in-africa</ReF>.: ===Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.!'!”=== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.".||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.".||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03”.||[[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|189px]]<s>[[Baakistan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |03.".||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.".||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05.".||[[File:Flag of Korea.svg|189px]]<S>[[Kuuriya]]<s!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.".||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191"/>. |- |08."'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09.'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10.".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |12.".||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<!?>[[SADR]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Malta.svg|189px]]<S>[[Malta]]<S'!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |16.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |18._.||[[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |19.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |20.||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |21.'."'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<!>[[Falastiin]]<!'> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |23.'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |24.'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!?>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |26.."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'!> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |27..".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |28".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |29.".||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]<S>[[Baariis]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |30.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |31._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |31.."_.||[[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|191px]]<S>[[Soviet Union]]']]<s!'?> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |31.".||[[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|191px]]<S>[[Somalie.!'?]]<s'!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |31."_.||[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|191px]]<S'>[[Jabuuty.!'!]]<s'> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |} <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• |- <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |} |- [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. |- <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: |- <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011%2F05%2F05%2F147980</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.unescwa.org/news/escwa-releases-new-report-real-sizes-arab-economies-between-2017-and-2023</Ref>.:• |- <!>[[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. | |} ==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta== <gallery mode="traditional" caption="" class="center"> File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}. File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.` File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}. File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}. File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.` File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}. File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Yemen Passport.svg|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`? File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`? File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}. File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`? <Ref>https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/</Ref>.!!`? <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile</Ref>.: !!`?`!!`?'?!' </gallery> [[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`? Comoros}}.!!`? Carabiya]].]] [[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: "as" King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]] <Ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia</Ref>.::.::.:: [[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.: [[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR"China.: [[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’ [[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.& P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&_.Philistianian Police Guard]] <Ref>https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854</Ref> [[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]] [[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~` <Ref> {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }} </Ref>.::. After killing an [[Egyptian]] slave-master who was beating a [[Hebrew]]; [[Moses]] fled across the [[Red Sea]] to Midian, where he encountered the Angel of the Lord, speaking.!'! … https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.: [[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.: From Britannica and Wikipedia and "World" Libraries.!!` [[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] . According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino . Content 1 The Arab world. 2 Religion. 2.1 Ancient times. 3 The Arabic language's. 4 History and civilization. 5 Arab events. 6 Ottoman decline: 7 The question of Palestine: 8 Arab relations with Arab Jews: The [[Arab world]]: The [[Arab world]] covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? The Arab countries are: [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't "ALLOW" to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]]; "Economically"; and "Gegraphically"; & "Politically"..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In "African Continent" NOT "ASIAN".• .!!`?'!.! In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]]. Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'? One day, after [[Moses]] had reached adulthood, he killed an [[Egyptian]] who was beating a [[Hebrew]]. To escape [[Pharaoh's death penalty]], [[Moses]] fled to Midian (a desert country south of Judah), where he married [[Zipporah]].::. ==Religion and Science.!!'?== The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories . Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]]. Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain . ==Ancient times.!!'== Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion. ==The Arabic languages.!!'== Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 & 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’? “…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……” There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and 3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’ Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’ “….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’ Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:• ==History and Civilization.!!'== The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae . Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?' ==Arabic performances.!!'== Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s. Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called "Arabic numbers" because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics "algebra" is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word "Al-Dzabr". ==Ottoman "Turks" decline and " “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise".!!'== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!! Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’ ==The question of Palestin.!!'?== Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region. ==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'== After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land. Categories : ==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them. Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!` <Ref>https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html</Ref>.: ==Warka== December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 [[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. ===BIODIVERSITY=== I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. FACT No. [#01.] Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#02.] Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#03.] Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No.[#04.] Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. [#05.] Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. 6. Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?' FACT No. 7. Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No.[#08.] Not all Jews are Israelis.!'? FACT No.[#09.] Not all Israelis are Jews.!'? FACT No.[#10.] Not all Jews are white.!'? FACT No. [#11.] Not all Israelis are white.!'? FACT No. [#12.] Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'? FACT No. 13. Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'? FACT No. 14. Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'? FACT No. 15. Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'? FACT No. 16. Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'? FACT No. 17. [[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'? FACT No. 18. Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'? FACT No. 19. Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'? FACT No. 20. [Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'? FACT No. 21. Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'? FACT No. 22. Your passport is not your political beliefs. FACT No. 23. Your government is not your morality.!'? FACT No. 24. Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 25. Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 26. Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government. FACT No. 27. Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people. FACT No. 28. Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'? FACT No. 29. US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020). FACT No. 30. Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with. FACT No. 31. Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with. FACT No. 32. What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them. FACT No. 33. What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'? FACT No. 34. You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 35. You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 36. People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '? FACT No. 37. No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley). FACT No. [#38.] Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?... FACT No. 39. Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking "IMPERIAL SHIT" There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'? FACT No. 40. Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies. FACT No. 41. Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial. FACT No. 42. Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'? FACT No. 43. You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'.. FACT No. 44. You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones. FACT No. 45. The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'? FACT No. 46. If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews. FACT No. 47. If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs. FACT No. 48. If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?... FACT No. 49. Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″ 56'"-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'? FACT No. 50. Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?' Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'? The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:. <Ref>https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/</</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts</Ref>.: 5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)! Waleed Gohar Waleed Gohar · Follow 3 min read · Jun 22, 2020 Listen Share Introduction: Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location. Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine. Is 3G available in Palestine? The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this? Facts About Palestine (3G Network) This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly. There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain. The Economy of Palestine: Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true? To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people. Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan. And what is textile is to Pakistan? 60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment! The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries. The National Animal of Palestine: Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians. Facts About Palestine (Gazelle) Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle. The National Flower of Palestine: Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria. The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy. One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same? Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing. The Siege in Gaza: In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing. The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited. Conclusion: The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense. Thank You very much for staying with me till the end! <Ref>https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical</Ref>.: "Jabaan" likely refers to the word for "Japan" in the language of the user, which in this case is probably "Swahili" or "Somali", as it is a transliteration of the word "Japan" in these languages. Here's a breakdown: "Jabaan" is a transliteration of "Japan" in Swahili and Somali: The word "Jabaan" is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali. Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa: Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!! ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]] * [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]] * https://livingcost.org/ ==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa== BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23 EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. — ===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!=== [#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’ Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. [#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?… In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. Your Contribution Makes a Difference Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions. DONATE TODAY…!!’?’ endangered species africa [#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’.. There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime. [#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’… This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R. [#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’? Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal. You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing? [#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’… There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise. <Ref>https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/</Ref>.:: endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’ [#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. [#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’ The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild. [#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’ Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful. [#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’ This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!! 알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다("..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..") [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 "..[[미국인]]..!!.."과 "...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'" 가치관을...!!'?'... aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida("..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..") [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae "..[[migug-in]]..!!.."gwa "...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'" gachigwan-eul...!!'?'... ==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== By H. Nimmo. Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks. Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them. =10,441 "African Safaris"= [#01.]Ethiopian’s..!.. Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’… The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs. Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia [#02.]Pangolin Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’ The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are. Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa [#03.] Black Rhino Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…. Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front. Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts. Best places to see black rhino: Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania Etosha National Park, Namibia Damaraland, Namibia Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe [#04.] White Rhino White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’… It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing. Best places to see white rhino: Kruger National Park, South Africa uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa [#05.]Mountain Gorilla Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’… Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!! Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda [#06.]African Wild Dog? African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’ Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. Best places to see African wild dog: Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Linyanti Concession, Botswana Selinda Concession, Botswana [#07.] African Penguin African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’ For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call. Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!… The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees. Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes: Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda [#09.] Hooded Vulture Hooded vulture..!!’?’ Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill. Best places to see hooded vultures: Moremi National Park, Botswana Kruger National Park, South Africa Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe [#10.] Chimpanzee Chimpanzee…!!’?’ When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’? Best places to see chimpanzees: Gombe National Park, Tanzania Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Kibale National Park, Uganda Want To Go on an African Safari? Click on the button below to compare African safaris offered by top-rated tour operators. 10,441 African Safaris *<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/</ref>. * <ref>https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/</ref>. * https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ * https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8 * https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette * https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries// * https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php</Ref> <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020</Ref>.: * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html * https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html <Ref>https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. <Ref>https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. * https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ |date=20220701200249 }} * https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html *https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02 <Ref>https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/ita.1</Ref>.: ** https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world <Ref>https://kottke.org/12/11/britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries</Ref>. * https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/ *<ref>https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/</ref> *<ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</ref>. <Ref>https://www.xe.com/popularity.php</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml</Ref>.: *<Ref>https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.</ref>. <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year</ref>.: * https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} * https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel * https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.: {{Wayback|url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }} * https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ |date=20240614155515 }} * https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/ * https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} q6zl3h99tocjzjkv7vti27hh03eefw7 304476 304475 2026-08-08T22:24:13Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.” */ 304476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta<Br/>'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' |conventional_long_name = Arabic Language States’</>.: |common_name = Arabic Language States:. Midowga Ummadda Carabta: |qaaradda = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &[[]] |sawir_calan = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of the Arab League.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = Arab League States'" (orthographic projection).svg |image_map = League of Arab States.png File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png |caasimadda = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’ |luuqadaha = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &[[Turki]]; & [[Af-Urdu]]; & [[Af-Faarisi]].::• |- |caasimada = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: & [[Dooxa]].:•!! |- |GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’ (€29,357’ trillions) * ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]]) |GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.) |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’ |GDP_nominal = "$23.957"-$19.453’ Trillions’ |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’ |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Dawladda = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]] |- |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = |- |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]: [[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: |magac_hogaamiye2 = DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* |MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_* |MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* |- |darajo_hogaamiye3 = [[Gudoomiye]]: [[Ciraaq]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye3 = (fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._* MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._* |- |darajo_hogaamiye4 = [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]: [[Aljeeriya]]:-) [[Marooko]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye4 = MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_* |- |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''': |sovereignty_note = |[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''': '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' & '''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~` |- |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area = 13,953,041`* |areami² = 5,382,910`* |biyo = |population_estimate =455-425*Million<sup>3</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2022-2025* |lacagta = |Magaca internetka = &nbsp; |wakhti = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]] |furaha_debedda = |furaha internetka = Ir,Is,& tr.!!'? |furaha telefonka = + }} <ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html</Ref>.: '''Ururka Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Ururka Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa Urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala. [[Aasiya]] iyo [[Afrika]] iyo [[Yurub]].:. xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya. Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka. Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, & Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, & Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn. Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in "Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.". Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya). Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. [[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages. Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan. Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!! Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'? Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953. Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal . [[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]] [[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]] value: call: reading: source presentation: previous versions: Partially protected: Incomplete-document-purple.svg This entry must be completed : this entry lacks essential content. You may find details on the conversation page . You are invited to complete the missing parts and remove this message. Consider creating titles for chapters that require completion, and transfer the template to them. editing Disambiguate RTL.svg The term "Arab" redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) . Arab Muslims Arabs & Muslims Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First population 425 million Main population concentrations Arab countries some of the African countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]] Languages: Arabic: religion: Islam: Christianity: Druze religion: related ethnic groups: Celestial peoples: [[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’ Distribution of the Arabic language : A single official language.!! official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!! Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons. Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called " Arab countries ". Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ). The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are: Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries). Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language. Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula . Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others. The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1] etymology: The word "Arab" in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the " Arab rain " that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, "the kings of the evening" are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word "Arab" also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe . In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ] In the Qur'an the word "Arab" does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as "Arab and clear" when the two attributes are related to each other. history: This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page . BC The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat "Gindibu, King of Arabia" riding a camel and his soldiers The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named " Gindibu , King of Arabia" among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen . There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there. The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:• After counting: As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture . Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’ The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: "The Age of Ignorance", or the "Jahiliyyah" . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan . When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs). After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine "doe") in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The "religion of truth" to control the other nations. The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction. After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as "Arabs" as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'! see also Islam: Judaism-Islam relations; Israeli Arabs: for further reading: Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995. Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996. Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia. Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’… <Ref> {{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |access-date=2025-06-16 |archive-date=2025-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616214621/https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |url-status=dead }} </Ref>.:• <Ref> https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women>/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}>.: “… Le saviez-vous ? Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..” <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women </Ref>.: <Ref>https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU</Ref>.:• December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights. Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php</Ref>.:• [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. <Ref>https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized</Ref>.::• <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/</Ref>.::• ==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|191px]][[Bangladesh]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |03.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05”.||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]<s>[[Jabaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]</Ref>. |- |08"'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11.||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<S>[[SADR]]<s's!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |16.=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |18.'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<S!>[[Falastiin]]<s'!> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |19.”’.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |20.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!!>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |21."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |23.".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |24.".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]<S>[[Quebec]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |27._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |} <Ref>https://www.museumwnf.org/league-of-arab-states/?page=LAS-missions-worldwide.php</Ref>.::.!'! <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: <ReF>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-developed-countries-in-africa</ReF>.: ===Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.!'!”=== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.".||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.".||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03”.||[[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|189px]]<s>[[Baakistan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |03.".||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.".||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05.".||[[File:Flag of Korea.svg|189px]]<S>[[Kuuriya]]<s!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.".||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191"/>. |- |08."'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09.'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10.".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |12.".||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<!?>[[SADR]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Malta.svg|189px]]<S>[[Malta]]<S'!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |16.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |18._.||[[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |19.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |20.||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |21.'."'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<!>[[Falastiin]]<!'> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |23.'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |24.'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!?>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |26.."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'!> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |27..".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |28".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |29.".||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]<S>[[Quebec City]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |30.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |31._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |31.."_.||[[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|191px]]<S>[[Soviet Union]]']]<s!'?> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |31.".||[[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|191px]]<S>[[Somalie.!'?]]<s'!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |31."_.||[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|191px]]<S'>[[Jabuuty.!'!]]<s'> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |} <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• |- <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |} |- [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. |- <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: |- <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011%2F05%2F05%2F147980</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.unescwa.org/news/escwa-releases-new-report-real-sizes-arab-economies-between-2017-and-2023</Ref>.:• |- <!>[[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. | |} ==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta== <gallery mode="traditional" caption="" class="center"> File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}. File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.` File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}. File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}. File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.` File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}. File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Yemen Passport.svg|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`? File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`? File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}. File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`? <Ref>https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/</Ref>.!!`? <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile</Ref>.: !!`?`!!`?'?!' </gallery> [[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`? Comoros}}.!!`? Carabiya]].]] [[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: "as" King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]] <Ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia</Ref>.::.::.:: [[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.: [[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR"China.: [[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’ [[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.& P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&_.Philistianian Police Guard]] <Ref>https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854</Ref> [[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]] [[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~` <Ref> {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }} </Ref>.::. After killing an [[Egyptian]] slave-master who was beating a [[Hebrew]]; [[Moses]] fled across the [[Red Sea]] to Midian, where he encountered the Angel of the Lord, speaking.!'! … https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.: [[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.: From Britannica and Wikipedia and "World" Libraries.!!` [[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] . According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino . Content 1 The Arab world. 2 Religion. 2.1 Ancient times. 3 The Arabic language's. 4 History and civilization. 5 Arab events. 6 Ottoman decline: 7 The question of Palestine: 8 Arab relations with Arab Jews: The [[Arab world]]: The [[Arab world]] covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? The Arab countries are: [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't "ALLOW" to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]]; "Economically"; and "Gegraphically"; & "Politically"..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In "African Continent" NOT "ASIAN".• .!!`?'!.! In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]]. Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'? One day, after [[Moses]] had reached adulthood, he killed an [[Egyptian]] who was beating a [[Hebrew]]. To escape [[Pharaoh's death penalty]], [[Moses]] fled to Midian (a desert country south of Judah), where he married [[Zipporah]].::. ==Religion and Science.!!'?== The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories . Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]]. Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain . ==Ancient times.!!'== Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion. ==The Arabic languages.!!'== Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 & 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’? “…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……” There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and 3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’ Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’ “….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’ Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:• ==History and Civilization.!!'== The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae . Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?' ==Arabic performances.!!'== Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s. Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called "Arabic numbers" because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics "algebra" is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word "Al-Dzabr". ==Ottoman "Turks" decline and " “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise".!!'== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!! Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’ ==The question of Palestin.!!'?== Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region. ==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'== After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land. Categories : ==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them. Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!` <Ref>https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html</Ref>.: ==Warka== December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 [[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. ===BIODIVERSITY=== I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. FACT No. [#01.] Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#02.] Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#03.] Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No.[#04.] Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. [#05.] Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. 6. Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?' FACT No. 7. Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No.[#08.] Not all Jews are Israelis.!'? FACT No.[#09.] Not all Israelis are Jews.!'? FACT No.[#10.] Not all Jews are white.!'? FACT No. [#11.] Not all Israelis are white.!'? FACT No. [#12.] Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'? FACT No. 13. Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'? FACT No. 14. Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'? FACT No. 15. Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'? FACT No. 16. Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'? FACT No. 17. [[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'? FACT No. 18. Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'? FACT No. 19. Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'? FACT No. 20. [Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'? FACT No. 21. Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'? FACT No. 22. Your passport is not your political beliefs. FACT No. 23. Your government is not your morality.!'? FACT No. 24. Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 25. Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 26. Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government. FACT No. 27. Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people. FACT No. 28. Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'? FACT No. 29. US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020). FACT No. 30. Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with. FACT No. 31. Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with. FACT No. 32. What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them. FACT No. 33. What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'? FACT No. 34. You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 35. You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 36. People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '? FACT No. 37. No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley). FACT No. [#38.] Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?... FACT No. 39. Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking "IMPERIAL SHIT" There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'? FACT No. 40. Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies. FACT No. 41. Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial. FACT No. 42. Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'? FACT No. 43. You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'.. FACT No. 44. You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones. FACT No. 45. The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'? FACT No. 46. If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews. FACT No. 47. If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs. FACT No. 48. If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?... FACT No. 49. Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″ 56'"-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'? FACT No. 50. Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?' Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'? The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:. <Ref>https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/</</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts</Ref>.: 5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)! Waleed Gohar Waleed Gohar · Follow 3 min read · Jun 22, 2020 Listen Share Introduction: Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location. Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine. Is 3G available in Palestine? The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this? Facts About Palestine (3G Network) This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly. There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain. The Economy of Palestine: Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true? To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people. Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan. And what is textile is to Pakistan? 60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment! The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries. The National Animal of Palestine: Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians. Facts About Palestine (Gazelle) Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle. The National Flower of Palestine: Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria. The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy. One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same? Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing. The Siege in Gaza: In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing. The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited. Conclusion: The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense. Thank You very much for staying with me till the end! <Ref>https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical</Ref>.: "Jabaan" likely refers to the word for "Japan" in the language of the user, which in this case is probably "Swahili" or "Somali", as it is a transliteration of the word "Japan" in these languages. Here's a breakdown: "Jabaan" is a transliteration of "Japan" in Swahili and Somali: The word "Jabaan" is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali. Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa: Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!! ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]] * [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]] * https://livingcost.org/ ==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa== BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23 EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. — ===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!=== [#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’ Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. [#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?… In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. Your Contribution Makes a Difference Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions. DONATE TODAY…!!’?’ endangered species africa [#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’.. There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime. [#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’… This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R. [#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’? Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal. You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing? [#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’… There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise. <Ref>https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/</Ref>.:: endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’ [#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. [#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’ The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild. [#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’ Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful. [#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’ This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!! 알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다("..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..") [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 "..[[미국인]]..!!.."과 "...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'" 가치관을...!!'?'... aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida("..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..") [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae "..[[migug-in]]..!!.."gwa "...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'" gachigwan-eul...!!'?'... ==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== By H. Nimmo. Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks. Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them. =10,441 "African Safaris"= [#01.]Ethiopian’s..!.. Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’… The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs. Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia [#02.]Pangolin Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’ The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are. Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa [#03.] Black Rhino Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…. Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front. Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts. Best places to see black rhino: Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania Etosha National Park, Namibia Damaraland, Namibia Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe [#04.] White Rhino White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’… It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing. Best places to see white rhino: Kruger National Park, South Africa uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa [#05.]Mountain Gorilla Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’… Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!! Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda [#06.]African Wild Dog? African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’ Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. Best places to see African wild dog: Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Linyanti Concession, Botswana Selinda Concession, Botswana [#07.] African Penguin African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’ For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call. Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!… The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees. Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes: Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda [#09.] Hooded Vulture Hooded vulture..!!’?’ Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill. Best places to see hooded vultures: Moremi National Park, Botswana Kruger National Park, South Africa Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe [#10.] Chimpanzee Chimpanzee…!!’?’ When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’? Best places to see chimpanzees: Gombe National Park, Tanzania Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Kibale National Park, Uganda Want To Go on an African Safari? Click on the button below to compare African safaris offered by top-rated tour operators. 10,441 African Safaris *<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/</ref>. * <ref>https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/</ref>. * https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ * https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8 * https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette * https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries// * https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php</Ref> <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020</Ref>.: * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html * https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html <Ref>https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. <Ref>https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. * https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ |date=20220701200249 }} * https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html *https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02 <Ref>https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/ita.1</Ref>.: ** https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world <Ref>https://kottke.org/12/11/britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries</Ref>. * https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/ *<ref>https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/</ref> *<ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</ref>. <Ref>https://www.xe.com/popularity.php</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml</Ref>.: *<Ref>https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.</ref>. <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year</ref>.: * https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} * https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel * https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.: {{Wayback|url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }} * https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ |date=20240614155515 }} * https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/ * https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} tto71johbvndeob3mp2pc08j07jix6i 304477 304476 2026-08-08T22:45:53Z Mwasoge 29030 /* Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.” */ 304477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta<Br/>'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' |conventional_long_name = Arabic Language States’</>.: |common_name = Arabic Language States:. Midowga Ummadda Carabta: |qaaradda = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &[[]] |sawir_calan = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of the Arab League.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = Arab League States'" (orthographic projection).svg |image_map = League of Arab States.png File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png |caasimadda = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’ |luuqadaha = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &[[Turki]]; & [[Af-Urdu]]; & [[Af-Faarisi]].::• |- |caasimada = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: & [[Dooxa]].:•!! |- |GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’ (€29,357’ trillions) * ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]]) |GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.) |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’ |GDP_nominal = "$23.957"-$19.453’ Trillions’ |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’ |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Dawladda = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]] |- |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = |- |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]: [[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: |magac_hogaamiye2 = DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* |MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_* |MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* |- |darajo_hogaamiye3 = [[Gudoomiye]]: [[Ciraaq]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye3 = (fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._* MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._* |- |darajo_hogaamiye4 = [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]: [[Aljeeriya]]:-) [[Marooko]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye4 = MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_* |- |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''': |sovereignty_note = |[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''': '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' & '''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~` |- |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area = 13,953,041`* |areami² = 5,382,910`* |biyo = |population_estimate =455-425*Million³ |population_estimate_year = 2022-2025* |lacagta = |Magaca internetka = &nbsp; |wakhti = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]] |furaha_debedda = |furaha internetka = Ir,Is,& tr.!!'? |furaha telefonka = + }} <ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html</Ref>.: '''Ururka Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Ururka Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa Urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala. [[Aasiya]] iyo [[Afrika]] iyo [[Yurub]].:. xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya. Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka. Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, & Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, & Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn. Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in "Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.". Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya). Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. [[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages. Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan. Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!! Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'? Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953. Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal . [[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]] [[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]] value: call: reading: source presentation: previous versions: Partially protected: Incomplete-document-purple.svg This entry must be completed : this entry lacks essential content. You may find details on the conversation page . You are invited to complete the missing parts and remove this message. Consider creating titles for chapters that require completion, and transfer the template to them. editing Disambiguate RTL.svg The term "Arab" redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) . Arab Muslims Arabs & Muslims Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First population 425 million Main population concentrations Arab countries some of the African countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]] Languages: Arabic: religion: Islam: Christianity: Druze religion: related ethnic groups: Celestial peoples: [[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’ Distribution of the Arabic language : A single official language.!! official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!! Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons. Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called " Arab countries ". Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ). The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are: Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries). Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language. Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula . Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others. The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1] etymology: The word "Arab" in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the " Arab rain " that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, "the kings of the evening" are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word "Arab" also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe . In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ] In the Qur'an the word "Arab" does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as "Arab and clear" when the two attributes are related to each other. history: This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page . BC The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat "Gindibu, King of Arabia" riding a camel and his soldiers The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named " Gindibu , King of Arabia" among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen . There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there. The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:• After counting: As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture . Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’ The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: "The Age of Ignorance", or the "Jahiliyyah" . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan . When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs). After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine "doe") in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The "religion of truth" to control the other nations. The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction. After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as "Arabs" as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'! see also Islam: Judaism-Islam relations; Israeli Arabs: for further reading: Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995. Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996. Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia. Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’… <Ref> {{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |access-date=2025-06-16 |archive-date=2025-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616214621/https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |url-status=dead }} </Ref>.:• <Ref> https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women>/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}>.: “… Le saviez-vous ? Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..” <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women </Ref>.: <Ref>https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU</Ref>.:• December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights. Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php</Ref>.:• [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. <Ref>https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized</Ref>.::• <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/</Ref>.::• ==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|191px]][[Bangladesh]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |03.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05”.||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]<s>[[Jabaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]</Ref>. |- |08"'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11.||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<S>[[SADR]]<s's!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |16.=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |18.'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<S!>[[Falastiin]]<s'!> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |19.”’.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |20.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!!>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |21."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |23.".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |24.".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]<S>[[Quebec]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |27._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |} <Ref>https://www.museumwnf.org/league-of-arab-states/?page=LAS-missions-worldwide.php</Ref>.::.!'! <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: <ReF>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-developed-countries-in-africa</ReF>.: ===Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.!'!”=== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.".||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.".||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03”.||[[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|189px]]<s>[[Baakistan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |03.".||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.".||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05.".||[[File:Flag of Korea.svg|189px]]<S>[[Kuuriya]]<s!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.".||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191"/>. |- |08."'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09.'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10.".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |12.".||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<!?>[[SADR]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Malta.svg|189px]]<S>[[Malta]]<S'!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |16.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |18._.||[[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |19.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |20.||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |21.'."'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<!>[[Falastiin]]<!'> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |23.'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |24.'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!?>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |26.."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'!> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |27..".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |28".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |29.".||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]<S>[[Lévis, Quebec]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |30.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |31._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |31.."_.||[[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|191px]]<S>[[Soviet Union]]']]<s!'?> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |31.".||[[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|191px]]<S>[[Somalie.!'?]]<s'!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |31."_.||[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|191px]]<S'>[[Jabuuty.!'!]]<s'> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |} <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• |- <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |} |- [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. |- <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: |- <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011%2F05%2F05%2F147980</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.unescwa.org/news/escwa-releases-new-report-real-sizes-arab-economies-between-2017-and-2023</Ref>.:• |- <!>[[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. | |} ==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta== <gallery mode="traditional" caption="" class="center"> File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}. File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.` File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}. File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}. File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.` File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}. File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Yemen Passport.svg|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`? File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`? File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}. File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`? <Ref>https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/</Ref>.!!`? <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile</Ref>.: !!`?`!!`?'?!' </gallery> [[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`? Comoros}}.!!`? Carabiya]].]] [[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: "as" King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]] <Ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia</Ref>.::.::.:: [[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.: [[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR"China.: [[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’ [[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.& P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&_.Philistianian Police Guard]] <Ref>https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854</Ref> [[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]] [[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~` <Ref> {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }} </Ref>.::. After killing an [[Egyptian]] slave-master who was beating a [[Hebrew]]; [[Moses]] fled across the [[Red Sea]] to Midian, where he encountered the Angel of the Lord, speaking.!'! … https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.: [[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.: From Britannica and Wikipedia and "World" Libraries.!!` [[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] . According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino . Content 1 The Arab world. 2 Religion. 2.1 Ancient times. 3 The Arabic language's. 4 History and civilization. 5 Arab events. 6 Ottoman decline: 7 The question of Palestine: 8 Arab relations with Arab Jews: The [[Arab world]]: The [[Arab world]] covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? The Arab countries are: [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't "ALLOW" to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]]; "Economically"; and "Gegraphically"; & "Politically"..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In "African Continent" NOT "ASIAN".• .!!`?'!.! In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]]. Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'? One day, after [[Moses]] had reached adulthood, he killed an [[Egyptian]] who was beating a [[Hebrew]]. To escape [[Pharaoh's death penalty]], [[Moses]] fled to Midian (a desert country south of Judah), where he married [[Zipporah]].::. ==Religion and Science.!!'?== The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories . Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]]. Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain . ==Ancient times.!!'== Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion. ==The Arabic languages.!!'== Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 & 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’? “…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……” There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and 3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’ Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’ “….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’ Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:• ==History and Civilization.!!'== The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae . Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?' ==Arabic performances.!!'== Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s. Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called "Arabic numbers" because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics "algebra" is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word "Al-Dzabr". ==Ottoman "Turks" decline and " “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise".!!'== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!! Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’ ==The question of Palestin.!!'?== Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region. ==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'== After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land. Categories : ==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them. Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!` <Ref>https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html</Ref>.: ==Warka== December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 [[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. ===BIODIVERSITY=== I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. FACT No. [#01.] Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#02.] Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#03.] Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No.[#04.] Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. [#05.] Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. 6. Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?' FACT No. 7. Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No.[#08.] Not all Jews are Israelis.!'? FACT No.[#09.] Not all Israelis are Jews.!'? FACT No.[#10.] Not all Jews are white.!'? FACT No. [#11.] Not all Israelis are white.!'? FACT No. [#12.] Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'? FACT No. 13. Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'? FACT No. 14. Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'? FACT No. 15. Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'? FACT No. 16. Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'? FACT No. 17. [[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'? FACT No. 18. Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'? FACT No. 19. Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'? FACT No. 20. [Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'? FACT No. 21. Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'? FACT No. 22. Your passport is not your political beliefs. FACT No. 23. Your government is not your morality.!'? FACT No. 24. Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 25. Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 26. Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government. FACT No. 27. Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people. FACT No. 28. Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'? FACT No. 29. US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020). FACT No. 30. Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with. FACT No. 31. Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with. FACT No. 32. What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them. FACT No. 33. What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'? FACT No. 34. You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 35. You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 36. People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '? FACT No. 37. No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley). FACT No. [#38.] Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?... FACT No. 39. Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking "IMPERIAL SHIT" There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'? FACT No. 40. Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies. FACT No. 41. Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial. FACT No. 42. Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'? FACT No. 43. You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'.. FACT No. 44. You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones. FACT No. 45. The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'? FACT No. 46. If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews. FACT No. 47. If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs. FACT No. 48. If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?... FACT No. 49. Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″ 56'"-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'? FACT No. 50. Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?' Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'? The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:. <Ref>https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/</</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts</Ref>.: 5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)! Waleed Gohar Waleed Gohar · Follow 3 min read · Jun 22, 2020 Listen Share Introduction: Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location. Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine. Is 3G available in Palestine? The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this? Facts About Palestine (3G Network) This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly. There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain. The Economy of Palestine: Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true? To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people. Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan. And what is textile is to Pakistan? 60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment! The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries. The National Animal of Palestine: Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians. Facts About Palestine (Gazelle) Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle. The National Flower of Palestine: Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria. The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy. One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same? Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing. The Siege in Gaza: In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing. The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited. Conclusion: The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense. Thank You very much for staying with me till the end! <Ref>https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical</Ref>.: "Jabaan" likely refers to the word for "Japan" in the language of the user, which in this case is probably "Swahili" or "Somali", as it is a transliteration of the word "Japan" in these languages. Here's a breakdown: "Jabaan" is a transliteration of "Japan" in Swahili and Somali: The word "Jabaan" is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali. Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa: Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!! ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]] * [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]] * https://livingcost.org/ ==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa== BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23 EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. — ===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!=== [#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’ Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. [#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?… In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. Your Contribution Makes a Difference Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions. DONATE TODAY…!!’?’ endangered species africa [#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’.. There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime. [#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’… This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R. [#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’? Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal. You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing? [#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’… There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise. <Ref>https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/</Ref>.:: endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’ [#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. [#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’ The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild. [#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’ Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful. [#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’ This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!! 알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다("..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..") [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 "..[[미국인]]..!!.."과 "...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'" 가치관을...!!'?'... aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida("..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..") [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae "..[[migug-in]]..!!.."gwa "...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'" gachigwan-eul...!!'?'... ==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== By H. Nimmo. Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks. Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them. =10,441 "African Safaris"= [#01.]Ethiopian’s..!.. Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’… The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs. Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia [#02.]Pangolin Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’ The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are. Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa [#03.] Black Rhino Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…. Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front. Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts. Best places to see black rhino: Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania Etosha National Park, Namibia Damaraland, Namibia Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe [#04.] White Rhino White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’… It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing. Best places to see white rhino: Kruger National Park, South Africa uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa [#05.]Mountain Gorilla Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’… Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!! Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda [#06.]African Wild Dog? African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’ Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. Best places to see African wild dog: Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Linyanti Concession, Botswana Selinda Concession, Botswana [#07.] African Penguin African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’ For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call. Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!… The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees. Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes: Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda [#09.] Hooded Vulture Hooded vulture..!!’?’ Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill. Best places to see hooded vultures: Moremi National Park, Botswana Kruger National Park, South Africa Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe [#10.] Chimpanzee Chimpanzee…!!’?’ When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’? Best places to see chimpanzees: Gombe National Park, Tanzania Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Kibale National Park, Uganda Want To Go on an African Safari? Click on the button below to compare African safaris offered by top-rated tour operators. 10,441 African Safaris *<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/</ref>. * <ref>https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/</ref>. * https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ * https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8 * https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette * https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries// * https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php</Ref> <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020</Ref>.: * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html * https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html <Ref>https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. <Ref>https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. * https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ |date=20220701200249 }} * https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html *https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02 <Ref>https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/ita.1</Ref>.: ** https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world <Ref>https://kottke.org/12/11/britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries</Ref>. * https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/ *<ref>https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/</ref> *<ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</ref>. <Ref>https://www.xe.com/popularity.php</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml</Ref>.: *<Ref>https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.</ref>. <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year</ref>.: * https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} * https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel * https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.: {{Wayback|url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }} * https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ |date=20240614155515 }} * https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/ * https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ngkwgf0z6gsjkochv1wnblq2cagge8k 304523 304477 2026-08-09T06:43:19Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Dalalka |native_name = Jaamcada(Wddmd)Carabta<Br/>'':.جامعة الدول العربية'' |conventional_long_name = Arabic Language States’</>.: |common_name = Arabic Language States:. Midowga Ummadda Carabta: |qaaradda = [[Afrika]],[[Aasiya]] &[[]] |sawir_calan = Flag of the League of Arab States.svg |sawir_qaran = Emblem of the Arab League.svg |image_map = |astaan_calan = Arab League States'" (orthographic projection).svg |image_map = League of Arab States.png File:Map of League of Arab States countries.png |caasimadda = [[Qaahiro]]: [[Baqdaad]]: &[[Dooxa]]:.:!!`?'!!’ |luuqadaha = [[Carabi|Af-Carabi]].:([[Af-Kurdish]]).:[[Af-Ingiriis]]; &[[Turki]]; & [[Af-Urdu]]; & [[Af-Faarisi]].::• |- |caasimada = [[Qaahiro]]:; [[Madiina]]: [[Baqdaad]]: & [[Dooxa]].:•!! |- |GDP_PPP= $35.177’ Trillions’ (€29,357’ trillions) * ([[List of countries by GDP (PPP)|4th]]) |GDP_PPP_year = (2025* Est.) |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $29,947.00’ |GDP_nominal = "$23.957"-$19.453’ Trillions’ |GDP_nominal_year = 2025 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $24,459.00.!!’ |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Dawladda = [[Dalalka jaamcada carabta]] |- |darajo_hogaamiye1 = [[Madaxweynaha]]:([[Sacuudi Carabiya]]):[[Salman bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud]] |magac_hogaamiye1 = |- |darajo_hogaamiye2 = [[Xoghayaha Guud]]:[[Masar]]: [[Imaaraadka Carabta]]: |magac_hogaamiye2 = DR.(MR.).: Ahmed Aboul Gheit _* |MR. Syd. Gamal Abdel Nasser_* |MR. Syd. M. Husny MUBARAK _* |- |darajo_hogaamiye3 = [[Gudoomiye]]: [[Ciraaq]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye3 = (fm)MR. SADDAM HUSSAIN*.(A.M.A.)Al-Tikriti._* MR.Zine El Abidine “Ben ALI3”._* |- |darajo_hogaamiye4 = [[Guddoomiye Kuxigeen]]: [[Aljeeriya]]:-) [[Marooko]]:-) |magac_hogaamiye4 = MR.Prof. Abdelaziz B.TEFLIKHA_* MR.Syd. AlI3 A. SALEH (Al’A’Fmly.!)_* |- |sovereignty_type = '''Ka xoroobey''': |sovereignty_note = |[[Boqortooyada Ingiriiska]]''': '''[[Dawlada Cosmaniya]]''' & '''[[Faransiiska]]''': .:`~` |- |established_event1 = |established_date1 = |area = 13,953,041`* |areami² = 5,382,910`* |biyo = |population_estimate =455-425*Million<sup>3</sup> |population_estimate_year = 2022-2025* |lacagta = |Magaca internetka = &nbsp; |wakhti = [[(UTC+0 to +4)]] |furaha_debedda = |furaha internetka = Ir,Is,& tr.!!'? |furaha telefonka = + }} <ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/geography/arab-countries.html</Ref>.: '''Ururka Jaamacada Carabta''' ama '''Ururka Dowladda Jaamacadda Carabta''' waa Urur kulmiya wadamada carabta.Waa urur kulmiya wadamo kuyaala. [[Aasiya]] iyo [[Afrika]] iyo [[Yurub]].:. xubnaha kujira waxaa looyaqaana dawldo caraba.waa dawlado wadaaga arimo dhaqaale iyo arimo siyaasadeed. waxaana ka dhexeeya xidhiidho aad iyo aad ubadan Wadamada xubnaha ka ah Jaamacadda Carabta waxay daboolayaan in ka badan 13,000,000 km2 (5,000,000 sq m) iyo waliba laba qaaradood oo kala duwan: Afrika iyo Aasiya. Goobtaasi waxay ka kooban tahay lamadegalka duurka, sida Sahara. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa sidoo kale ku jira dhulal badan oo aad u sarreeya sida Dooxada Nile, Dooxada Jubba iyo Dooxada Shebelle ee [[Geeska Afrika]], Buuraleyda Atlas ee Maghreb, iyo Bariiska Fertile ee sii fidiya Mesopotamia iyo Levant. Aagga ayaa ka kooban kaymo qoto dheer oo ku yaal koonfurta Carabta iyo qaybo ka mid ah webiga ugu dheer dunida, Niilka. Qowmiyad-kala-duwan, diini ah, iyo luuqado badan. Diin-badan, Luuqado badan, & Qowmiyado kala duwan.Luuqadaha badan, Qowmiyadaha kala duwan, & Diimaha badan; oo macneheedu yahay Dhaqamada kala duwan ee wayn. Jaartarka Jaamacadda Carabta, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano Heshiiska Jaamacadda Carabta, ayaa ah heshiiskii aasaasay ee Jaamacadda Carabta. 1945-kii la aqbalay, waxa uu dhigayaa in "Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu uu ka kooban yahay Dawladaha Carbeed ee madaxbannaan oo saxiixay Heshiiskan.". Markii hore, 1945, waxaa jiray lix xubnood oo keliya. Maanta, Jaamacadda Carabta waxay leedahay 22 xubnood, oo ay ka mid yihiin saddex dal oo Afrikaan ah oo ka kala yimi qaybaha ugu waaweyn (Sudan, Algeria iyo Liibiya) iyo waddanka ugu weyn ee Bariga Dhexe (Sacuudi Carabiya). Shan waddan waxay leeyihiin xaalad kormeeree oo xaq u siinaya inay muujiyaan ra'yigooda oo ay bixiyaan talo laakiin waxay diidaan xuquuqda codbixinta. [[Jaamacadda Carab]] tu waxay u qaybsantaa shan qaybood marka ay timaado gaadiidka, jasiiradda Carabta iyo Bariga dhow ayaa si buuxda ugu xiran hawada, badda, waddooyinka iyo tareenada. Qeyb kale oo ka mid ah League waa dooxada Niil, oo ka kooban Masar iyo Suudaan. Labadan dawladood waxay bilaabeen inay hagaajiyaan nidaamka Nile Nile ee habka safarka si loo wanaajiyo helitaanka iyo sida ganacsi loo korsado. Nidaamka tareenada cusub ayaa sidoo kale lagu wadaa inuu ku xiro magaalada koonfurta Masar ee Abu Simbel iyo waqooyiga Suudaan ee Wadi Halfa iyo ka dibna Khartoum iyo Port Sudan. Qaybta saddexaad ee horyaalka waa Maghreb, halkaas oo 3,000 km oo gawaarida gawaarida ah ay ka socdaan magaalooyinka koonfurta ee Morocco ilaa Tripoli oo ku yaala galbeedka Libya. Qaybta afaraad ee horyaalka waa Geeska Afrika, oo wadamada xubnaha ka ah ay ka mid yihiin Jabuuti iyo Soomaaliya. Labadan dawladood ee Carabta ayaa kala qaybiyay kaliya toban mayl u jirta jasiiradda Carabta ee Bab el Mandeb, taasina si dhakhso ah ayay isu bedeshaa, sida Tarik bin Laden, oo ah walaalkii Osama bin Laden, oo bilaabay dhisidda mashruuc ballaadhan ee mashruuca Horn Horns , kaas oo ugu dambeyntii ujeedkiisu yahay inuu ku xiro Geeska Afrika oo leh Jasiiradda Carabta adoo adeegsanaya buundo weyn. Mashruucan waxaa loogu talagalay in lagu fududeeyo oo la dedejiyo ganacsiga iyo ganacsiga qarniyadii hore ee u dhexeeyay labada gobol. Qaybta ugu dambeysa ee horyaalka waa jasiiradda go'doomin ee Comoros, taas oo aan ku xirnayn dawlad kale oo Carbeed ah, laakiin wali waxay la shaqaysaa xubnaha kale ee Arabic Languages. Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay hodan ku tahay khayraadka, sida saliid weyn iyo kheyraadka dabiiciga ah ee dalalka xubnaha ka ah. Warshad kale oo si joogta ah u sii kordhaysa ee Jaamacadda Carabtu waa isgaarsiin. Muddo ka yar 10 sano, shirkadaha maxaliga ah sida Orascom iyo Etisalat waxay ku guuleysteen inay tartan caalami ah sameeyaan. Horumarka dhaqaale ee ay bilowday Ururka Iskaashatada Wadamada xubnaha ka ah ayaa ka qosol badan kuwii ka soo baxay ururada yar yar ee Carabta sida Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka (GCC). Waxaa ka mid ah Pipeline Arab Pipeline, kaas oo gaas Masar iyo Ciraaq geyn doona [[Jordan]], [[Syria]], Lubnaan, iyo Palestine; Laga soo bilaabo 2013.:• isbeddel muuqda oo ka dhexeeya xaaladaha dhaqaale ayaa ka dhexeeya dalalka saliida ee saliida ee [[Algeria]], [[Qatar]], [[Kuwait]] iyo [[United Arab Emirates]], iyo dalalka soo koraya sida [[Comoros]], [[Jabuuti]], [[Mauritania]], [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Eratareya]] dda.!! Ururka Jaamacadda Carabtu waa urur siyaasadeed oo isku daya in uu gacan ka geysto sidii loo xoojin lahaa xubnaheeda dhaqaale ahaan, iyo xallinta khilaafaadka ku lug leh dalalka xubnaha ka ah adoon weydiisan kaalmo shisheeye. Waxay leedahay lahjado xubin baarlamaan ah oo wakiil ka ah arrimaha arrimaha dibedda sida badan waxaa lagu maareyn doonaa kormeerka QM.!!'? Jaangooyada Jaamacadda Carabta [5] waxay taageertay mabda'a dhulkii Carabta iyada oo la ixtiraamayo xushmadnimada dawladaha xubnaha ka ah. Xeerarka gudaha ee Golaha Jaamacadda [20] iyo guddiyada [21] waxay ku heshiiyeen Oktoobar 1951. Xoghaynta Guud waxaa lagu heshiiyay May 1953. Tan iyo markaas, maamulka Jaamacadda Carabtu waxay ku saleysnaayeen labadii hay'adood ee heer qaran iyo madax-bannaanida wadamada xubnaha ka ah. Ilaalinta dawladnimada shakhsi ahaaneed waxay ka heshay awoodeeda ka soo jeeda dabiiciga dabiiciga ah ee awooda xukunka ah si ay u ilaaliyaan awooddooda iyo madax-bannaanida go'aaminta. Intaa waxaa dheer, cabsida hodanka ah ee saboolka ah ee saboolka ah inuu la wadaagi karo hantidiisa magaca Ummadda Carabta, khilaafyada ka dhexeeya madaxda Carabta, iyo saamaynta awoodaha dibadda ee laga yaabo inay ka soo horjeedaan midnimada Carabta ayaa loo arki karaa caqabado dhinaca isdhexgalka qoto dheer ee horyaal . [[File:Camel factory Nablus December 2008.JPG|thumb|right|395px|Nablu, Palestine]] [[File:Raouda.JPG|thumb|right|View from the western side of the Hujra, [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Burial of Muhammad.jpg|thumb|right|Wall of the Burial of the Prophet Muhammed (PBHM),[[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:World Heritage Sites in the Arab World]] value: call: reading: source presentation: previous versions: Partially protected: Incomplete-document-purple.svg This entry must be completed : this entry lacks essential content. You may find details on the conversation page . You are invited to complete the missing parts and remove this message. Consider creating titles for chapters that require completion, and transfer the template to them. editing Disambiguate RTL.svg The term "Arab" redirects here. For the entry dealing with the island in the Persian Gulf, see Arab (island) . Arab Muslims Arabs & Muslims Al-Khansaa, Al-Khandi, Yohanan of Damascus, Philip the Arab, May Ziada, Asmahan, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Faisal the First Al-Khansaa , Al-Khandi , Yohanan of Damascus , Philip the Arab , May Ziada , Asmahan , Gamal Abdel Nasser , Faisal the First population 425 million Main population concentrations Arab countries some of the African countries see also: [[Israeli Arabs]] Languages: Arabic: religion: Islam: Christianity: Druze religion: related ethnic groups: Celestial peoples: [[Maltese]] , [[Jews]] , [[Samaritans]] and [[Assyrians]].!!'.!!’ Distribution of the Arabic language : A single official language.!! official shared language with the majority of Arab natives.!! Official shared language due to significant minorities, history, or cultural reasons. Arabs are a people of Semitic origin and an ethnic group from the Arabian Peninsula . After the emergence of Islam in the 7th century , the Arab population spread in the Middle East and North Africa in a series of waves of migration, conquest and cultural influence. Countries where the Arabs constitute a clear majority of the population are called " Arab countries ". Today, the name is used as a nickname for the natives of these countries, whose mother tongue is Arabic and the vast majority of them are Muslim (most of them Sunni ). The most common definitions for the name Arabs in thought and literature, in academic research and in the media, are: Politically : People who are citizens of countries that are members of the Arab League (or in a broader generalization, the Arab world), but not all Arab countries are members of the Arab League and these countries also have non-Arab citizens. This definition includes over 300-450 million people. The Arab Leagues includes several African countries, such as Djibouti , Comoros and Somalia , whose Arabic is one of their official languages ​​but whose inhabitants are not Arabs at all. And there are Arabs who are not citizens of these countries (for example, in the United States , Israel and European countries). Linguistic: people whose mother tongue is Arabic , or who at least speak Arabic in their daily and personal lives, even if they did not grow up using it. This definition includes over 200 million people who speak different dialects of the Arabic language. Ethnic - Genealogical - Racial : Humans who live, or whose ancestors lived in the Arabian Peninsula and whose genetic and physical characteristics are originally characterized mainly by the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula . Cultural: people who see themselves as Arabs (regardless of ethnic and genealogical origins), whose culture and way of life are Arabs and are recognized as Arabs by others. The majority of Arabs are Muslims (mostly Sunnis and a minority of Shias’ and members of other minority classes), and a minority of them are Christians , Druze and others.[1] etymology: The word "Arab" in this meaning is mentioned in the Bible several times. Thus, for example, the book of Nehemiah mentions the " Arab rain " that some scholars identify with King Kedar .[2]Also in the Book of Kings, "the kings of the evening" are mentioned[3]And it seems that this phrase refers to the rulers of the Arabian Peninsula, with whom King Solomon had trade relations.[4]The word "Arab" also appears in the Bible in the meaning of the inhabitant of the steppe . In Semitic languages, as a rule, the root A.R.B carries the meanings of: west, sunset (evening), desert (Arab), mix, trade, crow and clear. All or some of them can have a connection to the origin of the name. [ source needed ] It is also possible that the name can have consonants and the origin of the name is actually in the root A.B.R. in connection with their nomadic way of life. [ source required ] In the Qur'an the word "Arab" does not appear as a noun but only as an adjective, for example, the Qur'an refers to itself as "Arab and clear" when the two attributes are related to each other. history: This chapter is lacking. Please contribute to Wikipedia and complete it . You may find details on the conversation page . BC The soldiers of the Assyrian Empire defeat "Gindibu, King of Arabia" riding a camel and his soldiers The first mention of the Arabs in writing is from an Assyrian inscription from 853 BC ( the Necessary Monolith ), in which King Shalmenser III named " Gindibu , King of Arabia" among the rulers he defeated in the Battle of Karkar . Starting from the Assyrian period and following the domestication of the camel, Arab traders played a central role In the trade between the ancient Near East and the Horn of Africa and ancient Yemen . There is evidence of trade relations of the peoples of the ancient Near East with the kingdoms of the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, the main commercial relation between them was regarding myrrh and frankincense which were used in the perfume industry and were common in the Arabian Peninsula. An ancient Arabic inscription was found in a building from the days of the First Temple in the City of David , which indicates that a Jewish official who knew the language and had relations with one of the Arab kingdoms of the time lived there. The Nabataeans migrated in a massive migration at the end of the Persian period from the north of the Arabian Peninsula towards the south of Jordan and the Negev , they conquered and assimilated the remains of the Moabites and the Ammonites and pushed the Adomites north to the south of Mount Hebron in the territories of Judea.:• After counting: As a general rule, the great empires of the ancient world did not conquer the Arabian Peninsula, unlike the rest of the Middle East, even the Sasanian Empire , which ruled the eastern and southern coasts of the peninsula, did not reach the interior of the country or the western coastal region where the cities of Mecca and Medina are located - apparently for lack of interest economic in this desert region that cannot sustain fertile agriculture . Before Muhammad's time , the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were idolaters?, Christians? or Jews? (descendants of Jewish exiles from the Land of Israel and also Arabs who converted under their influence, such as the Kingdom of Hamir ).!!’ The period before Muhammad is called in Islamic literature: "The Age of Ignorance", or the "Jahiliyyah" . During this period the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula were divided into the northern tribes and the southern tribes. The tribal tradition claimed that the people of the north are the descendants of Adnan and Ishmael , while the people of the south are the descendants of a legendary figure named Qahtan . When there are those who suggest that Kakhatan is Yakattan son of the biblical past.[6]In the Arabian Peninsula , nomadic tribes ( Bedouins ) and permanent tribes lived. The permanent tribes lived in cities or deserts and engaged in agriculture or trade . Unlike them, the nomadic tribes were engaged in escorting caravans that passed through the peninsula. Later there were also Arab groups who became Christians (see: Christian Arabs). After the rise of Islam and its consolidation in the Arab kingdoms, Muhammad and his army went north towards the territories of the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire , which were in a period of depression and enjoyed a lasting peace between them. Muhammad's ambition to conquer the world known until then was blocked in the territories of the Gulf of Eilat , and although he sent a letter to the Jews of Eilat (the Byzantine "doe") in which he ordered them to accept his new religion or prepare for their death, it was precisely Muhammad who met his death three years after declaring Islam as The "religion of truth" to control the other nations. The Arab conquest of the Land of Israel brought the Arabs to the Land of Israel , but they could not defeat the Byzantine Empire and were helped by Jewish collaborators who were tired of life as an oppressed and persecuted religious and cultural minority in their country and fought alongside the Arabs against the continuation of Byzantine rule. The Arabs treated the Jews and Christians in the Land of Israel as dhimmis , while the Samaritans , whom Muhammad did not know and therefore did not mention in the Koran as monotheists , were forced to convert to Islam by the force of the sword or die, and when they refused, they almost led to their destruction. After the Arab conquest of the Middle East , Arabs who migrated from the Arabian Peninsula spread to the occupied space: The [[Levant]] , [[Egypt]] and the [[Maghreb]] Greater countries . Later in the course of history, on the one hand, the majority of the conquered peoples began to see themselves as "Arabs" as well, even if it was only a cultural issue due to the Islamization of their country and people without blood ties to the Arab conquerors, and on the other hand, the immigration of Muslim pilgrims of non-Arab origin began The lands that were conquered towards the Arabian Peninsula for religious reasons etc. were assimilated into the local Arab population. The Arab-Muslim conquest also expanded into Europe , with the conquest of Spain by the Moors .!!'?'! see also Islam: Judaism-Islam relations; Israeli Arabs: for further reading: Bernard Lewis , The Arabs in History , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing , 1995. Albert Hourani , History of the Arab Nations , Tel Aviv: Dvir Publishing, 1996. Pierre Vidal-Naka (ed.), From the Arab Conquest to Imperial Islam, in: The History of the World from the Dawn of Mankind to the Present , Tel Aviv: Yediot Ahronoth Publishing; 993,pp. 7-10. aurchive Forigh Ministry of Saudi Arabia. Prince Saud Al-Fasiel. House of Al Saud Family….!!’?’… <Ref> {{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |access-date=2025-06-16 |archive-date=2025-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616214621/https://stepfeed.com/7-facts-you-probably-don-t-know-about-the-arab-league-4490 |url-status=dead }} </Ref>.:• <Ref> https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-dangerous-countries-for-women>/Ref{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}>.: “… Le saviez-vous ? Pour les stars du porno gay, être attirant n'a d'importance que dans le porno gay. Dans le porno hétéro, l'attention est presque toujours portée sur la star.…!!’..” <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-most-beautiful-women </Ref>.: <Ref>https://armedforces.eu/compare/country_Arab_League_vs_European_Union_EU</Ref>.:• December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 Iraqi Kurdish leader Masoud Barzani's September 25, 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in Arab countries, as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October; 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights. Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the [[Arab world]]. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of [[Israel]]. ][[Israel]] is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/iq-by-country.php</Ref>.:• [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. <Ref>https://www.defensenews.com/home/2015/04/01/arab-league-sets-new-defense-force-at-40,000/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized</Ref>.::• <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://amnesty.ca/features/5-death-penalty-myths-debunked/</Ref>.::• ==Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.”== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |01.||[[File:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|191px]][[Bangladesh]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |03.||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05”.||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|189px]]<s>[[Jabaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191">[http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Complete_reprint.pdf p. 192]</Ref>. |- |08"'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |11.||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<S>[[SADR]]<s's!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |12".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |16.=||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |18.'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<S!>[[Falastiin]]<s'!> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |19.”’.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |20.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!!>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |21."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |23.".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |24.".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]<S>[[Quebec]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |26.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |27._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |} <Ref>https://www.museumwnf.org/league-of-arab-states/?page=LAS-missions-worldwide.php</Ref>.::.!'! <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: <ReF>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-developed-countries-in-africa</ReF>.: ===Waddamada “Jaamacadda Dowladdaha Carabta.!'!”=== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- ! Tirada !! Dalka !! [[Literacy]] rate |- |01.".||[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|191px]][[Aljeeriya]]<s> ||89.5<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |02.".||[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|193px]][[Sacuudi Carabiya]]<s>||93.5<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |03”.||[[File:Flag of Pakistan.svg|189px]]<s>[[Baakistan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |03.".||[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|192px]][[Kuwayt]]<s> ||93.4<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |04.".||[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|189px]][[Baxrayn]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |05.".||[[File:Flag of Korea.svg|189px]]<S>[[Kuuriya]]<s!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |06.".||[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|189px]]<!!>[[Qatar]]<s> ||93.6<Ref name="p.191"/>. |- |08."'.||[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|189px]][[lubnaan]] ||89.5<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |09.'".||[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|193px]][[Masar]]<s> ||91.8<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |10.".||[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|189px]]<!'>[[Urdun]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |11.".||[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|191px]]<!>[[Ciraaq]]<!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.192/>. |- |12.".||[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|191px]]<!?>[[SADR]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |13.".||[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|189px]][[Cumaan]] ||93.4<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |14.".||[[File:Flag of Malta.svg|189px]]<S>[[Malta]]<S'!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |15.".||[[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|193px]]<!>[[Marooko]]<!'> ||75.4<Ref name=p.193/>. |- |16.".||[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|189px]][[Tunisiya]]<s> ||78.98<Ref name=p.190/> |- |18._.||[[File:Flag of Turkey.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |19.".||[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|191px]]<'!>[[Libiya]]<!'> ||89.4<Ref name=p.193/>.: |- |20.||[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|191px]][[Suuriya]]<!> ||89.95<Ref name="p.192"/>. |- |21.'."'"||[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|189px]]<!>[[Falastiin]]<!'> ||69.3<REF name="p.189"/>. |- |23.'.||[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|189px]]<!>[[Suudaan]]<!'> ||69.39<REF name=p.190/>. |- |24.'".||[[File:Flag of South Sudan.svg|189px]]<S>[[Koonfur Suudaan]]<'!> ||89.8<Ref name=p.190/>. |- |25.".||[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|191px]]<!?>[[Imaaraatka Carabta]]<!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/> |- |26.."_.||[[File:Flag of Brunei.svg|189px]]<S>[[Barunay]]<s'!> ||75.39<REF name=p.192/>. |- |27..".||[[File:Flag of the Comoros.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |28".||[[File:Flag of Chad.svg|191px]]<S>[[Injamiina]]<s'!>||69.5<Ref name=p.194/>.: |- |29.".||[[File:Flag of France.svg|189px]]<S>[[Lévis, Quebec]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |30.".||[[File:Flag of Romania.svg|189px]]<S>[[Komoros]]<s!> ||67.23<REF name=p.193/>.: |- |31._.||[[File:Flag of Seychelles.svg|189px]]<S>[[Fiktoria]]<s!'> ||67.57<REF name=p.192/>.: |- |31.."_.||[[File:Flag of Eritrea.svg|191px]]<S>[[Soviet Union]]']]<s!'?> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |31.".||[[File:Flag of Somalia.svg|191px]]<S>[[Somalie.!'?]]<s'!>||89.5<Ref name=p.191/>. |- |31."_.||[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|191px]]<S'>[[Jabuuty.!'!]]<s'> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. |- |} <Ref>https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/05/18/5-facts-about-arabic-speakers-in-the-us/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://interbrand.com/best-global-brands/?filter-brand/-sector=&filter-brand-region=asia-pacific&filter-brand-country=</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php</Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/water-quality-by-country</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• |- <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-with-death-penalty</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |} |- [<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>]. |- <Ref>https://ar.wikihow.com/النجاة-من-زلزال-أرضي</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://industryarabic.com/how-many-countries-speak-arabic/</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Map_of_League_of_Arab_States_countries.png</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/alliances/arab-league.php </Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arabic-speaking-countries</Ref>.: |- <Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |access-date=2011-06-28 |archive-date=2020-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200504070831/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/dj.html |dead-url=yes }}</Ref>. [<Ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive|url=https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |access-date=2022-08-26 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502031038/https://www.numbeo.com/crime/rankings_by_country.jsp |dead-url=yes }}</ref>]. |- [<Ref>https://livingcost.org/cost</Ref>] |- <Ref>{{Cite web|ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/ |access-date=2023-09-19|archive-date=2023-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922122032/https://wisevoter.com/country-rankings/average-iq-by-country/|dead-url=yes}} </Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-highest-literacy-rates-in-the-world.html</Ref>.:•<!!'?>.:• |_ <Ref>https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/common-confusions-arabs-muslims/</Ref>.: |- [<Ref>https://www.visualcapitalist.com/visualizing-corruption-around-the-world/</Ref>]. <Ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Europe</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011%2F05%2F05%2F147980</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/10/10/somalia-eritera-and-egypt-pledge-to-bloster-security-ties</Ref>.: |- <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-hated-country </Ref>.:• |- <Ref>https://www.unescwa.org/news/escwa-releases-new-report-real-sizes-arab-economies-between-2017-and-2023</Ref>.:• |- <!>[[MILITARY Of '"United Kingdom of Great Britain of N. Ireland;Ausies.!'& NZL; & Canadiens.!'!'(ex.Quebec.!'!'):Argentine ; Brazil;& Français; Mexico;& Italiano.!'!'; Espanayol.!'! & Portugalese.!'!'(United Arab Emirates.!'!.!'!]]<S'!> ||78.69<REF name=p.190/>. | |} ==Bassborka Jaamacada Carabta== <gallery mode="traditional" caption="" class="center"> File:Algerian passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Algeria}}[[Algerian passport|Algeria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}. File:Cover of Mauritanian Biometric Passport.png|{{flagicon|Algeria}}<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:New_Egyptian_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Egypt}}[[Egyptian passport|Egypt]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Syria}}.` File:Libyan_New_Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Libya}}[[Libyan passport|LBY]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Mauritania}}.` File:BioPassMaroc.JPG|{{flagicon|Morocco}}[[Moroccan passport|MAR]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Tunisia}}. File:Passeport Tunisie 2014.jpg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Tunisian passport|Tunisia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|TN}}. File:Cover of Iraqi Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Iraq}}[[Iraqi passport|Iraq]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.` File:The New Lebanese Biometric Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Lebanon}}[[Lebanese Passport|Lebanon]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Libya}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Oman}}[[Omani passport|Oman]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}} File:Bahraincover.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Qatar}}[[Bahraini passport|Bahrain]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Bahrain}}. File:Kuwait passport.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Kuwait}}[[Kuwaiti passport|Kuwait]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Qa.png|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Bahrain}}[[Qatari passport|Qatar]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Qatar}}. File:Saudi Arabia Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|Saudi Arabia}}[[Saudi Arabian passport|Saudi Arabia]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}. File:Jordanian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Jordan}}[[Philistine passport|Jordan]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:UAE Passport.svg|{{flagicon|GCC}}{{flagicon|United Arab Emirates}}[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]][[Emirati passport|United Arab Emirates]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Regular Syrian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Syria}}[[Syrian passport|Syria]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|23px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Yemen Passport.svg|küçükresim|Yemen pasaportu]]|{{flagicon|Yemen}}[[Yemeni passport|Yemen]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sudan passport cover.JPG|{{flagicon|Sudan}}[[Sudanese passport|Sudan]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|Palestine}}.!!` File:Sahrawi passport.jpg|{{flagicon|ESH}}[[Sahrawi passport|ESH]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|MAR}}.!!`?`!!`? File:Somaliland Passport Cover.svg|{{flagicon|Tunisia}}[[Somali passport|Somaliland]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|19px]]{{flagicon|Maldives}}.!!`? File:Cover of Eritrean Passport.jpeg|{{flagicon|Eritrea}}[[Djibouti passport|Djibouti]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|14px]]{{flagicon|Djibouti}}. File:Cover of Chadian Passport.jpg|{{flagicon|Chad}}[[Chadian passport|Chad]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|21px]]{{flagicon|SYC}}.!!`? <Ref>https://visaindex.com/country/chad-passport-ranking/</Ref>.!!`? <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/9/19/tunisian-autocrat-ben-ali-dies-in-saudi-exile</Ref>.: !!`?`!!`?'?!' </gallery> [[File:Comorian Passport.png|120px]][[Comorian passport|Comoros]]<Br/>[[File:EPassport logo.svg|16px]]{{flagicon|Comoros}}.!!`? Comoros}}.!!`? Carabiya]].]] [[File:Official Portrait of King Abdulaziz.jpg|thumb|central|King Faisal bin Abdulaziz.jpg: "as" King of [[Sacuudi Carabiya]].]] [[File:Ring with engraved portrait of Ptolemy VI Philometor (3rd–2nd century BCE) - 2009.jpg|thumb|Center|25xp|Crown of Ptolemy VI Philometor as [[Egyptian]] Pharoah. Louvre Museum.: [[Baaris]];[[France]].)]] <Ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia</Ref>.::.::.:: [[File:Bangladeshi E-Passport.svg|125px]][[Bangladesh passport|Bangladesh]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|11px]]{{flagicon|Pakistan}}.: [[File:JapanpassportNew10y.PNG|21px]]|{{flagicon|Japan}}[[Persian|Japan]].:[[File:KOR ePassport.jpg|25px]]{{flagicon|Korea}}PR"China.: [[File:Manara clocktower.JPG|thumb|Manara]][[https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php]]..!!’ [[File:16-03-31-Hebron-Altstadt-RalfR-WAT 5717.jpg|thumb|right|195px|Exterior view with (I.& P.Guard):; Isrealian Police.&_.Philistianian Police Guard]] <Ref>https://www.refworld.org/legal/constinstr/las/1945/en/13854</Ref> [[File:Old city of Nablus.JPG|thumb|right|Alley in the Old City leading to and from the [[souk]], 20018]] [[File:Nineveh Nebi Yunus Excavation Bull-Man Head.JPG|thumb|right|196px|[[Lamassu|Winged Bull]] excavated at Nebi Yunus by Iraqi/?\Irani (Persian.!) archaeologists]],`~` <Ref> {{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |access-date=2023-04-23 |archive-date=2023-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423051219/https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/why-iran-is-not-an-arab-country/ |dead-url=yes }} </Ref>.::. After killing an [[Egyptian]] slave-master who was beating a [[Hebrew]]; [[Moses]] fled across the [[Red Sea]] to Midian, where he encountered the Angel of the Lord, speaking.!'! … https://www.quora.com/Why-are-the-present-day-Egyptians-predominantly-Arabs-despite-the-fact-that-the-ancient-Egyptians-where-not.:.: [[File:Turkish Passport.svg|21px]]|{{flagicon|Korea}}[[Turkish passport|Turkish]][[File:EPassport logo.svg|25px]]{{flagicon|Turkey}}.: From Britannica and Wikipedia and "World" Libraries.!!` [[Arabs]] are the people of an [[ethnic]] group who come from the [[Arabian Peninsula]] and speak the [[Arabic language]] . According to [[Jewish]] and [[Arab]] tradition, they are the grandchildren of [[Ishmael]] , the son of Avraham Abino . Content 1 The Arab world. 2 Religion. 2.1 Ancient times. 3 The Arabic language's. 4 History and civilization. 5 Arab events. 6 Ottoman decline: 7 The question of Palestine: 8 Arab relations with Arab Jews: The [[Arab world]]: The [[Arab world]] covers most of the countries in the [[Middle East]] and North [[Africa]] except [[Iran]] , [[Turkey]] and [[Bakistaan]] , and the Land of [[Israaiil]].!!'? The Arab countries are: [[Algeria]] , [[Baxrayn]] , [[Egypt]] , [[Iraq]] , [[Jordan]] ,[[Kuwait]] , [[Lubnaan]] , [[Libya]] , [[Marooko]] , [[Cumaan]] ,[[Komoros]], [[Qatar]] , [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] , [[Suudaan]] , [[Suuriya]] , [[Tunisia]] , the [[United Arab Emirates]] , [[Mauritania]], [[Jad]], and [[Yemen]]; [[Eratareya]]; Plus The Whole* [[Somaliland]] are also included even if the [[Soomaalida]].: They Don't "ALLOW" to speak [[Arabic]] [[Language]]; "Economically"; and "Gegraphically"; & "Politically"..Just like [[Turkiga]]; [[Iiraan]] ta but In "African Continent" NOT "ASIAN".• .!!`?'!.! In addition, approximately two million Arabs also live in the occupied areas of the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] in the State of Israel . Almost one million Arabs also live in Israel itself. Arabs also moved to many places in the world especially [[Europe]] and [[Americas]]. Arabs are a diverse people, but there are some elements that unite them. The most important of them are the Islamic beliefs and the Arabic language, and the culture and history associated with them.!!'? One day, after [[Moses]] had reached adulthood, he killed an [[Egyptian]] who was beating a [[Hebrew]]. To escape [[Pharaoh's death penalty]], [[Moses]] fled to Midian (a desert country south of Judah), where he married [[Zipporah]].::. ==Religion and Science.!!'?== The largest part of Arabs are Muslims . There are also many Christian Arabs, especially in Lebanon , Syria , Egypt , and the Palestinian territories . Islam was found in the Arabian Peninsula in the 6th century. It spread quickly over a large part of Asia and Africa , and that is why today there are many Muslims who are not in the [[Arab world]]. Islam, Arab and non-Arab, has two parts: Sunni and Shua . Sunni Islam is the greater part, and most Arabs are Sunni, but in some countries the majority are Shua, mainly Iraq and Bahrain . ==Ancient times.!!'== Until Islam came, most Arabs were polytheists . Some tribes of Arabs under the Hamid kingdom converted to Judaism, or accepted the Christian religion. ==The Arabic languages.!!'== Postscript-viewer-shaded.png See the main article - Arabic Arabic belongs to the family of Semitic languages, together with the holy Hebrew (22 & 23) , and Aramaic. Although Arabic is the giant Semitic out there, The Language 28-31* …letters, and they are written from right to left…...!!’?’!!’? “…. Arabic is another language with a non-Latin alphabet. Though it consists of 28* characters, the complex Arabic script is still often said to be quite hard to learn. Arabic grammar is very different from English grammar, and Arabic is a highly gendered language……” There are three main versions of the Arabic language: 1st. Quranic or Classical, 2nd. Modern Standard, and 3rd. Colloquial or Daily.!!’ Roughly 25* Dialects fall under these three versions, with some mutually unintelligible and others barely different. As a language learner, deciding to learn Arabic’s is the first step.!!’ “….Arabic developed hundred thousand years ago among the Bedouins in the deserts of Arabian Peninsula..”!!’ Its growth was aided by the tradition of poetry which was very advanced in its oral form before it was written down. With the advent of Islam , the Koran became the model of the Arabic language.:• ==History and Civilization.!!'== The name Arab to refer to the nomads and camel leaders of northern Arabia is already found in writings from almost three thousand years ago. Later, the term was used for all the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and Surrounding Arae . Arabs were then a society of tribes. They were grouped according to their family and genealogy, and referred to a single lineage. The Arab society, however, was fragmented thanks to the very difficult conditions of living in the deserts, and therefore there were often fights between tribes and families. It did not appear any Arab country until the arrival of Islam.!!'?' ==Arabic performances.!!'== Islamic civilization, Arab and non-Arab, flourished during the era of the Abbasid caliphs, who ruled over the entire Islamic world from their capital in Baghdad in the years 750 to 1258. The rise of Islamic civilization includes Advances in literature , philosophy , and medicine . Greek philosophy such as the works of Plato and Aristotle were translated into Arabic. Islamic medical writings were used in Europe until the 1600s. Arab sages also made great advances in mathematics. The numbers we use today are called "Arabic numbers" because they were developed by the Arabs and Muslims. Also the division of mathematics "algebra" is an Arab invention, and comes from the Arabic word "Al-Dzabr". ==Ottoman "Turks" decline and " “Arab’s Pple’s League's” World Rise".!!'== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the Ottoman Empire in the 1800s, and 1850s the flourishing of Arab and Islamic culture began to decline with them.!! Many Arab countries then came under the rule of European Colonizing powers. At the end of the First World War 1, the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and Most of the Arab countries were under European rule.!!’?’ ==The question of Palestin.!!'?== Throughout the First World War , the British promised Arab leaders that Palestine would be included in the territories that would go to the Arabs for independence. The British then promised Palestine to the leaders of the Zionist movement. The history of the Arab-Israeli conflict lies in the mutual promises, as well as the Arab opposition to a Jewish state in the region. ==Arab Muslims relations with Arab Jews.!!'== After the mid-1940s, the situation changed drastically, almost all Arab countries were literally emptied of Jews one after the other, the Polish Arabs have a bitter hatred towards the Jews, almost no Jews are seen before their eyes. The Neturi Karta say that this is a direct result of the movement of Zionism, and later the creation of the Jewish land. Categories : ==Islamic.!!'/|\.Moslim States.!!'?== At its peak, the Arab world was the most advanced civilization in the world. They possessed incredible wealth, and they led the entire trade between Asia and Europe. Its later rulers became the Ottoman Turks and with the decline of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the 1900s, the flourishing of [[Arab]] and [[Islamic]] culture began to decline with them. Many Arab countries then came under the rule of [[European]] powers. At the end of the First World War , the Ottoman Empire collapsed, and many Arab countries were under [[European]] rule.!!` <Ref>https://wikiislam.github.io/wiki/Muslim_Statistics_-_Pornography.html</Ref>.: ==Warka== December 25, 2017 Special Dispatch No. 7246 [[Iraqi]] [[Kurdish]] leader Masoud Barzani's September; 2017 referendum on Kurdish independence sparked vehement opposition in [[Arab countries]], as was expressed in statements by leaders and also by many articles in the Arab press. The main argument raised was that the Kurds are a tool of Israel – which is working to divide Iraq, and after that the rest of the Arab countries. As proof of this, they cited the Kurds' good relations with Israel and the fact that Israel is the only country that supports them. Along with this opposition, the Arab press also published a few articles defending the Kurds' right to independence and criticizing those who opposed it. These articles rejected the conspiracy theory – i.e. that Israel was backing the referendum, with the aim of dismantling an Arab country – and noted that the Arabs' refusal to tackle their own domestic problems posed more of a danger than Israel did. They also said that those who oppose the Kurdish referendum in the name of Arab unity and the Palestinian problem have made other mistakes over the years – such as also supporting Nazism and Communism. This, while they themselves were doing nothing for the Palestinians, and were even causing harm to the Palestinians within their own countries' borders. Iraqi Kurds wave Israeli flag along with Kurdistan flag. Image: Aljazeera.net, October 2, 2017 Arab Writers: It Is Not Israel That Created The Kurdish Problem, But Rather The Arab Regimes That Denied Their Rights Jordanian journalist Fahd Al-Khitan wrote in the daily Al-Ghad under the title "It Is Not a Conspiracy": "The Arab logic immediately came up with a Zionist conspiracy as an explanation for the Kurds' insistence on seceding from Iraq and on holding a referendum several weeks ago. Proof of this conspiracy exists in abundance, since Israel effectively supported the Kurdish demand [for independence] and has been cultivating ties with certain Kurdish elements since the days of yore. But can the historic cause of the Kurds, which exists since before the founding of Israel, be reduced to this marginal fact? "Israel exploits regional crises to promote its own interests, that much is certain, and Arab and [other] regional forces do the same. We can present many exsamples of border disputes and political conflicts between states that have been exploited by Arab and foreign countries, [such as the conflicts] between Iran and Iraq, between Bahrain and Qatar, between Egypt and Sudan, and the Sahara conflict between Morocco and Algeria. These are all real problems, and the lack of willingness to resolve and settle them gives foreign forces an opportunity to exploit them for their own interests. "Israel did not create the Kurdish problem. The problem of the Kurds in Iraq, Syria, Turkey and Iran is a flagrant national product of countries and regimes that denied the legitimate national rights of the [Kurdish] people. Like any oppressed and persecuted nation, the Kurds are trying to enlist support for their cause, regardless of any other consideration. If Israel has indeed managed to infiltrate the Kurdish [ranks], this is nothing but a demonstration of the Arabs' failure to address their legitimate cause, and proof of the fragility of the Arabs' national security, which is breached from every direction – by Israel and by other forces. So don't blame it all on the Kurds. "The perception of the Kurdish issue involves no small measure of radical nationalism, for there is a strange insistence on merging the various components [of our societies] into an exclusively Arab identity, and on denying the right of non-Arabs to express their national and cultural identity. Whoever lifts up his head and demands his rights is [immediately] accused of serving Israel. Is Israel also behind the referendum in Catalonia? Several days ago, some regions in Italy [likewise] announced their wish to hold a referendum on secession, [but] we did not hear anyone in Italy accusing Israel and Zionism of being behind this move. And what about Britain, whose people voted to leave the European Union? Can Israel, which was created thanks to a British promise [the Balfour Declaration], be behind this as well? If Israel is really motivating the Kurds and pushing them to conspire against the Arab nation, why did the U.S., Israel's number one ally in the world, oppose Israel's will and interests and reject the referendum? "Using this warped national logic, we avoid dealing with our problems in the Arab world. We have made a habit of blaming others for our failure, not only in the Kurdish issue but in all the challenges we have faced, before and since the establishment of Israel. Israel is no doubt the greatest enemy of the nation, but the enemy within is much more dangerous. "In the collapsing countries of the east, as well as in the old democracies, a desire for secession and independence is emerging. This is a great challenge for both the Arab reasoning and the Western reasoning, and confronting it requires creative and innovative thinking."[1] Lebanese Journalist: Why Do All Those Who Fought For The Palestinians' Right Of Self Determination Deny The Same Right To The Kurds? Lebanese journalist and political analyst Hazem Saghiya wrote in his column in the London-based Saudi daily Al-Hayat: "The minute [Kurdish leader] Masoud Barzani announced the decision to hold a referendum [on Kurdish independence], condemnations began to be heard of [the Kurds'] love of Israel: 'you are allies, partners and even agents of Israel.' Some people started digging into history – or even inventing it – in an effort to prove that the situation of the two sides [the Israelis and the Kurds] is identical... [The right to establish] an independent Palestinian state is a right that no reasonable person contests. Ideally, anyone who [demands] rights of his own should support and identify with all the just causes in the world. [But] the political reality does not always [correspond] to this ideal, for in the name of national rights, independence and hostility to Jewish immigration, most Arabs showed solidarity with Hitler and Nazism, and later, in the name of the very same rights, [they also] showed solidarity with the Soviet Gulag regime... These are positions that do not respect people's rights and even undermine them. Moreover, to this day, apologizing for them has not become a prominent part of Arab culture or ideology... "Iraqis who now holler about the friendship between the Kurds and Israel did not hesitate to treat the Palestinians in the worst possible manner. This happened immediately after the 2003 war [in Iraq], and the Iraqis and Palestinians still remember it... We [also] know that, in Syria and Lebanon, the impassioned calls to advance the Palestinian cause coincide with the most despicable treatment of Palestinians. How did the war on the [Palestinian refugee] camps[2] during the 1980s help the Palestinians liberate Palestine?! "The Palestinians' own behavior has not always been characterized by the justice in whose name they constantly speak, for they expressed sympathy for Saddam Hussein's attack on Kuwait and later for Assad's suppression of the Syrian majority that rose up in demand of freedom. They took part in the civil wars in Jordan and Lebanon, and their crimes against the rights of the Lebanese and Jordanians are comparable to the crimes of the Lebanese and Jordanians against their rights... So why are only the Kurds required to remain within the framework of a perfect correspondence between politics and justice? Or perhaps what is permitted to the master is not permitted to his slave?... "As for the Kurds and Israel, the Hebrew state was the only one that welcomed the Kurdish referendum. It probably welcomed it for reasons that were less than noble, having to do entirely with its own [interests], but it did so while others all over the region were [threateningly] baring their teeth at the Kurds. In this situation, can the Kurds be expected to burn the Israeli flag? What have we Arabs done for the Kurds that we can expect them to hate Israel with a passion?... "Moreover, since the Saddam Hussein era, the Palestinian cause has been used more than any other cause [as a means] to undermine the Kurdish issue and the Kurds' right [to independence], just as Bashar Al-Assad later used the Palestinian cause [to combat] the Syrians' [attempts] to oust his regime. Obviously, such conduct leaves psychological effects and scars in its victims, especially when no Palestinian voices are heard loudly condemning and opposing this use [of their cause]. "The obvious conclusion is that, in this region, we have what can be described as a mechanism of blackmail by means of [accusations of collaboration with] Israel. The Lebanese Christians know better than anyone else how they were subjected to such blackmail during the years of Syrian patronage [over Lebanon], and even the Palestinian leadership itself was not spared [this blackmail] when it tried to take its own national decisions, independently of the will of the Assad regime..."[3] Al-Hayat Columnist: The Claims Against The Kurds Have Been Disproved Hazem Al-Amin, another Lebanese columnist for the Saudi daily Al-Hayat, wrote cynically: "The Kurds' celebrations last month [over the referendum results] included waving Israeli flags – which pan-Arab eyes saw and made part of the Kurdish aspiration for independence. [They called the Kurdish state] 'an artificial state that is analogous to Israel.' Those with wounded pan-Arab sentiment have gone too far, [arguing that] not only is the future [Kurdish] state a product of Israel, but that it is also a partner in Tel Aviv's creation of ISIS, and wishes that the 200,000 Kurdish Jews in Israel will return to it. [They say] that the future [Kurdish] state is part of the Zionist plan to dismantle the region into small entities based on ethnicity and sect... "Much can be said against the independence referendum... but it also had an upside, because it made the Arabs expend tremendous energy on writing nonsense, as they haven't done in a long time. [This] revealed that the Ba'th [party], including its branches in Iraq and Syria, is not a random, fleeting phenomenon in the pan-Arab sentiment, but is fundamental; that ISIS is its cousin and suckled the same milk; and that the Arab defeat throughout the conflict with Israel is the result of ignoring the truth. Anyone who says that the Kurds want 200,000 Kurdish Jews to return to Kurdistan from Israel fails to notice that they [the Kurds], by means of their activity that stems from delusions, will in fact restore the situation to what it used to be, and will serve Palestine by correcting the mistake of the pan-Arabism of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani[4] and his nationalist Arab cohorts,[5] which motivated them to raid the Jews in Baghdad and send them to Israel with the aid of the Jewish Agency. "While pan-Arabism is forgiven for having abandoned Palestine, the Kurds are not forgiven for waving the Israeli flag at a moment of national intoxication... After all, they are Kurds, and they have no right to anger or mistakes, just as they are not allowed to dream of a state that was taken from them over a century ago. If they make a mistake, then [Hizbullah secretary-general] Mr. [Hassan] Nasrallah will come out to remind them that he will stand against any plan by [any] religious stream that divides the nation – when he [Nasrallah himself] apparently wants to unite [the nation] under the flag of the Rule of the Jurisprudent [of the Iranian regime] that has no connection to any [Sunni] religious stream... "ISIS too, which according to the offspring [of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani and Hajj Amin Al-Husseini] sold Iraqi territories to Israel via Kurdish middlemen, found a place in the version [of reality] of the opponents of the Kurdish state. According to the latter, ISIS is not Arab and does not belong to the Ba'th, [but rather] is Kurdish and Israeli. The offspring of Rashid Al-Kilani have in their possession documents proving this, that they sent to Mr. Nasrallah; he will reveal them in his next speech... "The Shi'ite Iraqi forces – once the allies of the Kurds in Iraq, in the post-Saddam era – united in a religious alliance [with Shi'ite Iran] that has no place for the Kurds' aspirations. And lo, they remind the Kurds of the Arabism of Kirkuk [which is actually Kurdish], while forsaking the Arabism of [the Shi'ite] Al-Najaf and of Karbala, and turning [the Sunni] Mosul, after its liberation from ISIS, into an Iranian metropolis. All this does not harm the offspring of Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani [i.e. the Iraqis], as long as it is done by a strong tyrant [such as Saddam]. But the weak, such as the Kurds, have no right to dream of a state."[6] [1] Al-Ghad (Jordan), October 22, 2017. [2] This refers to a campaign waged by the Amal militia against the Palestinian refugee camps in Lebanon during the civil war in 1985-1986. Thousands of Palestinians were killed in the battles, and the Sabra, Shatila and Burj Al-Barajna refugee camps were almost completely destroyed, although Amal never managed to take over the camps. [3] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. [4] Iraqi politician Rashid 'Ali Al-Kilani (1892-1965), three-time Iraqi prime minister, led the 1941 rebellion that prompted the British to invade Iraq; in June of that year the Farhud, or pogrom, against the Jews of Baghdad took place. Al-Kilani fled to Nazi Germany, and was known for his connections to the Nazis and to Jerusalem Mufti Hajj Amin Al-Husseini. [5] A reference to the Arab nationalist movement, founded in Beirut in the 1920s. [6] Al-Hayat (London), October 3, 2017. ===BIODIVERSITY=== I am a Palestinian American who is tired of stupid people. I wanted to share a (not exhaustive) list of 50 useful and indisputable facts on the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. FACT No. [#01.] Some Jews are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#02.] Some Muslims are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No. [#03.] Some Christians are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No.[#04.] Some Arabs are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. [#05.] Some Americans are shitty and awful people.!'?' FACT No. 6. Some Israelis are shitty and awful people.!?' FACT No. 7. Some Palestinians are shitty and awful people.!'? FACT No.[#08.] Not all Jews are Israelis.!'? FACT No.[#09.] Not all Israelis are Jews.!'? FACT No.[#10.] Not all Jews are white.!'? FACT No. [#11.] Not all Israelis are white.!'? FACT No. [#12.] Not all Muslims are Arabs.!'? FACT No. 13. Not all Arabs are Muslim.!'? FACT No. 14. Not all Palestinians are Muslims.!'? FACT No. 15. Not all Arabs are Palestinian.!'? FACT No. 16. Not all Palestinians are Haumaus.!'? FACT No. 17. [[Texans]] are not [[Arizonans]].!'? FACT No. 18. Germans are not Dutch..(The word Dutch comes from a Proto-Germanic word meaning “of the people.” It shares a root with the German word [[Deutsch]], which has led to some confusing names. The name Germans call Germany, for example, is [[Deutschland]] and the people there [[Deutsch]]. [[Dutch]] and German are related, after all, both being Germanic languages.).!'? FACT No. 19. Palestinians are not Jordanians.!'? FACT No. 20. [Egyptians] are not Palestinians.!'? FACT No. 21. Where you are born does not actually determine anything about you.!'? FACT No. 22. Your passport is not your political beliefs. FACT No. 23. Your government is not your morality.!'? FACT No. 24. Not all Jews like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 25. Not all Israelis like the Israeli government.!'? FACT No. 26. Not all Palestinians like the Palestinian government. FACT No. 27. Israeli governments have committed acts of terror and violence against the Palestinian people. FACT No. 28. Palestinian organizations have committed acts of terror and violence against the Israeli people.!'? FACT No. 29. US leaders do things that I do not agree with (e.g., 2016–2020). FACT No. 30. Israeli leaders do things that Israelis do not agree with. FACT No. 31. Palestinian leaders do things that Palestinians do not agree with. FACT No. 32. What happened to the Israeli civilians on 10/7 2023* is fucking awful, and Hamas has earned every fucking thing that the Israeli military throws at them. FACT No. 33. What is happening in Gaza to civilians is fucking awful, and not the smartest thing for Israel to do, and some aspects of Israeli military activity may be [[war crimes]], and it doesn’t have to be genocide for it to be tragic.!'? FACT No. 34. You can advocate for Palestine without being a racist, anti-semitic piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 35. You can advocate for Israel without being a racist, anti-Arab piece of shit.!'? FACT No. 36. People like to have sex with each other, and they sometimes procreate with people outside their tribes.! '? FACT No. 37. No one in the Levant is indigenous. Every fucking empire in history has fucked their way through the Levant. There is no pure indigeneity. And let’s be honest: The entire planet has been colonized..by [[Europeans]] Powers..and In Ancient (..hominids from the Great Rift Valley). FACT No. [#38.] Palestinians and Israelis share paternal Bronze Age DNA. Yes, even Ashkenazi Jews.!'?... FACT No. 39. Stop with the fucking history lessons about what the Israelites did, or what the [[OTTOMANS]] did, or what the [[BRITISH]] did, or whatever. It is Fucking "IMPERIAL SHIT" There is a pile of DOG shit in the living room. Instead of arguing about whose DOG took the bigger shit in the living room, maybe focus on how we clean up the dog shit, and maybe we keep the DOGS outside.!'? FACT No. 40. Any people have a right to group together and self-identify as whatever-the-fuck-they-want-to-self-identify as. When they get large enough as a group, those people have the right to self-determination and self-respect and a state where they can control their own destinies. FACT No. 41. Whether you like the idea or not, the Israeli state exists. It will also continue to exist until the ISRAELI people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Israeli) is fucking immaterial. FACT No. 42. Whether you like the idea or not, a Palestinian state will exist at some point, and it will continue to exist until the PALESTINIAN people decide they don’t want it to exist. Your opinion on this matter (if you are not Palestinian) is fucking immaterial.!'? FACT No. 43. You cannot bomb a people into true submission  —  the Blitz did not soften [[British]] morale.!?'.. FACT No. 44. You cannot fight a war and kill a people’s desire for safety, freedom and self-determination. You can stifle it. You can try to ignore it, but one way or another, you will have to deal with it. This is as true for my Israeli friends as it is for my Palestinian ones. FACT No. 45. The solution to the [[Middle East]] conflict will not be found on Threads, or TikTok, or in the streets of any city that isn’t within a two-hour car ride from downtown Jerusalem.!'? FACT No. 46. If you want to be an ally to Palestinians, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Israelis and Jews. FACT No. 47. If you want to be an ally to Israelis, please feel free to continue to advocate for peace, security and self-determination, but do it without dehumanizing or stereotyping Palestinians and Muslims and Arabs. FACT No. 48. If you just want to advocate for peace, try to be a voice for reason, and don’t inflame or over-simplify an already chaotic, complicated and deeply emotional issue. Help people find common ground and help bring the temperature down. You can be moral and stand up for what you believe in without being an ASSHOLE.!'?... FACT No. 49. Yes, an amazing one-state liberal democracy where Palestinian boys and girls could fuck Israeli boys and girls and make cute babies, and everybody spoke Hebrew and Arabic and we all agreed that [[hummus]] and [[falafel]] are delicious and Palestinian and sufganiyot are delicious and Israeli would be awesome. But this wonderful future has about as much chance of happening in the near term as this 5’8″ 56'"-year-old Palestinian has being a starter for the [[Golden State Warrior]]s. A two-state solution is the only workable one.!'? FACT No. 50. Hummus is Palestinian. I am immovable on this.!'?' Moe Aa. Hussein is a Palestinian-American creative with a filmmaking background interested in the intersection of experience and technology. This list originally ran on his Medium blog.!'? The Citizen welcomes guest commentary from community members who represent that it is their own work and their own opinion based on true facts that they know firsthand.:. <Ref>https://waleedgohar469.medium.com/a-media-rich-guide-on-facts-about-palestine-70022565965d</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.historyhit.com/facts-about-the-israeli-palestinian-conflict/</</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.factretriever.com/israel-facts</Ref>.: 5 Interesting Facts About Palestine (Find Out)! Waleed Gohar Waleed Gohar · Follow 3 min read · Jun 22, 2020 Listen Share Introduction: Palestine is a land which has a lot of things for its readers. This is a land which is located in Asia but there is much more to know, apart from its location. Therefore, let’s dive straight into some facts about Palestine. Is 3G available in Palestine? The 3G services are not available in Palestine apart from a few locations. Why is this? Facts About Palestine (3G Network) This is because the Israeli restrictions do not allow the Palestinian people to have access to the 3G services openly. There has been a conversation about this over the past few years of Palestine National Authority with the Israeli authorities but in vain. The Economy of Palestine: Palestine is a land that is considered unsafe by many people, but is it true? To understand this, first, understand that tourism is an important part of the economy of Palestine. In 2010, 4.6 million people visited Palestine. This is a pretty decent figure for a land that is considered unsafe for many people. Furthermore, the stone industry in Palestine is also a very important part of its economy. To understand how important is the stone industry to Palestine, it is to Palestine as the textile is to Pakistan. And what is textile is to Pakistan? 60% of the exports of Pakistan are based on the cotton textile industries that provide half of the countries employment! The majority of exports of Palestine are to Israel, Jordan, America and some European countries. The National Animal of Palestine: Gazelle is the national animal of Palestine which is known for its speed. The Palestinian government has been trying to protect this creature as it is an important symbol for the Palestinians. Facts About Palestine (Gazelle) Photo by Bas van Brandwijk on Unsplash These beautiful thin creatures are mostly found in Africa and Asia. They resemble deer and they are from the family of goats, sheep and cattle. The dama Gazelle is the largest Gazelle. The National Flower of Palestine: Palestinian poppy is the natural flower of Palestine. This beautiful flower is bright red and the scientific name of the Palestinian Poppy is Anemone coronaria. The flower originally comes from Ranunculaceaefamily (buttercup family). Very fewer flowers have played such an important role in medicine, religion and politics as the poppy. One commonly asked question is that are anemones and poppies same? Although the anemones and poppies belong to a similar flower family, they are not the same thing. The Siege in Gaza: In Gaza, 1.9 million Palestinians are under a brutal siege. The basic human rights have been denied to them and they are constantly exposed to aerial bombing. The political instability and barbarity make Gaza unsafe. The Israeli restrictions in this area are so brutal that the United Nations says that by 2020, the area can be completely inhibited. Conclusion: The facts about Palestine is a very interesting topic. I hope that the article makes sense. Thank You very much for staying with me till the end! <Ref>https://www.memri.org/reports/arab-opposition-to-kurdish-state-hypocritical</Ref>.: "Jabaan" likely refers to the word for "Japan" in the language of the user, which in this case is probably "Swahili" or "Somali", as it is a transliteration of the word "Japan" in these languages. Here's a breakdown: "Jabaan" is a transliteration of "Japan" in Swahili and Somali: The word "Jabaan" is used to refer to the country of Japan in Swahili and Somali. Swahili and Somali are languages spoken in Africa: Swahili is a Bantu language spoken in East Africa, while Somali is an Afro-Asiatic language spoken in the Horn of Africa….!!’?’….!! ==Sido kale fiiri== * [[Unionka Mediterraneanka]] * [[Wadanamaha Jaamacada Carabta Afrika]] * [[Waddnamha Mashriq Jaamacada Carabta]] * https://livingcost.org/ ==10*of the*Most*Endangered Species in Africa== BY OLIVIA LAI AFRICA JUN 27TH 2022/23 EARTH.ORG IS POWERED BY OVER 150 CONTRIBUTING WRITERS 10 of the Most Endangered Species in Africa Africa, the world’s second-largest and second-most populous continent, is wonderfully rich in biodiversity. Thanks to its equally rich natural landscapes and biomes, ranging from arid deserts and savannahs to tropical rainforests and ice-capped mountains, Africa supports about a quarter of the planet’s animal and plant species. But delayed industrialisation and development, human activities such as deforestation – 4 million hectares of African forests are cut down annually, almost double the speed than the global average deforestation rate – and prolonged conflicts have had a devastating impact on wildlife on the continent. All these are being fuelled further by climate change. These are just some of the most endangered species in Africa that are in dire need of protection and conservation, before it’s too late. — ===10*Most*Endangered*Species*in Africa.!!=== [#01.]Black Rhino..!!’?’…!!’?’…!!’ Otherwise known as the hook-lipped rhino, the black rhino is one of two species of rhinoceros native to Africa (the other being the white rhino). Due to rampant poaching to meet a global demand for rhinoceros horn, wildlife trading and trophy hunting, black rhino populations have been decimated and has driven a subspecies, the Western black rhino (Diceros bicornis longipes), to extinction in 2011. Today, there are just over 5,600 individuals left of the critically endangered animal and are limited to just four countries: South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Kenya. As a keystone species, meaning that they hold a significant role within an ecosystem, there have been major efforts to protect and recover population numbers, including greater habitat protection and monitoring systems, as well as harsher fines and sentences for rhino poachers. [#02.]African Elephant.!!’?’!!’?… In the 1970s, Africa was home to 1.3 million elephants. Today, that number has plummeted down to less than 30,000 in the wild. Much like rhinos, elephants have been heavily targeted and poached throughout history due to the ivory trade; ivory tusks were treated as a valuable commodity and a status symbol. As a result, around 90% of African elephants have been wiped out in the past century. Though much of the world has since banned elephant ivory trading, most notably China, illegal poaching and trading still persist. But with significant conservation efforts, countries like Kenya have been experiencing a baby boom in elephants, more than doubling the population in 30 years. But other major threats to the species remain: human-wildlife conflict fuelled by human population growth and urban expansion, and climate change-induced droughts. Your Contribution Makes a Difference Every donation counts in our fight against climate change. Join us in making a real impact by supporting our research, data analysis, and policy solutions. DONATE TODAY…!!’?’ endangered species africa [#03].Gorilla..!!’?’..!!’?’.. There are two species of gorillas, the Eastern gorilla and the Western gorilla, both of which are native to Africa and listed as Critically Endangered on the International Union for Conservation of NatureRed List. A combination of factors have pushed the animal to such a dire situation, including poaching, habitat loss from logging and agricultural development, human conflict, and diseases. In fact, one of the two subspecies of the Western gorilla, the Cross River gorilla that lives in the Cameroon-Nigeria border region, saw its population plummet to about 200-300 adults. Population recovery efforts can be also slow and difficult due to their low reproductive rate, with females only giving birth every four to six years – females also only breed three or four times in her lifetime. [#04.]Saharan Cheetah.!!’?’!!’?’… This endangered cat (but not a ‘Big Cat’) has been pushed to the brink of extinction due to significant habitat loss, forcing the animal to be limited to 10% of its historical range. Its remaining small populations can now only be found in Algeria and Niger, and isolated pockets across the Sahara and Sahel from Mali in the west to the Central African Republic in the east.​ Additionally, hunting by a growing local population in the region and reduced prey such as sheep and gazelle from the agricultural explosion have also contributed to Saharan cheetah’s population decline to fewer than 250 individuals. endangered species in Africa Photo credit: EO Photographer Josh R. [#05.]African Wild Dog..!!’?’…!!’? Also known as the African painted dog or the African hunting dog, this critically endangered species in Africa is also the second most endangered carnivore in the continent. As wild dogs are highly social animals, gathering and travelling packs, they’re incredibly sensitive to habitat changes and fragmentation, which have been significantly reduced over the past few decades. Illegally poaching and wildlife trading is rife across African countries, and many African dogs were caught as bycatch in snares targeted for other animals like antelopes. Despite their impressive speeds – they reach speeds of more than 44 miles per hour – the species has not been able to run away from other threats like human conflicts over livestock, infectious diseases like rabies and distemper, and competition with larger predators like lions due to shrinking habitats. The largest populations are mostly in southern Africa – where there are less than 550 individuals in the wild – and the southern part of East Africa including Tanzania and northern Mozambique. Though snare hunting has been made illegal on nationally proclaimed wildlife reserves in South Africa, far more conservation efforts are needed to protect this rare mammal. You might also like: Is the Sahara Desert Growing? [#06.]African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’… There’s a common misconception that penguins are native only to the Arctic when in fact, there’s a well-known nesting penguin species that breeds in Africa, or more specifically, Namibia and South Africa. Unfortunately, the population of the African penguin is dwindling fast as a result of habitat loss and destruction, overfishing to meet global commercial demand, oil spills and marine pollution – the bird’s range encompass many global trading and oil transport routes – as well as warming ocean temperatures. The species has lost about 95% of its population since pre-industrial times to about 14,700 pairs, based on 2021 estimates. In addition, guano harvests – accumulated excrement of seabirds and bats is a highly sought-after fertiliser – eliminated their preferred nesting substrate, leaving them exposed to predators, heat stress, flooding and sea-level rise. <Ref>https://earth.org/endangered-species-in-africa/</Ref>.:: endangered species in the desert, north african ostrich…!!’?’ [#07.]North African Ostrich..!!’ The North African ostrich is the largest bird on Earth. Historically, it was distributed across the entire Sahara desert, spreading across 18 countries. Today, they’re only found in Cameroon, Chad, Central African Republic and Senegal. This flightless bird has been heavily targeted over the past 50 years; their feathers, meat and egg are deemed valuable in the wildlife trading market. Much like most of the animals on this list, the ostrich has suffered from habitat loss from human expansion and desertification – a process by which lands become infertile – causing increased food competition with other livestock and larger animals. Since being identified in the IUCN red list, a number of conservation efforts have been underway to help restore the species, from introducing more ostriches to Senegal and habitat rehabilitation to improving livestock fencing and management. [#08.]Dama Gazelle..!!’?’…!!’?’ The dama gazelle now lives only about 1% of its historical range, and is found primarily in the countries of Chad and Sudan. Despite its preference for arid territories, desertification and worsening droughts from climate change have caused major habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as reduced vegetation for gazelle to feed from – thus increased competition with human and livestock. Prolonged wars in the region have also exacerbated all these aforementioned factors. Today, fewer than 400 individuals are left in the wild. [#09.] Egyptian Tortoise..!!’?’…!!’ Another Saharan Desert native and the smallest species of tortoises – no longer than 10cm in length at maturity, the Egyptian tortoise is all but extinct from its original habitat due to the loss of habitat from agriculture and expansion of tourism, and most notably, from illegal pet trading. According to the IUCN Red List, the total Egyptian tortoise population is estimated to be around 7,470, but as they are not legally protected in Libya – where the species is mostly found – they are highly vulnerable to further population decline. Despite ongoing captive breeding programmes efforts to reintroduce Egyptian tortoises to the wild, they have mostly been slow and relatively unsuccessful. [#10.] Sahara Aphanius..!!’?’…!!’ This tiny freshwater pupfish, measuring only less than two inches long, can be found nowhere else in the world except for the Sahara Desert in the Oued Saoura river basin near Mazzer, Algeria. Agricultural development, which has caused significant groundwater contamination and excessive water withdrawal, and increasingly frequent and prolonged droughts, have severely impacted the aquatic vegetation that the species depend upon. This includes zooplankton and algae. The freshwater fish remains to be listed as critically endangered on the IUCN Red List. Aside from these endangered species in Africa, you might also like: 10 of the World’s Most Endangered Animals in 2022/2023*.!! 알자지라의 미단 보이스 [[인터넷 채널]]: 유대인이 만들어내고 통제하고 있습니다("..모든 것이 2초 안에 움직입니다..") [[할리우드]]; [[CNN]]; 포르노 산업을 오염시키기 위해 "..[[미국인]]..!!.."과 "...[[기독교인]]...!!'?'" 가치관을...!!'?'... aljajilaui midan boiseu [[inteones chaeneol]]: yudaein-i mandeul-eonaego tongjehago issseubnida("..modeun geos-i 2cho an-e umjig-ibnida..") [[halliudeu]]; [[CNN]]; poleuno san-eob-eul oyeomsikigi wihae "..[[migug-in]]..!!.."gwa "...[[gidoggyoin]]...!!'?'" gachigwan-eul...!!'?'... ==The Most Endangered Animals in Africa== By H. Nimmo. Africa is blessed with a stunning variety of wildlife – it has more species of charismatic megafauna than any other continent. However, sadly, with ever expanding human populations and their increasing demand for land, food and water, exacerbated by poaching, more and more species are becoming endangered. However, thanks to the foresight of conservationists past and present, many of the most endangered animals in Africa are being protected in reserves and national parks. Below is a list of some of the most endangered species in Africa and where you stand a chance of seeing them. =10,441 "African Safaris"= [#01.]Ethiopian’s..!.. Ethiopian wolf..!!’?’…!!’?’… The Ethiopian wolf is Africa’s most endangered carnivore and the continent’s only wolf species. It is a handsome rusty red jackal-like dog and, as the name suggests, it is endemic to Ethiopia’s It is endangered due to loss of habitat to farmland and due to diseases caught from domestic dogs. Best place to see Ethiopian wolf: Bale Mountain National Park, Ethiopia [#02.]Pangolin Pangolin..!!’?’…!!’ The poor pangolin has the dubious honor of being the most illegally trafficked species in Africa, as its scales are used in traditional medicine in Asia. Most people have never heard of a pangolin, let alone seen one … and sadly it is feared they are on a fast-track to extinction. Pangolins are now one of the most endangered animals in Africa. These delightful, gentle creatures are armour-plated and roll into a ball to defend themselves – unfortunately a poor defence against humans. Pangolins feed on ants and termites with their long sticky tongues, and the mother carries her young infant on her back. They are the holy grail of wildlife sightings for many tourists and indeed safari guides, such is their rarity. I must confess the first time I saw a pangolin in the wild, I was moved to tears – part joy and part sadness at just how vulnerable they are. Best place to see a pangolin: in winter at Tswalu Private Game Reserve, South Africa [#03.] Black Rhino Black Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’…. Black rhinos are actually grey in color and are distinguished from white rhinos by their pointed, prehensile upper lip, whereas white rhinos have square lips. Black rhino calves usually follow their mother – whereas white rhino calves often trot along in front. Black rhinos are largely solitary and are browsers rather than grazers – hence their hooked lip. Black rhinos are classified as Critically Endangered, as they have been decimated by poaching for their horn. The most recent numbers estimate less than 5000 in 2010, however, numbers are likely to have decreased further since then, despite valiant conservation efforts. Best places to see black rhino: Ngorogoro Crater, Tanzania Etosha National Park, Namibia Damaraland, Namibia Matobo National Park, Zimbabwe [#04.] White Rhino White Rhino…!!’?’…!!’?’… It is sad that, after successful conservation efforts increased their numbers dramatically in the 1960’s, once again, white rhino has become one of the most endangered animals in Africa. This is due to illegal poaching to satisfy the increased demand for their horn by Asian markets. Valiant conservation efforts are once again underway to save the white rhino, and South Africa is still its stronghold. The white rhino is larger than the black rhino and has square lips for grazing. Best places to see white rhino: Kruger National Park, South Africa uMkhuze Game Reserve, South Africa Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve, South Africa Sabi Sand Game Reserve, South Africa [#05.]Mountain Gorilla Mountain Gorilla..!!’?’…!!’?’… Although mountain gorillas are still considered one of the most endangered animals in Africa, the good news is that their numbers are actually on the increase. An encounter with mountain gorillas should be on everyone’s bucket list. Although it is an expensive trip, believe me, it is worth every dollar! You will never forget the hour you spend with these gentle giants. It is your tourist dollars that are helping to protect and conserve the mountain gorillas and their forests – another reason to visit.!! Best place to see mountain gorillas: Bwindi National Park, Uganda [#06.]African Wild Dog? African Wild Dog…!!’?’…!!’?’ Previously viewed as vermin, thankfully the African wild dog has had a very good PR makeover over the last few years and has now become one of the most wished-for safari sightings. Sightings on safari are often by luck, as the dogs cover huge distances in search of prey, and it is only when they are denning (usually the dry season months) that they remain in the same place for a few weeks. Personally they are my favorite animal to see on safari, as they are such sociable carnivores. It is a privilege to watch their frenzied “greeting ceremony”, when they are getting to get ready to hunt – making all sorts of un-dog-like chittering and chirping noises. African wild dogs require huge ranges and consequently habitat fragmentation has caused their decline. Other threats include diseases from domestic dogs, persecution by livestock farmers, road accidents and incidental snaring. Best places to see African wild dog: Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe Madikwe Game Reserve, South Africa Linyanti Concession, Botswana Selinda Concession, Botswana [#07.] African Penguin African Penguin…!!’?’…!!’?’ For visitors to Cape Town, it is hard to imagine that the African penguin is one of the most endangered species in Africa. They are easy to see at Boulders Bay on the Cape Peninsula, where there is a visitor centre and boardwalk past their nests. However, sadly, African penguin numbers have plummeted in recent years due to depleted fish stocks from over fishing and fish stocks moving further west due to climate change. The African penguin is also at risk from oil spills. This is the only penguin species breeding in Africa, and they are easily recognisable by their dapper black and white plumage and jack-ass braying call. Best place to see African penguins: Cape Point, South Africa [#08.] Rothschild’s…Giraffe Rothschild’s giraffe…!!’?’…!!… The giraffe is one of Africa’s most recognisable and iconic animals and the tallest land mammal. While giraffes are commonly seen on safari, people are unaware that the numbers of these majestic animals are crashing dramatically outside of protected areas due to habitat loss, illegal hunting and human-wildlife conflict. There are nine subspecies of giraffe, each confined to specific regions of Africa. The Rothschild’s giraffe is now listed as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – in 2010 there were thought to be less than 670 individuals. It is found in western Kenya and eastern Uganda and it has broader dividing white lines than the reticulated giraffe and no spotting below the knees. Best places to see Rothschild’s giraffes: Lake Nakuru National Park, Kenya Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda Kidepo Vally National Park, Uganda Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda [#09.] Hooded Vulture Hooded vulture..!!’?’ Vultures are a critical component in the African landscape but their numbers are plummeting due to increased poisoning incidents. Without vultures clearing carcasses, there is a risk in the increase of disease – as has happened in India, where they have lost 95% of their vultures. The hooded vulture is now one of the most endangered species in Africa – recently upgraded to Critically Endangered. They are easy to distinguish from other vultures by their small size and thin hooked bill. Best places to see hooded vultures: Moremi National Park, Botswana Kruger National Park, South Africa Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe [#10.] Chimpanzee Chimpanzee…!!’?’ When you look into the eyes of a wild chimpanzee, it is easy to understand that this is man’s closest relative – we share 98% of the same genes. Their behavior is distinctively human-like too. Tracking chimpanzees in the wild is one of the most exciting safari activities – it really does feel like you are in the middle of your very own wildlife documentary. Chimpanzees are classified as one of the most endangered animals in Africa – the biggest threat to their survival is habitat loss and an increasing demand for bushmeat…!!’? Best places to see chimpanzees: Gombe National Park, Tanzania Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania Kibale National Park, Uganda Want To Go on an African Safari? Click on the button below to compare African safaris offered by top-rated tour operators. 10,441 African Safaris *<ref>https://www.statista.com/statistics/806135/gdp-of-the-arab-world/</ref>. * <ref>https://www.languagetrainers.co.uk/blog/8-fascinating-facts-about-arab-culture/</ref>. * https://en.idi.org.il/articles/38540 * https://www.japantimes.co.jp/tag/saudi-arabia/ * https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8 * https://www.worlddata.info/languages/#google_vignette * https://www.visualcapitalist.com/the-tech-giants-worth-compared-economies-countries// * https://www.arabnews.com/node/1823401/saudi-arabia <Ref>https://www.worlddata.info/languages/arabic.php</Ref> <Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-educated-countries</Ref>.: <Ref>https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2020</Ref>.: * https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-countries-with-the-best-education-systems.html * https://www.worldatlas.com/history/10-countries-which-have-never-been-colonised-by-europeans.html <Ref>https://www.gfmag.com/global-data/economic-data/richest-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. <Ref>https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world</Ref>. * https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/brunei-darussalam/articles/11-things-that-are-illegal-in-brunei/ |date=20220701200249 }} * https://www.cnbc.com/2020/01/03/who-was-iranian-general-qasem-soleimani-and-why-his-killing-matters.html *https://almashareq.com/en_GB/articles/cnmi_am/features/2022/02/04/feature-02 <Ref>https://www.espn.com/soccer/standings/_/league/ita.1</Ref>.: ** https://www.quora.com/How-accurate-is-the-assertion-that-Britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries-in-the-world <Ref>https://kottke.org/12/11/britain-has-invaded-all-but-22-countries</Ref>. * https://www.goodcountry.org/index/your-questions/countries-included/youve-left-out-a-number-of-territories-nations-why-is-this/ *<ref>https://visaindex.com/country/indonesia-passport-ranking/</ref> *<ref>https://industryarabic.com/arabic-facts-statistics/</ref>. <Ref>https://www.xe.com/popularity.php</Ref>.:• <Ref>https://www.eurosport.com/football/serie-a/2024-2025/standings.shtml</Ref>.: *<Ref>https://www.globalizationpartners.com/2016/06/30/10-facts-about-arab-culture-infographic/#:~:text=The%20Arab%20world%20stretches%20across,various%20ethnic%20and%20religious%20backgrounds.</ref>. <Ref>https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/14/some-300-children-drowned-trying-to-reach-europe-so-far-this-year</ref>.: * https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} {{Wayback|url=https://theculturetrip.com/middle-east/iran/articles/how-did-iran-get-its-name/ |date=20220530164249 }} * https://www.4icu.org/top-universities-africa/ '!!`{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/countries-never-colonized {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/e/European_Union.htm |date=20220819192938 }} * https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/what-know-about-arab-citizens-israel * https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/iran-iraq-power-centres-creating-havoc.: {{Wayback|url= https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_tree_of_Muhammad#:~:text=This%20family%20tree%20is%20about,Ishmael%20through%20the%20Hashim%20tribe.|date=20220707081051 }} * https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.sporcle.com/blog/2019/03/what-countries-are-transcontinental/ |date=20240614155515 }} * https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2021/02/335958/morocco-exposes-polisario-algerias-propaganda-in-letter-to-un/ * https://themuslim500.com/book-reviews-2023.html {{Wayback|url=https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm |date=20220920172709 }} {{Wayback|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/arab-countries.:•{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Laba iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Tobnaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Todobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Shanaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Afraad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=Bisha Koobaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 38e8x5n1sgaouhnwdszcph8g8tfrfy9 0 6040 304499 275633 2026-08-09T03:04:18Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Cayr]]''' waa beel ka mid ah bahweynta [[Habargidir]] ee [[Hawiye]]<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.abtirsi.com/view.php?person=5142 |access-date=2016-01-27 |archive-date=2024-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206141010/http://www.abtirsi.com/view.php?person=5142 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>. Cayr waa curadka Madarkicis Hiraab amaba Habargidir sida loo yaqaan. Odayga Cayr magacisi waa Maxamed madarkicis <ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.abtirsi.com/view.php?person=714&abtirsiLang=0 |access-date=2016-01-27 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305180614/http://www.abtirsi.com/view.php?person=714&abtirsiLang=0 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, waxaa dhashay hooyo Casho Gidir Karanle. Besha Cayr waa beesha ugu weyn beesha Habargidir; waxay degtaa beeshu meelo ka mid ah gobolka [[Jubbada Dhexe]] iyo gobolo ku yaala badhtamaha wadanka [[Soomaaliya]] sida [[Galguduud|Galgaduud]] oo xarun u ah beesha, [[Mudug]] iyo [[Hiiraan]]. Beesha waxey sidoo kale deegaano baaxad weyn ku leeyihiin gobolada waqooyi sida [[Sool]] iyo [[Togdheer]] ee ka tirsan maamulka [[Soomaaliland|Somaliland]]. Waxaa intaas u dheer in beesha degantahay gobolka [[Shabeellaha Hoose|Shabeelaha]] hoose oo ey saameyn xoogleh ku leeyihiin beeshu. Beesha Cayr waxey sidoo kale degaan caasimada dowlada Somalia ee gobolka Banaadir, [[Muqdisho]] waxeyna ku leeyihiin saameyn aad u xoog badan waana beesha ugu muhiimsan gobolka banaadir xaga ganacsiga, dhaqaalaha, siyaasada iyo wax soo saarka caasimada. Beesha waxay sidoo kale deegaano caan ah iyo dhul balaaran ku leedahay dalka Ethiopia welibo waxey si mugleh u degta gobolada [[:en:Korahe_Zone|Qorraxey]] iyo [[:en:Shabelle_Zone|Shabeele]] ee ka wada tirsan '''[[Soomaali Galbeed|DDSI]]'''. Deeganada caanka ah ey beesha ku leedahay waxaa kamida: '''''Labobaar- oo ah xarunta beesha dhinaca Itoobiya, Baarmagoog, Ceel Habreed, Ceel dhiinle, Garasle, Baarsiyaable, Buulo Coloow, Balli God, Haamanyaaaq, Ribadleh, Dalanbiya iyo deegaano kaloo badan'''.'' Waxey sidoo kale degaan magaalooyin qaar ah oo ey walaalahooda Hawiye la wada degaan sida Mustaxil iyo [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M60z5t8DRXA&t=125s <small>Qelaafo</small>].  ==Hordhac== Besha waxa lagu tiriyaa dadka ugu horeeyay ee dalka keenay ama soo celiyay adeegyada daruuriga ah ama lagama maar maanka ah sida isbtaalada '''hooyada & dhalanka Banaadir''', '''Shifo Hospital''' hurwaa, Dawoyinka sida '''SHIFA pharmacy''', Cuntada sida '''Warshada burka iyo badarka ee sahal''' (waxara cade), warshada '''Omada iyo saabunta Dalsan''', iyo warshad shaambada iyo Som-electric. Waxaa si weyn loogu xasuusan karaa Shirkadaha isgaarsiinada Interneyada sida: Global internet iyo Stanard internet, waxay kaloo masuul ka ahaayeen shirkada '''[[Coca cola|Coca-cola]]'''. beesha waxa kaloo aan ku xasuusan karnaa dadkii ugu horeeyay oo keeno isgaarsiinta ey dadka ku wada xiriiraan tan markii ey meesha ka baxday dowladii dhexe ee soomaaliyeed taasoo bulshada soomaaliyeed aad ugu riyaaqday furida shirkadaha telefanada '''[[Shirkada Isgaariinta ee Telcom Somalia|TELCOM SOMALIA]]'''<ref>[[:en:Telcom|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telcom]]</ref> iyo '''[[Shirkada Isgaariinta ee Nationlink|Nationlink]]'''<ref>[[:en:NationLink_Telecom|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NationLink_Telecom]]</ref> waxey beesha ka shaqeysay sare u soo qaadida iyo hormarka ummada soomaaliyeed tan iyo markii ey meesha ka baxday dowladii dhexe ee soomaaliya.<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.abtirsi.com/view.php?person=714 |access-date=2016-01-27 |archive-date=2016-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325215213/http://www.abtirsi.com/view.php?person=714 |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref>[[:en:Ayr_(clan)|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_(clan)]]</ref> == Taariikhda beesha Cayr == halkani dhowaan ka filo qoraal buuxa oo soo bandhigaaya taariikhda fog ee balaaran ee beesha Cayr leedahay. == Dhalashada iyo Abtirka beesha Cayr Maxamed Madarkicis == cayr waa bahma ? __________________ habargidir macnaheedu waa bahgidir maadaama ay laba bahood kalayihiin 1, bah casho (raareey naanays xarago ) gidir karanle oo dhashay 1, ciise mudulood markey mudulood kalatageen madarkicis udhashay 2, sifaadle 3, maxamed (cayr naanays) 4, ibraahkm ( saruur naanays) markey kala tageen ogaadeen udhashay 5, muuse gumcadle 2, bah casho wadalaan caasho kaarshe maxamed muuse gumadle dhiimaale wadmahure daaraanle wadalaan oo dhashay 1 ,siciid 2 ,saleebaan ______________________________ hadana abtirka cayr maxamed ______________________________ Maxamed Madarkicis waxuu dhalay 2 wiil oo kaliya oo la kala oran jirey Mucle Maxamed oo curad Cayr iyo Habargidir ah iyo Wace Maxamed oo yaraan Cayr ah. Sida qaaraanka loo qeybsado waa 10 jufo oo uu Cayrka u kala baxo balse dhamaantod wey kala taran horeeyeen. * [[Samaale]] ** Irir *** [[Hawiye]] **** Gorgate *****Mohamud ******Daame ******* [[Hiraab]] ******** Madarkicis ([[Habar Gidir]]) ********* '''Mahamed ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayr_(clan) Ayr])''' **********Wa'e/Wace Mahamed(Yabadhaale) ***********Sunad-Nabi Wa'e ************Caaldheere ************Hiraabay ***********Sabuh Wa'e ************Nebiyaal Sabuh ************Mahamed Sabuh **********Mu'le/Mucle Mahamed(Tolweyne) ***********Abti-idig Mucle ************Warwaaq Abti-idig(HabarAji) ************Xaryanle Abti-idig(HabarAji) ************Daaud(Sabuuh) Abti-idig(Habar-Islaaleed) ************Dhowrakace Abti-idig(Habar Islaaleed) *************Bilaal Dhowrakace(Yabardhowrakace) *************Dhalow Dhowrakace *************Madahdiir Dhowrakace *************Dangub Dhowrakace *************Samadoor Dhowrakace **************Hassan Samadoorte **************Ahmed Samadoorte ***************Caroole Ahmed ****************Bah Ina-Hassan *****************Babaanshe Caroole *****************Suubiye Caroole *****************[https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaanle%20cayr Ayaanle] Caroole  ****************Bah Ina Suufi Kobdheer *****************Caalin Caroole(Reer Ugaas) *****************Cabsiiye Caroole Intaas waa wada dhalashada iyo abtirka beesha Cayr ilaa iyo guri dambeyska beesha Cayr. Sida caadigaa beesha Cayr 10 jufo ayeey u kala baxaan oo qaaraanka loo kala bixiyaa inkastoo xeerar cusub ku soo kordheen. 10ka Cayr maxamed waa -Ayaanle -Cabsiiye -HabarAji -Yabardhowrakace -Yabadhaale -Sabuux(Daaud Abti-edeg) -Babaanshe -Caalin Ugaas(Reer Ugaas) -Xassan Samadoorte -Suubiye Caroole 10ka Cayr maxamed waa Reero tiro badan waxeyna usii kala baxaan 65 ilaa 70 reer markey u bataan oo diyada iska bixiya waxna iska dhiciya oo magta kaligood baxsada. Cayrku 3 ayeey wax u qeybsadaan isuknala degaan waana Cayr Qoraxsin, Cayr Bari iyo Cayr Koonfure •Cayr Qoraxsin ama Bah ina xasan(HOP147) waa →Ayaanle →Babaanshe →Suubiye •Cayr Bari(HOP139) waa →Cabsiiye →Yabardhowrakace →Xassan Samadoorte •Cayr Koonfure(HOP138) waa →HabarAji →Yabadhaale- Walow ey yabadhaale meel walbo la degaan Cayrka →Sabuux -Reer Ugaas cid gooniya lama degaan Cayrku waa u siman yihiin oo waa Ugaasyada. ==Dadka Caanka ah== Beeshu waxay leedahay dad caan ka dhex ah ummada soomaaliyeed Sida: Siyaasiyiin, janaraalo, Ganacsato, Odayaal dhaqameydo, Culuma'udiin, Aqoonyahano, Fanaaniin, Abwaano, farshaxaniiste, & Ugaasyo.iyo wax garadka fara badan. Kuwaasi waxaa ka mid ah: ===Siyaasada & Maamulka=== * [[Cabdiqaasim Salaad Xassan]], madaxweynihi hore Dowladii TNG Soomaaliya. * Ugaas Xasan ugaas Maxamed ugaas Nuur'''<ref>http://www.mareeg.com/fidsan.php?sid=10850&tirsan=2{{Dead link|date=Bisha Saddexaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * Jeneral xusen cayrow * Gen/Shekh Yusuf maxamed siyaad indhacade * maxamed Nuur GALAAL.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.somalinet.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=237671 |access-date=2016-01-27 |archive-date=2025-08-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250825122314/https://somalinet.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=237671 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Jeneral Maxamed Rooble Jımcaale (Goobaale) * Sheikh C/qadir Sh Maxamed Rage * Cabdi Shakur Sh Xasan * Eng abdulkadir bahdon *Eng.Ahmed mohamed farah * Cabdulqaadir Mire Dhiif - Aqoon yahan * Nabadoon xaaji maxamed daleel *prof.Ahmed dahir hashi( dhegacadde) * Nabadoon xasan axmed canshuur *ustaad.Addaawe farah Abdulle *Yuusuf Garaad Cumar<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Garaad_Omar</ref> * Hussein Osman Nur (Aqoonyahan) (Agaasimihii hore ee Wasaaradda Macdanta, Biyaha, Batroolka iyo Tamarta) * Mohamud Abdi Farah (caseeyr) (Xoghayah Ururka Bisha Cas Ee G/BANADIR * Mohamed Mukhtar Sheikh(Guddoomiyaha Waxbarashada Gobolka Galgaduud) * Muhsin Warsame Barre, refugee volunteer in humanitarian and socioeconomic development in Kakuma. * Mohamed Ali Ahmed Canshuur( Mohamed Yare) * Bashir Omar Abdullahi ( Pilot) * Dr Cali Xasan Diiriye * Janaral nuur taqsiin * kornel seeraar * '''Yuusuf Max'd siyad (Indha cade)'''<ref>[[:en:Yusuf_Mohammed_Siad|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_Mohammed_Siad]]</ref> * Sıcııd Goleey * '''C/Raxmaan Cabdi Shakuur warsame'''<ref>https://www.facebook.com/abdirahman.abdishakur/</ref> * Sıcııd Garıısh * Caaqil Axmed Salaad Kulmiye * '''Maxamed Cabdule Deylaaf''', (ganacsade) * Cismaan Ciise Nuur Taardhuleed Wsa * [[Boqolsoon|'''Sheikh Maxamed Axmed Rooble''' ('''Boqol Soon''')]] '''Allaya Raxma''' * Sheikh Cabdiraxmaan Axmed Rooble (boqolsoon walaalkiis) * Xuseen cali Salaad * C/laahi Xalane Dhuxuloow (guddoomiyaha degmada baraawe) * '''Caaqil Xasan cilmi yaxye'''<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJIVu6rVLos</ref> * Maxamuud Cabdı Cameey * Abdifatah Afyare Ali orey( Aqoonyahan) wax ka dhiga jaamacadaha dalka * Caaqil Cabdi Xayla Kooshin<ref>[[:en:Ahmed_Abdisalam_Adan|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Abdisalam_Adan]]</ref> === farshaxaniistaha Beesha *Maslah Abdi daahir {Maslah Arts} *Ahmed Ibrahim Weheliye (Aqoonyahan iyo Humanitarian Worker in Somalia) https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100012609701381 === Fanaaniinta beesha === *Sacdiyo Siman * Xasan Adan Samatar * Salad Maxamed Shardi Salad Darbi * Abwaan Xasan Maxamed Maxamuud (Xasan Jecyl) ALLE YARAXMA * Nuur Eebow '''Allah ya Raxma''' * C/laahi Boqol * Mustaf Rasta * C/Salan Bada Cas * Xaliima Khliif Cumar Magool '''''Alaya Raxma''''' * Raxma Ruuxi * fatima Haryan * Xawo Dagan * Qaali Ladan * Jihaan jalaqsan * Xasan === Wariyeyaasha beesha === * Yuusuf Garaad Omar Former BBC Manager * maxamed maxamuud cade BBC * Yahye Cali farax SNTV * Maxamed Axmed Xaaji Cagma Dhige Ama Cagta Xaaji Universal Tv * abdi Aziiz Afrika SNTV * Abdi Nasir Hirsi idle Horn Afrik * Bashiir Ugaas * Maxamed Maxamuud Dhore Former BBC * Hassan Sheikh Ahmed cade Somali Chanel Former Horn Afrik * Muxudiin Macalin Cabdulle MMC SNTV * Mohamed Ahmed Dhore Geescad Writter Website === Abwaannada beesha === * '''faarax shuuriye''' oo ahaa ninkii gobollada Soomaaliya ugu gabay badnaa ee .. iyo gabeygii ugu da'da yaraa oo ilaa hada gabaygii u tiriyay wax fura lala yahay * '''kulan xasan jurun''' * '''Jaamac qabaruug''' * '''Geele faruur''' * abwaan guure * Abwaan Dhuungaal Farax Barre * Abwaan Maxamed Cumar Nidaamiye ==Sidoo kale fiiri== *[[Soomaali|Beelaha Soomaalida]] ==Tixraac== {{reflist|2}} {{Beelaha Soomaalida}} {{Commons|Category:Hawiye clan}} [[Category:Qabiilada Soomaalida]] [[Category:Soomaali]] [[Category:Dadka Soomaaliga]] [[Category:Beelaha Hawiye]] prwjt45tckwigg9xnp5dkr6zzq9a9b3 0 7013 304487 281956 2026-08-09T01:22:07Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Balidhidin | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Degmo]] | motto = | image_skyline = {{superimpose | base = Bari relief location map.svg | base_width = 350px | float = Location dot dark red.svg | float_width = 15px | float_caption = Location site | x = 188 | y = 112 }} | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Somalia | pushpin_label = Balidhidin | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somalia}}<br /> *{{flag|Puntland}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Soomaaliya|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Bari (Gobol)|Bari]] | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|10|52|40.66|N|50|23|32.68|E|region:SO-BR|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = }} '''Balidhidin''' ([[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Degmada Balidhidin ) waa degmo ku taal waqooyi bari gobolka [[Bari (Gobol)|Bari]] ee dalka [[Soomaaliya]]. ==Tixraac== [https://www.somaliland.com/news/featured-news/twelve-individuals-including-foreign-militants-voluntarily-surrender-to-puntland-security-forces/ "Laba iyo Toban Shakhsi, oo ay ku jiraan Maleeshiyo Ajaanib ah, ayaa si iskood ah isugu soo dhiibay Ciidamada Ammaanka Puntland"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.somaliland.com/news/featured-news/twelve-individuals-including-foreign-militants-voluntarily-surrender-to-puntland-security-forces/ |date=20260429174636 }} onz758tz0qtf902e9ajsmntib6v5n26 0 8318 304527 295522 2026-08-09T08:07:01Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Lawyacado | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = Magaalo | motto = | image_skyline = File:Lawyacado, Somaliland.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Awdal | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = Goobta Somaliland. | subdivision_type = [[Dalalka|Wadanka]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Somaliland|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somaliland}} | subdivision_name1 = [[Awdal]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Qaybaha maamulka Somaliland|Degmada]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Degmada Saylac|Saylac]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|11|27|28|N|43|15|34|E|display=inline}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 7 | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] | blank_info = [[Desert climate#Hot desert climates|BWh]] | website = | footnotes = | name = }} '''Lawyacado''' ({{lang-en|Lawyoado}}; sidoo kale loo yaqaano '''Lowyacado''') waa magaalo ku taala waqooyigalbeed gobolka [[Awdal]] ee [[Somaliland]]. Magaaladani waxay saaran tahay xadka [[Somaliland]] la wadaagto Dalka [[Jabuuti]]. Maamulka dowlada magaalada Lawyacado waxay hoostegaan [[Degmada Saylac]]. ==Tirakoobka dadweynaha== Dadka deggan magaaladu waxay ka tirsan yihiin qowmiyado kala duwan oo u badan Afro-Aasiatic -ku hadla, iyadoo beelaha Gadabuursi iyo Ciise ee Dir gaar ahaan ay matalaan. ==Xoolaha== Lawyacado waa mid ka mid ah suuqyada xoolaha nool ee gobolka, oo ay weheliyaan Saylac , Lawaya-Cadde, iyo magaalada Jabuuti . Xoolaha loo dhoofiyay Lawyacado sanadkii 2012 waxay ahaayeen 72,326 Ari iyo Ari iyo 3,779 Geel ah ==Xafiiska Kastamka== Lawyacado waxay ku leedahay kastamka Jabuuti. ===Taariikhda kastamka=== Bishii Disembar 2013, isticmaalayaashu waxay ka mudaaharaaddeen in cashuurta lagu soo galo Somaliland laga dhigay 20,000 oo shilin [5] oo laga dhigay 26,000 oo shilin xafiiska kastamka Lawyacado. Maamulka Salal ayaa shaaca ka qaaday in aysan jirin wax canshuur ah oo la kordhiyey, isla markaana shaqada kastamku caadi tahay. Bishii Luulyo 2014, Jabuuti waxay codsatay in la xidho xuduudka Lawyacado, halka kastamku ka soo guuro Lawyacado oo la geeyo Saylac oo bari ah. Ka dib markii wefti uu ka mid yahay wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Somaliland ay booqasho ku tageen dalka Jabuuti oo ay wadahadleen, waxa la furay xadka iyada oo la ilaalinayo goobta kastamka Lawyacado. Bishii February 2015, dawladda Jabuuti ayaa gebi ahaanba xidhay xadka ay la wadaagto Somaliland. Tan ayaa loo arkaa inay ka hortag u tahay baaqii Al-Shabaab ee ahaa in la weer9aro dalalka reer galbeedka. Dad ka mudaharaaday Lawyacado ayaa gubay taayiro, mudaaharaadyo kalena sameeyay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Madaxweynaha Jabuuti ayaa beeniyay in la xiray xadka. Bishii December 2018, dawladda Somaliland waxay xabsiga dhigtay Maamulihii Kastamka Lawyacado iyo masuuliyiin kale oo muhiim ah. Bishii Luulyo 2019, dawladda gobolka Saylac waxay kordhisay qiimaha baabuurta Lawyacado oo markii hore ahaa $3 $ 6 dollar, taas oo ay ku sheegeen inay tahay kharashka dhismaha waddo. Bishii Abriil 2020, xadka Lawyacado waa la xiray, lagana yaabo inay kordheen tirada dadka ka soo galaya dalka Jabuuti si ay uga baxsadaan COVID-19 . Bishii December 2020, Madaxweynaha Somaliland oo u safrayay dalka Jabuuti, ayaa ku soo laabtay dhinaca dhulka Somaliland, waxaanu booqday Lawyacado. Xuduudka u dhexeeya Jabuuti iyo Somaliland ayaa xidhnaa muddo lix sannadood ah balse maanta ayaa dib loo soo celiyay. January 2021, Madaxweynaha Somaliland waxa uu ku dhawaaqay in la baabi’iyay cashuur dhan 31 dollar oo lagu soo rogay muwaadiniinta ka dhoofaya Somaliland ee u socdaalaya dhinaca Jabuuti ee Lawyacado. Bishii July 2022, waxa Lawyacado ka dhacay shir ku saabsan isu socodka xuduudka u dhexeeya Somaliland iyo Jabuuti, kaas oo la isku afgartay in laga qaado lacag dhan 16 dollar oo muwaadiniinta Jabuuti ah iyo 30,000 oo shilinka Somaliland ah. ==Bulshada== Sida lagu ogaadey tirokoob madaxbanaan oo la sameeyay sanadkii 2012, magaalada Lawyacado waxaa ku si joogto ah ugu dhaqan dad bulsho ah oo gaadhaya ilaa 1,600. Bulshada ku dhaqan magaaladan waxay u badan yihiin dad [[Soomaali]] ah, kuwaasi oo ka soo jeeda [[Beesha Gadabuursi]] iyo tiro kooban oo [[Beesha Ciise]] ah. Guud ahaan, Lowyacado waa magaalo yar oo ku yaala xadka u dhexeeya Somaliland iyo Jabuuti. Waxay leedahay dekedd yar iyo waxa uu ku yaalaa ee gobolka Salal ee Somaliland. ==Sidoo kale fiiri== * [[Degmada Baki]] * [[Degmada Boorama]] * [[Degmada Saylac]] * [[Degmada Lughaya]] * [[Awdal]] * [[Awdalland]] * [[Saldanadii Cadal]] ==Tixraac== [https://books.google.com/books?id=_ZFhQneTR7wC Qaamuuska taariikhiga ah afar 1288-1982] [https://books.google.com/books?id=4Ak7EAAAQBAJ Dhulka, Maal-gashiga & Siyaasadda: Dib-u-habaynta Dhul-daaqsimeedka Bariga Afrika] [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zy5VEAAAQBAJ Barnaamijka U adkaysiga Badbaadada Cuntada iyo Nafaqada] [https://www.wajaalenews.net/?p=7497 "MUDAHARAAD KA DHACAY DEGMADA LOWYACADO OO LAGAGA SOO HORJEEDO CASHUUR LAGU KORDHIYAY DADKA ISKAGA TALAABA LABADA DAL"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.wajaalenews.net/?p=7497 |date=20230510230401 }} [https://www.qurbejoog.com/maamulka-gobolka-salal-oo-ka-hadlay-mudaharaad-xoogana-oo-doraad-gilgilay-magaalada-lawyacado-dhagayso/ "Maamulka Gobolka Salal Oo Ka Hadlay Mudaharaad Xoogan Oo Doraad Gilgilay Magaalada Lawyacado"] [https://www.araweelonews.com/warar/xadka-u-dhexeeya-somaliland-iyo-djibouti-oo-xidhan-maalintii-shanaad-iyo-sababaha-lala-xidhiidhiyay/ "Xadka U Dhexeeya Somaliland Iyo Jabuuti Oo Xidhan Maalintii Shanaad Iyo Sababaha Lala Xidhiidhiyay"] [https://www.araweelonews.com/warar/xoggo-iftiimiyay-cidda-bixisay-macluumaadka-lagu-xidhay-xadka-somaliland-iyo-djibouti/ "Xoggo Iftiimiyay Cidda Bixisay Xogta Lagu Xidhay Xadka Somaliland iyo Jabuuti"] [https://www.wajaalenews.net/?p=25012 "MUDAHARAAD LAGAGA SOO HORJEEDO XUDUUDKA XIDHAN OO LAWYACADO KA DHACAY IYO CIIDANKA OO RASAAS U ADEEGSADAY"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.wajaalenews.net/?p=25012 |date=20230510230354 }} [https://www.oodweynemedia.com/2018/12/20/masuuliyiin-xilal-muhiima-ka-hayey-degmada-lowyacado-ee-gobolka-salal-ee-xeebta-woqooyi-ee-somaliland-oo-xabsiga-loo-taxaabay/ "Mas Leh Xilay Muhiima Ka Hayey Degmada Lowyacado ee Gobolka Salal ee Xeebta Qoqooyi ee Somaliland Oo Xabsiga Loo Taxaabay"] [https://www.wajaalenews.net/?p=4992 "GUDDOOMIYAHA GOBALKA SALAL OO KA DAYRIYAY XAALADA JIDKA ISKU XIDHA MAGAALOOYINKA SAYLAC IYO LAWYACADO"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.wajaalenews.net/?p=4992 |date=20230508004539 }} [https://www.oodweynemedia.com/2019/07/22/daawo-xukumada-somaliland-oo-shaacisay-bilawga-dhismaha-jidka-borama-iyo-lawyacado/ "Daawo: Xukumada Somaliland Oo Shaacisay Bilawga Dhismaha Jidka Boorama Iyo Lawyacado"] [https://www.wajaalenews.net/?p=28132 "BOGAGGAARIIKHDA SOOYAALKII IBRAAHIN MEYGAAG SAMATAR IYO QORAALLADIISII QORMADII 4AAD, QALINKA: BOOBE YUUSUF DUCAALE"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.wajaalenews.net/?p=28132 |date=20230510230358 }} [https://hargeisapress.com/wasiirka-gaadiidka-oo-ka-xog-waramay-mashaariicda-horumarinta-waddooyinka/ "Wasiirka Gaadiidka oo Ka Xog-waramay Mashaariicda Horumarinta Waddooyinka"] {{Wayback|url=https://hargeisapress.com/wasiirka-gaadiidka-oo-ka-xog-waramay-mashaariicda-horumarinta-waddooyinka/ |date=20250612210516 }} [https://archive.araweelonews.com/wararka/wararka-wararka-2/wefdiga-somaliland-ee-uu-hogaaminayo-wasiirka-maaliyada-eng-xaashi-oo-kulan-la-yeeshay-madaxweynaha-djibouti-iyo-kormeer-masuulyiinta-labada-dal-ku-tageen-xadka-ay-wadaagaan/ "Wafdiga Somaliland Ee Uu Hogaaminayo Wasiirka Maaliyada Eng. Xaashi Oo Kulan La Yeeshay Madaxweynaha Jabuuti Iyo Kormeerka Masuuliyiinta Labada Dal Ku Tageen Xadka Ay Wadaagaan"] [https://www.qurbejoog.com/somaliland-iyo-jabuuti-oo-wasiiradooda-arrimaha-guduhu-isla-yimaadeen-magaalada-lawyacado-iyo-wixii-laga-wada-hadlay-qurbejoog-ka-daawo/ "Somaliland iyo Jabuuti oo Wasiiradooda Arrimaha Guduhu Isla Yimaadeen Magaalada Lawyacado iyo Wixii laga Wada Hadlay Qurbejoog ka Daawo"] [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2014/5/27/al-shabab-claims-deadly-djibouti-blasts -Shabaab oo sheegatay qaraxyadii Jabuuti ee khasaaraha badan dhaliyay] [https://www.qurbejoog.com/muddo-ayaanu-joognay-waxaanu-ka-wada-hadalnay-sidii-aanu-uga-wada-shaqayn-lahayn-danaha-labada-dal-labada-taliye-ciidan-ee-qaranka-somaliland-iyo-jabuuti-oo-lawyacado-kulan-ku-yeeshay-daawo/ "Muddo ayaanu joognay tababarka ka wada hadalnay sidii aanu uga wada shaqayn lahayn danaha labada dal" Labada Taliye Ciidan ee Qaranka Somaliland iyo Jabuuti oo Lawyacado Kulan ku Yeeshay DAAWO"] [https://www.wajaalenews.net/?p=73140 "AGAASIMAHA SOCDAALKA IYO JINSIYADA EE SOOMAALIYA OO KORMEER KU TAGAY MAGAALADA LAWYACADO+SAWIRRO"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.wajaalenews.net/?p=73140 |date=20230507131750 }} [https://www.oodweynemedia.com/2018/09/16/kalluumaysato-hindiya-oo-3-boqol-gaadhaya-ayaa-kalluumaysi-xoog-leh-ka-wada-badda/ "Kalluumaysato Hindiya Oo 3 Boqol Gaadhay Ayaa Kalluumaysa Xoog leh Ka Wada Badda Saylac"] [https://www.oodweynemedia.com/2020/02/17/maayar-sacadka-saylac-oo-mch-ka-lawyacado-ka-dhex-xidhay-isu-dawaha-caafimaadka-ee-gobolka-salal/ "Mayar Saylac Oo MCH ka dhagax dhigay Magaalada Lawyacado & Khilaaf U dhexeeya Isuduwaha Wasaarada Caafimaadka"] [https://hargeisapress.com/xiisad-u-dhaxaysa-somaliland-iyo-jabuuti-oo-ka-taagan-lawyocado/ "Xiisad U Dhaxaysa Somaliland iyo Jabuuti oo Ka Taagan Lawyocado"] {{Wayback|url=https://hargeisapress.com/xiisad-u-dhaxaysa-somaliland-iyo-jabuuti-oo-ka-taagan-lawyocado/ |date=20250326143634 }}. [https://www.xeegonews.com/saylac-mudaharaad-lagaga-cabanayo-biyo-laaan-oo-ka-dhacay-lawyacado/ "Saylac: Mudaharaad Lagaga Cabanayo Biyo La'aan Oo Ka Dhacay Lawyacado"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.xeegonews.com/saylac-mudaharaad-lagaga-cabanayo-biyo-laaan-oo-ka-dhacay-lawyacado/ |date=20230507222822 }} [https://mod.govsomaliland.org/article/wasiirka-gaashaandhiga-somaliland-oo-kormeeray-fadhiisimada "Wasiirka Gaashaandhigga Somaliland Oo Kormeeray Fadhiisimada Qaranka ee Lughaya iyo Lawyacado"] *{{cite book|title=Horn of Africa Bulletin, Volume 12|year=2000|publisher=Life & Peace Institute|page=23}} {{Degmooyinka Gobolka Awdal}} [[Category:Awdal]] n1qut6elmtskmxe6uv88s6ct1asi1ni 10 8332 304394 199273 2026-08-08T13:09:22Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Userbox | id = {{{id|[[File:{{#if: {{{image|}}} | {{{image|}}} | {{#if:{{{noannounce|}}}|Badgev2-transbg.png|Wikipedia Administrator.svg}} }}|{{{logo-size|43x43px}}}]]}}} | info-s = {{{info-s|{{{info-size|8}}}}}} | info = Isticmaalahani {{#if:{{{noannounce|}}}|badal ma u baahna suuq-xumo.|{{#if:{{yesno|{{{former|}}}}}|wuxuu ahaa|waa}} '''[[Bogga Hore|maamule]]'''{{#if:{{{othertext|}}}|&nbsp;{{{othertext}}}|}} ka tirsan {{{1|[[Bogga Hore|Wikipedia Sooomaaliga]]}}}. {{#if:{{{1|}}}|<span style="font-size:0.9em;" class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:{{{lang_code|en}}}:Special:UserRights|user={{urlencode:{{{username|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}}}&uselang=en}} <span style="color:var(--color-progressive, #36c);">hubi{{#if:{{{lang_code|}}}|&nbsp;{{{lang_code}}}|}}</span>])</span>|<span style="font-size:0.9em;" class="plainlinks">{{toolbar|separator=dot|[[Special:UserRights/{{{username|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}|<span style="color:var(--color-progressive, #36c);">hubi</span>]]|{{#if:{{{RFA|{{{RfA|{{{rfa|}}}}}}}}}|[[{{{RFA|{{{RfA|{{{rfa}}}}}}}}}|RfA]]}}}}</span>}} }}}}<includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}||{{category handler|user=[[Category:Wikipedia administrators]]|talk=[[Category:Wikipedia administrators]]|subpage=no|nocat={{{nocat|{{{former|}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{yesno|{{{recall|}}}}}| [[Category:Wikipedia administrators open to recall]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 7ewc99ycwdta8v09vgjspfsfqkvtkz8 304398 304394 2026-08-08T13:17:04Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Userbox | id = {{{id|[[File:{{#if: {{{image|}}} | {{{image|}}} | {{#if:{{{noannounce|}}}|Badgev2-transbg.png|Wikipedia Administrator.svg}} }}|{{{logo-size|43x43px}}}]]}}} | info-s = {{{info-s|{{{info-size|8}}}}}} | info = Isticmaalahani {{#if:{{{noannounce|}}}|badal ma u baahna suuq-xumo.|{{#if:{{yesno|{{{former|}}}}}|wuxuu ahaa|waa}} '''[[Bogga Hore|maamule]]'''{{#if:{{{othertext|}}}|&nbsp;{{{othertext}}}|}} ka tirsan {{{1|[[Bogga Hore|Wikipedia Sooomaaliga]]}}}. {{#if:{{{1|}}}|<span style="font-size:0.9em;" class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:{{{lang_code|en}}}:Special:UserRights|user={{urlencode:{{{username|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}}}&uselang=en}} <span style="color:var(--color-progressive, #36c);">hubi{{#if:{{{lang_code|}}}|&nbsp;{{{lang_code}}}|}}</span>])</span>|<span style="font-size:0.9em;" class="plainlinks">{{toolbar|separator=dot|[[Special:UserRights/{{{username|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}|<span style="color:var(--color-progressive, #36c);">hubi</span>]]|{{#if:{{{RFA|{{{RfA|{{{rfa|}}}}}}}}}|[[{{{RFA|{{{RfA|{{{rfa}}}}}}}}}|RfA]]}}}}</span>}} }}}}<includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}||{{category handler|user=[[Category:Wikipedia administrators]]|talk=[[Category:Wikipedia administrators]]|subpage=no|nocat={{{nocat|{{{former|}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{yesno|{{{recall|}}}}}| [[Category:Wikipedia administrators open to recall]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 6plg5zf1ba3bys8llbewaaxx721w5e4 304458 304398 2026-08-08T17:27:57Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ Sixid yar 304458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Userbox | id = {{{id|[[File:{{#if: {{{image|}}} | {{{image|}}} | {{#if:{{{noannounce|}}}|Badgev2-transbg.png|Wikipedia Administrator.svg}} }}|{{{logo-size|43x43px}}}]]}}} | info-s = {{{info-s|{{{info-size|8}}}}}} | info = Isticmaalahani {{#if:{{{noannounce|}}}|badal ma u baahna suuq-xumo.|{{#if:{{yesno|{{{former|}}}}}|wuxuu ahaa|waa}} '''[[Wikipedia:Maamulka|maamule]]'''{{#if:{{{othertext|}}}|&nbsp;{{{othertext}}}|}} ka tirsan {{{1|[[Bogga Hore|Wikipedia Sooomaaliga]]}}}. {{#if:{{{1|}}}|<span style="font-size:0.9em;" class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:{{{lang_code|en}}}:Special:UserRights|user={{urlencode:{{{username|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}}}&uselang=en}} <span style="color:var(--color-progressive, #36c);">hubi{{#if:{{{lang_code|}}}|&nbsp;{{{lang_code}}}|}}</span>])</span>|<span style="font-size:0.9em;" class="plainlinks">{{toolbar|separator=dot|[[Special:UserRights/{{{username|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}|<span style="color:var(--color-progressive, #36c);">hubi</span>]]|{{#if:{{{RFA|{{{RfA|{{{rfa|}}}}}}}}}|[[{{{RFA|{{{RfA|{{{rfa}}}}}}}}}|RfA]]}}}}</span>}} }}}}<includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}||{{category handler|user=[[Category:Wikipedia administrators]]|talk=[[Category:Wikipedia administrators]]|subpage=no|nocat={{{nocat|{{{former|}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{yesno|{{{recall|}}}}}| [[Category:Wikipedia administrators open to recall]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> jkeb9ftegr7cdar6lwanpdtlgnefjz9 304459 304458 2026-08-08T17:29:42Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ Xiriirinta 304459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Userbox | id = {{{id|[[File:{{#if: {{{image|}}} | {{{image|}}} | {{#if:{{{noannounce|}}}|Badgev2-transbg.png|Wikipedia Administrator.svg}} }}|{{{logo-size|43x43px}}}]]}}} | info-s = {{{info-s|{{{info-size|8}}}}}} | info = Isticmaalahani {{#if:{{{noannounce|}}}|badal ma u baahna suuq-xumo.|{{#if:{{yesno|{{{former|}}}}}|wuxuu ahaa|waa}} '''[[Wikipedia:Maamulka|maamule]]'''{{#if:{{{othertext|}}}|&nbsp;{{{othertext}}}|}} ka tirsan {{{1|[[Soomaali Wikipedia|Wikipedia Sooomaaliga]]}}}. {{#if:{{{1|}}}|<span style="font-size:0.9em;" class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:{{{lang_code|en}}}:Special:UserRights|user={{urlencode:{{{username|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}}}&uselang=en}} <span style="color:var(--color-progressive, #36c);">hubi{{#if:{{{lang_code|}}}|&nbsp;{{{lang_code}}}|}}</span>])</span>|<span style="font-size:0.9em;" class="plainlinks">{{toolbar|separator=dot|[[Special:UserRights/{{{username|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}|<span style="color:var(--color-progressive, #36c);">hubi</span>]]|{{#if:{{{RFA|{{{RfA|{{{rfa|}}}}}}}}}|[[{{{RFA|{{{RfA|{{{rfa}}}}}}}}}|RfA]]}}}}</span>}} }}}}<includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}||{{category handler|user=[[Category:Wikipedia administrators]]|talk=[[Category:Wikipedia administrators]]|subpage=no|nocat={{{nocat|{{{former|}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{yesno|{{{recall|}}}}}| [[Category:Wikipedia administrators open to recall]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> kk1n4z9vrlh2kzwdwy70a3pol316f5u 304474 304459 2026-08-08T21:24:28Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ Sixid yar 304474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Userbox | id = {{{id|[[File:{{#if: {{{image|}}} | {{{image|}}} | {{#if:{{{noannounce|}}}|Badgev2-transbg.png|Wikipedia Administrator.svg}} }}|{{{logo-size|43x43px}}}]]}}} | info-s = {{{info-s|{{{info-size|8}}}}}} | info = Isticmaalahani {{#if:{{{noannounce|}}}|badal ma u baahna suuq-xumo.|{{#if:{{yesno|{{{former|}}}}}|wuxuu ahaa|waa}} '''[[Wikipedia:Maamulka|maamule]]'''{{#if:{{{othertext|}}}|&nbsp;{{{othertext}}}|}} ka tirsan {{{1|[[Soomaali Wikipedia|Wikipedia Sooomaaliga]]}}}. {{#if:{{{1|}}}|<span style="font-size:0.9em;" class="plainlinks">([{{fullurl:{{{lang_code|so}}}:Special:UserRights|user={{urlencode:{{{username|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}}}&uselang=so}} <span style="color:var(--color-progressive, #36c);">hubi{{#if:{{{lang_code|}}}|&nbsp;{{{lang_code}}}|}}</span>])</span>|<span style="font-size:0.9em;" class="plainlinks">{{toolbar|separator=dot|[[Special:UserRights/{{{username|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}|<span style="color:var(--color-progressive, #36c);">hubi</span>]]|{{#if:{{{RFA|{{{RfA|{{{rfa|}}}}}}}}}|[[{{{RFA|{{{RfA|{{{rfa}}}}}}}}}|RfA]]}}}}</span>}} }}}}<includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|}}}||{{category handler|user=[[Category:Wikipedia administrators]]|talk=[[Category:Wikipedia administrators]]|subpage=no|nocat={{{nocat|{{{former|}}}}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{yesno|{{{recall|}}}}}| [[Category:Wikipedia administrators open to recall]]}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 3o11r7y38c9cougget25mj4c8aqcblg 10 9000 304461 101736 2026-08-08T17:34:41Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304461 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#switch:{{{1|}}} |main_box=class="{{#if:{{{2|}}}|infobox {{{2}}}|infobox}}" style="{{#invoke:Data|Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style|main_box_raw}}" |{{#invoke:Data|Module:WPMILHIST Infobox style|{{{1|}}}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> kopc9jw33i2csjnoi46khxz4gxqx8i9 0 18792 304528 267385 2026-08-09T08:14:16Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304528 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Frankincense 2005-12-31.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Foox]] '''Luubaan''' ama '''Foox''' <small>(taasoo ah [[Geed]])</small> ama '''Geed luubaan''' ama '''Qaacis''' waxaa loo adeegsadaa [[Caraf|carfinta]] oo mararka qaar ka soo baxda udgoon sidoo kale waxaa loo adeegsadaa waxyaabo badan. * [https://www.jw.org/en/library/books/bible-glossary/incense/ Incense] ==Waddanahaha Luubaan== * {{Flag|Somaliland}} * {{Flag|Somalia}} ==Warka Lubaan== * '''[https://www.jw.org/en/library/magazines/wp20150301/spices-in-the-bible/ Gifts Fit for a King (The frankincense)]''' * https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/2019/12/frankincense-trees-declining-overtapping/ * https://www.somaliland.com/news/somaliland/could-this-be-the-end-of-frankincense/ {{Wayback|url=https://www.somaliland.com/news/somaliland/could-this-be-the-end-of-frankincense/ |date=20200306060653 }} * https://www.ft.com/content/728582dc-66bf-11e0-8d88-00144feab49a * https://www.voanews.com/africa/high-demand-threatens-frankincense-trade-somaliland * https://www.aroma-zen.com/en/wellness-relaxation/aromas-scents/vegetable-resins/frankincense-from-somalia-encens-monde-p-2410.html * https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/health/biblical-gift-could-hold-fresh-1824990 * https://somalilandbiodiversity.org/growing-frankincense/{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sagaalaad 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * https://aromaticplant.org/assets/species/best-practices2018revision.pdf{{Dead link|date=Bisha Labaad 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Category:Dhir]] d9e8pz1m5mh0wr3qp71zkgqkip1dmwm 0 23559 304480 278716 2026-08-08T22:51:13Z ~2026-43708-18 46863 304480 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Marine_Building_from_granville.jpg|thumb|right|210px|{{Flag|United Kingdom}} Vancouver]] [[File:Vancouver_horizon_oct15.jpg|thumb|Vancouver horizon oct15]] '''Vancouver''' waa magaalo ku taal [[Kanada]].Waxay ku taal gobolka gobolka [[British Columbia]]. Magaaladu waxay leedahay dad tiradoodu tahay 631,486. Marka lagu daro xaafadaha magaalada, aagga waxaa ku yaal dad 2,463,431 ah. Waa magaalo ahaan qowmiyado kala duwan, iyada oo aan jirin koox qowmiyadeed oo sameeya aqlabiyad.<ref>http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915022&Geo2=CD&Code2=5915&Data=Count&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1</ref><ref>http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=933&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1</ref> [[File:Totem_poles_Stanley_Park_Vancouver_December_2010.jpg|thumb|211px||Totem poles Stanley Park Vancouver December 2010]] == Taariikhda == Dadka asaliga ah ee Maraykanka ah ayaa ku noolaa aagga muddo ka badan 10,000 oo sano. Goobjoogayaasha ayaa ogaaday aagga 1592, magaaladanna waxaa la aasaasay 1886kii. Sanadii 2010 magaalada ayaa [https://k-news.kr/ marti] {{Wayback|url=https://k-news.kr/ |date=20220908083958 }} galisay ciyaaraha Olombiga Winter.<ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.tourismvancouver.com/vancouver/history/ |access-date=2018-03-26 |archive-date=2018-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404010233/https://www.tourismvancouver.com/vancouver/history/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> == Tixraacyada == [[Category:Kanada]] accrt9gobannpr6nkqum9d4aiutfoag 0 23570 304478 278711 2026-08-08T22:48:15Z ~2026-43708-18 46863 304478 wikitext text/x-wiki Mississauga waa magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn magaalada [[Toronto]], iyo kan lixaad ee ugu weyn [[Kanada]]. Magaaladu waxay leedahay dad gaaraya 721,599.<ref>http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3521005&Geo2=CD&Code2=3521&Data=Count&SearchText=mississauga&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1</ref> [[File:Aerial_View_of_Downtown_Mississauga.JPG|thumb|211xp|Aerial View of Downtown Mississauga]] [[File:Microsoft logo.svg|thumb|right|235xp|MS Wnds.|Dn’tRmvpl. |{{Flag|UK}}]] == Tixraacyada == {{reflist}} [[Category:Kanada]] man978lbca8rz2hvqiv82lki2rson7m 304479 304478 2026-08-08T22:49:28Z ~2026-43708-18 46863 304479 wikitext text/x-wiki Mississauga waa magaalada labaad ee ugu weyn magaalada [[Toronto]], iyo kan lixaad ee ugu weyn [[Kanada]]. Magaaladu waxay leedahay dad gaaraya 721,599.<ref>http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=3521005&Geo2=CD&Code2=3521&Data=Count&SearchText=mississauga&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1</ref> [[File:Aerial_View_of_Downtown_Mississauga.JPG|thumb|211xp|Aerial View of Downtown Mississauga]] [[File:Microsoft logo.svg|thumb|right|235xp|MS Wnds.|Dn’tRmvpl. |{{Flag|United Kingdom}}]] == Tixraacyada == {{reflist}} [[Category:Kanada]] qe037m0m4bauidorbhf1bqc92qjitem 0 29804 304534 199102 2026-08-09T10:12:52Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304534 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Radhi Jama''' waa qoraa oo faafintiisa ah ''gaslighting'', oo erey Ingiriis ah, micneheeda ah ''khiyaano''. Radhi waa nin oo ku nool Kanada iyo u shaqaysta xisbi siyaasadeed '''UCID''' ama '''Ururka Caddaalada iyo Daryeelka'''. Guud ahaan, qoraallada Radhi Jama waxay ka tirsan tahay khuraafaadka, aflagaad, xadgudubka iyo dacaayad xagga taariikhda Daraawiishta. Weliba, Radhi Jama wuxuu ku tilmaama gumeysiga inay ka sharaf badhan yihiin dadka daraawiishta ahaa. ==Khuraafaadka iyo masayrka== Radhi Jama wuxuu ku dhashay magaalada Ceel Afweyn tobbanaadka 1970s dhexdeeda. Radhi Jama maalgelinta khuraafaadkiisa wuxuu ka helaa xisbiga siyaasadeed UCID. Ujeeddada Radhi Jama waxa weeyaan inuu jahwareer ku faafiyo taariikhda Soomaaliyeed, gaar ahaan, taariikhda Daraawiishta. Guud ahaan, farriinta Radhi Jama waxa weeyaan nacaybta halgankii Darwiish, iyo gaar ahaan waxa weeyaan mid qabyaalad ah. Qabyaaladaas wuxuu ku diiradda saara inuu faafiyo wax la yiraahdo Jeegaanism, oo ficilkeeda ah, fidinta fikradda iyo dhulka beesha ictiraaf rabta. Daabacaada Radhi Jama waxaa ka mid ah "History Of Sultan Nur Ahmed Aman 1837-1905 and the Somali Dervish". 2010kii ilaa 2011kii wuxuu Radhi Jama raadineyey xafiis oo ogeysiiska ama daabacaadda ka tirsan. Laakin kuligood way u diideen, sabab ahaan waxay sheegeen wargeyskiisa inay tahay macno darro oo khaldaan iyo been-abuur ah. Gudagal fara badan ayuu kumbuyuutarkiisa ka tijaabiya oo kadib na ka qaybgala muran oo ka tirsan doorashada oo af ingiriis loo yaqaano "cherrypicking". Waxaa la sheegay, gabadh uu Radhi Jama ku bartay magaalada Edmonton Alberta, oo uu aad u jeclaa, baa doortay nin oo Dhulbahante ah. Xaaladaas waxaa wadnaha Radhi ku kiciyey Radhi oo Dhulbahante-nacayb ah. Isla markas ka bacdi, wuxuu Radhi yeeshay fikrad oo ka mid ah "anti-Dhulbahante". ==Midabtakoor== Waxaa yaab ah, ninka Radhi Jama wuxuu hanuun iyo hagis ka qaata nimanka ee ugu midabtakoor iyo gumeysi jecel ah. Ninkaas ee midabtakoor iyo gumeysi jeceyl, qofkaas waa nin Ingiriis ee tariikhyahan loo yaqaano Roy Irons. Maxaa ku kalifay Radhi Jama inuu gumeysi-jecayl iyo midabtakoorka ee Roy Irons la mid ah ammaan mariyo? <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.somalinet.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=245&t=390015&sid=06efeac24ec383f93d9f3783fd8da971&start=15 |access-date=2020-01-13 |archive-date=2025-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250927075152/https://somalinet.com/forums/viewtopic.php?f=245&t=390015&start=15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:xNWYWHOv8kQJ:https://archive.org/stream/HistoryOfSultanNurAhmedAman1837-1905AndTheSomaliDervish/Suldaan_Nuur_Axmed_Amaan_asaasayaashii_Daraawiishta_1838_djvu.txt+&cd=27&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk</ref> ==Jawaabaha== Mawduucyada oo khuraafaad ah, iyo jawaabaha waxaa ka mid ah: *(Radhi) "Aw Jama wuxuu ahaa nin oo qabyaalad ah" *(jawaab) Taas waa been. Xafiiska uu joogay, ee "Akadeemiyaha Dhaqanka" la odhan jirey, waxaa taliye ka ahaa niman iyo haween oo Dir, Hawiye iyo Raxanweyn ahaa oo la kulmi jireen. *(Radhi) "Dawladda Hantiwadaagga ee Jaale Siad Barre wuu Dhulbahanteeyey taariikhda Daraawiishta" *(jawaab) Taas waa been. Fikrada horjeedka baa run ah. Tobanaanshadii buugiisa la daabacay, ee tobanaanshaha 70s ahayd, waxay ahayd tobanaansho oo ka tirsanayd Soomaalinimo. Markii hore, taariikhda lama beddeli karo. Ta kale, James Hayes Sadler, oo hogaamiye ahaa wakhtiga gumeysiga, wuxuu ku yidhi abaanduulkii guud ee Eric Swayne, guutooyinka Daraawiishta waxay ku dhawayd ​​gabi ahaanba Dhulbahante. *(Radhi) "Aw Jama, wuu yarayn jirey qiimaha jilayaasha Darwiish ee Isaaq ahaa" *(jawaab) Taas waa been. Haddii uu ka hadlaayo tixraacda ee jilayaasha ee 1919ka, isla bogga, qiimaha asalka ahaa, way ku qorantahay. Sawirraha Radhi waa sawirro oo sir ah, oo waliba qarinaaya bogga hore, ama kii dambe. Weliba, lacag-rasmiga xiligaas waxay ahayd macdinka ''Rupee''. Macdinka Rupee na, waxay ahayd lacag-rasmi oo sicir barar nugul ku ah. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Halyeeyada somaliland]] [[Category:Shaqsiyadaad]] m61ovd5l1lsysuj5htj24zk330p1rsy 0 31020 304440 217201 2026-08-08T14:24:52Z ~2026-43807-47 46858 /* */ 304440 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cal Miskaad''' sidoo kale loo yaqaan '''Buuraleyda Cal Miskaad''', waa silsilad buuraley ah oo ka tirsan silsilada buuraha [[Golis]]. Waxaa ku yaala [[Buurta Baxaya]] oo ah buurta saddexaad ee ugu dheer dalka [[Soomaaliya]], iyo buuraha [[Habeeno]], Marmar, buurta buur-badeed, [[Fadhisame]] , Jidin, Guri Awr,Marraagade, Shikshikow, Bakuuje, Buqo Caleed, Hugayr , Aroor Buqeed ,Casaasa,iyo meelo kale. ==External Links== *https://radiokulmiye.net/2020/05/15/al-shabaab-oo-weerar-ku-qaaday-gobolka-bari/ {{Wayback|url=https://radiokulmiye.net/2020/05/15/al-shabaab-oo-weerar-ku-qaaday-gobolka-bari/ |date=20200712193751 }} * https://mapcarta.com/12453418 ==Tixraac== [[Category:Macluumaadka Soomaaliya]] [[Category:Soomaaliya|Soomaaliya]] p95jljvgbfisw4w35j41ti61atqnv6u 0 32154 304500 292977 2026-08-09T03:17:57Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox qeybaha dowlada|agency_name=Somaliland Immigration and Border Control|dissolved=|website=[http://www.slimmigration.com/ Website ka Rasmiga ah]|parent_agency=[[Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha Somaliland]]|chief2_position=|chief2_name=|chief1_position=|chief1_name=Maxamed Cusmaan Caalin (Dayiib), Sareeye Guud|budget=|employees=|headquarters=[[Hargeysa]]|jurisdiction=[[Somaliland]]|superseding=|preceding2=|native_name={{lang|so|Laanta Socdaalka iyo Xuduudaha Somaliland}}<br /> {{lang|ar|دائرة الهجرة ومراقبة الحدود صوماليلاندي}}|preceding1=|formed=27 November 1995 <ref>https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=104326&p_country=SOM&p_count=35&p_classification=17&p_classcount=2</ref>|seal_caption=|seal_width=|seal=|image_caption=|image_size=|image=Somaliland Immigration and Border Control Building.jpg|logo_caption=|logo_width=170px|logo=Somaliland Immigration and Border Control logo.svg|footnotes=}}Waaxda Socdaalka Somaliland or Ciidanka Socdaalka Somaliland "(SIBC)" ( [[Af-Ingiriisi|Af-inqiriisi]] Somaliland Immigration and Border Control) ( [[Carabi]] : دائرة الهجرة ومراقبة الحدود صوماليلاندي) waa awooda ugu weyn ee fulisa iyo hirgalinta sharciyada socdaalka ee [[Somaliland]] . <ref>http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Somaliland_Immigration_Law_1995_Eng_Finalweb1.pdf</ref> <ref>https://www.iom.int/news/somaliland-immigration-department-headquarters-opens</ref> Waxa la aasaasay iyada oo hoos timaadda Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha, waxa loo igmaday mas'uuliyadda kormeerka, xakamaynta iyo nidaaminta soo gelitaanka, ka bixitaanka iyo joogitaanka dadka ajaanibta ah ee jooga Somaliland Waaxda Socdaalka ayaa sidoo kale mas'uul ka ah arrinta [[Baasaboorka Somaliland]]. == Hawlgal == * Xakamaynta dadka soo galaya ama ka baxaya Somaliland. * Bixinta dukumiintiyada safarka, oo ay ku jiraan baasaaboorka Somaliland, si ay u taageeraan dadka reer Somaliland ee ku nool gudaha iyo dibadda Somaliland. * Bixinta ruqsadaha degenaanshaha ajaanibka Somaliland. * Ilaalinta xuduudaha iyo roondeynta. == Helitaanka Visa == ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Siyaasada Visaha Somaliland]]'' [[File:Somaliland Visa on arrival logo.png|thumb|upright=0.5|left|]] [[File:Somaliland visa policy.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Visa policy]] Codsadayaasha ama socdaalayaasha ka tirsan Qaybta A ee soo socota waxay heli doonaan fiiso soo galitaan ah markay yimaadaan dhammaan Dekedaha laga soo galo Somaliland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.horndiplomat.com/2017/04/29/somalilanddepartment-of-immigration-to-inform-all-travelers-about-changes-of-visa-requirement-process-and-applications/ |access-date=2021-02-12 |archive-date=2019-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190816141539/http://www.horndiplomat.com/2017/04/29/somalilanddepartment-of-immigration-to-inform-all-travelers-about-changes-of-visa-requirement-process-and-applications/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.somaliland.com/business/somaliland-to-offer-visas-on-arrival-to-visitors/ |access-date=2021-02-12 |archive-date=2020-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420230941/https://www.somaliland.com/business/somaliland-to-offer-visas-on-arrival-to-visitors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Qeybta A: # Kuwa Haysta Baasaboorka Diblomaasiga. # Dadka wata Baasaboorka UN-ka. # Kuwa wata Baasaboorka Shaqada Qaranka. # Safrayaasha ka socda Hay'adaha badan, sida [[EU]], [[AU]], [[World Bank]], [[USAID]], [[IGAD]] etc. # Dhamaan NGO-yada Caalamiga ah kuwooda ayaa ka diiwaan gashan wasaarada qorsheynta. # Xubnaha Weftiyada Shisheeye ee Rasmiga ah oo ay Casuumeen Xukuumada Somaliland. # Maalgashadayaasha ganacsiga oo ay casuuntay wasaaradda ganacsiga Somaliland. # Asal ahaan asal ahaan soomaali ah oo wata Dukumentiyada Safarka Dibadda. # Socdaalayaasha ka socda wadamada soo socda waxay heli karaan fiisooyin markay yimaadaan. Qalabka Europian, [[Canada]], [[USA]], [[Brazil]], [[China]], [[Russia]], [[Turkey]], [[Egypt]], [South Africa] ], [[Morocco]], [[Tunisia]], [[Dawladaha Xubnaha ka ah Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka | Xubnaha Golaha Iskaashiga Khaliijka]] (GCC) sida Sucuudiga, [[UAE]], Baxrayn, Qatar, [[ Cumaan]], [[Kuweyt]], iyo Dalalka Gobolka IGAD. [[File:Somaliland Visa.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|right|Fiisaha dalxiis ee Somaliland laga soo siiyay Boqortooyada Ingiriiska oo leh taariikhda gelitaanka iyo bixitaanka Somaliland]] Qeybta B: Dhammaan codsadayaasha kale iyadoon loo eegin jinsiyadooda waxaa looga baahan yahay fiisaha ganacsiga, Dalxiiska, Caafimaadka, Fiisaha Transit-ka iyo wixii la mid ah, si ay u dalbadaan ka hor imaatinkooda Waaxda Socdaalka ee Waaxda Socdaalka iyaga oo u sii maraya wakiiladooda maxalliga ah ama Ergada Diblomaasiyadeed ee Somaliland xafiisyada dalalkooda. Codsadeyaasha aan loo oggolaan fiisooyinka markay yimaadaan waxaa laga heli karaa xafiisyada Diblomaasiyadda ee Somaliland sida (London, UAE, Nairobi, Addis Ababa, Djibouti, iwm). Intaas waxaa sii dheer, foomamka fiisaha waxaa laga heli karaa websaydhada Waaxda Socdaalka. == Helitaanka baasaboor == ::''Sidoo kale eeg: [[Baasaboorka Somaliland]]'' {{multiple image | align = left | width = 100 | footer = | image1 = Somaliland Passport Cover.svg | caption1 = Regular Passport | image2 = Somaliland Service Passport.svg | caption2 = Service Passport | image3 = Somaliland Diplomatic Passport.svg | caption3 = Diplomatic Passport }} Bixinta Baasaboorka Somaliland waxaa sameeya Laanta Socdaalka iyo Xuduudaha Somaliland. Baasaboorka Somaliland waxaa la siin karaa oo keliya Muwaadin reer Somaliland ah haddii uu caddeeyo dhalashadiisa iyo buuxiyo shuruudaha hoos ku qoran: # Codsaduhu waa inuu keenaa nuqul kaarkiisa diiwaangelinta ah oo la siiyay xilligii doorashada. # Codsaduhu waa inuu sidoo kale ka keenaa CID (Waaxda Baarista Dambiyada) warqad dukumiinti ah oo cadaynaysa in codsaduhu uusan wax dambi ah galin # Codsaduhu waa inuu sidoo kale la yimaadaa dukumiinti dukumiinti ah oo ka socda xafiiska qareenka degmada oo lagu xaqiijinayo in codsaduhu uusan wax dambi ah galin. # Codsaduhu waa inuu dhiibaa 3 sawir oo cabir baasaboor ah. # Codsaduhu waa inuu heystaa Foom Codsi Baasaboor ah. == Sidoo kale eeg == * Siyaasada Visaha ee Somaliland * [[Baasaboorka Somaliland]] * Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha (Somaliland) == Xiriirinta dibedda == * [http://www.slimmigration.com/ Websaydhka Xafiiska Socdaalka iyo Xakamaynta Xuduudaha] (in English) [[Category:Dowlada Somaliland]] [[Category:Somaliland Portals]] 5l5nmgcx8scb849x26wknge83rh4izn 0 32175 304537 212727 2026-08-09T11:02:35Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304537 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siyaasadda fiisaha ee Somaliland ayaa''' tilmaamaysa adeegsiga iyo helitaanka fiisooyinka [[Somaliland]] . Iyadoo la raacayo sharciga, muwaadiniinta dalal kasta waxay u baahan yihiin fiiso ay ku soo booqdaan wadanka [[Somaliland]]. [[Somaliland]] iyo [[Soomaaliya]] waxay leeyihiin siyaasado fiiso gabi ahaanba ka duwan maamulka Somalilandna ma aqoonsana fiisooyinka qaran ee ay bixiso Soomaaliya. [[File:Somaliland_Visa.jpg|thumb|400px|right| Fiisaha dalxiis ee Somaliland laga soo siiyay Boqortooyada Ingiriiska oo ay ku qoran tahay taariikhda gelitaanka iyo bixitaanka Somaliland]] == Visa markaad timaado == Dadka haysta baasaboorada ay soo saareen wadamada soo socda ee hoose waxay heli karaan fiiso markay yimaadaan dhamaan kontoroolada xadka oo ay ku jiraan [[Gegada Diyaaradaha Cigaal|Madaarka Hargeysa]] : <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.somaliland.com/business/somaliland-to-offer-visas-on-arrival-to-visitors/ |access-date=2021-02-18 |archive-date=2020-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420230941/https://www.somaliland.com/business/somaliland-to-offer-visas-on-arrival-to-visitors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> {| style=" border-radius:1em; box-shadow: 0.1em 0.1em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.75); background-color: white; border: 1px solid white; padding: 5px;" | * {{Flagicon|European Union}} All [[Midowga Yurub|European Union]] nationals * {{Flag|Bahrain}} * {{Flag|Brazil}} * {{Flag|Canada}} * {{Flag|China}} * {{Flag|Djibouti}} * {{Flag|Egypt}} * {{Flag|Eritrea}} * {{Flag|Ethiopia}} * {{Flag|Kenya}} * {{Flag|Kuwait}} * {{Flag|Morocco}} * {{Flag|Oman}} | valign="top" | * {{Flag|Russia}} * {{Flag|Qatar}} * {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} * {{Flag|Somalia}} * {{Flag|South Africa}} * {{Flag|South Sudan}} * {{Flag|Sudan}} * {{Flag|Switzerland}} * {{Flag|Taiwan}} * {{Flag|Turkey}} * {{Flag|Uganda}} * {{Flag|United Kingdom}} * {{Flag|United States}} * {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}} |} [[File:Somaliland_visa.jpg|thumb| Fiisaha Somaliland ee ay bixisay Xafiiska Xiriirka Somaliland, Addis Ababa]] == Visa ka hor safarka == Fiisayaashu sidoo kale waxaa laga bixiyaa safaaradda Somaliland ee deriska la ah Somaliland sida caasimadda [[Itoobiya]] ee [[Addis Abeba|Addis Ababa]] [[Addis Abeba|.]] iyo Caasimadda [[Jabuuti]] ee [[Jabuuti (magaalo)|Jabuuti]] iyo Xududaha Somaliland denaca Loyacaado iyo Tog Wajaale Intaa waxaa sii dheer, fiiso ayaa lagu dalban karaa iyadoo la adeegsanayo xafiiska wakiilka Somaliland ee London. == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Laanta Socdaalka Somaliland|Laanta Socdaalka iyo Xuduudaha Somaliland]] * Siyaasadda Visa ee Soomaaliya * Shuruudaha fiisaha ee muwaadiniinta reer Somaliland * [[Baasaboorka Somaliland]] == Tixraacyo == [[Category:Visaha]] [[Category:Somaliland]] [[Category:Macluumaadka Somaliland]] dwopij9pdud3acrxv3stbgz1wk6pji9 0 32246 304536 283048 2026-08-09T10:57:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox qeybaha dowlada|agency_name=''Shaqo Qaran JSL''<br>(SQJSL)|chief6_position=|chief3_name=|chief3_position=|chief4_name=|chief4_position=|chief5_name=|chief5_position=|chief6_name=|chief7_name=|chief2_name=|chief7_position=|chief8_name=|chief8_position=|chief9_name=|chief9_position=|parent_department=|child1_agency=|website={{Official website|https://shaqoqaransl.com/|}}|chief2_position=|chief1_position=|type=|jurisdiction=[[File:Emblem of Somaliland.svg|20px]] [[Dawladda Somaliland]]|seal=|nativename=Somaliland National Service Programme (SSNSP)''Shaqo Qaran JSL''<br>(SQJSL)|logo=Somaliland National Service.svg|logo_width=|logo_caption=Somaliland National Service logo|formed=May 2018|dissolved=|headquarters={{Flag|Somaliland}}|chief1_name=|employees=|budget=|coordinates=|region_code=|minister1_name=|minister1_pfo=|deputyminister1_name=|deputyminister1_pfo=|footnotes=}}'''Shaqada Qaranka Somaliland''' ( [[Af-Ingiriisi|Af-Inqiriisi]] '''Somaliland National Service Programme''') Waa Barnaamijka Shaqo Qaran ee [[Somaliland]] oo ah hay'ad ka tirsan dawladda Somaliland hay'ad shaqsiyadeed oo sharci leh oo xilligan ku hoos jirta xafiiska Madaxweynaha. SNSP waa barnaamij tijaabo ah iyo waxqabadkiisa iyo waxtarka ay u leedahay ladagaalanka dhalinyarada qaranka. <ref>https://www.bbc.com/somali/47434481</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.somaliland.com/news/national-service-trainees-returned/ |access-date=2021-03-19 |archive-date=2024-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240513132019/https://www.somaliland.com/news/national-service-trainees-returned/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=First Batch of Somaliland National Service Volunteers Graduate - SomTribune |url=https://www.somtribune.com/2019/05/29/first-batch-of-somaliland-national-service-volunteers-graduate/ |access-date=2021-03-19 |archive-date=2020-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105135159/http://www.somtribune.com/2019/05/29/first-batch-of-somaliland-national-service-volunteers-graduate/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> <ref>[https://somalilandstandard.com/somalilands-first-batch-of-recruits-to-undergo-national-service-commence-training/ Somaliland’s First batch of recruits to undergo national service commence training | Somaliland Standard]</ref> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Somaliland]] == Tixraacyo == == Xiriirinta dibedda == * [https://shaqoqaransl.com/ Websaydh Rasmi ah] {{Wayback|url=https://shaqoqaransl.com/ |date=20210209214459 }} [[Category:Somaliland]] [[Category:Dawladda Somaliland]] des77446pknjwuongpbx3sx9eae4g3p 0 33910 304521 251014 2026-08-09T06:40:17Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song|name=Isii Nafta|artist=[[Nimco Happy]]|released=2017|language={{Hlist|[[Af-Soomaali]]|[[Carabi]]|[[Af-Sawaaxili]]|}}|misc={{External music video|{{YouTube|RXFMtQz2cb8 |"Isii Nafta"}}|header=Performance video|type=song}}|length={{Duration|m=4|s=16}}|label=[[Polydor Records]]{{efn| Polydor Records ayaa siinaya heesta siideynta rasmiga ah Oktoobar 2021 ka dib markii heesta aan laga helin goobta si rasmi ah oo aan lagu duubin hoosteeda shirkad|}}|composer=Abwaan Dhaga-jilic|type=single}} "'''Isii Nafta'''" ([[Af-Ingiriisi]]: '''Give Me Your Soul''') waa hees ay duubtay fannaanda Soomaaliyeed [[Nimco Happy]], oo la soo saaray bartamihii 2017. Fanaanaddu waxay heesta ku qaaday dhowr riwaayadood oo ay ku qabatay Soomaaliya, heestu ay caan ka ahayd dalka. Sanadkii 2021, "Isii Nafta" wuxuu caan ku noqday madal wadaagista fiidiyowga [[TikTok]], taas oo gacan ka geysatay heesta inay caan noqoto dhagaystayaasha adduunka. "Isii Nafta" kaalinta 49aad ee heesaha [[Shazam]] ee aadka loo raadiyay.<ref>[https://www.shazam.com/charts/top-200/saudi-arabia Top 200].</ref> Ee Oktoobar 28, waxaa heesta si rasmi ah u sii daayay Nimco Happy iyo shirkaddeeda cusub ee loo heesay [[Polydor Records|Polydor]], sida "'''Is Nafta (Love You More than My Life)'''", Spotify iyo madal kale.<ref>[https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/nimco-happy-releases-single-after-viral-tiktok-hit?amp "Somali artist behind viral TikTok Hit 'give me life' releases official single"] {{Wayback|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/nimco-happy-releases-single-after-viral-tiktok-hit?amp |date=20211031181949 }}.</ref> == Isii Nafta (Love You More Than My Life) == {{Infobox song|name=Isii Nafta (Love You More Than My Life)|released={{start date|2021|10|28|}}|artist=[[Nimco Happy]]|label=[[Polydor Records]]|language={{Hlist|[[Af Soomaali]]|[[Carabi]]|[[Af-Sawaaxili]]|}}|lyricist=Abwaan Dhaga-jilic|composer=Abwaan Dhaga-jilic}} Nimco Happy waxay la saxeexatay Polydor Records,<ref>[https://thewoostervoice.spaces.wooster.edu/2021/11/05/isii-nafta-a-recent-diaspora-anthem/ “Isii Nafta”: A Recent Diaspora Anthem].</ref><ref>[https://www.soundsofafrica.org/viral-somali-artists-signs-release-deal/ Viral Somali Artists signs Release Deal - Sounds of Africa].</ref> shirkad muusig ka dib guusha caalamiga ah ee heesta.<ref>[https://thepinkreportnews.com/2021/11/01/polydor-records-maxay-tahay-shirkadda-la-wareegtay-heesta-caan-baxday-ee-nimco-happy/ Polydor Records: Maxay tahay shirkadda la wareegtay heesta caan baxday ee Nimco Happy?] {{Wayback|url=https://thepinkreportnews.com/2021/11/01/polydor-records-maxay-tahay-shirkadda-la-wareegtay-heesta-caan-baxday-ee-nimco-happy/ |date=20211111025457 }}.</ref> "Isii Nafta" ayaa si rasmi ah loogu sii daayay goobta muusiga ee Oktoobar 28 ee Spotify sida "Isii Nafta (Love You More Than My Life)".<ref>"[https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/nimco-happy-isii-nafta-tiktok/amp/ Nimco Happy's 'Love You More Than My Life' Becomes Viral Hit - uDiscover Music"].</ref> November, heesta ayaa 23 ka gashay shaxda ''[[Billboard]]'' "Iibinta Heesaha Dijitaalka ah ee Adduunka", taasoo ka dhigaysa Nimco Happy fanaanadii ugu horeysay ee Soomaali ah oo taa soo gaarta.<ref>"[https://twitter.com/billboardcharts/status/1458474832744550406?s=21 Billboard World Digital Song Sales (21/11/10)"]. ''[[Twitter]]''.</ref> === Shaxda === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! Shaxda (2021) ! Booska ugu sarreeya |- !Maraykanka (''[[‪Billboard]]'' Iibinta Heesaha Dijitaalka ah ee Adduunka) |23 |- |} == Tix == <references /> == X == i0ygr29f3i4vyev55lq90mabhh4m5y1 304522 304521 2026-08-09T06:40:18Z KiranBOT 41360 removed AMP tracking from URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|details]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|report error]]) v2.2.9s 304522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song|name=Isii Nafta|artist=[[Nimco Happy]]|released=2017|language={{Hlist|[[Af-Soomaali]]|[[Carabi]]|[[Af-Sawaaxili]]|}}|misc={{External music video|{{YouTube|RXFMtQz2cb8 |"Isii Nafta"}}|header=Performance video|type=song}}|length={{Duration|m=4|s=16}}|label=[[Polydor Records]]{{efn| Polydor Records ayaa siinaya heesta siideynta rasmiga ah Oktoobar 2021 ka dib markii heesta aan laga helin goobta si rasmi ah oo aan lagu duubin hoosteeda shirkad|}}|composer=Abwaan Dhaga-jilic|type=single}} "'''Isii Nafta'''" ([[Af-Ingiriisi]]: '''Give Me Your Soul''') waa hees ay duubtay fannaanda Soomaaliyeed [[Nimco Happy]], oo la soo saaray bartamihii 2017. Fanaanaddu waxay heesta ku qaaday dhowr riwaayadood oo ay ku qabatay Soomaaliya, heestu ay caan ka ahayd dalka. Sanadkii 2021, "Isii Nafta" wuxuu caan ku noqday madal wadaagista fiidiyowga [[TikTok]], taas oo gacan ka geysatay heesta inay caan noqoto dhagaystayaasha adduunka. "Isii Nafta" kaalinta 49aad ee heesaha [[Shazam]] ee aadka loo raadiyay.<ref>[https://www.shazam.com/charts/top-200/saudi-arabia Top 200].</ref> Ee Oktoobar 28, waxaa heesta si rasmi ah u sii daayay Nimco Happy iyo shirkaddeeda cusub ee loo heesay [[Polydor Records|Polydor]], sida "'''Is Nafta (Love You More than My Life)'''", Spotify iyo madal kale.<ref>[https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/nimco-happy-releases-single-after-viral-tiktok-hit?amp "Somali artist behind viral TikTok Hit 'give me life' releases official single"] {{Wayback|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/nimco-happy-releases-single-after-viral-tiktok-hit?amp |date=20211031181949 }}.</ref> == Isii Nafta (Love You More Than My Life) == {{Infobox song|name=Isii Nafta (Love You More Than My Life)|released={{start date|2021|10|28|}}|artist=[[Nimco Happy]]|label=[[Polydor Records]]|language={{Hlist|[[Af Soomaali]]|[[Carabi]]|[[Af-Sawaaxili]]|}}|lyricist=Abwaan Dhaga-jilic|composer=Abwaan Dhaga-jilic}} Nimco Happy waxay la saxeexatay Polydor Records,<ref>[https://thewoostervoice.spaces.wooster.edu/2021/11/05/isii-nafta-a-recent-diaspora-anthem/ “Isii Nafta”: A Recent Diaspora Anthem].</ref><ref>[https://www.soundsofafrica.org/viral-somali-artists-signs-release-deal/ Viral Somali Artists signs Release Deal - Sounds of Africa].</ref> shirkad muusig ka dib guusha caalamiga ah ee heesta.<ref>[https://thepinkreportnews.com/2021/11/01/polydor-records-maxay-tahay-shirkadda-la-wareegtay-heesta-caan-baxday-ee-nimco-happy/ Polydor Records: Maxay tahay shirkadda la wareegtay heesta caan baxday ee Nimco Happy?] {{Wayback|url=https://thepinkreportnews.com/2021/11/01/polydor-records-maxay-tahay-shirkadda-la-wareegtay-heesta-caan-baxday-ee-nimco-happy/ |date=20211111025457 }}.</ref> "Isii Nafta" ayaa si rasmi ah loogu sii daayay goobta muusiga ee Oktoobar 28 ee Spotify sida "Isii Nafta (Love You More Than My Life)".<ref>"[https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/nimco-happy-isii-nafta-tiktok/ Nimco Happy's 'Love You More Than My Life' Becomes Viral Hit - uDiscover Music"].</ref> November, heesta ayaa 23 ka gashay shaxda ''[[Billboard]]'' "Iibinta Heesaha Dijitaalka ah ee Adduunka", taasoo ka dhigaysa Nimco Happy fanaanadii ugu horeysay ee Soomaali ah oo taa soo gaarta.<ref>"[https://twitter.com/billboardcharts/status/1458474832744550406?s=21 Billboard World Digital Song Sales (21/11/10)"]. ''[[Twitter]]''.</ref> === Shaxda === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ ! Shaxda (2021) ! Booska ugu sarreeya |- !Maraykanka (''[[‪Billboard]]'' Iibinta Heesaha Dijitaalka ah ee Adduunka) |23 |- |} == Tix == <references /> == X == ang2jt0robrqzot7shm2zo9fjqoqv6k 0 34592 304540 234114 2026-08-09T11:56:44Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304540 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Warka Salidka Algeria''' {{Flag|Algeria}} [[File:Oil_well.jpg|thumb|right|300px|]] ==Warka== * https://www.argusmedia.com/en/news/2274257-algeria-requests-opec-baseline-revision * https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/headlines/1817931-algeria-sees-oil-and-gas-exports-at-279-bln-in-2022--state-media * https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/algerias-dairy-dreams-could-cut-its-huge-import-bill {{Wayback|url=https://english.alaraby.co.uk/news/algerias-dairy-dreams-could-cut-its-huge-import-bill |date=20211128105544 }} * https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/2/8/algerias-oil-and-gas-exports-plummet * https://www.arabnews.com/node/1987296/business-economy * https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20210901-algeria-oil-company-expects-revenues-to-rise-13bn-in-2021/ * https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/natural-gas/122020-algerias-2020-hydrocarbons-production-to-shrink-8-year-on-year-energy-minister ==Sido Kale fiiri== * [[Warka Salidka Waddanamaha]] 2m4ebsvn8m0a140sw4kggay65fo7wkg 0 37928 304486 295732 2026-08-09T01:09:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304486 wikitext text/x-wiki Axmed Xaaji Cabdiraxmaan Sheekh Soomaaliyeed kamid ahaa Aasaasayaash [[Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika]] waxaana lagu dilay [[boosaaso]] [[4 dec|5 dec]] [[2011]] <ref>{{استشهاد ويب | url = http://somalitalk.com/2011/12/23/caalim-geeridii-waa-furin-aan-la-awdi-karin-daawo-10-muxaadaro-dec-9-11-2011/ | title = SomaliTalk.com » Caalim Geeridii waa Furin aan la Awdi karin{{!}} Daawo 10 Muxaadaro Dec 9-11, 2011 | accessdate = 2023-03-05 | last = says | first = Abdirahman Sh Bihi }}</ref> {{Infobox person|name=Axmed Xaaji Cabdiraxmaan|image=|birth_date=[[1957]]|birth_place=[[Gaalkacyo]]|death_date=5 Dec [[2011]]|death cause=Dil|death_place=[[Boosaaso]]|nationality=[[Soomaali]]|education=jaamacadda umul quraa [[sucuudiga]]|religion=[[Islaam]]|occupation=Maamule ku xigeen [[Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika]]}} [[تصنيف:صفحات تستخدم قالب معلومات شخص بحاجة لمراجعة]] [[تصنيف:صفحات بها وسائط مستغنى عنها]] == noloshiisa == Wuxuu ku dhashay [[1957|1957kii]], gobolka [[Mudug]], wuxuuna ku barbaaray magaalada [[Gaalkacyo]] ee [[Soomaaliya]], wuxuuna ka dhashay qoys diin iyo wanaag lagu yaqaannay, aabihiis, Xaaji Cabdi Raxmaan wuxuu ahaa aqoonyahan , wuxuuna ahaa xildhibaan ka tirsanaa barlamaankii ugu horeeyay gobanimada kadib [[Soomaaliya]] , wuxuuna ka mid ahaa aasaasayaashii xisbigii SYL, , halka hooyadii ay ka soo jeedo qoys caan ku ah suugaantaa Abtigiisna waa Yaasiin Cismaan Yuusuf. wuxuu ahaa qofkii ugu horreeyay ee qoray qaamuus afka Soomaaliga. <ref>http://somalitalk.com/2011/12/23/caalim-geeridii-waa-furin-aan-la-awdi-karin-daawo-10-muxaadaro-dec-9-11-2011/ {{Wayback|url=http://somalitalk.com/2011/12/23/caalim-geeridii-waa-furin-aan-la-awdi-karin-daawo-10-muxaadaro-dec-9-11-2011/ |date=20230305124823 }}</ref> qur’aanka kariimka ah ayuu xifdiyay isaga oo yar , wuxuuna xifdiyay mutuunta, waxuu wax ka bartay dugsi hoose ku yaala magaalada [[Gaalkacyo|Gaalkacayo]] oo uu maamulayay Al-Azhar Al-Shariif, kadib waxa uu waxabarashadiisa ku dhameystay [[Muqdisho]] . wuxuu dugsiga dhexe ku dhamystay Muxamed C/laahi Xasan, ka dibna dugsiga sare waxa uu ku qaatay dugsigii Jamaal Cabdinaasir. Waxa uu ku biiray ciidanka markii uu dhammeeyay dugsiga sare, waxa uu deeq waxbarasho ka helay Dalka [[Ciraaq]] wuxuuna ka qalin jabiyay dufcaddii 60-aad ee ciidamada badda ee magaalada [[Mowsil|Mosul]] ee dalkaas, kadibna wuxuu kamid ahaa ciidank milatariga ah ee soomaaliya ilaa uu ka gaadhay darajada Sarreeye guuto, ka dibna wuu iska casilay. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.somalinet.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=292325 |access-date=2023-03-05 |archive-date=2023-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305132128/https://www.somalinet.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=292325 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dacwada == Marxuumka ayaa yaraantiisii bilaabay in uu sharxo kutubta Islaamka , wuxuuna qayb ka ahaa dhaqdhaqaaqyada Islaamiga ah tan iyo markii dhidibbada loo taagay todobaatanaadkii, wuxuuna dhigi jiray kutub cilmiyeysan xataa xilligii uu ciidanka ka tirsanaa., wuxuuna inta badan ka qayb qaadan jiray dacwadana, muxaadaraadna ka jeedin jiray masaajidda <ref>https://www.asharqalarabi.org.uk/markaz/m_abhath-23-06-10-1.htm</ref> == waxbarashadiia == Wuxuu naftiisa u huray inuu barto shareecada Islaamka, ka dibna wuxuu u guuray [[Sacuudi Carabiya]] oo uu waxbarashada jaamacadda ugu dhamaysto * Shahaadada koowaad ee shareecada Islaamka ayuu ka qaatay Jaamacadda Umm Al-Qura 1986kii * 1992- kii waxa uu shahaadada Masterka ka qaatay Jaamacadda Umm Al-Qura * Waxa uu shahaado doctorate ah ka qaatay jaamacada Umm Al-Qura 2000 == Qoraaladiisa == الحافظ مغلطاي وجهوده في علم الحديث - رسالة دكتوراة في جامعة أم القرى 2000 بإشراف د محمد أحمد القاسم <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://ketabpedia.com/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8-%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB/ |access-date=2023-03-05 |archive-date=2023-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305115138/https://ketabpedia.com/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8-%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == [[Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika]] == Wuxuu qayb ka ahaa aasaaskii [[Jaamacadda Bariga Afrika]] isaga iyo saaxiibkiis, Dr. [[Cabdulqaadir Maxamed cabdullaahi|C/qaadir Maxamed Cabdullaahi Samantar]], markii ay ka soo wada laabteen [[Sacuudi Carabiya|Sucuudiga]] sannadkii [[1999|1999-]] kii, iyagoo Tagay magaalada [[Boosaaso]] si ay ugu faaruqaan faafinta shareecada islaamka <ref>{{Cite web |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |url=http://www.sagalradio.org/articles/2012/10/24/warbixin-ku-aadan-dilkii-dr-shiikh-axmed-xaaji-cabdiraxmaan#.ZAR5unZBzIU |access-date=2023-03-05 |archive-date=2023-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305112026/http://www.sagalradio.org/articles/2012/10/24/warbixin-ku-aadan-dilkii-dr-shiikh-axmed-xaaji-cabdiraxmaan#.ZAR5unZBzIU |dead-url=yes }}</ref>, waxaana loo doortay guddoomiye ku xigeen, wuxuuna hayay jagada ilaa 2008, wuxuuna lahaa fikradda ah in magacan loogu magacaabo jaamacadda. == Dilkiisii == Waxaa lagu dilay Magaalada [[Boosaaso]] Asagoo ka soo baxay Masjidka Xuseen Bin Cali ee <ref>https://www.bbc.com/somali/war/2011/12/111205_boosaaso</ref> December 4, 2011, sagaal ka mid ah dadkii ka qeyb qaatay dilkiisa. ayaa lagu xukumay dil toogasho ah laguna fuliyay <ref>https://www.daljir.com/dr-axmed-xaaji-cabdiraxmaan-oo-ka-mid-ahaa-culimada-waaweyn-ee-puntland-oo-saaka-lagu-dilay-bossaso-raggii-dilkaasi-gaystay-oo-baxsaday/</ref> waxaana lagu eedeyay [[Al-Shabaab]] inay fuliyeen dilka. <references /> {{Portal bar|Soomaaliya|}} [[تصنيف:بوابة أعلام/مقالات متعلقة]] [[تصنيف:بوابة الصومال/مقالات متعلقة]] [[تصنيف:جميع المقالات التي تستخدم شريط بوابات]] [[Category:Shaqsiyaad]] [[Category:Soomaalida]] [[Category:Culamada soomaaliya]] hy8t07ewmgg8wvp5wm3zvqe9izfdyj9 0 39827 304520 298698 2026-08-09T06:39:21Z ~2026-43724-76 46866 Fixed grammar 304520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Sabawanag | other_name = Bender Wanaag | native_name = | nickname = Magaalo Isaxaaq | settlement_type = Town | motto = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = flag of somaliland | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=325|frame-height=325|zoom=12|frame-lat=9.5624|frame-long= 44.0537|type=shape-inverse|id=Q3642|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|title=Hargeisa}} | mapsize = 260px | map_caption = Interactive map outlining Hargeisa | pushpin_map = Marodi Jeh#Somaliland#Horn of Africa#Africa | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Somaliland. | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Somaliland | | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Somaliland}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Somaliland]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Somaliland]] | government_footnotes = somaliland | government_type = | leader_title = district governor | leader_name = Sheikh Khadar Aw seid | established_title = the governor of the province of Maroidi jeex | established_date = July 20, 2022 | area_magnitude = 1,271 metre | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 5000 | population_density_km2 = 1169 meters / 3835.3 feet | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|9|33|47|N|44|4|3|E|region:SO-Mu|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = https://mapcarta.com/N1404224304 | footnotes = | name = }} '''Sabawanaag''' is a town in the [[Maroodijeex]] region of [[Somaliland]]<ref>{{Cite web |author=FSAU |date=August 2005 |url=https://fsnau.org/downloads/Somalia-Sool-Region.pdf |title=Somaliland: Maroodijeex |accessdate=2022-12-26 |ciwaan=Nuqul Archive |archive-date=2021-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802032706/https://www.fsnau.org/downloads/Somalia-Sool-Region.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>/[[Somaliland]].<ref>{{Cite web |author=Simon Mumuli Oduori |date=February 2006 |url=https://www.faoswalim.org/resources/Land/Environmental_Study_Degradation_Sool_Plateau_and_Gebi.pdf |title=ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY OF DEGRADATION IN THE SOOL PLATEAU AND GEBI VALLEY:SANAAG REGION OF NORTHERN SOMALIA |accessdate=2022-03-11 |archive-date=2023-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204053434/https://www.faoswalim.org/resources/Land/Environmental_Study_Degradation_Sool_Plateau_and_Gebi.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ) The town is predominantly inhabited by people from the [[Somali people|Somali]] ethnic group, with the habar yunis sub-clan of the isaxaaq carre🦁 [[isaaq]] especially well represented. sjou4yklusuoolefg07o0c0dm7t62x3 0 40326 304519 276924 2026-08-09T05:50:46Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304519 wikitext text/x-wiki <u>Darwiish Cabdidheere Warsame Guuleed</u> [[File:Cabdi_dheere.jpg|thumb|alt=Darwiish Cabdidheere|Darwiish Cabdidheere Warsame Guuleed]] ===<u>'''DARWIISH CABDIDHEERE'''</u>=== ___________________________________ '''Darwiish Cabdidheere Warsame Guuleed''' wuxuu ahaa Abaanduuliyii iyo Shiish-yaqaankii aan waligii xabada la gafin. Kaasoo qisooyin iyo halgan dhaxalgal ah reebay. Wuxuu ahaa Halgamaa Geesi ah, caalim diinneed oo Gabayaa ah. [[File:Cabdi_dheere.jpg|thumb|alt=Darwiish Cabdidheere Warsame Guuleed|Darwiish Cabdidheere]] ==Deegaanka== Habaryoonis waa qabiilka ugu faraha badan qabiilyoonka Isaaqa (44%)uguna magaca muruqa weyn beelaha soomaaliyeed. Habaryoonis waxay degaan 5 gobol inta u dhaxatsa [[Hargeysa]] [[Burco]] [[Ceerigaabo]] [[Berbera]] sheekh [[Oodwayne]] [[ceelafweyn]] oog [[maydh]],iyo gabolka Shanaad xagga [[Ethiopia]] waxay degaan dhulka ugu ballaadhan ee ay soomaalidu ka degto, marka laga reebo dhulka Ogaadeenka ,waxay habaryoonis oo kala baxda qabiilada sida: [[Muuse Carre]] [[Muuse Ismaaciil]] [[Xirsi Cismaan ]] [[Isaxaaq]] [[Muuse Cabdalle ]] [[Sacadyoonis]] Cali Siciid Reer Xuseen Cilmi Adam(Reer Cilmi) Ugaadh Cumar Ba dhulbahante Gunbuur Idreys Baha Ismaaciil ==Tacliinta iyo Suugaanta== Habaryoonis waa qabiilka ugu gabyaaga badan qabiilooyinka soomaaliyeed. Sidoo kale hoobaladii caanka ahaa ee soomaalida intooda badani (near 50%) waxay ahaayeen Habaryoonis. Sidoo kale halabuurkii qaranka ee allifa heesaha iyo riwaayadaha soomaalida more than 40% waxay ka dhasheen qabiilooyinka Habaryoonis.waxaana ka dhashay nimankii ugu tacliinta sare ee soomaaliyeed sida: Aabihi taclinta [[Maxamuud axmed cali ]] [[Xaji yuusuf qabile ]] [[Cali sugule duncarbeed]] [[Qaasin]] [[Axmed Saleebaan Bidde]] Ismaaciil Cagaf [[Xaaji aadan afqalooc]] [[Ibrahim Gadhle]] ==Caafimaadka== beesha Habaryoonis waxa kaso jeeda dhakhaatirta ugu waxtarka badan dhulka somalida sida: Dr Gaboose Dr Shiine (manhal hospital ) Dr Maxamed xassan ( Dr waddnaha ) Dr Raamboo Dr: Tuke Dr Aw koombe ==Halgankii== beesha Habaryoonis waxa kaso jeeda ragi la kulmay ciidamadi Boqor [[Diiriye Guure]] ee halganka kula jiray gumaystihi ingiriska waxana kamid aha : '''<u>^{Darwiish Cabdidheere Warsame Guuleed}</u>''' '''DARWIISH CABDIDHEERE WARSAME GUULEED''' __________________________________________ <code>'''<big>Darwiish Cabdidheere Warsame Guuleed</big>'''</code> wuxuu ahaa Abaanduuliyii iyo Shiish-yaqaankii aan waligii xabada la gafin. Kaasoo qisooyin iyo halgan dhaxalgal ah reebay. Wuxuu ahaa Halgamaa Geesi ah, caalim diinneed oo Gabayaa ah. suldan nuur axmed amaan, goobtii ugu horeysa ay diyaaradii ingriiska duqayso waxay ahayd qalcadii midhisho ee ciidamada beesha muuse ismaaciil HY ku sugnayeen. Kadib jabkii ingriiska wuxuu ku warejiyay maamulida dhulka somaliland xaaji [[muuse faarax igarre]] (ina igarre) ahana ninki garaadtooyada Diiriye Guure jabiyay kadib. beesha Habaryoonis waa beeshi aasastay ururski hubaysna ee SNM ugu sarakisha badnayd sido kale waa beesha laba jeer gudoomiye ka noqotay SNM gudoomiye cabdiqaadir koosaar iyo gudoomiye [[abdirahman ahmed ali Tuur]] Ahaana madaxweynihi xoreyey [[Somaliland]] 1991. Ninki ugu horeyay ee asasay ururka SNM waa general maxamed cali 1980. ==Ganacsiga== Habaryoonis waxa kaso jeeda ganacsata ugu baladhan dhulka soomalida Sida aamina xirsi mooge oo kamida tujaarta qaarada afrika, Sido kale waxa kaso jeda ganacsadaha wayn ee xaaji aadan baradho oo ah nin xoolaha ugu badan ka dhoofiya geeska africa, shirkada diyaaradaha daallo iyo tujaar caan ahaa sida biregeye, dawaare ,miyateyn, cali warsame, isaxaaq suufi ,ina iimaan. ==Tixraac== https://www.abtirsi.com/view.php?person=1002{{Dead link|date=Bisha Lixaad 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} https://www.somalinet.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=403114 {{Wayback|url=https://www.somalinet.com/forums/viewtopic.php?t=403114 |date=20240408095826 }} https://www.hoygasuugaanta.com/Taariikh.htm an18zy2u753ddgliche8quphzve2ds1 0 42255 304507 301217 2026-08-09T03:48:30Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304507 wikitext text/x-wiki Salahley District ( [[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Salaxley ) waa Degmo ku taal Bariga Gobolka [[Maroodi Jeex]] ee [[Somaliland]]. Caasimaddeedu waxay ku taal [[Salaxleey]]. {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Salahley | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = [[Qaybaha maamulka Somaliland|Degmo]] | motto = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = Salahley_District.svg | mapsize = | map_caption = Goobta Degmada Salaxlay ee Maroodi Jeex, Somaliland | pushpin_map =Somaliland | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somaliland}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Qaybaha maamulka Somaliland|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Maroodi Jeex]] | subdivision_type2 = Caasimada | subdivision_name2 = [[Salaxleey]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | area_magnitude = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = 2016 | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = 9235 | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates ={{coord|9.026667|44.207472|region:SO|display=it}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | blank_name = | blank_info = | website = | footnotes = }} Bishii Sebtembar 2022, waxa la ururiyay biyo ay ku jiraan saliida cayriin iyadoo ceel laga qodayo Sallaxley. Waxa halkan ku yar colaadaha qabiilka iyo siyaasadda. Ogow in sidoo kale ay jirto tuulada [[Salaxleey]], oo [[Garoowe]] 12 km koonfur-bari ka xigta. ==Gudoomiye== Badhasaabka Sallaxley (Maayarka Sallaxley) ayaa isna ah badhasaabka Sallaxley. 2010kii waa Cabdirashiid Mo'allin (Cabdirashiid Macallin). Laga bilaabo Janaayo 2012, Ismaaciil Yuusuf Xuseen (Shiine) ahaa guddoomiye. Bishii Disembar 2012, golaha deegaanka Sallaxley waxay guddoomiye u doorteen Maxamuud Ibraahin Xandule, halka guddoomiye ku xigeenna loo doortay Naasir Cabdi IImaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa shirka ka maqnaa qaar ka mid ah xubnaha golaha. Bishii March 2014, Ismaaciil Yuusuf Xuseen (Shiine) ayaa ka hadlay dhacdo ka dhacday xaafadiisa isagoo ah guddoomiyaha gobolka Sallaxley. Bishii Agoosto 2020, Ismaaciil Yuusuf Xuseen (Shiine), oo ah guddoomiyaha gobolka Sallaxley, ayaa shirkadda Telesom uga mahad celiyay deeqda ay ka geysatay gurmadka masiibooyinka. March 2023 golaha deegaanka Sallaxley ayaa u codeeyay in xilka laga qaado maayar Axmed Buraale Iimaan, balse wasiirka arrimaha gudaha Somaliland ayaa sheegay in go’aankaasi uu ahaa mid sharciga baalmarsan. February 2024, duqii ayaa xilka ka qaaday goluhu, waxaana Maxamed Cabdi Haariye loo magacaabay duqa, Maxamuud Baddel Guuleedna waxaa loo magacaabay maayar ku xigeen. ==Taariikhda== Sannadkii 2012-kii waxa la bilaabay dhismihiisa waddada isku xidha Salaxley iyo caasimadda Hargeysa. March 2014, hal qof ayaa ku dhaawacmay dagaal ka dhacay agagaarka tuulada Toon ka dib markii ay isku dhaceen koox taageersan xildhibaan ka tirsan golaha deegaanka Hargiesa iyo mid kale oo ka soo jeeda degmada Sallaxley. Bishii Sebtembar 2015, abaar saddex bilood ah oo ka dhacday galbeedka Somaliland ayaa sababtay dhimashada dadka tuulada Sallaxley. Bishii March 2018, waxa dib u dayactir lagu sameeyey biyo xidheenka iyada oo ay iska kaashadeen xukuumadda Somaliland iyo hay’adaha caalamiga ah sida UNDP si ay biyo ugu helaan xoolo-dhaqatada degmada Sallaxley iyo meelo kale. Bishii Luulyo 2018, waxaa deegaanka Sallaxley ka dhacay khasaare baaxad leh oo ka dhashay cayayaan ay ka mid yihiin caleenta Tamaandhada. Bishii June ee sanadkan 2020-ka, waxa Somaliland si weyn u saameeyay Ayaxu, iyadoo deegaanka Sallaxley ee gobolka Maroodi Jeex uu ahaa meelaha ugu badan ee uu saameeyay. Bishii May 2020, waxa ku dhowaa in la dhamaystiro jidka isku xidha Hargeysa iyo Sallaxley. Bishii June, waxa wada-hadallo la yeeshay dawladda deegaanka Soomaalida Itoobiya iyo Sallaxley oo ku saabsan waddada isku xidhaysa Hargeysa iyo Ina Guuxaa, oo ah magaalo xuduudeedka Itoobiya, ka dibna aadda Awaare, Itoobiya. Bishii Agoosto 2020, degmada Sallaxley waxaa ka da’ay roobab mahiigaan ah iyo dabaylo xooggan oo sababay burburka gebi ahaan ama qayb 52 dhisme ah, 28 dhisme oo ku meel gaadh ah iyo 11 guri oo dhaqameed guud ahaan degmada. Bishii Juun 2021, waxaa Somaliland ka dhacday doorashadii baarlamaanka, degmada Sallaxleyna waxaa lagu doortay afar xubnood oo ka tirsan xisbiga Kulmiye (oo uu madax ka yahay Axmed Buraale Iimaan), saddex xubnood oo UCID ah (oo uu madax u yahay Maxamed Cabdi Haariye), iyo laba ka socda xisbiga Waddani (oo uu hoggaamiyo Xasan Dheeg Good Xasan Dheeg Good). Intii ay doorashadani socotay waxa la weeraray xafiiska doorashada haweenayda, waxaana la burburiyay qalabkii doorashada, hase yeeshee komishanka doorashooyinka Somaliland iyo wasaaradda arrimaha guduhu waxay si degdeg ah uga hawlgaleen inay xaliyaan arrintan. Bishii March 2022, Xildhibaanada laga soo doortay Degmada Sallaxley ayaa biyo dhaamin u diray 24 magaalo iyo tuulooyin ka tirsan degmada oo ay abaaruhu ku dhufteen. Oktoobar 2022, waxa la sheegay in shidaal laga helay degmada Sallaxley. Muunado la qaaday ayaa lagu falanqeeyay gudaha Ingiriiska. Bishii Oktoobar 2022, Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha Somaliland waxay go'aamisay in maamullada Toon , Maadhyaal, Xadhig, Galoole iyo Jagac laga wareejiyo degmada Sallaxley loona wareejiyo magaalada Hargiesa. Bishii Disembar 2022, ActionAid ayaa sheegtay in in ka badan 20 boqolkiiba dadka deggan deegaanka Sallaxley iyo nawaaxigeeda ay barokaceen ka dib shan sano oo xiriir ah oo roob ku filan uu ka da'ay aagga. Bishii May 2023, Wasaaradda Beeraha Somaliland waxay degmada Sallaxley ka hirgelisay kayd-biyood. 1,250 xoolo-dhaqato hore ah ayaa u shaqaynaya beeralay. ==Tixraac== [https://ir.kiu.ac.ug/items/61308ede-6b99-4087-94d4-9c91c976bfdd "Daadejinta maaliyadda iyo horumarinta reer miyiga ee degmada Salaxlay, Somaliland"] {{Wayback|url=https://ir.kiu.ac.ug/items/61308ede-6b99-4087-94d4-9c91c976bfdd |date=20251014031834 }} [http://warfaafintajsl.com/slntv/2019/01/04/miisaaniyada-degmada-salaxlay-oo-ay-ansixiyeen-golaha-deegaanka-degmadasi "Miisaanka Degmada Salaxlay oo ay Ansixiyeen Golaha Deegaanka Degmadaasi"] {{Wayback|url=http://warfaafintajsl.com/slntv/2019/01/04/miisaaniyada-degmada-salaxlay-oo-ay-ansixiyeen-golaha-deegaanka-degmadasi |date=20190527095719 }} [https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2023/Jan/189678/somaliland_s_oil_find_could_reset_the_regional_balance_here_s_how.aspx "Shidaalka Somaliland oo la helay wuxuu dib u habeyn karaa dheelitirka gobolka: waa sidaan"] [https://ke.boell.org/sites/default/files/the_impact_of_climate_change_on_pastoralism_in_salahley_and_bali-gubadle_districts_-_somaliland.pdf "Saamaynta Isbadalka Cimilada Ee Xoolo Dhaqatada Degmooyinka Sallaxley Iyo Bali-gubadle Ee Somaliland"] [https://www.wajaalenews.net/?p=156490 "MAAYIRKII DEGMADA SALLAXLEY OO XILKII LAGA QAADAY IYO XUBNAHA CUSUB EE LOO DOORTAY!"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.wajaalenews.net/?p=156490 |date=20240617112644 }} [https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/rebuilt-dam-provides-safe-water-pastoral-communities-somaliland-part-ongoing-water biyo nadiif ah siinayaa bulshooyinka xoolo dhaqatada ah ee Somaliland, taas oo qayb ka ah mashaariicda kaabayaasha biyaha ee ka socda gobolka"] [https://www.hiiraan.com/news4/2024/Mar/195503/herders_in_somaliland_s_hawd_turn_to_farming_with_good_results.aspx "Xoolo-dhaqatada Somaliland ee Hawdka waxay u soo jeesteen tacabka beeraha iyagoo natiijo wanaagsan ka soo hooyay"] [https://radioergo.org/en/2018/07/somaliland-farmers-distressed-by-insects-destroying-crops-in-salahley/ "Beeralayda Somaliland waxay la dhibtoonayeen cayayaan ku baabi'inaya dalagyadii Sallaxley] lp6euj5fjk8c6nosicnsgyis1nnls06 0 42688 304506 285366 2026-08-09T03:44:40Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Degmada Dhahar | other_name = | native_name = | nickname = | settlement_type = [[Qaybaha maamulka Somaliland|Degmo]] | motto = | image_skyline = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_map = Dhahar District.svg | map_caption = Degmadda Dhahar ee Sanaag, Soomaaliya | pushpin_map =Somaliland | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = | subdivision_type = Wadanka | subdivision_name = {{flag|Somaliland}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Gobolada Somaliland|Gobolka]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Sanaag]] | subdivision_type2 = Caasimada | subdivision_name2 = [[Dhahar]] | government_footnotes = | government_type = | leader_title = | leader_name = | established_title = | established_date = | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | population_as_of = | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[East Africa Time|EAT]] | utc_offset = +3 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates ={{coord|9.74797|48.81992|region:SO|display=it}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = | website = | footnotes = | name = }} '''Dhahar District''' ([[Af Soomaali|Soomaali]]: Degmada Dhahar) waa degmo maamul oo ku taalla gobolka [[Sanaag]]. Qaybaha maamulka [[Somaliland]], waa degmo C-Class ah sida ku cad xeerka dawladaha hoose ee 2019. Dhinaca maamulka Puntland, degmadu waa xarunta gobolka Haylaan ==Taariikhda dhow== Bishii April 2012 ayay ahayd markii ciidamada Somaliland ee ku sugan degmada Dhahar ay markii ugu horeysay mushaarka askartooda ku bixiyeen shilinka Somaliland , iyadoo markii hore lagu qaadan jiray lacag shilin Soomaali ah . Bishii Luulyo 2015, waxaa magaalada Dhahar ka dhacay tartan aqooneed wakiillo ka socday lix goobood oo ka tirsan degmada Dhahar, waxaana kaalinta koowaad galay xaafadda Horseed, kaalinta labaadna waxaa galay Hodman, halka kaalinta saddexaad ay gashay deegaanka New Dhahar. Bishii May 2018, ciidamada Puntland ayaa ka baxay tuulada Af Urur oo ka tirsan degmada Dhahar, iyadoo bishii June ee sanadkan 2019 ay maleeshiyada Al-Shabaab la wareegeen tuuladaasi. Bishii Febraayo 2020, dhismuhu wuxuu bilaabay 1.5 kiiloomitir ee ugu horreeyay waddada laamiga ah ee degmada Dhahar. Bishii Maarso 2021, ciidamada Puntland waxay rasaas nool u adeegsadeen dibadbaxayaal taageersan dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya oo ka dhacay degmada Dhahar. Dowladda Federaalka ayaa cambaareysay falka Puntland. June 2022, shir ka dhacay magaalada Ceerigaabo oo ay Somaliland si hufan u maamusho, ayaa lagu go’aamiyay in beesha Warsangali ay si buuxda uga mid tahay bulshada Somaliland [ 8 ] iyo in xukuumadda Somaliland ay degmada Dhahar ka dhigi doonto gobol. Bishii Oktoobar 2022, wasiirka horumarinta reer miyiga Puntland ayaa booqday Dhahar. Wararka ayaa sheegaya in Dhahar ay maamusho Puntland, waxaana fariisin u ah ciidamada Puntland. Bishii February 2023, dawladda Somaliland waxay ku eedaysay dawladda Puntland inay dadka deggan Dhahar ku khasabtay inay ka qaybgalaan doorashada Puntland. Bishii Sebtembar 2023, xildhibaanada baarlamaanka Puntland ee laga soo doortay magaalada Dhahar ayaa ku dhaliilay xisbiyada Puntland inaysan ku lug lahayn heshiisyadii ay wada galeen, iyagoo ku andacoonaya in taasi ay dib u dhac ku keeni doonto hannaanka dimoqraadiyadda Puntland. ==Sidoo kale eeg== [[Qaybaha maamulka Somaliland]] [[Gobolada Somaliland]] [[Degmooyinka Somaliland]] [[Xuduuda Puntland iyo Waqooyibari]] ==Tixraac== [http://www.somalilandlaw.com/Xeerka__wkb__Gobolada_iyo_Degmooyinka_2019SLLaw.pdf "Wax-ka-beddelka iyo Kaabista Xeerka Ismaamulka Gobollada iyo Degmooyinka, Xeer Lr. 23/2019"] [http://www.puntlandes.com/?p=56030 "Madaxweynaha Puntland & Wefti uu Hogaaminayo oo Si Diiran Loogu Soo Dhoweeyey Magaalada Dhahar"] [http://www.qurbejoog.com/ciidamada-somaliland-ee-degmeda-dhahar-oo-markii-u-horeysay-musharadooda-ku-qaatay-sl-shiling/ "Ciidamada Somaliland ee degmeda Dhahar oo markii hore Musharadooda ku qaatay SL Shiling"] [https://halgan.net/2015/07/tartan-aqooneed-loo-qabtay-ilaa-6-xaafadood-ee-degmada-dhahar-oo-la-soo-afmeeray-masawiro/ "Tartan aqooneed loo qabtay ilaa 6 xaafadood ee degmada Dhahar oo la soo afmeeray"] [https://warsom.com/wararka/2019/06/deegaanka-af-urur-ee-degmada-dhahar-oo-ciidamo-al-shabaab-kamid-ahi-la-wareegeen/ "Deegaanka Af Urur ee Degmada Dhahar oo Ciidamo ka tirsan Al-shabaab Kamid ah La Wareegeen"] [https://goobjoog.com/dhahar-oo-markii-ugu-horreysay-laga-hirgalinayo-waddo-laami-ah/ "Dhahar oo Markii Ugu Horreysay Laga Hirgalinayo Waddo Laami ah"] [https://www.somaliland.com/news/featured-news/somalia-federal-government-alleges-puntland-forces-used-live-ammunition-on-protestors-in-dhahar-region/ "Dowladda Federaalka Soomaaliya Oo Sheegtay In Ciidamada Puntland Ay Rasaas Nool U Adeegsadeen Dibad-baxayaasha Gobolka Dhahar"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.somaliland.com/news/featured-news/somalia-federal-government-alleges-puntland-forces-used-live-ammunition-on-protestors-in-dhahar-region/ |date=20231003112038 }} [https://www.berberanews.net/2022/06/15/qodobadda-heshiis-dhexmaray-somaliland-iyo-beesha-warsangeli/ "Qodobadda heshiis dhexmaray Somaliland iyo Beesha Warsangeli"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.berberanews.net/2022/06/15/qodobadda-heshiis-dhexmaray-somaliland-iyo-beesha-warsangeli/ |date=20231003112117 }} [https://www.hiiraan.com/news/2022/jun/wararka_maanta16-181562.htm " Xukuumaddaa Somaliland iyo madax-dhaqameedka bariga Sanaag oo heshiis gaadhay"] [https://mogtimes.com/articles/57201/Somaliland-oo-Puntland-uga-digtay-in-ay-diwaangalin-ka-samayso-Dhahar "Somaliland oo Puntland uga digtey in ay diwaangalin ka samaynayso Dhahar"] 5zi4rd2ktksjbhliv1tottpv3da126u 0 43551 304514 286872 2026-08-09T04:11:48Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304514 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox event | date = September 2023 | Location = [[Degmada Mansuur]], [[Baghdad]], Ciraaq | motive = Dambiyada nacaybka LGBTQ+ ee looga shakisan yahay | reported deaths = 1 }} Bishii Sebtembar 2023, shakhsigii baraha bulshada ee Ciraaq Noor Alsaffar , oo loo yaqaanay Noor BM , (b. 2000) ayaa nin hubeysan ku toogtay saddex jeer degmada Mansuur ee Baqdaad, halkaas oo uu ku dilay. Laga bilaabo Abriil 2024, qofna laguma soo oogin dilka, dambiguna wuxuu ku socdaa "baaritaan. ==Asalkii hore== Sannadka 2020, mar uu wareysi siinayay kanaalka Alwalaa, Alsaffar waxa uu isku tilmaamay inuu yahay labiska isdhaafka ah, isagoo sheegay in: "Ma ihi jinsiga, mana ihi khaniis . Tani waxay keentay xadgudub dhanka internetka ah Waqtigii dilkiisa ee 2023, Alsaffar wuxuu lahaa in ka badan 370,000 oo raacsan TikTok iyo Instagram , kuwaas oo inta badan loo isticmaali jiray in lagu dhejiyo quruxda iyo diyaargarow aniga ila diyaar ah . ==Dilka== Dilka Alsaffar ayaa dhacay maalintii, waxaana laga duubay CCTV-ga deriska la ah ==Falcelinta== IraQueer , oo ah koox u dooda xuquuqda LGBTQ+ ee Ciraaq , ayaa cambaareysay dilka " Vlogger Ciraaqi Nour BM Xusuusashada Dhimateenna, oo ah shabakad taageera Trans Day of Remembrance, ayaa Alsaffar ku tilmaamay "jinsi-aan ku habboonayn", laakiin waxay sheegtay in sida Alsaffar u arkay jinsigooda wakhtiga dhimashadooda aan la garanayn Toogashadan ayaa ka mid ah weeraro dhowr ah oo lala beegsaday shaqsiyaad ka tirsan baraha bulshada ee dalka Ciraaq, kuwaas oo qaarkood la aqoonsaday inay ka tirsan yihiin bulshada LGBTQ+ Waa qayb ka mid ah kororka ballaaran ee khaniisnimada iyo transphobia ee Ciraaq, oo ay ku jiraan gubashada calanka qaanso roobaadka mamnuucida ururada warbaahinta ee isticmaalaya ereyga 'khaniisnimada' - taas oo qeexaysa in 'khaniisnimada' loo isticmaalo bedelkeeda dembi-u-dhigista xiriirka isku jinsiga ah, iyo bartilmaameedka LGBT + ee ula kac ah dadka LGBT. ==Tixraac== [https://www.agenzianova.com/en/news/Iraqi-transgender-influencer-Noor-BM-murdered-in-Baghdad%2C-investigation-opened/ "Ciraaq: transgender influencer "Noor BM" oo lagu dilay Baqdaad, baaritaan ayaa furmay"] [https://shafaq.com/en/Iraq/Infamous-blogger-Noor-BM-assassinated-in-Baghdad "Blogger caan ah "Noor BM" oo lagu dilay Baqdaad"] [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iraq-investigating-killing-um-fahad-social-media-influencer/ "Um Fahad oo ah haweeneyda saamaynta ku lahayd baraha bulshada ee Ciraaq ayaa nin hubaysan uu ku toogtay Baqdaad"] [https://time.com/6971797/iraqi-authorities-investigate-tiktok-star-om-fahad-killing/ "Maamulka Ciraaq Oo Baadhitaano Ku Sameeyey Dilkii TikTok Star"] {{Wayback|url=https://time.com/6971797/iraqi-authorities-investigate-tiktok-star-om-fahad-killing/ |date=20240427211650 }} [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/27/iraqi-tiktok-star-om-fahad-shot-dead-in-baghdad-night-attack "Xiddigaha caanka ah ee reer Ciraaq ee TikTok ayaa toogasho lagu dilay weerar habeenimo ah oo ka dhacay Baqdaad] [https://www.attitude.co.uk/news/iraq-tiktok-star-shot-dead-448141/ "Dhimashada Xiddigta TikTok ee Ciraaq oo baaritaan lagu hayo, booliisku waxay xaqiijiyeen"] [https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/27/middleeast/iraq-lgbtq-shot-intl/index.html "TikToker ciraaqi ah oo caan ah ayaa si ba'an loogu toogtay Baqdaad iyada oo ay socdaan hawlgallo ka dhan ah bulshada LGBTQ] [https://www.newarab.com/news/mystery-lingers-over-murder-iraqi-blogger-baghdad "Arrinta qarsoon ayaa ka taagan dilkii Baqdaad loogu geystay nin wax ku qora blogger"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.newarab.com/news/mystery-lingers-over-murder-iraqi-blogger-baghdad |date=20240428104910 }} [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/3/26/lgbt-people-in-iraq-face-violence-by-police-armed-groups "Dadka LGBTQ ee Ciraaq waxay la kulmaan rabshado ay geystaan ​​booliiska, kooxaha hubaysan"] [https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/4/27/iraq-criminalises-same-sex-relationships-with-maximum-15-years-in-prison "Ciraaq waxay dambi ka dhigtay xiriirka dadka isku jinsiga ah iyada oo ugu badnaan 15 sano oo xarig ah"] [https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/02/21/middle-east-north-africa-digital-targeting-lgbt-people "Bariga Dhexe, Waqooyiga Afrika: Beegsiga Dijital ah ee Dadka LGBT | Human Rights Watch"] ov5i74d9y735fcqchm19uqa49zjmgjp 0 43892 304482 287856 2026-08-09T00:16:59Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ainehi Edoro | embed = | honorific_prefix = | honorific_suffix = | image = | image_size = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | birth_name = | birth_date = 11 December<!-- {{Birth date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | birth_place = [[Akure]], Nigeria | death_date = <!-- {{Death date and age|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | death_place = | occupation = Qoraa, suugaanta Dhaleeceeye, aqoonyahan | known_for = Aasaasaha ''[[Brittle Paper]]''' | nationality = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = [[Jaamacada Duke ]] | movement = | notable_works = <!-- or: | notablework = --> | spouse = <!-- or: | spouses = --> | partner = <!-- or: | partners = --> | children = | relatives = | awards = | signature = | signature_alt = | years_active = }} '''Ainehi Edoro''' (wuxuu dhashay 11 Diseembar) waa qoraa reer Nigeria ah, dhaleeceyn iyo tacliin. Iyadu waa aasaasaha iyo daabacaha blog-ka suugaanta Afrika ee Brittle Paper . Iyadu hadda waa kaaliyaha borofisar ee Suugaanta Madow ee Caalamiga ah ee Jaamacadda Wisconsin-Madison Qaybaheeda cilmi-baarista waxaa ka mid ah khayaali-qarnigii 21st, suugaanta ku jirta warbaahinta dhijitaalka ah / warbaahinta bulshada, Buugga Caalamiga ah ee Anglophone, Suugaanta Afrika, Khayaaliga Ingiriiska ee Casriga ah, Aragtida Novel, Falsafada Siyaasadeed, iyo Bini'aadamnimada Dijital ah. ==Sanadaha hore iyo waxbarashada== Edoro wuxuu ku dhashay Akure , Nigeria, wuxuuna ku koray magaalada Benin Iyadoo ka shaqeyneysa shahaadada jaamacadeed ee Duke , Edoro wuxuu aasaasay warqadda Brittle Paper Ilaa Juun 2018, waxay ahayd kaaliyaha borofisar ee Jaamacadda Marquette . Danaheeda ayaa ku qotoma suugaanta Afrikaanka ah ee mala-awaalka ah. ==Xirfad== 2018, Edoro wuxuu aasaasay Brittle Paper , oo ah blog suugaaneed loogu talagalay taageerayaasha suugaanta Afrika . Iyadoo sharraxaysa sida ay ku timid magaca Jennifer Emelife, waxay sharraxday: "Jajabka warqaddu waxay kicisaa dabeecadda dabeecadda ah ee shaqada suugaanta iyo fikradaha gudaha booska dhijitaalka ah ... Warqad Brittle waxay ku saabsan tahay diiwaangelinta nolosha qoraallada gudaha goobta warbaahinta bulshada Sida laga soo xigtay Edoro, ku qanacsanaan la'aanta fikradaheeda suugaaneed ee la wadaaga kaliya bulshadeeda tacliinta ayaa ah waxa u horseeday in ay blogging, si kastaba ha ahaatee waxay sheegtay in ujeedadeedu ahayd "dib u soo celinta dhaqanka suugaanta iyo khayaaliga Afrika Edoro waa qoraa wax ku biirinaya Afrika waa waddan , taas oo ah goobta ra'yiga, falanqaynta, iyo qorista cusub. ==Muran== Bishii Abriil 2020, ku xigeenka tafatiraha warqada Brittle , Otosirieze Obi-Young , ayaa joojiyay u shaqaynta daabacaadda khilaaf tafatir gudaha ah. Hadalada rasmiga ah ma cadda wayna ku kala duwan yihiin inuu shaqada ka tagay iyo in shaqada laga eryay Khilaafku waxa uu ku salaysnaa in wax laga beddelo sheeko ku saabsan Hadiza Isma El-Rufai , qoraa sheeko-yaqaan ah iyo xaaska barasaabka gobolka Kaduna Mallam Nasir El-Rufai . Hadiza Isma El-Rufai ayaa difaacday hanjabaadda wiilkeeda ee kufsi-wadareed ee isticmaala Twitter-ka xilli ay ku murmeen shabakada bulshada, iyadoo leh "Dabaysha beera, goosta dabaysha. Dhammaan waa cadaalad jacayl iyo dagaal markii loo digay wiilkeeda Bello, ka hor intaanay raaligelin ka bixin Tifaftiraha iyo ku-xigeenka tifaftirayaasha Brittle Paper ma aysan awoodin inay heshiis ka gaaraan wax ka beddelka warqadda Brittle Paper , sidaas darteed booska waa la tuuray, iyadoo ay la socoto qoraal kooban. Maalintii xigtay, Obi-Young waxa uu kiciyay muran warbaahinta bulshada ah iyada oo bayaan dadweyne lagu dhajiyay boggiisa. Bayaanka waxaa ka mid ahaa eedeymo aan la xaqiijin oo ka dhan ah warqadda Brittle Paper iyo tifaftiraheeda iyo abuuritaanka aragtiyaha shirqoolka ee Twitter. Tifaftiraha Brittle Paper ayaa kaga jawaabtay muranka bayaan ay soo saartay 15 Abriil 2020, taas oo ay ku diiday eedeymaha. Isagoo ka jawaabaya eedeymaha Obi-Young ee faafreebka iyo xumaanta, tifaftiruhu wuxuu tilmaamay rikoodhka qoraalka Brittle Paper 10 -kii sano ee la soo dhaafay ee daabacaadda sheekooyin la mid ah oo la isku khilaafsan yahay, taageeridda arrimaha haweenka, iyo ka-hortagga faafreebka. ==Abaalmarino iyo maamuus== 2018, Edoro waxa lagu daray OkayAfrica 's "100 Women Waxaa sidoo kale lagu daray mid ka mid ah shanta haweenka Nigeria ee ugu saameynta badan 2016 by the Guardian Sannadkii 2016-kii, qoraalladeeda waxaa lagu daabacay wargeyska The Guardian ee ka soo baxa Ingiriiska , halkaas oo ay ku aragtay takoor lagu hayo aragtida qorayaasha Afrikaanka ah ee ay khusayso qaybaha suugaanta. Bishii Juun 2018, Edoro wuxuu ahaa garsooraha hogaaminaya tartanka qoraalka GTBank Waxay sidoo kale tahay ku dhawaaqida qofka suugaanta Afrika ee sanadka iyada oo loo marayo warqad Brittle . ==Tixraac== [https://brittlepaper.com/2017/12/happy-birthday-ainehi-edoro-brittle-papers-founder-editor/ "Maalin Farxad Leh Ainehi Edoro, Aasaasaha iyo Tifaftiraha Waraaqda Brittle"] [https://brittlepaper.com/2018/06/ainehi-edoro-to-leave-marquette-university-for-dual-appointment-at-university-of-winscosin-madison/ "Ainehi Edoro si uu uga tago Jaamacadda Marquette laba ballan oo ka socda Jaamacadda Wisconsin-Madison"] [http://www.praxismagonline.com/celebrating-brittle-paper-7-interview-founder-ainehi-edoro/ "Waraaqda jajaban ee 7-wareysi lala yeeshay aasaasaha, Ainehi Edoro"] [https://otosirieze.com/statement-on-leaving-brittle-paper/ "Bayaan Ku Saabsan Ka Tagidda Waraaqda Jajabka"] {{Wayback|url=https://otosirieze.com/statement-on-leaving-brittle-paper/ |date=20200423190116 }} [https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/387581-outrage-as-el-rufais-son-threatens-to-gang-rape-twitter-users-mother.html "Carro ka dhalatay markii wiilka El-Rufai uu ku hanjabay inuu kufsi wadareed u geysan doono hooyada isticmaala Twitter"] [https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/387730-hadiza-el-rufai-apologises-denounces-sons-pro-rape-tweet.html "Hadiza El-Rufai way ka raali galisay, waxayna dhaleecaysay wiilkeeda ee kufsiga u geystay Tweet] [https://theeagleonline.com.ng/decade-old-story-wins-gtbanks-dusty-manuscript-contest/ "Sheeko toban sano jir ah ayaa ku guulaysatay GTBank's Boodhka Qoraal-gacmeedka"] [https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/lola-shoneyin-named-literary-person-of-the-year-id8176181.html "Qoraaga Nayjeeriya oo loo magacaabay Shaqsiga Suugaanta ee Sanadka"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel-arts-culture/lola-shoneyin-named-literary-person-of-the-year-id8176181.html |date=20180624183736 }} [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/apr/06/how-not-to-talk-about-african-fiction "Sidee aan looga hadlin khayaali Afrikaan ah"] nwmbjjeglevxxa6pptwt4tkghxkq3sz 0 44677 304526 289998 2026-08-09T07:39:13Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Portuguese name|Pereira|de Oliveira}} {{Infobox model | name = Laís Ribeiro | image = Lais Ribeiro modeling.jpg | caption = Ribeiro oo ka qaybgalay Bandhigga Fashion-ka Victoria ee Sirta ah ee 2014 ee London | birth_name = Laís Pereira de Oliveira<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thecut.com/2014/04/looking-back-glorious-photos-from-the-decade.html|title=The Cut – ScarJo, Dunst, & More: Glorious Fashion Photos From the Last Decade|date=11 April 2014|access-date=5 May 2020|website=The Cut|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726063101/https://www.thecut.com/2014/04/looking-back-glorious-photos-from-the-decade.html|archive-date=26 July 2021}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|<!--1989 birth year given by source-->1989|10|5}} | birth_place = [[Miguel Alves]], [[Piauí]], Brazil<ref name="FMD">[http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/Lais_Ribeiro/ Profile of Lais Ribeiro] ''fashionmodeldirectory.com''. Retrieved 2 February 2012.</ref> | height = {{convert|1.84|m|ftin|order=flip}}<ref name="joymgmt">{{cite web|url=https://www.joymgmt.com/pt/modelo/97/lais-ribeiro|title=Lais Ribeiro|website=Joy Model Management|access-date=20 December 2019|archive-date=9 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409201107/https://www.joymgmt.com/pt/modelo/97/lais-ribeiro|url-status=dead}}</ref> | haircolor = Bunni | eyecolor = Bunni | agency = * [[Maamulka Haweenka]] (New York, Paris) * Maamulka Monster (Milan) * [[Maamulka Moodeelka Xiga]] (London) * Moodooyinka Taraafikada (Barcelona) * IMM Bruxelles (Brussels)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.immbruxelles.com/special/model/lais-ribeiro|title=IMM - LAIS RIBEIRO|website=www.immbruxelles.com|access-date=11 August 2018|archive-date=7 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407024019/https://www.immbruxelles.com/special/model/lais-ribeiro|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Joy Model Management (São Paulo)<ref name="joymgmt"/> | occupation = Model | years_active = 2010-hadda | spouse = {{marriage|[[Joakim Noah]]|2022}}<ref name=marriage>{{cite web|last=Della Negra|first=Guilherme|url=https://www.eonline.com/br/news/1337905/lais-ribeiro-se-casa-com-astro-do-basquete-joakim-noah-em-trancoso|title=Lais Ribeiro se casa com astro do basquete Joakim Noah em Trancoso|work=[[E!Online]]|date=2022-07-13|access-date=2022-07-13}}</ref> | children = 2 }} '''Laís Ribeiro''' (wuxuu ku dhashay Laís Pereira de Oliveira ; 5 Oktoobar 1989 waa moodeel reer Brazil ah oo caan ku ah shaqadeeda sida Angel Secret Victoria . ==Xirfad== Kahor inta uusan noqon model, Ribeiro waxa uu ku jiray tababarka si uu u noqdo kalkaaliye Waxay u socotay Dolce & Gabbana , Givenchy , iyo Gucci , iyo kuwo kale oo badan. Ribeiro waxa uu ka soo muuqday tifaftirayaasha noocyo caalami ah oo kala duwan oo Elle , Harper's Bazaar , iyo Vogue , iyo sidoo kale soo bandhigay GQ , Maxim , iyo Isboortiga Illustrated Swimsuit Issuit Waxay sidoo kale u shaqeysaa sirta Victoria waxayna ka soo muuqatay dhowr ka mid ah bandhigyadooda moodada , xayaysiisyada , iyo buug-yaraha . 2015, Ribeiro, waxaa loo magacaabay mid ka mid ah Malaa'igtooda iyo 2017, ayaa loo doortay inay xirto Fantasy Bra-the $2,000,000 Champagne Nights bra uu naqshadeeyay Mouawad , oo muujinaya: dheeman dheeman , sapphires huruud ah , iyo topaz buluug ah oo ku jira 18 karat dahab ah -inta lagu jiro bandhiggooda moodada. ==Nolosha gaarka ah== Bishii Maajo 2008, Ribeiro waxay dhashay wiilkeeda, 2013, wuxuu helay cudurka autism . Sannadkii 2014, waxay bilawday inay shukaansato ciyaartoyga Kubadda Kolayga ee Maraykanka Jared Homan . Tan iyo markii ay kala tageen, iyo Sebtembar 2018, waxay bilowday inay shukaansato ciyaaryahan NBA Joakim Noah Sannad ka dib way is guursadeen 13 Luulyo 2022, Ribeiro iyo Noah waxay ku guursadeen Trancoso ee waddankeeda hooyo Brazil Nuux wiilkiisa kowaad iyo kan labaad ee Ribeiro wuxuu dhashay 2024. ==Tixraac== [https://web.archive.org/web/20220409201107/https://www.joymgmt.com/pt/modelo/97/lais-ribeiro "Lais Ribeiro"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20220407024019/https://www.immbruxelles.com/special/model/lais-ribeiro "IMM - LAIS RIBEIRO"] [https://web.archive.org/web/20210726063101/https://www.thecut.com/2014/04/looking-back-glorious-photos-from-the-decade.html "The Cut - ScarJo, Dunst, & in ka badan: Sawirada Dharka quruxda badan Tobankii sano ee la soo dhaafay"] [https://www.eonline.com/br/news/1337905/lais-ribeiro-se-casa-com-astro-do-basquete-joakim-noah-em-trancoso "Lais Ribeiro se casa com astro do basquete Joakim Noah em Trancoso"] [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B9PULq2QFvY "Sirta Victoria: Olivier Rousteing oo la kulmay Lais Ribeiro & Devon Windsor] [https://www.instagram.com/p/BlZeKvJgaBb "Sidaas darteed tani waxay dhacday guys! Mar walba waxaan rabay inaan sameeyo tattoo labaad, mana helin wax macno ku filan ilaa kulan aan lahaa dhowr toddobaad ka hor oo ku saabsan autismka iyo carruurta baahiyaha gaarka ah. Ma garanayo haddii aad taqaanid oo waligey ma furin wax ku saabsan laakiin wiilkayga waxaa laga helay cudurka autism 5 sano ka hor Tattoo ahaan waana u qurux badan tahay oo qumman sida aan rabay inaan u mahadceliyo @robgreennyc aad ayaan ugu faraxsanahay aad ayaan ugu faraxsanahay!] [http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/models/a4564/victorias-secret-boyfriends-husbands/ "Hagaha Dhamaystiran ee Nimanka & Saaxiibada VS Malaa'igta"] [https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/rkz8bqv6CD "Jared Homan on Instagram: 'Ku raaxayso riwaayadda Rihanna iyo Eminem malaa'igahaan.]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [http://www.tmz.com/2018/11/05/joakim-noah-kissing-lais-ribeiro-malibu-beach-party-john-mcenroe-cindy-crawford-laird-hamilton-kenny-chesney/ "Modelka Sirta ee Joakim Noah's Victoria GF Lais Ribeiro Rocks Thong Bikini ee Malibu"] [https://people.com/style/lais-ribeiro-engaged-to-joakim-noah/ "Malaa'igta Sirta Victoria ee Lais Ribeiro waxay ku hawlanayd ciyaaryahanka NBA Joakim Noah"] [https://people.com/model-lais-ribeiro-welcomes-baby-no-2-her-first-with-husband-joakim-noah-8721609 "Model Lais Ribeiro Waxay Soo Dhaweysay Ilmaha No. 2, Iyada Markii Ugu Horreysay Ee Ninkeeda Joakim Nuux: 'Waad Ku mahadsantahay Qoyskayga'] ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons|Category:Lais Ribeiro|Lais Ribeiro}} [https://x.com/Lalaribeiro16 Lais Ribeiro] [[Twitter]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20150729025639/http://vsallaccess.victoriassecret.com/supermodels/lais-ribeiro/ Victoria's Secret] d0j9fhmwrdsj17gmjxs3wjtsnc7c3bk 828 45361 304399 291168 2026-08-08T13:20:42Z Isma4l 41797 304399 sanitized-css text/css .documentation, .documentation-metadata { border: 1px solid var( --border-color-base, #a2a9b1 ); background-color: #ecfcf4; color:inherit; clear: both; } .documentation { margin: 1em 0 0 0; padding: 1em; } .documentation-metadata { margin: 0.2em 0; /* same margin left-right as .documentation */ font-style: italic; padding: 0.4em 1em; /* same padding left-right as .documentation */ } .documentation-startbox { padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom: 1px solid var( --border-color-base, #a2a9b1 ); margin-bottom: 1ex; } .documentation-heading { font-weight: bold; font-size: 125%; } 6jmest634br2hsjp7kdyj8qsi3ggz5w 304400 304399 2026-08-08T13:22:12Z Isma4l 41797 304400 sanitized-css text/css .documentation, .documentation-metadata { border: 1px solid var( --border-color-base, #a2a9b1 ); background-color: #ecfcf4; color:inherit; clear: both; } .documentation { margin: 1em 0 0 0; padding: 1em; } .documentation-metadata { margin: 0.2em 0; /* same margin left-right as .documentation */ font-style: italic; padding: 0.4em 1em; /* same padding left-right as .documentation */ } .documentation-startbox { padding-bottom: 3px; border-bottom: 1px solid var( --border-color-base, #a2a9b1 ); margin-bottom: 1ex; } .documentation-heading { font-weight: bold; font-size: 125%; } body.skin-minerva .documentation-startbox .mw-editsection-like a, body.skin-timeless .documentation-startbox .mw-editsection-like a { display: inline-block; margin-left: 0.3em; margin-right: 0.3em; } .documentation-clear { /* Don't want things to stick out where they shouldn't. */ clear: both; } .documentation-toolbar { font-style: normal; font-size: 85%; } @media screen { html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .documentation, html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .documentation-metadata { background-color: #0b1e1c; } } @media screen and ( prefers-color-scheme: dark ) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .documentation, html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .documentation-metadata { background-color: #0b1e1c; } } q54nrpzmvcyf5wqmstb7ftvb00bryvi 0 45429 304518 291384 2026-08-09T05:37:11Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist | name = Goddy Leye | image = Goddy Leye.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = | birth_name = Godfried Kadjo | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1965|11|24}} | birth_place = [[Mbouda]], Cameroon | death_date = 2011 (aged 45) | death_place = [[Bonendale]], Cameroon | nationality = Cameroon | known_for = [[Farshaxanka Fiidiyowga]], [[farshaxanka rakibidda]], [[Farshaxanka Fikradda]], [[Dhaleecaynta Farshaxanka]] | training = [[Jaamacadda Yaoundé]], [[Rijksakademie|Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten]] | movement = | notable_works = | patrons = | awards = }} '''Goddy Leye''' (24 Noofambar 1965 gudaha Mbouda , Cameroon - 19 Febraayo 2011 gudaha Bonendale , Cameroon ) wuxuu ahaa farshaxaniste reer Cameroon ah iyo indheergarad. ==Nolosha iyo shaqada== Goddy Leye (magaca dhabta ah Godfried Kadjo [ 2 ] ) waxa uu ku dhashay 24 November 1965 ee Mbouda , Cameroon. Waxa uu diblooma ka qaatay dugsi sare oo labada luuqad ku hadla ah 1989kii,waxana uu jaamacadda Yaoundé ku bartay suugaanta iyo falsafada Afrika intii u dhaxaysay 1986 iyo 1991. 1990kii waxa uu ka qaatay shahaadada masterka ee suugaanta Afrika. Tababarkiisa farshaxan wuxuu bilaabay 1987 oo uu la qaatay farshaxan-yaqaanka iyo taariikhyahanka farshaxanka Pascal Kenfack ee Yaoundé ilaa 1992. Wuxuu sii waday tababarkiisa 1994 ee Machadka Farshaxanka Qaranka ee Bamako , 1997 ee Xarunta Farshaxanka ee ZKM Karlsruhe ee Jarmalka, 1999 ee 18th Street Arts , 0 California iyo Santa 02 Rijksakademie van Beeldende Kunsten ee Amsterdam. Nederland waxa uu wax ka maalgeliyaa oo waxa uu xubin ka noqdaa Rijksakademie International Network (RAIN), oo ah shabakad fannaaniin ah oo taageera dhaqamada casriga ah ee dalalka ay ka yimaadeen Gaar ahaan xiisaha uu u qabo taageeridda dhaqamada farshaxanka, Leye wuxuu dib ugu soo laabtay Douala ee 2002 si uu u abuuro xarunta farshaxanka ee ArtBakery ee Bonendale, oo si gaar ah u heellan fududaynta tababarka farshaxanka iyo isdhaafsiga fannaaniinta iyo in ay taageeraan warbaahinta badan, rakibidda, fiidiyoowga iyo farshaxanka dhijitaalka ah ==Tixraac== [http://www.r-a-i-n.net/ Shabakadda RAIN iyo mareegta] [http://www.crs.nu/Cairo_Residency_Symposium/Info_art_bakery.html Leye oo jooga madasha deganaanshaha Qaahira ee ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.crs.nu/Cairo_Residency_Symposium/Info_art_bakery.html |date=20110724190346 }} [http://www.artfacts.net/en/artist/goddy-leye-36662/profile.html Taariikh nololeedka Goddy Leye iyo bandhigyada Farshaxanka.] n1jdahcxjiarkt0jjf3n03a012tdck3 0 45449 304503 291405 2026-08-09T03:34:20Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = David Rees | other_names = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = | birth_name = David Rees | birth_place = [[Koonfur Afrika]] | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = | alma_mater = | education = | height = | years_active = 1989–hadda | known_for = | spouse = | children = | awards = | father = | mother = | relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = | occupation = Jilaa, Soo-saare }} '''David Rees''' waa jilaa iyo soo saare Koonfur Afrikaan ah. Waxa uu caan ku yahay doorarka filimada sida American Ninja 4: The Annihilation , Egoli: Afrikaners is Plesierig iyo Agter elke man . ==Nolosha gaarka ah== Tan iyo sannadihii dhallinta, Rees wuxuu lahaa nolol khamri ah, halkaas oo uu sidoo kale sigaar cabbin jiray 20 sano. 2007dii waxa uu maray habka baxnaaninta ee hoos timaada Ololaha Addiction Action (AAC) ka dib markii uu noloshiisii ​​la qabatimay khamriga iyo maandooriyaha Waxa uu guursaday lammaanihiisa muddada dheer ee Lina. ==Tixraac== [https://www.news24.com/news24/egoli-star-finally-drug-free-20080403 "Xiddiga Egoli ugu dambeyntii maandooriye"] [https://teeveetee.blogspot.com/2018/07/david-rees-leaving-sabc2s-boring-7de.html "TV leh Thinus: David Rees oo ka tagay SABC2's ' caajis ah' 7de Laan halkaas oo jilaaga dabeecadiisa lagu qorayo, ayaa sheegay inuu ku seexday go'an] [https://savannanews.com/david-rees-returns-to-7de-laan-after-two-years/ "David Rees wuxuu ku soo laabtay 7de Laan ka dib laba sano"] {{Wayback|url=https://savannanews.com/david-rees-returns-to-7de-laan-after-two-years/ |date=20251208093345 }} 6adwyvaplzfw8ury3cv0bkdo7drcg6k 0 45467 304481 291426 2026-08-09T00:07:25Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist | name = Ad Minoliti | image = Ad Minoliti.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Argentinian visual artist Ad Minoliti (April 2025) | imagesize = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth-date|1980}} | birth_place = [[Buenos Aires, Argentina]] | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = [[Argentinian]] | field = [[Farshaxanka rakibaadda]], [[Rinjiyeynta]] | training = | movement = | works = | patrons = | influenced by = | influenced = | awards = Abaalmarinta Rinjiyeynta Qaranka ee Bangiga Dhexe ee Jamhuuriyadda Argentina }} '''Ad Minoliti''' (wuxuu dhashay 1980, Buenos Aires, Argentina) waa farshaxan muuqaal u dhashay Argentin oo ugu horrayn ka shaqeeya sidii rinjiyeyaal leh ku celcelin ballaadhan oo ku saabsan rakibaadda, farshaxannada jilicsan , dunta, iyo meelaha bannaan. Shaqada Minoliti waxay ku salaysan tahay akhrintooda aragtiyada dheddigga iyo queer-ka iyo Dhaxalka Laatiin Ameerika ee farshaxanka la taaban karo . Waxay ku soo bandhigayeen bandhigyo keligood ah Koonfurta Ameerika iyo sidoo kale xarumaha farshaxanka ee waaweyn ee Aasiya, Mareykanka, iyo Yurub. ==Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada== Ad Minoliti, oo ku dhashay 1980 magaalada Buenos Aires , Argentina, halkaas oo farshaxanku weli ku nool yahay oo uu ka shaqeeyo. Minoliti waa faraca hooyada Cecilia Minoliti. Waxay u aqoonsan yihiin inay yihiin kuwa aan binary ahayn Farshaxanku wuxuu markii hore lagu tababaray rinjiyeynta Dugsiga Qaranka ee Farshaxanka Farshaxanka Prilidiano Pueyrredon (2009) ee Buenos Aires, ka hor inta uusan tegin Xarunta Cilmi-baarista Farshaxanka ee Buenos Aires (Centro de Investigaciones Artísticas) ee 2011. Waxay aasaaseen kooxda PintorAs (painters) ee dhalinyarada ah. ==Tixraac== [https://mcachicago.org/exhibitions/2019/atrium-project-ad-minoliti "MCA - Mashruuca Atrium: Ad Minoliti | Matxafka Farshaxanka Casriga ah ee Chicago"] {{Wayback|url=https://mcachicago.org/exhibitions/2019/atrium-project-ad-minoliti |date=20240207214853 }} [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/may/16/ad-minoliti-non-binary-geometry-and-furries "Farshaxanistaha Argentine wuxuu jebiyaa caqabadaha 'jometry-ka aan ahayn binary' - iyo dhogorta"] [https://observer.com/2020/01/ad-minoliti-mass-moca-installation-fantasias-modulares/ "Ad Minoliti Riffs oo ku saabsan Luqadda Muuqaalka ee Buugaagta Carruurta ee Rakibaadaha Kale ee Adduunka"] qe0u8maqvisr1cc4nue9fwd9rzpdmrn 0 45543 304530 291544 2026-08-09T08:48:56Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Maurice Charles Louis van Essche | birth_name = | image = Maurice van Essche 1967.jpg | image_size = 175px | caption = Maurice van Essche sanadkii 1967 | birth_date = 4 October 1906 | birth_place = Antwerp, Belgium | death_date = 12 June 1977 | death_place = Thonon, France | occupation = Fanaan | spouse = Lucette Josz (1908-1997) | parents = Henri van Essche, Octavia de Ridder | children = Ludovic Henri Marie van Essche (1935-2020); Grandchildren: [https://www.linkedin.com/in/paulvanessche/ Paul-Henri van Essche], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/catherine-rich-munro-71a75812/ Catherine Jane Munro], [https://www.linkedin.com/in/alexandra-van-essche-bb36657/ Alexandra Roberta van Essche], [https://mx3.ch/vanesschetrio/ Philippe Camille Maurice van Essche (1980-2020)] | website = [http://www.mauricevanessche.org/ www.mauricevanessche.org] }} '''Maurice van Essche''' (4 Oktoobar 1906, Antwerp , Belgium - 12 Juun 1977, Thonon , France ) wuxuu ahaa farshaxaniste u dhashay dalka Belgian oo u dhashay Koonfur Afrika iyo macalin farshaxan kaasoo helay aqoonsi heer qaran iyo heer caalami ah intii uu noolaa. ==Nolosha== Maurice van Essche waxa uu ku dhashay 1906, magaalada Antwerp , Belgium , toddobaad ee kow iyo toban carruur ah, kuwaas oo siddeed ka mid ah oo kaliya ayaa ka badbaaday yaraanta. Qoysku waxay ahaayeen kuwo ku hadla Faransiis inkastoo ay ka soo jeedaan Flemish; Hooyadii magaceedana waxa la odhan jiray De Ridder. Waxa uu farshaxanka ku bartay akadeemiyada Brussels ee 1924 ee hoos yimaada James Ensor , laakiin wuxuu joojiyay waxbarashadiisa 1925 dhaqaale la'aan, markii ugu horeysay ee uu ka shaqeeyay istuudiyo dhalada ah, ka dibna naqshadaynta wallpaper - labadaba khibradaha ayaa si firfircoon uga muuqda shaqooyin badan oo uu sameeyay. Waxa uu sidoo kale u shaqeeyay sidii sawir-gacmeedka madaxa-bannaan, laakiin rinji inta uu socday oo dhan. Sannadkii 1933-kii waxa uu si kooban wax ugu bartay Henri Matisse ee Faransiiska (eeg Anecdotes ), isaga oo si kadis ah ula kulmay dukaanka saadka farshaxanimada ee Cagnes , France. Intaa ka dib wuxuu sii waday inuu rinjiyeeyo oo wax barto si buuxda isaga oo uga mahadcelinaya kafaalaqaadka walaalkiis ka weyn, Joseph Charles, iyo koox saaxiibo ah. Fasaxiisu waxa uu yimid bishii Luulyo 1939 markii uu ku guuleystay deeq waxbarasho tartan ay soo qabanqaabisay Dowladda Belgium, oo u wakiishay inuu safar rinjiyeyn ah ku tago Kongo Belgian . Socdaalkiisii ​​iyo waayo-aragnimadii uu halkaa ku soo maray ayaa saamayn weyn ku yeeshay, aragtidii iyo shucuurtii waagaasna waxa ay ka guuxaysay shaqadiisii ​​inta ka hadhay noloshiisa. 1940-kii xaaskiisa Lucette (née Josz, oo ku dhaqma Katooliga laakiin ka soo jeeda Hungarian Ashkenazy oo ka soo jeeda dhinaca aabaheed, 1908-1997) iyo wiil Ludovic (1935-2020) waxay ka carareen qabsashadii Jarmalka ee Belgium waxayna ku biireen Kongo. Lucette way la qabsan kari wayday xaaladaha kulaylaha waxayna u guureen jawiga yar ee Koonfur Afrika Cape halkii ay ku noqon lahaayeen Yurub dagaaladu aafeeyeen. Maalmihii hore ee Koonfur Afrika waxay ahaayeen kuwo adag, marmarna van Essche wuxuu ka ganacsan jiray rinjiyeynta iyo sawirada cuntada iyo waxyaabaha kale ee muhiimka ah. Laakin markiiba waxa uu noqday xubin caan ka ah bulshada fanka Koonfur Afrika, isaga oo soo bandhiga gudaha iyo ka dib Yurub sidoo kale. Isaga oo xubin firfircoon ka ah Kooxda Cusub waxa uu si xoog leh uga qayb qaatay fanka casriga ah ee Koonfur Afrika. Waxa uu aqoon adag u lahaa labada hab-dhaqan ee faneed ee casriga ah iyo taariikhda rinjiyeynta reer Yurub oo uu ku soo kordhiyey kaalintiisii ​​macallinimo, xirfadda uu u arkayey in ay muhiim tahay in ay la mid tahay abuurista. Waxa uu wax ka dhigay Dugsiga Farshaxanka ee intii u dhaxaysay 1943 ilaa 1945. 1948 kii waxa uu ka aasaasay Dugsiga Farshaxanka ee Continental ee Cape Town , isaga oo ka tagay 1951 oo uu bare ka noqday Dugsiga Farshaxanka ee Michaelis ee Jaamacadda Cape Town . Waxaa loo magacaabay Professor of Fine Art 1962 (eeg Anecdotes ) iyo guushiisii ​​macalinimo waxaa lagu caddeeyey tirada ardaydiisii ​​hore ee noqday fanaaniin caan ah laftooda. ==Tixraac== [http://www.michaelis.uct.ac.za/ Dugsiga Michaelis ee Farshaxanka Fine] [http://www.sahistory.org.za/media-and-journalism/new-group Kooxda Cusub] [http://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/archframes.php?archid=1881 Thornton-White] {{Wayback|url=http://www.artefacts.co.za/main/Buildings/archframes.php?archid=1881 |date=20251216152424 }} g59g2626hoj2udbnf1vrdpgelv8474v 0 45604 304539 292788 2026-08-09T11:31:26Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Thobani Nzuza | other_names = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1993|5|4}} | birth_name = Thobani Nzuza | birth_place = [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[South Africa]] | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> | nationality = [[South Africa]]n | alma_mater = [[Jaamacadda Teknolojiyadda Durban]] | education = Dugsiga Sare ee King Shaka | height = | years_active = 2010–hadda | known_for = | spouse = L X | children = 0 | awards = | father = | mother = | relatives = | signature = | website = | footnotes = | occupation = Jilaa, Agaasime, Riwaayado, Fanaan, Qoob-ka-cayaare }} '''Thbani Nzuza''' (wuxuu dhashay 4 May 1993) waa jilaa Koonfur Afrikaan ah, agaasime, riwaayad-yaqaan, cod-qaade iyo dhaanto Wuxuu caan ku yahay doorarka taxanayaasha telefishinka eHostela , Uzalo iyo DiepCity . ==Nolosha gaarka ah== Nzuza waxa uu ku dhashay 4 May 1993 magaalada Umlazi ee KwaZulu-Natal, Koonfur Afrika Sannadkii 2011, waxa uu ka qalin jabiyay Dugsiga Sare ee King Shaka. Intaa ka dib, 2013, wuxuu galay Durban University of Technology , wuxuuna ka qalin jabiyay shahaadada koowaad ee jaamacadda ee riwaayadaha 2016. ==Tixraac== [https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/pic-of-the-day/2021-03-07-listen--heres-why-ehostela-actor-thobani-nzuza-didnt-think-hed-end-up-on-tv/ " DHAGEYSO | Waa kan sababta 'eHostela' atooraha Thbani Nzuza uusan u maleyneynin inuu ku dhamaan doono TV-ga"] [https://savannanews.com/ehostela-firebrand-thobani-nzuza-bags-a-gig-on-diepcity/ "eHostela firebrand Thobani Nzuza wuxuu ku booriyay ciyaarta DiepCity"] {{Wayback|url=https://savannanews.com/ehostela-firebrand-thobani-nzuza-bags-a-gig-on-diepcity/ |date=20250810030807 }} [https://mbaretimes.com/2020/04/uzalo-actor-thobani-nzuza/ "Jilaaga Uzalo Thobani Nzuza wuxuu sheeganayaa inay jirto haweeney doonaysa inuu dhinto"] {{Wayback|url=https://mbaretimes.com/2020/04/uzalo-actor-thobani-nzuza/ |date=20211104052002 }} id40m4uer4bxvir1tw3ejibxm7b5be7 0 46167 304532 292779 2026-08-09T09:09:34Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Moraa Gitaa | image = Moraa_Gitaa.jpg | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = | birth_place = [[Mombasa]], Kenya | death_date = | death_place = | nationality = Kenyan | alma_mater = [[Jaamacadda Afrika Nazarene]], Nairobi - BA ee Daraasaadka Nabadda iyo Khilaafaadka | occupation = }} '''Moraa Gitaa''' waa qoraa u dhalatay Kenya, waxayna ku dhalatay Mombasa . Sidoo kale waa cilmi-baare ku takhasusay Daraasaadka Nabadda iyo Xallinta Khilaafaadka, u doodda dhaqanka iyo madaxa farshaxanka. Waa qoraaga sheekooyinka YA ee aan ka hadalno arrintan , The Kigango Oracle , Hila iyo The Shark Attack . ==Xirfad== Buuggii ugu horreeyay ee sheekooyinka dadka waaweyn ee Gitaa, Crucible for Silver iyo Furnace for Gold , wuxuu diiradda saarayaa laba jilayaal: Lavina, oo ah haweeney Afrikaan ah oo Kenyan ah oo la nool HIV , iyo Giorgio, oo ah nin Talyaani ah oo Lavina ay fasax ku tagtay Malindi oo ku taal xeebta Kenya Buugga labaad ee Gitaa waa Shifting Sands Crucible for Silver and Fountace for Gold waxaa dhaleeceeyay culimadu inay tahay dib-u-akhris iyo dib-u-qoris jinsiga ah waqtiyada HIV Shaqadeeda Shifting Sands waxay heshay dib-u-eegis wanaagsan oo ku jirta Nairobi Star oo ay qortay Khainga O' Okwemba, oo tiri: "Waa kan qoraa leh dulqaad, dulqaad iyo anshax loo baahan yahay si loo abuuro jilayaal muuqda. Waa kan qoraa Kenyan ah oo casri ah oo awood u leh inuu la yaabiyo oo uu ku sasabo akhristaha sheeko si xirfad leh loo qoray oo dhalaalaysa.... Shifting Sands waa wax ay tahay in ardayda suugaanta ay akhriyaan." Sheekooyinka Gitaa waxay diiradda saaraan xubnaha nugul, kuwa aan la siinin adeegga, kuwa la takooro iyo kuwa la takooro ee bulshada Afrika ee casriga ah Sheekooyinka aan khayaaliga ahayn iyo kuwa gaagaaban ee Gitaa ayaa lagu soo bandhigay Joornaalka Kala-guurka ee Jaamacadda Harvard , PEN OutWrite ee PEN International , IFLAC'S Peace & Anti-Terror Anthology, Spotlight Publisher's Sugitaanka iyo Sheekooyin Kale, Creatives Garage Anthology, dhowr Author Me Anthologies, dhowr G21 The World's Magazine Anthologies oo ay ku jiraan Africa Fresh! New Voices from the First Continent , The African Magazine, iyo Hekaya Initiativ Sannadkii 2014, James Murua wuxuu Gitaa ku daray liiska 39 qoraa oo Afrikaan ah oo ugu sarreeya oo da'doodu ka yar tahay 40 sano oo ku qoraya Ingiriisiga. ==Tixraac== [http://literature.uonbi.ac.ke/node/785 "Naqdi ku saabsan Saaxiibtinimada Jinsiyadda iyo Qabiilka oo ka kooban laba sheeko oo Kenyaan ah" ] {{Wayback|url=http://literature.uonbi.ac.ke/node/785 |date=20180808234108 }} [http://allafrica.com/stories/200603060338.html "Kenya: Buugaag: Qorayaasha Kenya oo Dood Furan ka yeeshay Xuduudaha Musuqmaasuqa Cusub"] [https://www.writingafrica.com/39-top-english-language-african-novelists-under-40 "39 Qoraa oo Afrikaan ah oo ugu Sarreeya Luqadda Ingiriisiga oo ka yar 40 sano"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.writingafrica.com/39-top-english-language-african-novelists-under-40 |date=20260219002844 }} [https://www.uneca.org/african-land-policy-centre/ ALPC Anthology 'Helitaanka Aasaaska iyo Sheekooyinka Kale] e5bebjxuw18ssf9kog8gj44m58uumfz 0 47445 304510 296748 2026-08-09T04:02:45Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304510 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] waxay leedahay [[Wadamada Soo Kobcaya|dhaqaale soo koraya]] oo loo arko inuu [[Sabool|dakhligoodu hooseeyo]] isla markaana aad ugu tiirsan yahay qaybta tamarta . Qaranka ayaa noqday kan ugu cusub adduunka isagoo ah gobolka 55-aad ee Afrika sannadkii 2011, kaas oo kiciyay [[South Sudanese Civil War|dagaal sokeeye oo daba dheeraaday]] sannadkii 2013, kaasoo socday ilaa 2018. Colaaddan hubaysan waxay wiiqday horumarkii dhaqaale ee la gaaray tan iyo xornimadii, taasoo ka dhigtay shaqada bani'aadamnimada mid adag in laga qabto gudaha dalka. Dhaqaaluhu wuxuu la kulmay [[Economic stagnation|fadhiidnimo]] iyo xasillooni darro siyaasadeed tan iyo 2020-yadii iyadoo ay jirto saboolnimo baahsan.<ref>https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/southsudan/overview</ref> Dhaqaalaha Koonfurta Suudaan wuxuu soo saaraa $6.03 bilyan marka loo eego [[Wax soo saarka gudaha|wax soo saarka guud ee gudaha]] (GDP) ilaa 2026. Waa mid ka mid ah dhaqaalaha ugu badan ee ku tiirsan [[Shidaal|saliidda]] adduunka, ku dhawaad 80% GDP-ga oo lala xiriiriyo warshadaha saliidda. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://pksoi.armywarcollege.edu/index.php/country-profile-of-south-sudan-economy/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |archive-date=2026-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260610002922/https://pksoi.armywarcollege.edu/index.php/country-profile-of-south-sudan-economy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waxay leedahay dhul beereed oo bacrin ah iyo tiro badan oo xoolo ah. Xoolaha waxaa ka mid ah in ka badan 60 milyan oo lo', ido iyo riyo ah. Deganaansho la'aanta iyo [[Corruption in South Sudan|musuqmaasuqa dalka]] ayaa weli caqabad ku ah horumarka. Koonfurta Suudaan waa mid ka mid ah [[Least developed countries|waddamada ugu horumarsan]] iyadoo magaalooyinka badankood aysan lahayn koronto, biyo socda, iyo kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha oo aan ku filnayn, oo ay ku jiraan {{Convert|10000|km}} oo keliya. [[Laami|waddooyinka laamiga ah]] . <ref name="cnn">https://web.archive.org/web/20110710164855/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/07/09/sudan.new.nation/index.html</ref> == Kheyraadka Dabiiciga ah == Koonfurta Suudaan waxay alwaax u dhoofisaa suuqa caalamiga ah. Qaar ka mid ah gobollada leh geedaha [[teak]] iyo kuwa dabiiciga ah ee ugu caansan alwaaxda waa [[Western Equatoria]] iyo [[Central Equatoria]] iyo qaybo ka mid ah Eastern Equatoria sida [[magwi]] . Waxaa jira beero teak ah oo ku yaal Kegulu; kaydka kaymaha ee ugu da'da weyn ee la beeray waa Kawale, Lijo, Loka West, iyo Nuni. Kheyraadka alwaaxda Western Equatoria waxaa ka mid ah geedaha [[mvuba]] ee Zamoi. Mid ka mid ah sifooyinka dabiiciga ah ee ugu muhiimsan Koonfurta Suudaan waa [[Wabiga Niil|Webiga Niil]] oo ay ku badan yihiin durdurrada dalka. Gobolku waxa kale oo uu ka kooban yahay kheyraad dabiici ah oo badan sida [[Shidaal|batroolka]], [[Iron ore|macdanta birta]], [[Kober|naxaasta]], macdanta [[Koroomiyaam|chromium]], [[Sinki|zinc]], [[tungsten]], [[mica]], [[Maar|qalinka]], [[Dahab|dahabka]] ee aagga Kapoeta ee Bariga Equatoria, iyo [[Hydropower|korontada biyaha]] . <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Dhaqaalaha dalka, sida dalal kale oo badan oo soo koraya, wuxuu si weyn ugu tiirsan yahay beeraha. Qaar ka mid ah wax soo saarka beeraha waxaa ka mid ah [[cudbi]], lawska ( [[Loos|lowska]] ), [[Sorghum|hadhuudhka]], masago, [[qamadi]], [[Gum arabic|xanjo carabi]], [[Qassab|qashir sonkor]], [[cassava]] (tapioca), [[Cambe|mangos]], [[babaay]], galley, simsim, [[Moos|muus]], [[Sonkor qadi|baradho macaan]], iyo [[Sesame|sisin]] . Tamarta qorraxda ayaa muhiim noqon karta iyadoo mashruuc koronto oo qorraxda laga dhaliyo oo ku yaal 250,000 m2 dhul u dhow Juba la filayo inuu shaqeeyo dabayaaqada 2020. Mashruucu wuxuu ka kooban yahay beer koronto oo 20 MWP ah, nidaam kaydin baytari oo 35 megawatt ah iyo xarun tababar oo gudaha ah. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20240207083421/https://www.elsewedyelectric.com/en/business-lines/engineering-construction/power-generation/solar/</ref> == Saliid == Kahor madax-bannaanida, Koonfurta Suudaan waxay soo saartay 85% wax soo saarka saliidda [[Suudaan]] . <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Dakhliga saliidda sida ku xusan [[Comprehensive Peace Agreement|Heshiiska Nabadda ee Dhammaystiran]] (CPA), waxaa loo qaybin lahaa si siman muddada heshiiska. <ref name="pulitzercenter.org">Hamilton, Rebecca [http://pulitzercenter.org/articles/southern-sudanese-say-independence-vote-will-improve-life "Awaiting Independence Vote, Southern Sudan Has High Hopes"] {{Wayback|url=http://pulitzercenter.org/articles/southern-sudanese-say-independence-vote-will-improve-life |date=20140425010705 }} , ''Washington Post'', 28 November 2010, via Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting.</ref> [[File:Sudan_Map_Oelgas.png|thumb|523x523px|Heshiisyada Saliida iyo Gaaska ee Suudaan - 2004]] Maadaama Koonfurta Suudaan ay ku tiirsan tahay dhuumaha, warshadaha sifeynta, iyo xarumaha dekedaha ee gobolka Badda Cas ee Waqooyiga Suudaan, heshiisku wuxuu qeexay in [[Government of Sudan|dowladda]] [[Khartuum|Khartoum]] ay heli doonto 50% saamiga dhammaan dakhliga saliidda. <ref name="pulitzercenter.org" /> Dakhliga saliidda ayaa ka badan 98% miisaaniyadda dowladda Koonfurta Suudaan sida ku cad Wasaaradda Maaliyadda iyo Qorsheynta Dhaqaalaha ee dowladda koonfureed, taasina waxay gaartay in ka badan $8 bilyan oo dakhli ah tan iyo markii la saxiixay heshiiska nabadda. <ref name="pulitzercenter.org" /> Sannadihii ugu dambeeyay, qodis shidaal oo ku salaysan dibadda ayaa ka bilaabatay Koonfurta Suudaan, taasoo kor u qaadaysa sumcadda juqraafiyeed ee dhulka. Saliidda iyo kheyraadka kale ee macdanta waxaa laga heli karaa Koonfurta Suudaan oo dhan, laakiin aagga ku xeeran [[Bentiu]] waxaa si caadi ah loogu yaqaanaa inuu yahay mid si gaar ah ugu hodansan saliidda, halka [[Jonglei]], [[Warrap (state)|Warrap]], iyo [[Lakes State|Harooyinka]] ay leeyihiin kayd suurtagal ah. Intii lagu jiray sannadihii madaxbannaanida laga soo bilaabo 2005 ilaa 2011, Khartoum waxay inta badan Suudaan u qaybisay baloogyo, iyadoo qiyaastii 85% saliidda ay ka timid Koonfurta. Baloogyada 1, 2, iyo 4 waxaa maamula isbahaysiga ugu weyn ee dibadda, Shirkadda Hawlgalka Batroolka ee Greater Nile (GNPOC). GNPOC waxay ka kooban tahay ciyaartoyda soo socda: Shirkadda Batroolka Qaranka ee Shiinaha (CNPC, [[Shiinaha|Jamhuuriyadda Dadka Shiinaha]] ), oo leh saami 40% ah; [[Petronas]] ( [[Malaysiya]] ), oo leh 30%; Shirkadda Saliidda iyo Gaaska Dabiiciga ah ( [[Hindiya]] ), oo leh 25%; iyo [[Sudapet]] oo ka tirsan dowladda dhexe ee Suudaan oo leh 5%. <ref name="Amnesty">[http://www.amnestyusa.org/business-and-human-rights/oil-in-sudan/the-big-4/page.do?id=1081006 "The 'Big 4' – How oil revenues are connected to Khartoum"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.amnestyusa.org/business-and-human-rights/oil-in-sudan/the-big-4/page.do?id=1081006 |date=20110429082354 }} Amnesty International Retrieved 8 December 2010</ref> == References == d8lod3idr6wbw571tscrx517sqahoyt 0 47717 304529 299084 2026-08-09T08:18:35Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image | image=Spice Islander.jpg | image_caption=''Spice Islander I'' oo ku sugan [[Stone Town]] 2010 }} |section2={{Infobox ship/career | hide_header= | name=*''Marianna'' (1967–1988) *''Apostolos P'' (1988–2007) *''Spice Islander I'' (2007–2011) | owner=*Thelogos P Naftiliaki (−1988) *Apostolos Shipping (1988–1999) *Saronikos Ferries (1999–2005) *[[Hellenic Seaways]] (2005–2007) *Makame Hasnuu (2007–2011) | operator= | registry=*{{Flagicon|Greece}} Piraeus, Greece (1967–2007) *{{flagicon|Honduras}} San Lorenzo, Honduras (2007– ) *{{flagicon|Tanzania}} Zanzibar, Tanzania ( –2011) | route= | ordered= | builder= | original_cost= | yard_number= | way_number=456 | laid_down= | launched=1967 | completed=1967 | christened= | acquired= | maiden_voyage= | in_service= | out_of_service=10 Sebteembar 2011 (quusay) | identification=*{{IMO Number|8329907}} *Call sign HQWZ7<ref name="equasis">{{csr|register=E|id=8329907|shipname=Spice Islander I|accessdate=2011-09-12 }}</ref> | fate=[[Sinking of MV Spice Islander I|Quusay]] | notes= }} |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics | hide_header= | header_caption= | class=Marry | tonnage=*{{GRT|836}} *{{NRT|663|link=off}} *225 DWT | displacement= | length={{convert|60.00|m|ft}} | beam={{convert|11.40|m|ft}} | height= | draught= | draft= | depth= | decks= | deck_clearance= | ramps= | ice_class= | sail_plan= | power=2 [[Poyaud]] [[V12 engine|12VUD25]] [[matoor naafto]] ah | propulsion=Matoorka wareegga | speed= | capacity=645 rakaab ah | crew=45 shaqaale ah | notes= }} }} {{Coord|5|39|23|S|39|28|27|E|display=title}} [[File:US Navy 070926-N-0000X-003 Guided-missile destroyer USS Stout (DDG 55) tows Tanzanian-flagged passenger ferry Spice Island while in international waters off the coast of Somalia.jpg|thumb|''Spice Islander I'' oo ay jiidayso {{USS|Stout|DDG-55|6}} sanadkii 2007]] '''''Spice Islander I''''' wuxuu ahaa markab rakaab ah oo nooca [[Roll-on/roll-off|Ro-Ro]] ah oo {{GRT|836}} ah, kaas oo lagu dhisay dalka Giriiga sanadkii 1967 magaca '''''Marianna'''''. Waxaa loo bixiyay '''''Apostolos P''''' ka dib iibkii 1988. Waxaa loo iibiyay shirkad Honduras ah sanadkii 2007 waxaana loo bixiyay '''''Spice Islander I'''''. 10 Sebteembar 2011, wuu quusay, taas oo keentay dhimashada 1,573 qof, kuwaas oo intooda badan aan marnaba la helin meydkooda.<ref name="Sadallah">{{cite news |last=Sadallah |first=Mwinyi |url=http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/index.php?l=37649 |title=MV Spice Islander's report: Try marine executives, ship owner |publisher=IPP Media |date=20 Janaayo 2012}}</ref> ==Sharaxaad== Markabku wuxuu ahaa {{convert|60.00|m|ft}} dherer ah, wuxuuna ballaciisu ahaa {{convert|11.40|m|ft}}. Waxaa lagu qiimeeyay {{GRT|836}}, {{NRT|663}}, 225 [[deadweight tonnage|DWT]]. Markabka waxaa waday laba matoor naafto ah oo nooca Poyaud 12VUD25 ah, oo awooddoodu tahay {{convert|1560|hp|kW}}.<ref name=Fakta>{{cite web |url=http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/marianna_1967.htm |title=M/S Apostolos P. |publisher=Fakta om Fartyg |language=Swedish |accessdate=23 Maarso 2013 |archive-date=2019-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327052928/http://www.faktaomfartyg.se/marianna_1967.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Taariikh== Waxa la dhisay 1967-kii sidii ''Marianna'' oo loogu talagalay milkiile aan la aqoon, waxaana markii dambe loo iibiyay Theologos P. Naftiliaki oo ku sugan [[Piraeus]], Greece. 1988, ''Marianna'' waxaa loo iibiyay Apostolos Shipping waxaana loo bixiyay ''Apostolos P''. Waxaa markii dambe loo iibiyay Saronikos Ferries waxaana la geliyay adeegga khadka Piraeus – [[Aegina]] – [[Agistri]].<ref name=Fakta/> 2005, ''Apostolos P'' waxaa loo diiwaangeliyay [[Hellenic Seaways]]. 2007, waxaa loo iibiyay Makame Hasnuu oo ka tirsan [[Zanzibar]], [[Tanzania]], waxaana loo bixiyay ''Spice Islander I''.<ref name=Fakta/> 25 Sebteembar 2007, ''Spice Islander I'' wuxuu ku sugnaa xeebaha [[Soomaaliya]] markii uu la kulmay dhibaatooyin xagga matoorka ah oo ay sababtay shidaal wasakhaysan. Ka dib markii qaylo-dhaantu ay soo martay [[Kenya]], {{USS|Stout|DDG-55|6}} oo ka socda [[Combined Task Force 150]] ayaa loo diray si uu u caawiyo.<ref name=Dubai>{{cite web|url=http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/marlo/Events/events_files/MARLO-Dubai-Flier%202007.pdf |title=M/V Spice Islander, Marlo Success Story |work=2007 MARLO Conference |publisher=Maritime Liaison Office |date=Diseembar 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319181811/http://www.cusnc.navy.mil/marlo/Events/events_files/MARLO-Dubai-Flier%202007.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-19 }}</ref> Markabku wuxuu safar ugu jiray [[Omaan]] ilaa Tanzania mana uu siday wax rakaab ah. {{USS|James E. Williams|DDG-95|6}} ayaa sidoo kale ka jawaabay. ''Stout'' wuxuu markabka siiyay {{convert|7,800|USgal}} oo shidaal ah wuxuuna siiyay tobankii shaqaale ahaa cunto iyo biyo. Ka dib markii matoorkiisii la hawlgeliyay, wuxuu dib u bilaabay safarkiisii uu ku tagayay Tanzania.<ref name=Stout>{{cite web|url=http://www.navy.mil/search/print.asp?story_id=32116&VIRIN=&imagetype=0&page=1 |title=USS Stout Assists Distressed Vessel Off Somali Coast |publisher=United States Navy |date=27 Sebteembar 2007 |accessdate=10 Sebteembar 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016131131/http://www.navy.mil/search/print.asp?story_id=32116&VIRIN=&imagetype=0&page=1 |archivedate=16 Oktoobar 2012 }}</ref> == Khasaaraha== {{Main|Sinking of MV Spice Islander I}} Saacadu markay ahayd 21:00 [[UTC+2|waqtiga maxalliga ah]] (19:00 [[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) 9 Sebteembar 2011, ''Spice Islander I'' wuxuu ka shiraacday [[Unguja]] isagoo u socda [[Pemba Island]]. Waxaa la sheegay inuu siday in ka badan 800 oo rakaab ah.<ref name=BBC14864400>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-14864400 |title='Hundreds missing' in Zanzibar ferry disaster |publisher=BBC News |date=10 Sebteembar 2011}}</ref> Awooddiisu waxay ahayd 45 shaqaale iyo 654 rakaab ah.<ref name=Fakta/> Qiyaastii 01:00, (waqtiga maxalliga ah) 10 Sebteembar (23:00, 9 Sebteembar UTC) ''Spice Islander I'' wuxuu ku quusay inta u dhaxaysa Zanzibar iyo Pemba. Kuwii saarnaa, 620 ayaa la badbaadiyay.<ref name=BBC14864400/> Kaliya 240 meyd ayaa la helay,<ref>{{cite news |last=Wang |first=Yamei |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-09/12/c_131133707.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108143033/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english2010/world/2011-09/12/c_131133707.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=Noofambar 8, 2012 |title=At least 240 bodies retrieved in ferry sinking in Tanzania |agency=Xinhua News Agency |date=12 Sebteembar 2011}}</ref> tirada dhimashaduna waxay gaartay 2,976;<ref>{{cite news |last=Sadallah |first=Mwinyi |url=http://ippmedia.com/frontend/index.php?l=34437 |title=Confirmed: 2,900 people died in Zanzibar's ferry tragedy |publisher=IPP Media |date=16 Oktoobar 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112035114/http://www.ippmedia.com/frontend/index.php?l=34437 |archivedate=12 Janaayo 2016 }}</ref> si kastaba ha ahaatee, qiyaastan ayaa dib loo eegay hoosna loogu dhigay Janaayo 2012 ilaa 1,573.<ref name="Sadallah"/> ==Tixraacyo== {{commons category|IMO 8329907}} {{Portal|Tanzania|Transport}} {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20160913203022/http://www.ferrysafety.org/Ethical%20engineering%20analysis%20of%20Zanzibar%20Ferry.pdf Falanqaynta injineernimada anshaxa ee shilalka maraakiibta rakaabka ee Zanzibar] – [[Webb Institute]] *[http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/stm-stmvalidation/uploads/20160420153038/ML2-D4.4.1-Report-on-Maritime-Accidents.pdf Warbixinta shilalka badda] – [[Swedish Maritime Administration]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Spice Islander I, Mv}} a6w3uhqggih48mot1eozhuc1qucvfg0 0 47923 304524 299385 2026-08-09T07:22:10Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ecoregion |name = Kaymaha qoyan ee Galbeedka Kongo |image = Congo_river.jpg |image_size = |image_alt = |caption = [[Webiga Kongo]] oo u dhow [[Kisangani]] |map = File:AT0129 map.png |map_size = |map_alt = |map_caption = Khariidadda kaymaha qoyan ee Galbeedka Kongo |biogeographic_realm = [[Afrotropical]] |biome = [[Kaymaha kulaylaha iyo kuwa hoose ee qoyan ee ballaaran]] |animals = |bird_species = |mammal_species = |border1 = [[Kaymaha qoyan ee Bariga Kongo]] |border2 = [[Kaymaha dhulka hoose ee Waqooyi-bari Kongo]] |border3 = [[Kaymaha dhulka hoose ee Waqooyi-galbeed Kongo]] |border4 = [[Kaymaha iyo bannaannada isku dhafan ee Galbeedka Kongo]] |area = 128,060 |country1 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraaddiga Kongo]] |country2 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]] |country3 = [[Jamhuuriyadda Afrikada Dhexe]] |countries = |state = |region_type = |elevation = |coordinates = {{coord|1.25|N|18.10|E|display=title,inline}} |geology = |seas = |rivers = |climate = |soil = |conservation = si xasiloon |global200 = |habitat_loss = |habitat_loss_ref = |protected = 52,662 km² (41 |protected_ref = )<ref>Eric Dinerstein, David Olson, et al. (2017). An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm, BioScience, Volume 67, Issue 6, June 2017, Pages 534–545; Supplemental material 2 table S1b. [https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/bix014]</ref> |embedded = }} '''Kaymaha qoyan ee Galbeedka Kongo''' ([[Af-Faransiis|Faransiis]]: ''Forêts marécageuses de l'ouest du Congo'') waa [[deegaan-nololeed]] ka tirsan [[Jamhuuriyadda Kongo]], [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraaddiga Kongo]] iyo [[Jamhuuriyadda Afrikada Dhexe]] oo deris la ah. Iyadoo ay weheliso [[Kaymaha qoyan ee Bariga Kongo]] ee ku dhow, waxay samaysaa mid ka mid ah aagagga ugu waaweyn ee isku xiran ee [[kaymaha qoyan ee biyaha macaan]] ee adduunka. Waa kayn fatahay oo leh saqaf sare, geedo cufan oo hoose iyo dhul dhoobo ah. Si weyn ugama ay qasmin saamaynta dibadda, sidaas darteed waxay u badan tahay mid aan la taaban, maadaama la yiri in lagu dhex maro kayntan waa "wax aan macquul ahayn".<ref>{{NatGeo ecoregion|id=at0129|name=Western Congolian swamp forests|accessdate= July 10, 2011}}</ref><ref name="wwf">{{cite web|title=Western Congolian swamp forests|url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0129|publisher=World Wildlife Federation|language=en|access-date=June 20, 2020}}</ref><ref name='ecomap'>{{cite web|title=Map of Ecoregions 2017|url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|publisher=Resolve, using WWF data|language=en|access-date=June 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name='dopa'>{{cite web|title=Western Congolian swamp forests|url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30129|publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas|language=en|access-date=June 20, 2021|archive-date=Bisha Lixaad 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627204401/https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30129|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name= 'eoe'>{{cite web|title=Western Congolian swamp forests|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Western_Congolian_swamp_forests|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|access-date=June 20, 2021}}</ref> ==Goobta iyo sharraxaadda== Deegaan-nololeedkani waxa uu ku fidsan yahay 1,200 km oo dhinaca galbeedka [[Webiga Kongo]] ah, laga bilaabo magaalada [[Bolobo]] ee koonfur-galbeed ilaa [[Yangambi]] oo dhanka bari ah, labaduba waxay ku yaallaan [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraaddiga Kongo]]. Inta badan dhulku wuxuu ku yaallaa qaybta galbeed ee qaybtan; qaybta bari ee webiga waa xariijin dhuuban oo koox ah oo ku teedsan webiga. Celceliska joogga waa 338 mitir, isagoo u dhexeeya 258 mitir ilaa 497 mitir.<ref name="dopa"/> Inta badan dhulku wuxuu ku fadhiyaa carro fatahay oo dheregsan oo loo kala saaray [[Gleysol|gleysols]]. Gobolku waa kayn cufan oo dadku ku yar yihiin.<ref name="wwf"/> Webiga Kongo ayaa ka sooca deegaan-nololeedkan [[Kaymaha qoyan ee Bariga Kongo]] ee dhanka koonfureed. Webigu wuxuu noqon karaa mid ballaaran (ilaa 15 km) oo ku dhex milmay jasiirado dhoobo ah.<ref name="wwf"/> Kaynta qoyan waxay raacdaa waddooyinka Webiga Kongo, oo ay ku jiraan [[Likouala-Mossaka]], [[Likouala-aux-Herbes]], [[Webiga Ubangi]] (kaas oo ah webiga ugu weyn ee qulqula waqooyi-koonfur dhexda gobolka ka hor inta uusan la kulmin Kongo), iyo [[Webiga Kouyou]]. Waqooyi-galbeed waa [[Kaymaha dhulka hoose ee Waqooyi-galbeed Kongo]], dhanka barina waa [[Kaymaha dhulka hoose ee Waqooyi-bari Kongo]].<ref name="ecomap"/> ==Cimilada== Cimilada deegaan-nololeedku waa ''[[Cimilada kaynta roobka ee kulaylaha]]'' ([[Kala soocidda cimilada ee Köppen]] (Af)). Cimiladan waxaa lagu gartaa inay tahay mid kulul, qoyan, oo leh ugu yaraan 60 mm oo roob ah bil kasta.<ref>{{cite web|first1=M. |last1=Kottek |first2=J. |last2=Grieser |first3=C. |last3=Beck |first4=B. |last4=Rudolf |first5=F. |last5=Rubel |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006|language=en|access-date=September 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="kop-data">{{cite web|title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications|url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification|publisher=World Bank|language=en|access-date=September 14, 2019}}</ref> Xilliga roobabku waa Agoosto ilaa Febraayo. ==Dhirta iyo xayawaanka== Deegaan-nololeedku wuxuu ka kooban yahay aagag kayn qoyan oo joogto ah oo fatahay, kayn qoyan oo xilliyeed fatahay, iyo dhul-caws fatahay. Kaymaha qoyan ee joogtada ah ee fatahay waxay hoy u yihiin taageero ballaaran oo [[Raffia palm|Raphia]] timir ah. 89% deegaan-nololeedka waa kayn saqafkeedu xiran yahay oo cagaar ah, 3% kale waa kayn furan, 3% waa dabool geedo yaryar ah, inta soo hartayna waa geedaha kaymaha xilliyeedka fatahay waxaa ka mid ah noocyada ''[[Garcinia]]'' iyo ''[[Manilkara]]''. Deegaan-nololeedku wuxuu hoy u yahay [[gorillada dhulka hoose ee galbeedka]] ee khatarta ugu jira ''(Gorilla gorilla gorilla)'' iyo [[maroodiga kaynta Afrika]] ''(Loxodonta cyclotis)''. ==Aagagga la ilaaliyo== 59.4% deegaan-nololeedka ayaa ku jira aagag la ilaaliyo. Waxaa ka mid ah:<ref name = dopa/> * [[Ngiri Triangle Nature Reserve]] * [[Léfini Wildlife Reserve]] – [[Léfini Area of Absolute Protection]] * [[Yangambi Biosphere Reserve]] * [[Lac Télé Community Reserve]] * [[Ntokou-Pikounda National Park]] Toddobo aag ayaa loo qoondeeyay [[Goobaha Ramsar]] (dhul-qoyaneedka muhiimadda caalamiga ah). Saddex ka mid ah – Ngiri, Lac Télé, iyo Ntokou-Pikounda, ayaa sidoo kale ah aagag la ilaaliyo oo heer qaran ah.<ref name = dopa/> * Grands affluents * Libenga * Lac Télé/Likouala-aux-Herbes * Ngiri * Sangha-Nouabalé-Ndoki * Ntokou-Pikounda * Tchicapika-Owando ==Sidoo kale eeg== {{Portal|Dhul-qoyaneedka}} * [[Kaymaha Kongo]] ==Tixraacyo== <references /> ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *{{commons-inline}} iete8oixdgka0vvfb1t5ii2dd7coysm 0 48193 304525 300536 2026-08-09T07:23:50Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ecoregion |name = Central Congolian lowland forests |image = LukenieRiver.jpg |image_caption = Muuqaal hawada sare ah oo laga soo qaaday [[Wabiga Lukenie]] iyadoo ay u marayso kaymaha dhulka hoose ee Central Congolese ee DRC. |map = Central Congolian Lowland Forests Ecoregion.png |map_caption = Khariidadda Central Congolian Lowland Forests |biogeographic_realm = [[Afrotropical|Afrotropical]] |biome = [[Kaymaha kulaylaha iyo kuwa-hoosaadka ee qoyan ee ballaaran]] |animals = |bird_species = |mammal_species = |border = |borders = |area = 414,800 |country = [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]] |countries = |state = |region_type = |elevation = |coordinates = {{coord|-1.5|22.6|display=it}} |geology = |seas = |rivers = |climate = |soil = |conservation = mid aan aad u dhiban |global200 = |habitat_loss = |habitat_loss_ref = |protected = |protected_ref = |embedded = }} '''Central Congolian lowland forests''' (Af-Faransiis: ''Forêts de plaine du centre du Congo'') waa [[ecoregion|ecoregion]] ku taal [[Jamhuuriyadda Dimuqraadiiga Kongo]]. Tani waa goob fog, oo aan la geli karin oo ka kooban kayn qoyan oo cufan oo dhulka hoose ah, geedo yaryar iyo dhul-biyo-mareen (swamp) oo ku yaal gobolka [[Cuvette Centrale]] ee [[Congo Basin|Bacaad-haadka Kongo]] koonfurta qaansada [[Wabiga Kongo]].<ref>{{NatGeo ecoregion|id=at0104|name=Central Congolian lowland forests}}</ref><ref name='ecomap'>{{cite web|title=Map of Ecoregions 2017|url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/|publisher=Resolve|language=en|access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref><ref name='dopa'>{{cite web|title=Central Congolian lowland forests|url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30104|publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas|language=en|access-date=August 20, 2021|archive-date=Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211127233626/https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30104|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name= 'eoe'>{{cite web|title=Central Congolian lowland forests|url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Central_Congolian_lowland_forests|publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth|language=en|access-date=August 20, 2021}}</ref> == Fauna == Gobolka si ku filan looguma samayn cilmi-baaris ay sameeyaan khubarada cilmiga xayawaanka laakiin waxaa la og yahay inay hoy u yihiin [[antelopes|antelopes]], [[forest elephants|maroodiga kaynta]], iyo dhowr prímates, oo ay ku jiraan [[bonobo|bonobo-ga]] naadirka ah (''Pan paniscus''), [[De Brazza's monkey|daanyeerka De Brazza]], [[crested mangabey|crested mangabey]] iyo [[lowland gorilla|gorilla-ha dhulka hoose]]. Waxaa jira hal naasley oo si adag u endemic ah, oo ah [[Dryas monkey|daanyeerka Dryas]] (''Cercopithecus dryas''). Naasleyda kale ee u dhow-endemic-ka waxaa ka mid ah [[golden-bellied mangabey|golden-bellied mangabey]] (''Cercocebus chrysogaster''), [[okapi|okapi]] (''Okapia johnstoni''), [[Allen's swamp monkey|Allen's swamp monkey]] (''Allenopithecus nigroviridis''), [[Angolan kusimanse|Angolan kusimanse]] (''Crossarchus ansorgei''), [[Thollon's red colobus|Thollon's red colobus]] (''Procolobus tholloni'') iyo [[Wolf's mona monkey|Wolf's mona monkey]] (''Cercopithecus wolfi''). Waxaa jira laba shimbirood oo u dhow-endemic-ka gobolka: [[Congo peafowl|Congo peafowl]] (''Afropavo congensis'', VU) iyo [[yellow-legged weaver|yellow-legged weaver]] (''Malimbus flavipes''). == Khataraha iyo ilaalinta == Kayntu waxay u badan tahay mid aan la taaban maadaama dadka ku nool ay ku kooban yihiin bulshooyin yaryar oo ugaarsada oo kalluumaysta wabiyada badan ee gooya gobolkan fog, ee dhiiqada leh. Si kastaba ha ahaatee xayawaanno badan ayaa u nugul ugaarsiga sharci-darrada ah, dhaqdhaqaaqoodana waxaa xaddiday shabakadda waddooyinka biyaha. Dhanka kale [[Salonga National Park|Beerta Qaranka ee Salonga]] waa aag aad u weyn oo la ilaaliyo oo ku yaal gudaha gobolka, mid ka mid ah beeraha qaranka ee ugu weyn adduunka, iyo kaynta roobka ee labaad ee ugu weyn adduunka ee beerta qaranka. == Aagagga magaalooyinka iyo degsiimooyinka == Cuvette Centrale waa meel fog oo dadku ku yar yihiin, waxaa jira suuqyo iyo tuulooyin wabiga ku teedsan sida [[Ikela]] laakiin gelitaanka aaggan waa adag yahay (doon dug-out ah) iyo/ama qaali (waxaa jira garoomo diyaaradeed oo u dhow Beerta Salonga). == Tixraacyo == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{commons-inline}} [http://www.plexusowls.com/PDFs/congo_marcot_sidle.pdf detailed study of Salonga National Park] * http://www.zoosociety.org/Conservation/Bonobo/BCBI/Salonga.php {{Wayback|url=http://www.zoosociety.org/Conservation/Bonobo/BCBI/Salonga.php |date=20081014000903 }} * http://www.eoearth.org/article/Salonga_National_Park,_Democratic_Republic_of_Congo ken1epfojl68cl5r9vku34cje9bgjl4 0 49256 304483 302315 2026-08-09T00:24:18Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = Albersweiler-04-Hauptstr-2019-gje.jpg |image_coa = DEU Albersweiler COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|13|N|8|2|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Albersweiler in SÜW.svg |state = |district = Südliche Weinstraße |Verbandsgemeinde = Annweiler am Trifels |elevation = 165 |area = 10.85 |postal_code = 76857 |area_code = 06345 |licence = SÜW |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 37 001 |website = [http://www.albersweiler.de/ www.albersweiler.de] |mayor = Ernst Spieß<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3370000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Südliche Weinstraße], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, la helay 9 Agoosto 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = SPD }} '''Albersweiler''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Südliche Weinstraße]] ("Jidka Khamriga ee Koonfurta"), ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Jarmalka]]. Waxay qayb ka tahay ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'' [[Annweiler am Trifels (Verbandsgemeinde)|Annweiler am Trifels]]. ==Taariikhda== ===Dhexe-xilligii=== Tuulada waxaa markii ugu horreysay la xusay 1065. Samuel, oo ahaa abbot-ka Weissenburg Monastery ee Alsace ayaa u hibeeyay meheradaha Redeemer iyo Mother of God; mid ka mid ah wuxuu ahaa Adelbresddeswilare ama Albratheswilre. 985-tii, Duke Otto I ayaa la wareegay Albersweiler iyo 67 goobood oo kale oo ka tirsan Weissenburgers, taas oo qayb ka ahayd "Salian Church Robbery." 1219-kii, tuulada waxaa gacanta ku hayay Annweiler. 1274-tii, magaalada Landau ayaa la wareegtay, waxayna Albersweiler u isticmaaleysay sidii xero dhagax. Qarnigii shan iyo tobnaad, Albersweiler waxaa loo qaybiyay laba sayid oo kala duwan, waddada weyn ee tuuladuna waxay samaysay xuduud dawladeed: qaybta koonfureed waxay noqotay qayb ka mid ah Duchy ee [[Palatine Zweibrücken]], qaybta waqooyina waxay lahayd Geschlecht von Scharfenberg. ===Xilligii Casriga ahaa=== Intii lagu jiray dib-u-habaynta (Reformation), xuduuddu waxay sidoo kale noqotay [[Christian denomination|diin]]: qaybta waqooyi ee Albersweiler waxay ahayd [[Roman Catholic|Roman Catholic]], qaybta koonfureedna [[Protestant]]. Intii lagu jiray [[Thirty Years War]], ciidamada Katooliga ayaa gubay qaybta koonfureed ee Protestant-ka 1622. Laba iyo toban sano ka dib, Swedes Protestant-ka ah ayaa burburiyay qaybta waqooyi ee magaalada, oo ay maamulayeen laan Katoolik ah oo ka tirsan qoyska Löwenstein-Scharfeneck. Ka dib [[Peace of Westphalia]], magaalada waxaa ku habsaday [[plague (disease)|daacuunka]]. Tuuladu waxay bilowday inay mar kale korto ka dib [[War of Spanish Succession]]. 1736-tii, aasaaska waxaa loo dhigay Dhismaha Kaniisadda Lutheran. Ka dib Kacaankii Faransiiska 1794, Faransiisku waxay qabsadeen Albersweiler, iyagoo dhigay [[Zweibrücken]] [[Arrondissement]] ee waaxda [[Donnersbergkreis]] (Mount Thunder). Ka dib [[Congress of Vienna]], [[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]] waxaa laga wareejiyay Faransiiska oo loo dhiibay Bavaria; Albersweiler waxay ka tirsaneyd Canton Annweiler ee Bezirksamt Bergzabern ilaa dhamaadkii 1946. ===Tan iyo Qarnigii Sagaal iyo Tobnaad=== Intii lagu jiray qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, Albersweiler waxay ahayd tuulo beeralay ah, iyadoo dadka badankoodu ay ku lug lahaayeen wax soo saarka khamriga. 1832-kii, dadka tuulada waxay dhisteen dugsi Katoolik ah waxayna bilaabeen inay dhistaan dugsi Protestant ah. Parish-ka Katooliga ee St. Stephen waxaa la dhisay laga bilaabo 1843. Kaniisadda Lutheran waxaa la dhisay 1846. Labada dhismo waxaa naqshadeeyay naqshadeeyaha caanka ah ee Bavarian [[August von Voit]]. Bulshada Yuhuuddu waxay dhisteen sunagog 1865, kaas oo la burburiyay 1938. Dhamaadkii qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad, xero dhagaxda granite ee dhinaca galbeed ee Albersweiler waxay u kortay sidii goob warshadeed, iyadoo leh warshad dhoobada, warshad galoofis, warshad kabo, "jikada baaruud" (schwefelküche) iyo warshad shidaal. 1925-tii, rakibidda shabakadda korontada ee deegaanka ayaa la dhammaystiray. Intii lagu jiray [[Second World War]], dejinta hubka ee tunnel-ka waxay keentay duqaymo soo noqnoqda oo ay geysteen diyaaradaha xulufada. Sanadihii dagaalka ka dib, burburka waa la dayactiray. 1954–1955, bulshadu waxay dhistay kanaal, waxaana la furay meelo cusub oo loogu talagalay dhismaha guryaha. 1984-tii, waddo cusub oo loo maro ayaa la furay si looga fududeeyo magaalada culeyska taraafikada culus ee soo mara. 1972-tii, Albersweiler waxay noqotay qayb ka mid ah degmada deegaanka Annweiler on Trifels. Tan iyo 1969, waxay ka tirsaneyd Landkreis (degmada) ee Landau-Bad Bergzabern, kaas oo loo beddelay 1978 magaca Südliche Weinstrasse. [[File:Albersweiler Ansicht.JPG|thumb|Muuqaalka Albersweiler]] [[Image:Trifels Steinbruch-Albersweiler.jpg|thumb|Xero dhagaxda Gneiss]] ==Duqa== Tan iyo 1994: Ernst Spieß (SPD)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spd-albersweiler.de/dl/Unser_Buergermeisterkandidat.pdf|access-date=24 Abriil 2023|website=SPD|title=Ernst Spieß unser Bürgermeister|language=de|archive-date=2026-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260714124026/https://www.spd-albersweiler.de/dl/Unser_Buergermeisterkandidat.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Albersweiler}} 5iu5avsop02b8p2061ds6kl2tmdj7w1 0 49333 304484 302420 2026-08-09T00:34:24Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Altglienicke |name_local = |image_photo = Wasserturm-altglienicke-036.jpg |image_caption = Munaarada biyaha |type = Quarter |City = Berlin |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|52|25|00|N|13|32|00|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |state = |district = |borough = Treptow-Köpenick |divisions = [[Altglienicke#Subdivision|1 aag]] |elevation = 34 |area = 7.89 |pop_ref = <ref>{{Population Germany|key=11|datref=QUELLE}}</ref> |population = {{Population Germany|key=110906}} |population_as_of = {{Population Germany|key=11|datref=STAND}} |postal_code = 12524 |area_code = |licence = B |year = 1375 |plantext = Goobta Altglienicke ee Treptow-Köpenick iyo Berlin |image_plan = Map de-be altglienicke.png |website = [http://www.altglienicke.de Websaytka rasmiga ah] }} '''Altglienicke''' ({{IPA|de|altˈɡliːnɪkə|-|De-Altglienicke.ogg}}, macno ahaan ''Glienicke-gii hore'') waa deegaan (''Ortsteil'') ka tirsan [[Berlin]] oo ku yaal [[Boroughs of Berlin|degmada]] (''Bezirk'') ee [[Treptow-Köpenick]]. Ilaa 2001 waxay qayb ka ahayd degmadii hore ee [[Treptow]]. ==Taariikhda== Tuulada ''Glinik'' waxaa markii ugu horreysay la xusay 1375. [[Darbiga Berlin]] ayaa dhex maray Altglienicke (oo ku yaal [[East Berlin]]) iyo Rudow (oo ku yaal [[West Berlin]]) laga bilaabo 1961 ilaa 1990. Waxay sidoo kale ahayd goob loogu talagalay hawlgal sirdoon oo wadajir ah oo Maraykan iyo Ingiriis ah, [[Operation Gold]]. ==Juqraafi== ===Booska=== Deegaanku wuxuu ku yaal dhinaca koonfur-galbeed ee Treptow-Köpenick. Waxay xuduud la leedahay [[Rudow]] (oo ku yaal [[Neukölln]]), [[Johannisthal (Berlin)|Johannisthal]], [[Adlershof]], [[Grünau (Berlin)|Grünau]], [[Bohnsdorf]] iyo degmada [[Schönefeld]], ee degmada [[Dahme-Spreewald]] ee [[Brandenburg]]. ===Qaybaha=== Altglienicke wuxuu tirinayaa 1 aag (''Ortslage''): * [[Falkenberg (Altglienicke)|Falkenberg]] ==Gaadiidka== Altglienicke waxaa u adeega [[Berlin S-Bahn|Berliner S-Bahn]] khadadka [[S45 (Berlin)|S45]] iyo [[S9 (Berlin)|S9]], oo leh saldhigyada [[Altglienicke railway station|Altglienicke]] iyo [[Grünbergallee railway station|Grünbergallee]]. Meel u dhow deegaanka waa [[BER Airport – Terminal 5 station]], garoonkii hore ee [[Berlin Schönefeld Airport|"Berlin Schönefeld" international airport]], kaas oo hadda qayb ka ah [[Berlin Brandenburg Airport]]. ==Sidoo kale eeg== *[[Altglienicke station]] ==Tixraacyo== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirka dibadda== {{commons-inline}} *{{in lang|de}} [http://www.altglienicke.de Websaytka rasmiga ah ee Altglienicke] {{Wayback|url=http://www.altglienicke.de/ |date=20220818220119 }} {{Authority control}} pkofvkz9weht3lx2xonojqf820sj6uw 0 49582 304505 303997 2026-08-09T03:44:29Z Raganimo1 46590 /* */ 304505 wikitext text/x-wiki Taariikh kooban oo ku saabsan Beesha Reer Deer Siyaad: Beesha reer Deer Siyaad, waa jifo ka mid ah jifooyinka Beesha reer Iidow ee Howraarsame Amaanreer ee Mareexaan Sade. Beeshu waxa ay ka mid tahay todobada jifo ee ay ka kooban tahay Beesha reer Iidow ee kala ah; Deer Siyaad, Reer Hagar, Reer Cawl, Maxamed Diirshe, Samatar Diirshe, Cigaal Diirshe iyo waliba reer Guuleed. Beesha Deer Siyaad, waxa ay kooban tahay afar jilib oo kala; (1) Reer Cabdi Cumar. (2) Reer Cali Cumar. (3) Reer Cabdille Kheyre. (4) Iyo Reer Cabdille. Deegaan ahaan, Beeshu waxa ay degtaa dhulka Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, gaar ahaan gobolada Jubooyinka iyo Gedo, waxa ayna si gaar ah u degtaa degmooyinka B/xaawo, Doolow iyo waliba degmada Luuq. Sidoo kale, waxa ay degtaa deegaanka Soomaalida ee ay Itoobiya gumeysato, gaar ahaan gobolka Liibaan Iyo waliba nawaaxiga magaalada weyn ee Negeyle. Beesha, waxaa ka dhashay shaqsiyaad caan ka ahaa geyiga Soomaalida, gaar ahaan deegaanada ay beesha Sade degto sida odogii weynaa ee Cabdi Cumar, Xasan Cabdi, Sh.Muxumed Cali, Cabdille Kheyre, Xuseyn Ibrahim (Garey), G/sare Muxumed Xasan, G/sare Cabdiyare Ibrahim, G/dhexe Maxamuud Ibrahim iyo rag kale oo badan. Sidoo kale, Beesha waxaa ka dhashay siyaasiyiin iyo odoyaal Caan ah oo hadda nool sida Xildhinaan Baalle Ibrahim, Cabdiqaadir Xuseyn Ibrahim (Dhegajuun) iyo odoyaasha kala ah Cabdi Xasan Cabdi, Cali Xuseyn (Cali Koofi) iyo rag kale oo badan. kdi917gt3n63kfsq0tb2pd6se2foqx9 0 49710 304488 303468 2026-08-09T01:31:17Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Bechtsrieth COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|38|47|N|12|12|44|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Bechtsrieth in NEW.svg |state = |region = Oberpfalz |district = Neustadt a.d.Waldnaab |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Schirmitz |elevation = 452 |area = 4.78 |postal_code = 92699 |area_code = 0961 |licence = NEW |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 3 74 170 |divisions = 2 [[Ortsteil]]e |website = [http://www.bechtsrieth.de/ www.bechtsrieth.de] |mayor = Markus Ziegler<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = CSU |image_photo = Bechtsrieth Trebsau.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = }} '''Bechtsrieth''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|munisipaliteet]] ku yaal [[Neustadt an der Waldnaab (district)|degmada maamulka ee Neustadt an der Waldnaab]] ee [[Bavaria|Bafaariya]] ee [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Waxay leedahay 1,051 degane, kuwaas oo raggu ka yihiin 48.6% (511) dumarkana, 51.4% (540).<ref>{{cite web|title=Municipality Bechtsrieth|url=http://www.places-in-germany.com/14185-municipality-bechtsrieth.html|publisher=Places in Germany|accessdate=24 April 2017|archive-date=24 Bisha Afraad 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424174308/http://www.places-in-germany.com/14185-municipality-bechtsrieth.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} t97fyw3w4xtm0l768a4y4xpa34n0zph 0 49811 304531 303587 2026-08-09T08:53:25Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304531 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meron Estefanos''' (dhashay 6 Janaayo 1975) waa [[Human rights activist|u dhaqdhaqaaqa xuquuqda aadanaha]] ee Iswidish-Eritrea iyo saxafi. Markii ugu horreysay waxaa caan ka noqotay bulshada qaxootiga Eritrea sanadkii 2011-kii iyadoo caawinaysa dadkii ay [[Refugee kidnappings in Sinai|afduubteen oo ay jirdileen dad tahriibiyayaal ah oo u socday Israa'iil]] si ay lacag madax furasho ah uga qaataan qaraabadooda, sida lagu muujiyay filimkii dokumentariyeed ee 2013 ''[[Sound of Torture|ee Sound of Torture]]'' . Ka dib markii [[Human trafficking in Libya|waddooyinka tahriibka iyo kuwa tahriibinta ay isu beddeleen Liibiya]], dadaalkeedu wuu sii socday wuxuuna shaaca ka qaaday shabakado dambiilayaal ah oo gaaray Yurub. Ilaa 2022, Estefanos wuxuu ka xumaaday in aan wax tahriibiyayaal ah la hor keenin maxkamad, iyadoo aysan jirin wax xiiso ah oo ka imanaya dowladaha qaranka iyo ururada caalamiga ah. == Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada == Meron Estefanos waxay ku dhalatay 1974 [[Boqortooyada itoobiya|dalka Itoobiya]] . <ref name="rav">{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://www.ravishly.com/ladies-we-love/meron-estefanos-eritrean-radio-journalist |access-date=2026-07-31 |archive-date=2023-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518081341/https://www.ravishly.com/ladies-we-love/meron-estefanos-eritrean-radio-journalist |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aabaheed wuxuu ahaa qof u dhaqdhaqaaqa arrimaha siyaasadda; markii uu ogaaday in la xirayo, wuxuu u cararay Suudaan, ugu dambayntiina wuxuu gaaray Sweden. Iyada iyo hooyadeed waxay ku hareen Eritrea, laakiin <ref name="joh">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQdeQ-9nXow</ref> : 2:18 Sannadkii 1987, waxay ka bixi kartaa Eritrea, <ref name="cbc">https://www.cbc.ca/radio/thecurrent/the-current-for-december-15-2017-1.4448903/how-this-journalist-saves-eritrean-refugees-with-her-cellphone-1.4449005</ref> maadaama aabaheed uu shaqo ka helay Sweden. <ref name="toronto">https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/08/17/how-one-woman-saved-16000-refugees-with-her-phone.html</ref> Waxay isku sheegtaa inay mudan tahay sababtoo ah waxay heshay shahaadada dhalashada Sweden iyada oo u mareysa aabaheed waxayna u safri kartaa [[Ethiopian Airlines|diyaaradda Ethiopian Airlines]] ilaa Sweden. <ref name="joh" /> : 2:46 Waxay ku kortay Iswiidhan. <ref name="rav" /> == Tixraacyada == eun9hsnsng73qp143sic5v6n9kpsbcj 0 49819 304533 303605 2026-08-09T09:35:15Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304533 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nyadol Nyuon''' (wuxuu dhashay 1987) waa qareen u dhashay Australia iyo u doode [[Xuquuqda dadka|xuquuqda aadanaha]], kaasoo ku dhashay xero qaxooti oo ku taal Itoobiya, kana soo jeeda qoys ka soo cararay [[Second Sudanese Civil War|Dagaalkii Sokeeye ee Labaad ee Suudaan]] . Waxay ka shaqeysaa [[Litigator|dacwad-oogayaal]] ganacsi oo ku sugan [[Melbourne]] waana faallooye joogto ah oo warbaahinta ah. == Nolosha hore iyo waxbarashada == Nyuon waxay ku dhalatay xerada qaxootiga [[Itang|ee Itang]] ee Itoobiya sanadkii 1987, halkaas oo ay ku noolayd ilaa afar sano jir. Qoyska ayaa lagu qasbay inay ka baxaan xerada sababo la xiriira colaad ka jirtay Itoobiya, waxayna qaadatay 40 maalmood inay ku laabtaan dhul markaas ku yaal koonfurta [[Suudaan]] (tan iyo 2011, oo qayb ka ah [[Koonfur Suudaan|Koonfurta Suudaan]] ). Wax yar ka dib markii ay timid, Nyuon way kala tagtay hooyadeed. Waxay dhif iyo naadir ku aragtay aabaheed, Taliye [[William Nyuon Bany]], oo ka mid ahaa aasaasayaashii [[Sudan People’s Liberation Army|Ciidanka Xoreynta Dadka Suudaan]], isagoo ku maqan dagaal, wuxuuna dhintay 1996. <ref name="smh2019">https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/life-and-relationships/i-feel-free-lawyer-nyadol-nyuon-s-journey-from-horror-to-hope-20190517-p51ofy.html</ref> Waxaa soo korisay [[Step-mother|hooyooyin kala duwan oo soddog ah]] oo ku nool [[Nayroobi|Nairobi]], [[Lodwar]] iyo xerada qaxootiga ee [[Kakuma]] ee [[Kenya]], halkaas oo ay ku qaadatay waxbarashadeedii hoose iyo sare. Waxay sidoo kale ahayd Kakuma halkaas oo ay ku dhiirigelisay shaqada qareennada [[Gudida Sare Qoxootiga Qaramada Midoobay|UNHCR]] waxayna go'aansatay inay iyadu rabto inay noqoto qareen. <ref name="smh20192">https://womensagenda.com.au/latest/nyadol-nyuon-is-a-lawyer-a-former-refugee-an-incredible-advocate/</ref> Hooyadeed ayaa timid oo heshay ka dib geeridii aabaheed iyo markii ay jirtay qiyaastii 14 sano, waxayna walaalaheed kale u keentay Kakuma. Siddeed ka mid ah waxay ku noolaayeen guri dhoobo ah. <ref name="womensagenda">{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://reichstein.org.au/news/australian-financial-review-women-of-influence-awards/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |archive-date=2023-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231025230004/https://reichstein.org.au/news/australian-financial-review-women-of-influence-awards/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sannadkii 2005, qoyska waxaa loo aqbalay inay yihiin muhaajiriin u soo guuray Australia, Nyuon-na wuxuu jiray 18 sano markii ay yimaadeen Melbourne, iyagoo aan lacag lahayn. <ref name="smh20193">https://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/life-and-relationships/go-back-to-your-s-hole-country-the-high-cost-of-standing-out-speaking-up-20210325-p57e75.html</ref> Ka dib markii ay heshay [[Victorian Certificate of Education|Shahaadada Waxbarashada ee Victoria]], waxay ka qaadatay [[Bachelor of Arts|Shahaadada Bachelor of Arts]] [[Victoria University, Australia|Jaamacadda Victoria]] ka hor inta aan loo ogolaanin [[Melbourne Law School|Dugsiga Sharciga ee Melbourne]] ee [[University of Melbourne|Jaamacadda Melbourne]], halkaas oo ay ku noolayd [[Ormond College|Kulliyadda Ormond]] waxayna ka qalin jabisay [[Juris Doctor|Shahaadada Juris Doctor]] . Waxaa ka caawiyay mid ka mid ah macallimiinteeda inay hesho deeq waxbarasho, ka dibna waxaa siisay $10,000 haweeney ay si kadis ah ula kulantay casho, oo sheekadeeda taabatay. <ref name="womensagenda2">https://www.sbs.com.au/news/new-harmony-alliance-chair-nyadol-nyuon-on-australia-s-african-communities-being-heard</ref> Walaalkeed ka yar [[Bigoa Nyuon|Bigoa]] wuxuu noqday ciyaaryahan [[Australian rules football|kubadda cagta ah oo u dhashay Australia]] . == Xirfad == Nyuon wuxuu hore uga soo shaqeeyay shirkad sharci oo caan ah oo lagu magacaabo Arnold Bloch Leibler. Bishii Sebtembar 2020, Nyuon waxaa loo magacaabay guddoomiyaha Harmony Alliance: Migrant and Refugee Women for Change, oo ah isbahaysi qaran oo ay ku mideysan yihiin haweenka soogalootiga ah iyo kuwa qaxootiga ah ee Australia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nuqul Archive |url=https://nationalwomensalliances.org.au/harmony-alliance/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |archive-date=2021-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304065354/https://nationalwomensalliances.org.au/harmony-alliance/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Doorkeedii guddoomiyenimada, waxay khudbad u jeedisay [[National Press Club (Australia)|Naadiga Saxaafadda Qaranka]] ee Canberra, oo cinwaan looga dhigay 'Australia Reimagined'. Bishii Nofeembar 2021, [[Victoria University, Melbourne|Jaamacadda Victoria]] waxay ku dhawaaqday in Nyuon ay qaban doonto door Janaayo 2022 isagoo ah agaasimaha Xarunta Sir Zelman Cowen, machad waxbarasho sharci, tababar iyo cilmi baaris ah oo loogu magac daray sharaftii guddoomiyihii hore ee [[Zelman Cowen]] iyadoo diiradda la saarayo sharciga iyo kala duwanaanshaha dhaqanka. Nyuon waxay kormeertay bixinta xarunta ee WorkWell Respect Network, oo ah mashruuc ay bilowday [[WorkSafe Victoria]] oo ujeedadiisu tahay ilaalinta haweenka dhaqamada kala duwan leh ee ku sugan goobaha shaqada ee Victoria. Barnaamijka waxaa si rasmi ah loo bilaabay bishii Luulyo 2024. <ref name="whiting">https://www.vu.edu.au/about-vu/news-events/news/nyadol-nyuon-appointed-director-of-the-sir-zelman-cowen-centre</ref> == Tixraacyada == oix4w5etqc0rxeg1g4b01gy4v8r3cat 0 49916 304489 303816 2026-08-09T01:41:04Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Belgium municipality |name = Bertrix |native_name = {{native_name|wa|Bietris}} |picture = Vue de Bertrix de la clairière P6140039.JPG |picture-legend = |map = Bertrix Luxembourg Belgium Map.svg |map-legend = Mahadawga Bertrix ee ku dhex yaal gobolka Luxembourg |arms = Blason ville be Bertrix (Luxembourg).svg |flag = Bertrix vlag.svg |province = [[Luxembourg (Belgium)|Luxembourg]] |arrondissement = [[Arrondissement of Neufchâteau (Belgium)|Neufchâteau]] |nis = 84009 |mayor = Matthieu Rossignol |majority = ACTION ([[Reformist Movement|MR]]-[[Socialist Party (Belgium)|PS]]) |postal-codes = 6880 |telephone-area = 061 |web = {{in lang|fr}} [https://www.bertrix.be bertrix.be] |coordinates = {{coord|49|51.25|N|5|15.2|E|region:BE|display=inline,title}} }} '''Bertrix''' ({{IPA|fr|bɛʁtʁi}}; {{langx|wa|Bietris}}) waa [[Magaalooyinka Beljamka|degmo]] ka tirsan [[Wallonia]] oo ku taalla [[Luxembourg (Belgium)|gobolka Luxembourg]], ee [[Beljamka]]. 1-dii Jannaayo 2007 degmada, oo ku fadhida 137.7&nbsp;km², waxay lahayd 8,164 oo muwaadin, taas oo baxinaysa [[Tirada dadka halkii kiilometir|cufnaanta dadka]] ee 59.3 oo muwaadin halkii km². Bertrix waxay xarun u tahay saldhigga ciidamada cirka kaydka ah ee [[NATO]] ee [[Jehonville Air Base]]. == Juqraafida == Degmadu waxay ka kooban tahay [[deelgemeente|qeybaha]] soo socda: [[Auby-sur-Semois]], Bertrix, [[Cugnon]], [[Jehonville]], iyo [[Orgeo]]. Magaalooyinka kale ee dadku ku badan yihiin waxaa ka mid ah: {{Columns-list|colwidth=30em| * Acremont * Assenois * Biourge * Blanchoreille * Glaumont * La Flèche * La Géripont * Luchy * Mortehan * Nevraumont * Rossart * Sart * Thibauroche }} === Cimilada === <div style="width:75%"> {{Weather box |location = Bertrix |single line = Yes |metric first = Yes |Jan high F = 36 |Feb high F = 40 |Mar high F = 44 |Apr high F = 54 |May high F = 63 |Jun high F = 69 |Jul high F = 70 |Aug high F =69 |Sep high F = 64 |Oct high F = 54 |Nov high F =44 |Dec high F = 37 |year high F = 54 |Jan low F = 24 |Feb low F = 27 |Mar low F = 29 |Apr low F = 36 |May low F = 44 |Jun low F = 48 |Jul low F = 50 |Aug low F = 50 |Sep low F = 45 |Oct low F = 40 |Nov low F = 33 |Dec low F = 26 |year low F = 38 |Jan precipitation inch = 3.6 |Feb precipitation inch =1.6 |Mar precipitation inch = 2.4 |Apr precipitation inch = 2.4 |May precipitation inch = 2.3 |Jun precipitation inch = 3.1 |Jul precipitation inch = 4.4 |Aug precipitation inch = 3.2 |Sep precipitation inch = 2.6 |Oct precipitation inch = 4.7 |Nov precipitation inch = 3.3 |Dec precipitation inch = 4.1 |year precipitation inch = 37.8 |source 1 = Weatherbase <ref name=Weatherbase>{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=122541&refer=wikipedia |title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Bertrix, Belgium |publisher=Weatherbase |year=2011 |access-date=2026-08-02 |archive-date=2024-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126163730/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather.php3?s=122541&refer=wikipedia |url-status=dead }} Retrieved on November 24, 2011.</ref> |date=November 2011 }} </div> ==Gaadiidka== Saldhigga tareenka ee Bertrix, oo ku yaal bariga magaalada, wuxuu leeyahay adeegyo tareen oo joogto ah oo u goosha [[Libramont]], [[Dinant]] iyo [[Virton]]. Maalmaha shaqada tareenadu waxay sii maraaan Virton iyo [[Aubange]] oo ay u socdaan [[Arlon]]. ==Magaalooyinka mataanka ah== Bertrix waxay [[Magaalooyinka mataanka ah|mataandahab ah]] la tahay: * [[Charmes, Vosges|Charmes]] ([[Faransiiska]]) (laga soo bilaabo 1968) * [[Rusca Montana]] ([[Rumaaniya]]) (laga soo bilaabo 1990) * [[Church Point, Louisiana]] (Mareykanka) (laga soo bilaabo 1992) ==Galiiriga sawirrada== <gallery widths=200px> Image:Bertrix JPG02.jpg|Aqalka dowladda hoose Image:Bertrix JPG01.jpg|Bertrix: Kaniisadda St Stephen </gallery> ==Sidoo kale eeg== * [[Liiska meelaha dhaxalka ah ee la dhowro ee Bertrix]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * {{Commons category-inline}} {{Authority control}} 0y7k7i9rti9hm4axstllwtc8k1kqfil 0 49953 304490 303853 2026-08-09T01:45:29Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = Biedesheim Panorama01.jpg |image_caption = Biedesheim oo ka soo muuqata jidka u dhexeeya [[Göllheim]] iyo [[Rüssingen]] |image_coa = DEU Biedesheim COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|36|16|N|8|6|23|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Biedesheim in KIB.svg |state = |district = Donnersbergkreis |Verbandsgemeinde = Göllheim |elevation = 250-270 |area = 6.32 |postal_code = 67308 |area_code = 06355 |licence = KIB |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 33 006 |website = [https://www.goellheim.de/ortsgemeinden/biedesheim.htm www.goellheim.de] |mayor = Armin Wendel<ref>[https://www.rheinpfalz.de/lokal/gruenstadt_artikel,-armin-wendel-offiziell-ins-amt-des-ortsb%C3%BCrgermeisters-eingef%C3%BChrt-_arid,5505108.html Armin Wendel offiziell ins Amt des Ortsbürgermeisters eingeführt], Die Rheinpfalz 12 May 2023, accessed 21 May 2023 (in German).</ref> |leader_term = 2023&ndash;24 }} '''Biedesheim''' ({{IPA|de|ˈbiːdəshaɪm}}) waa [[Degaannada Jarmalka|degmo]] ka tirsan gobolka [[Donnersbergkreis]], ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Juqraafiga== Tuuladu waxay ku taal qaybta sare ee togga ''Brübelbach''. Magaalooyinka waaweyn ee ugu dhow waa [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], oo 22 km (14 mi) ka xigta bariga iyo [[Kaiserslautern]], oo 40 km (25 mi) ka xigta galbeedka. Tuulada dhabta ah sokow, degmadu waxay sidoo kale ka kooban tahay meelaha ay dadku ku nool yihiin ee Neumühle iyo Siedlung Schönblick.<ref>[[Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz]] (Hrsg.): ''[https://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A/1132/A1132_202201_ur_G.pdf#page=136 Amtliches Verzeichnis der Gemeinden und Gemeindeteile.]'' Stand: February 2022. {{p.|135}} (PDF; 3.3 MB).</ref> Degmooyinka la deriska ah waa [[Ottersheim]], [[Kindenheim]], [[Quirnheim]], [[Lautersheim]], [[Göllheim]] iyo [[Rüssingen]]. ==Taariikhda== Biedesheim waa deegaan [[Franks|Faranji]]. Waxaa mar dhow lagaga dhawaaqay magaca ''Bosinesheim'' gudaheeda [[Lorsch Codex]] sannadkii 782.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2016-02-22 |author=Minst, Karl Josef [Übers.] |pages=114 |publisher=Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg |title=Lorscher Codex (Band 3), Urkunde 1097, 27. Februar 782 – Reg. 1680 |url=https://digi.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/diglit/minst1970bd3/0120 |website=Heidelberger historische Bestände – digital}}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> Ka dib tuulada waxaa loo bixiyay "Büdesheim" iyo sannadkii 1766 "Rüben-Büdesheim" si looga soocdo "[[Erbes-Büdesheim]]" ee dhow [[Alzey]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2019-09-29 |author=Eberhard Ref |title=Verzeichnis der pfälzischen Mühlen |type=Abschnitt Biedesheim |url=https://www.eberhard-ref.net/pf%C3%A4lzisches-m%C3%BChlenlexikon/pf%C3%A4lzische-m%C3%BChlen-u-m%C3%BChlorte/berschweiler-b%C3%B6bingen/}}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> "Rübenbüdesheim" waxaa weli loo isticmaalayay qarnigii 19aad. [[water castle|Khafiifka biyaha]] oo dhowr derbi oo kaliya ay ka badbaadeen burburkeedii sannadkii 1470, wuxuu ku yaallay qaybta galbeed ee tuulada.<ref>{{Ebidat|ID=2205|Name=Burg Biedesheim|Autor=Reinhard Friedrich|Abruf=2016-08-23}}</ref> [[File:Biedesheim Burgmauer 1aa.jpg|thumb|right|derbiyada qasriga qarniyada dhexe]] ==Siyaasadda== ===Golaha=== [[Municipal council|Golaha tuulada]] wuxuu ka kooban yahay 12 xubnood oo lagu doortay doorashada [[Mixed-member proportional representation|wakiilnimada saamiga shakhsi ahaaneed]] ee doorashooyinkii deegaanka ee dhacay June 9, 2024, iyo maayarka sharafka leh oo ah guddoomiye.<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2024-10-26 |author=Armin Wendel (Wahlleiter) |date=2024-06-12 |publisher=[[Linus Wittich Medien]] GmbH, Höhr-Grenzhausen |title=Bekanntmachung des Ergebnisses der Wahl zum Gemeinderat Biedesheim am 9. Juni 2024 |url=https://ol.wittich.de/titel/782/ausgabe/25/2024/artikel/00000000000042880911-OL-782-2024-25-25-0 |website=Verbandsgemeinde Göllheim aktuell, Ausgabe 25/2024}}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> ===Astaanta=== Astaantu waxay muujinaysaa [[saltire|isgoys (saltire)]] iyo laba xiddigood. ==Dhaqanka iyo goobaha la booqdo== ===Dhismayaasha=== Kaniisadda [[Protestantism|borotestanka]] waxay ahayd dhismaha [[romanesque art|romanesque]] oo ka yimid qarnigii 10aad. Waxaa loo cusbooneysiiyay 1498. Gudaheeda waxaa ku yaal [[mural|sawirro derbi]] oo qurxoon oo ka yimid qarniyadii 13aad iyo 15aad, oo lagu kashifay 1964.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Webseite zur Biedesheimer Kirche und ihren Malereien (mit Innenaufnahme) |url=https://www.donnersberg-touristik.de/de?option=com_content&view=article&id=143:biedesheim-protestantische-pfarrkirche&catid=64:sehenswuerdigkeiten-kirchen&Itemid=98 |access-date=2026-08-02 |archive-date=2024-12-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209091055/https://www.donnersberg-touristik.de/de?option=com_content&view=article&id=143:biedesheim-protestantische-pfarrkirche&catid=64:sehenswuerdigkeiten-kirchen&Itemid=98 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Qabuuraha hore ee ku xeeran kaniisadda waxaa ka muuqda dhagaxyada qabuuraha ee [[classicism|kalaasikiga]], oo mid ka mid ah uu u yahay ruug-caddaa [[Napoleonic Wars|Dagaalladii Napoleon]]. Waxaa sidoo kale tuulada ku taal kaniisad katoolik ah. <gallery> File:Biedesheim Prot. Kirche.JPG|kaniisadda borotestanka File:Biedesheim Napoleonsveteranenstein.JPG|dhagax qabri File:Biedesheim kath Kirche.jpg|kaniisadda katoolikada File:Lehrerwohnung und Gemeindeglockenturm Biedesheim.jpg|[[bell tower|munaaradda jalaska]] ee bulshada </gallery> ===Dhaqanka=== [[Kirchweih|Kerwe]] waxaa sannad walba la dabaaldegaa usbuuca saddexaad ee Sebtembar.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=2025-01-05 |author=Laura Braunbach |date=2019-09-11 |language=de |publisher=Die Rheinpfalz |title=Es ist wieder soweit: die Birressemer Kerb |url=https://www.wochenblatt-reporter.de/goellheim/c-ausgehen-geniessen/es-ist-wieder-soweit-die-birressemer-kerb_a120835 |website=wochenblatt-reporter.de |archive-date=2025-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250812135021/https://www.wochenblatt-reporter.de/goellheim/c-ausgehen-geniessen/es-ist-wieder-soweit-die-birressemer-kerb_a120835 |url-status=dead }}<!-- auto-translated from German by Module:CS1 translator --></ref> ==Kabayaasha== Jidka [[Bundesautobahn 63|A63]] wuxuu 9 km (5.5 mi) ka xigaa galbeedka Biedesheim. Tuulada waxaa u adeega khadka baska 904 ee [[Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar|VRN]] oo ka socda [[Kirchheimbolanden]] oo u socda [[Eisenberg, Rhineland-Palatinate|Eisenberg]].<ref>{{cite web|access-date=2025-02-13 |publisher=Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar GmbH |title=Liniennetzplan Donnersbergkreis |url=https://www.vrn.de/mam/liniennetz/liniennetzplaene/dokumente/schematisch/donnersbergkreis_schematisch.pdf |website=vrn.de}}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} s0005lrte3f4b3rnxjpp193bcs5n1nu 0 49967 304491 303937 2026-08-09T01:49:21Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location | type = Ortsgemeinde | image_coa = DEU Birkheim COA.svg | coordinates = {{coord|50|7|0.70|N|7|37|18.24|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | image_plan = Birkheim in SIM.svg | state = | district = Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis | Verbandsgemeinde = Hunsrück-Mittelrhein | elevation = 463 | area = 2.3 | postal_code = 56291 | area_code = 06746 | licence = SIM | Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 40 016 | website = | mayor = Rainer Retz<ref name=mayor>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1400000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 4 August 2021.</ref> | leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 | party = }} [[File:Birkheim01.jpg|thumb|Hoolka kaniisadda]] [[File:Birkheim02.jpg|thumb|Kaniisadda]] '''Birkheim''' ({{IPA|de|ˈbɪʁkhaɪm}}) waa {{lang|de|[[Ortsgemeinde (Germany)|Ortsgemeinde]]}} – oo ah [[Degaannada Jarmalka|degmo]] ka tirsan {{lang|de|[[Verbandsgemeinde]]}}, oo ah meel ka kooban degaanno badan – oo ku taal [[Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis]] ([[Districts of Germany|gobolka]]) ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Jarmalka]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay ''Verbandsgemeinde'' [[Hunsrück-Mittelrhein]], oo xarunteedu tahay [[Emmelshausen]]. ==Juqraafiga== ===Goobta=== Degmadu waxay ku taallaa bariga [[Hunsrück]] ee u dhaxeysa [[Middle Rhine]] iyo [[Autobahn]] [[Bundesautobahn 61|A&nbsp;61]]. 132-ka qof ee ku nool Birkheim waxay ku nool yihiin aag ka kooban 220&nbsp;ha ee heerkeedu yahay 450&nbsp;m oo ka sarreeya [[sea level|heerka badda]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birkheim’s population, area and elevation |url=http://www.emmelshausen.de/vg_emmelshausen/Gemeinden/Birkheim/ |access-date=2026-08-02 |archive-date=2016-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019064418/http://www.emmelshausen.de/vg_emmelshausen/Gemeinden/Birkheim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Taariikhda == Sannadkii 1310, Birkheim waxay lahayd xusiddeeda ugu horreysay ee dokumenti ah sida ''Bircheym'' waxayna hoos taysay maamulka [[Electorate of Trier|Electoral-Trier]]. Laga bilaabo 1794, Birkheim waxay hoos taysay maamulka [[France|Faransiiska]]. Sannadkii 1815 waxaa loo assigned gareeyay Boqortooyada [[Prussia]] ee [[Congress of Vienna]]. Tan iyo 1846, waxay qayb ka ahayd [[States of Germany|gobolka]] dhowaan la dhisay ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]].{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} ==Siyaasadda== ===Golaha deegaanka=== Golaha wuxuu ka kooban yahay 6 xubnood oo gole, oo lagu doorray [[Plurality voting system|u codayn ahalan oo badan]] doorashadii deegaanka ee dhacday 7 June 2009, iyo meyerka sharafta leh oo ah guddoomiye.<ref>[http://www.wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/1400201600.html Kommunalwahl Rheinland-Pfalz 2009, Gemeinderat]</ref> ===Meyerka=== Meyerka Birkheim waa Rainer Retz.<ref name=mayor/> === Astaanta === Qoraalka astaanta Jarmalka ah wuxuu leeyahay: ''In Silber, halblinks und schrägrechts durch blaue Wellenbalken geteilt, vorn ein rotes Balkenkreuz, hinten oben ein grünes Birkenblatt, unten ein schwarzes Wasserrad''.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} Degmada [[Coat of arms|astaanteeda]] ee ka kooban luqadda [[Heraldry|heraldic]] ee Ingiriiska: Argent a bend sinister wavy and couped at the nombril point a bend azure to sinister base, in dexter chief a cross gules throughout, in sinister a birchleaf palewise slipped vert and in base a waterwheel spoked of six sable.{{citation needed|date=July 2025}} Iskalaabtu waxay tilmaamaysaa la-lahaanshaha hantiyeed ee hore ee tuulada ee [[Electorate of Trier]] ee [[Holy Roman Empire]]. Dhegaha biyuhu wuxuu tilmaamayaa Friedrich Neubauer gristmill, oo loo yaqaanay ''Fritze Mühle'', oo la burburiyay 1920-yadii. Caleenta geedka birch-ka waa [[Canting arms|canting]] [[charge (heraldry)|charge]] ee magaca degmada, Birkheim (''Birke'' waa [[German language|Jarmal]] oo loo yaqaan [[birch]]). Mawjadda bend sinister iyo dhexda bend waxay u taagan yihiin durdurrada gobolka, midka dheer oo ah Niederbach, oo mar dhisay xadka u dhaxeeya Electorate of Trier iyo ''[[Vogt]]ei'' ee Pfalzfeld, iyo midka gaaban oo ah Quänkelbach, oo dhex mara tuulada kuna shubma Niederbach.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Description and explanation of Birkheim’s arms |url=http://www.emmelshausen.de/vg_emmelshausen/Gemeinden/Birkheim/ |access-date=2026-08-02 |archive-date=2016-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019064418/http://www.emmelshausen.de/vg_emmelshausen/Gemeinden/Birkheim/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Dhaqanka iyo booqashada== ===Dhismayaasha=== Kuwani waa dhismayaal lagu diiwaangeliyay ama goobo ku yaal [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] ee Diiwaanka Tiirarka Dhaqanka: * [[John of Nepomuk|Saint John of Nepomuk’s]] [[Catholic Church|Katoolikada]] [[Chapel|Kaniisadda yar]] (kaniisadda faraca; ''Filialkapelle St. Johann Nepomuk''), Hauptstraße 17 – [[aisleless church]], oo la calaamadeeyay 1897, munaaradda galbeed 1960 * Hauptstraße 5 – ''Quereinhaus'' (guri ka kooban meel nool oo ganacsi oo u qaybsan labadan xaaladood dhexda ka xiga, ilaa waddada); dhismaha [[Timber framing|timber-frame]], oo qayb ahaan adag, dhammaadkii qarnigii 19aad<ref>[https://denkmallisten.gdke-rlp.de/Rhein-Hunsrueck-Kreis.pdf Directory of Cultural Monuments in Rhein-Hunsrück district]</ref> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.swr.de/landesschau-rp/hierzuland/-/id=100766/nid=100766/did=3450816/5lukfj/index.html Qoraal yar oo Birkheim ah oo wata filim] {{Wayback|url=http://www.swr.de/landesschau-rp/hierzuland/-/id=100766/nid=100766/did=3450816/5lukfj/index.html |date=20160414111609 }} ee [[SWR Fernsehen]] {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} 2ahqkdrtzs24qpvb2pb8ttcpfzfvmfk 0 49977 304492 303878 2026-08-09T01:51:13Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Bisingen |type = Gemeinde |image_photo = Ausblick nach Westen, Bisingen vom Traufgang - panoramio.jpg |image_caption = Bisingen oo ka muuqata bariga |image_coa = Wappen Bisingen.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|18|43|N|08|55|04|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Bisingen in BL.svg |state = |region = Tübingen |district = Zollernalbkreis |elevation = 561 |area = 32.83 |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08417008 |postal_code = 72406 |area_code = 07476 |licence = BL |website = {{URL|https://www.gemeinde-bisingen.de/}} |mayor = Roman Waizenegger<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/wahl/buergermeisterwahl-bisingen-2021/ Bürgermeisterwahl Bisingen 2021], Staatsanzeiger.</ref> |leader_term = 2021&ndash;29 |party = CDU }} '''Bisingen''' ({{IPA|de|ˈbiːzɪŋən}}) waa [[Degaannada Jarmalka|degmo]] ka tirsan gobolka [[Zollernalbkreis]] ee [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Jarmalka]]. ==Taariikhda== Bisingen waa mid ka mid ah deegaannada ugu dhow ee aagga, oo ay xaqiijiyeen dhowr raadraac oo ka tirsan [[Neolithic|Aagga Dhagaxa]], [[Bronze Age|Aagga Maaraha]], bilowgii [[Iron Age|Aagga Birta]] iyo [[La Tène culture|La Téne]] xilligii. Dhisidda Bisingen iyo Wessingen waxaa loo aanaynayaa [[Alemanni]] qiyaastii 300 A.D., iyadoo Steinhofen, Thanheim & Zimmern la dhisay qiyaastii 500 A.D. Xusidda ugu horreysay ee diiwaangashan ee Bisingen iyo Wessingen waxay ahayd 786 A.D.: Count-ka Franconian Gerold in der Baar wuxuu hanti ka soo bilaabatay ''Pisinguin'' (Bisingen) iyo ''Uassingun'' (Wessingen) u hadyeeyay [[Abbey of Saint Gall|monastery-ga St. Gallen]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gemeinde Bisingen: Gemeinde Bisingen|url=https://www.gemeinde-bisingen.de/|access-date=2020-08-10|website=www.gemeinde-bisingen.de}}</ref> Magaalooyinka Bisingen, {{ill|Thanheim, Bisingen|de|Thanheim (Bisingen)|lt=Thanheim}}, {{ill|Wessingen|de}}, iyo {{ill|Zimmern, Bisingen|de|Zimmern (Bisingen)|lt=Zimmern}} waxay qayb ka ahaayeen {{ill|Oberamt Hechingen|de}}, oo ah {{ill|Oberamt (Hohenzollern)|de|lt=gobol}} ka tirsan Principality of [[Hohenzollern-Hechingen]] iyo, laga bilaabo 1850, [[Kingdom of Prussia|Boqortooyada Prussia]]. Oberamt waxaa la laalay 1925 waxana la dhex xiray {{ill|Oberamt Haigerloch|de}} ee cusub ee {{ill|Landkreis Hechingen|de}}.<ref name="LEO-BW">{{cite web|title=Bisingen|url=https://www.leo-bw.de/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/16300/Bisingen|website=[[LEO-BW]]|publisher=[[Baden-Württemberg]]|language=de|accessdate=9 July 2020}}</ref> Sannadaha 1930-yadii, dadweynaha [[Romani people|Romani]] ee ka ku koray Steinhof si ay uga baxsdaan persecution-ka Württemberg waxaa, ka dib dadaalkii qareenka gobolka Julius Klink, la eryay.<ref>{{cite news|last=Münch|first=Paul|title=Ein Oskar Schindler aus Steinhofen?|url=https://www.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/inhalt.bisingen-ein-oskar-schindler-aus-steinhofen.a13d35d4-2530-4c3e-9a6e-6b1c28746ed1.html|work=[[Schwarzwälder Bote]]|date=12 October 2017|language=de|accessdate=12 October 2017|archive-date=13 Bisha Tobnaad 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013014448/http://www.schwarzwaelder-bote.de/inhalt.bisingen-ein-oskar-schindler-aus-steinhofen.a13d35d4-2530-4c3e-9a6e-6b1c28746ed1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Intii lagu jiray qaybtii dambe ee [[World War II|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Dunida]], laga bilaabo August 1944 illaa March 1945, {{ill|Bisingen concentration camp|de|KZ Bisingen|lt=a xero shaqo dhib ah}} waxay ka shaqaynaysay Bisingen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Das KZ Bisingen|url=https://museum-bisingen.de/geschichte/kz-und-werk-bisingen/|publisher=Museum Bisingen|language=de|accessdate=9 July 2020}}</ref> Dagaalka ka dib, Bisingen waxay bilaabay in ay si baaxad leh u fadhisato. Magaalada waxay korotay illaa 1970-yadii dhanka waqooyiga iyo bariga, iyo dhanka siyaasadda isla tobankii sano iyada oo isku xirtay Wessingen iyo Zimmern oo loo beddelay Bisingen 1972, oo ay raacday Thanheim 1974. Markii {{ill|1973 Baden-Württemberg district reform|de|Kreisreform Baden-Württemberg 1973|lt=Baden-Württemberg dib u habayn ku samaysay goboladeeda 1973}}, gobolka Hechingen waxaa ka dhalatay in la laalo, Bisingen-na waxaa loo assigned gareeyay [[Zollernalbkreis|gobolka cusub ee Zollernalb]]. Awoodda kiimikada ee Bisingen waxay bilaabay in ay fadhisato 1980-yadii, kororkani wuxuu sii socday illaa 1990-yadii.<ref name="LEO-BW" /> ==Juqraafiga== Bisingen waxay jismiyan ku taallaa dhanka waqooyi ee [[Swabian Jura]], u dhaxeysa buuraha [[Hundsrücken (Swabian Jura)|Hundsrücken]] iyo [[Hohenzollern (mountain)|Hohenzollern]]. Heerka ka sarreeya heerka badda ee aagga degmada wuxuu ka bilaabmaa hoos oo ah {{convert|485|m|sp=us}} [[Normalnull]] (NN) ee Klingenbach illaa kan ugu sarreeya oo ah {{convert|912|m|sp=us}} NN oo ku yaal meesha ugu sarreysa ee [[Zeller Horn]].<ref name=LEO-BW/> Qaybo ka mid ah ilaalinta Federaalka ee {{ill|Hohegert|de}}, {{ill|Irrenberg-Hundsrücken|de}}, iyo {{ill|Zollerhalde|de}} [[Naturschutzgebiet|dhismaha dabiiciga ah]] waxay ku yaallaan Bisingen.<ref name=LEO-BW/> ===Juqraafiga siyaasadda=== Degmada (''[[Municipalities of Germany|Gemeinde]]'') ee Bisingen waxay ku fadhidaa {{convert|32.84|km2|sp=us}} oo ka tirsan [[Zollernalbkreis|gobolka Zollernalb]] ee [[Baden-Württemberg]], oo ah [[States of Germany|gobol]] ka tirsan [[Federal Republic of Germany|Jamhuuriyadda Federaalka ee Jarmalka]].<ref name=LEO-BW/> Tuulooyinka [[abandoned villages|ka la tagay]] ee Hofen iyo Weiler waxay ku yaallaan Bisingen dhexdeeda. Weiler waxaa la xusay markii ugu horreysay 1328 sida "Wiler hinter Zollern" waxayna ka baaba'day qarnigii 15aad; waxay u badan tahay inay ka tirsanayd kaniisadda [[Maria Zell|Maria Zell]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Das Land Baden-Württemberg. Amtliche Beschreibung nach Kreisen und Gemeinden|volume=Band VII: Regierungsbezirk Tübingen|date=1978|publisher=[[Kohlhammer Verlag]]|language=de|isbn=3-17-004807-4|pages=206–08}}</ref> ==Astaanta== Bisingen deegaankeeda [[coat of arms|astaanteedu]] waa [[Divisions of the field|mid loo qaybiyay 'party per pale']] oo ah dhul [[Gules|gudood]] ah dhanka bidix iyo mid [[Or (heraldry)|jaalle]] ah dhanka khadka. Qaybta gudood dhexdeeda waxaa ku jira miter jaalle ah iyada oo qaybta jaallaha ah ay tahay kala go' guradii gear wheel gudood ah. Kuwani waa, si sse ah, tixraacyo loo leeyahay Lords ee Bisingen iyo kiimikada Bisingen. Pattern-kan waxaa markii ugu horreysay ansixiyay xukuumaddii ku meel gaarka ahayd ee [[Württemberg-Hohenzollern]] 14 September 1953. Xafiiska gobolka Zollernalb wuxuu dib u ansixiyay pattern-ka isticmaalka deegaanka 30 June 1982.<ref name=LEO-BW/> ==Gaadiidka== Bisingen waxay ku xiran tahay [[Bundesstraße|waddooyinka weyn ee Jarmalka]] ee [[Bundesstraße 27]] iyo tareenadeeda ee [[Tübingen–Sigmaringen railway]]. Gaadiidka dadweynaha waxaa bixiya {{ill|Verkehrsverbund Neckar-Alb-Donau|de}}.<ref name=LEO-BW/> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * {{Official website}} (in German) {{Authority control}} dmmt3w51eflo0zbkzlvpxre7ub4zh44 0 49995 304493 303897 2026-08-09T02:17:39Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Bliedersdorf |German_name = Bliedersdorf <small>''(German)''</small><br />Bliersdörp <small>''(Low Saxon)''</small> |image_photo = KatharinenkircheBliedersdorf.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Kaniisadda St. Catherine |image_coa = DEU Bliedersdorf COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|53|28|58|N|9|34|16|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Bliedersdorf_in_STD.png |state = |district = Stade |Samtgemeinde = Horneburg |elevation = 23 |area = 12.41 |postal_code = 21640 |area_code = 04163 |licence = STD |Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 3 59 007 |divisions = 3 tuulo |website = [https://horneburg.de/bliedersdorf/ www.horneburg.de] |mayor = Tobias Terne<ref>[https://www.kreiszeitung-wochenblatt.de/stade/c-politik/tobias-terne-ist-neuer-buergermeister-in-bliedersdorf_a102043 Tobias Terne ist neuer Bürgermeister in Bliedersdorf] {{Wayback|url=https://www.kreiszeitung-wochenblatt.de/stade/c-politik/tobias-terne-ist-neuer-buergermeister-in-bliedersdorf_a102043 |date=20251228205800 }}, 19 December 2017</ref> |party = CDU }} '''Bliedersdorf''' ({{IPA|de|ˈbliːdɐsˌdɔʁf}}; ee [[Northern Low Saxon|Low Saxon]]: '''Bliersdörp''') waa degmo ka tirsan gobolka [[Stade (district)|degmada Stade]], Lower Saxony, [[Jarmalka]]. Waxay bariga ka xigtaa [[Nottensdorf]], koonfur-galbeed [[Horneburg]], iyo waqooyi-galbeed [[simple dolmen|megaliths-ka]] [[megaliths of Grundoldendorf|Grundoldendorf]]. Sida inta kale ee Stade, waa qayb ka mid ah [[Elbe-Weser Triangle]]. ==Sanadaha hore== {{expand section|date=September 2012}} [[Archbishopric of Bremen]], oo la sameeyay 1180, waxaa ku jiray waxa noqon doona mid loo yaqaanno Bliedersdorf. Kaniisadda maxaliga ah, St. Catherine, waxaa laga dhisay [[fieldstone]]s waxana la dhameeyay 1240; waxaa loogu magac daray [[Catherine of Alexandria]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bliedersdorf {{!}} kirchengemeindelexikon.de |url=https://kirchengemeindelexikon.de/einzelgemeinde/bliedersdorf/ |access-date=2026-01-25 |language=de}}</ref> Qarnigii 16-aad dhexdiisa, dadkii degganaa waxay qateen [[Lutheranism]], iyagoo aqoonsanaya mabaadi'da ''[[Cuius regio, eius religio]]'' ee lagu salaysay [[Peace of Augsburg]]. Intii uu socday qabsashada [[Catholic League (German)|Leaguist]] oo uu hoggaaminayo [[Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly|Tilly]] (1628–1630), waxay ahaayeen bartilmaameedyada [[Counter-Reformation]]. 1648 Prince-Archbishopric waxaa loo beddelay [[Duchy of Bremen]], oo markii ugu horreysay lagu xukumay [[personal union]] oo ay xukumaysay Sweden iyo laga bilaabo 1715 [[House of Hanover|Hanoverian Crown]]. 1807 [[Kingdom of Westphalia]] wuxuu annexed duchy-ga, ka hor inta uusan [[First French Empire|France]] annex 1810. 1813 duchy waxaa dib loogu celiyay [[Electorate of Hanover]], kaas oo – ka dib kor u qaadistiisa [[Kingdom of Hanover]] 1814 – ku daray Duchy [[real union]] iyo dhulkii ducal, oo uu ku jiro Bliedersdorf, wuxuu noqday qayb ka mid ah [[Stade (region)|Stade Region]], oo la sameeyay 1823. ==Taariikhda casriga ah== [[File:Bliedersdorf Ortsschild.jpg|left|200px]] {{expand section|date=September 2012}} 1866, Bliedersdorf, sida inta kale ee Stade Region, waxay noqotay qayb ka mid ah [[Kingdom of Prussia]], oo ay ku xigtay dhismaha [[Free State of Prussia]] (1918–1946/47) ka dibna [[Lower Saxony]]. Bliedersdorf-ta casriga ah waa qayb ka mid ah [[Horneburg (Samtgemeinde)|Horneburg]] ''[[Samtgemeinde]]'' ("ururka degmada"), oo sidoo kale ay ku jiraan [[Horneburg]] lafteeda, [[Agathenburg]], [[Dollern]], iyo [[Nottensdorf]]. Bliedersdorf waxay ka kooban tahay saddex tuulo: Bliedersdorf lafteeda, Postmoor iyo Rutenbeck.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://horneburg.de/bliedersdorf/|title=Bliedersdorf|publisher=Samtgemeinde Horneburg|language=German|accessdate=30 December 2016}}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons category-inline|Bliedersdorf}} {{Authority control}} 3vvjw7466fqg8jupslvv4mbnuptv0du 0 50012 304498 303943 2026-08-09T02:45:12Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Bödexen |type = Ortsteil |Town = [[Höxter]] |coordinates = {{coord|51|50|14|N|09|20|9|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Höxter Ortsteile Bödexen.svg |plantext = Map of Höxter with Bödexen highlighted |state = |district = Höxter |elevation = 203 |area = 21.58 |population = 757 |population_as_of = 2025-12-31 |pop_ref = <ref name=pop20>{{cite web|url=https://www.hoexter.de/verwaltung-politik/wissenswertes-ueber-hoexter/stadtportrait/|title=Stadtportrait|publisher=Stadt Höxter|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> |postal_code = 37671 |area_code = 05277 }} '''Bödexen''' ({{IPA|de|ˈbøːdɛksn̩|-|De-Bödexen.ogg}}) waa rubuc ka tirsan [[Höxter]], oo ku taal bari barbaarta [[North Rhine-Westphalia]], [[Jarmalka]]. Tuuladu waxay joogtaa 203 mitir ka sarraysa heerka badda. Waqooyiga Bödexen waa [[Köterberg]], buurta ugu sarreysa ee [[Weser Uplands]], oo leh 495 mitir. Webiga yar ee Saumer wuxuu dhex maraa Bödexen. Iyadoo baaxaddeedu tahay 21,58 km² iyo 960 deggen, Bödexen waa degmada saddexaad ee ugu yar magaalooyinka Höxter. == Taariikhda == Gacan-qori dhagax ah oo laga helay [[grave mound]] oo ku taal buurta dayrta ayaa horseeday aragtiyo ah in hoygu uu jiray ilaa [[Stone Age]]. Xuskan ugu horreeya ee la diiwaangeliyay ee Bödexen wuxuu ku jiray [[Corvey|caadooyinka Corvey]]. Ka mid ah dhismayaasha ugu da'da weyn rubuc ayaa ah Abbey Church of St. Stephanus and Vitus Corvey, oo la dhisay qarnigii 9-aad.<ref>[http://www.architekt-henne.eu/St.%2520Stephanus%2520und%2520Vitus%2520Corvey.html Abteikirche St. Stephanus und Vitus Corvey] {{Wayback|url=http://www.architekt-henne.eu/St.%2520Stephanus%2520und%2520Vitus%2520Corvey.html |date=20241213060543 }}, retrieved 18 February 2010</ref> Magaca Bödexen wuxuu ka soo jeedaa [[Saxon|asal ahaan Saxon]], oo ka soo jeeda magaca taariikhiga ah ''Bodikeshusun'' ee qarnigii 9-aad, ka dibna loo magacaabay ''Bodikessen'' ka dib markii uu bishop-ka Paderborn ku deeqay tobnaadkii rubuc ilaa Corvey sanadkii 1185, ka dibna u kobcay ''Böxen'' iyada oo loo marayo tirakoob dadweyne oo la sameeyay 1700.<ref>[http://www.hxboedexen.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5:chronik&catid=6:chronik&Itemid=4 Chronik Bödexen] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hxboedexen.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5:chronik&catid=6:chronik&Itemid=4 |date=20110719043235 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719043235/http://www.hxboedexen.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5:chronik&catid=6:chronik&Itemid=4 |date=2011-07-19 }}, retrieved 18 February 2010</ref> == Horumarka tirada dadka == {| class="wikitable" ! Sannadka !! Tirada dadka |- | 1.12.1910 <ref>Community directory 1900: [http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?westfalen/hoexter.htm Landkreis Höxter] {{Wayback|url=http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/gem1900/gem1900.htm?westfalen/hoexter.htm |date=20250123075413 }}</ref> || align="right" | 620 |- | 1925 <ref name="Administrative history" /> || align="right" | 646 |- | 1933 <ref name="Administrative history">Michael Rademacher: [http://www.verwaltungsgeschichte.de/hoexter.html ''German administrative history of the unification in 1871 until reunification in 1990'']</ref> || align="right" | 691 |- | 1939 <ref name="Administrative history" /> || align="right" | 646 |- | 31.12.1967 || align="right" | 778 |- | 23.06.1998 <ref name="Einwohner">Stadt Höxter > [http://www.hoexter.de/6.html Numbers & Facts] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hoexter.de/6.html |date=20110525164810 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525164810/http://www.hoexter.de/6.html |date=2011-05-25 }}</ref> || align="right" | 990 |- | 31.12.2003 <ref name="Einwohner" /> || align="right" | 1.007 |- | 31.12.2005 <ref name="Einwohner" /> || align="right" | 981 |- | 31.12.2006 <ref name="Einwohner" /> || align="right" | 967 |- | 31.12.2007 <ref name="Einwohner" /> || align="right" | 963 |- | 31.12.2015 <ref name = "Einwohner" />|| align="right" | 851 |- | 31.12.2021 <ref name = "Einwohner"/> || align="right" | 777 |- | 31.12.2025 <ref name = "Einwohner25">[https://www.hoexter.de/verwaltung-politik/wissenswertes-ueber-hoexter/stadtportrait/ Einwohnerzahlen]</ref> || align="right" | 757 |} == Tixraac == <references/> {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bodexen}} hody6i1pkk6zm2aqwp0clwwnr6kvhlf 0 50087 304494 304133 2026-08-09T02:23:47Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location | image_photo = | image_coa = DEU Braunshorn COA.svg | coordinates = {{coord|50|5|32|N|7|31|07|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | image_plan = Braunshorn in SIM.svg | state = | district = Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis | Verbandsgemeinde = Kastellaun | elevation = 475 | area = 6.98 | postal_code = 56288 | area_code = 06746 | licence = SIM | Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 40 018 | website = {{URL|http://www.braunshorn.de/}} | mayor = Markus Becker<ref name=mayor>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1400000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 4 August 2021.</ref> | leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 }} '''Braunshorn''' waa {{lang|de|[[Ortsgemeinde (Germany)|Ortsgemeinde]]}} – oo ah [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan {{lang|de|[[Verbandsgemeinde]]}}, oo ah nooc ka mid ah degmo wadareed – oo ku taal gobolka [[Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis]] ([[Districts of Germany|degmada]]) ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rheinland-Pfalz]], [[Jarmalka]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay [[Kastellaun (Verbandsgemeinde)|''Verbandsgemeinde'' ee Kastellaun]], taas oo xarunteedu tahay [[Kastellaun|magaalada magaca la mid ah]]. ==Juqraafiga== ===Goobta=== Degmada waxay ku taal [[Hunsrück]] qiyaastii 18&nbsp;km galbeed ee [[Oberwesel]] iyo hal kiiloomitir bari ka xigta [[Gödenroth]]. ===Bulshooyinka ka kooban=== Magaca degmada waxaa leh tuulada Braunshorn, oo ah mid ka mid ah saddexda ''[[Ortsteil]]e'' ee degmada. Labada kale waa Dudenroth iyo Ebschied. ==Taariikhda== Aasaasayaasha Braunshorn iyo Dudenroth waxay ahaayeen Rabbiyadii Braunshorn, qiyaastii 1090, mid ka mid ah kuraastoodii boqortooyada ayaa ahayd [[motte-and-bailey|qasriga]] Dudenroth, kaas oo loo arki karo dhismaha ugu da'da weyn ee difaaca Hunsrück. Runtii, labada meeloodba, haraadiga [[Middle Ages|qarniyadii dhexe]] ee qasriyada waa la heli karaa. 1098 waxaa yimid xusashadii ugu horreysay ee dokumentiga ah ee Castle Dudenroth; waqtigan waxay ka tirsanayd Gandolf von Braunshorn. Kaniisaddii ugu horreysay waxaa lagu xusay waqtigii Heinrich von Braunshorn, 1175. 1268, qoyskii boqortooyada waxay u raseen kursigoodii [[Beilstein, Rhineland-Palatinate|Beilstein]]. Bilowga Ebschied, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax yar bay ka duwanayd. Asal ahaan waxay ka tirsanayd Counts of Kessel ee ku taal [[Meuse]]. 1295, waxay lahayd xusashadii ugu horreysay ee dokumentiga ah markii dhaxlatayaasha degmada ay isku khilaafeen midba the other. Sannadkan dhexdiisa, Walram, Provost ee ku taal [[Münster]], wuxuu ka iibiyay tuuladiisa, Ebschied, Count Palatine. 1352, Count Walram ee [[County of Sponheim|Sponheim]] wuxuu dalbaday xuquuqda comte ee Ebschied, laakiin sababtoo ah ma uusan raacin go'aanka garsooraha ee arrinta, Ebschied waxaa la boobay iyadoo lagu hanjabay in la gubo. 1363, markii Guriga Braunshorn uusan lahayn dhaxlatayaal lab ah oo dambe, Braunshorn waxay guur ku martay Lords of Winneburg-Beilstein. Qarnigii 17aad, Braunshorn iyo Dudenroth labaduba waxay ku jireen dhulka uu maamulayay “Maxkamadda Saddexda-Rabbiga”, taas oo xarunteedu ahayd ''Beltem'' ([[Beltheim]]). Hantida dhulka ee aaggan waxaa loo qaybiyay saddex guri: Counts Palatine ee Simmern, Guriga Boos von Waldeck iyo Counts of Braunshorn. Ka hor [[Thirty Years' War|Dagaalkii Soddonka Sano]], waxaa jiray saddex meelood oo dab ah (tani waxay akhrisa “reeraha”) tuulada Braunshorn, sida laga soo xigtay diiwaanka. Laga soo bilaabo 1637 ilaa 1794, tuulada Braunshorn waxaa fief ku haystay Barons of Metternich. 1599, Ebschied waxaa lagu duubay in ay leedahay 11 “beero”, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ka tirsanaa [[Electoral Palatinate]]. 1784, [[chapel|kaniisadda yar]] ee [[Erasmus of Formiae|Saint Erasmus]] ee sharafta Ebschied dib ayaa loo dhisay. 1798, Braunshorn iyo Dudenroth waxay isku arkeen [[France|Faransiiska]] ''Mairie'' (“Maayer”) ee Gödenroth, lafteedu ku taal [[Cantons of France|Canton]] ee Castellaun dhexdeeda Arrondissement ee Simmern, taas oo ku taal Waaxda [[Rhin-et-Moselle]]. 1804, Faransiiska ''[[Napoleonic Code|Code civil des Français]]'' ayaa la soo bandhigay. Habeenkii 1 Janaayo 1814, [[Prussia|Prussian]] ciidamada uu hoggaaminayo Marshal [[Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher]] ayaa horay u sii maray [[Rhine]] barafaysan agtiisa [[Kaub]], iyaga oo ka xoreeyay dhulka bangiga bidix ee Rhine xukunka Faransiiska; waxay si rasmi ah ugu dhawaaqeen dhul Prussian ah 1 June 1815. Tani sidoo kale waxaa ka dhigay mid rasmi ah [[Congress of Vienna|Kوونjiisii Vienna]]. Tuulooyinka ku yaal Hunsrück oo dhan, gorgorka Prussian ayaa la taagay. Braunshorn iyo Dudenroth waxay hadda ku jireen ''Bürgermeisterei'' (“Maayerka”) ee Pfalzfeld ee degmada St. Goar. Int u dhaxaysa 1830 iyo 1833, kaniisaddii hore ee Braunshorn waa la dumiyay oo qalabkii waa la iibiyay. Dhanka kale, kaniisadda weli taagan maanta waa la dhisay. Dhulka ku yaal bangiga bidix ee Rhine, oo sidaas darteed Hunsrück, sidoo kale, waxaa la dayacay qarnigii 19aad oo ah aag xadka ah, taas oo ka muuqatay la'aanta ganacsiga iyo warshadaha. Marka laga reebo wadada gobolka ee ka timid [[Boppard]] ilaa [[Simmern]], waxaa jiray kaliya waddooyin si liidata loo horumariyay oo ku xiraya tuulooyinka gaarka ah midba midka kale. Nolol maalmeedka dadka deegaanka ayaa ku jiray beeraha. Tani ma aysan ku filnayn, si kastaba ha ahaatee, si loo xaqiijiyo dakhli qoys oo wanaagsan oo keligood ah, waayo hawlgallada beeraha waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad u yar, ciiduhuna waxay ahaayeen kuwo dhexdhexaad ah ilaa kuwo liita tayada. Bilaha jiilaalka, waxaa jiray dakhli dheeri ah oo ka yimid shaqada [[municipal forest|kaymaha degmada]]. Tani weli run ahaantii kuma filnayn in ay siiso jiilalka da'da yar saldhig nolol ku filan. Sidaa darteed, dad badan oo dhalinyaro ah ayaa aaday aagga [[Cologne]] ama [[Düsseldorf]], mararka qaarkoodna [[Ruhr area|aagga Ruhr]], si ay u raadiyaan shaqo. Dad badan oo kale, gaar ahaan haweenka, waxay isku dayeen inay naftooda ka helaan lacag badan iyagoo ka tagaya magaalada ilaa magaalada [[Rhineland]] iyagoo iibinaya Hunsrück [[wool|suuf]] iyo alaabada ka timid warshadaha yar yar ee tolida ee soo baxay dhanka kale. Waqtiga [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]], horumarinta wadada ayaa ugu dambeyntii timid markii ''Hunsrückhöhenstraße'' (“Wadada Joogga Hunsrück”, waddo muuqaal ah oo soo marta Hunsrück oo asal ahaan loo dhisay waddo milatari oo ku taal [[Hermann Göring]] amaradiisa) la dhisay 1938, taas oo bixineysa xiriir wadadan muhiimka ah ee u dhaxaysa [[Koblenz]] iyo [[Saarbrücken]]. Ka dib [[Second World War|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], Braunshorn waxay ahayd qayb ka mid ah [[Allied-occupied Germany|aagga Faransiiska ee shaqada]] ilaa 1947, taas oo laga soo bilaabo waqtigaas ay ka mid ahayd [[States of Germany|gobolka]] cusub ee la abuuray ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]. Intii ay socotay dib-u-habeynta maamulka ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], degmooyinka Braunshorn, Dudenroth iyo Ebschied ee iskood isu maamulayay ilaa hadda waxay ahaayeen 17 Maarso 1974 oo lagu daray hal degmo, oo lagu magacaabo Braunshorn.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taariikhda degmada |url=http://www.braunshorn.de/land_u_leute/geschichte.php |access-date=2026-08-04 |archive-date=2010-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100407223012/http://www.braunshorn.de/land_u_leute/geschichte.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.braunshorn.de/land_u_leute/geschichte_braunshorn.php Taariikhda Braunshorn]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.braunshorn.de/land_u_leute/geschichte_dudenroth.php Taariikhda Dudenroth]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="braunshorn">[http://www.braunshorn.de/land_u_leute/geschichte_ebschied.php Taariikhda Ebschied]{{Dead link|date=Bisha Sideedaad 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Siyaasadda== ===Golaha degmada=== Goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 12 xubnood oo golaha ah, kuwaas oo lagu doortay doorashadii degmada ee la qabtay 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa sharafta leh oo ah guddoomiye. ===Duqa magaalada=== Duqa Braunshorn waa Markus Becker.<ref name=mayor/> ===Jaakadda hubka=== Degmada [[Coat of arms|hubkeeda]] waxaa lagu sifeyn karaa sidan: Gules saddex geesood oo bugle ah oo aan xadhig lahayn argent. ==Dhaqanka iyo booqashada== ===Dhismaha=== Kuwa soo socdaa waa dhismayaal liiska ku jira ama goobaha [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] tusaha Kumannada Dhaqanka: ====Braunshorn (xarunta ugu weyn)==== * [[Mark the Evangelist|Saint Mark]] [[Catholic Church|Kaniisadda Katooliga]] (''Kirche St. Markus''), Kirchweg 5 – saddex-naved quarrystone [[hall church|kaniisadda hoolka]], 1830–1833, naqshadeeye Ferdinand Nebel, Koblenz; dhismaha oo dhan oo leh xabaalo * Zur Alten Burg, qalcadda motte-and-bailey (aagga taallo) – motte wareeg ah oo aan la taariikhaysnayn oo leh darbi ku xeeran ====Dudenroth==== * Birkenstraße – [[Saint Sebastian]] [[Chapel|Kaniisadda]] (''St.-Sebastian-Kapelle''); kaniisad afar geesood ah, 1950s; bamka gacanta, [[Rheinböllen]] Warshadda Birta, qarnigii 19aad dhammaadkiisa ====Ebschied==== * Hauptstraße – [[Erasmus of Formiae|Saint Erasmus]] Kaniisad (''St.-Erasmus-Kapelle''); [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] [[aisleless church|kaniisad aan lahayn waddo]]<ref name="gdke-rlp">[http://denkmallisten.gdke-rlp.de/Rhein-Hunsrueck-Kreis.pdf Tusaha Kumannada Dhaqanka ee Rhein-Hunsrück degmada]</ref> <gallery> File:Burg Braunshorn aus Suedwesten.jpg|Zur Alten Burg aagga taallada File:Braunshorn07.jpg|Kirchweg 5: Saint Mark Kaniisadda Katooliga File:Dudenroth02.jpg|Birkenstraße: Saint Sebastian Kaniisadda File:Ebschied01.jpg|Ebschied </gallery> ==Akhris dheeraad ah== * Elmar Rettinger: Maqaalka ''Braunshorn''; in: ''Historisches Ortslexikon Rheinland Pfalz. Band 2. Ehemaliger Kreis St. Goar''; weli lama daabicin; online at: [http://www.regionalgeschichte.net/index.php?id=6238 eeg PDF hoos “Braunshorn”] ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons category|Braunshorn}} * [http://www.braunshorn.de Bogga rasmiga ah ee Degmada] {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} 4gy722pua0zze351i4opjgwew7fi9ho 0 50120 304495 304076 2026-08-09T02:29:15Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location | name = Broitzem | name_local = |type = Borough |City = Braunschweig | image_photo = 2010-03-23 Broitzem-Versöhnungskirche.JPG | image_caption = Kaniisadda ku taal Broitzem | image_coa = DE-NI 03-1-01-000 Broitzem COA.svg | image_plan = Braunschweig-Mappe Broitzem.jpg | plantext = Location of Broitzem within Braunschweig | state = | regbzk = | district = urban district | population = 5722 | population_as_of = 2020-12-31 | pop_ref = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.braunschweig.de/politik_verwaltung/statistik/ez_stadtbezirke.php|title=Einwohnerzahlen nach Stadtbezirken|publisher=Stadt Braunschweig|access-date=21 September 2021}}</ref> | area = 3.700 | elevation = | coordinates = {{coord|52|14|4|N|10|28|51|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | postal_code = 38122 | area_code = 0531 | licence = BS | mayor = Meike Rupp-Naujok | party = SPD | Bürgermeistertitel = | website = [http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/stadtteile/broitzem/index.html Official Website] }} '''Broitzem''' waa ''[[Stadtbezirk]]'' (degmo) ku taal koonfur-galbeed ee [[Braunschweig]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. == Taariikhda == Tuulada Broitzem waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu xusay dukumentiyada qarnigii 12aad. Asal ahaan inta badan waxay ahayd tuulo beeraley ah, Broitzem waxay ku xidhan tahay shabakadda tareenada iyada oo la mareyso [[Hildesheim–Brunswick railway]] qarnigii 19aad dadkuna waxay si aad ah u bilaabeen inay u safraan shaqada magaalada dhexdeeda. Horraantii qarnigii 20aad, tuuladu waxay lahayd ilaa 1000 deganayaal.<ref>[http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/stadtteile/broitzem/siedlungsentwicklung.html Siedlungsentwicklung von 1179 bis heute (in German)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/stadtteile/broitzem/siedlungsentwicklung.html |date=20130928141700 }}. Retrieved on October 7, 2012.</ref> Qarnigii 20aad, deegaanno cusub oo deggenaansho iyo ganacsi ah ayaa laga horumariyay Broitzem, taasoo sababtay korodhka dadweynaha. Sannadkii 1974, tuuladii, oo illaa xilligaas ahayd qayb ka mid ah degmada miyiga ah ee la kala diray ee [[Braunschweig (district)|Braunschweig]], waxaa lagu daray magaalada Braunschweig waxayna noqotay degmo magaalada ah.<ref>[http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/stadtteile/broitzem/eingemeindungen.html Eingemeindungen 1934 bis 1974 (in German)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/stadtteile/broitzem/eingemeindungen.html |date=20130928141949 }}. Retrieved on October 7, 2012.</ref> === Garoonka diyaaradaha === Sannadkii 1916 [[Military airbase|garoonka diyaaradaha ciidamada]] ayaa laga dhisay waqooyiga Broitzem. Sannadkii 1929 xarunta guud ee [[Deutsche Verkehrsfliegerschule]] waxaa loo raray garoonka diyaaradaha Broitzem, oo si rasmi ah u ahayd dugsi duulimaad oo loogu talagalay duuliyeyaasha ganacsiga iyo dambeyna xarun tababar oo milateri oo loogu talagalay [[Luftwaffe]].<ref>[http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/stadtteile/broitzem/flughafen.html Flughafen 1917 bis 1945 und Kriegseinwirkungen Eingemeindungen 1934 bis 1974 (in German)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.braunschweig.de/kultur_tourismus/stadtportraet/stadtteile/broitzem/flughafen.html |date=20131001115511 }}. Retrieved on October 7, 2012.</ref> Garoonka diyaaradaha waxaa la xiray dhamaadkii [[World War II]].<ref>[http://www.relikte.com/bs_broitzem/index.htm Der Fliegerhorst Braunschweig-Broitzem (in German)]. Retrieved on October 7, 2012.</ref> == Siyaasadda == Duqa degmada Meike Rupp-Naujok waa xubin ka tirsan [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|Xisbiga Dimuqraadiga Bulshada ee Jarmalka]].<ref>[http://www.braunschweig.de/politik_verwaltung/politik/stadtbezirksraete/sb223.html Stadtbezirksrat 223 Broitzem (in German)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.braunschweig.de/politik_verwaltung/politik/stadtbezirksraete/sb223.html |date=20140427112809 }} {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427112809/http://www.braunschweig.de/politik_verwaltung/politik/stadtbezirksraete/sb223.html |date=April 27, 2014 }}. Retrieved on October 7, 2012.</ref> {{Commons category|Broitzem}} ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 177h4orzzoglelsr88yligctv6umuc7 0 50148 304496 304134 2026-08-09T02:35:23Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location | image_photo = | image_coa = DEU Budenbach COA.svg | coordinates = {{coord|50|2|13.11|N|7|34|2.80|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | image_plan = Budenbach in SIM.svg | state = | district = Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis | Verbandsgemeinde = Simmern-Rheinböllen | elevation = 381 | area = 3.51 | postal_code = 55469 | area_code = 06766 | licence = SIM | Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 40 023 | website = {{URL|http://www.budenbach.org/}} | mayor = Manfred Manderscheid<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1400000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 4 August 2021.</ref> | leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 }} [[File:Budenbach01.jpg|thumb|Bartamaha tuulada]] [[File:Budenbach02.jpg|thumb|Budenbach oo laga arko dhanka koonfurta]] '''Budenbach''' waa {{lang|de|[[Ortsgemeinde (Germany)|Ortsgemeinde]]}} – oo ah [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan {{lang|de|[[Verbandsgemeinde]]}}, oo ah nooc ka mid ah degmooyinka wadajirka ah – oo ku taal [[Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis]] ([[Districts of Germany|degmada]]) ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay ''Verbandsgemeinde'' [[Simmern-Rheinböllen]], taas oo xarunteedu tahay [[Simmern]]. == Juqraafiyada == === Goobta === Degmadu waxay ku taal bartamaha [[Hunsrück]] ee dooxada sare ee Simmerbach. Tuulada dhexdeeda waxaa dhex mara webiga Klingelbach. == Taariikhda == Afar [[Ancient Rome|Roomaan]] [[Tumulus|taallooyin qadiimi ah]] oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 2aad ee C.D. ayaa caddeynaya in Roomaanku ay halkaas degeen waqtigaas. [[grave goods|Agabka qabriga]] ee laga soo saaray taallooyinkan, sida dhalooyinka galaaska ah, dheryaha, suxuunta iyo koobabka, hadda waxaa lagu hayaa ''Hunsrückmuseum'' ee Simmern.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Taariikhda Roomaanka ee Budenbach |url=http://www.budenbach.org/ |access-date=2026-08-05 |archive-date=2008-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080817042723/http://www.budenbach.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 1293, Budenbach waxay yeelatay xuskeedii ugu horreeyay ee dukumenti ah. Tuulada waxaa horraan u haystay [[House of Palatinate-Simmern|Duchy of Palatinate-Simmern]] ka dibna, laga bilaabo 1673, waxaa haystay [[Electoral Palatinate]]. Laga bilaabo 1794, Budenbach waxay hoos timid xukunka [[France|Faransiiska]]. 1815 waxaa loo qoondeeyey Boqortooyada [[Prussia]] ee [[Congress of Vienna|Konagresihii Vienna]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1946, waxay qayb ka ahayd gobolka cusub ee la aas-aasay ee [[States of Germany|gobolka]] [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]. == Siyaasadda == === Golaha degmada === Goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 6 xubnood oo golaha ah, kuwaas oo lagu soo doortay [[Plurality voting system|codka badnaanta]] doorashadii degmada ee dhacday 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa sharafta leh oo ah guddoomiye.<ref>[http://www.wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/1400702300.html Natiijooyinka doorashada degmada ee Budenbach]</ref> == Dhaqanka iyo goobaha dalxiiska == === Dhismayaasha === Kuwa soo socdaa waa dhismayaal ama goobo liiska ku jira oo ku jira Buug-gacmeedka Taallooyinka Dhaqanka ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]: * On ''[[Kreisstraße]]'' 41 – xabaalaha; iskutallaabta xabaalaha ee [[sandstone|dhagaxa bacaadka ah]]; taallo xusuusta halyeeyada, tiir wata naqshad gargaar ah<ref>[http://denkmallisten.gdke-rlp.de/Rhein-Hunsrueck-Kreis.pdf Buug-gacmeedka Taallooyinka Dhaqanka ee degmada Rhein-Hunsrück]</ref> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda === * [http://www.swr.de/landesschau-rp/hierzuland/-/id=100766/nid=100766/did=3259156/1n23egj/index.html Sawir kooban oo Budenbach ah oo wata muuqaal] {{Wayback|url=http://www.swr.de/landesschau-rp/hierzuland/-/id=100766/nid=100766/did=3259156/1n23egj/index.html |date=20160514053354 }} oo ka tirsan [[SWR Fernsehen]] {{in lang|de}} {{authority control}} d4i9e32i7eg9b12ux57insqcu3yfcym 0 50149 304497 304106 2026-08-09T02:38:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name =Buhlenberg |type = |image_photo = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_coa = Wappen-Gemeinde-Buhlenberg.png |coordinates = {{coord|49|39|17|N|7|7|11|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Buhlenberg in BIR.svg |state = |district = Birkenfeld |Verbandsgemeinde = Birkenfeld |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Verbandsgemeinde Birkenfeld |elevation = 480 |area = 8.44 |postal_code = 55767 |area_code = 06782 |licence = BIR |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 34 016 |mayor = Gunter Kronenberger<ref name=mayor>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1340000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Birkenfeld], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 10 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 }} '''Buhlenberg''' waa ''[[Ortsgemeinde (Germany)|Ortsgemeinde]]'' – oo ah [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', oo ah nooc ka mid ah degmooyinka wadajirka ah – oo ku taal [[Birkenfeld (district)|degmada]] [[Districts of Germany|Birkenfeld]] ee gobolka Rhineland-Palatinate, Jarmalka. Waxay ka tirsan tahay [[Birkenfeld (Verbandsgemeinde)|''Verbandsgemeinde'' ee Birkenfeld]], taas oo xarunteedu tahay [[Birkenfeld|magaalada magaceeda la midka ah]]. == Juqraafiyada == === Goobta === Degmadu waxay ku taal saddex kilomitir waqooyi-galbeed ka xigta xarunta degmada ee Birkenfeld oo ku dhex taal keynta ''Schwarzwälder Hochwald'' ee ku taal [[Hunsrück]], oo ku taal cidhifka ''Naturpark Saar-Hunsrück'' oo u dhow [[Erbeskopf]], oo ah buurta ugu dheer Rhineland-Palatinate. === Bulshooyinka ka kooban === Waxaa sidoo kale Buhlenberg leh guryaha baadiyaha ah ee ka baxsan ee Berghof, Etzweilerhof, Grenzhof iyo Waldhof.<ref>[http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1132_201001_ur_G.pdf Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz – Amtliches Verzeichnis der Gemeinden und Gemeindeteile], Seite 19 (PDF)</ref> == Taariikhda == Buhlenberg waxay mar ka tirsanaan jirtay "Hinder" [[County of Sponheim|Degmada Sponheim]]. Laga bilaabo 29 Luulyo ilaa 8 Agoosto 2009, ''[[Bund der Pfadfinderinnen und Pfadfinder]]'' waxay ku qabatay Jambore-geeda Scouts-ka Qaranka ee Buhlenberg.<ref>[http://seitenweit.pfadfinden.de/ Bundeslager 2009 in Buhlenberg]</ref> == Siyaasadda == === Golaha degmada === Goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 12 xubnood oo golaha ah, kuwaas oo lagu soo doortay [[Plurality voting system|codka badnaanta]] doorashadii degmada ee dhacday 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa sharafta leh oo ah guddoomiye.<ref>[http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/1340201600.html Kommunalwahl Rheinland-Pfalz 2009, Gemeinderat]</ref> === Duqa magaalada === Duqa degmada Buhlenberg waa Gunter Kronenberger.<ref name=mayor/> === Astaanta gobolka === Qoraalka Jarmalka wuxuu akhrinayaa: {{lang|de|In schräglinks geteiltem Schild vorne rot-silbern geschacht, hinten in Silber über blauem Dreiberg ein blauer Wolfskopf.}} [[Coat of arms|Astaanta]] degmada ee luqadda [[Heraldry|hiraaldikada]] Ingiriiska waxaa lagu sifeyn karaa sidan: Per bend sinister chequy of gules and argent and argent issuant from base a mound of three, above which a wolf's head caboshed, both azure. Naqshadda “chequy” ee dhinaca midig (midigta qofka sita hubka, bidixda daawadayaasha) waa tixraac ku aaddan xiriirkii hore ee tuulada ee ku aaddanaa “Hinder” [[County of Sponheim|Degmada Sponheim]], ''[[Amt (country subdivision)|Oberamt]]'' ee Birkenfeld. [[charge (heraldry)|Astaanta]] salka ku taal dhinaca bidix (bidixda qofka sita hubka, midigta daawadayaasha), oo lagu yaqaanno [[German heraldry|hiraaldikada Jarmalka]] sida ''Dreiberg'', waa qayb ka mid ah [[Canting arms|astaanta magaca]] tuulada, ugu yaraan syllables-ka ugu dambeeya, waayo ''Berg'' macnaheedu waa "buur" Jarmalka, waxayna sidoo kala tixraacaysaa joogga sare ee tuulada iyo silsiladda buuraleyda Gebück. Madaxa yeygu wuxuu tilmaamayaa ''Wolfskaul'', oo ah aag ku dhex jira xuduudaha degmada oo ay mar ka jirtay god lagu qabto yeyda. Astaantan waxaa la siteysnayd tan iyo 26 Agoosto 1963.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Description and explanation of Buhlenberg’s arms |url=http://www.vgv-birkenfeld.de/gemeinden/buhlenberg/buhlenberg_start.htm |access-date=2026-08-05 |archive-date=2016-03-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311165947/http://vgv-birkenfeld.de/gemeinden/buhlenberg/buhlenberg_start.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Dhaqanka iyo goobaha dalxiiska == === Dhismayaasha === Kuwa soo socdaa waa dhismayaal ama goobo liiska ku jira oo ku jira Buug-gacmeedka Taallooyinka Dhaqanka ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]:<ref>[http://denkmallisten.gdke-rlp.de/Birkenfeld.pdf Directory of Cultural Monuments in Birkenfeld district]</ref> * Brückener Straße 2 – ''Quereinhaus'' qurux badan (guri isku jira oo deegaan iyo ganacsi ah oo loo qaybiyay labadan ujeeddo dhexda, oo u jeedda waddada) oo saqaf bar-hoos ah leh, 1911 * Hauptstraße 10 – ''Quereinhaus'', qayb ahaan [[Timber framing|alwaax ah]] (la suunay), saqaf bar-hoos ah leh, asal ahaan qiyaastii 1900; waddo quruurux ah; jardiinooyin xayndaab leh * Hochwaldstraße 32 – dugsigii hore; dhisme leh [[mansard roof|saqaf mansard ah]] iyo munaarad caadi ku ah xilligiisa, 1913 == Dhaqaalaha iyo kaabayaasha == === Gaadiidka === Dhanka bari waxaa mara [[Bundesstraße]] 269, dhanka koonfureedna waxaa mara [[Autobahn|Autobaanka]] [[Bundesautobahn 62|A 62]] ([[Kaiserslautern]]–[[Trier]]). Degmada u dhow ee [[Hoppstädten-Weiersbach|Neubrücke]] waxaa ku yaal saldhig tareen oo ku yaal [[Nahe Valley Railway|Khadka Dooxada Nahe]]. ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda === * [http://www.buhlenberg.org/ Bogga rasmiga ah ee degmada] {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.vgv-birkenfeld.de/gemeinden/buhlenberg/buhlenberg_start.htm Buhlenberg oo ku jira bogagga degmada wadajirka ah] {{Wayback|url=http://www.vgv-birkenfeld.de/gemeinden/buhlenberg/buhlenberg_start.htm |date=20160311165947 }} {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.swr.de/landesschau-rp/hierzuland/-/id=100766/nid=100766/did=2350250/da7i10/ Sawir kooban oo Buhlenberg ah] {{Wayback|url=http://www.swr.de/landesschau-rp/hierzuland/-/id=100766/nid=100766/did=2350250/da7i10/ |date=20161221094148 }} oo ka tirsan [[SWR Fernsehen]] {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} d02iw16y7mhyf9hdpu1cd5dejmvlbrv 0 50232 304501 304265 2026-08-09T03:27:19Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location | name = Dagobertshausen | name_local = | image_photo = Aerial Dagobertshausen.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_coa = | coordinates = {{coord|50|49|12|N|8|42|11|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | image_plan = Karte Marburg Stadtteile und Nachbargemeinden.png | plantext = Stadtteile of Marburg | state = | district = [[Marburg-Biedenkopf]] | type = Borough | City = [[Marburg]] | elevation = 248-290 | area = 3.53 | population = 359 | population_as_of = 2019-12-31 | pop_ref = <ref name=pop>{{cite web|url=https://www.marburg.de/downloads/datei/OTAwMDE5Nzc1Oy07L3d3dy92aHRkb2NzL21hcmJ1cmcvbWFyYnVyZy9tZWRpZW4vZG9rdW1lbnRlL2hhdXNoYWx0c3BsYW5fMjAyMV9iYW5kX2lfXzNfXy5wZGY= |title=Haushaltssatzung und Haushaltsplan 2021|publisher=Stadt Marburg|page=7|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref> | postal_code = 35041 | area_code = 06421 | website = }} '''Dagobertshausen''' waa degmo hoos timaada (''[[Ortsbezirk]]'') magaalada [[Marburg]] ee gobolka [[Hesse]].<ref>[https://www.marburg.de/medien/satzungen/900000357_hauptsatzung_i.d.f._xxiii._nachtrag_inkrafttreten_am_27.11.2021.pdf Hauptsatzung der Universitätsstadt Marburg], § 3, 27 November 2021.</ref> Dagobertshausen waxay 5&nbsp;km u jirtaa Marburg dhinaca galbeed ee buuraleyda Marburg: tuulooyinka ku dhow waxaa ka mid ah [[Elnhausen]] (1&nbsp;km koonfur-galbeed) iyo [[Michelbach, Marburg|Michelbach]] (3&nbsp;km waqooyi-waqooyi-bari). == Waxqabadka dhaqanka iyo madadaalada == Event- und Kulturscheune Dagobertshausen waa goob fanka oo ku taal bakhaar dib loo habeeyay oo ka tirsan beerta Scherer Hof, kaas oo loo isticmaalo bandhigyada filimada, riwaayadaha, casho-sharafyada iyo munaasabadaha kale ee dhaqanka.<ref>{{cite web|title=EVENT- UND KULTURSCHEUNE DAGOBERTSHAUSEN|url=http://www.eventscheune-dagobertshausen.de/}}</ref> Reitsportanlage Dagobertshausen waa xarun fardooleey oo martigelisa bandhigyada fardaha ee heer qaran iyo heer caalami iyo tartamada boodboodka fardaha.<ref>{{cite web|title=Reitsportanlage Dagobertshausen GmbH|url=http://www.reitsportanlage-dagobertshausen.com/en/horse-shows|access-date=2026-08-06|archive-date=2023-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001221857/https://reitsportanlage-dagobertshausen.com/en/horse-shows|url-status=dead}}</ref> Makhaayadda Restaurant Waldschlösschen waa maqaayad caan ah halkaas oo cuntada dhaqanka la doorbido.<ref>{{cite web|title=Restaurant Waldschlösschen|url=https://waldschloesschen-dagobertshausen.de}}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * https://www.marburg.de/dagobertshausen {{Authority control}} ppp8zzhjohv3qxluvguuowh5p8g6zrs 0 50245 304502 304278 2026-08-09T03:27:33Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Daleiden |type = |image_photo = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_coa = Wappen Daleiden.png |coordinates = {{coord|50|4|11|N|6|10|56|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Daleiden in BIT.svg |state = |district = Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm |Verbandsgemeinde = Arzfeld |elevation = 452 |area = 15.59 |postal_code = 54689 |area_code = 06550 |licence = BIT |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 2 32 213 |website = [https://www.daleiden.de/ www.daleiden.de] |mayor = Herbert Maus<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/2320000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 6 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = }} '''Daleiden''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Bitburg-Prüm|Eifelkreis Bitburg-Prüm]], ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], galbeedka [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. == Juqraafi == Daleiden waxay u jirtaa lix kiiloomitir xadka [[Luxembourg]]. Meesha ugu sarreysa tuulada waxaa loogu yeeraa "Hohe Haardt" taas oo 505 mitir sarreysa. Qaybaha kale ee degmada Daleiden waxaa ka mid ah Bermichthof, Bommert, Burtdell, Falkenauel, Feder, Kalenbornerhof, Laarberg, Neuhof, Schwabert, Vor der Höh, Zingent iyo Zinglersseif.<ref>{{Cite web|url =http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1132_201001_ur_G.pdf|title =Statistisches Landesamt, Verzeichnisse und Adressarien|access-date =6 January 2016|url-status =dead|archive-date =25 Bisha Kow iyo Tobnaad 2015|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20151125005812/http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1132_201001_ur_G.pdf}}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} q2tawdsljwzrq02n35rb77ic3wndyn1 0 50259 304504 304368 2026-08-09T03:39:41Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location | name = Daxlanden | type = Borough | City = Karlsruhe | image_coa = Wappen Daxlanden.svg | image_plan = Locator map Daxlanden in Karlsruhe.svg | plantext = | state = | district = [[Urban districts of Germany|Urban district]] | coordinates = {{coord|49.002|8.337|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | population = 11489 | population_as_of = 2020-12-31 | pop_ref = <ref name=pop>{{cite web|url=https://web5.karlsruhe.de/Stadtentwicklung/statistik/pdf/2020/2020-12-bevoelkerung.pdf|title=Die Karlsruher Bevölkerung im IV. Quartal 2020|publisher=Stadt Karlsruhe|access-date=24 September 2021|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 Bisha Sagaalaad 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924100502/https://web5.karlsruhe.de/Stadtentwicklung/statistik/pdf/2020/2020-12-bevoelkerung.pdf}}</ref> | area = | elevation = | postal_code = 76189 | area_code = 0721 }} '''Daxlanden''' waa degmo ka tirsan magaalada [[Karlsruhe]], Jarmalka. Tuuladii hore ee kalluumaysiga waxay ku taal galbeedka xarunta magaalada Karlsruhe, oo u dhow wabiga [[Rhine]] ee ku yaal wabiga [[Alb (Northern Black Forest)|Alb]] waxayna ka kooban tahay ku dhawaad ​​11,500 oo qof. Degmada ayaa hadda loo sii qaybiyaa ''Alt-Daxlanden'', ''Neu-Daxlanden'', ''Daxlanden-Ost'' iyo ''Rheinstrandsiedlung''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://web3.karlsruhe.de/Stadtentwicklung/siska/pdf/Jahrbuch2009_Kapitel_01.pdf |title=Stadtgebiet und Flächennutzung |last= |first= |date=2009 |website=karlsruhe.de |publisher=City of Karlsruhe |access-date=8 December 2024 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160519030158/http://web3.karlsruhe.de/Stadtentwicklung/siska/pdf/Jahrbuch2009_Kapitel_01.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2016 |quote=}}</ref> ==Taariikh== Daxlanden waxaa markii ugu horreysay la xusay 1579 iyadoo ah "villa daslar" dukumintiga papalka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, aaggu waa mid ka da' weyn, sida ay muujinayaan jiritaanka [[-de:Kloster Weißenburg (Elsass)|Weißenburg Monastery]] iyo [[-de:Kloster Gottesaue|Gottesaue Monastery]]. Sanadkii 1396, "Appen Mill" ee Daxlanden ayaa markii ugu horreysay la xusay markii loo tabarrucay cisbitaalka ku yaal Baden (maanta [[Baden-Baden]]).<br />Weligii Appen Mill wuxuu ahaa hantida cisbitaalka ilaa qarnigii 18-aad waxaana uu ahaa warshaddii rasmiga ahayd ee degmooyinka ku xeeran ee Bulach, Beiertheim, Daxlanden, Mühlburg iyo Knielingen. Sanadkii 1407, Archbishop-ka Cologne [[Friedrich III. von Saarwerden]] wuxuu xaliyay khilaaf ku saabsan xuquuqda ugaarsiga ee "Daheslarerau" iyo meelaha ku xeeran int u dhaxaysa [[Rupert, King of Germany]], iyo [[Bernard I, Margrave of Baden-Baden]] oo u hiiliyey kii hore. Sanadkii 1463, Daxlanden waxay dhistay parish-keeda gaarka ah, hore waxay ka tirsanaan jirtay parish-ka Forchheim. Markii la qaybiyay [[Margraviate of Baden]], Daxlanden waxaa loo qoondeeyay Baden-Baden sidaas darteedna waxay ka tirsanayd Golaha Ettlingen. Sannooyinkii barwaaqada ee [[Gold panning]] ee goobaha dahabka ee Daxlanden waxay ahaayeen 1579. Laga soo bilaabo qarnigii 18aad waxay ahaayeen kuwo aan miro dhal ahayn. Bishii Maarso 6, 1651 masiibatadii ugu darnayd taariikhda Daxlanden ayaa dhacday. Jajab ku yimid biyo xireenka Rhein ayaa burburiyay 700 oo acres oo beer ah, 20 guri iyo kaniisadda deegaanka. Natiijada ahaan taas, kala bar Daxlanden waxay halis ugu jirtay inay ku dhacdo Rhein. Kadib masiibooyin badan oo fatahaado ah oo ku dhuftay degmada, Daxlanden cusub ayaa laga dhisay bangi sare oo ka fog Rhein. Sanadkii 1665, Warshaddii Appen ee ku burburtay [[Dagaalkii Sodbanka Sano|Thirty Years War]] ayaa dib loo dhisay. 1673/77 waxay arkeen biyo xireeno cusub oo loogu talagalay Rhein oo laga dhisay agagaarka Daxlanden iyo Rappenwörth. Waxaa la isku dayay marar badan in la xakameeyo Rhein dhismaha biyo xireenka. ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{Commons category}} * [https://www.themenpark-umwelt.baden-wuerttemberg.de/servlet/is/30764/?path=7160;7111; Die Appenmühle, einst Getreidemühle heute Energieerzeuger] * [https://www.daxlanden.com/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=53:geschichte-von-daxlanden&catid=31&Itemid=46 Geschichte von Daxlanden] {{Authority control}} kfcaqk2ss9cy4enw7uw7l4oan59l6ur 0 50280 304508 304390 2026-08-09T03:53:15Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Demerath COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|50|10|31|N|6|56|42|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Demerath in DAU.svg |state = |district = Vulkaneifel |Verbandsgemeinde = Daun |elevation = 440 |area = 10.51 |postal_code = 54552 |area_code = 06573 |licence = DAU |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 2 33 016 |website = [http://www.demerath-eifel.de/ www.demerath-eifel.de] |mayor = }} [[File:Demerath westansicht.jpg|thumb|290px|View from the west ([[Steineberg]]) of Demerath]] '''Demerath''' waa ''[[Ortsgemeinde (Germany)|Ortsgemeinde]]'' – oo ah [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', oo ah nooc ka mid ah degmooyinka wadajirka ah – oo ku taalla degmada [[Vulkaneifel]] ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay [[Daun (Verbandsgemeinde)|''Verbandsgemeinde'' ee Daun]], taas oo xarunteedu tahay magaalada [[Daun, Germany|la magaca ah]]. == Juqraafi == === Goobta === Degmadu waxay ku taallaa [[Volcanic Eifel]], oo ah qayb ka mid ah [[Eifel]] taas oo lagu yaqaanno taariikhdeeda foolkaanaha, sifooyinka juqraafiyeed iyo juqraafiyeed, iyo xitaa hawlaha socda maanta, oo ay ku jiraan gaasaska mararka qaarkood ka soo baxa dhulka. Demerath u dhow waxaa ku yaal dhowr ka mid ah [[maar|maars]] ee Volcanic Eifel; harooyinka ka samaysma qulqulatooyinka foolkaanaha. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah [[Pulvermaar]] iyo [[Holzmaar]] ee [[Gillenfeld]], iyo [[Schalkenmehrener Maar]] iyo [[Ulmener Maar]]. [[Cochem]] oo ku taal [[Moselle]] iyo [[Nürburgring]] mid walba waxay u jirtaa 25&nbsp;km. == Taariikh == Sanadkii 1075, Demerath waxay markii ugu horreysay ku yeelatay xus dukumentiyeed ah ''Diemunderode''. Sanadkii 1319, tuulada waxaa la oran jiray ''Demeroyt'', 1341 ''Dymelderade'' iyo 1368 ''Dymenroide''. Sanadkii 1475, kaniisadda tuulada waxaa lagu sifeeyay inay tahay laanta ''Demarait'' ee Parish of Wollmerath. Laga soo bilaabo 1518, waxaa ka jiray maxkamad sare oo Demerath ah oo ay hayeen [[County of Manderscheid|Counts of Manderscheid]]. Sanadkii 1644 waxaa yimid Dagaalkii Steineberger Ley, kaas oo dad badan oo deggan aagga ay ku le’deen ciidamada Lotharingian. Sanadkii 1728, ''Demerath, Ambts Dauhn'' (taas oo ah, gudaha [[Amt (country subdivision)|Amt]] ee Daun) waxay heshay ''Polizey oder Dorfordnung'' (ciidanka booliska). Sanadkii 1794 tuulada waxaa qabsaday ciidamada [[France|Faransiiska]]. Abaaraha 1794, waxaa la abuuray waxa loogu yeero ''Freiheitseiche'' ("Geedkii Xorriyadda"). Sanadkii 1803, Demerath waxaa loo dallacsiiyay deegaan kaniisadeed oo u gaar ah. Laga soo bilaabo 1815, ka dib markii uu bilaabmay xukunkii [[Prussia|Prussian]], Demerath waxay ka tirsanayd degmada Daun. Sanadkii 1841, degmadu waxay heshay ciidan boolis oo cusub oo loogu talagalay ''Bürgermeisterei'' ("Maayar") ee Gillenfeld. Laga soo bilaabo 1904, waxaa ka jiray adeeg [[telephone]] ah oo ku yaal Demerath. Sanadkii 1920, waxaa la aas-aasay kooxda tabarruca ah ee [[fire brigade]], sida oo kale kooxda muusigga 1960kii. Sanadkii 1970, dugsigii deegaanka waa la kala diray, sanadkii 2003-na, Geedkii Xorriyadda ee liita ayaa la jaray waxaana la abuuray mid cusub.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Geschichtliche Daten zu Demerath | url=http://www.demerath-eifel.de/images/Geschichte_Demerath.PDF | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718225357/http://www.demerath-eifel.de/images/Geschichte_Demerath.PDF | archive-date=2011-07-18}}</ref> == Siyaasad == === Golaha degmada === Golaha waxaa ka kooban 8 xubnood oo golaha ah, kuwaas oo lagu soo doortay [[Plurality voting system|majority vote]] doorashadii degmada ee dhacday 7 Juun 2009, iyo maayarka sharafta leh oo ah guddoomiye.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/2330101600.html|title=LWL RLP - Kommunalwahlen: Ergebnisse der Ratswahlen: Wahlergebnisse 2009: Stadt- und Gemeinderatswahlen|website=www.wahlen.rlp.de}}</ref> === Maayar === Laga soo bilaabo 2021, xilka maayarka Demerath waa banaan yahay. === Calanka degmada === Qoraalka Jarmalka ah wuxuu u qoran yahay sidan: ''Unter silbernem Schildhaupt, darin schräggekreuzt rotes Schwert und roter Schlüssel, in Grün ein goldener Stein, aus dem unteren Schildrand wachsend, darüber zwei goldene Eichblätter mit Eicheln.''<ref>Genehmigungsurkunde vom 20. Oktober 1980, AZ.: 100-020.022, Bezirksregierung Trier</ref> Degmada [[Coat of arms|arms]] ee Ingiriiska [[Heraldry|heraldic]] luqadda waxaa lagu sifeyn karaa sida soo socota: Vert issuant from base a stone, above which an oak twig issuant from the chief leafed and fructed of two, the whole Or, in a chief argent a sword hilt sable and a key in saltire both gules, the key in bend sinister and surmounting the sword. Hal-abuurkeeda, hubka degmadu wuxuu dib ugu noqdaa [[French Revolution]]. [[tincture (heraldry)|tincture]]s gules iyo argent (cas iyo qalin) ee ku jira [[chief (heraldry)|chief]] waxay u taagan yihiin xusuusin ku saabsan xiriirkii hore ee degmada ee la lahaa [[Electorate of Trier]]. Furaha iyo seefuhu waxay tixraacayaan dadka ilaaliyaha ah ee deegaanka, [[Saint Peter|Peter]] iyo [[Saint Paul|Paul]]. Dhagaxa ku jira saldhigga waa matalaad dhagaxii maxkamadda ee ka horreeyay kaniisadda, iyo laanta geedkii korka ka ah ayaa u taagan ''Freiheitseiche'' ("Geedkii Xorriyadda"), oo la abuuray xilligii xukunka Faransiiska, kaas oo dhagaxani uu hoos yiilay. Maxkamadda sare ee halkaas fadhiday waxay fulisay ciqaabteeda dhimashada iyo naafaynta dhagaxan korkiisa. Tincture-ka goobta, vert (cagaar), wuxuu u taagan yahay goobta soo jiidashada leh, miyiga ah ee degmada ee aagga ilaalinta muuqaalka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.demerath-eifel.de/81 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521084658/http://www.demerath-eifel.de/wappen.html|title=Ortsgemeinde Demerath in der Vulkaneifel|archivedate=May 21, 2012|website=www.demerath-eifel.de}}</ref> == Dhaqanka iyo indha-indhaynta == === Dhismayaasha === * Saint Peter's iyo Saint Paul's [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] Parish Church, Talstraße 2, [[aisleless church]], asal ahaan qarnigii 18-aad, la ballaariyay 1803, munaaradda bari ee ka timid 1827, ''[[Bildstock]]'' oo ka timid 1775. * Gartenweg 1 - gurigii hore ee dubista, dhisme hal dabaq ah oo dhagax ah, oo u muuqda inuu ka yimid 1880. * Talstraße 7 – guri dabaq ah oo ku xiga waddada, qaab adag oo laba dabaq ah, qarnigii 19-aad. * Talstraße 10 – guri ka yimid [[Timber framing|timber-frame]] hanti ku xigta waddada, qayb ahaan adag, qarnigii 18-aad. * Talstraße 21 – alwaax-qaabaysan ''Quereinhaus'' (guri la dejiyo iyo ganacsi oo isku dar ah oo loo qaybiyay labadan ujeedo dhexda, oo u jeedda waddada) oo lagu ballaariyay hanti gees ah, qayb ahaan la suuxiyay. * Ulmener Straße 2 – guri alwaax ah oo ka yimid hanti gees ah, qayb ahaan adag ama la suuxiyay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://denkmallisten.gdke-rlp.de/Vulkaneifel.pdf|title=Directory of Cultural Monuments in Vulkaneifel district}}</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commons category}} * [http://www.demerath-eifel.de/ Bogga rasmiga ah ee degmada] {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.michls.de/demerath/demerath.html Demerath – bogga gaarka ah] {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.swr.de/landesschau-rp/hierzuland/-/id=100766/nid=100766/did=2349972/1h8dd2p/index.html Sawir gaaban oo Demerath ah oo wata filim] {{Wayback|url=http://www.swr.de/landesschau-rp/hierzuland/-/id=100766/nid=100766/did=2349972/1h8dd2p/index.html |date=20110606154025 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606154025/http://www.swr.de/landesschau-rp/hierzuland/-/id=100766/nid=100766/did=2349972/1h8dd2p/index.html |date=2011-06-06 }} at [[SWR Fernsehen]] {{in lang|de}} {{authority control}} ax7ba5gyitrekppivx7vzuy95zxvf1o 10 50281 304395 2026-08-08T13:12:36Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: {{Documentation subpage}} {{notice|Kaliya [[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats|Bureaucrat-yada]] ayaa isticmaale u beddeli kara [[Wikipedia:Maamulka|maamule]]; sidaa darteed, ku darista sanduuqan isticmaalaha '''ma''' ka dhigayso maamule.}} <!-- FADLAN KU DAR QAYBAHA IYO INTERWIKI-YADA DHAMAADKA BOGGAN. --> ==Xuduudaha== * {{para|1}} — xuduudda koowaad ee ikhtiyaariga ah: magaca goobta uu isticmaaluhu maamule ka yahay. * {{para|lang_code}} — waxaa lala isticmaalaa {{para|1}}. * {{para|inf... 304395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{notice|Kaliya [[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats|Bureaucrat-yada]] ayaa isticmaale u beddeli kara [[Wikipedia:Maamulka|maamule]]; sidaa darteed, ku darista sanduuqan isticmaalaha '''ma''' ka dhigayso maamule.}} <!-- FADLAN KU DAR QAYBAHA IYO INTERWIKI-YADA DHAMAADKA BOGGAN. --> ==Xuduudaha== * {{para|1}} — xuduudda koowaad ee ikhtiyaariga ah: magaca goobta uu isticmaaluhu maamule ka yahay. * {{para|lang_code}} — waxaa lala isticmaalaa {{para|1}}. * {{para|info-size}} iyo {{para|logo-size}} waxay beddeli karaan cabbirka qoraalka iyo sawirka, siday u kala horreeyaan. * {{para|othertext}} wuxuu qoraal si toos ah ugu daraa ka dib 'maamule' (iyadoo ay suurtagal tahay in lagu xuso xuquuqaha kale ee isticmaaluhu leeyahay). * {{para|RFA|<var>wikilink</var>}} (iyada oo aan lahayn qawsaska labajibbaaran) ee RFA-da isticmaalaha (Wikipedia-da Ingiriisiga oo keliya). * {{para|former|yes}} haddii uu mar ahaa maamule balse uusan hadda ahayn. * {{para|recall|yes}} wuxuu bogga geliyaa [[:Category: Wikipedia administrators open to recall]]. * {{para|noannounce|yes}} wuxuu farriinta iyo xiriirka xaqiijinta ku beddelaa farriin oranaysa "Isticmaalahan uma baahna calaamado aan waxba tarayn." Sidoo kale wuxuu sawirka ku beddelaa calaamad shariif. Waa ikhtiyaari. * {{para|nocat|yes}} wuxuu joojiyaa in bogga lagu daro [[:Category:Wikipedia administrators]]. ===Habaynta sanduuqa isticmaalaha=== * {{para|id}} — wuxuu beddelaa dhammaan sanduuqa bidix ** {{para|image}} — wuxuu beddelaa sawirka oo keliya, magaca faylka iyada oo aan lahayn horgalaha <nowiki>File:</nowiki> ** {{para|logo-size}} — cabbirka sawirka * {{para|info-s}} — cabbirka qoraalka Faahfaahin ka eeg {{tl|Userbox}}. ==Tusaalooyin== <pre> {{Maamule|RFA=Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/FredBloggs}} {{Maamule|logo-size=33px|info-size=7}} {{Maamule|othertext=iyo...}} {{Maamule|[[Wikimedia Commons|Commons]]|lang_code=commons}} {{Maamule|[[WP:Meta|]]|lang_code=m}} {{Maamule|[[Wiktionary]]|lang_code=Wikt}} {{User wikipedia/Administrator|[[Wikiquote]]|lang_code=q}} {{Maamule|[[Wikibooks]]|lang_code=b}} {{Maamule|[[Wikipedia-da Jarmalka]]|lang_code=de}} {{Maamule|[[Wikipedia-da Noorweejiga]]|lang_code=no}} {{Maamule|recall=yes}} </pre> ==Sidoo kale eeg== *{{t|Administrator topicon}} ==Xiriirrada dibadda== * [https://wiki.mozilla.org/Help:Interwiki_linking Help:Interwiki_linking] ee dejinta lang_code saxda ah <includeonly>{{Sandbox other||<!-- ++++ FADLAN KU DAR QAYBAHA IYO INTERWIKI-YADA HOOSTA SADARRKAN, GUDAHA TAG-YADA INCLUDEONLY, MAHADSANID. --> [[Category:Admin user templates|Administrator]] </includeonly> jbhaj2lykm83vbt2ug23ozm3tgab8k3 304396 304395 2026-08-08T13:15:31Z Isma4l 41797 304396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{notice|Kaliya [[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats|Bureaucrat-yada]] ayaa isticmaale u beddeli kara [[Wikipedia:Maamulka|maamule]]; sidaa darteed, ku darista sanduuqan isticmaalaha '''ma''' ka dhigayso maamule.}} <!-- FADLAN KU DAR QAYBAHA IYO INTERWIKI-YADA DHAMAADKA BOGGAN. --> ==Xuduudaha== * {{para|1}} — xuduudda koowaad ee ikhtiyaariga ah: magaca goobta uu isticmaaluhu maamule ka yahay. * {{para|lang_code}} — waxaa lala isticmaalaa {{para|1}}. * {{para|info-size}} iyo {{para|logo-size}} waxay beddeli karaan cabbirka qoraalka iyo sawirka, siday u kala horreeyaan. * {{para|othertext}} wuxuu qoraal si toos ah ugu daraa ka dib 'maamule' (iyadoo ay suurtagal tahay in lagu xuso xuquuqaha kale ee isticmaaluhu leeyahay). * {{para|RFA|<var>wikilink</var>}} (iyada oo aan lahayn qawsaska labajibbaaran) ee RFA-da isticmaalaha (Wikipedia-da Ingiriisiga oo keliya). * {{para|former|yes}} haddii uu mar ahaa maamule balse uusan hadda ahayn. * {{para|recall|yes}} wuxuu bogga geliyaa [[:Category: Wikipedia administrators open to recall]]. * {{para|noannounce|yes}} wuxuu farriinta iyo xiriirka xaqiijinta ku beddelaa farriin oranaysa "Isticmaalahan uma baahna calaamado aan waxba tarayn." Sidoo kale wuxuu sawirka ku beddelaa calaamad shariif. Waa ikhtiyaari. * {{para|nocat|yes}} wuxuu joojiyaa in bogga lagu daro [[:Category:Wikipedia administrators]]. ===Habaynta sanduuqa isticmaalaha=== * {{para|id}} — wuxuu beddelaa dhammaan sanduuqa bidix ** {{para|image}} — wuxuu beddelaa sawirka oo keliya, magaca faylka iyada oo aan lahayn horgalaha <nowiki>File:</nowiki> ** {{para|logo-size}} — cabbirka sawirka * {{para|info-s}} — cabbirka qoraalka Faahfaahin ka eeg {{tl|Userbox}}. ==Tusaalooyin== <pre> {{Maamule|RFA=Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/FredBloggs}} {{Maamule|logo-size=33px|info-size=7}} {{Maamule|othertext=iyo...}} {{Maamule|[[Wikimedia Commons|Commons]]|lang_code=commons}} {{Maamule|[[WP:Meta|]]|lang_code=m}} {{Maamule|[[Wiktionary]]|lang_code=Wikt}} {{User wikipedia/Administrator|[[Wikiquote]]|lang_code=q}} {{Maamule|[[Wikibooks]]|lang_code=b}} {{Maamule|[[Wikipedia-da Jarmalka]]|lang_code=de}} {{Maamule|[[Wikipedia-da Noorweejiga]]|lang_code=no}} {{Maamule|recall=yes}} </pre> ==Sidoo kale eeg== *{{t|Administrator topicon}} ==Xiriirrada dibadda== * [https://wiki.mozilla.org/Help:Interwiki_linking Help:Interwiki_linking] ee dejinta lang_code saxda ah <includeonly>{{Sandbox other||<!-- ++++ FADLAN KU DAR QAYBAHA IYO INTERWIKI-YADA HOOSTA SADARRKAN, GUDAHA TAG-YADA INCLUDEONLY, MAHADSANID. --> [[Category:Admin user templates|Administrator]] }}</includeonly> 24k7zlgfpb0j51xg8i7rdq2ru38aj3d 304397 304396 2026-08-08T13:16:24Z Isma4l 41797 304397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Documentation subpage}} {{notice|Kaliya [[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats|Bureaucrat-yada]] ayaa isticmaale u beddeli kara [[Wikipedia:Maamulka|maamule]]; sidaa darteed, ku darista sanduuqan isticmaalaha '''ma''' ka dhigayso maamule.}} <!-- FADLAN KU DAR QAYBAHA IYO INTERWIKI-YADA DHAMAADKA BOGGAN. --> ==Xuduudaha== * {{para|1}} — xuduudda koowaad ee ikhtiyaariga ah: magaca goobta uu isticmaaluhu maamule ka yahay. * {{para|lang_code}} — waxaa lala isticmaalaa {{para|1}}. * {{para|info-size}} iyo {{para|logo-size}} waxay beddeli karaan cabbirka qoraalka iyo sawirka, siday u kala horreeyaan. * {{para|othertext}} wuxuu qoraal si toos ah ugu daraa ka dib 'maamule' (iyadoo ay suurtagal tahay in lagu xuso xuquuqaha kale ee isticmaaluhu leeyahay). * {{para|RFA|<var>wikilink</var>}} (iyada oo aan lahayn qawsaska labajibbaaran) ee RFA-da isticmaalaha (Wikipedia-da Ingiriisiga oo keliya). * {{para|former|yes}} haddii uu mar ahaa maamule balse uusan hadda ahayn. * {{para|recall|yes}} wuxuu bogga geliyaa [[:Category: Wikipedia administrators open to recall]]. * {{para|noannounce|yes}} wuxuu farriinta iyo xiriirka xaqiijinta ku beddelaa farriin oranaysa "Isticmaalahan uma baahna calaamado aan waxba tarayn." Sidoo kale wuxuu sawirka ku beddelaa calaamad shariif. Waa ikhtiyaari. * {{para|nocat|yes}} wuxuu joojiyaa in bogga lagu daro [[:Category:Wikipedia administrators]]. ===Habaynta sanduuqa isticmaalaha=== * {{para|id}} — wuxuu beddelaa dhammaan sanduuqa bidix ** {{para|image}} — wuxuu beddelaa sawirka oo keliya, magaca faylka iyada oo aan lahayn horgalaha <nowiki>File:</nowiki> ** {{para|logo-size}} — cabbirka sawirka * {{para|info-s}} — cabbirka qoraalka Faahfaahin ka eeg {{tl|Userbox}}. ==Tusaalooyin== <pre> {{Maamule|RFA=Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/FredBloggs}} {{Maamule|logo-size=33px|info-size=7}} {{Maamule|othertext=iyo...}} {{Maamule|[[Wikimedia Commons|Commons]]|lang_code=commons}} {{Maamule|[[WP:Meta|]]|lang_code=m}} {{Maamule|[[Wiktionary]]|lang_code=Wikt}} {{User wikipedia/Administrator|[[Wikiquote]]|lang_code=q}} {{Maamule|[[Wikibooks]]|lang_code=b}} {{Maamule|[[Wikipedia-da Jarmalka]]|lang_code=de}} {{Maamule|[[Wikipedia-da Noorweejiga]]|lang_code=no}} {{Maamule|recall=yes}} </pre> ==Sidoo kale eeg== *{{t|Administrator topicon}} ==Xiriirrada dibadda== * [https://wiki.mozilla.org/Help:Interwiki_linking Help:Interwiki_linking] ee dejinta lang_code saxda ah <includeonly>{{Sandbox other||<!-- ++++ FADLAN KU DAR QAYBAHA IYO INTERWIKI-YADA HOOSTA SADARRKAN, GUDAHA TAG-YADA INCLUDEONLY, MAHADSANID. --> [[Category:Admin user templates|Administrator]] [[gu:ઢાંચો:User wikipedia/Administrator]] }}</includeonly> japol9xkrer1irc3fpxqf6dwktt7d9x 0 50282 304401 2026-08-08T13:24:14Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = Wappen_Derschen.png |coordinates = {{coord|50|42|46|N|7|59|6|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Derschen in AK.svg |state = |district = Altenkirchen |Verbandsgemeinde = Daaden-Herdorf |elevation = 400 |area = 7.10 |postal_code = 57520 |area_code = 02743 |licence = AK |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 32 019 |website = [http://www.daaden.de/subnav.phtml?NavID=631.22&La=1/ www.daaden.de] |mayor = Volker Wisser<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1320000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Altenkirchen], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 3 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |Bürgermeistertitel= Ortsbürgermeister |party = }} '''Derschen''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Altenkirchen (district)|Altenkirchen]], ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Meesheeda ugu sarreysa waa 400 mitir ka sarreysa heerka badda. ==Gaadiidka== Derschen waxay ku xirnayd [[Scheuerfeld–Emmerzhausen railway|Westerwald railway]], taas oo hadda shaqaynayn. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} lp4xy6ysqmqsth40hlie1zc9k6275eq 0 50283 304402 2026-08-08T13:25:39Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = kein |coordinates = {{coord|54|03|N|13|18|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan =Dersekow_in_VG.svg |image_photo = Kirche in Dersekow, Ansicht (2009-10-03).JPG |imagesize = |image_caption = Medieval village church in Dersekow |state = |district = Vorpommern-Greifswald |Amt = Landhagen |elevation = 24 |area = 26.15 |postal_code = 17498 |area_code = 03834 |licence = VG |Gemeindeschlüssel = 13 0 75 027 |divisions = 7 |website = [http://www.landhagen.de/gemeinden/dersekow/index.php www.landhagen.de] |mayor = Dietmar Virgils }} '''Dersekow''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Vorpommern-Greifswald]], ee gobolka [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 8iw4l6ul9b7dfib7wsx89fusttyzzhk 0 50284 304403 2026-08-08T13:27:08Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name = Dentlein am Forst |image_coa = DEU Dentlein a.Forst COA.svg |image_photo = Klosterhofgasse 5 Evangelisch-lutherische Pfarrkirche St. Ursula D-5-71-132-2 DSCN2352.jpg |image_caption = Church of [[Saint Ursula]] |coordinates = {{coord|49|08|N|10|25|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dentlein am Forst in AN.svg |state = |region = Mittelfranken |district = Ansbach |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Dentlein am Forst |elevation = 481 |area = 18.01 |postal_code = 91599 |area_code = 09855 |licence = AN |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 5 71 132 |website = [http://www.dentlein.de/ www.dentlein.de] |mayor = Thomas Beck<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = }} '''Dentlein am Forst''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdɛntlaɪn ʔam ˈfɔʁst}}, {{lit|Dentlein at the Forest}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Ansbach (district)|Ansbach]] ee gobolka [[Bavaria|Bayern]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} joffku2nltp1f0fma4ai0kgl3z5zvrf 0 50285 304404 2026-08-08T13:28:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_flag = Flagge Derental.svg |image_coa = DEU Derental COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|51|42|N|9|26|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Derental in HOL.svg |state = |district = Holzminden |Samtgemeinde = Boffzen |elevation = 260 |area = 9.23 |postal_code = 37691 |area_code = 05273 |licence = HOL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 2 55 009 |website = [http://www.derental.de/ www.derental.de] |mayor = Günter Rehling |party = FDP }} '''Derental''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Holzminden (district)|Holzminden]], ee gobolka [[Lower Saxony|Niedersachsen]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} ccd1b9m923cvxryn78abz1iy21gl65j 0 50286 304405 2026-08-08T13:29:53Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = WAK DERMBACH SCHLOSS01.jpg |image_caption = Dermbach Castle |image_coa = Wappen Dermbach.svg |coordinates = {{coord|50|42|59|N|10|7|11|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dermbach in WAK.png |state = |district = Wartburgkreis |elevation = 370 |area = 91.96 |postal_code = 36463–36466 |area_code = 036964 |licence = WAK |Gemeindeschlüssel = 16 0 63 015 |website = [http://www.dermbach.net/ www.dermbach.net] |mayor = Thomas Hugk<ref>[https://wahlen.thueringen.de/datenbank/wahl1/wahl.asp?wahlart=BM&wJahr=0000&zeigeErg=LAND&auswertung=2 Gewählte Bürgermeister - aktuelle Landesübersicht], Freistaat Thüringen, accessed 10 November 2022.</ref> |leader_term = 2022&ndash;28 |party = CDU }} '''Dermbach''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdɛʁmbax}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Wartburgkreis]], ee gobolka [[Thuringia|Thüringen]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Degmooyinkii hore ee [[Brunnhartshausen]], [[Diedorf, Thuringia|Diedorf]], [[Neidhartshausen]], [[Stadtlengsfeld]], [[Urnshausen]] iyo [[Zella/Rhön]] ayaa lagu daray Dermbach bishii Janaayo 2019. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 843a5pyk7llc9u0uv00i7wz6imvefbt 0 50287 304406 2026-08-08T13:31:38Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = Wappen dernau.gif |coordinates = {{coord|50|32|03|N|07|02|33|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dernau in AW.svg |state = |district = Ahrweiler |Verbandsgemeinde = Altenahr |elevation = 124 |area = 5.72 |postal_code = 53507 |area_code = 02643; 02641 <small>(Ortsteil Marienthal)</small> |licence = AW |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 31 017 |divisions = 5 |website = [http://www.dernau.de/ www.dernau.de] |mayor = Alfred Sebastian<ref name=mayor>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1310000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Ahrweiler], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 3 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 }} '''Dernau''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Ahrweiler (district)|Ahrweiler]], ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Tuulada Dernau oo si dhexe ugu taal [[Ahr valley]] waxaa looga yaqaannaa khamrigeeda. Inta badan waa khamri cas. Marka laga reebo beerashada, dalxiisku waa qayb dhaqaale oo xoog leh. [[File:Bahnhof Dernau.jpg|thumb|Bahnhof Dernau]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *{{wikivoyage-inline|Dernau}} {{Authority control}} 2zxdevsorq7vhtg4a8l3ixpwbe63ynw 0 50288 304407 2026-08-08T13:33:04Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|53|22|N|10|52|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan =Dersenow_in_LUP.svg |state = |district = Ludwigslust-Parchim |Amt = Boizenburg-Land |elevation = 19 |area = 22.51 |postal_code = 19260 |area_code = 038844, 038848 |licence = LWL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 13 0 76 030 |divisions = 5 |website = [http://www.amtboizenburgland.de/ www.amtboizenburgland.de] |mayor = Gunnar Abel }} '''Dersenow''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Ludwigslust-Parchim]], ee gobolka [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 6m4l7004zlk3k0gtrw3yzta502idyt1 0 50289 304408 2026-08-08T13:34:27Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_flag = Flagge Dersum.svg |image_coa = DEU Dersum COA.png |coordinates = {{coord|52|57|37|N|07|16|32|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dersum in EL.svg |state = |district = Emsland |Samtgemeinde = Dörpen |elevation = 7 |area = 28.57 |postal_code = 26906 |area_code = 04963 |licence = EL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 4 54 007 |website = [http://www.dersum.de/ www.dersum.de] |mayor = Paul Hannen |party = CDU }} '''Dersum''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Emsland]], ee gobolka [[Lower Saxony|Niedersachsen]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Waxay u dhexaysaa Webiga [[Ems (river)|Ems]] ee bariga iyo xadka [[Netherlands|Netherlands]] ee galbeedka. [[Haren, Germany|Haren]] waxay u jirtaa qiyaastii 24 kiiloomitir dhanka koonfureed iyo [[Papenburg]] oo u jirta qiyaastii 17 kiiloomitir dhanka waqooyi-bari. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 1tkf7cv30pmcppdrroe9thwycuuowno 0 50290 304409 2026-08-08T13:36:04Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = Ortsgemeinde |name = Dessighofen |image_photo = Dessighofen1.jpg |image_coa = DEU Dessighofen COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|50|15|28.74|N|7|46|18.72|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dessighofen in EMS.svg |state = |district = Rhein-Lahn-Kreis |Verbandsgemeinde = Bad Ems-Nassau |elevation = 240 |area = 3.57 |postal_code = 56357 |area_code = 06776 |licence = EMS, DIZ, GOH |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 41 026 |website = |mayor = Ronny Metzner<ref>[https://www.rhein-zeitung.de/region/aus-den-lokalredaktionen/rhein-lahn-zeitung-diez_artikel,-wahl-metzner-ist-neuer-ortschef-in-dessighofen-_arid,2544986.html Wahl: Metzner ist neuer Ortschef in Dessighofen], Rhein-Zeitung, 11 Juni 2023, accessed 5 August 2023 (in German).</ref> |leader_term = 2023&ndash;24 |party = }} '''Dessighofen''' ({{IPA|de|dɛsɪçˈhoːfn̩}}) waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Rhein-Lahn|Rhein-Lahn-Kreis]], ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], galbeedka [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay [[Bad Ems-Nassau|ururka bulshada ee Bad Ems-Nassau.]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 995f9f8qqpafrltin2fwlzbzxuew7o4 0 50291 304410 2026-08-08T13:37:28Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU_Detern_COA.svg |image_photo = ChurchDetern.JPG |image_caption = Historic Ss. Stephen's and Bartholomew's Church |coordinates = {{coord|53|14|N|7|38|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Detern in LER.svg |state = |district = Leer |Samtgemeinde = Jümme |elevation = 3 |area = 43.3 |postal_code = 26847 |area_code = 0 49 57 |licence = LER |Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 4 57 006 |website = [http://www.detern.de www.detern.de] |mayor = Franz-Gerhard Brakenhoff |party = }} '''Detern''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Leer (district)|Leer]], ee gobolka [[Lower Saxony|Niedersachsen]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Dagaalkii [[Battle of Detern]] ayaa halkan lagu dhex Maray 1426kii. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} qgspvd39x9zzc5s8fe5usyp794olexs 0 50292 304411 2026-08-08T13:39:22Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|54|06|N|12|31|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dettmannsdorf_in_VR.svg |state = |district = Vorpommern-Rügen |Amt = Recknitz-Trebeltal |elevation = 37 |area = 44.52 |postal_code = 18334 |area_code = 038228 |licence = NVP |Gemeindeschlüssel = 13 0 73 015 |website = [http://www.recknitz-trebeltal.de www.recknitz-trebeltal.de] |mayor = Stefan Schmidt |party = }} '''Dettmannsdorf''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdɛtmansˌdɔʁf}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Vorpommern-Rügen]], ee gobolka [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Degmadu waxay ku taal koonfur-galbeed ee [[Ribnitz-Damgarten]] ee dooxada [[Recknitz]]. Ilaa Janaayo 1, 1999, waxay ka tirsanayd ''Amt Trebeltal'' waxayna hadda ka tirsan tahay [[Amt Recknitz-Trebeltal]]. ==Juqraafiga iyo Gaadiidka== Dettmannsdorf waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii 25&nbsp;kiiloomitir dhanka bari ee magaalada Hanseatic ee [[Rostock]] iyo qiyaastii 9&nbsp;kiiloomitir galbeed ee [[Bad Sülze]]. Waddada waaweyn ee ugu dhow waa [[Bundesautobahn 20]] (A20), oo ku taal koonfurta degmada waxaana lagu gaari karaa waddooyinka soo gala ''Tribsees'' iyo ''Sanitz''. Degmadu waxay ka kooban tahay deegaanadan: * Dettmannsdorf * Dettmannsdorf-Kölzow * Kölzow * Wöpkendorf * Dammerstorf * Dudendorf * Kucksdorf ==Taariikh== [[Image:Koelzow Kirche.jpg|thumb|left|Feldsteinkirche Kölzow]] [[Image:Koelzow castle.jpg|thumb|left|Castle Kölzow]] [[Image:Stubbendorf Wildapfelbaum.jpg|thumb|left|Germany's oldest wild apple tree]] Kölzow waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu xusay dukumenti sanadkii 1233. Kaniisadda Kölzow waxaa la dhisay sanadkii 1205 waana suurtogal in ay ka mid tahay kaniisadaha ugu da'da weyn Waqooyiga Jarmalka. Laga soo bilaabo Janaayo 1, 2001, Dudendorf waxay ka tirsan tahay degmada Dettmannsdorf. ==Meelaha la xiiseeyo== * [[Feldsteinkirche]] ee Kölzow, oo la dhisay sanadkii 1205. * Qalcadda Kölzow: waxaa la dhisay qiyaastii 1850 qoyska ''von Prollius'' goobtiisii guryaha lahaanshaha ee hore ee qoyska ''von der Lühe''. Sanadkii 1925, waxay noqotay deegaanka xagaaga ee [[Prince Friedrich Sigismund von Preußen]] waxayna ahaan jirtay hantida qoyska ilaa 1945. Sanadkii 2000, qoyska ''von der Lühe'' ayaa iibsaday hantida oo dib u dhisay qalcadda. * Geedka tufaaxa duurjoogta ah ee ugu da'da weyn Jarmalka: oo u dhexeeya Stubbendorf iyo Ehmkendorf, geedku waa qiyaastii 450 sano jir. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 6ug3s21vxhg8b9zc48tgp7tvfbvomy5 0 50293 304412 2026-08-08T13:40:45Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|52|10|N|10|40|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dettum in WF.svg |state = |district = Wolfenbüttel |Samtgemeinde = Sickte |elevation = 104 |area = 17.16 |postal_code = 38173 |area_code = 05333 |licence = WF |Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 1 58 009 |divisions = 3 [[Ortsteil]]e |website = [http://www.dettum.de/gemeinde/gemeinde.html www.dettum.de] |mayor = Willi Dietzsch }} '''Dettum''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Wolfenbüttel (district)|Wolfenbüttel]], ee gobolka [[Lower Saxony|Niedersachsen]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} eqdudsxdw2h4gf052xeqlz8scsdje1e 0 50294 304413 2026-08-08T13:42:08Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = Ortsgemeinde |image_photo = Detzem.JPG |image_coa = DEU Detzem COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|49|23|N|6|50|42|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Detzem in TR.svg |state = |district = Trier-Saarburg |Verbandsgemeinde = Schweich an der Römischen Weinstraße |elevation = 125 |area = 5.56 |postal_code = 54340 |area_code = 06507 |licence = TR |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 2 35 015 |website = [http://www.schweich.de/buerger/ortsbgm/abfragebgmdetails.php?&details=2 Detzem auf der Website der VG Schweich] |mayor = Albin Merten<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/2350000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Trier-Saarburg], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 2 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = CDU }} '''Detzem''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Trier-Saarburg]], ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 7ujnz51qeai6jr5a4spz8x80y1i3q3q 0 50295 304414 2026-08-08T13:43:28Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Deuerling COA.svg |image_photo = St Martin - Deuerling 0345.JPG |image_caption = Church of Saint Martin |coordinates = {{coord|49|2|10|N|11|54|27|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Deuerling in R.svg |state = |region = Oberpfalz |district = Regensburg |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Laaber |elevation = 417 |area = 7.11 |postal_code = 93180 |area_code = 09498 |licence = R |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 3 75 127 |divisions = 6 [[Ortsteil]]e |website = [http://www.gemeinde-deuerling.de/ www.gemeinde-deuerling.de] |mayor = Diethard Eichhammer<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = SPD }} '''Deuerling''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdɔʏɐlɪŋ}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Regensburg (district)|Regensburg]] ee gobolka [[Bavaria|Bayern]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. == Taariikh == Abriil 24, 1945, Lieutenant Colonel David H. Arp oo ka tirsan Xarunta Guud ee Major General Stanley Eric Reinhart wuxuu raadiyay goob lagu aasaaso Xarunta Taliska Qaybta taas oo laga kormeeri karo laguna duugi karo gudbinta weerarka ee [[Danube River]]. Wuxuu doortay Deuerling.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Association |first=65th Infantry Division |title=65th Infantry Division Association |url=https://65thdiv.com/division-breakdown |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=65th Infantry Division Association |language=en-US}}</ref> Gudbinta waxaa lagu fuliyay waqti rekord ah. == Cimilada == Celceliska heerkulka ugu sarreeya ee Deuerling waa 63 darajada Fahrenheit celceliska heerkulka ugu hooseeya waa 45 darajada Fahrenheit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deuerling, Germany Weather History {{!}} Weather Underground |url=https://www.wunderground.com/history/daily/de/deuerling/yesterday |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=www.wunderground.com}}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 70kwdg4dd95si9gvomj1a4cwdjlvfij 0 50296 304415 2026-08-08T13:45:06Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa =DEU Dexheim COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|50|50|N|8|19|0|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dexheim in MZ.svg |state = |district = Mainz-Bingen |Verbandsgemeinde = Rhein-Selz |elevation = 201 |area = 5.69 |postal_code = 55278 |area_code = 06133 |licence = MZ |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 39 011 |website = [http://www.dexheim.de/ www.dexheim.de] |mayor = Hubert Horn<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3390000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Mainz-Bingen], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 4 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = FWG }} '''Dexheim''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdɛkshaɪm}}) waa ''Ortsgemeinde'' – oo ah [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', oo ah nooc ka tirsan degmooyinka wadajirka ah – oo ku taal degmada [[Mainz-Bingen]] ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. == Juqraafi == === Goobta === Dexheim waxay u dhexaysaa [[Mainz]] iyo [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], ee [[Rhenish Hesse]]. Xarunta samaynta khamriga waxay ka tirsan tahay [[Rhein-Selz|''Verbandsgemeinde'' Rhein-Selz]], taas oo xarunteedu tahay [[Oppenheim]]. == Taariikh == Taariikhda Dexheim waxay billowday waqti dheer ka hor intaanan la xusin dukumenti ahaan. Helitaannada ku dhex jira xadka degmada Dexheim waxay soo saareen macluumaad ku saabsan [[Germanic peoples|Germani]] oo halkaan ku noolaa. Agabkan waxaa lagu arki karaa Matxafka Dhexe ee Roomaanka iyo Jarmalka (''Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum'') ee [[Mainz]]. Markii [[Ancient Rome|Roomaanku]] u baahdeen leben ay ku dhisaan [[castra]], waxay ceyriin ahaan u qaateen [[loam]] ka yimid Dexheim si ay u qaabeeyaan una gubaan leben. Sanadkii 774 Dexheim waxay markii ugu horreysay ku yeelatay xus dukumenti ah dukumenti deeq ah oo uu [[Charlemagne]] ku hibeeyay hanti weyn [[Lorsch Abbey]].<ref>As ''Thechidesheim'' in document no. 82 in: [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica|MGH]], Diplomata: ''Die Urkunden Pippins, Karlmanns und Karls des Großen (Pippini, Carlomanni, Caroli Magni Diplomata).'' Published by Engelbert Mühlbacher in collaboration with Alfons Dopsch, Johann Lechner and Michael Tangl. Berlin 1906, p. 118 [http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/bsb00000358/images/index.html?id=00000358&nativeno=118 image]</ref> Xusidda labaad ee dukumentiga waxaa ku jira fal uu Boqor [[Arnulf of Carinthia]] ku deeqay kaniisadda Dexheim oo la siiyay [[Fulda Abbey]].<ref>As ''Dechidesstein'' in document no. 58 in: [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica|MGH]], Diplomata: ''Die Urkunden Arnolfs (Arnolfi Diplomata).'' Published by Paul Kehr. Berlin 1940, pp. 82–85 [http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/bsb00000435/images/index.html?id=00000435&nativeno=82 image]</ref> Dexheim waxay ahayd Tuulo Xor ah oo [[Holy Roman Empire|Boqortooyada ah]], iyada oo canshuur ka bixinaysay oo keliya Boqorka. Gashiga gaashaankeedu wuxuu ahaa iskutallaab lacag ah oo wadata casaan [[Globus cruciger|“Imperial Apple”]]. Meelaha deriska la ah ee Nierstein iyo Schwabsburg waxay noqdeen goobta maxkamadda guud. Sanadkii 1376 waxay u gudubtay ''[[Amt (country subdivision)|Oberamt]]'' ee Oppenheim waxayna la joogtay ilaa [[Electorate of the Palatinate]] ay ka dhammaanaysay. Ilaa waqtigaas tuuladu waxay horey u lahayd milkiileyaal badan. Lacag la'aan awgeed – wax la mid ah ayaa horay u dhacay – Boqorku wuxuu ballanqaaday Dexheim sanadkii 1315 Archbishop-ka Mainz, isaga oo furfurtay sanadkii 1353. [[Dagaalkii Sodonka Sano]] wuxuu ahaa mid argagax leh Dexheim. Dukumenti ka soo baxay 1647, oo sidaas darteed ahayd hal sano ka hor [[Peace of Westphalia]], wuxuu bixiyaa aragti. Ku dhowaad dhammaan guryaha waa la burburiyay; waxaa la degi karayay oo keliya qasriga Rabbiga Dienheim iyo dhowr guri oo u dhow. Muhiimadda Dexheim waxaa sidoo kale hoosta ka xariiqaya magacyada qoysaska sharafta leh ee hantida ku lahaa halkan. Halkan waxaa laga helaa, iyo kuwo kale, magacyada sida: *Qolka Maxkamadda Doorashada (''Kurfürstliche Hofkammer'') *K monasteriga Oppenheim (''Stift Oppenheim'') *K monasteriga Maria Kron (''Kloster Maria Kron''), [[Oppenheim]] *''[[Mainz Cathedral|Domstift Mainz]]'' *[[Carthusian]]s *Rabbiga Gemmingen *Rabbiga Dienheim *Rabbiga Frankenstein<!--Yes, really.--> *Rabbiga Schmittburg *Rabbiga [[Gabsheim|Geißpisheim]] Hagaagga kaniisadda qarnigii 9-aad waxay u badan tahay inay ka samaysan yihiin qaybta hoose ee munaaradda kaniisadda [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Evangelical]] parish. Xusidda dukumentiga ugu horreysay ee kaniisaddan waxay ka timaaddaa qarnigii 14-aad. Waqtigaan sidoo kale waxaa ka yimaada rinjiyeynta [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]<!--For “Rankmalereien”; couldn’t find English word.--> iyo [[Aureola#Mandorla|mandorla]] oo la muujiyay intii lagu guda jiray shaqada dib-u-habaynta ee munaaradda. Sanadkii 1816 Dexheim waxay u gudubtay [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]]. Waxay ka tirsanayd degmada Mainz iyo markii dambe, sanadkii 1851, waxay u gudubtay degmada Oppenheim. Sida darteed waxay leedahay taariikh badan oo ay la wadaagto meelaha deriska la ah ee [[Nierstein]], Schwabsburg iyo [[Oppenheim]]. Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ka dib Ciidanka Mareykanka (1233 [[Main Support Battalion]]) waxay halkan joogeen sanado badan ilaa Xerada Anderson ay xirmay [[Institute for Federal Real Estate (Germany)]] ay la wareegtay mas'uuliyadda goobta. == Siyaasad == === Golaha degmada === Laga soo bilaabo 2024, goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 16 xubnood oo golaha ah oo uu guddoomiye u yahay duqa magaalada (17 cod), iyada oo kuraasta loo qaybiyay sida soo socota:<ref>[https://rlp-kw24.wahlen.23degrees.eu/wahlen/ratswahlen-gemeindeebene/3390701100 Gemeinderatswahl Dexheim 2024] (in German)</ref> *[[Freie Wähler|FW]] 11 kursi, marka laga reebo duqa magaalada *[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] 5 kursi === Gaashaanka hubka === [[Coat of arms|Hubka]] degmadu wuxuu ka tarjumayaa taariikhdeeda sidii [[Imperial village]]. Sida oo kale, Dexheim waxaa loo oggolaaday inay waddo hub [[charge (heraldry)|charge]]d oo wata Ergayga Boqortooyada ee madow oo leh ciddiyo cas iyo af cas oo ku yaal goob dahab ah. Markii dambe, markii degmadu noqotay hanti Palatinate ah, waxay ka tanaasushay soo bandhigidda hub muujinaya libaaxa Palatine ee ay u hiilinaysay Imperial Eagle ee hore, kaas oo ay haysatay ilaa dhammaadka qarnigii 18-aad. Qarnigii 19-aad, si kastaba ha ahaatee, hubkii Dexheim waa la illoobay. Kaliya bartamihii qarnigii 20-aad ayaa Imperial Eagle dib loogu soo celiyay hubka degmada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa markaas si khaldan loo qaatay in Dexheim ay ku sidday [[globus cruciger]] hubkeeda. Hubka taariikhiga ah ee dhabta ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa lagu amray oo keliya Imperial Eagle. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commons category|Dexheim}} *[http://www.dexheim.de/ Bogga rasmiga ah ee degmada] {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} b1fd9g192alt5z8aevf92kzoiudfpkp 304509 304415 2026-08-09T04:00:47Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa =DEU Dexheim COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|50|50|N|8|19|0|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dexheim in MZ.svg |state = |district = Mainz-Bingen |Verbandsgemeinde = Rhein-Selz |elevation = 201 |area = 5.69 |postal_code = 55278 |area_code = 06133 |licence = MZ |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 39 011 |website = [http://www.dexheim.de/ www.dexheim.de] |mayor = Hubert Horn<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3390000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Mainz-Bingen], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 4 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = FWG }} '''Dexheim''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdɛkshaɪm}}) waa ''Ortsgemeinde'' – oo ah [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', oo ah nooc ka tirsan degmooyinka wadajirka ah – oo ku taal degmada [[Mainz-Bingen]] ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. == Juqraafi == === Goobta === Dexheim waxay u dhexaysaa [[Mainz]] iyo [[Worms, Germany|Worms]], ee [[Rhenish Hesse]]. Xarunta samaynta khamriga waxay ka tirsan tahay [[Rhein-Selz|''Verbandsgemeinde'' Rhein-Selz]], taas oo xarunteedu tahay [[Oppenheim]]. == Taariikh == Taariikhda Dexheim waxay billowday waqti dheer ka hor intaanan la xusin dukumenti ahaan. Helitaannada ku dhex jira xadka degmada Dexheim waxay soo saareen macluumaad ku saabsan [[Germanic peoples|Germani]] oo halkaan ku noolaa. Agabkan waxaa lagu arki karaa Matxafka Dhexe ee Roomaanka iyo Jarmalka (''Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum'') ee [[Mainz]]. Markii [[Ancient Rome|Roomaanku]] u baahdeen leben ay ku dhisaan [[castra]], waxay ceyriin ahaan u qaateen [[loam]] ka yimid Dexheim si ay u qaabeeyaan una gubaan leben. Sanadkii 774 Dexheim waxay markii ugu horreysay ku yeelatay xus dukumenti ah dukumenti deeq ah oo uu [[Charlemagne]] ku hibeeyay hanti weyn [[Lorsch Abbey]].<ref>As ''Thechidesheim'' in document no. 82 in: [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica|MGH]], Diplomata: ''Die Urkunden Pippins, Karlmanns und Karls des Großen (Pippini, Carlomanni, Caroli Magni Diplomata).'' Published by Engelbert Mühlbacher in collaboration with Alfons Dopsch, Johann Lechner and Michael Tangl. Berlin 1906, p. 118 [http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/bsb00000358/images/index.html?id=00000358&nativeno=118 image] {{Wayback|url=http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/bsb00000358/images/index.html?id=00000358&nativeno=118 |date=20200920065029 }}</ref> Xusidda labaad ee dukumentiga waxaa ku jira fal uu Boqor [[Arnulf of Carinthia]] ku deeqay kaniisadda Dexheim oo la siiyay [[Fulda Abbey]].<ref>As ''Dechidesstein'' in document no. 58 in: [[Monumenta Germaniae Historica|MGH]], Diplomata: ''Die Urkunden Arnolfs (Arnolfi Diplomata).'' Published by Paul Kehr. Berlin 1940, pp. 82–85 [http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/bsb00000435/images/index.html?id=00000435&nativeno=82 image] {{Wayback|url=http://mdz10.bib-bvb.de/~db/bsb00000435/images/index.html?id=00000435&nativeno=82 |date=20200920065409 }}</ref> Dexheim waxay ahayd Tuulo Xor ah oo [[Holy Roman Empire|Boqortooyada ah]], iyada oo canshuur ka bixinaysay oo keliya Boqorka. Gashiga gaashaankeedu wuxuu ahaa iskutallaab lacag ah oo wadata casaan [[Globus cruciger|“Imperial Apple”]]. Meelaha deriska la ah ee Nierstein iyo Schwabsburg waxay noqdeen goobta maxkamadda guud. Sanadkii 1376 waxay u gudubtay ''[[Amt (country subdivision)|Oberamt]]'' ee Oppenheim waxayna la joogtay ilaa [[Electorate of the Palatinate]] ay ka dhammaanaysay. Ilaa waqtigaas tuuladu waxay horey u lahayd milkiileyaal badan. Lacag la'aan awgeed – wax la mid ah ayaa horay u dhacay – Boqorku wuxuu ballanqaaday Dexheim sanadkii 1315 Archbishop-ka Mainz, isaga oo furfurtay sanadkii 1353. [[Dagaalkii Sodonka Sano]] wuxuu ahaa mid argagax leh Dexheim. Dukumenti ka soo baxay 1647, oo sidaas darteed ahayd hal sano ka hor [[Peace of Westphalia]], wuxuu bixiyaa aragti. Ku dhowaad dhammaan guryaha waa la burburiyay; waxaa la degi karayay oo keliya qasriga Rabbiga Dienheim iyo dhowr guri oo u dhow. Muhiimadda Dexheim waxaa sidoo kale hoosta ka xariiqaya magacyada qoysaska sharafta leh ee hantida ku lahaa halkan. Halkan waxaa laga helaa, iyo kuwo kale, magacyada sida: *Qolka Maxkamadda Doorashada (''Kurfürstliche Hofkammer'') *K monasteriga Oppenheim (''Stift Oppenheim'') *K monasteriga Maria Kron (''Kloster Maria Kron''), [[Oppenheim]] *''[[Mainz Cathedral|Domstift Mainz]]'' *[[Carthusian]]s *Rabbiga Gemmingen *Rabbiga Dienheim *Rabbiga Frankenstein<!--Yes, really.--> *Rabbiga Schmittburg *Rabbiga [[Gabsheim|Geißpisheim]] Hagaagga kaniisadda qarnigii 9-aad waxay u badan tahay inay ka samaysan yihiin qaybta hoose ee munaaradda kaniisadda [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Evangelical]] parish. Xusidda dukumentiga ugu horreysay ee kaniisaddan waxay ka timaaddaa qarnigii 14-aad. Waqtigaan sidoo kale waxaa ka yimaada rinjiyeynta [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]]<!--For “Rankmalereien”; couldn’t find English word.--> iyo [[Aureola#Mandorla|mandorla]] oo la muujiyay intii lagu guda jiray shaqada dib-u-habaynta ee munaaradda. Sanadkii 1816 Dexheim waxay u gudubtay [[Grand Duchy of Hesse]]. Waxay ka tirsanayd degmada Mainz iyo markii dambe, sanadkii 1851, waxay u gudubtay degmada Oppenheim. Sida darteed waxay leedahay taariikh badan oo ay la wadaagto meelaha deriska la ah ee [[Nierstein]], Schwabsburg iyo [[Oppenheim]]. Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka ka dib Ciidanka Mareykanka (1233 [[Main Support Battalion]]) waxay halkan joogeen sanado badan ilaa Xerada Anderson ay xirmay [[Institute for Federal Real Estate (Germany)]] ay la wareegtay mas'uuliyadda goobta. == Siyaasad == === Golaha degmada === Laga soo bilaabo 2024, goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 16 xubnood oo golaha ah oo uu guddoomiye u yahay duqa magaalada (17 cod), iyada oo kuraasta loo qaybiyay sida soo socota:<ref>[https://rlp-kw24.wahlen.23degrees.eu/wahlen/ratswahlen-gemeindeebene/3390701100 Gemeinderatswahl Dexheim 2024] (in German)</ref> *[[Freie Wähler|FW]] 11 kursi, marka laga reebo duqa magaalada *[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] 5 kursi === Gaashaanka hubka === [[Coat of arms|Hubka]] degmadu wuxuu ka tarjumayaa taariikhdeeda sidii [[Imperial village]]. Sida oo kale, Dexheim waxaa loo oggolaaday inay waddo hub [[charge (heraldry)|charge]]d oo wata Ergayga Boqortooyada ee madow oo leh ciddiyo cas iyo af cas oo ku yaal goob dahab ah. Markii dambe, markii degmadu noqotay hanti Palatinate ah, waxay ka tanaasushay soo bandhigidda hub muujinaya libaaxa Palatine ee ay u hiilinaysay Imperial Eagle ee hore, kaas oo ay haysatay ilaa dhammaadka qarnigii 18-aad. Qarnigii 19-aad, si kastaba ha ahaatee, hubkii Dexheim waa la illoobay. Kaliya bartamihii qarnigii 20-aad ayaa Imperial Eagle dib loogu soo celiyay hubka degmada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa markaas si khaldan loo qaatay in Dexheim ay ku sidday [[globus cruciger]] hubkeeda. Hubka taariikhiga ah ee dhabta ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa lagu amray oo keliya Imperial Eagle. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commons category|Dexheim}} *[http://www.dexheim.de/ Bogga rasmiga ah ee degmada] {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} cm51b47fjxyxkup7f10ydoa9kafkyte 0 50297 304416 2026-08-08T13:46:26Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|54|03|N|12|50|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Deyelsdorf_in_VR.svg |image_photo = Kirche in Deyelsdorf, Vorpommern (2009-05-13).JPG |imagesize = |image_caption = Deyelsdorf Church |state = |district = Vorpommern-Rügen |Amt = Recknitz-Trebeltal |elevation = 19 |area = 29.78 |postal_code = 18513 |area_code = 038334 |licence = NVP |Gemeindeschlüssel = 13 0 73 016 |website = [http://www.recknitz-trebeltal.de/ www.recknitz-trebeltal.de] |mayor = Marita Klatt }} '''Deyelsdorf''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Vorpommern-Rügen]], ee gobolka [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 9qnqmdgivep6wpi7e29a3ab298hhz69 0 50298 304417 2026-08-08T13:48:10Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = Ortsgemeinde |image_coa = Wappen Dhronecken.png |coordinates = {{coord|49|43|32.88|N|06|58|55.73|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dhronecken in WIL.svg |state = |district = Bernkastel-Wittlich |Verbandsgemeinde = Thalfang am Erbeskopf |elevation = 380 |area = 1.45 |postal_code = 54426 |area_code = 06504 |licence = WIL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 2 31 019 |website = |mayor = Detlef Jochem<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/2310000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Bernkastel-Wittlich], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 6 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = }} '''Dhronecken''' waa ''Ortsgemeinde'' – oo ah [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', oo ah nooc ka tirsan degmooyinka wadajirka ah – oo ku taal degmada [[Bernkastel-Wittlich]] ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. == Juqraafi == Dhronecken waxay u dhexaysaa [[Trier]] iyo [[Saarbrücken]], oo ku taal ''Hunsrückhöhenstraße'' (“Waddada Sare ee Hunsrück”, oo ah waddo qurux badan oo dhex marta [[Hunsrück]] oo asal ahaan loo dhisay waddo millateri ah oo uu amray [[Hermann Göring]]), 9&nbsp;km ka jirta [[Autobahn]] [[Bundesautobahn 1|A&nbsp;1]] dhanka [[Morbach]]. Dhronecker Mulde (godka), Kleine Dhron waxay samaysaa halka laba wabi ay ku kulmaan. Wabigani wuxuu hoos ugu qulqulaa dooxo ilaa webiga yar ee Dhron, kaas oo markaas ku shuba [[Moselle (river)|Moselle]]. Dhronecken waxay ka tirsan tahay [[Thalfang am Erbeskopf|''Verbandsgemeinde'' ee Thalfang am Erbeskopf]], taas oo xarunteedu tahay degmada [[Thalfang]]. == Taariikh == === Waqtigii hore === Dhronecken waxay ku taal meel lagu yaqaanno inay tahay xudunta qabiilka ugu da'da weyn ee [[Celts]], oo dhulkoodii, qiyaastii 500 BC, ka fidsanaa Dhexe [[Danube]] ilaa [[Lorraine (region)|Lorraine]] ([[Hallstatt culture]]), kuwaas oo ku faafay qarniyadii dambe oo keliya waxa hadda ah [[France]]. Garoomada lagu aaso iyo, xitaa in ka badan, qalcadaha buuraha ayaa marqaati u ah waqtiyadaas. [[Celtic circular wall of Otzenhausen|''Hunnenring'']] – oo aan fogayn, oo u dhow Otzenhausen – waa tusaale xoog leh. === Waqtigii Roomaanka === Guushii [[Julius Caesar|Caesar]] ee ay ka gaaray [[Celts|Celtic]] qabiilooyinkii 51 BC, meesha hadda ah Dhronecken waxay noqotay qayb ka mid ah gobolka [[Ancient Rome|Roomaanka]] oo la yiraahdo [[Belgica Prima]]. Waqtigaas, meel quduus ah oo Roomaanka ah ayaa u dhowaatay Dhronecken. Sidoo kale waxaa xusid mudan deegaanka baahsan ee [[Sarmatians]] u dhexeeya Dhron iyo [[Nahe (Rhine)|Nahe]], maadaama ay ahaayeen dad aan Jarmal ahayn oo ka yimid steppaha Ruushka.<ref>Cüppers, Die Römer in Rheinland-Pfalz, 1990</ref> Iyadoo la socota [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[migration period]], shaqadii Roomaanka ayaa dhammaatay ka dib kacdoonno badan oo Celtic ah iyo duullaankii ugu horreeyay ee Jarmalka. === Waqtigii Faransiiska === Kadib waxay billowday xukunkii [[Franks]]. Boqorradoodii waxay u qaybiyeen dhulka ''Gaue'' (“gobollo” ama “degmooyin”; kelinimo: ''Gau''), iyaga oo Dhronecken geliyay Triergau oo sidaas darteed hoos tago Bishobka Trier, sida ay xaqiijiyeen agagaarka sannadka 800 dukumentiyada ay soo saareen boqorrada Pepin iyo [[Charlemagne]]. === Qarniyadii Dhexe ilaa maanta === Intii lagu guda jiray [[Middle Ages]], waxaa jirtay kala qaybsanaan dhulal yar yar ah, Troneck-na - sida markaas loo yaqaanay - waxay noqotay qayb ka mid ah ''Mark Thalfang'' (''Talevangero marca''). Bilowgii xilliga casriga ah, Troneck waxay ahayd xarunta [[Waldgrave]]s iyo magaalada ugu weyn ee ''Mark Thalfang''. Ka dib [[French Revolution]], bangiga bidix ee [[Rhine]], iyo sidaas darteed Dhronecken sidoo kale, waxaa loo gacan geliyay [[France]] 1794 iyo 1795. Sharciga ka soo baxay 26 Maarso 1798, Faransiisku wuxuu baabi'iyay xuquuqdii [[Feudalism|feudal]] ee aaggooda shaqada. Ka dib markii xukunkii Faransiisku dhammaaday, tuuladu waxay u gudubtay 1814 Boqortooyada [[Prussia]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1947, waxay qayb ka ahayd [[States of Germany|gobolka]] [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] ee la aasaasay xilligaas. === Xiriirka uu la leeyahay khuraafaadka Nibelung === Dhronecken waxaa laga yaabaa inay tahay magaaladii uu ka soo jeeday halyeeygii [[Nibelung]] [[Hagen (legend)|Hagen von Tronje]], sida lagu tilmaamay daabacaadda ugu horreysa ee khuraafaadka sida “Hagen von Troneg” (oo ay ku jiraan tusaalooyin dheeraad ah [[dative case]]: ''von Tronege Hagene'', ''geborn von Tronege'', ''helt von Tronege'', ''von Tronegaere''). Sida uu qabo shaqo halbeeg ah oo kooban dhowr buug oo taariikhda qadiimiga ah ee Jarmalka, : Cilmi-baaristii waxay aqoonsatay asalka Hagen, ugu horrayn, Qalcadda Troneck ee Hunsrück, laakiin meelaha kalena waxay sheeganayaan tan, maadaama calaamadaha qaar (taas oo ah, adag) ay maqan yihiin. Hadda, sannadkii 752, dukumenti dhexdhexaad ah ayaa markii ugu horreysay xusay (wabiga) Dhron sida “Drona” (Qaabka Laatiinka ah “Drahonus” gabaygii Ausonius ee Mosella, dhamaadkii qarnigii 4-aad, waxaa la yiraahdaa waa mid aan la halmaami karin), kaas oo ay la socoto goobta isgoysyada, geeska (“geeska” waa ''Ecke'' Jarmalka) ee laba wabi, siiyay qalcaddii dhexe (Troneg/Troneck) magaceeda. Waxaa laga yaabaa in qorihii [[Nibelungenlied]], agagaarka sannadka 1200, uu rumeysnaa inuu ka helay waddankii taariikhiga ahaa ee qadiimiga ah ee Hagen ee Troneck iyo meelaha gobolka (Hunoldispetra, Balderingin, Metz).<ref>Johannes Hoops u.a 2006. Reallexikon der germanischen Altertumskunde. Verlag: de Gruyter.</ref><ref>Carla Regge. 1991. Dhronecken (Chronik des Dorfes) Trier: Sonnenburg Verlag.</ref><ref>Ian Barnes. 2009. Der große historische Atlas der Kelten. Wien: Ueberreuter.</ref> == Siyaasad == Golaha degmada wuxuu ka kooban yahay 6 xubnood oo golaha ah, kuwaas oo lagu soo doortay [[Plurality voting system|codka badnaanshaha]] doorashadii degmada ee la qabtay 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa magaalada ee sharafta leh oo ah guddoomiye.<ref>[http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/2310601900.html Kommunalwahl Rheinland-Pfalz 2009, Gemeinderat]</ref> == Dhaqanka iyo meelaha la booqdo == [[File:Dhronecken 2006 016.jpg|thumb|''Heusner-Haus'' oo leh balakoon, oo la dhisay qiyaastii 1700]] [[File:Dhronecken 2006 045.jpg|thumb|Aragtida ka baxsan albaabka qalcadda Dhronecken burburinta munaaradda gambaleelka degmada]] === Dhismayaasha === '''Burg Dhronecken''' Qiyaastii 1300, knight la yiraahdo Conrad von Tronecken waxaa lagu xusay qoraal markii ugu horreysay, ka dibna xoogaa ka dib ''Feste Troneck'' (qalcad), taas oo, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay u badan tahay inay ka weyn tahay. Iyadoo la burburiyay dhowr jeer, ciidamada Cologne, Imperial iyo Faransiiska, ka dibna ugu dambeyntii dhulgariir, kaliya haraaga ayaa harsan hadda, inkastoo munaaradda geeska ay weli la fuuli karo. Aasaaska qalcaddii hore ee waqtiga casriga ah, dhismayaal ganacsi ayaa la dhisay, iyo sidoo kale dhisme weyn, oo dheer - oo loo yaqaan ''Schloss'' - kaas oo maanta loo isticmaalo xafiiska kaynta. Sidoo kale, bakhaar leh dhismaha alwaax ah wuxuu u adeegaa xarun bulsho oo loogu talagalay degmada Dhronecken. Beerta qalcadda ee si soo jiidasho leh loo dejiyay ayaa si joogto ah loo beeray oo loo daryeelay ilaa 1985. Qalcadda hoosteeda waxaa ku yaal aag ciyaar dabiici ah oo ku yaal labada dhinac ee wabi. Waddada cagaha ee leh dhagaxyada tallaabada, meel ciyaar iyo isu-imaatin oo u eg madal oo ku taal jiirro, oo ka samaysan baloogag dhagax ah oo xoog leh, buundooyinka lugaha ee alwaax ka samaysan ee ku dul yaal dhulka qoyan ee lagu daayay xaaladdooda dabiiciga ah, guryaha lagu ciyaaro, buundada la hakiyay iyo tareenka monorail<!--Used here to translate “Gleitbahn”. Feel free to change it if I’ve got that wrong.--> waa indho-sarreeyaha weyn ee aan ahayn carruurta oo keliya, laakiin sidoo kale dadka waaweyn. '''''Haus des wild- und rheingräflichen Verwalters der Burg Dhronecken''''' “Guriga Maamulaha Wild- iyo Rhine-Comital ee Qalcadda Dhronecken” waxaa la dhisay, sida uu muujinayo falanqaynta dendrological, qaabka [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]]. Wuxuu ka tirsanaa maamulaha comital ee Qalcadda Dhronecken, Friedrich Christian Heusner, oo isla markaas ahaa ''[[Amtmann]]'' iyo garsoore. Laga soo bilaabo 1981 gurigani wuxuu hoos yimid ilaalinta taallooyinka, taasoo u oggolaanaysa in sida wanaagsan loo soo celiyo si dibedda ah, uu dib u helay muuqaalkiisii asalka ahaa, gudahana, ee ''Säulenhalle'' (“Hoolka Kolonyada”), [[Woodturning|kolonyada]] geedkii oo afar ilaa shan mitir ah la ilaaliyay. Waxa gurigan u soo jiidanaya dhanka dhaqanka iyo taariikhda waa balakoonkiisa oo ka samaysan alwaax geedkii oo leexleexan iyo balustrades geedkii ah. Qoyskii dhisaha F. Ch. Heusner wuxuu ka yimid Franconia, halkaas oo, iyaga oo tusaale u qaatay Talyaaniga, balakoonnada taagan kolonyada ay aad ugu baahnaayeen. Waqtiga xaadirka ah, sababtoo ah inta badan Jarmalka waxay ahaayeen alwaax, aad bay u yar yihiin kuwa la badbaadiyay markaas. Marka laga reebo Ulm ("3-Kannen-Anlage"), balakoonka Dhronecken wuxuu noqon karaa mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu waaweyn. '''''Decker Mühle''''' [[Sawmill]] oo weli shaqaynaysa maanta, ''Decker Mühle'' waxaa markii ugu horreysay la xusay, sida uu qabo taariikhda Dhronecken, qiyaastii 1750. '''Munaaradda biyaha''' Tani waxaa la dhisay qiyaastii 1900. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{commons category|Dhronecken}} {{Authority control}} kbl0ip0f7yvq81a3x3frwz0lmeq2a6p 0 50299 304418 2026-08-08T13:49:53Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location | image_photo = | image_coa = DEU Dichtelbach COA.svg | coordinates = {{coord|50|0|39|N|7|41|43|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | image_plan = Dichtelbach in SIM.svg | state = | district = Rhein-Hunsrück | Verbandsgemeinde = Simmern-Rheinböllen | elevation = 403 | area = 5.37 | postal_code = 55494 | area_code = 06764 | licence = SIM | Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 40 027 | mayor = | party = }} [[File:Dichtelbach02.jpg|thumb|Aragtida xagga galbeed]] '''Dichtelbach''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdɪçtl̩bax}}) waa {{lang|de|[[Ortsgemeinde (Germany)|Ortsgemeinde]]}} – oo ah [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan {{lang|de|[[Verbandsgemeinde]]}}, oo ah nooc ka tirsan degmooyinka wadajirka ah – oo ku taal [[Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis]] ([[Districts of Germany|degmada]]) ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay ''Verbandsgemeinde'' [[Simmern-Rheinböllen]], oo xarunteedu tahay [[Simmern]]. ==Juqraafi== ===Goobta=== Degmadu waxay ku taal bariga [[Hunsrück]] u dhaxeysa [[Autobahn]] [[Bundesautobahn 61|A&nbsp;61]] iyo [[Bingen Forest]]. Tuuladu waxay ku taal waddadii hore ee [[Roman roads|Roomaanka]], ee loo yaqaanno ''Via Ausonia'' (ama ''Ausoniusstraße'' ee [[German language|Jarmal]]), taas oo ka timid [[Trier]] ilaa [[Bacharach]]. Magaca degmadu waa wabi la yiraahdo Dichtelbach, kaas oo ku shuba Guldenbach inta u dhaxeysa xarunta ugu weyn ee [[Rheinböllen]] iyo xarunteeda fog ee Rheinböllerhütte. Magaca wabiga asal ahaan wuxuu ahaa ''Dadilebach'', oo macnaheedu ahaa “Firebrook”, oo ah tixraac ku saabsan [[charcoal]] [[kiln]]s oo badan oo ku yaal kaymaha ku teedsan koorsadiisa. ==Taariikh== Wabiga magaca u bixiyay tuulada, Dichtelbach, wuxuu markii ugu horreysay ku yeeshay xus dukumenti ah 6 Noofambar 996, laakiin waxay ahayd 351 sano oo kale ka hor intaanan la helin xus dukumenti ah oo si cad u tilmaamaya in tuulo magacaas leh ay jirtay. Dukumentigan, oo taariikhdiisu tahay 6 Janaayo 1347, wuxuu la macaamilayay taakulooyinka Rheinböllen; wadaadka parish-ka iyo vicar-ka waxay u qaybiyeen heshiiskan iyadoo kii hore helay laba meel saddex meelood oo kalena uu helay inta hartay. Markhaati ka ahaa falkan waxay ahaayeen dhowr nin oo sharaf leh, oo ay ku jiraan “''Frischo dictus Kunig de Erbach, Frischo, dictus Ritter, et Henne natus Fridemanni de Elren, Henricus dictus Starke et Contzo, dictus Hase de Dehtelbach''”, kii ugu dambeeyay wuxuu ahaa xudunta caddaynta dukumentiga ee jiritaanka tuulada. Haddaba, aagga ku xeeran Dichtelbach wuxuu ku xirnaa danaha [[Archbishopric of Mainz]], iyo xilligii xigay, danahani waxay dambeeyeen iyagoo gala gacmaha Count Palatine ee Rhenish. Dukumenti ka soo baxay 1368 wuxuu caddaynayaa in tuulooyinka Dichtelbach, [[Ellern]], [[Erbach, Rhineland-Palatinate|Erbach]] iyo Kleinweidelbach (oo markaas loo yaqaanay Weidelbach; oo hadda ah xarun fog oo ka tirsan Rheinböllen) ay markaas wada sameeyeen ''[[Schultheiß]]erei'' oo la yiraahdo ''altes Gericht'' (“Maxkamaddii Hore”). Sidoo kale waxaa jira caddayn ahว่า ''Schultheißerei'' tani ay ka tirsanayd Palatine ''[[Amt (country subdivision)|Amt]]'' ee Simmern hoos yimaada Count Palatine Stephan (1410–1425). Sida uu qabo buugii ugu da'da weynaa ee [[Electorate of the Palatinate]] ee fiefs ka soo baxa 1401, Counts Palatine waxay siiyeen 438 vassals hanti kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan dhowr ay siiyeen fiefs Dichtelbach. Isha qoraalka ah ee dheeraadka ah waxay ka soo baxaan qaybta dambe ee qarnigii 15-aad. Johann I wuxuu u sameeyay xaaskiisa Juliane von Nassau-Saarbrücken ''Leibgedinge'', oo ah wareejinta hantida ay faa'iido u leedahay, oo ay ku jiraan dhowr tuulo, oo ay ku jiraan Dichtelbach. Magaca tuulada sidoo kale wuxuu ka muuqdaa liiska canshuuraha ee Boqor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian]] kaas oo la macaamilayay ''[[Gemeiner Pfennig]]'', oo ah canshuur hal ''Pfennig'' (ama penny) ah oo ay soo rogtay [[1495 Diet of Worms]] (oo aan ahayn tan caadiyan la xiriirta [[Martin Luther]]). Qof kasta oo da'diisu ka weyn tahay 15 sano wuxuu lahaa inuu bixiyo canshuurtaan, iyadoo canshuur dheeraad ah la saaray kuwa hantidoodu ka badato 500 [[Rhenish guilder|''Gulden'']]. Liiska Maximilian wuxuu magacaabay 74 qof oo ka socda Dichtelbach kuwaas oo ahaa 15 ama ka weyn. Dhammaantood, waxay bixiyeen 3 ''Gulden'', 5 ''Albus'' (“penny cad”) iyo 2 ''Pfennige'' (“penny”). ''Gulden'' wuxuu qiimihiisu ahaa 24 ''Albus'' ama 240 ''Pfennige''. Sida ku cad sharaxaadda rasmiga ah ee 1599 waxaa jiray 25 hearths, taas oo ah, madaxda qoyska ee la canshuurayo, oo ku sugan Dichtelbach, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ka tirsanaa [[Electorate of the Palatinate]]. Magacaabay sida ''Schultheiß'' wuxuu ahaa hal Niklas Schiltger, oo loo maleeyay inuu hoos tago ''Schultheiß'' ee Rheinböllen. Dhowr nin oo sharaf leh ayaa haystay fiefs Dichtelbach.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dichtelbach.de/resources/Vorgeschichte+Di..pdf|title=Mittelalterliche Geschichte im Raum Dichtelbach}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dichtelbach.de/resources/Geschichte+14.-18.Jhdt..pdf|title=Zur Herrschafts- und Verwaltungsgeschichte vom 14. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert}}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo 1794, Dichtelbach waxay hoos timid xukunkii [[France|Faransiiska]]. 1814 waxaa loo qoondeeyey Boqortooyada [[Prussia]] ee [[Congress of Vienna]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1946, waxay qayb ka ahayd [[States of Germany|gobolka]] [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] ee la aasaasay xilligaas. Intii lagu guda jiray [[Cold War]], gantaallada [[United States|American]] [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot]] waxaa la geeyay difaaca hawada ee [[Kandrich]], oo ah buur u dhow Dichtelbach. Xerada ciidanka ee hore ee kaymaha ku taal waxay weli marqaati u tahay waqtigan, sidoo kale waxaa jira siddeed caqabadood oo ilaalin ah oo qaab fardo ah oo maanta saddex [[wind turbine]] ay taagan yihiin. Kahor intaysan Patriots joogin, Kandrich waxay ahayd hoyga saldhig [[radar]] ah, kaas oo u adeegayay inuu hago gantaallada [[MIM-14 Nike-Hurcules|Nike]] ee ku sugnaa Grundlos-Wies, oo sidoo kale u dhow. Markii Dagaalkii Qabow uu dhammaaday, rakibaadda millateri ee Kandrich waa la dayacay. Xerada ciidanka iyo xerada millateri ee lagu dhisay Grundlos-Wies ka dib markii Nikes la soo celiyay sidoo kale waa la bixiyay ilaa 2006. ===Horumarka dadweynaha=== Jadwalka soo socda wuxuu muujinayaa tirada dadweynaha Dichtelbach sannadihii la soo dhaafay, mar walba 31 Disembar: {{historical populations|align=none|width=12em|cols=4 | 1815 | 366 | 1835 | 499 | 1871 | 495 | 1905 | 474 | 1939 | 371 | 1950 | 436 | 1961 | 418 | 1965 | 430 | 1970 | 436 | 1975 | 463 | 1980 | 478 | 1985 | 491 | 1987 | 511 | 1990 | 499 | 1995 | 669 | 2000 | 680 | 2005 | 692 | 2006 | 720 | source = ''Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz'' }} ==Siyaasad== ===Golaha degmada=== Goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 12 xubnood oo golaha ah, kuwaas oo lagu soo doortay doorashadii degmada ee la qabtay 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa magaalada ee sharafta leh oo ah guddoomiye. ===Duqa magaalada=== Booska duqa magaalada Dichtelbach waa mid bannaan laga soo bilaabo 2021. Duqii hore ee magaalada, Martin Huhn, waa duqa sii hayaha ah. ===Gaashaanka hubka=== Blazonka Jarmalka wuxuu akhrinayaa: ''{{lang|de|Schild gespalten, vorne ein schräglinker blauer Wellenbalken, darunter ein schwarzer Hammer und Schlägel, über dem Wellenbalken das rote Mainzer Rad, hinten in Schwarz ein rotbewehrter und -gezungter goldener Löwe.}}'' Degmada [[Coat of arms|hubkeeda]] af Ingiriis [[Heraldry|heraldic]] luqadda ah waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa sidan: Per pale Or a wheel spoked of six gules, a bend sinister wavy azure throughout and a hammer and sledge in saltire sable, all three in pale, and sable a lion rampant of the first armed and langued of the second. Libaaxu wuxuu tixraacayaa Dukes-ka [[House of Palatinate-Simmern|Palatinate-Simmern]], oo hal mar maxalliga ah ka talin jiray. Sidoo kale waxay tixraacaysaa Electors Palatine. Labada qalab ee macdanta ah ee isgoyska ah waxay tixraacayaan macdanta macdanta ee aagga Dichtelbach. Xuddunta leexleexan ee leexleexan waxay tixraacaysaa magaca degmada (oo ku dhammaada ''—bach'', oo macnaheedu ahaa “wabi”). [[Wheel of Mainz]] waxay u taagan tahay Aasaaska Archiepiscopal ee Mainz, ee helay Binger Wald (kaynta) oo ka yimid [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor]] 6 Noofambar 996. Tan waxaa badanaa lagu xusaa sidii xus dukumentiga ugu horreeya ee Dichtelbach. Hubkan waxaa la waday tan iyo 16 Maarso 1981, waxaana nashqadeeyay Willi Wagner oo ka socda [[Ohlweiler]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dichtelbach.de/7.html|title=Description and explanation of Dichtelbach's arms}}</ref> ==Dhaqanka iyo meelaha la booqdo== ===Dhismayaasha=== Kuwa soo socdaa waa dhismayaal ama goobo liis garaysan oo ka tirsan [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]’s Directory of Cultural Monuments: * [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Evangelical]] kaniisadda, Kirchgasse – [[aisleless church]], bartamihii qarnigii 18-aad, munaaradda galbeedka 1852 * Meel u dhow Rheinböllener Straße 16 – bambo gacmeed * Meel u dhow Rheinböllener Straße 59 – taangi ilayska, Rheinböllen Ironworks, qarnigii 19-aad * Rheinböllner Straße – ilayska tuulada, Rheinböllen Ironworks, qarnigii 19-aad<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://denkmallisten.gdke-rlp.de/Rhein-Hunsrueck-Kreis.pdf|title=Directory of Cultural Monuments in Rhein-Hunsrück district}}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718230636/http://www.dichtelbach.de/1.html Bogga rasmiga ah ee degmada] {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.swr.de/hierzuland-rp/archiv/2005/02/22/index.html Sawir kooban oo Dichtelbach ah oo wata filim] at [[SWR Fernsehen]] {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} iu5wd71xihxzgtnu9iixux22zk1dqlz 304511 304418 2026-08-09T04:08:15Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location | image_photo = | image_coa = DEU Dichtelbach COA.svg | coordinates = {{coord|50|0|39|N|7|41|43|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | image_plan = Dichtelbach in SIM.svg | state = | district = Rhein-Hunsrück | Verbandsgemeinde = Simmern-Rheinböllen | elevation = 403 | area = 5.37 | postal_code = 55494 | area_code = 06764 | licence = SIM | Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 40 027 | mayor = | party = }} [[File:Dichtelbach02.jpg|thumb|Aragtida xagga galbeed]] '''Dichtelbach''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdɪçtl̩bax}}) waa {{lang|de|[[Ortsgemeinde (Germany)|Ortsgemeinde]]}} – oo ah [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan {{lang|de|[[Verbandsgemeinde]]}}, oo ah nooc ka tirsan degmooyinka wadajirka ah – oo ku taal [[Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis]] ([[Districts of Germany|degmada]]) ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay ''Verbandsgemeinde'' [[Simmern-Rheinböllen]], oo xarunteedu tahay [[Simmern]]. ==Juqraafi== ===Goobta=== Degmadu waxay ku taal bariga [[Hunsrück]] u dhaxeysa [[Autobahn]] [[Bundesautobahn 61|A&nbsp;61]] iyo [[Bingen Forest]]. Tuuladu waxay ku taal waddadii hore ee [[Roman roads|Roomaanka]], ee loo yaqaanno ''Via Ausonia'' (ama ''Ausoniusstraße'' ee [[German language|Jarmal]]), taas oo ka timid [[Trier]] ilaa [[Bacharach]]. Magaca degmadu waa wabi la yiraahdo Dichtelbach, kaas oo ku shuba Guldenbach inta u dhaxeysa xarunta ugu weyn ee [[Rheinböllen]] iyo xarunteeda fog ee Rheinböllerhütte. Magaca wabiga asal ahaan wuxuu ahaa ''Dadilebach'', oo macnaheedu ahaa “Firebrook”, oo ah tixraac ku saabsan [[charcoal]] [[kiln]]s oo badan oo ku yaal kaymaha ku teedsan koorsadiisa. ==Taariikh== Wabiga magaca u bixiyay tuulada, Dichtelbach, wuxuu markii ugu horreysay ku yeeshay xus dukumenti ah 6 Noofambar 996, laakiin waxay ahayd 351 sano oo kale ka hor intaanan la helin xus dukumenti ah oo si cad u tilmaamaya in tuulo magacaas leh ay jirtay. Dukumentigan, oo taariikhdiisu tahay 6 Janaayo 1347, wuxuu la macaamilayay taakulooyinka Rheinböllen; wadaadka parish-ka iyo vicar-ka waxay u qaybiyeen heshiiskan iyadoo kii hore helay laba meel saddex meelood oo kalena uu helay inta hartay. Markhaati ka ahaa falkan waxay ahaayeen dhowr nin oo sharaf leh, oo ay ku jiraan “''Frischo dictus Kunig de Erbach, Frischo, dictus Ritter, et Henne natus Fridemanni de Elren, Henricus dictus Starke et Contzo, dictus Hase de Dehtelbach''”, kii ugu dambeeyay wuxuu ahaa xudunta caddaynta dukumentiga ee jiritaanka tuulada. Haddaba, aagga ku xeeran Dichtelbach wuxuu ku xirnaa danaha [[Archbishopric of Mainz]], iyo xilligii xigay, danahani waxay dambeeyeen iyagoo gala gacmaha Count Palatine ee Rhenish. Dukumenti ka soo baxay 1368 wuxuu caddaynayaa in tuulooyinka Dichtelbach, [[Ellern]], [[Erbach, Rhineland-Palatinate|Erbach]] iyo Kleinweidelbach (oo markaas loo yaqaanay Weidelbach; oo hadda ah xarun fog oo ka tirsan Rheinböllen) ay markaas wada sameeyeen ''[[Schultheiß]]erei'' oo la yiraahdo ''altes Gericht'' (“Maxkamaddii Hore”). Sidoo kale waxaa jira caddayn ahว่า ''Schultheißerei'' tani ay ka tirsanayd Palatine ''[[Amt (country subdivision)|Amt]]'' ee Simmern hoos yimaada Count Palatine Stephan (1410–1425). Sida uu qabo buugii ugu da'da weynaa ee [[Electorate of the Palatinate]] ee fiefs ka soo baxa 1401, Counts Palatine waxay siiyeen 438 vassals hanti kala duwan, oo ay ku jiraan dhowr ay siiyeen fiefs Dichtelbach. Isha qoraalka ah ee dheeraadka ah waxay ka soo baxaan qaybta dambe ee qarnigii 15-aad. Johann I wuxuu u sameeyay xaaskiisa Juliane von Nassau-Saarbrücken ''Leibgedinge'', oo ah wareejinta hantida ay faa'iido u leedahay, oo ay ku jiraan dhowr tuulo, oo ay ku jiraan Dichtelbach. Magaca tuulada sidoo kale wuxuu ka muuqdaa liiska canshuuraha ee Boqor [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian]] kaas oo la macaamilayay ''[[Gemeiner Pfennig]]'', oo ah canshuur hal ''Pfennig'' (ama penny) ah oo ay soo rogtay [[1495 Diet of Worms]] (oo aan ahayn tan caadiyan la xiriirta [[Martin Luther]]). Qof kasta oo da'diisu ka weyn tahay 15 sano wuxuu lahaa inuu bixiyo canshuurtaan, iyadoo canshuur dheeraad ah la saaray kuwa hantidoodu ka badato 500 [[Rhenish guilder|''Gulden'']]. Liiska Maximilian wuxuu magacaabay 74 qof oo ka socda Dichtelbach kuwaas oo ahaa 15 ama ka weyn. Dhammaantood, waxay bixiyeen 3 ''Gulden'', 5 ''Albus'' (“penny cad”) iyo 2 ''Pfennige'' (“penny”). ''Gulden'' wuxuu qiimihiisu ahaa 24 ''Albus'' ama 240 ''Pfennige''. Sida ku cad sharaxaadda rasmiga ah ee 1599 waxaa jiray 25 hearths, taas oo ah, madaxda qoyska ee la canshuurayo, oo ku sugan Dichtelbach, kuwaas oo dhammaantood ka tirsanaa [[Electorate of the Palatinate]]. Magacaabay sida ''Schultheiß'' wuxuu ahaa hal Niklas Schiltger, oo loo maleeyay inuu hoos tago ''Schultheiß'' ee Rheinböllen. Dhowr nin oo sharaf leh ayaa haystay fiefs Dichtelbach.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dichtelbach.de/resources/Vorgeschichte+Di..pdf|title=Mittelalterliche Geschichte im Raum Dichtelbach}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dichtelbach.de/resources/Geschichte+14.-18.Jhdt..pdf|title=Zur Herrschafts- und Verwaltungsgeschichte vom 14. bis zum 18. Jahrhundert}}</ref> Laga soo bilaabo 1794, Dichtelbach waxay hoos timid xukunkii [[France|Faransiiska]]. 1814 waxaa loo qoondeeyey Boqortooyada [[Prussia]] ee [[Congress of Vienna]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1946, waxay qayb ka ahayd [[States of Germany|gobolka]] [[Rhineland-Palatinate]] ee la aasaasay xilligaas. Intii lagu guda jiray [[Cold War]], gantaallada [[United States|American]] [[MIM-104 Patriot|Patriot]] waxaa la geeyay difaaca hawada ee [[Kandrich]], oo ah buur u dhow Dichtelbach. Xerada ciidanka ee hore ee kaymaha ku taal waxay weli marqaati u tahay waqtigan, sidoo kale waxaa jira siddeed caqabadood oo ilaalin ah oo qaab fardo ah oo maanta saddex [[wind turbine]] ay taagan yihiin. Kahor intaysan Patriots joogin, Kandrich waxay ahayd hoyga saldhig [[radar]] ah, kaas oo u adeegayay inuu hago gantaallada [[MIM-14 Nike-Hurcules|Nike]] ee ku sugnaa Grundlos-Wies, oo sidoo kale u dhow. Markii Dagaalkii Qabow uu dhammaaday, rakibaadda millateri ee Kandrich waa la dayacay. Xerada ciidanka iyo xerada millateri ee lagu dhisay Grundlos-Wies ka dib markii Nikes la soo celiyay sidoo kale waa la bixiyay ilaa 2006. ===Horumarka dadweynaha=== Jadwalka soo socda wuxuu muujinayaa tirada dadweynaha Dichtelbach sannadihii la soo dhaafay, mar walba 31 Disembar: {{historical populations|align=none|width=12em|cols=4 | 1815 | 366 | 1835 | 499 | 1871 | 495 | 1905 | 474 | 1939 | 371 | 1950 | 436 | 1961 | 418 | 1965 | 430 | 1970 | 436 | 1975 | 463 | 1980 | 478 | 1985 | 491 | 1987 | 511 | 1990 | 499 | 1995 | 669 | 2000 | 680 | 2005 | 692 | 2006 | 720 | source = ''Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz'' }} ==Siyaasad== ===Golaha degmada=== Goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 12 xubnood oo golaha ah, kuwaas oo lagu soo doortay doorashadii degmada ee la qabtay 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa magaalada ee sharafta leh oo ah guddoomiye. ===Duqa magaalada=== Booska duqa magaalada Dichtelbach waa mid bannaan laga soo bilaabo 2021. Duqii hore ee magaalada, Martin Huhn, waa duqa sii hayaha ah. ===Gaashaanka hubka=== Blazonka Jarmalka wuxuu akhrinayaa: ''{{lang|de|Schild gespalten, vorne ein schräglinker blauer Wellenbalken, darunter ein schwarzer Hammer und Schlägel, über dem Wellenbalken das rote Mainzer Rad, hinten in Schwarz ein rotbewehrter und -gezungter goldener Löwe.}}'' Degmada [[Coat of arms|hubkeeda]] af Ingiriis [[Heraldry|heraldic]] luqadda ah waxaa lagu tilmaami karaa sidan: Per pale Or a wheel spoked of six gules, a bend sinister wavy azure throughout and a hammer and sledge in saltire sable, all three in pale, and sable a lion rampant of the first armed and langued of the second. Libaaxu wuxuu tixraacayaa Dukes-ka [[House of Palatinate-Simmern|Palatinate-Simmern]], oo hal mar maxalliga ah ka talin jiray. Sidoo kale waxay tixraacaysaa Electors Palatine. Labada qalab ee macdanta ah ee isgoyska ah waxay tixraacayaan macdanta macdanta ee aagga Dichtelbach. Xuddunta leexleexan ee leexleexan waxay tixraacaysaa magaca degmada (oo ku dhammaada ''—bach'', oo macnaheedu ahaa “wabi”). [[Wheel of Mainz]] waxay u taagan tahay Aasaaska Archiepiscopal ee Mainz, ee helay Binger Wald (kaynta) oo ka yimid [[Otto III, Holy Roman Emperor]] 6 Noofambar 996. Tan waxaa badanaa lagu xusaa sidii xus dukumentiga ugu horreeya ee Dichtelbach. Hubkan waxaa la waday tan iyo 16 Maarso 1981, waxaana nashqadeeyay Willi Wagner oo ka socda [[Ohlweiler]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dichtelbach.de/7.html|title=Description and explanation of Dichtelbach's arms}}</ref> ==Dhaqanka iyo meelaha la booqdo== ===Dhismayaasha=== Kuwa soo socdaa waa dhismayaal ama goobo liis garaysan oo ka tirsan [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]’s Directory of Cultural Monuments: * [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Evangelical]] kaniisadda, Kirchgasse – [[aisleless church]], bartamihii qarnigii 18-aad, munaaradda galbeedka 1852 * Meel u dhow Rheinböllener Straße 16 – bambo gacmeed * Meel u dhow Rheinböllener Straße 59 – taangi ilayska, Rheinböllen Ironworks, qarnigii 19-aad * Rheinböllner Straße – ilayska tuulada, Rheinböllen Ironworks, qarnigii 19-aad<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://denkmallisten.gdke-rlp.de/Rhein-Hunsrueck-Kreis.pdf|title=Directory of Cultural Monuments in Rhein-Hunsrück district}}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== {{commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718230636/http://www.dichtelbach.de/1.html Bogga rasmiga ah ee degmada] {{in lang|de}} * [http://www.swr.de/hierzuland-rp/archiv/2005/02/22/index.html Sawir kooban oo Dichtelbach ah oo wata filim] {{Wayback|url=http://www.swr.de/hierzuland-rp/archiv/2005/02/22/index.html |date=20050223193959 }} at [[SWR Fernsehen]] {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} nrpq2it9xbtt8fmeksr2eqcgokcs5uu 0 50300 304419 2026-08-08T13:51:15Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|50|44|28|N|7|51|11|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dickendorf in AK.svg |state = |district = Altenkirchen |Verbandsgemeinde = Betzdorf-Gebhardshain |elevation = 408 |area = 1.45 |postal_code = 57520 |area_code = 02747 |licence = AK |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 32 020 |website = [http://www.dickendorf.de/ www.dickendorf.de] |mayor = Hermann Roth<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1320000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Altenkirchen], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 3 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = }} '''Dickendorf''' waa degmo ka tirsan [[Altenkirchen (district)|degmada Altenkirchen]], ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Iyadoo ay ku taallo aag kaymo ballaaran, waxay ku taal [[Westerwald]] (oo macnaheedu yahay "Kaynta Galbeed") taas oo ah [[mountain range]] hoose oo ku taal bangiga midig ee webiga [[Rhine]]. Webiga [[Elbbach (Lahn)|Elbbach]] ayaa dhex mara magaaladan. Dickendorf waa xarunta caalamiga ah ee [[Sabbath Rest Advent Church]]. ==Gaadiidka== Dickendorf waxay ku taal [[Scheuerfeld–Emmerzhausen railway|Westerwald railway]], laakiin adeegii tareenka waa la joojiyay. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} eb0q4rn8uy8geci22mbc94srjgtgybg 0 50301 304420 2026-08-08T13:53:25Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name =Dickesbach |type = |image_photo = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_coa = DickesbachWappen.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|43|12|N|7|25|28|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dickesbach in BIR.svg |state = |district = Birkenfeld |Verbandsgemeinde = Herrstein-Rhaunen |elevation = 315 |area = 4.91 |postal_code = 55758 |area_code = 06784 |licence = BIR |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 34 019 |website = [https://www.vg-herrstein.de/ www.vg-herrstein.de] |mayor = Heinz Matzen<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1340000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Birkenfeld], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 10 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 }} '''Dickesbach''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] (''[[Ortsgemeinde (Germany)|Ortsgemeinde]]'') ku taal ''Verbandsgemeinde'' [[Herrstein-Rhaunen]], [[Birkenfeld (district)|Birkenfeld]] [[Districts of Germany|degmada]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Juqraafi== ===Goobta=== Degmadu waxay ku taal [[Hunsrück]] bariga [[Nahe (Rhine)|Nahe]]. ===Degmooyinka deriska ah=== Dickesbach waxay xuduud la leedahay xagga waqooyi [[Fischbach, Birkenfeld|Fischbach]], xagga bariga [[Mittelreidenbach]], xagga koonfureed garoonka tababarka ciidamada [[Baumholder]] iyo xagga galbeed [[Idar-Oberstein]]. ===Bulshada ka kooban=== Sidoo kale Dickesbach waxaa ka tirsan guryaha fogfog ee Katzenrech iyo Sonnenhöfe.<ref>[http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1132_201001_ur_G.pdf Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz – Amtliches Verzeichnis der Gemeinden und Gemeindeteile] , Seite 19 (PDF)</ref> ==Taariikh== [[Tumulus|Barrows]] u dhexeeya Dickesbach iyo Mittelreidenbach waxay ka soo jeedaan [[Celts|Celtic]] waxayna soo jeedinayaan inay dadku horey ugu noolaayeen aagga int u dhaxaysa 1100 iyo 400 BC. Sida laga soo tabiyay hal warbixin, dhagaxyo la jeexjeexay ayaa soo baxay intii lagu guda jiray [[plough]]ing oo laga samaynayay Dickesbach qiyaastii 1900. Kuwan waxaa loo malaynayay in loo isticmaali jiray kanaal ahaan. Goobta laga helay kan, ''Scheed'' (ama ''Scheide''), oo u dhexaysa Weierbach (oo hadda ah xarun fog oo ka tirsan Idar-Oberstein) iyo waxa hadda ah Dickesbach, waxaa la rumeysan yahay in degmo nooc ah ay mar halkaas ka taagnayd, iyo in Dickesbach maanta ay soo baxday kaliya ka dib markii degmadii hore ay duntay. Sanadkii 1367, Dickesbach waxay markii ugu horreysay ku yeelatay xus dukumenti ah dukumenti ay ku jirtay liis tabarucaad ah oo ay tuulooyinka [[Berschweiler bei Kirn|Berschweiler]], Dickesbach, Mittelreidenbach, [[Mörschied]], [[Niederhosenbach]], [[Niederwörresbach]] iyo [[Oberreidenbach]] ku jireen ''Pflege'' (oo macnaheedu yahay "daryeel", laakiin dhab ahaantii waa qayb juqraafi oo maxalli ah) ee Niederwörresbach ay ahayd inay siiyaan ''[[Vogt]]ei'' – [[chicken]]s. Dickesbach waxay ahayd [[County of Zweibrücken]] maalmahaas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira shaki ku saabsan in tani ay ahayd runtii xuskii ugu horreeyay ee dukumentiga ah ee tuulada. Kuwa kale ee gacan ka geystay shakigan waxaa ka mid ahaa ''Gutsvorsteher'' (madaxa ''Gutsbezirk'', ama "aagga hantida") Alfons Hartmann, oo ku qoray buugiisa ''Ergänzung der Chronik des Gutsbezirk Baumholder mit den Chroniken der ehemaligen Einzelgehöfte und Mühlen'' (qiyaastii "Kaabis ku ah Taariikhda Aagga Hantida Iyadoo Kuwa ka yimid Guryaha Yars oo Hore iyo Warshadaha") – bogga 31 – in Dickesbach la magacaabay oo ahayd degmo ka tirsan kaniisadda Kirchenbollenbach horeba qarnigii 13-aad. Waxay xitaa noqon kartaa in xuskii ugu horreeyay ee dukumentiga ah ee Dickesbach uu yimid qiyaastii 200 sano ka hor intaan la xusin dukumentiga canshuurta digaagga, oo nuqul ka mid ah uu yaallo degmada Dickesbach. Sanadkii 1526, kaniisadda Kirchenbollenbach, oo ay Dickesbach ku taallay, waxay ka tirsanayd [[Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken|Duke Ludwig II ee Palatinate-Zweibrücken]] (wuxuu xukumay 1514–1532), wuxuuna isla sanadkaas aqbalay rabitaanka kaniisadda iyo degmooyinka si loo sameeyo kaniisadda Kirchenbollenbach [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Evangelical]]. Sanadkii 1557, Duke Wolfgang, wiilka Ludwig II, wuxuu soo saaray nidaam kaniisad oo dalkiisa ah, oo ku saleysan 1555 [[Peace of Augsburg]], kaas oo arkay kaniisadda Kirchenbollenbach oo noqotay [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]. Sanadkii 1595, kaniisadda Kirchenbollenbach waxay hoos timid xukunka [[Waldgrave]]s iyo Rhinegraves ee Kyrburg, kuwaas oo, ka dib Nabadda Augsburg, ay si furan ugu biireen xerada [[Protestantism|Protestant]]. Ilaa 1681, boqorka [[kingdom of France|Faransiiska]] [[Louis XIV]] wuxuu [[Annexation|ku daray]] ''[[Amt (country subdivision)|Amt]]'' ee Kyrburg wuxuuna qabsaday [[Kirn]] sababtoo ah xukun ay soo saartay ''Chambre des Réunions''. Faransiisku waxay taageereen saaxiibadood [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] si kastaba ha ahaatee, taas oo ugu dambeyntii horseeday amarka Boqortooyada 21 Diseembar 1684, iyada oo xarun kasta oo lahayd laba kaniisadood ay ahayd inay u dhiibto midda yar Catholics. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xarun kasta oo lahayd hal kaniisad oo keliya waxay ahayd inay [[Simultaneum|la wadaagto labada diimood]]. Xirmooyinka [[microstate]]s ee lagu garto waxa hadda ah Jarmalka ilaa 1870-1871 [[Franco-Prussian War]] waxay ahayd mid si gaar ah u kala qaybsan aagga Dickesbach waxayna keentay xadka oo jahwareer ah. Tani mararka qaarka waxay keentay muranno doqonimo ah, tusaale ahaan waxaa ka mid ahaa murankii ka dhashay ''Idarbann'', oo ahayd gabal dhul ah oo aad u yar, oo qarxay 1766 markii Sayidkii Oberstein, Count Christian Karl Reinhard, uu dhintay. ''[[Amtmann]]'' ee Birkenfeld, oo magaciisu ahaa Fabert, wuxuu qabsaday buundada Idarbach isagoo wata qiyaastii 400 oo beeraley hubaysan iyo [[militia]]men. Saarbrücken ''Kammerrat'' wuxuu ku soo hormaray 80 askari iyo Wakiilka Trier oo wata 90. Arrintan oo dhan waxaa sababay Forester Görlitz oo ku dhejiyay [[letters patent]] ee qabashada ee Sayidkii Nassau-Saarbrücken guriga Peter Georg Juchem ee Idar. Marka la eego taas, Fabert iyo maxkamadda ''Schöffe'' (qiyaastii "garsoore la dhigay") Trein waxay ku degdegeen halkaas si ay warqadaha patentiiga uga jeexaan guriga Juchem halkaasna ay ku hanguriyeeyaan [[County of Sponheim|Sponheim]] [[coat of arms]] halkii. Horraantii Nofembar 1803, [[Schinderhannes]] iyo kooxdiisii tuugada ahayd waxaa lagu dilay [[Mainz]]. Mid ka mid ah kuwan wuxuu ahaa nin ka soo jeeday Dickesbach, oo ahaa ilaaliye beeraha oo la yiraahdo Philipp Klein, oo loogu yeero ''Husarenphilipp'' (“Hussar Philipp”). Maxkamaddii weyneyd ee ka dhanka ah Johannes Bückler (Schinderhannes) iyo xertiisa [[robbery]] waxay ku dhammaatay xukunno dil ah, oo ah [[guillotine]], waayo tani waxay ahayd waqtigii [[Napoleon]]ic gobolkuna wuxuu hoos jiray xukunkii Faransiiska, oo loogu talagalay 19 ka mid ah tuugada kooxda marka laga reebo Bückler laftiisa. Kadib markii xukunada la akhriyay, wرخaha maxkamadda ee Mainz wuxuu qoray tan: “Markii eedeysanayaasha la siiyay cunto fudud, waqtigaas oo Bückler uu si degan u dhaqmayay, waxa loogu yeero ''Husarenphilipp'' wuxuu qaatay quraacdiisa si qabow, sidii iyadoo aan waxba quseyn.” Ninkan u muuqday mid adag, Phillip Klein, wuxuu ku dhashay [[Wickenrodt]] waxaana laga shaqaysiiyay Dickesbach oo ah ilaaliye beeraha. Wuxuu ku lug yeeshay Johannes Bückler (Schinderhannes), xitaa wuxuu ka shaqeeyay inuu guursado. Julie Bläsius (oo lagu yaqaanay magaca naanaysta “Julchen”) waxay u sheegtay garsooraha maxkamadda sheekadan: “Nin ka soo jeeday Dickesbach, oo aanan aqoon magaciisa, wuxuu yimid halkii aan ku dhashay. Wuxuu igala kulmay aniga iyo walaashay Margarethe hudheelka Jakob Fritsch. Wuxuu ii sheegay aniga iyo walaashay Margarethe inaan la aado kaynta, oo la yiraahdo Dollbach (Dollberg), oo u jirta kaliya rubuc saac tuuladayada, maadaama uu jiri doono qof halkaas jooga oo doonaya inuu nala hadlo, laakiin annaga oo aan noo sheegin magaciisa ama ujeeddada casuumaddiisa. In kasta oo aanan rabin inaan halkaas tago taladan aan micnaha lahayn, ninkii Dickesbach wuxuu ku guuleystay inuu igu qanciyo inaan la aado isaga. Walaashay Margarethe waxay nala aaday kaynta. Markii aan galay kaynta, waxaan la kulmay qof dhalinyaro ah oo qurux badan halkaas, kaas oo soo jeediyay inaan ka tago waalidkay oo aan raaco isaga. Maaddaama aanan rabin inaan aqbalo taladiisa, ballanqaadyadii quruxda badnahaa ee uu si joogto ah ii siinayay inkasta oo ay jiraan, wuxuu ku hanjabay inuu i dili doono sidaas darteedna waxaa laygu qanciyay rabshad inaan raaco qofkan shisheeyaha ah. Kaliya wax yar ka dib, markii aan horeyba uga fogaaday waalidkay, ayaaan ogaaday in ninkii i afduubtay uu ahaa kii loogu yeero Schinderhannes.” Sanadkii 1815, xilligii [[Congress of Vienna]], tuuladu waxay lahayd 181 deganayaal. Sanadkii 1838, diiwaanka dhulka maxalliga ah waa la dhisay. Tuuladu lafteedu waxay lahayd 36 guri. Sanadkii 1839, waxaa jiray 42 mulkiile dhisme. Dugsigii ugu horreeyay waxaa la dhisay 1840. Sanadkii 1847, [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Evangelical]] [[school]] ee Dickesbach waxay ka heshay Boqor [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]] hadiyad [[Bible]], oo hadda ay leedahay ''Ortsgemeinde''. Qabuuraha waxaa la dhigay 1850. Hore, dadka dhintay waxaa lagu aasay tuulooyinka u dhow iyadoo la raacayo diinta: Evangelicals ee Kirchenbollenbach (oo hadda ka tirsan Idar-Oberstein) iyo [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] ee Mittelreidenbach, maadaama aaska uu kaliya ka dhici karo dhul barakeysan. Meel ka baxsan qabuuraha sida ay hadda tahay, oo ka dambaysa [[sandstone]] iskutallaabta, waxay ahayd qaybta Catholic, ka hor iskutallaabtana waxay ahayd qaybta Evangelical. Ka dib, qaybtii hore, ee hadda laga saaray, ee Catholic, waxaa lagu beeray [[Salix babylonica|geed willow ah oo ooya]], oo weli la arki karo maanta. Sanadkii 1856, cudurka [[typhus]] wuxuu qaatay 27 noloshooda. 15 Luulyo 1858, Bingerbrück-[[Kreuznach]] [[railway]] line waxay timid adeegga, iyadoo kordhinta ka timid Kreuznach ilaa Oberstein ay raacday 15 Diseembar 1859. Sidoo kale sanadkaas, dhowr guri oo Dickesbach ku yaal ayaa gubtay dab weyn awgii. 25 May 1860, [[Nahe Valley Railway|tareenka oo dhan]] oo ka yimid [[Rhine]] ilaa [[Saar (river)|Saar]] waxaa loo hibeeyay. Sanadkii 1871, xilligii guusha [[Franco-Prussian War]], Dickesbach waxay lahayd 209 deganayaal. Sanadkii 1892, Hahne Wilhelm wuxuu furay dukaankii ugu horreeyay ee [[General store|tuulada]], laakiin sanadka xigay, wuu gubtay. Sanadkii 1895, hoolka tuulada ee Oberdorfstraße waa la dhisay. 15 Diseembar 1896, habaynta kaniisadda ee parish-ka waa la dejiyay. [[simultaneum]] ee kaniisadda Kirchenbollenbach waxay ku dhammaatay lacag bixin ah 13,000-mark taas oo u wareejisay mulkiyadda Protestants keliya. Sanadkii 1898, Wilhelm Hahn wuxuu furay hudheelkii ugu horreeyay ee tuulada. Dhamaadkii qarnigii 19-aad, [[electricity]] waxay ka muuqatay gobolka Nahe oo dhan. Sanadkii 1903, si kastaba ha ahaatee, reeve (''Ortsvorsteher'') wuxuu diiday soo jeedin ah in la dhiso shirkad biyaha. Sanadkii 1907, [[telephone]] line-kii ugu horreeyay wuxuu gaaray Dickesbach, iyadoo taleefankii ugu horreeyay lagu rakibay guriga Julius Jakobi. Isla sanadkaas, waxaa la dhisay [[fire brigade]] qasab ah (laga bilaabo 1953, tani waxay noqotay dab-damis mutadawiciin ah). Siyaasadda, ''Bürgermeisterei'' (“Duqa magaalada”) ee Sien waa la burburiyay 1 Diseembar Dickesbach-na waxaa lagu daray Weierbach. Sanadkii 1910, [[Whitsun]], waddada loo aado Weierbach waa la furay. Waxay ku kacday 34,500 marks in la dhiso. Ilaa furitaankan, gaadiidku waxay ahayd inay qaataan waddo adag oo maraysa gunta Dollberg. Sanadkii 1915, waddo loo aado Zaubach (oo hadda ah xarun fog oo ka tirsan [[Birkenfeld]]) ayaa sidoo kale la dhisay. Sidoo kale sanadkii 1914 waxaa yimid qaraxa dagaalka [[First World War]]. Subaxnimadii 16 Janaayo 1918, int u dhaxaysa [[Hochstetten-Dhaun|Hochstetten]] iyo [[Martinstein]], wax yar ka hor isgoyska waddada ee u gaysa dooxada Kellenbach, [[furlough]] tareenka 843 ee ka yimid [[Saarbrücken]], oo ku socday Mainz, oo ay buuxiyeen askar Jarmal ah, [[Derailment|wuu ka leexday jidkii]]. Afar iyo soddon dhintay ayaa laga soo saaray webiga Nahe, sagaal kalena, wax raad ah lama helin. Sababta waxaa la go'aamiyay inuu ahaa jidka oo ay hoos ka cuneen roobab culus. Wadarta guud, Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka wuxuu qaatay nolosha 13 rag ah oo ka soo jeeda Dickesbach, iyadoo qaarkood la ogaaday in lagu dilay dagaal, kuwo kalena ay aadeen [[missing in action]]. Sanadkii 1920, ''Restkreis'' ee St. Wendel waxaa la dhisay iyadoo xarunteedu tahay Baumholder. ''Restkreis'' wuxuu ahaa "degmo hartay", sidaas ayaa loo yiri markii Saarland-ka Faransiiska xukumaysay la dhisay xadkeeduna uu dhex maray degmooyinka muddada dheer taagnaa. Qaybta ku hartay aagga madaxbannaanida Jarmalka ayaa markaas dib loogu dhisay ''Restkreis''. Dickesbach waxaa lagu daray ''Restkreis'' ee St. Wendel. 29 Disembar 1922, [[electric light]] wuxuu shidmay markii ugu horreysay Dickesbach, shumacna, ugu yaraan sidii hab maalinle ah oo iftiin ah, waxaa loo dhiibay taariikhda. Sanadkii 1923 waxaa yimid [[Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic|hyperinflation]] kaas oo [[Weimar Republic]] ay caanka ku ahayd. Waxay ku dhammaatay November isla sanadkaas, laakiin ma aanay dhicin ka hor intaan [[United States dollar|US dollar]] lagu iibsan wax ka yar 1,000,000,000,000 marks. Sanadkii 1927, Dickesbach waxay lahayd 268 deganayaal, 224 Evangelical iyo 44 Catholic. Aagga degmadu wuxuu cabiray 418&nbsp;ha, taas oo 160&nbsp;ha ay ahayd kayn; degmadu waxay lahayd 149&nbsp;ha kaymahan ka mid ah. [[Niederhausen]], [[electrical substation]] waxay timid adeegga sanadkii 1927, iyadoo ku xireysa gobolka Nahe oo dhan [[RWE]] grid iyo [[coal]]-fired [[power station]]s. [[Gas lighting|Gas lanterns]] iyo [[kerosene lamp]]s sidaas darteed waxaa sidoo kale loo dhiibay taariikhda. Ma aysan ahayn ilaa 17 Abriil 1929 in shaqadu ka dhammaatay shirkadda biyaha cusub, 26 sano kadib markii reeve uu diiday soo jeedintii asalka ahayd. Ilaa waqtigan, biyuhu waxay ahayd in laga soo saaro [[Water well|well]]s. 13 Agoosto 1938, xilligii [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]], shirkadihii dhismaha ee ugu horreeyay waxay yimaadeen. Meelaha sare, 11 [[Siegfried Line]] bunkers ayaa la dhisay. Labada dhinac ee Oberdorfstraße, dhismayaal ayaa kor u kacay: laba dhisme si ay u dejiyaan [[non-commissioned officer]]s, iyo ''Flakhalle'' – macnaheedu yahay “[[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] hoolka” – oo wata [[Military personnel|personnel]] qolal. Qayb ka mid ah tallaabooyinkan, kanaalka biyaha cusub ee lagu xoojiyay dhagaxyada quarrystone ayaa la dhisay waddada agteeda, waddaduna lafteedu waa la xoojiyay. Dickesbach sidaas darteed waxay noqotay bulsho ku taal cidhifka garoonka tababarka ciidamada ee [[Baumholder]] ee cusub. Sanadkii 1939, degmadu waxay lahayd 256 deganayaal. Ciidan [[field hospital]] waxaa lagu dhisay Niederreidenbacher Hof oo u dhow 1939. Sanadkii 1940, [[Wehrmacht]] shaqaale ah ayaa la dejiyay hudheelka Schwenk. Isla sanadkaas, [[incendiary bomb]] weerar lagu qaaday Dhismaha Colony ee Niederreidenbacher Hof wuxuu qaatay 63 noloshooda. 8 Maajo 1945, [[Field Marshal]] [[Wilhelm Keitel]] wuxuu saxiixay dukumentiga [[Surrender (military)|surrender]] ee [[Karlshorst]], isagoo soo afjaraya dagaalka [[Europe]]. Wadarta guud, [[Second World War]] waxay qaadatay nolosha 25 rag ah oo ka soo jeeda Dickesbach, iyadoo qaarkood la ogaaday in lagu dilay dagaal, kuwo kalena ay maqnaayeen. Dhamaadka dagaalka, tirada guryaha tuulada waxay ahayd 53 ilaa 1950 tirada dadka tuuladuna waxay ahayd 321. Isla sanadkaas, aagga horumarinta dhismaha cusub ee ugu horreeyay (Schulstraße) waa la furay. Sanadkii 1953, dab-damiska mutadawiciinta ah waa la dhisay, laba sano kalena kadib, guriga qalabka dab-damiska waa la dhisay. Sanadkii 1956, degmadu waxay ka heshay muwaadin, Anna Hahn, qayb dhismaha ah si ay u sameeyaan meel badan oo loogu talagalay dhismaha [[school]] cusub. Wax waxay ku kacday 1,300 [[Deutsche Mark|marks]]. Sidoo kale sanadkaas, intii lagu guda jiray ''[[Flurbereinigung]]'', degmadu waxay soo bandhigtay dhul muniisibaaal ah oo loogu talagalay ballaarinta waddada Zaubach. Dhul beereedka qaarkood ee meelaha fogfog ee aan la sii beerin waxaa loo oggolaaday inay ku noqdaan kayn. Juun 1956, sahan ayaa la sameeyay iyadoo loo diyaar garoobayo dhismaha guryaha beeraleyda ee fogfog (''Aussiedlerhöfe''). Degmadu waxay siisay kooxda beerta 23&nbsp;ha oo dhul ah qiimo ah 1,000 marks hektar kasta si loo dhiso Sonnhöfe (dhab ahaantii hal guri, inkasta oo magacu yahay jamac naxwaha). Kaymo qaar waa la jaray si ay u siiyaan waddo dhul beereed. 22 Disembar 1956, golaha degmada wuxuu go'aansaday inuu dhiso dugsi cusub iyadoo la raacayo qorshaynta Xafiiska Dhismaha Birkenfeld sababtoo ah dhismihii hore, iyo guriga macallinka sidoo kale, waxay galeen dayactir la'aan. Sanadkii 1958, taallada kuwa dhintay iyo kuwa maqan ee labada dagaal ee adduunka waxaa loo hibeeyay si dabaaldeg ah [[Whitsun]]day. Sidoo kale 1958, [[tractor]]kii ugu horreeyay ee ay iibsadeen beeraley maxalli ah wuxuu ka muuqday degmada. Waxaa lahaa Heinrich Jakobi.<ref>[http://www.dickesbach.de/geschichte/19-dorfchronik-dickesbach.html Dickesbach’s history] </ref> ==Siyaasad== ===Golaha degmada=== Goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 8 xubnood oo golaha ah, kuwaas oo lagu soo doortay [[Plurality voting system|majority vote]] doorashadii degmada ee la qabtay 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa magaalada ee sharafta leh oo ah guddoomiye.<ref>[http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/1340301900.html Kommunalwahl Rheinland-Pfalz 2009, Gemeinderat]</ref> ===Duqa magaalada=== Duqa Dickesbach waa Heinz Matzen, ku xigeenadiisuna waa Steven Arnold iyo Detlef Petry.<ref>[http://www.dickesbach.de/ortsgemeinde-neu/ortsgemeinderat.html Dickesbach’s council] </ref> ===Gaashaanka hubka=== Degmada [[Coat of arms|hubkeeda]] waxaa loo tilmaami karaa sidan: Per bend gules three lozenges conjoined in bend argent, each charged with a roundle sable, and Or a lion rampant of the first armed and langued azure. [[charge (heraldry)|charge]] ee dhinaca sinister (bidixda hub-qaadaha, midigta daawadayaasha) waa libaaxii ka yimid hubkii hore ee ay wateen [[Waldgrave]]s iyo Rhinegraves, oo hal mar haystay tuulada. Lozenges (qaababka dheeman) ee dhinaca dexter (midigta hub-qaadaha, bidixda daawadayaasha) waxay xasuusinayaan mulkiyad kale oo feudal ah, oo ah Lords of Boos. Wareegyada madow ayaa sidoo kale tixraac u ah daacadnimadii hore, tanina waa Lords of Sickingen. Hubkan waxaa la waday tan iyo 27 Abriil 1964.<ref>[http://www.ngw.nl/int/dld/d/dickesba.htm Description and explanation of Dickesbach’s arms]</ref> ==Dhaqaalaha iyo kaabayaasha== ===Gaadiidka=== Xagga waqooyi-galbeed waxaa mara ''[[Bundesstraße]]'' 41, xagga barigana ''Bundesstraße'' 270. [[Fischbach, Birkenfeld|Fischbach]] oo u dhow waxay leedahay [[railway station|staan]] oo ku taal [[Nahe Valley Railway]] ([[Bingen am Rhein|Bingen]]–[[Saarbrücken]]). ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.dickesbach.de/ Bogga rasmiga ah ee degmada] {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} bm4cu8n8d174qw9xzu2ww4u88gzit58 304512 304420 2026-08-09T04:09:42Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |name =Dickesbach |type = |image_photo = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_coa = DickesbachWappen.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|43|12|N|7|25|28|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dickesbach in BIR.svg |state = |district = Birkenfeld |Verbandsgemeinde = Herrstein-Rhaunen |elevation = 315 |area = 4.91 |postal_code = 55758 |area_code = 06784 |licence = BIR |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 34 019 |website = [https://www.vg-herrstein.de/ www.vg-herrstein.de] |mayor = Heinz Matzen<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1340000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Birkenfeld], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 10 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 }} '''Dickesbach''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] (''[[Ortsgemeinde (Germany)|Ortsgemeinde]]'') ku taal ''Verbandsgemeinde'' [[Herrstein-Rhaunen]], [[Birkenfeld (district)|Birkenfeld]] [[Districts of Germany|degmada]], [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Juqraafi== ===Goobta=== Degmadu waxay ku taal [[Hunsrück]] bariga [[Nahe (Rhine)|Nahe]]. ===Degmooyinka deriska ah=== Dickesbach waxay xuduud la leedahay xagga waqooyi [[Fischbach, Birkenfeld|Fischbach]], xagga bariga [[Mittelreidenbach]], xagga koonfureed garoonka tababarka ciidamada [[Baumholder]] iyo xagga galbeed [[Idar-Oberstein]]. ===Bulshada ka kooban=== Sidoo kale Dickesbach waxaa ka tirsan guryaha fogfog ee Katzenrech iyo Sonnenhöfe.<ref>[http://www.statistik.rlp.de/fileadmin/dokumente/berichte/A1132_201001_ur_G.pdf Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz – Amtliches Verzeichnis der Gemeinden und Gemeindeteile] , Seite 19 (PDF)</ref> ==Taariikh== [[Tumulus|Barrows]] u dhexeeya Dickesbach iyo Mittelreidenbach waxay ka soo jeedaan [[Celts|Celtic]] waxayna soo jeedinayaan inay dadku horey ugu noolaayeen aagga int u dhaxaysa 1100 iyo 400 BC. Sida laga soo tabiyay hal warbixin, dhagaxyo la jeexjeexay ayaa soo baxay intii lagu guda jiray [[plough]]ing oo laga samaynayay Dickesbach qiyaastii 1900. Kuwan waxaa loo malaynayay in loo isticmaali jiray kanaal ahaan. Goobta laga helay kan, ''Scheed'' (ama ''Scheide''), oo u dhexaysa Weierbach (oo hadda ah xarun fog oo ka tirsan Idar-Oberstein) iyo waxa hadda ah Dickesbach, waxaa la rumeysan yahay in degmo nooc ah ay mar halkaas ka taagnayd, iyo in Dickesbach maanta ay soo baxday kaliya ka dib markii degmadii hore ay duntay. Sanadkii 1367, Dickesbach waxay markii ugu horreysay ku yeelatay xus dukumenti ah dukumenti ay ku jirtay liis tabarucaad ah oo ay tuulooyinka [[Berschweiler bei Kirn|Berschweiler]], Dickesbach, Mittelreidenbach, [[Mörschied]], [[Niederhosenbach]], [[Niederwörresbach]] iyo [[Oberreidenbach]] ku jireen ''Pflege'' (oo macnaheedu yahay "daryeel", laakiin dhab ahaantii waa qayb juqraafi oo maxalli ah) ee Niederwörresbach ay ahayd inay siiyaan ''[[Vogt]]ei'' – [[chicken]]s. Dickesbach waxay ahayd [[County of Zweibrücken]] maalmahaas. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jira shaki ku saabsan in tani ay ahayd runtii xuskii ugu horreeyay ee dukumentiga ah ee tuulada. Kuwa kale ee gacan ka geystay shakigan waxaa ka mid ahaa ''Gutsvorsteher'' (madaxa ''Gutsbezirk'', ama "aagga hantida") Alfons Hartmann, oo ku qoray buugiisa ''Ergänzung der Chronik des Gutsbezirk Baumholder mit den Chroniken der ehemaligen Einzelgehöfte und Mühlen'' (qiyaastii "Kaabis ku ah Taariikhda Aagga Hantida Iyadoo Kuwa ka yimid Guryaha Yars oo Hore iyo Warshadaha") – bogga 31 – in Dickesbach la magacaabay oo ahayd degmo ka tirsan kaniisadda Kirchenbollenbach horeba qarnigii 13-aad. Waxay xitaa noqon kartaa in xuskii ugu horreeyay ee dukumentiga ah ee Dickesbach uu yimid qiyaastii 200 sano ka hor intaan la xusin dukumentiga canshuurta digaagga, oo nuqul ka mid ah uu yaallo degmada Dickesbach. Sanadkii 1526, kaniisadda Kirchenbollenbach, oo ay Dickesbach ku taallay, waxay ka tirsanayd [[Louis II, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken|Duke Ludwig II ee Palatinate-Zweibrücken]] (wuxuu xukumay 1514–1532), wuxuuna isla sanadkaas aqbalay rabitaanka kaniisadda iyo degmooyinka si loo sameeyo kaniisadda Kirchenbollenbach [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Evangelical]]. Sanadkii 1557, Duke Wolfgang, wiilka Ludwig II, wuxuu soo saaray nidaam kaniisad oo dalkiisa ah, oo ku saleysan 1555 [[Peace of Augsburg]], kaas oo arkay kaniisadda Kirchenbollenbach oo noqotay [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]. Sanadkii 1595, kaniisadda Kirchenbollenbach waxay hoos timid xukunka [[Waldgrave]]s iyo Rhinegraves ee Kyrburg, kuwaas oo, ka dib Nabadda Augsburg, ay si furan ugu biireen xerada [[Protestantism|Protestant]]. Ilaa 1681, boqorka [[kingdom of France|Faransiiska]] [[Louis XIV]] wuxuu [[Annexation|ku daray]] ''[[Amt (country subdivision)|Amt]]'' ee Kyrburg wuxuuna qabsaday [[Kirn]] sababtoo ah xukun ay soo saartay ''Chambre des Réunions''. Faransiisku waxay taageereen saaxiibadood [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] si kastaba ha ahaatee, taas oo ugu dambeyntii horseeday amarka Boqortooyada 21 Diseembar 1684, iyada oo xarun kasta oo lahayd laba kaniisadood ay ahayd inay u dhiibto midda yar Catholics. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xarun kasta oo lahayd hal kaniisad oo keliya waxay ahayd inay [[Simultaneum|la wadaagto labada diimood]]. Xirmooyinka [[microstate]]s ee lagu garto waxa hadda ah Jarmalka ilaa 1870-1871 [[Franco-Prussian War]] waxay ahayd mid si gaar ah u kala qaybsan aagga Dickesbach waxayna keentay xadka oo jahwareer ah. Tani mararka qaarka waxay keentay muranno doqonimo ah, tusaale ahaan waxaa ka mid ahaa murankii ka dhashay ''Idarbann'', oo ahayd gabal dhul ah oo aad u yar, oo qarxay 1766 markii Sayidkii Oberstein, Count Christian Karl Reinhard, uu dhintay. ''[[Amtmann]]'' ee Birkenfeld, oo magaciisu ahaa Fabert, wuxuu qabsaday buundada Idarbach isagoo wata qiyaastii 400 oo beeraley hubaysan iyo [[militia]]men. Saarbrücken ''Kammerrat'' wuxuu ku soo hormaray 80 askari iyo Wakiilka Trier oo wata 90. Arrintan oo dhan waxaa sababay Forester Görlitz oo ku dhejiyay [[letters patent]] ee qabashada ee Sayidkii Nassau-Saarbrücken guriga Peter Georg Juchem ee Idar. Marka la eego taas, Fabert iyo maxkamadda ''Schöffe'' (qiyaastii "garsoore la dhigay") Trein waxay ku degdegeen halkaas si ay warqadaha patentiiga uga jeexaan guriga Juchem halkaasna ay ku hanguriyeeyaan [[County of Sponheim|Sponheim]] [[coat of arms]] halkii. Horraantii Nofembar 1803, [[Schinderhannes]] iyo kooxdiisii tuugada ahayd waxaa lagu dilay [[Mainz]]. Mid ka mid ah kuwan wuxuu ahaa nin ka soo jeeday Dickesbach, oo ahaa ilaaliye beeraha oo la yiraahdo Philipp Klein, oo loogu yeero ''Husarenphilipp'' (“Hussar Philipp”). Maxkamaddii weyneyd ee ka dhanka ah Johannes Bückler (Schinderhannes) iyo xertiisa [[robbery]] waxay ku dhammaatay xukunno dil ah, oo ah [[guillotine]], waayo tani waxay ahayd waqtigii [[Napoleon]]ic gobolkuna wuxuu hoos jiray xukunkii Faransiiska, oo loogu talagalay 19 ka mid ah tuugada kooxda marka laga reebo Bückler laftiisa. Kadib markii xukunada la akhriyay, wرخaha maxkamadda ee Mainz wuxuu qoray tan: “Markii eedeysanayaasha la siiyay cunto fudud, waqtigaas oo Bückler uu si degan u dhaqmayay, waxa loogu yeero ''Husarenphilipp'' wuxuu qaatay quraacdiisa si qabow, sidii iyadoo aan waxba quseyn.” Ninkan u muuqday mid adag, Phillip Klein, wuxuu ku dhashay [[Wickenrodt]] waxaana laga shaqaysiiyay Dickesbach oo ah ilaaliye beeraha. Wuxuu ku lug yeeshay Johannes Bückler (Schinderhannes), xitaa wuxuu ka shaqeeyay inuu guursado. Julie Bläsius (oo lagu yaqaanay magaca naanaysta “Julchen”) waxay u sheegtay garsooraha maxkamadda sheekadan: “Nin ka soo jeeday Dickesbach, oo aanan aqoon magaciisa, wuxuu yimid halkii aan ku dhashay. Wuxuu igala kulmay aniga iyo walaashay Margarethe hudheelka Jakob Fritsch. Wuxuu ii sheegay aniga iyo walaashay Margarethe inaan la aado kaynta, oo la yiraahdo Dollbach (Dollberg), oo u jirta kaliya rubuc saac tuuladayada, maadaama uu jiri doono qof halkaas jooga oo doonaya inuu nala hadlo, laakiin annaga oo aan noo sheegin magaciisa ama ujeeddada casuumaddiisa. In kasta oo aanan rabin inaan halkaas tago taladan aan micnaha lahayn, ninkii Dickesbach wuxuu ku guuleystay inuu igu qanciyo inaan la aado isaga. Walaashay Margarethe waxay nala aaday kaynta. Markii aan galay kaynta, waxaan la kulmay qof dhalinyaro ah oo qurux badan halkaas, kaas oo soo jeediyay inaan ka tago waalidkay oo aan raaco isaga. Maaddaama aanan rabin inaan aqbalo taladiisa, ballanqaadyadii quruxda badnahaa ee uu si joogto ah ii siinayay inkasta oo ay jiraan, wuxuu ku hanjabay inuu i dili doono sidaas darteedna waxaa laygu qanciyay rabshad inaan raaco qofkan shisheeyaha ah. Kaliya wax yar ka dib, markii aan horeyba uga fogaaday waalidkay, ayaaan ogaaday in ninkii i afduubtay uu ahaa kii loogu yeero Schinderhannes.” Sanadkii 1815, xilligii [[Congress of Vienna]], tuuladu waxay lahayd 181 deganayaal. Sanadkii 1838, diiwaanka dhulka maxalliga ah waa la dhisay. Tuuladu lafteedu waxay lahayd 36 guri. Sanadkii 1839, waxaa jiray 42 mulkiile dhisme. Dugsigii ugu horreeyay waxaa la dhisay 1840. Sanadkii 1847, [[Evangelical Church in Germany|Evangelical]] [[school]] ee Dickesbach waxay ka heshay Boqor [[Frederick William IV of Prussia]] hadiyad [[Bible]], oo hadda ay leedahay ''Ortsgemeinde''. Qabuuraha waxaa la dhigay 1850. Hore, dadka dhintay waxaa lagu aasay tuulooyinka u dhow iyadoo la raacayo diinta: Evangelicals ee Kirchenbollenbach (oo hadda ka tirsan Idar-Oberstein) iyo [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] ee Mittelreidenbach, maadaama aaska uu kaliya ka dhici karo dhul barakeysan. Meel ka baxsan qabuuraha sida ay hadda tahay, oo ka dambaysa [[sandstone]] iskutallaabta, waxay ahayd qaybta Catholic, ka hor iskutallaabtana waxay ahayd qaybta Evangelical. Ka dib, qaybtii hore, ee hadda laga saaray, ee Catholic, waxaa lagu beeray [[Salix babylonica|geed willow ah oo ooya]], oo weli la arki karo maanta. Sanadkii 1856, cudurka [[typhus]] wuxuu qaatay 27 noloshooda. 15 Luulyo 1858, Bingerbrück-[[Kreuznach]] [[railway]] line waxay timid adeegga, iyadoo kordhinta ka timid Kreuznach ilaa Oberstein ay raacday 15 Diseembar 1859. Sidoo kale sanadkaas, dhowr guri oo Dickesbach ku yaal ayaa gubtay dab weyn awgii. 25 May 1860, [[Nahe Valley Railway|tareenka oo dhan]] oo ka yimid [[Rhine]] ilaa [[Saar (river)|Saar]] waxaa loo hibeeyay. Sanadkii 1871, xilligii guusha [[Franco-Prussian War]], Dickesbach waxay lahayd 209 deganayaal. Sanadkii 1892, Hahne Wilhelm wuxuu furay dukaankii ugu horreeyay ee [[General store|tuulada]], laakiin sanadka xigay, wuu gubtay. Sanadkii 1895, hoolka tuulada ee Oberdorfstraße waa la dhisay. 15 Diseembar 1896, habaynta kaniisadda ee parish-ka waa la dejiyay. [[simultaneum]] ee kaniisadda Kirchenbollenbach waxay ku dhammaatay lacag bixin ah 13,000-mark taas oo u wareejisay mulkiyadda Protestants keliya. Sanadkii 1898, Wilhelm Hahn wuxuu furay hudheelkii ugu horreeyay ee tuulada. Dhamaadkii qarnigii 19-aad, [[electricity]] waxay ka muuqatay gobolka Nahe oo dhan. Sanadkii 1903, si kastaba ha ahaatee, reeve (''Ortsvorsteher'') wuxuu diiday soo jeedin ah in la dhiso shirkad biyaha. Sanadkii 1907, [[telephone]] line-kii ugu horreeyay wuxuu gaaray Dickesbach, iyadoo taleefankii ugu horreeyay lagu rakibay guriga Julius Jakobi. Isla sanadkaas, waxaa la dhisay [[fire brigade]] qasab ah (laga bilaabo 1953, tani waxay noqotay dab-damis mutadawiciin ah). Siyaasadda, ''Bürgermeisterei'' (“Duqa magaalada”) ee Sien waa la burburiyay 1 Diseembar Dickesbach-na waxaa lagu daray Weierbach. Sanadkii 1910, [[Whitsun]], waddada loo aado Weierbach waa la furay. Waxay ku kacday 34,500 marks in la dhiso. Ilaa furitaankan, gaadiidku waxay ahayd inay qaataan waddo adag oo maraysa gunta Dollberg. Sanadkii 1915, waddo loo aado Zaubach (oo hadda ah xarun fog oo ka tirsan [[Birkenfeld]]) ayaa sidoo kale la dhisay. Sidoo kale sanadkii 1914 waxaa yimid qaraxa dagaalka [[First World War]]. Subaxnimadii 16 Janaayo 1918, int u dhaxaysa [[Hochstetten-Dhaun|Hochstetten]] iyo [[Martinstein]], wax yar ka hor isgoyska waddada ee u gaysa dooxada Kellenbach, [[furlough]] tareenka 843 ee ka yimid [[Saarbrücken]], oo ku socday Mainz, oo ay buuxiyeen askar Jarmal ah, [[Derailment|wuu ka leexday jidkii]]. Afar iyo soddon dhintay ayaa laga soo saaray webiga Nahe, sagaal kalena, wax raad ah lama helin. Sababta waxaa la go'aamiyay inuu ahaa jidka oo ay hoos ka cuneen roobab culus. Wadarta guud, Dagaalkii Koowaad ee Adduunka wuxuu qaatay nolosha 13 rag ah oo ka soo jeeda Dickesbach, iyadoo qaarkood la ogaaday in lagu dilay dagaal, kuwo kalena ay aadeen [[missing in action]]. Sanadkii 1920, ''Restkreis'' ee St. Wendel waxaa la dhisay iyadoo xarunteedu tahay Baumholder. ''Restkreis'' wuxuu ahaa "degmo hartay", sidaas ayaa loo yiri markii Saarland-ka Faransiiska xukumaysay la dhisay xadkeeduna uu dhex maray degmooyinka muddada dheer taagnaa. Qaybta ku hartay aagga madaxbannaanida Jarmalka ayaa markaas dib loogu dhisay ''Restkreis''. Dickesbach waxaa lagu daray ''Restkreis'' ee St. Wendel. 29 Disembar 1922, [[electric light]] wuxuu shidmay markii ugu horreysay Dickesbach, shumacna, ugu yaraan sidii hab maalinle ah oo iftiin ah, waxaa loo dhiibay taariikhda. Sanadkii 1923 waxaa yimid [[Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic|hyperinflation]] kaas oo [[Weimar Republic]] ay caanka ku ahayd. Waxay ku dhammaatay November isla sanadkaas, laakiin ma aanay dhicin ka hor intaan [[United States dollar|US dollar]] lagu iibsan wax ka yar 1,000,000,000,000 marks. Sanadkii 1927, Dickesbach waxay lahayd 268 deganayaal, 224 Evangelical iyo 44 Catholic. Aagga degmadu wuxuu cabiray 418&nbsp;ha, taas oo 160&nbsp;ha ay ahayd kayn; degmadu waxay lahayd 149&nbsp;ha kaymahan ka mid ah. [[Niederhausen]], [[electrical substation]] waxay timid adeegga sanadkii 1927, iyadoo ku xireysa gobolka Nahe oo dhan [[RWE]] grid iyo [[coal]]-fired [[power station]]s. [[Gas lighting|Gas lanterns]] iyo [[kerosene lamp]]s sidaas darteed waxaa sidoo kale loo dhiibay taariikhda. Ma aysan ahayn ilaa 17 Abriil 1929 in shaqadu ka dhammaatay shirkadda biyaha cusub, 26 sano kadib markii reeve uu diiday soo jeedintii asalka ahayd. Ilaa waqtigan, biyuhu waxay ahayd in laga soo saaro [[Water well|well]]s. 13 Agoosto 1938, xilligii [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]], shirkadihii dhismaha ee ugu horreeyay waxay yimaadeen. Meelaha sare, 11 [[Siegfried Line]] bunkers ayaa la dhisay. Labada dhinac ee Oberdorfstraße, dhismayaal ayaa kor u kacay: laba dhisme si ay u dejiyaan [[non-commissioned officer]]s, iyo ''Flakhalle'' – macnaheedu yahay “[[Anti-aircraft warfare|anti-aircraft]] hoolka” – oo wata [[Military personnel|personnel]] qolal. Qayb ka mid ah tallaabooyinkan, kanaalka biyaha cusub ee lagu xoojiyay dhagaxyada quarrystone ayaa la dhisay waddada agteeda, waddaduna lafteedu waa la xoojiyay. Dickesbach sidaas darteed waxay noqotay bulsho ku taal cidhifka garoonka tababarka ciidamada ee [[Baumholder]] ee cusub. Sanadkii 1939, degmadu waxay lahayd 256 deganayaal. Ciidan [[field hospital]] waxaa lagu dhisay Niederreidenbacher Hof oo u dhow 1939. Sanadkii 1940, [[Wehrmacht]] shaqaale ah ayaa la dejiyay hudheelka Schwenk. Isla sanadkaas, [[incendiary bomb]] weerar lagu qaaday Dhismaha Colony ee Niederreidenbacher Hof wuxuu qaatay 63 noloshooda. 8 Maajo 1945, [[Field Marshal]] [[Wilhelm Keitel]] wuxuu saxiixay dukumentiga [[Surrender (military)|surrender]] ee [[Karlshorst]], isagoo soo afjaraya dagaalka [[Europe]]. Wadarta guud, [[Second World War]] waxay qaadatay nolosha 25 rag ah oo ka soo jeeda Dickesbach, iyadoo qaarkood la ogaaday in lagu dilay dagaal, kuwo kalena ay maqnaayeen. Dhamaadka dagaalka, tirada guryaha tuulada waxay ahayd 53 ilaa 1950 tirada dadka tuuladuna waxay ahayd 321. Isla sanadkaas, aagga horumarinta dhismaha cusub ee ugu horreeyay (Schulstraße) waa la furay. Sanadkii 1953, dab-damiska mutadawiciinta ah waa la dhisay, laba sano kalena kadib, guriga qalabka dab-damiska waa la dhisay. Sanadkii 1956, degmadu waxay ka heshay muwaadin, Anna Hahn, qayb dhismaha ah si ay u sameeyaan meel badan oo loogu talagalay dhismaha [[school]] cusub. Wax waxay ku kacday 1,300 [[Deutsche Mark|marks]]. Sidoo kale sanadkaas, intii lagu guda jiray ''[[Flurbereinigung]]'', degmadu waxay soo bandhigtay dhul muniisibaaal ah oo loogu talagalay ballaarinta waddada Zaubach. Dhul beereedka qaarkood ee meelaha fogfog ee aan la sii beerin waxaa loo oggolaaday inay ku noqdaan kayn. Juun 1956, sahan ayaa la sameeyay iyadoo loo diyaar garoobayo dhismaha guryaha beeraleyda ee fogfog (''Aussiedlerhöfe''). Degmadu waxay siisay kooxda beerta 23&nbsp;ha oo dhul ah qiimo ah 1,000 marks hektar kasta si loo dhiso Sonnhöfe (dhab ahaantii hal guri, inkasta oo magacu yahay jamac naxwaha). Kaymo qaar waa la jaray si ay u siiyaan waddo dhul beereed. 22 Disembar 1956, golaha degmada wuxuu go'aansaday inuu dhiso dugsi cusub iyadoo la raacayo qorshaynta Xafiiska Dhismaha Birkenfeld sababtoo ah dhismihii hore, iyo guriga macallinka sidoo kale, waxay galeen dayactir la'aan. Sanadkii 1958, taallada kuwa dhintay iyo kuwa maqan ee labada dagaal ee adduunka waxaa loo hibeeyay si dabaaldeg ah [[Whitsun]]day. Sidoo kale 1958, [[tractor]]kii ugu horreeyay ee ay iibsadeen beeraley maxalli ah wuxuu ka muuqday degmada. Waxaa lahaa Heinrich Jakobi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dickesbach’s history |url=http://www.dickesbach.de/geschichte/19-dorfchronik-dickesbach.html |access-date=2026-08-08 |archive-date=2012-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402093700/http://www.dickesbach.de/geschichte/19-dorfchronik-dickesbach.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Siyaasad== ===Golaha degmada=== Goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 8 xubnood oo golaha ah, kuwaas oo lagu soo doortay [[Plurality voting system|majority vote]] doorashadii degmada ee la qabtay 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa magaalada ee sharafta leh oo ah guddoomiye.<ref>[http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/1340301900.html Kommunalwahl Rheinland-Pfalz 2009, Gemeinderat]</ref> ===Duqa magaalada=== Duqa Dickesbach waa Heinz Matzen, ku xigeenadiisuna waa Steven Arnold iyo Detlef Petry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dickesbach’s council |url=http://www.dickesbach.de/ortsgemeinde-neu/ortsgemeinderat.html |access-date=2026-08-08 |archive-date=2011-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430092211/http://www.dickesbach.de/ortsgemeinde-neu/ortsgemeinderat.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Gaashaanka hubka=== Degmada [[Coat of arms|hubkeeda]] waxaa loo tilmaami karaa sidan: Per bend gules three lozenges conjoined in bend argent, each charged with a roundle sable, and Or a lion rampant of the first armed and langued azure. [[charge (heraldry)|charge]] ee dhinaca sinister (bidixda hub-qaadaha, midigta daawadayaasha) waa libaaxii ka yimid hubkii hore ee ay wateen [[Waldgrave]]s iyo Rhinegraves, oo hal mar haystay tuulada. Lozenges (qaababka dheeman) ee dhinaca dexter (midigta hub-qaadaha, bidixda daawadayaasha) waxay xasuusinayaan mulkiyad kale oo feudal ah, oo ah Lords of Boos. Wareegyada madow ayaa sidoo kale tixraac u ah daacadnimadii hore, tanina waa Lords of Sickingen. Hubkan waxaa la waday tan iyo 27 Abriil 1964.<ref>[http://www.ngw.nl/int/dld/d/dickesba.htm Description and explanation of Dickesbach’s arms]</ref> ==Dhaqaalaha iyo kaabayaasha== ===Gaadiidka=== Xagga waqooyi-galbeed waxaa mara ''[[Bundesstraße]]'' 41, xagga barigana ''Bundesstraße'' 270. [[Fischbach, Birkenfeld|Fischbach]] oo u dhow waxay leedahay [[railway station|staan]] oo ku taal [[Nahe Valley Railway]] ([[Bingen am Rhein|Bingen]]–[[Saarbrücken]]). ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [http://www.dickesbach.de/ Bogga rasmiga ah ee degmada] {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} a1zndl0yopqhbsp0brsp9plopj9fkj5 0 50302 304421 2026-08-08T13:55:33Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Diebach COA.svg |image_photo = Diebach St. Bartholomäus 004.jpg |image_caption = Church of Saint Bartholomew |coordinates = {{coord|49|17|N|10|10|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Diebach in AN.svg |state = |region = Mittelfranken |district = Ansbach |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Schillingsfürst |elevation = 394 |area = 22.34 |postal_code = 91583 |area_code = 09868 |licence = AN |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 5 71 134 |website = [http://www.diebach.de/ www.diebach.de] |mayor = Gabriele Hofacker<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = }} '''Diebach''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdiːbax}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Ansbach (district)|Ansbach]] ee gobolka [[Bavaria]] ee [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 3w4its65ww3l3pxptmym9zu0hemrvsw 0 50303 304422 2026-08-08T13:56:56Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = Dieblich Luftbild 083.jpg |image_coa = DEU Dieblich COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|50|18|49|N|7|28|07|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dieblich in MYK.png |state = |district = Mayen-Koblenz |Verbandsgemeinde = Rhein-Mosel |elevation = 70-400 |area = 17.68 |postal_code = 56332 |area_code = 02607 |licence = MYK |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 37 207 |divisions = 4 |mayor = Andreas Perscheid<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1370000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Mayen-Koblenz], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 5 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 }} '''Dieblich''' waa degmo ka tirsan [[Mayen-Koblenz|degmada Mayen-Koblenz]] ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], galbeedka [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 7u9um3vctlqrs3sea0w8efrm63lyya9 0 50304 304423 2026-08-08T13:58:24Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Diedorf COA.svg |image_photo = Diedorf-Kirche.jpg |image_caption = Church of Saint Bartholomew |coordinates = {{coord|48|21|N|10|46|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Diedorf in A.svg |state = |region = Schwaben |district = Augsburg |elevation = 485 |area = 33.29 |postal_code = 86420 |area_code = 08238, 0821 (Biburg, Kreppen, Lettenbach, Vogelsang) |licence = A |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 7 72 130 |mayor = Peter Högg<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = |website = [https://www.markt-diedorf.de/ www.markt-diedorf.de] }} '''Diedorf''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdiːdɔʁf}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Augsburg (district)|Augsburg]], ee gobolka [[Bavaria]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Waxay ku taal webiga [[Schmutter]], 9&nbsp;km galbeed ka xiga bartamaha magaalada [[Augsburg]]. ==Juqraafi== Degmada Diedorf waxay ka kooban tahay [[market town]] ee Diedorf iyo siddeed tuulo iyo tuulooyin yaryar: Anhausen, Biburg, Hausen, Kreppen, Lettenbach, Oggenhof, Vogelsang, iyo Willishausen. ==Dhaqaalaha== Shirkadda soo saarta rinjiga ee [[Keimfarben]] waxay xarunteedu tahay halkaan. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} qgldpmqpofdro14thyn1oybqcl63n5i 0 50305 304424 2026-08-08T14:00:06Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = image-DHZ.jpg |coordinates = {{coord|52|06|N|09|56|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Diekholzen in HI.svg |state = |district = Hildesheim |elevation = |area = 30.21 |Gemeindeschlüssel = 03254011 |postal_code = 31199 |area_code = 05121 and 05064 |licence = HI |website = [https://www.diekholzen.de/ www.diekholzen.de] |mayor = Matthias Bludau<ref name=mayor>{{cite web|url=https://wahlen.statistik.niedersachsen.de/KW2021/reports/DW/20210912_DW_Uebersicht.pdf|title=Direktwahlen in Niedersachsen vom 12. September 2021|date=13 October 2021|publisher=[[Landesamt für Statistik Niedersachsen]]}}</ref> |leader_term = 2021&ndash;26 |party = SPD }} '''Diekholzen''' waa tuulo iyo degmo ka tirsan [[Hildesheim (district)|degmada Hildesheim]], ee gobolka [[Lower Saxony|Niedersachsen]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Waxay ku taal qiyaastii 6&nbsp;km koonfur-galbeed ka xiga [[Hildesheim]] oo ku taal Beuster, oo ah gacanka webiga [[Innerste]]. == Taariikh == Sanadkii 1974, tuulooyinkii hore ee Diekholzen, Söhre, Barienrode iyo Egenstedt ayaa la midoobay si ay u sameeyaan degmada Diekholzen. Tuulo kasta waxay leedahay taariikhdeeda iyo indha-indhaynteeda kala duwan. Inta badan dadka degan waa Roman Catholics. Tuulada ugu weyn degmada waa Diekholzen oo leh dhisme maamul, dugsi, cisbitaal, dhowr dukaan, supermarket, maqaaxiyo iyo hudheel. Dhawr jeer maalintii, tuulo kasta oo ka tirsan degmada waxaa laga gaari karaa Hildesheim iyo [[Alfeld]] adoo isticmaalaya bas. == Shakhsiyaadka == * [[Johann Friedrich Ruthe]] (1788-1859), macallin, aqoonyahan dhirta iyo cayayaanka; ku dhashay degmada Egenstedt * Karl Hoppe (1923-1987), darawal tartanka mootada ==Sawirada== <gallery mode="packed" heights="110"> File:Diekholzen 012.jpg|Saint Jakobus Church (1656), Diekholzen File:Diekholzen 004.jpg|Protestant Church (1963), Diekholzen File:Diekholzen 005.jpg|Half-timbered house, Diekholzen File:Diekholzen 008.jpg|Chapel (1996) on the river Beuster, Diekholzen File:Diekholzen 014.jpg|Miners' Memorial, Diekholzen File:Diekholzen 030.jpg|Nature reserve, Söhre File:Diekholzen 034.jpg|Memorial stone, Söhre File:Diekholzen 019.jpg|Saint Nicholas Church (1734), Barienrode File:Diekholzen 016.jpg|Stone cross (1860), Barienrode </gallery> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} o3lk2adshlub191r8gifui1qhlsl8m6 0 50306 304425 2026-08-08T14:02:10Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Dielheim COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|16|57|N|08|44|05|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dielheim in HD.svg |image_photo = Dielheim-Oberhof Kapelle.jpg |state = |region = Karlsruhe |district = Rhein-Neckar-Kreis |elevation = 138 |area = 22.67 |postal_code = 69234 |area_code = 06222 |licence = HD |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 2 26 010 |website = [https://www.dielheim.de/ www.dielheim.de] |mayor = Thomas Glasbrenner<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/staatsanzeiger/wahlen/buergermeisterwahlen/ Aktuelle Wahlergebnisse], Staatsanzeiger, accessed 14 September 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2017&ndash;25 }} '''Dielheim''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdiːlhaɪm}}) waa [[municipality]] ka tirsan [[Rhein-Neckar-Kreis|Rhein-Neckar district]] ee gobolka [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Juqraafi== ===Goobta=== Dielheim waxay ku taal cidhifka galbeed ee [[Kraichgau]] iyo [[upper Rhine valley]]. [[Leimbach (river)|Leimbach]] waxay u qulqushdaa Bari ilaa Galbeed dhexda Dielheim iyo degmooyinkeeda Horrenberg iyo Balzfeld. Leimbach waxay ka kacdaa Balzfeld. ===Degmooyinka=== Dielheim waxaa ku jira degmooyinka soo socda iyadoo loo eegayo tirada dadka degan: *Dielheim *Horrenberg *Balzfeld *Unterhof *Oberhof ===Bulshooyinka deriska ah=== Saacaddu marka ay u socoto dhanka midig laga bilaabo waqooyiga hareeraha Dielheim waa bulshooyinka soo socda: * [[Mauer (Baden)|Mauer]] * [[Meckesheim]] * [[Sinsheim]] * [[Mühlhausen]] * [[Rauenberg (Kraichgau)|Rauenberg]] * [[Wiesloch]] Magaalooyinka ugu dhow waa: *[[Wiesloch]] 4&nbsp;km *[[Sinsheim]] 15&nbsp;km *[[Heidelberg]] 20&nbsp;km ==Taariikh== ===Dielheim=== [[Image:Wappen Dielheim bis 1985.svg|thumb|Dielheim's coat of arms until 1985]] Dielheim waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu xusay [[Lorsch codex]] sanadkii 767. Marka laga reebo [[Diedelsheim]] iyo [[Schluchtern]], Dielheim waa mid ka mid ah saddexda bulshada ee ugu da'da weyn [[Kraichgau]]. Aagga waxaa deganay [[Ancient Rome|Roomaanka]], marka qofku wuxuu qaadan karaa in tuulada la aas-aasay qarnigii 6-aad. Magaca lagu isticmaalay Lorsch Codex, ''diuuelenheim'', waxaa laga yaabaa inuu yahay natiijada akhriska ama qoraalka khaladka ah ee la sameeyay qarnigii 12-aad. Xarfaha ''u'' iyo ''v'' waxaa badanaa la isku khaldayay, marka qofku wuxuu qaadan karaa in magacu ahaa ''divvelenheim''. [[geminate]] ''vv'' waxay u taagan tahay ''w'', oo aan si caadi ah loo isticmaalin xilligaas. Sida darteed, waxaan qorsheyneynaa in magacu leeyahay asal magaca aasaasaha [[Franks|Frankish]] oo la yiraahdo ''Diwelo''. Ka dib markii uu soo maray isbeddello badan, higgaadda aan aragno maanta, ''Dielheim'', waxay markii ugu horreysay ka muuqataa qarnigii 17-aad. Madaxda magaalada waxaa markii ugu horreysay la aqoonsan karaa ka dib dhammaadkii qarnigii 13-aad. Ilaa 1272 amiir-wadaaddada [[Speyer]] waxay guuleysteen kala bar Dielheim. Amiir-wadaad Adolf, oo aad ugu baahnaa lacag, wuxuu u hibeeyay kala bar Dielheim Conz Mönch oo ka tirsan Rosenberg 1380. Conz Mönch wuxuu qaatay qaybtii kalena ee tuulada sanadaha xigay, sidaas darteed wuxuu geliyay Dielheim hantida qof sharaf leh markii ugu horreysay. Conz Mönch, si loo xaqiijiyo inuu xakameeyo aagga, wuxuu dhisay qalcad fudud Teufelskopf. Qalcaddan waxay u badnayd mid u eg beer la adkeeyay intii ay noqon lahayd qalcad sax ah. Ilaalinta go'doomiyey ma aysan jiri karin muddo dheer waxaana si degdeg ah loogu tilmaamay mid la dayacay. In ka yar 200 sano ka dib, qalcaddu waxay u muuqataa magaca meesha. Ka dib isbeddello badan oo xagga lahaanshaha ah oo la hibeeyay jeer badan (qoysaska sharafta leh ee lagu diiwaangeliyay xilligan waxaa ka mid ah von Sickingen, von Rosenberg, von Menzingen, von Neipberg, von Gemmingen iyo sidoo kale amiir-wadaaddada Speyer), Dielheim ugu dambeyntii waxay timid iyadoo ahayd mid dhan oo ku jirta lahaanshaha amiir-wadaaddada Speyer 1512. Xarunta maamulka Dielheim ee amiir-wadaadku waxay ku jirtay Rotenberg. Dagaalkii [[German Peasants' War]] ee 1525, beeraley badan oo ka tirsan Dielheim ayaa u dagaalamay dhinaca waxa loogu yeero Mob of Malsch (''Malscher Haufens'') oo ka soo horjeeda cadaadiska xukunka amiir-wadaaddada. Ka dib guuldarradii kacaanka, tuulada waxay la kulantay ganaaxyo adag. Dagaalkii [[Thirty Years' War]], Dielheim waxaa ku dhowaad gebi ahaanba burburiyay ciidamadii [[Electorate of the Palatinate]] ee Rhine, [[Holy Roman Empire]], iyo [[Sweden]]. Gobolka ayaa si tartiib ah uga soo kabtay khasaaraha dadka iyo dhismayaasha. Way adkayd in waxyaabaha muhiimka ah ee tuulada dib loo dhiso markii Dagaalkii Kala Dambaynta Palatinian (oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano [[War of the Grand Alliance]]) uu qarxay. 1689 jeneraalkii [[France|Faransiiska]] [[Ezechiel du Mas, Comte de Melac|Mélac]] wuxuu Dielheim u beddelay dhas. Sababta awgeed ma jiro dhisme ka soo jeeda xilligii masiibadan oo maanta haray. Laga soo bilaabo bartamihii qarnigii 18-aad tirada dadka gobolka ayaa kor u kacday. Dadka badan ee gobolka waxay horseeday in hantidii loo qaybiyo qaybo aad u yar sababtoo ah dhaxal. Beerihii waxaa loo qaybiyay qaybo aad u yar oo aan awoodin inay sii taageeraan ama quudiyaan dadka dhulka saaran. Boqolaal ayaa isku dayay inay helaan nasiibkooda iyagoo u haajiraya [[Hungary]], [[Russia]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]], [[Algeria]], [[South America]], [[Switzerland]], iyo dhammaantood, [[United States of America]]. Ugu dambeyntii, tahriibku kuma filneyn in la xaqiijiyo in qof kasta oo ku haray Dielheim uu haysto shaqo iyo cunto ku filan. Warshadda [[tobacco]] waxay ka faa'iideysatay xaaladdan 1850. Badeecada xad-dhaafka ah ee shaqada iyo kharashka yar ee shaqadaas qaybaha miyiga ah ee Baden waxay caawiyeen warshadda [[cigar]] inay kor u kacdo. Ilaa 100 sano dad badan oo Dielheim ah waxay nolochooda ka soo saareen warshadaha sigaarka ee tirada badan ee tuulada, ka dib warshaddii tubaakada waxay gashay hoos u dhac degdeg ah. Laga soo bilaabo ilaa 800 oo shaqo si kedis ah waxaa u haray 10 oo keliya. Shaqaaluhu waxay ahayd inay dib isu habeeyaan oo ay qaataan shaqooyin cusub oo aan la aqoon. Tani waxay beddeshay Dielheim 1950-meeyadii iyo 1960-meeyadii una beddeshay [[commuter town]]. Kaliya abuuritaanka degmada warshadaha iyo ganacsiga Dielheim waxay horseeday abuuritaanka shirkadaha u gaarka ah, si ay shaqaaluhu mar kale u helaan shaqooyin magaalada ah. Dielheim maanta waxaa loo yaqaanaa gobolka khamri-kordhinta oo wata 77 [[hectares]] oo ah beero canab ah oo ku xeeran. ''Dielheimer Teufelskopf'' waxaa yaqaana dadka jecel khamriga Jarmalka oo dhan. 1972 Horrenberg waxay ku biirtay degmada Dielheim. ===Horrenberg=== [[Image:COA Horrenberg.svg|thumb|Horrenberg's coat of arms until 1972]] Horrenberg waxay ku taal waddada u dhaxeysa Speyer, [[Bad Wimpfen]], iyo [[Nuremberg]] taas oo la isticmaalayay tan iyo xilligii Roomaanka. Waddadan, oo loo bixiyay waddada weyn ee boqortooyada (''Reichstrasse'') 1433, waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah waddooyinka ugu muhiimsan Jarmalka ilaa dhammaadkii Dhexe. Dukumentiyada dhexe, waddada waxaa badanaa loo tixraacaa sidii ''Kaiserstraße'', waddada weyn ee boqorka, sababtoo ah qarniyadii badnaa shakhsiyaad badan oo sar-sare ayaa isticmaalay waddada weyn ee boqortooyada. Jeneraalkii Roomaanka [[Julian the Apostate|Julian]] (359), boqorkii Huns [[Attila the Hun|Attila]] (451), boqor [[Conrad III of Germany|Conrad III]] (1150), boqor [[Philipp of Swabia]] (1199), boqor [[Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick II]] (1205), iyo boqor [[Henry VII, Holy Roman Emperor|Henry VII]] (1224) dhammaantood waxay joogeen meel ka sarraysa halka Horrenberg maanta taallo. Cad yar oo muraayad ah oo qiimo leh oo ka soo jeeda qarnigii 11-aad ama 12-aad oo laga helay qalcadda Horrenberg waxay muujineysaa dhimashadii xisbiyada boqortooyada. Noocan ah muraayadda guduudan ee guduudan iyo caddaanka ah ayaa si kale looga helay kaliya [[Saint Denis Basilica|St. Denis]] ee [[Paris]], ee [[Italy|Talyaaniga]] [[Pavia]], iyo [[Birka]] u dhow [[Stockholm]]. Qiyaastii sanadka 1220, ninkii markaas xukumayay gobolka wuxuu dhisay munaarad la adkeeyay si uu u ilaaliyo waddada weyn ee boqortooyada ee saldhigga canshuurta ee Horrenberg. Goobta qalcadda, waxay doorteen buur ku taal waddada weyn agteeda taas oo soo baxday qayb hoose oo qoyan oo ka tirsan [[Leimbach (river)|Leimbach]]. ''Horrenberg'' waxay ka timaaddaa HOR- qoyan ama dhoobo iyo BERG buur ama tuulo. Qalcadda agteeda tuulo yar ayaa horumarisay waqti ka waqti. Sharafta ugu horreysa ee lagu diiwaangeliyay xiriirka Horrenberg waa Dieter von Horrenberg 1238. Waxaa badanaa loogu magac daray qalcadda cusub. Kahor 1272, bishop [[Henry of Speyer]] wuxuu la wareegay [[Bruhrain]] sare oo ay tuulada Horrenberg iyo qalcaddu ka tirsanaayeen. Dukumentigan la xiriira iibsashada waa xuskii ugu horreeyay ee dhabta ah ee Horrenberg. Dukumentiyada ka weyn lama kalsoonaan karo si buuxda sababtoo ah habka la midka ah ee [[Castle Hornberg]] ee ku taal [[Neckar]] loo qoray xilligaas. 1366 boqor [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles IV]] wuxuu xaqiijiyay xaqqa bishop [[Lamprecht of Speyer]] si uu u ururiyo dakhliga canshuurta ee Horrenberg. Marka la gaaro bartamihii qarnigii 15-aad, qoyska yar ee sharafta leh ee Horrenberg wuxuu dhintay. [[prince-bishop of Speyer]] wuxuu lahaa inuu iska dhiibo awoodda Rotenberg, oo ay Horrenberg ka tirsanayd, Palatinate ee Rhine laga bilaabo 1462 ilaa 1498. Xilligan Horrenberg waxay gashay burbur maadaama madaxda Horrenberg aysan u baahnayn qalcadda waxayna ka tageen bulshada si ay u daryeesho nafteeda. Ilaha qarnigii 15-aad iyo 16-aad waxay si joogto ah u tixraacayaan ''qalcaddii hore''. Intii lagu guda jiray Dagaalkii Soddonka Sano, Horrenberg waxay la kulantay masiibo la mid ah tuulooyinka ku xeeran. Laga bilaabo 1618 ilaa 1648 tuulada waxaa marar badan dhacay ciidamadii boqortooyada, palatine, Swedish, [[Bavaria]]n, iyo Faransiiska. Dhamaadka dagaalka, saddex qoys oo keliya ayaa weli ku noolaa Horrenberg. Dhammaan guryaha waa la burburiyay. 20 sano kadib Dagaalkii Soddonka Sano, waxaa jiray 12 guri oo la degan yahay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tuuladu waligeed dib ugama aysan helin muhiimaddu ay lahayd ka hor dagaalka. Saldhigga canshuurta dib looma dhisin. Beeraleyda idaha ee muhiimka ah iyo ''Hubhof'' weyn ee amiir-wadaadku waxay u adeegeen oo keliya door ahaan alaabooyin la kiraysan karo. Kaliya dhammaadkii qarnigii 18-aad tirada dadka degan waxay kordheen ilaa heerka ay dhulka la beero ee la heli karo uusan sii wada filneyn. Dhalinyaro badan iyo qoysas dhan ayaa u haajiray dibadda. Warshadda tubaakada marka loo eego bulshooyinka kale ee gobolka waxay ahaayeen kuwo aad u daaha ka dhisay warshadaha sigaarka ee bulshada Horrenberg-Balzfeld. 1932 Oberhof iyo Unterhof waxaa lagu daray Horrenberg. Ka dib [[World War II|WW II]] tirada dadka Horrenberg ayaa kor u kacday sababtoo ah soo gelitaanka qaxootiga. Maanta tuuladii yaraa ee hore waxaa lagu beddelay bulsho deegaaneed casri ah. Bartamaha tuulada, hoolka magaalada ee hore (oo la dhisay 1845) wuxuu weli xukumayaa dabeecadda tuulada. Maaddaama Horrenberg-Balzfeld lagu daray Dielheim 1972, hoolka magaalada wuxuu lumiyay shaqadiisii asalka ahayd. Buurta qalcadda, oo mar kale la heli karo, waxay muujineysaa calaamad yar oo ah inay mar martigelisay qalcad. Maanta waxay u adeegtaa meel nasasho iyo meel aragti ah. ===Balzfeld=== Laga bilaabo Dhexe, Balzfeld waxay siyaasad ahaan ka tirsanayd deriskeeda aadka u da'da yar, Horrenberg. Balzfeld waxaa la rumeysan yahay inay aasaastay qiyaastii sanadka 1000. Koox ka mid ah qabuuraha buuraha ee dhagaxa hore (qiyaastii 2000 BC) waxay muujineysaa degitaanka hore ee buuraha miraha leh ee Kraichgau. Sanadkii 1306 Balzfeld waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu dokumentiyay sida ''Balgesuelt'' (balg = god ama god). Waqtigan, tuuladu waxay horey u lumisay madaxbannaanideeda siyaasadeed ee Horrenberg. Isla waqtigaas, Horrenberg waxaa mar walba loo tilmaamayay inay ka tirsan tahay Balzfeld ee hirarkii kaniisadda. "Hoolka magaalada wuxuu ku jiraa Horrenberg kaniisadduna waxay ku taal Balzfeld," waxay ka muuqataa marar badan diiwaannada iyo dukumentiyada. Sanadkii 1559 labada tuulo waxay si cad ugu midoobeen hal bulsho oo ay soo saartay amar ka yimid taliyihii maxalliga ah ka dib dagaal dhex maray dadka degan. Lahaanshaha waxaa loo maamulay si gebi ahaanba ka duwan Balzfeld xorta ah marka loo eego qalcadda tuulada Horrenberg ee ay xukumaan sharafle. Burghers-ka Balzfeld waxay lahaayeen beerahooda waxayna haysteen marin ku filan oo ah guud ahaan, beero, iyo kayn, si ka duwan dadka degan Horrenberg. Beeraleyda Horrenberger waxay deyn ku lahaayeen sayidkooda waxayna lahaayeen dhul yar oo iyaga u gaar ah. Waxay ahaayeen kiraystayaal u ahaa sayidkooda. [[Image:COA Unterhof.svg|thumb|Unterhof's coat of arms until 1932]] Dagaalkii Soddonka Sano wuxuu dhimay tirada dadka Balzfeld ilaa 3 qoys. Waad ku mahadsan tahay goobteeda ka baxsan waddada weyn ee boqortooyada, tuuladu ma aysan ahaan mid aan dhib lahayn marka loo eego tuulooyinka deriska ah. Helitaanka aan la taaban karin waxay la macne tahay in Balzfeld ay dib uga dhacday horumarka marka loo eego Horrenberg tan iyo Dagaalkii Soddonka Sano. Kaliya maahan tan awgeed, waxaa jiray toddobo isku day oo aan guuleysan u dhexeeya 1705 iyo 1966 si loogu siiyo dadka Balzfeld madaxbannaanida siyaasadeed ee Horrenberg. Xudunta hore ee tuulada waxaa taagan qarnigii 14-aad Holy Cross (''Heilig Kreuz'') kaniisadda. Si ka duwan Dielheim iyo Horrenberg, Balzfeld waxay awood u yeelatay inay ilaaliso dabeecaddeeda duugga ah ee xudunta tuulada. Iyada oo loo marayo tallaabooyinka cusboonaysiinta tuulada ee dhowaan Balzfeld waxay isku dayday inay ka faa'iideysato tan. ===Unterhof=== Unterhof sida Oberhof waxaa loo aasaasay degmo feudal ah oo loogu talagalay sayid maxalli ah. Malaha tani waa tuulada lagu xusay qiyaastii sanadka 860 oo ay साथ Dielheim ku jirto Lorsch codex oo la yiraahdo ''Hiltibrandeshusen''. Sanadkii 1341 Unterhof waxaa markii ugu horreysay loogu magac daray dukumentiyada ''inferiori curia'' (beer yar ama hoose) ee buugga kirada ee xafiiska Speyer ee Rotenberg. Sanadkii 1401 magaca ''zum Nydernhofe'' waa muuqaalkii ugu horreeyay ee magaca ee luqadda Jarmalka. Qarniyo badan amiir-wadaaddada Speyer waxay xaddideen tirada beeraha ilaa saddex. Intii lagu guda jiray Dagaalkii Soddonka Sano dadka degan waxay ka carareen beerahooda Unterhof-na waxay jiiftay c cidlo ah oo ay caws ka baxay tobanaan sano. Dib-u-degidda ka dib, Unterhof iyo Oberhof, oo ah beeraha kiraystayaasha ee madaxda maxalliga ah, mararka qaarkood waxaa is-maamula. Markii ugu horreysay tan iyo 1932 ka dib dagaal dheer oo loogu jiro madaxbannaanidooda, degmooyinka waxay ka tirsan yihiin Horrenberg. Sanadihii ugu dambeeyay, Unterhof waxay u beddeshay nafteeda bulsho deegaaneed oo ay weli si xoog leh u saameyn ku leedahay beeraha. ===Oberhof=== [[Image:DEU Oberhof Murg COA.svg|thumb|Oberhof's coat of arms until 1932]] Oberhof, oo ah tuulada ugu yar ee degmada Dielheim, waxay ilaalisay muuqaalkeeda dhaqameed ee ugu fiican. Tuulada waxaa markii ugu horreysay lagu xusay dukumentiyada 1341 sida ''superiore curia'' (beer sare ama sare). Tuuladu waxay haysatay cabirkeeda weyn ee ka sarreeya Unterhof ilaa qarnigii 20-aad. Sababtoo ah aagga weyn iyo ciidda wanaagsan, amiir-wadaaddada Speyer waxay oggolaadeen dhismaha 5 beerood oo dhaxal ah. Horeba 1401 beeraha kiraystayaasha ee Oberhof waxaa loo tixgeliyey inay wanaagsan yihiin. Laga soo bilaabo dhammaadkii qarnigii 19-aad, xiriirada gaadiidka ee liita ee Oberhof waxay bilaabeen inay yeeshaan saameyn xun. Tirada dadka degan waxay degtay si joogto ah marka loo eego tuulooyinka kale. Maanta tuuladu waxay isku dayaysaa inay ilaaliso wejigeeda si wanaagsan loo ilaaliyay intii suurtogal ah. ==Dowladda== ===Golaha degmada=== {| border=0 |- bgcolor=#FFFFFF |- bgcolor=#CCDDEE | colspan=6 align=center | Municipal Council 2004 |- bgcolor=#CCDDEE |Party||Votes||Seats |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |[[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|CDU]] ||align=right | 62.9%||align=right | 14 |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |[[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]] ||align=right | 17.8%||align=right | 3 |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |Women for the Community (''Bürgerinnen für die Gemeinde'')||align=right | 12.7%||align=right | 2 |- bgcolor=#DDEEFF |[[Alliance '90/The Greens|Green]] ||align=right | 6.6%||align=right | 1 |- bgcolor=#CCDDEE | colspan=6 align=center | Voter Participation: 59,0% |} ===Gaashaanka hubka=== Gaashaanka hubka waxaa laga soo ururiyay gaashaanka hubka ee hore ee Dielheim iyo Horrenberg. Labaduba waxaa ku jiray iskutallaabta lacagta ah ee ku taal goob buluug ah oo ka tirsan Amiir-wadaadada Speyer. Calanku waa caddaan iyo buluug waxaana lagu daray gaashaanka hubka ee uu bixiyay xafiiska maamulka degmada Rhein-Neckar 1985. ===Magaalooyinka mataanaha ah=== *[[Image:Flag of France.svg|25px]] [[St. Nicolas-de-Port]], [[France]], May 1985 *[[Image:Flag of Hungary.svg|25px]] [[Lengyeltóti]], [[Hungary]], June 1994 ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * {{Official website}} {{in lang|de}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070205092852/http://www.horrenberg.de/ Official Homepage of Horrenberg] * [http://www.balzfeld.de Official Homepage of Balzfeld] {{commons category|Dielheim}} {{Authority control}} 4t4n3wpk2sb4xd5kv406r6kteiondno 0 50307 304426 2026-08-08T14:03:35Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = Dielkirchen.jpg |image_coa = DEU Dielkirchen COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|39|38|N|7|49|02|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dielkirchen in KIB.svg |state = |district = Donnersbergkreis |Verbandsgemeinde = Nordpfälzer Land |elevation = 194 |area = 8.1 |postal_code = 67811 |area_code = 06361 |licence = KIB |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 33 014 |divisions = |mayor = Werner Maximilian Lieb<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3330000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Donnersbergkreis], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 9 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 }} '''Dielkirchen''' ({{IPA|de|diːlˈkɪʁçn̩}}) waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Donnersbergkreis]], ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Dielkirchen waxay leedahay bedkeedu yahay 8.10&nbsp;km² iyo dadweyne dhan 453 (ilaa Diseembar 31, 2020). ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} q5sset74hu0cpehaf6jbxjwg2409hov 0 50308 304427 2026-08-08T14:05:07Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|51|58|N|9|37|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dielmissen in HOL.svg |state = |district = Holzminden |Samtgemeinde = Eschershausen-Stadtoldendorf |elevation = 140 |area = 7.47 |postal_code = 37633 |area_code = 05534 |licence = HOL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 2 55 010 |website = |mayor = Theo Krause |party = CDU }} '''Dielmissen''' waa degmo ka tirsan [[Holzminden (district)|degmada Holzminden]], ee gobolka [[Lower Saxony|Niedersachsen]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} n61wsd0d4jqi7xgorq2f9cpndcirodi 0 50309 304428 2026-08-08T14:06:41Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = Ortsgemeinde |name = Dienethal |image_photo = Dienethal3.jpg |image_coa = DEU Dienethal COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|50|18|15.8|N|7|46|40.82|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dienethal in EMS.svg |state = |district = Rhein-Lahn-Kreis |Verbandsgemeinde = Bad Ems-Nassau |elevation = 150 |area = 1.39 |postal_code = 56379 |area_code = 02604 |licence = EMS, DIZ, GOH |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 41 027 |website = [http://gemeinde-dienethal.de/ gemeinde-dienethal.de] |mayor = Andreas Ritter<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1410000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Rhein-Lahn-Kreis], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 5 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = }} '''Dienethal''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdiːnətaːl}}) waa degmo ka tirsan [[Rhein-Lahn|degmada Rhein-Lahn]], ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], galbeedka [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay [[Bad Ems-Nassau|bulshada ururka Bad Ems-Nassau]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} nur5uq3y70yijlk77yxs9lkvuqol4e5 0 50310 304429 2026-08-08T14:08:13Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = Grosses Wappen Diepenau.png |coordinates = {{coord|52|25|22|N|8|44|00|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Diepenau in NI.svg |state = |district = Nienburg/Weser |Samtgemeinde = Uchte |elevation = 44 |area = 70.05 |postal_code = 31603 |area_code = 05775 und 05777 |licence = NI |Gemeindeschlüssel = 03 2 56 004 |divisions = 5 |website = [http://www.diepenau.de www.diepenau.de] |mayor = Annegret Trampe |Bürgermeistertitel= Bürgermeisterin |party = CDU }} '''Diepenau''' waa degmo ka tirsan [[Nienburg (district)|degmada Nienburg]], ee gobolka [[Lower Saxony|Niedersachsen]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} o9zuykjca1bthyh1m6o43uk17lhfmbq 0 50311 304430 2026-08-08T14:09:41Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = Gemeinde |name = Diera-Zehren |image_photo = |image_coa = Wappen_diera-zehren.png |coordinates = {{coord|51|12|N|13|26|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Diera-Zehren in MEI.svg |state = |district = Meißen |elevation = 157 |area = 43.20 |postal_code = 01665 |area_code = 035267, 035247 |licence = MEI, GRH, RG, RIE |Gemeindeschlüssel = 14627020 |website = [http://www.diera-zehren.de/ www.diera-zehren.de] |mayor = Carola Balk<ref>[https://www.statistik.sachsen.de/wahlen/bm/BM2001-2018/B%fcrgermeisterwahlen%202001-2018/wahlen.statistik.sachsen.de/wahlarchiv/pkg_w04_nav5c95.html Bürgermeisterwahlen 2018], Freistaat Sachsen, accessed 10 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2018&ndash;25 }} '''Diera-Zehren''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Meissen (district)|Meißen]], ee gobolka [[Saxony|Sachsen]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} b4wgbv7c0is4pi64ebncregbrnxh86k 0 50312 304431 2026-08-08T14:11:02Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = DEU Dierbach COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|05|01|N|8|04|08|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dierbach in SÜW.svg |state = |district = Südliche Weinstraße |Verbandsgemeinde = Bad Bergzabern |elevation = 146 |area = 5.48 |postal_code = 76889 |area_code = 06340 |licence = SÜW |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 37 018 |website = [http://www.gemeinde-dierbach.de/ www.gemeinde-dierbach.de] |mayor = Manfred Huckle<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3370000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Südliche Weinstraße], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 10 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 }} '''Dierbach''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdiːɐ̯ˌbax}}) waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Südliche Weinstraße]], ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} gixpj2fal68s2lertf4t5vokhoy37ca 0 50313 304432 2026-08-08T14:12:37Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = DEU Dierfeld COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|50|05|04|N|06|53|24|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dierfeld in WIL.svg |state = |district = Bernkastel-Wittlich |Verbandsgemeinde = Wittlich-Land |elevation = 420 |area = 1.54 |postal_code = 54533 |area_code = 06572 |licence = WIL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 2 31 021 |website = [http://www.dierfeld.de www.dierfeld.de] |mayor = Roderich von Greve-Dierfeld<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/2310000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Bernkastel-Wittlich], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 6 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 }} '''Dierfeld''' waa ''Ortsgemeinde'' – oo ah [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', oo ah nooc ka mid ah degmo wadaag ah – oo ku taal degmada [[Bernkastel-Wittlich]] ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Ka mid ah degmooyinka ugu yar Jarmalka, waa midda ugu dadka yar, iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin kaliya 9 qof degmada. == Juqraafi == === Goobta === Dierfeld waxaa laga gaari karaa kaliya dhinaca galbeed iyadoo la marinayo waddo yar oo meesha ku xiraysa [[Laufeld]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay ''Verbandsgemeinde'' [[Wittlich-Land]]. === Degmooyinka deriska ah === Marka laga reebo Laufeld, deriska kale waa [[Wallscheid]], [[Mückeln]], [[Oberscheidweiler]], [[Hasborn]], [[Niederöfflingen]] iyo [[Oberöfflingen]]. == Taariikh == Dierfeld waxay ka timid aqal ugaarsasho oo ay dhiseen [[County of Manderscheid|Tirada Manderscheid]] qarnigii 16-aad. Laga soo bilaabo 1794, Dierfeld waxay ku hoos jirtay xukunka [[France|Faransiiska]]. 1814 waxaa loo qoondeeyay Boqortooyada [[Prussia]] ee [[Congress of Vienna]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1947, waxay ka mid ahayd gobolka cusub ee la aas-aasay ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]. === Dadweynaha === Dierfeld waxay leedahay kaliya sagaal degmo waxayna tahay degmada ugu dadka yar dhammaan Jarmalka (ilaa 2021). Madaxa degmada iyo duqa magaalada waa Gerhard von Greve-Dierfeld. == Siyaasad == Golaha degmada wuxuu ka kooban yahay 6 xubnood oo golaha ah (tani, dabcan, waxay ka dhigan tahay in laba qof oo kaliya oo degmada ku jira ayan ka tirsaneyn golaha), kuwaas oo lagu soo doorashay [[Plurality voting system|codadka badnaanshaha]] doorashadii degmada ee la qabtay 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa magaalada sharafta leh oo ah gudoriye.<ref>[http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/2310302100.html Kommunalwahl Rheinland-Pfalz 2009, Gemeinderat]</ref> Doorashooyinka Baarlamaanka Yurub, Bundestag, iyo Landtag, aag codayn oo wadajir ah ayaa lala sameeyay Manderscheid si loo hubiyo in waraaqaha codaynta la qariyo.<ref>Warbixin ku jirta ''Die Rheinpfalz'' oo soo baxday 27 Luulyo 2008</ref> 2006, degmadu waxay lahayd qiimaha ugu sarreeya ee canshuurta ganacsiga ee Rhineland-Palatinate. Arrintan waxaa xalliyay duqa magaalada, oo sidoo leh xanaanada geedaha. Degmadu waa mid aan lahayn deyn.<ref>Warbixin ku jirta ''Die Rheinpfalz'' oo soo baxday 20 Luulyo 2008</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.dierfeld.de Dierfeld] {{in lang|de}} *[http://www.swr.de/hierzuland-rp/archiv/2004/06/14/ Dierfeld in the television programme ''Hierzuland''] {{in lang|de}} {{authority control}} hwvmbl7shhkp5yx4mzi46p0ux372gju 304513 304432 2026-08-09T04:09:54Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = DEU Dierfeld COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|50|05|04|N|06|53|24|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dierfeld in WIL.svg |state = |district = Bernkastel-Wittlich |Verbandsgemeinde = Wittlich-Land |elevation = 420 |area = 1.54 |postal_code = 54533 |area_code = 06572 |licence = WIL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 2 31 021 |website = [http://www.dierfeld.de www.dierfeld.de] |mayor = Roderich von Greve-Dierfeld<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/2310000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Bernkastel-Wittlich], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 6 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 }} '''Dierfeld''' waa ''Ortsgemeinde'' – oo ah [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', oo ah nooc ka mid ah degmo wadaag ah – oo ku taal degmada [[Bernkastel-Wittlich]] ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Ka mid ah degmooyinka ugu yar Jarmalka, waa midda ugu dadka yar, iyadoo ay ku nool yihiin kaliya 9 qof degmada. == Juqraafi == === Goobta === Dierfeld waxaa laga gaari karaa kaliya dhinaca galbeed iyadoo la marinayo waddo yar oo meesha ku xiraysa [[Laufeld]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay ''Verbandsgemeinde'' [[Wittlich-Land]]. === Degmooyinka deriska ah === Marka laga reebo Laufeld, deriska kale waa [[Wallscheid]], [[Mückeln]], [[Oberscheidweiler]], [[Hasborn]], [[Niederöfflingen]] iyo [[Oberöfflingen]]. == Taariikh == Dierfeld waxay ka timid aqal ugaarsasho oo ay dhiseen [[County of Manderscheid|Tirada Manderscheid]] qarnigii 16-aad. Laga soo bilaabo 1794, Dierfeld waxay ku hoos jirtay xukunka [[France|Faransiiska]]. 1814 waxaa loo qoondeeyay Boqortooyada [[Prussia]] ee [[Congress of Vienna]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1947, waxay ka mid ahayd gobolka cusub ee la aas-aasay ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]. === Dadweynaha === Dierfeld waxay leedahay kaliya sagaal degmo waxayna tahay degmada ugu dadka yar dhammaan Jarmalka (ilaa 2021). Madaxa degmada iyo duqa magaalada waa Gerhard von Greve-Dierfeld. == Siyaasad == Golaha degmada wuxuu ka kooban yahay 6 xubnood oo golaha ah (tani, dabcan, waxay ka dhigan tahay in laba qof oo kaliya oo degmada ku jira ayan ka tirsaneyn golaha), kuwaas oo lagu soo doorashay [[Plurality voting system|codadka badnaanshaha]] doorashadii degmada ee la qabtay 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa magaalada sharafta leh oo ah gudoriye.<ref>[http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/2310302100.html Kommunalwahl Rheinland-Pfalz 2009, Gemeinderat]</ref> Doorashooyinka Baarlamaanka Yurub, Bundestag, iyo Landtag, aag codayn oo wadajir ah ayaa lala sameeyay Manderscheid si loo hubiyo in waraaqaha codaynta la qariyo.<ref>Warbixin ku jirta ''Die Rheinpfalz'' oo soo baxday 27 Luulyo 2008</ref> 2006, degmadu waxay lahayd qiimaha ugu sarreeya ee canshuurta ganacsiga ee Rhineland-Palatinate. Arrintan waxaa xalliyay duqa magaalada, oo sidoo leh xanaanada geedaha. Degmadu waa mid aan lahayn deyn.<ref>Warbixin ku jirta ''Die Rheinpfalz'' oo soo baxday 20 Luulyo 2008</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.dierfeld.de Dierfeld] {{in lang|de}} *[http://www.swr.de/hierzuland-rp/archiv/2004/06/14/ Dierfeld in the television programme ''Hierzuland''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.swr.de/hierzuland-rp/archiv/2004/06/14/ |date=20070929134504 }} {{in lang|de}} {{authority control}} n1b7pprzjb20jctv519op9lmecaoiz7 0 50314 304433 2026-08-08T14:14:18Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = |image_photo = Dierhagen Backsteinkirche.jpg |image_caption = Protestant church |coordinates = {{coord|54|17|29|N|12|21|38|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dierhagen_in_VR.svg |state = |district = Vorpommern-Rügen |Amt = Darß/Fischland |elevation = 3 |area = 27.47 |postal_code = 18347 |area_code = 038226 |licence = NVP |Gemeindeschlüssel = 13 0 73 017 |website = {{url|https://www.ostseebad-dierhagen.de/}} |mayor = Christiane Müller |party = Linke }} '''Dierhagen''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Vorpommern-Rügen]], ee gobolka [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. == Goobta == Dierhagen waxay ku taal jasiiradda Fischland-Darß-Zingst. Degmada waxaa ku wareegsan [[Baltic Sea]] dhanka waqooyi iyo waqooyi-galbeed iyo [[Saaler Bodden]] dhanka bari iyo koon-bari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ostseebad-dierhagen.de/de/dierhagen|title = Dierhagen - Ostseebad Dierhagen}}</ref> Dierhagen waxay leedahay lix degmo: * Dierhagen Dorf * Dierhagen Strand, oo ah xeeb dhererkeedu yahay 7-km oo leh ciid cad oo fiican * Dierhagen Ost * Neuhaus * [[Dändorf]] * Körkwitz == Taariikh == Dierhagen waxaa la aas-aasay 1311 markii dadkii degay ee Jarmalka ay ballaariyeen dhulkooda oo ay u galeen aagga Ribnitz (oo loo guuriyay xagga bari).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dierhagen1311.de/ |title=Home |website=dierhagen1311.de}}</ref> == Dadka caanka ah == *[[Egon Krenz]], oo si kooban uga soo shaqeeyay hoggaamiyaha [[East Germany]] 1989, wuxuu ku noolaa magaalada ilaa 2003. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *{{Commons category-inline}} {{Authority control}} 1nhjlivyxodwdkwnd7fe01qk93ljjtd 0 50315 304434 2026-08-08T14:16:00Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = Ortsgemeinde |image_coa = DEU Dierscheid COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|54|N|06|46|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dierscheid in WIL.svg |state = |district = Bernkastel-Wittlich |Verbandsgemeinde = Wittlich-Land |elevation = 400 |area = 2.42 |postal_code = 54523 |area_code = 06508 |licence = WIL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 2 31 022 |website = |mayor = Dirk Laudwein<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/2310000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Bernkastel-Wittlich], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 6 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = }} '''Dierscheid''' waa ''Ortsgemeinde'' – oo ah [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', oo ah nooc ka mid ah degmo wadaag ah – oo ku taal degmada [[Bernkastel-Wittlich]] ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. == Juqraafi == Degmadu waxay ku taal keynta [[Meulenwald]] buuraleyda ah, koonfur-galbeed ee Wittlich oo jooggeedu yahay qiyaastii 400&nbsp;m oo ka sarreeya [[sea level|heerka badda]]. Dierscheid agteeda waxaa ku taal Kellerberg, oo ah 448&nbsp;m buurta ugu sarreysa [[Wittlich-Land|''Verbandsgemeinde'' ee Wittlich-Land]], taas oo Dierscheid ay ka tirsan tahay, oo xarunteedu tahay [[Wittlich]], inkastoo magaaladu aysan iyadu ku jirin ''Verbandsgemeinde''. == Taariikh == Degitaan hore waxaa markhaati ka ah haraaga derbi [[Ancient Rome|Roomaan ah]]. Qaar ka mid ah helitaanka arintaas waxaa lagu soo bandhigay matxafka taariikhda deegaanka. 1150, Dierscheid waxay markii ugu horreysay ku lahayd xusi dukumentiyada [[St. Maximin's Abbey, Trier|St. Maximin's Abbey]] ee ku taal [[Trier]]. Qarnigii 13-aad, tuuladu waxay lahayd magaca ''Dyrseit''. Sayidrada Bruch waxay haysteen xuquuqda tobanleyda ah ee kaniisadda [[Heidweiler]], oo ay ka tirsanayd kaniisadda laanta ee Dierscheid. Janaayo 1417, magacu wuxuu isu beddelay ''Diescheit''. Higgaadda magaca meesha aad bay u isbeddeshay: ''Dierscheid, Dierschet, Dischet, Dirscheit, Dierscheydt, Dierscheit, Dyrseit'' iyo ''Derseit''. Dierscheid waxay ka tirsanayd madax-oyooyinka Bruch, sidaas darteed waxay ku hoos jirtay madaxbannaanida Luxembourgish. Laga soo bilaabo 1794, Dierscheid waxay ku hoos jirtay xukunka [[France|Faransiiska]]. 1814 waxaa loo qoondeeyay Boqortooyada [[Prussia]] ee [[Congress of Vienna]]. Laga soo bilaabo 1946, waxay ka mid ahayd gobolka cusub ee la aas-aasay ee [[Rhineland-Palatinate]]. Dierscheid ilaa 1950-meeyadii waxaa lagu gartaa [[agriculture|beero-wareed]], [[forestry|kaymo-gelin]] iyo qodista dhagxaan jaban. Dadka degan tuulada waxaa maanta si fiican loogu yaqaanaa meel ka baxsan tuulada magaca ''Dierscheider Kieselklopper'' (“Burburiyeyaasha Dhagxaanta Dierscheid”). == Siyaasad == === Golaha degmada === Golaha wuxuu ka kooban yahay 6 xubnood oo golaha ah, kuwaas oo lagu soo doorashay [[Plurality voting system|codadka badnaanshaha]] doorashadii degmada ee la qabtay 7 Juun 2009, iyo duqa magaalada sharafta leh oo ah gudoriye.<ref>[http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/2310802200.html Kommunalwahl Rheinland-Pfalz 2009, Gemeinderat]</ref> === Gaashaanka hubka === Blazon-ka Jarmalka wuxuu akhrinayaa: ''In Silber auf rotem Dreiberg, darin eine goldene Hirschstange, drei grüne Fichten mit goldenen Zapfen''. Degmada [[Coat of arms|hubka]] waxaa lagu sifeyn karaa luqadda [[Heraldry|halyeyga]] Ingiriisiga sida soo socota: Argent in base a mount of three gules surmounted by a stag's attire fesswise Or, on each of the mount's knolls a spruce tree vert, the middle one taller, and each surmounted by six cones of the third, one, two and three. Hubkan waxaa loo haystaa inuu yahay [[Canting arms|canting]] maadaama ay muujinayaan magaca meesha iyo xitaa goobta juqraafiyeed. Magaca Dierscheid wuxuu ka dhigan yahay “Deer-Wild”<ref>In kasta oo ay run tahay in ''Rehwild'', erayga ku jira maqaalka asalka ah ee Wikipedia ee Jarmalka, uu macnaheedu noqon karo “roe deer”, turjumaaddu kuma habboona macnaha halkan.</ref> (erayada ''Dier'' uma muuqato in si dambe looga isticmaalo [[German language|Jarmalka]], iyadoo ''Reh'' iyo ''Hirsch'' ay yihiin erayada caadiga ah, laakiin waa [[cognate]] cad oo leh erayga [[English language|Ingiriisiga]] ee hadda jira), sidaas darteed geeska (ama “labiska” luqadda halyeyga) iyo geedaha spruces. Buurta saddexda guntin leh ee ku taal saldhigga [[escutcheon (heraldry)|escutcheon]] waxay astaan ​​u tahay goobta degmada ee joogagga buuraha ee [[Voreifel]]. [[tincture (heraldry)|tinctures]] argent iyo gules (lacag iyo casaan) waa tixraac ku socda u hoggaansanaanta hore ee tuulada ee [[Electorate of Trier]]. == Dhaqanka iyo indha-indhaynta == * Kellerberg, oo ah meesha ugu sarreysa Koonfure Eifel. * Kaydka tuulada iyo matxafka taariikhda deegaanka, oo ku jira aqal farsamo oo taayir hore ah oo laga soo bilaabo qiyaastii 1900 * Kaniisadda Saint Lawrence (''Laurentiuskapelle'') ee laga soo bilaabo 1796, oo lagu dhisay dusha sare ee kaniisad kale oo laga soo bilaabo 1745 taas oo gubatay == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.eifel.at/index.php?type=subitem&item=orte&id=541 Dierscheid] {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} 55dwozy2i0s51ejumo6187gdzl8ya3j 0 50316 304435 2026-08-08T14:17:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Diespeck COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|36|N|10|38|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Diespeck in NEA.svg |state = |region = Mittelfranken |district = Neustadt a.d.Aisch-Bad Windsheim |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Diespeck |elevation = 301 |area = 20.99 |postal_code = 91456 |area_code = 09161 |licence = NEA |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 5 75 118 |divisions = 10 [[Ortsteil]]e |website = [http://www.diespeck.de/ www.diespeck.de] |mayor = Christian von Dobschütz<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = CSU }} '''Diespeck''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim]] ee gobolka [[Bavaria]] ee [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 9frbx2vp4r0010rg6gyf0wcz9etymm4 0 50317 304436 2026-08-08T14:19:06Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |type = Stadt |image_photo = Dietenheim.JPG |image_coa = DEU Dietenheim COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|12|43|N|10|4|24|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dietenheim in UL.svg |state = |region = Tübingen |district = Alb-Donau-Kreis |elevation = 513 |area = 18.75 |postal_code = 89165 |area_code = 07347 |licence = UL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 4 25 028 |website = [http://www.dietenheim.de/ www.dietenheim.de] |mayor = Christopher Eh<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/staatsanzeiger/wahlen/buergermeisterwahlen/ Aktuelle Wahlergebnisse], Staatsanzeiger, accessed 11 September 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;28 |party = independent }} '''Dietenheim''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdiːtn̩haɪm|-|De-Dietenheim.ogg}}) waa magaalo ka tirsan degmada [[Alb-Donau (district)|Alb-Donau]] ee gobolka [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Waxay ku taal banka bidix ee [[Iller]], {{convert|22|km|mi|abbr=on}} koonfur ka xiga [[Ulm]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 1oodp7157yav6l0gboa9u5bbajvcdk0 0 50318 304437 2026-08-08T14:20:57Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = Dietersburg.JPG |image_caption = |image_coa = DEU Dietersburg COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|30|N|12|55|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dietersburg in PAN.svg |state = |region = Niederbayern |district = Rottal-Inn |elevation = 427 |area = 55.03 |postal_code = 84378 |area_code = 08564, 08726 |licence = PAN |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 2 77 114 |website = [http://www.dietersburg.de www.dietersburg.de] |mayor = Stefan Hanner<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = }} '''Dietersburg''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdiːtɐsbʊʁk}}; [[Central Bavarian]]: ''Diederschburg'') waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Rottal-Inn]] ee gobolka [[Bavaria]] ee [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} g24giuvoelj51enzr4sr29f7qa8yjld 0 50319 304438 2026-08-08T14:22:27Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Dietersheim COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|34|N|10|31|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dietersheim in NEA.svg |state = |region = Mittelfranken |district = Neustadt a.d.Aisch-Bad Windsheim |elevation = 301 |area = 31.21 |postal_code = 91463 |area_code = 09161 |licence = NEA |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 5 75 119 |divisions = 8 [[Ortsteil]]e |website = [http://www.dietersheim.de/ www.dietersheim.de] |mayor = Jürgen Meyer<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]]. Retrieved 5 September 2023.</ref> |leader_term = 2023&ndash;29 |party = }} '''Dietersheim''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Neustadt (Aisch)-Bad Windsheim]] ee gobolka [[Bavaria]] ee [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Duqa magaalada== Jürgen Meyer waa duqa magaalada ilaa 2023. Wuxuu bedelay Robert Christensen. [[File:Dietersheim, Kirche in der Hauptstrasse foto8 2016-08-05 16.19.jpg|Dietersheim, church in der Hauptstrasse|thumb|left]] [[File:Dottenheim, die evangelisch-lutherische Pfarrkirche Sankt Markus DmD-5-75-119-23 foto4 2016-08-05 15.59.jpg|Dottenheim, reformed church Pfarrkirche Sankt Markus|thumb|center]] == Dadka caanka ah == === Wiilal iyo gabdho ka tirsan bulshada === * [[Carl Heinrich Wilhelm Hagen]] (1810-1868), taariikhyahan iyo ku-xigeenka Golaha Qaranka ee Paulskirche * [[Friedrich Wilhelm Hagen]] (1814-1888), wakiilka cilmi-nafsiga bini'aadantinimada iyo mid ka mid ah dadka mas'uulka ka ah aflagaadada [[Ludwig II of Bavaria]] === Shakhsiyaadka kale ee la xiriira bulshada === * Günter Schwanhäußer (1928-2014), ganacsade ("Schwan-Stabilo", qalin calaamadeeye) oo muddo dheer ku noolaa degmada Altheim ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} rjjbyfryudr8n5f3kyb1ausqlhxwwk6 0 50320 304439 2026-08-08T14:23:45Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304439 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Dieterskirchen COA.svg |image_skyline = Dieterskirchen 10 Mai 2017 01.jpg |image_caption = Dieterskirchen in 2017 |coordinates = {{coord|49|25|N|12|25|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dieterskirchen in SAD.svg |state = |region = Oberpfalz |district = Schwandorf |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Neunburg vorm Wald |elevation = 499 |area = 24.14 |postal_code = 92542 |area_code = 0 96 71 |licence = SAD |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 3 76 122 |website = {{url|http://www.dieterskirchen.de/}} |mayor = Anita Forster<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = CSU }} '''Dieterskirchen''' ({{IPA|de|diːtɐsˈkɪʁçn̩}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Schwandorf (district)|Schwandorf]] ee gobolka [[Bavaria]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. == Degmooyinka deriska ah == Bulshada deriska ah ee dhinaca saacadda: [[Oberviechtach]], [[Winklarn (Oberpfalz)|Winklarn]], [[Thanstein]], [[Neunburg vorm Wald]], [[Schwarzhofen]] iyo [[Niedermurach]]. {{Adjacent communities|width=auto | CENTER=Dieterskirchen | NORTH = [[File:DEU Oberviechtach COA.svg|35px|Coat of arms of Oberviechtach]]<br />[[Oberviechtach]]<br /><small> 6&nbsp;km</small> | NORTHEAST = [[File:DEU Winklarn COA.svg|35px|Coat of arms of Winklarn]]<br />[[Winklarn (Oberpfalz)|Winklarn]]<br /><small> 7&nbsp;km</small> | EAST = [[File:DEU Thanstein COA.svg|35px|Coat of arms of Thanstein]]<br />[[Thanstein]]<br /><small> 9&nbsp;km</small> | SOUTHEAST = [[File:DEU Thanstein COA.svg|35px|Coat of arms of Thanstein]]<br />[[Thanstein]]<br /><small> 9&nbsp;km</small> | SOUTH = [[File:DEU Neunburg vorm Wald COA.svg|35px|Coat of arms of Neunburg vorm Wald]]<br />[[Neunburg vorm Wald]]<br /><small> 10&nbsp;km</small> | SOUTHWEST = [[File:DEU Schwarzhofen COA.svg|35px|Coat of arms of Schwarzhofen]]<br />[[Schwarzhofen]]<br /><small> 9&nbsp;km</small> | WEST = [[File:DEU Niedermurach COA.svg|35px|Coat of arms of Niedermurach]]<br />[[Niedermurach]]<br /><small> 5&nbsp;km</small> | NORTHWEST = [[File:DEU Niedermurach COA.svg|35px|Coat of arms of Niedermurach]]<br />[[Niedermurach]]<br /><small> 5&nbsp;km</small> }} {| |[[File:Bild Dieterskirchen 2010 01.JPG|left|thumb|250px|Dieterskirchen in 2010]] |[[File:Dieterskirchen 02.JPG|left|thumb|250px|Dieterskirchen Castle]] |} ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category}} {{Authority control}} qpp0a3fka3lin1x5gn6it86g5x9kxjj 0 50321 304441 2026-08-08T14:25:10Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = DEU Diethardt COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|50|9|50|N|7|52|29|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Diethardt in EMS.svg |state = |district = Rhein-Lahn-Kreis |Verbandsgemeinde = Nastätten |elevation = 300 |area = 4.42 |postal_code = 56355 |area_code = 06772 |licence = EMS, DIZ, GOH |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 41 502 |divisions = 2 |website = [http://www.diethardt.de www.diethardt.de] |mayor = Kerstin Reek-Berghäuser<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1410000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Rhein-Lahn-Kreis], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 5 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = }} '''Diethardt''' waa degmo ka tirsan [[Rhein-Lahn|degmada Rhein-Lahn]], ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], galbeedka [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} gnoty27t5s41iy2ovecqp7jc8we3eyx 0 50322 304442 2026-08-08T14:26:36Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = Wappen Dietmannsried.svg |image_photo = Dietmannsried29.jpg |image_caption = Dietmannsried |coordinates = {{coord|47|49|N|10|17|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dietmannsried in OA.svg |state = |region = Schwaben |district = Oberallgäu |elevation = 682 |area = 53.68 |postal_code = 87463 |area_code = 08374 |licence = OA |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 7 80 119 |mayor = Werner Endres<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = |website = [http://www.dietmannsried.de www.dietmannsried.de] }} '''Dietmannsried''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdiːtmansʁiːt}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Oberallgäu]] ee gobolka [[Bavaria]] ee [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Magaalooyinka mataanaha ah== * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Carry-le-Rouet]], [[Bouches-du-Rhône]], [[France|Faransiiska]] ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} 6qwp1x534me6t189u8ybv7080rv9wb2 0 50323 304443 2026-08-08T14:33:55Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304443 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = Wappen Dietramszell.svg |image_photo = Kloster Dietramszell-GO-16.jpg |image_caption = Dietramszell Monastery |coordinates = {{coord|47|51|N|11|36|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dietramszell in TÖL.svg |state = |region = Oberbayern |district = Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen |elevation = 685 |area = 96.78 |postal_code = 83623 |area_code = 08027 (08171, 08176) |licence = TÖL |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 1 73 118 |website = [http://www.dietramszell.de/ www.dietramszell.de] |mayor = Josef Hauser<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], accessed 19 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = }} '''Dietramszell''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen]] ee gobolka [[Bavaria]], Jarmalka. Bulshada oo ka kooban 5,282 (2005) degmo waxay fadhisaa 685 mitir ka sarreysa heerka badda. Bulshada quruxda badan waxay noqotay mid caalami ah ka dib "[[Issa bin Zayed Al Nahyan|arrinta amiirka jirdilka]]" <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thelocal.de/20090512/19223|title = Tongues wagging over 'torture' sheikh's Bavarian second home|date = 12 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/unitedarabemirates/5304192/Abu-Dhabi-royal-under-house-arrest-over-torture-video.html|title = Abu Dhabi royal 'under house arrest' over torture video}}</ref> iyo ka dibna labada shakki ee ah in laga xayuubiyo [[Paul von Hindenburg]] iyo [[Adolf Hitler]] muwaadinnimadoodii sharafta lahayd.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-25437011|title=German town to strip Hitler of honorary citizenship|work=BBC News|date=18 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/wolfratshausen/dietramszell-boeses-erwachen-nach-dem-votum-1.1842624|title = Böses Erwachen nach dem Votum}}</ref> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== * [https://iconographic.warburg.sas.ac.uk/category/vpc-taxonomy-005332 The Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (photos of churches in Dietramszell)] {{Authority control}} cc0zgrwon0f3con7geyunm2wq43czyl 0 50324 304444 2026-08-08T14:35:22Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = Ortsgemeinde |image_photo = Dietrichingen-Kirschbacherhof-08-2019-gje.jpg |image_coa = DEU Dietrichingen COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|11|20|N|7|24|52|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dietrichingen in PS.svg |state = |district = Südwestpfalz |Verbandsgemeinde = Zweibrücken-Land |elevation = 245 |area = 9.38 |postal_code = 66484 |area_code = 06338 |licence = PS |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 40 208 |website = [http://www.dietrichingen.de/ www.dietrichingen.de] |mayor = Ulrike Vogelgesang<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3400000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Südwestpfalz], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 9 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 |party = }} '''Dietrichingen''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Südwestpfalz]], ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], galbeedka [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} hk0gpommd9c6pgmpe7vi4n7lxl04311 0 50325 304445 2026-08-08T14:37:29Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location | name = Dilschhausen | name_local = | image_photo = | imagesize = | image_caption = | image_coa = | coordinates = {{coord|50|49|04|N|08|39|31|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | image_plan = Karte Marburg Stadtteile und Nachbargemeinden.png | plantext = Stadtteile of Marburg | state = | district = [[Marburg-Biedenkopf]] | Amt = |Gemeindeverwaltungsverband = |Samtgemeinde = | Verbandsgemeinde = |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = |Verwaltungsverband = | type = Borough | City = [[Marburg]] | elevation = 261 | area = 6.27 | population = 174 | population_as_of = 2019-12-31 | pop_ref = <ref name=pop>{{cite web|url=https://www.marburg.de/downloads/datei/OTAwMDE5Nzc1Oy07L3d3dy92aHRkb2NzL21hcmJ1cmcvbWFyYnVyZy9tZWRpZW4vZG9rdW1lbnRlL2hhdXNoYWx0c3BsYW5fMjAyMV9iYW5kX2lf__3___ucGVm |title=Haushaltssatzung und Haushaltsplan 2021|publisher=Stadt Marburg|page=7|access-date=28 September 2021}}</ref> | postal_code = 35041 | area_code = 06420 | website = }} [[Image: Kirche Dilschhausen 1.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Dilschhausen chapel]] '''Dilschhausen''' waa xaafad (''[[Ortsbezirk]]'') ka tirsan [[Marburg]] ee [[Hesse]].<ref>[https://www.marburg.de/medien/satzungen/900000357_hauptsatzung_i.d.f._xxiii._nachtrag_inkrafttreten_am_27.11.2021.pdf Hauptsatzung der Universitätsstadt Marburg], § 3, 27 November 2021.</ref> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == * https://www.marburg.de/dilschhausen {{Commons category|Dilschhausen}} {{Authority control}} 9zr0sg5lvd5mp34lfapdeytgsmr65a0 0 50326 304446 2026-08-08T14:52:14Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |image_photo = |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|50|25|N|10|35|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dingsleben in HBN.png |state = |district = Hildburghausen |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Feldstein |elevation = 435 |area = 8.44 |postal_code = 98646 |area_code = 036873 |licence = HBN |Gemeindeschlüssel = 16 0 69 008 |mayor = Steffi Hartleb<ref>[https://wahlen.thueringen.de/datenbank/wahl1/wahl.asp?wahlart=BM&wJahr=0000&zeigeErg=LAND&auswertung=2 Gewählte Bürgermeister - aktuelle Landesübersicht], Freistaat Thüringen, accessed 10 November 2022.</ref> |leader_term = 2022&ndash;28 |party = }} '''Dingsleben''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Hildburghausen (district)|Hildburghausen]], ee gobolka [[Thuringia|Thüringen]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} ai5horh5kfrmcu7uhsh9ekv5ibpjybh 0 50327 304447 2026-08-08T14:53:45Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Dinkelscherben COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|21|N|10|35|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dinkelscherben in A.svg |image_photo = Dinkelscherben Rathaus 2071.JPG |image_caption = Town hall |state = |region = Schwaben |district = Augsburg |elevation = 460 |area = 67.65 |postal_code = 86424 |area_code = 08292 |licence = A |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 7 72 131 |mayor = Edgar Kalb<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = |website = [http://www.dinkelscherben.de www.dinkelscherben.de] }} '''Dinkelscherben''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdɪŋkl̩ˌʃɛʁbn̩}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Augsburg (district)|Augsburg]] ee gobolka [[Bavaria]] ee [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. [[Fleinhausen]], Anried, Breitenbronn, Ettelried, Grünenbaindt, Häder, Lindach, Oberschöneberg iyo Ried waa tuulooyin ka kooban degmada Dinkelscherben. == Gaadiidka == Dinkelscherben waxaa adeegga u fidiya [[Ulm-Augsburg railway]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} t72s2tgdam9npkcdbielllv7qznvjpi 0 50328 304448 2026-08-08T14:55:46Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Dintesheim COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|42|27|N|08|08|36|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dintesheim in AZ.svg |state = |district = Alzey-Worms |Verbandsgemeinde = Alzey-Land |elevation = 205 |area = 1.96 |postal_code = 55234 |area_code = 06735 |licence = AZ |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 31 014 |mayor = Frank Uwe Altendorf<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3310000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Alzey-Worms], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 3 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 }} '''Dintesheim''' waa ''Ortsgemeinde'' – oo ah [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', oo ah nooc ka mid ah degmo wadaag ah – oo ku taal degmada [[Alzey-Worms]] ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. == Juqraafi == Sida xarun [[winegrowing|canaab-beerista]], Dintesheim waxay ku taal degmada ugu weyn ee canaab-beerista Jarmalka, bartamaha [[Rheinhessen (wine region)|Rhenish Hesse]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay [[Alzey-Land|''Verbandsgemeinde'' ee Alzey-Land]], taas oo xarunteedu tahay [[Alzey]]. == Siyaasad == Goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 6 xubnood oo golaha ah, kuwaas oo lagu soo doorashay [[Plurality voting system|codadka badnaanshaha]], iyadoo duqa magaalada sharafta leh uu yahay gudoriye. Doorashadii ugu dambeysay ee degmada waxaa la qabtay 7 Juun 2009.<ref>[http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/3310101400.html Kommunalwahl Rheinland-Pfalz 2009, Gemeinderat]</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.alzey-land.de/content/5_og/5-1-1_content-ortsgemeinden-dintesheim.htm Dintesheim in the collective municipality’s Web pages] {{in lang|de}} *[http://www.swr.de/hierzuland-rp/archiv/2004/07/10/ Report on the ''Südwestrundfunk'' (SWR) programme ''Hierzuland'' from 10 July 2004] {{in lang|de}} {{authority control}} qxh7pxcngbujjc61n4aa7swvq2196ac 304515 304448 2026-08-09T04:13:27Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Dintesheim COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|42|27|N|08|08|36|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dintesheim in AZ.svg |state = |district = Alzey-Worms |Verbandsgemeinde = Alzey-Land |elevation = 205 |area = 1.96 |postal_code = 55234 |area_code = 06735 |licence = AZ |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 3 31 014 |mayor = Frank Uwe Altendorf<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/3310000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Alzey-Worms], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 3 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 }} '''Dintesheim''' waa ''Ortsgemeinde'' – oo ah [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan ''[[Verbandsgemeinde]]'', oo ah nooc ka mid ah degmo wadaag ah – oo ku taal degmada [[Alzey-Worms]] ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. == Juqraafi == Sida xarun [[winegrowing|canaab-beerista]], Dintesheim waxay ku taal degmada ugu weyn ee canaab-beerista Jarmalka, bartamaha [[Rheinhessen (wine region)|Rhenish Hesse]]. Waxay ka tirsan tahay [[Alzey-Land|''Verbandsgemeinde'' ee Alzey-Land]], taas oo xarunteedu tahay [[Alzey]]. == Siyaasad == Goluhu wuxuu ka kooban yahay 6 xubnood oo golaha ah, kuwaas oo lagu soo doorashay [[Plurality voting system|codadka badnaanshaha]], iyadoo duqa magaalada sharafta leh uu yahay gudoriye. Doorashadii ugu dambeysay ee degmada waxaa la qabtay 7 Juun 2009.<ref>[http://wahlen.rlp.de/kw/wahlen/2009/gemeinderatswahlen/ergebnisse/3310101400.html Kommunalwahl Rheinland-Pfalz 2009, Gemeinderat]</ref> == Tixraac == {{reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == *[http://www.alzey-land.de/content/5_og/5-1-1_content-ortsgemeinden-dintesheim.htm Dintesheim in the collective municipality’s Web pages] {{in lang|de}} *[http://www.swr.de/hierzuland-rp/archiv/2004/07/10/ Report on the ''Südwestrundfunk'' (SWR) programme ''Hierzuland'' from 10 July 2004] {{Wayback|url=http://www.swr.de/hierzuland-rp/archiv/2004/07/10/ |date=20070929134828 }} {{in lang|de}} {{authority control}} 2gsx8xxhb631b1j6eu0yrrgcseyd1w5 0 50329 304449 2026-08-08T14:57:48Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Dischingen COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|41|52|N|10|21|38|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dischingen in HDH.svg |state = |region = Stuttgart |district = Heidenheim |elevation = 463 |area = 78.06 |postal_code = 89561 |area_code = 07327, 07326 |licence = HDH |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 1 35 010 |divisions = 7 |website = [https://www.dischingen.de/ www.dischingen.de] |mayor = Dirk Schabel<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/wahl/buergermeisterwahl-dischingen-2022/ Bürgermeisterwahl Dischingen 2022], Staatsanzeiger.</ref> |leader_term = 2022&ndash;30 |party = }} '''Dischingen''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdɪʃɪŋən}}) waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Heidenheim (district)|Heidenheim]] ee gobolka [[Baden-Württemberg]] ee koonfurta [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Degmadu waxay ka kooban tahay dhowr tuulooyin yar yar oo la midoobay Dischingen, Ballmertshofen, Demmingen, Dunstelkingen, Eglingen, Frickingen, iyo Trugenhofen.<ref name="Dischingen">[http://www.dischingen.de/die-gemeinde/geschichte/geschichte_dischingen_statisch.html (German) City of Dischingen Website]</ref> == Tirakoobka dadweynaha == Dischingen waxay leedahay 4,484 degmo (laga soo bilaabo 1 Janaayo 2007), taas oo 1,811 ay ku nool yihiin Dischingen iyadoo inta kalena ay ku nool yihiin bulshooyinka ku xeeran. Dhulka guud ee bulshada dhexdeeda ah waa {{convert|78.06|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, taas oo {{convert|6.68|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ay tahay dhismayaal, {{convert|28.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ay tahay keymo, {{convert|42.6|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ay tahay dhulbeereed iyo {{convert|0.48|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ay tahay biyo.<ref name="Dischingen"/> == Taariikh == Dischingen waxaa markii ugu horreysay la xusay 1049. Intii lagu guda jiray [[Middle Ages|Qarniyadii Dhexe]] waxay ka tirsanayd [[Dillingen (district)|degmada Dillingen]]. Markii ay tirada Dillingen dhimatay 1258, degmada waxaa dhaxlay [[House of Wittelsbach]]. Ka dib [[Landshut War of Succession]], 1505 Dischingen waxay noqotay qayb ka mid ah duchy ee [[Palatinate-Neuburg]] (Jarmal: Pfalz-Neuburg). 1734 magaaladu waxay noqotay hantida [[House of Thurn und Taxis|Qoyska Amiirka ah ee Thurn und Taxis]]. Intii lagu guda jiray [[German Mediatisation]] Dischingen waxay noqotay qayb ka mid ah [[Bavaria]], inkasta oo dhowr sano ka dib, 1810, ay noqotay qayb ka mid ah [[Württemberg]]. === Diinta === Dischingen guud ahaan kama aysan badbaadin [[Protestant Reformation|Dib-u-habayntii Protestants]] waxayna si adag ugu sugnaatay [[Roman Catholic|Kaniisadda Katolika]]. Xubnaha Lutheran ee [[Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg|Kaniisadda Evangelical ee Württemberg]] ee ku sugan Dischingen waxay ka tirsan yihiin [[parish|qoyska]] Fleinheim-Dischingen. === Ballaarinta === 1 Janaayo 1972, tuulada Trugenhofen waxay ku biirtay Dischingen. Laba sano ka dib, 1 Janaayo 1974, tuulooyinka Ballmertshofen, Demmingen, Dunstelkingen, Eglingen, Frickingen waxay noqdeen qayb ka mid ah Dischingen. == Siyaasad == === Duqa magaalada === * 1986–2006 Bernd Hitzler * Tan iyo 2006: Alfons Jakl === Golaha magaalada === Hadda waxaa ka jira 18 kursi golaha magaalada ah. Doorashadii magaalada ee 13 Juun 2004 xubnaha labada xisbi siyaasadeed ee soo socda waxay ku tartameen natiijadan: {| cellpadding="3" style="width:33%; background:#e3e3e3; border-spacing:1px; white-space:nowrap;" |- align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" | align="left" | Xisbiga || Boqolkiiba Codadka || Isbeddelka kii ka horreeyay || Kursi || Isbeddel |- align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" | align="left" | [[Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands|CDU]] || 55.0% || −0.4 || 10 || −1 |- align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" | align="left" | [[Freie Wähler|FWG]] || 45.0% || +0.4 || 8 || ±0 |} === Gaashaanka hubka === Gaashaanka hubku waa gaashaan qaybsan, dhinaca kalena waa asal cas oo leh fure dahabi ah oo taagan (huruud ah) dhinaca kalena waa asal dahabi ah (huruud ah) oo leh saddex mindi oo jiif ah. Saddexda mindi waxay ka yimaadeen gaashaanka hubka ee Melchior von Tischingen, oo soo taariikhaysan 1465. Macnaha furaha lama yaqaan. === Gaashaanka hubka ee tuulooyinka === <gallery perrow="6" widths="60" heights="75"> Image:Wappen_Ballmertshofen.png|Ballmertshofen Image:Wappen_Demmingen.png|Demmingen Image:Wappen_Dunstelkingen.png|Dunstelkingen Image:Wappen_Dischingen-Eglingen.png|Eglingen Image:Wappen_Frickingen.png|Frickingen Image:Wappen_Trugenhofen.png|Trugenhofen </gallery> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Burg Katzenstein]] * [[Schloss Taxis]] * [[List of castles in Baden-Württemberg#Landkreis Heidenheim|Liiska qalcadaha ee Baden-Württemberg]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} lowzgpsa24yhz72d9lfqen3bzokm8ah 304516 304449 2026-08-09T04:13:38Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Dischingen COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|41|52|N|10|21|38|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dischingen in HDH.svg |state = |region = Stuttgart |district = Heidenheim |elevation = 463 |area = 78.06 |postal_code = 89561 |area_code = 07327, 07326 |licence = HDH |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 1 35 010 |divisions = 7 |website = [https://www.dischingen.de/ www.dischingen.de] |mayor = Dirk Schabel<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/wahl/buergermeisterwahl-dischingen-2022/ Bürgermeisterwahl Dischingen 2022], Staatsanzeiger.</ref> |leader_term = 2022&ndash;30 |party = }} '''Dischingen''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdɪʃɪŋən}}) waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Heidenheim (district)|Heidenheim]] ee gobolka [[Baden-Württemberg]] ee koonfurta [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Degmadu waxay ka kooban tahay dhowr tuulooyin yar yar oo la midoobay Dischingen, Ballmertshofen, Demmingen, Dunstelkingen, Eglingen, Frickingen, iyo Trugenhofen.<ref name="Dischingen">{{Cite web |title=(German) City of Dischingen Website |url=http://www.dischingen.de/die-gemeinde/geschichte/geschichte_dischingen_statisch.html |access-date=2026-08-08 |archive-date=2016-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605053118/http://www.dischingen.de/die-gemeinde/geschichte/geschichte_dischingen_statisch.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tirakoobka dadweynaha == Dischingen waxay leedahay 4,484 degmo (laga soo bilaabo 1 Janaayo 2007), taas oo 1,811 ay ku nool yihiin Dischingen iyadoo inta kalena ay ku nool yihiin bulshooyinka ku xeeran. Dhulka guud ee bulshada dhexdeeda ah waa {{convert|78.06|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, taas oo {{convert|6.68|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ay tahay dhismayaal, {{convert|28.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ay tahay keymo, {{convert|42.6|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ay tahay dhulbeereed iyo {{convert|0.48|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} ay tahay biyo.<ref name="Dischingen"/> == Taariikh == Dischingen waxaa markii ugu horreysay la xusay 1049. Intii lagu guda jiray [[Middle Ages|Qarniyadii Dhexe]] waxay ka tirsanayd [[Dillingen (district)|degmada Dillingen]]. Markii ay tirada Dillingen dhimatay 1258, degmada waxaa dhaxlay [[House of Wittelsbach]]. Ka dib [[Landshut War of Succession]], 1505 Dischingen waxay noqotay qayb ka mid ah duchy ee [[Palatinate-Neuburg]] (Jarmal: Pfalz-Neuburg). 1734 magaaladu waxay noqotay hantida [[House of Thurn und Taxis|Qoyska Amiirka ah ee Thurn und Taxis]]. Intii lagu guda jiray [[German Mediatisation]] Dischingen waxay noqotay qayb ka mid ah [[Bavaria]], inkasta oo dhowr sano ka dib, 1810, ay noqotay qayb ka mid ah [[Württemberg]]. === Diinta === Dischingen guud ahaan kama aysan badbaadin [[Protestant Reformation|Dib-u-habayntii Protestants]] waxayna si adag ugu sugnaatay [[Roman Catholic|Kaniisadda Katolika]]. Xubnaha Lutheran ee [[Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Württemberg|Kaniisadda Evangelical ee Württemberg]] ee ku sugan Dischingen waxay ka tirsan yihiin [[parish|qoyska]] Fleinheim-Dischingen. === Ballaarinta === 1 Janaayo 1972, tuulada Trugenhofen waxay ku biirtay Dischingen. Laba sano ka dib, 1 Janaayo 1974, tuulooyinka Ballmertshofen, Demmingen, Dunstelkingen, Eglingen, Frickingen waxay noqdeen qayb ka mid ah Dischingen. == Siyaasad == === Duqa magaalada === * 1986–2006 Bernd Hitzler * Tan iyo 2006: Alfons Jakl === Golaha magaalada === Hadda waxaa ka jira 18 kursi golaha magaalada ah. Doorashadii magaalada ee 13 Juun 2004 xubnaha labada xisbi siyaasadeed ee soo socda waxay ku tartameen natiijadan: {| cellpadding="3" style="width:33%; background:#e3e3e3; border-spacing:1px; white-space:nowrap;" |- align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" | align="left" | Xisbiga || Boqolkiiba Codadka || Isbeddelka kii ka horreeyay || Kursi || Isbeddel |- align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" | align="left" | [[Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands|CDU]] || 55.0% || −0.4 || 10 || −1 |- align="right" bgcolor="#ffffff" | align="left" | [[Freie Wähler|FWG]] || 45.0% || +0.4 || 8 || ±0 |} === Gaashaanka hubka === Gaashaanka hubku waa gaashaan qaybsan, dhinaca kalena waa asal cas oo leh fure dahabi ah oo taagan (huruud ah) dhinaca kalena waa asal dahabi ah (huruud ah) oo leh saddex mindi oo jiif ah. Saddexda mindi waxay ka yimaadeen gaashaanka hubka ee Melchior von Tischingen, oo soo taariikhaysan 1465. Macnaha furaha lama yaqaan. === Gaashaanka hubka ee tuulooyinka === <gallery perrow="6" widths="60" heights="75"> Image:Wappen_Ballmertshofen.png|Ballmertshofen Image:Wappen_Demmingen.png|Demmingen Image:Wappen_Dunstelkingen.png|Dunstelkingen Image:Wappen_Dischingen-Eglingen.png|Eglingen Image:Wappen_Frickingen.png|Frickingen Image:Wappen_Trugenhofen.png|Trugenhofen </gallery> == Sidoo kale eeg == * [[Burg Katzenstein]] * [[Schloss Taxis]] * [[List of castles in Baden-Württemberg#Landkreis Heidenheim|Liiska qalcadaha ee Baden-Württemberg]] == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} pusktsn3jauvrh8tavuv7g8tfsea3kb 0 50330 304450 2026-08-08T14:59:30Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = Wappen der Ortsgemeinde Ditscheid.svg |coordinates = {{coord|50|17|44|N|7|4|10|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Ditscheid in MYK.PNG |state = |district = Mayen-Koblenz |Verbandsgemeinde = Vordereifel |elevation = 430 |area = 4.48 |postal_code = 56729 |area_code = 02656 |licence = MYK |Gemeindeschlüssel = 07 1 37 019 |website = [http://www.ditscheid-eifel.de/ www.ditscheid-eifel.de] |mayor = Frank Rieder<ref>[https://www.wahlen.rlp.de/de/kw/wahlen/kd/gebiete/1370000000000.html Direktwahlen 2019, Landkreis Mayen-Koblenz], Landeswahlleiter Rheinland-Pfalz, accessed 5 August 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2019&ndash;24 }} '''Ditscheid''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Mayen-Koblenz]], ee gobolka [[Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Pfalz]], galbeedka [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{reflist}} {{authority control}} cqsrmxir0owxti5h6rl3uivjgyo3rfv 0 50331 304451 2026-08-08T15:00:51Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Dittelbrunn (Unterfranken) COA.svg |image_photo = Rathaus Gemeinde Dittelbrunn.jpg |image_caption = Town hall |coordinates = {{coord|50|05|42|N|10|12|34|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dittelbrunn in SW.svg |state = |region = Unterfranken |district = Schweinfurt |elevation = 240-360 |area = 23.84 |postal_code = 97456 |area_code = 09721, 09725, 09738 |licence = SW |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 6 78 123 |website = [https://www.dittelbrunn.de/ www.dittelbrunn.de] |mayor = Willi Warmuth<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]]. Retrieved 13 June 2024.</ref> |leader_term = 2023&ndash;29 |party = CSU }} '''Dittelbrunn''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Schweinfurt (district)|Schweinfurt]] ee gobolka [[Bavaria]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Dittelbrunn waxay ka kooban tahay 4 qaybood: Dittelbrunn, {{Interlanguage link multi|Hambach (Dittelbrunn)|de|3=Hambach (Dittelbrunn)|lt=Hambach}}, Holzhausen und Pfändhausen. Dittelbrunn: Qaybta ugu weyn oo ay ku nool yihiin 3741 degmo. Hambach: Qaybta labaad ee ugu weyn oo ay ku nool yihiin 2676 degmo. Pfändhausen: Qaybta waqooyi oo leh 616 degmo Holzhausen: Qaybta ugu yar oo leh 441 degmo. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} ==Xiriirinta dibadda== *{{Official website}} {{in lang|de}} {{Authority control}} pojcssc6ih73qjwqr5q2xnwxeovhkwl 0 50332 304452 2026-08-08T15:02:16Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_coa = DEU Dittenheim COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|49|3|N|10|48|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dittenheim in WUG.svg |state = |region = Mittelfranken |district = Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Altmühltal |elevation = 437 |area = 29.33 |postal_code = 91723 |area_code = 09834 |licence = WUG |Gemeindeschlüssel = 09 5 77 122 |divisions = 4 [[Ortsteil]]e |website = [http://www.dittenheim.de www.dittenheim.de] |mayor = Günter Ströbel<ref>[https://www.statistik.bayern.de/wahlen/kommunalwahlen/bgm/ Liste der ersten Bürgermeister/Oberbürgermeister in kreisangehörigen Gemeinden], [[Bayerisches Landesamt für Statistik]], 15 July 2021.</ref> |leader_term = 2020&ndash;26 |party = }} '''Dittenheim''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdɪtn̩haɪm}}) waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen]], ee gobolka [[Bavaria]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} r5p372jle14q9pqw2fqvx82702o24kv 0 50333 304453 2026-08-08T15:03:45Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |name = Dittersdorf |image_photo = |image_coa = |coordinates = {{coord|50|38|34|N|11|49|0|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dittersdorf in SOK.png |state = |district = Saale-Orla-Kreis |Verwaltungsgemeinschaft = Seenplatte |elevation = 490 |area = 15.67 |postal_code = 07907 |area_code = 036648 |licence = SOK |Gemeindeschlüssel = 16 0 75 014 |website = [http://www.vg-seenplatte.de/ www.vg-seenplatte.de] |mayor = Andreas Schmidt<ref>[https://wahlen.thueringen.de/datenbank/wahl1/wahl.asp?wahlart=BM&wJahr=0000&zeigeErg=LAND&auswertung=2 Gewählte Bürgermeister - aktuelle Landesübersicht], Freistaat Thüringen, accessed 10 November 2022.</ref> |leader_term = 2022&ndash;28 |party = }} '''Dittersdorf''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdɪtɐsdɔʁf}}) waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Saale-Orla-Kreis]], ee gobolka [[Thuringia|Thüringen]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. 1 Diseembar 2010 waxay la midoobday degmadii hore ee [[Dragensdorf]].<ref>[https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Laender-Regionen/Regionales/Gemeindeverzeichnis/Namens-Grenz-Aenderung/2010.html Gebietsänderungen vom 01. Januar bis 31. Dezember 2010], [[Statistisches Bundesamt]]</ref> ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} sfgsq85i3tjm6eam1ol0pqjddfi3rnz 0 50334 304454 2026-08-08T15:05:51Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |type = Stadt |image_photo = SpeyrerKircheDitzingen.jpg |image_caption = Speyrer Church |image_coa = DEU Ditzingen COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|49|35|N|9|4|0|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Ditzingen im Landkreis Ludwigsburg.png |state = |region = Stuttgart |district = Ludwigsburg |elevation = 303 |area = 30.38 |postal_code = 71240–71254 |area_code = 07156, 07152 |licence = LB |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 1 18 011 |website = [https://www.ditzingen.de/ www.ditzingen.de] |mayor = Michael Makurath<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/wahl/buergermeisterwahl-ditzingen-2023/ Bürgermeisterwahl Ditzingen 2023], Staatsanzeiger. Retrieved 13 June 2024.</ref> |leader_term = 2023&ndash;31 |party = Independent }} '''Ditzingen''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdɪtsɪŋən|-|De-Ditzingen.ogg}}; [[Swabian German|Swabian]]: ''Ditzenge'') waa magaalo ka tirsan degmada [[Ludwigsburg (district)|Ludwigsburg]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii 10&nbsp;km waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Stuttgart]], iyo 12&nbsp;km koonfur-galbeed ee [[Ludwigsburg]]. [[Hirschlanden transmitter]] wuxuu ku yaallay agagaarka Ditzingen-Hirschlanden. Ditzingen waa hoyga Bürger GmbH, [[Reclam]] iyo sidoo kale [[Trumpf|Trumpf GmbH]]. == Juqraafi == === Goobta juqraafiga ah === Ditzingen waxay ku taallaa koonfur-galbeed ee [[Neckar]] basin ee Strohgäu ee u gudbaya waxa loogu yeero ''Long Field''. Degmada magaaladu waxay u dhaxaysaa [[Strudelbach]] dhinaca galbeedka iyo [[Glems]] dhinaca bari. Glems, oo ah harqaan midig ah oo ka tirsan Webiga [[Enz]], ayaa dhex marta bartamaha Ditzingen. Bartamaha magaaladu waxay ku taal dhinaca midig ee webiga. Glems waxay hore u ahaan jirtay xadka qabiilka ee [[Swabians|Suwabiyaanka]] iyo [[Franks|Faransiiska]] waxayna sidoo kale ahayd xadka labada diintood [[Speyer|Roman Catholic Diocese of Speyer]] iyo [[Konstanz|Bishopric of Constance]]. === Bulshooyinka deriska ah === Magaalooyinka iyo degmooyinka soo socda waxay ku xiran yihiin magaalada Ditzingen. Waxaa loogu yeeraa saacadaha ka bilaabmaya bariga: * [[Weilimdorf]] (degmada [[Stuttgart]]) * [[Gerlingen]] (degmada [[Ludwigsburg]]) * [[Leonberg]] and [[Weissach]] (labaduba waa degmada [[Böblingen]]) * [[Eberdingen]], [[Hemmingen]] and [[Korntal-Münchingen]] (dhammaantood saddexda degmo ee Ludwigsburg) === Qaab-dhismeedka magaalada === Ditzingen waxaa ku jira bulshooyinkii hore ee madaxbannaanaa ee [[Heimerdingen]], [[Hirschlanden]] iyo [[Schöckingen]] kuwaas oo la midoobay 1970-meeyadii (ama lala midoobay magaalada). Degmooyinkii hore waa degmooyin isla markaana waa deegaanno macnaha [[Baden-Württemberg]] [[Gemeindeordnung|xeerka degmada]], taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay leeyihiin gole maxalli ah oo uu hoggaamiyo tuulada [[mayor|duqa]]. Golayaasha deegaanka waxaa lagu doortaa doorasho kasta oo deegaan ah dadweynaha xaq u leh inay ka codeeyaan tuulada. Waxaa también ka jira xafiis maamul oo tuulo kasta ah, kaas oo u adeega sidii [[town hall|xarunta magaalada]] maxalliga ah. Magaalada Ditzingen (oo ku jirta xudduudaha Juun 30, 1970) waxaa ku jira magaalada Ditzingen, hantida ''Grüner Baum'' iyo ''Lerchenhöfe'', meelaha nool ''Maurener Berg'', ''Oberes Glemstal'', ''Ölberg'' iyo ''Steinröhre'' iyo guryaha ''Ferbermühle'', ''Tonmühle'' iyo ''Zechlesmühle''. Degmadii hore ee Heimerdingen waxaa ku jira tuulada Heimerdingen iyo magaalada baxaaysa Stetten. Tuulada Hirschlanden iyo sidoo kale tuulooyinka maxalliga ah Holzheim iyo Rotweil waxay ka tirsan yihiin degmadii hore ee Hirschlanden. Tuulada Schöckingen iyo meesha nool Talmühle waxay ka tirsan yihiin degmadii hore ee Schöckingen.<ref>''Das Land Baden-Württemberg. Amtliche Beschreibung nach Kreisen und Gemeinden. Band III: Regierungsbezirk Stuttgart, Regionalverband Mittlerer Neckar.'' [[Kohlhammer Verlag]], Stuttgart 1978, {{ISBN|3-17-004758-2}}, S. 402–405.</ref> === Qaybinta dhulka === <timeline> ImageSize = width:600 height:150 PlotArea = width:90% height:66% bottom:25% left:5% DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:100 Legend = columns:2 columnwidth:250 left:12% top:95% TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:0 # The formatting blanks in the Colors-section are in fact figure spaces (U+2007) Colors = id:Gesa value:white legend:_3039_ha_Total_area id:Wald value:teal legend:_337_ha_=_11,1_%_Forest_area id:Land value:yelloworange legend:_1940_ha_=_63,8_%_Agricultural_area id:Wass value:brightblue legend:_10_ha_=_0,3_%_Water_area id:Erho value:green legend:_36_ha_=_1,2_%_Recreational_area id:Geba value:red legend:_409_ha_=_13,4_%_Building_and_open_area id:Verk value:tan1 legend:_270_ha_=_8,9_%_Transportation_area id:Sons value:purple legend:_36_ha_=_1,2_%_Other_areas PlotData = from:00.0 till:11.1 color:Wald from:11.1 till:74.9 color:Land from:74.9 till:75.2 color:Wass from:75.2 till:76.4 color:Erho from:76.4 till:89.8 color:Geba from:89.8 till:98.7 color:Verk from:98.7 till:99.9 color:Sons </timeline> Sida laga soo xigtay xogta Xafiiska Gobolka ee Tirakoobka ee [[Baden-Württemberg]], ilaa 2014.<ref>[https://www.statistik-bw.de/BevoelkGebiet/GebietFlaeche/015152xx.tab?R=GS118011 Statistisches Landesamt, Fläche seit 1988 nach tatsächlicher Nutzung] für Ditzingen.</ref> == Dhaqanka == [[Stadtarchiv Ditzingen|Kaydka Magaalada Ditzingen]] waxay ilaaliyaan diiwaannada taariikhiga ah ee magaalada. == Magaalooyinka mataanaha ah == {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}} Ditzingen waa [[Sister city|mataan la ah]]:<ref>{{cite web |title=Partnerstädte|url=https://www.ditzingen.de/de/info-aktuelles/partnerstaedte/auf-einen-blick|website=ditzingen.de|publisher=Ditzingen|language=de|access-date=2021-02-01}}</ref> *{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Gyula, Hungary|Gyula]], Hungary (1991) *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Rillieux-la-Pape]], France (2010) == Dadka caanka ah == *[[Theodor von Heuglin]] (1824–1876), sahamiye iyo cilmi-baare shimbiraha *[[Thomas D]] (dhashay 1968), muusikiiste iyo heesaa *[[Günther Oettinger]] (dhashay 1953), siyaasi iyo qareen ==Tixraac== {{Commons category|Ditzingen}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} q8jeq4admu6tx6ln59sship2tdxcesw 304517 304454 2026-08-09T04:13:44Z InternetArchiveBot 28368 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 304517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German place |type = Stadt |image_photo = SpeyrerKircheDitzingen.jpg |image_caption = Speyrer Church |image_coa = DEU Ditzingen COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|49|35|N|9|4|0|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Ditzingen im Landkreis Ludwigsburg.png |state = |region = Stuttgart |district = Ludwigsburg |elevation = 303 |area = 30.38 |postal_code = 71240–71254 |area_code = 07156, 07152 |licence = LB |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 1 18 011 |website = [https://www.ditzingen.de/ www.ditzingen.de] |mayor = Michael Makurath<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/wahl/buergermeisterwahl-ditzingen-2023/ Bürgermeisterwahl Ditzingen 2023], Staatsanzeiger. Retrieved 13 June 2024.</ref> |leader_term = 2023&ndash;31 |party = Independent }} '''Ditzingen''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdɪtsɪŋən|-|De-Ditzingen.ogg}}; [[Swabian German|Swabian]]: ''Ditzenge'') waa magaalo ka tirsan degmada [[Ludwigsburg (district)|Ludwigsburg]], [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Waxay ku taallaa qiyaastii 10&nbsp;km waqooyi-galbeed ee [[Stuttgart]], iyo 12&nbsp;km koonfur-galbeed ee [[Ludwigsburg]]. [[Hirschlanden transmitter]] wuxuu ku yaallay agagaarka Ditzingen-Hirschlanden. Ditzingen waa hoyga Bürger GmbH, [[Reclam]] iyo sidoo kale [[Trumpf|Trumpf GmbH]]. == Juqraafi == === Goobta juqraafiga ah === Ditzingen waxay ku taallaa koonfur-galbeed ee [[Neckar]] basin ee Strohgäu ee u gudbaya waxa loogu yeero ''Long Field''. Degmada magaaladu waxay u dhaxaysaa [[Strudelbach]] dhinaca galbeedka iyo [[Glems]] dhinaca bari. Glems, oo ah harqaan midig ah oo ka tirsan Webiga [[Enz]], ayaa dhex marta bartamaha Ditzingen. Bartamaha magaaladu waxay ku taal dhinaca midig ee webiga. Glems waxay hore u ahaan jirtay xadka qabiilka ee [[Swabians|Suwabiyaanka]] iyo [[Franks|Faransiiska]] waxayna sidoo kale ahayd xadka labada diintood [[Speyer|Roman Catholic Diocese of Speyer]] iyo [[Konstanz|Bishopric of Constance]]. === Bulshooyinka deriska ah === Magaalooyinka iyo degmooyinka soo socda waxay ku xiran yihiin magaalada Ditzingen. Waxaa loogu yeeraa saacadaha ka bilaabmaya bariga: * [[Weilimdorf]] (degmada [[Stuttgart]]) * [[Gerlingen]] (degmada [[Ludwigsburg]]) * [[Leonberg]] and [[Weissach]] (labaduba waa degmada [[Böblingen]]) * [[Eberdingen]], [[Hemmingen]] and [[Korntal-Münchingen]] (dhammaantood saddexda degmo ee Ludwigsburg) === Qaab-dhismeedka magaalada === Ditzingen waxaa ku jira bulshooyinkii hore ee madaxbannaanaa ee [[Heimerdingen]], [[Hirschlanden]] iyo [[Schöckingen]] kuwaas oo la midoobay 1970-meeyadii (ama lala midoobay magaalada). Degmooyinkii hore waa degmooyin isla markaana waa deegaanno macnaha [[Baden-Württemberg]] [[Gemeindeordnung|xeerka degmada]], taas oo macnaheedu yahay inay leeyihiin gole maxalli ah oo uu hoggaamiyo tuulada [[mayor|duqa]]. Golayaasha deegaanka waxaa lagu doortaa doorasho kasta oo deegaan ah dadweynaha xaq u leh inay ka codeeyaan tuulada. Waxaa también ka jira xafiis maamul oo tuulo kasta ah, kaas oo u adeega sidii [[town hall|xarunta magaalada]] maxalliga ah. Magaalada Ditzingen (oo ku jirta xudduudaha Juun 30, 1970) waxaa ku jira magaalada Ditzingen, hantida ''Grüner Baum'' iyo ''Lerchenhöfe'', meelaha nool ''Maurener Berg'', ''Oberes Glemstal'', ''Ölberg'' iyo ''Steinröhre'' iyo guryaha ''Ferbermühle'', ''Tonmühle'' iyo ''Zechlesmühle''. Degmadii hore ee Heimerdingen waxaa ku jira tuulada Heimerdingen iyo magaalada baxaaysa Stetten. Tuulada Hirschlanden iyo sidoo kale tuulooyinka maxalliga ah Holzheim iyo Rotweil waxay ka tirsan yihiin degmadii hore ee Hirschlanden. Tuulada Schöckingen iyo meesha nool Talmühle waxay ka tirsan yihiin degmadii hore ee Schöckingen.<ref>''Das Land Baden-Württemberg. Amtliche Beschreibung nach Kreisen und Gemeinden. Band III: Regierungsbezirk Stuttgart, Regionalverband Mittlerer Neckar.'' [[Kohlhammer Verlag]], Stuttgart 1978, {{ISBN|3-17-004758-2}}, S. 402–405.</ref> === Qaybinta dhulka === <timeline> ImageSize = width:600 height:150 PlotArea = width:90% height:66% bottom:25% left:5% DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:100 Legend = columns:2 columnwidth:250 left:12% top:95% TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:10 start:0 # The formatting blanks in the Colors-section are in fact figure spaces (U+2007) Colors = id:Gesa value:white legend:_3039_ha_Total_area id:Wald value:teal legend:_337_ha_=_11,1_%_Forest_area id:Land value:yelloworange legend:_1940_ha_=_63,8_%_Agricultural_area id:Wass value:brightblue legend:_10_ha_=_0,3_%_Water_area id:Erho value:green legend:_36_ha_=_1,2_%_Recreational_area id:Geba value:red legend:_409_ha_=_13,4_%_Building_and_open_area id:Verk value:tan1 legend:_270_ha_=_8,9_%_Transportation_area id:Sons value:purple legend:_36_ha_=_1,2_%_Other_areas PlotData = from:00.0 till:11.1 color:Wald from:11.1 till:74.9 color:Land from:74.9 till:75.2 color:Wass from:75.2 till:76.4 color:Erho from:76.4 till:89.8 color:Geba from:89.8 till:98.7 color:Verk from:98.7 till:99.9 color:Sons </timeline> Sida laga soo xigtay xogta Xafiiska Gobolka ee Tirakoobka ee [[Baden-Württemberg]], ilaa 2014.<ref>[https://www.statistik-bw.de/BevoelkGebiet/GebietFlaeche/015152xx.tab?R=GS118011 Statistisches Landesamt, Fläche seit 1988 nach tatsächlicher Nutzung] für Ditzingen.</ref> == Dhaqanka == [[Stadtarchiv Ditzingen|Kaydka Magaalada Ditzingen]] waxay ilaaliyaan diiwaannada taariikhiga ah ee magaalada. == Magaalooyinka mataanaha ah == {{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Germany}} Ditzingen waa [[Sister city|mataan la ah]]:<ref>{{cite web|title=Partnerstädte|url=https://www.ditzingen.de/de/info-aktuelles/partnerstaedte/auf-einen-blick|website=ditzingen.de|publisher=Ditzingen|language=de|access-date=2021-02-01|archive-date=2023-05-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230520010748/https://www.ditzingen.de/de/info-aktuelles/partnerstaedte/auf-einen-blick|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Gyula, Hungary|Gyula]], Hungary (1991) *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Rillieux-la-Pape]], France (2010) == Dadka caanka ah == *[[Theodor von Heuglin]] (1824–1876), sahamiye iyo cilmi-baare shimbiraha *[[Thomas D]] (dhashay 1968), muusikiiste iyo heesaa *[[Günther Oettinger]] (dhashay 1953), siyaasi iyo qareen ==Tixraac== {{Commons category|Ditzingen}} {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} ie5xhxzxpqvxi2xihfpigu3w1awpkcs 0 50335 304455 2026-08-08T15:07:40Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type = |image_photo = Dobbertin Klosterkirche 2009-10-20 015.jpg |image_caption = Church in the monastery |image_coa = DEU Dobbertin COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|53|38|N|12|04|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan =Dobbertin_in_LUP.svg |state = |district = Ludwigslust-Parchim |Amt = Goldberg-Mildenitz |elevation = 45 |area = 58.97 |postal_code = 19399 |area_code = 038736 |licence = PCH |Gemeindeschlüssel = 13 0 76 032 |divisions = 9 |website = {{url|https://gemeinde.dobbertin.de/}} |mayor = Horst Tober }} '''Dobbertin''' waa [[Municipalities of Germany|degmo]] ka tirsan degmada [[Ludwigslust-Parchim]], ee gobolka [[Mecklenburg-Vorpommern]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Goob muhiim ah waa [[Dobbertin Abbey]]. Degmadu waxay ku taal dhul ay ku yaalliin harooyin iyo kaymo badan. Waxay taagan tahay harada ugu weyn ee aagga, [[Dobbertiner See]]. == Dadka caanka ah == *[[Christa Merten]] (1944–1986), ciyaaryahan *[[Rainer Podlesch]] (dhashay 1944), ciyaaryahan baaskiil oo fadhiistay ==Tixraac== {{Reflist}} {{Commons category|Dobbertin}} {{Authority control}} 25q9kjwb9rebo84cwozev2mmqm92e9s 0 50336 304456 2026-08-08T15:09:14Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |type=Gemeinde |image_photo=Dobel Durchgangsstraße 1.jpg |image_coa = DEU Dobel COA.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|47|53|N|8|29|40|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Dobel in CW.svg |state = |region = Karlsruhe |district = Calw |elevation = 689 |area = 18.41 |postal_code = 75335 |area_code = 07083 |licence = CW |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08 2 35 018 |website = {{URL|https://www.dobel.de/}} |mayor = Christoph Schaack<ref>[https://www.staatsanzeiger.de/wahl/buergermeisterwahl-dobel-2022/ Bürgermeisterwahl Dobel 2022], Staatsanzeiger.</ref> |leader_term = 2022&ndash;30 |party = CDU }} '''Dobel''' ({{IPA|de|ˈdoːbl̩}}) waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Calw (district)|Calw]] ee gobolka [[Baden-Württemberg]] ee [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. == Taariikh == Dobel waxay noqotay hantida [[Duchy of Württemberg]] 1527 kadib markii ay iibsatay xuquuqda magaalada labadii qarni ee la soo dhaafay, waxaana loo qoondeeyay degmada Neuenbürg. Degmadaas waa la kala diray 1938 waxaana Dobel loo wareejiyay degmada [[Calw]]. Magaaladu waxay bilowday xilli [[urban growth|koboc magaalo]] ah ka dib [[World War II|Dagaalkii Labaad ee Adduunka]], gaar ahaan dhinaca bariga. 1970-meeyadii, waxaa jiray xoogaa ballaarin ah oo loo sii aaday waqooyi-bari, tuulada Lehensägmühle waxaa loo wareejiyay Dobel oo ka timid [[Bad Wildbad]] 1971. Dobel waxay noqotay goob caafimaad 1984 waxayna heshay rug caafimaad 1987.<ref name=LEO-BW>{{cite web|title=Dobel|url=https://www.leo-bw.de/web/guest/detail-gis/-/Detail/details/ORT/labw_ortslexikon/6786/Dobel|website=[[LEO-BW]]|publisher=[[Baden-Württemberg]]|language=de|accessdate=29 July 2020}}</ref> == Juqraafi == Degmada (''[[Municipalities of Germany|Gemeinde]]'') ee Dobel waxay ku taal [[Calw (district)|degmada]] [[Calw]], ee [[States of Germany|gobolka Jarmalka]] ee [[Baden-Württemberg]]. Dobel waxay ku taal geeska waqooyi-galbeed ee degmada, iyada oo xuduud la leh degmooyinka [[Rastatt (district)|Rastatt]] iyo [[Enzkreis|Enz]]. Aagga degmadu waxay si jireed ugu taal aagga [[Grinde (landform)|Grinde]] ee [[Black Forest|Kaydka Madow]], oo ku taal madal u dhexeysa dooxooyinka webiyada [[Enz]] iyo [[Alb (Upper Rhine)|Alb]]. Joogga ka sarreeya heerka badda ee aagga degmada wuxuu ka bilaabmaa ugu sarreeya {{convert|882|m|sp=us}} [[Normalnull]] (NN) oo ku taal dusha sare ee Rosskopf ilaa ugu hooseeya {{convert|405|m|sp=us}} NN.<ref name=LEO-BW/> Qayb ka mid ah {{ill|Eyach and Rotenbach valleys|de|Eyach- und Rotenbachtal}} oo ah [[Naturschutzgebiet|kayd dabiici ah]] oo federaali ah ayaa ku taal aagga degmada Dobel.<ref name=LEO-BW/> == Siyaasad == Dobel waxay leedahay hal xaafad (''Ortseil''), Dobel, iyo laba tuulo: Eyachmühle iyo Lehensägmühle. Dobel waxay ku jirtaa [[Municipal association (Germany)|urur degmo]] oo lala leeyahay [[Bad Herrenalb]].<ref name=LEO-BW/> === Gaashaanka hubka === [[coat of arms|Gaashaanka hubka]] ee Dobel wuxuu muujinayaa [[Sun (heraldry)|qorraxda]] oo ka soo baxaysa gadaasha buur [[Vert (heraldry)|cagaaran]], oo leh [[Mount (heraldry)|saddex dhibcood]] oo ku taal [[Field (heraldry)|beerta]] [[Azure (heraldry)|bulugga ah]]. Qaabkan waxaa la abuuray 1939 wuxuuna tilmaamayaa muuqaalka dhulka Dobel. Gaashaanka hubka waa la ansixiyay, calanna degmo ah waxaa soo saaray [[Federal Ministry of the Interior, Building and Community|Wasaaradda Arrimaha Gudaha ee Federaalka]] 25 Janaayo 1968.<ref name=LEO-BW/> == Gaadiidka == Dobel waxay ku xiran tahay [[Driving in Germany|shabakadda waddooyinka Jarmalka]] iyada oo la adeegsado ''[[Landesstraße]]n'' iyo ''[[Kreisstraße]]n'' maxalliga ah. Gaadiidka dadweynaha ee maxalliga ah waxaa bixiya {{ill|Verkehrsgesellschaft Bäderkreis Calw|de}}.<ref name=LEO-BW/> == Tixraac == {{Reflist}} == Xiriirinta dibadda == {{Commonscat}} * {{Official website}} (Jarmal) {{Authority control}} fqjspslepz0cf92zucfoaw25d07nzrz 0 50337 304457 2026-08-08T15:10:51Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |image_photo = |image_coa = Wappen Doberschütz (Sachsen).svg |coordinates = {{coord|51|30|N|12|43|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |image_plan = Doberschütz in TDO.png |state = |district = Nordsachsen |elevation = 105 |party=[[Christian Democratic Union of Germany|CDU]]|area = 79.81 |postal_code = 04838 |area_code = 034244 |licence = TDO, DZ, EB, OZ, TG, TO |Gemeindeschlüssel = 14730080 |website = [http://www.doberschuetz.de/ www.doberschuetz.de] |mayor = Andreas Mählmann |leader_term = 2017&ndash;24 }} '''Doberschütz''' waa degmo ka tirsan degmada [[Nordsachsen]], ee gobolka [[Saxony|Sachsen]], [[Germany|Jarmalka]]. Waxay leedahay bedkeedu yahay 79,81&nbsp;km² iyo dadweyne dhan 4,082 (ilaa Disembar 31, 2020). == Tixraac == {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Doberschutz}} othpn4mbkrw168ok4oylnr4mikejbp0 828 50338 304460 2026-08-08T17:32:27Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: --[[--------------------------< S S T S _ R E G I S T R Y >---------------------------------------------- Specific-Source Template System registry (WP:SSTS) WARNING: DO NOT EDIT THIS MODULE This is an auto-generated compiled registry for the Specific-Source Template System (WP:SSTS). Any manual edits made to this page WILL BE OVERWRITTEN by a bot. If you need to correct an author, year, or citation pattern, you must edit the specific Lua shard (module) as... 304460 Scribunto text/plain --[[--------------------------< S S T S _ R E G I S T R Y >---------------------------------------------- Specific-Source Template System registry (WP:SSTS) WARNING: DO NOT EDIT THIS MODULE This is an auto-generated compiled registry for the Specific-Source Template System (WP:SSTS). Any manual edits made to this page WILL BE OVERWRITTEN by a bot. If you need to correct an author, year, or citation pattern, you must edit the specific Lua shard (module) associated with that template (e.g., Module:SST/shards/...). This registry will automatically update at least once daily to reflect those changes. ]] local registry = { defaults = { ['Hovannisian: Armenian Van-Vaspurakan'] = {'Hovannisian', '2000'}, ['Armenian Van-Vaspurakan 2000'] = {'Hovannisian', '2000'}, ['Kittler: Mercedes-Benz Personenwagen seit 1886'] = {'Kittler', '2008'}, ['Brooklands: On Mercedes Sports & GT Cars 1970-1980'] = {'Clarke', '1980'}, ['Brooklands-MBRTS&GTC70'] = {'Clarke', '1980'}, ['Nixon: Racing the Silver Arrows'] = {'Nixon', '2003'}, ['Cite Wright Companion'] = {'Storrer', '1993'}, ['The World\'s Writing Systems'] = {'', '1996'}, ['Anoar Ali: 150th Anniversary Memorial Book 1869-2019'] = {'Ali', ''}, ['150th Anniversary Memorial Book 1869-2019'] = {'Ali', ''}, ['Baaden: Das neue grosse Mercedes SL'] = {'BaadenRöcke', '2002'}, ['Brooklands: Mercedes-Benz 190SL 300SL 300SLR'] = {'Clarke', '2011'}, ['Weber: Porsche: The Essence of Performance'] = {'Weber', '2000'}, ['Sugahara: Mercedes-Benz Grand Prix Race Cars 1934–1955'] = {'Sugahara', '2004'}, ['Zekulich-SpiritSwan'] = {'Zekulich', '2014'}, ['O City of Byzantium'] = {'Choniates', '1984'}, ['Cranswick: Porsche 928, 924, 944 and 968'] = {'Cranswick', '2008'}, ['Schneider: NSU: Automobile 1905–1977'] = {'Schneider', '2008'}, ['John Skylitzes: A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811–1057'] = {'Wortley', '2010'}, ['Arth: NSU-Automobile'] = {'Arth', '2015'}, ['Mellon: Mercedes: Coupes 1974-84 Repair Manual'] = {'', '2001'}, ['Chilton-MCSW 1974-84'] = {'', '2001'}, ['Nitskey: Mercedes-Benz Production Models Book 1946-1995'] = {'Nitske', '1995'}, ['Shindo: 100 sai no ryugi'] = {'Shindo', '2012'}, ['100sainoryugi'] = {'Shindo', '2012'}, ['Malin 1976'] = {'Malin', '1976'}, ['Wirth: Mercedes-Benz Supercars'] = {'Wirth', '2012'}, ['Eckert-Buildings of Michigan'] = {'Eckert', '1993'}, ['Meredith: Original Mercedes SL'] = {'Meredith', '1996'}, ['Clarke-AustWineCompan'] = {'Clarke', '2004'}, ['AIA Guide to Boston'] = {'SouthworthSouthworth', '2008'}, ['Cite aiaboston'] = {'SouthworthSouthworth', '2008'}, ['Henshaw: The Ultimate Guide to SUVs and Off-Road Vehicles'] = {'Henshaw', '2005'}, ['Kennedy-The Armies of the Caliphs'] = {'Kennedy', '2001'}, ['Hofner: Die S-Klasse von Mercedes-Benz'] = {'Hofner', '1997'}, ['Walker: NSU: The Complete Story'] = {'Walker', '2009'}, ['Fletcher: The Great Tank Scandal'] = {'Fletcher', '1989a'}, ['Cite AIA4'] = {'WhiteWillensky', '2000'}, ['Laban: Mercedes SL Series'] = {'Laban', '1992'}, ['Cite OCSC'] = {'WondrichRothbaum', '2021'}, ['Cite IPH'] = {'', '2017'}, ['State and Society in Fatimid Egypt'] = {'Lev', '1991'}, ['The Byzantine Lady: Ten Portraits, 1250–1500'] = {'Nicol', '1994'}, ['Staud: Mercedes-Benz: The Grand Cabrios & Coupes'] = {'StaudLewandowski', '2016'}, ['The Governors and Judges of Egypt'] = {'Al-Kindi', '1912'}, ['Holmes: Ultimate Convertibles'] = {'Holmes', '2007'}, ['Häußermann: Mercedes-Benz S-Class'] = {'Häußermann', '2006b'}, ['Saunders: Giants of the Seas'] = {'Saunders', '2013'}, ['Saunders-Giants of the Seas'] = {'Saunders', '2013'}, ['Scott-Negus-Cellar Door'] = {'ScottNegus', '2011'}, ['Sessler: Mercedes-Benz SL Series'] = {'Sessler', '2011'}, ['Morgan: Original Porsche 924 944 968'] = {'Morgan', '1998'}, ['Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations'] = {'Nicol', '1988'}, ['Das Reich des Mahdi'] = {'Halm', '1991'}, ['The Buwayhid Dynasty in Iraq'] = {'Donohue', '2003'}, ['The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages'] = {'Bakró-NagyLaaksoSkribnik', '2022'}, ['Plowman: Australian Cruise Ships'] = {'Plowman', '2007'}, ['Plowman-Aust Cruise Ships'] = {'Plowman', '2007'}, ['Cárdenas: 66 petites histoires du Pays Catalan'] = {'Cárdenas', '2014'}, ['66 PHPC'] = {'Cárdenas', '2014'}, ['The Byzantine Revival, 780–842'] = {'Treadgold', '1988'}, ['Brooklands: Mercedes AMG Gold Portfolio 1983-1999'] = {'Clarke', '2007'}, ['Brooklands: On Audi & Auto Union 1980'] = {'Clarke', '1986'}, ['Brooklands-AAURT80'] = {'Clarke', '1986'}, ['The Arab Emirates in Bagratid Armenia'] = {'Ter-Ghewondyan', '1976'}, ['Botto: At This Theatre'] = {'BottoMitchell', '2002'}, ['Cite ATT Broadway'] = {'BottoMitchell', '2002'}, ['Taylor: Mercedes-Benz S-Class 1972-2013'] = {'Taylor', '2014'}, ['Smith: Cruise Ships 2014'] = {'Smith', '2014'}, ['Smith-Cruise Ships-2014'] = {'Smith', '2014'}, ['Bols: Mercedes-Benz Personenwagen'] = {'Bols', '2007'}, ['The Despotate of Epiros, 1267–1479'] = {'Nicol', '1984'}, ['Wood: Great Marques of Germany'] = {'Wood', '1985'}, ['Wilhelms 1976'] = {'Wilhelms', '1976'}, ['The End of the Jihâd State'] = {'Blankinship', '1994'}, ['Austen: Porsche 924 944 968'] = {'Austen', '2013'}, ['Thierry: Armenian Art'] = {'Thierry', '1989'}, ['Armenian Art 1989'] = {'Thierry', '1989'}, ['Staud: Faszination und Mythos'] = {'StaudKittler', '2001'}, ['Vivian: Porsche 924 928 944 968'] = {'Vivian', '1993'}, ['Kennedy-The Great Arab Conquests'] = {'Kennedy', '2007'}, ['Simon-Wines Australia'] = {'Simon', '1966'}, ['Wieder: The Great American Convertible'] = {'WiederHall', '1977'}, ['Leffingwell: Porsche 70 Years'] = {'Leffingwell', '2017'}, ['Pitt: Porsche 924 944 968'] = {'Pitt', '2006'}, ['The Byzantine Family of Kantakouzenos'] = {'Nicol', '1968'}, ['Zekulich-WineWA'] = {'Zekulich', '2000'}, ['Schrader: Porsche 924 944 968'] = {'Schrader', '2018'}, ['Cite AIA5'] = {'WhiteWillenskyLeadon', '2010'}, ['Brooklands: On Mercedes 1952-1962'] = {'Clarke', '1987'}, ['Brooklands-MBRT52'] = {'Clarke', '1987'}, ['Smith: Cruise Ships 2010'] = {'Smith', '2010'}, ['Smith-Cruise Ships-2010'] = {'Smith', '2010'}, ['The Latin Renovatio of Byzantium'] = {'Tricht', '2011'}, ['Schneider: NSU Autos und Motorräder 1900–1977'] = {'Schneider', '2011'}, ['Bond-Pemberton'] = {'Bond', '2008'}, ['Neate-High Asia'] = {'Neate', '1989'}, ['Günther: Das grosse Mercedes-SL-Buch'] = {'GüntherHübner', '1990'}, ['Lederer: Mercedes-Benz Ponton & Heckflosse'] = {'Lederer', '1997'}, ['Bongers: Porsche Data Book'] = {'Bongers', '2006'}, ['Taylor: Mercedes-Benz: Cars of the 1990s'] = {'Taylor', '2009'}, ['Geiling: NSU: Fahrzeuge'] = {'Geiling', '2009'}, ['Saladin in Egypt'] = {'Lev', '1999'}, ['Bosworth-The New Islamic Dynasties'] = {'Bosworth', '1996'}, ['Wood: Porsche: The Legend'] = {'Wood', '1997'}, ['Lintelmann: Mercedes-Benz SL'] = {'Lintelmann', '2010'}, ['Book-Ahrons-British Steam Railway Locomotive'] = {'Ahrons', '1927'}, ['MacLaren-Mapper of Mountains'] = {'MacLaren', '2005'}, ['MacMullen: Paddle-Wheel Days in California'] = {'MacMullen', '1970'}, ['MacMullen-Paddle-Wheel'] = {'MacMullen', '1970'}, ['Slade: Original Mercedes-Benz Coupes'] = {'Slade', '2004'}, ['A History of the Byzantine State and Society'] = {'Treadgold', '1997'}, ['Églises romanes oubliées du Roussillon'] = {'Mallet', '2003'}, ['Chilton: Mercedes-Benz: 1968-73'] = {'Staff', '1974'}, ['Chilton-MB 1968-73'] = {'Staff', '1974'}, ['Bentley: Mercedes-Benz Technical Companion'] = {'America', '2005'}, ['Bentley-MB Technical'] = {'America', '2005'}, ['Brooklands: Mercedes-Benz SL SLK CLK Portfolio 1990-2003'] = {'Clarke', '2004'}, ['A Short History of Berkhamsted'] = {'Birtchnell', '1972'}, ['Strom Trask Guest 1975'] = {'StromTraskGuest', '1975'}, ['Jordan-WineWABest'] = {'Jordan', '2002'}, ['Brooklands: Mercedes 230SL'] = {'Clarke', '2010'}, ['Halliday-AustWineEncyc'] = {'Halliday', '2009'}, ['Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West'] = {'Geanakoplos', '1959'}, ['Bass: Mercedes-Benz Pagoda 230, 250 & 280 SL'] = {'Bass', '2007'}, ['Noakes: Mercedes SL Series: The Complete Story'] = {'Noakes', '2004'}, ['Noakes-MSL'] = {'Noakes', '2004'}, ['Schneider: NSU 1873-1984'] = {'Schneider', '1988'}, ['Engelen: Mercedes-Benz C-Klasse: 201-205'] = {'Engelen', '2020'}, ['McComb: Mercedes-Benz V8s'] = {'McComb', '1980'}, ['The Arab Conquests in Central Asia'] = {'Gibb', '1923'}, ['Ghost Towns of California'] = {'Miller', '1978'}, ['Meredith: Mercedes-Benz Saloons'] = {'Meredith', '2003'}, ['Mills: Stern-wheelers up Columbia'] = {'Mills', '1977'}, ['Mills-Columbia'] = {'Mills', '1977'}, ['Blake: Disraeli'] = {'Blake', '1966'}, ['DisraeliRef'] = {'Blake', '1966'}, ['Larimer: Mercedes-Benz Buyer\'s Guide'] = {'Larimer', '2004'}, ['Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches'] = {'Birken', '1976'}, ['Davies Dwornik Gault Strom 1978'] = {'DaviesDwornikGaultStrom', '1978'}, ['Brooklands: Mercedes-Benz SLs & SLCs Ultimate Portfolio 1971-1989'] = {'Clarke', '2004'}, ['The Abbasid Caliphate: A History'] = {'El-Hibri', '2021'}, ['Les personnages byzantins de l\'Alexiade'] = {'Skoulatos', '1980'}, ['Polemis-The Doukai'] = {'Polemis', '1968'}, ['Ludvigsen: German Racing Silver'] = {'Ludvigsen', '2009'}, ['Ghost Towns of Northern California'] = {'VarneySusan', '2001'}, ['Meredith: Mercedes-Benz SL Sports Cars'] = {'Meredith', '1999'}, ['Freeman: Mercedes-Benz: 1959-70'] = {'FreemanRiveleHallinger', '1983'}, ['Gordon-The Breaking of a Thousand Swords'] = {'Gordon', '2001'}, ['Halliday-AustWineCompend'] = {'Halliday', '1985'}, ['Strom 1979'] = {'Strom', '1979'}, ['Plowman: The SITMAR Liners'] = {'Plowman', '2004'}, ['Plowman-Sitmar'] = {'Plowman', '2004'}, ['Book-Semmens-Goldfinch-How Steam Locomotives Really Work'] = {'SemmensGoldfinch', '2000'}, ['Brooklands: Mercedes SLs & SLCs Gold Portfolio 1971-1989'] = {'Clarke', '1990'}, ['Forrestal-Wineries'] = {'Forrestal', '1999'}, ['Parkhouse: West Gloucester & Wye Valley Lines'] = {'Parkhouse', '2013a'}, ['Book-Parkhouse-BRHIC-1'] = {'Parkhouse', '2013a'}, ['Koehling: Mercedes-Benz, The Modern SL Cars'] = {'Koehling', '2013'}, ['Schlegelmilch: Mercedes'] = {'SchlegelmilchLehbrinkOsterroth', '2013'}, ['Schlegelmilch-M-2013'] = {'SchlegelmilchLehbrinkOsterroth', '2013'}, ['Venice: A Maritime Republic'] = {'Lane', '1973'}, ['Lehbrink: Faszination Mercedes'] = {'Lehbrink', '2012'}, ['Bock: Japanese Film Directors'] = {'Bock', '1978'}, ['Audie-bock-directors'] = {'Bock', '1978'}, ['Hirsch: The Last American Convertibles'] = {'HirschWeith', '1979'}, ['Nebraska Place-Names'] = {'FitzpatrickLink', '1960'}, ['Book-Hansen-US Nuclear Weapons'] = {'Hansen', '1988'}, ['The Muslims of Medieval Italy'] = {'Metcalfe', '2009'}, ['Chapman: SUV'] = {'Chapman', '2005'}, ['Byzantium Confronts the West'] = {'Brand', '1968'}, ['History of Yolo County'] = {'Gregory', '1913'}, ['Brooklands: On Audi & Auto Union 1952-1980'] = {'Clarke', '1986'}, ['Brooklands-AAURT52'] = {'Clarke', '1986'}, ['Trask and Strom 1976'] = {'TraskStrom', '1976'}, ['The Imperial Administrative System of the Ninth Century'] = {'BuryPhilotheus', '1911'}, ['Nicholls-The Establishment Boys'] = {'Nicholls', '2021'}, ['Brooklands: On Mercedes 1963-1970'] = {'Clarke', '1987'}, ['Brooklands-MBRT63'] = {'Clarke', '1987'}, ['Cotton: Porsche 924, 944 & 968'] = {'Cotton', '2000'}, ['Gibbs: Pacific Graveyard'] = {'Gibbs', '1992'}, ['Gibbs-Graveyard'] = {'Gibbs', '1992'}, ['Jackson: Japanese Super Cars'] = {'Jackson', '1992'}, ['Die Kalifen von Kairo'] = {'Halm', '2003'}, ['Bradsher: High and Mighty'] = {'Bradsher', '2002'}, ['Vieweg: Alles über die Mercedes'] = {'Vieweg', '2000'}, ['Essays on the Latin Orient'] = {'Miller', '1921'}, ['Trask and Guest 1975'] = {'TraskGuest', '1975'}, ['Brooklands: Mercedes SLs Performance Portfolio 1989-1994'] = {'Clarke', '1996'}, ['Book-Van Riemsdijk-Compound Locomotives'] = {'Riemsdijk', '1994'}, ['Fletcher: Universal Tank'] = {'Fletcher', '1989b'}, ['Book-Fletcher-Universal Tank'] = {'Fletcher', '1989b'}, ['Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853'] = {'Anderson', '1952'}, ['La Morée franque'] = {'Bon', '1969'}, ['The Latins in the Levant'] = {'Miller', '1908'}, ['A History of Palestine, 634–1099'] = {'Gil', '1997'}, ['Caro: The Power Broker'] = {'Caro', '1974'}, ['Cite Power Broker'] = {'Caro', '1974'}, ['Smale: Porsche 924 928 944 968'] = {'Smale', '2015'}, ['Hardy-AustWinePictAtlas'] = {'Hardy', '1997'}, ['The Immortal Emperor: The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos, Last Emperor of the Romans'] = {'Nicol', '1992'}, ['Oswald: Mercedes-Benz Personenwagen 1886-1986'] = {'Oswald', '2018'}, ['Arizona SHS Interactive Map'] = {'Division', ''}, ['ADOT SHS'] = {'Division', ''}, ['Rybczynski2000'] = {'Rybczynski', '2000'}, ['Alexander-Four Bishops'] = {'Alexander', '1957'}, ['Hansen: Swords of Armageddon'] = {'Hansen', '2007'}, ['Book-Hansen-Swords of Armageddon'] = {'Hansen', '2007'}, ['The Late Medieval Balkans'] = {'Fine', '1994'}, ['Bruno: Mercedes Benz Personenwagen 1886–1980'] = {'Bruno', '2014'}, ['The Arab Kingdom and its Fall'] = {'Wellhausen', '1927'}, ['Niemann: Personenwagen von Mercedes-Benz'] = {'Niemann', '2006'}, ['Bass: Mercedes-Benz 280-560SL & SLC: W107 series'] = {'Bass', '2017'}, ['Cole: The Classic Car Adventure'] = {'Cole', '2017'}, ['Langworth: The Great American Convertible'] = {'Langworth', '1988'}, ['Rocke: Das große Mercedes-S-Klasse-Buch'] = {'Röcke', '1991'}, ['Schneider: Die NSU-Story'] = {'Schneider', '2012'}, ['Sloniger: Porsche 924 928 944'] = {'Sloniger', '1987'}, ['The Life and Times of Ali ibn Isa'] = {'Bowen', '1928'}, ['Warfare, State and Society in the Byzantine World, 565–1204'] = {'Haldon', '1999'}, ['Häußermann: Mercedes-Benz: The Large Coupes'] = {'Häußermann', '2006a'}, ['Leffingwell: Porsche Legends'] = {'Leffingwell', '1993'}, ['The Visual History of Type'] = {'McNeil', '2017'}, ['Pitt: Mercedes-Benz SL & SLR'] = {'Pitt', '2009'}, ['Hartmann: Das große Mercedes-Cabrio-Buch'] = {'Hartmann', '2017'}, ['Cite The Age of the Galley'] = {'MorrisonGardiner', '1995'}, ['Rocke: Das neue große Mercedes-S-Klasse-Buch'] = {'Röcke', '2003'}, ['Genoa and the Genoese'] = {'Epstein', '1996'}, ['Brooklands: Mercedes AMG Ultimate Portfolio 2000'] = {'Clarke', '2007'}, ['Fuths: Porsche 924 944 968 928'] = {'Fuths', '2020'}, ['Koehling: Mercedes-Benz the Early SL Cars'] = {'Koehling', '2014'}, ['Steidl: NSU Personenwagen'] = {'Steidl', '2009'}, ['Taylor: Factory-Original Mercedes SL'] = {'Taylor', '2013'}, ['Bruse: NSU Fotoalbum 1906–1977'] = {'BruseStorz', '2010'}, ['Brooklands: On Mercedes 1971-1979'] = {'Clarke', '1987'}, ['Brooklands-MBRT71'] = {'Clarke', '1987'}, ['The Geometrical Foundation of Natural Structure (book)'] = {'Williams', '1979'}, ['Alfieri: Mercedes-Benz SL'] = {'Alfieri', '2016'}, ['Kalifen und Assassinen'] = {'Halm', '2014'}, ['Gault et al 1975'] = {'GaultGuestMurrayDzurisin', '1975'}, ['Gault et al. 1975'] = {'GaultGuestMurrayDzurisin', '1975'}, ['Brooklands: Mercedes 190 & 300'] = {'Clarke', '1989'}, ['Lloyd-Margaret River'] = {'Wiltshire', '2000'}, ['Venice, Austria, and the Turks in the Seventeenth Century'] = {'Setton', '1991'}, ['Lands of the Eastern Caliphate'] = {'Strange', '1905'}, ['Brooklands: On Mercedes 1980-1987'] = {'Clarke', '1987'}, ['Brooklands-MBRT80'] = {'Clarke', '1987'}, ['Book-Hills-Power from Steam'] = {'Hills', '1989'}, ['Arth: NSU: Alle Automobile von 1905 bis 1977'] = {'Arth', '2016'}, ['Lintelmann: NSU Personenwagen: Eine Chronik'] = {'Lintelmann', '1987'}, ['The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025'] = {'Whittow', '1996'}, }, patterns = { { {'Stern: New York', 'Cite New York 1930', 'Cite NY 1930', 'Cite NY1930', 'Cite ny1930', 'Cite ny 1930', 'Cite New York 1900', 'Cite NY 1900', 'Cite NY1900', 'Cite ny 1900', 'Cite ny1900', 'Cite New York 1960', 'Cite NY 1960', 'Cite NY1960', 'Cite ny1960', 'Cite ny 1960', 'Cite NY 1880', 'Cite NY1880', 'Cite ny 1880', 'Cite ny1880', 'Cite New York 2000', 'Cite NY 2000', 'Cite NY2000', 'Cite ny2000', 'Cite ny 2000', 'Cite New York 1880', 'Cite New York'}, {'CITEREFSternFishmanTilove2006', 'CITEREFSternFishmanTilove2025', 'CITEREFSternGilmartinMassengale1983', 'CITEREFSternGilmartinMellins1987', 'CITEREFSternMellinsFishman1995', 'CITEREFSternMellinsFishman1999'} }, { {'The Cambridge History of Egypt'}, {'CITEREFDaly1998', 'CITEREFPetry1998'} }, { {'Cite AWH'}, {'CITEREF.*%d%d%d%d'} }, { {'Byzance et les Arabes'}, {'CITEREFCanard1950', 'CITEREFHonigmann1935', 'CITEREFVasiliev1935', 'CITEREFVasiliev1968'} }, { {'Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942'}, {'CITEREFKimesJr1985', 'CITEREFKimesJr1989', 'CITEREFKimesJr1996'} }, { {'The Byzantine Empire, 1025–1204: A Political History'}, {'CITEREFAngold1984', 'CITEREFAngold1997'} }, { {'Hovannisian: The Republic of Armenia', 'Cite The Republic of Armenia Volume 1'}, {'CITEREFHovannisian1971', 'CITEREFHovannisian1982', 'CITEREFHovannisian1996a', 'CITEREFHovannisian1996b'} }, { {'Harry Potter reference'}, {'CITEREFRowling1997', 'CITEREFRowling1998', 'CITEREFRowling1999', 'CITEREFRowling2000', 'CITEREFRowling2001', 'CITEREFRowling2001a', 'CITEREFRowling2003', 'CITEREFRowling2005', 'CITEREFRowling2007'} }, { {'Census UK CoB', '2011CensusScotlandCoB', '2011CensusNICoB', '2021CensusEngWalCoB', '2021CensusNICoB', '2022CensusScotlandCoB', '2011CensusEngWalCoB'}, {'CITEREFNISRACOB2011', 'CITEREFNISRACOB2021', 'CITEREFNRSCOB2011', 'CITEREFNRSCOB2022', 'CITEREFONSCOB2011', 'CITEREFONSCOB2021'} }, { {'James Halliday\'s Wine Atlas of Australia'}, {'CITEREFHalliday2006', 'CITEREFHalliday2008', 'CITEREFHalliday2014'} }, { {'Catalogue of Byzantine Seals at Dumbarton Oaks and in the Fogg Museum of Art'}, {'CITEREFCotsonis2020', 'CITEREFMcGeerNesbittOikonomides2001', 'CITEREFMcGeerNesbittOikonomides2005', 'CITEREFNesbittMorrisson2009', 'CITEREFNesbittOikonomides1991', 'CITEREFNesbittOikonomides1994', 'CITEREFNesbittOikonomides1996'} }, { {'Cite Roman Missal'}, {'CITEREFSodiTriacca2012'} }, { {'Hunter: Steamboats on the Western Rivers', 'Hunter-Steamboats-1993', 'Hunter-Steamboats-1949'}, {'CITEREFHunter1949', 'CITEREFHunter1993'} }, { {'Scharf: History of the Confederate States Navy', 'Scharf-History'}, {'CITEREFScharf1887', 'CITEREFScharf1996'} }, { {'Magdalino-The Empire of Manuel I Komnenos'}, {'CITEREFMagdalino1993', 'CITEREFMagdalino2002'} }, { {'Amacad Book of Members'}, {'CITEREF.*%d%d%d%d'} }, { {'Slaves on Horses'}, {'CITEREFCrone1980', 'CITEREFCrone2003'} }, { {'The Cambridge History of Iran'}, {'CITEREFAveryHamblyMelville1991', 'CITEREFBoyle1968', 'CITEREFFischer1968', 'CITEREFFrye1975', 'CITEREFGershevitch1985', 'CITEREFLockhartJackson1986', 'CITEREFYarshater1983'} }, { {'Runciman-A History of the Crusades'}, {'CITEREFRunciman1951', 'CITEREFRunciman1952', 'CITEREFRunciman1954'} }, { {'Black and Bolton Biographical Register', 'Black and Bolton 2001'}, {'CITEREFBlackBolton2001a', 'CITEREFBlackBolton2001b'} }, { {'AF Cite Book'}, {'CITEREFColfer2001', 'CITEREFColfer2002', 'CITEREFColfer2003', 'CITEREFColfer2004', 'CITEREFColfer2005', 'CITEREFColfer2006', 'CITEREFColfer2007', 'CITEREFColfer2008', 'CITEREFColfer2010'} }, { {'The Breweries of Australia'}, {'CITEREFDeutsher1999', 'CITEREFDeutsher2012'} }, { {'Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time'}, {'CITEREFBabinger1978', 'CITEREFBabinger1992'} }, { {'London encyclopedia'}, {'CITEREFWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay1983', 'CITEREFWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay1993', 'CITEREFWeinrebHibbertKeayKeay2008'} }, { {'Canadian census corrections', '2021 Canadian census corrections', '2021CDNcc'}, {'CITEREF.*%d%d%d%d'} }, { {'Oswald: Mercedes-Benz Personenwagen', 'Mercedes-Benz Personenwagen'}, {'CITEREFEngelen2002', 'CITEREFEngelen2003', 'CITEREFOswald2001d', 'CITEREFOswald2001e'} }, { {'Bauer: Die Straßenbahnen in Ostdeutschland'}, {'CITEREFBauerKuschinski1993', 'CITEREFBauerKuschinski1994', 'CITEREFBauerKuschinski1995'} }, { {'The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates'}, {'CITEREFKennedy1986', 'CITEREFKennedy2004', 'CITEREFKennedy2016', 'CITEREFKennedy2023'} }, { {'Barrett: Illustrated Buyer\'s Guide Mercedes-Benz', 'Barrett: llustrated Buyer\'s Guide Mercedes-Benz'}, {'CITEREFBarrett1994', 'CITEREFBarrett1998'} }, { {'Porsche: Excellence Was Expected'}, {'CITEREFExcellence_was_Expected,_Book_1,2019', 'CITEREFExcellence_was_Expected,_Book_2,2019', 'CITEREFExcellence_was_Expected,_Book_3,2019', 'CITEREFExcellence_was_Expected,_Book_4,2019', 'CITEREFExcellence_was_Expected,_Vol_1,2003', 'CITEREFExcellence_was_Expected,_Vol_2,2003', 'CITEREFExcellence_was_Expected,_Vol_3,2003'} }, { {'British Red Data Books'}, {'CITEREFBratton1991', 'CITEREFShirt1987', 'CITEREFWigginton1999'} }, { {'Parliamentary manuals', 'Cite parl'}, {'CITEREFDemeter1969', 'CITEREFMason2000', 'CITEREFRiddickButcher1985', 'CITEREFRobert1876', 'CITEREFRobert1893', 'CITEREFRobert1915', 'CITEREFRobert1943', 'CITEREFRobert1951', 'CITEREFRobert1970', 'CITEREFRobert1981', 'CITEREFRobert1990', 'CITEREFRobert2000', 'CITEREFSturgis1950', 'CITEREFSturgis1965', 'CITEREFSturgis1988', 'CITEREFSturgis2001'} }, { {'The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453'}, {'CITEREFNicol1972', 'CITEREFNicol1993'} }, { {'Ιστορία του Ελληνικού Έθνους'}, {'CITEREFChristopoulosBastias1970', 'CITEREFChristopoulosBastias1971', 'CITEREFChristopoulosBastias1972', 'CITEREFChristopoulosBastias1973', 'CITEREFChristopoulosBastias1974', 'CITEREFChristopoulosBastias1975', 'CITEREFChristopoulosBastias1976', 'CITEREFChristopoulosBastias1977', 'CITEREFChristopoulosBastias1978', 'CITEREFChristopoulosBastias1979', 'CITEREFChristopoulosBastias1980', 'CITEREFChristopoulosBastias2000'} }, { {'Mercedes-Benz since 1945'}, {'CITEREFTaylor1985', 'CITEREFTaylor1986', 'CITEREFTaylor1994'} }, { {'Mercedes-Benz The 1960s'}, {'CITEREFKoehling2021'} }, { {'Beaulieu Encyclopedia of the Automobile'}, {'CITEREFGeorgano2001'} }, { {'Imber-The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650'}, {'CITEREFImber2002', 'CITEREFImber2009', 'CITEREFImber2019'} }, { {'Wisconsin History of the Crusades'}, {'CITEREFSettonBaldwin1969', 'CITEREFSettonHazard1975', 'CITEREFSettonHazard1977', 'CITEREFSettonHazardZacour1989', 'CITEREFSettonWolffHazard1969', 'CITEREFSettonZacourHazard1985'} }, { {'Baghdad During the Abbasid Caliphate'}, {'CITEREFStrange1900', 'CITEREFStrange1922'} }, { {'Höltge: Straßen und Stadtbahnen in Deutschland'}, {'CITEREFHöltge1992', 'CITEREFHöltge1994', 'CITEREFHöltge1999', 'CITEREFHöltgeKochems2006', 'CITEREFHöltgeKöhler1992', 'CITEREFKochemsHöltge2011'} }, { {'Varzos-Genealogy of the Komnenoi', 'Η Γενεαλογία των Κομνηνών'}, {'CITEREFVarzos,_Vol._A1,1984', 'CITEREFVarzos,_Vol._A2,1984', 'CITEREFVarzos,_Vol._B,1984'} }, { {'Colledge: Ships RN', 'Cite Colledge2006', 'Cite Colledge2010', 'Colledge', 'Cite Colledge2020'}, {'CITEREFColledge1969', 'CITEREFColledge1970', 'CITEREFColledge1987', 'CITEREFColledge1989', 'CITEREFColledgeWarlow2003', 'CITEREFColledgeWarlow2006', 'CITEREFColledgeWarlow2010', 'CITEREFColledgeWarlowBush2020'} }, { {'Hofner: Mercedes-Benz Typenkunde', 'Mercedes-Benz Typenkunde'}, {'CITEREFHofner2010a', 'CITEREFHofner2010b', 'CITEREFHofner2011'} }, { {'The Papacy and the Levant', 'The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571', 'The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571'}, {'CITEREFSetton1976', 'CITEREFSetton1978', 'CITEREFSetton1984', 'CITEREFSetton1984a'} }, { {'Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia'}, {'CITEREFАСЕ1976', 'CITEREFАСЕ1978', 'CITEREFАСЕ1979', 'CITEREFАСЕ1980', 'CITEREFАСЕ1981', 'CITEREFАСЕ1982', 'CITEREFАСЕ1983', 'CITEREFАСЕ1984', 'CITEREFАСЕ1986', 'CITEREFАСЕ1987'} }, { {'Unbegaun: Russian Surnames', 'Unbegaun'}, {'CITEREFUnbegaun1989', 'CITEREFUnbegaun1995'} }, { {'The First Dynasty of Islam'}, {'CITEREFHawting1987', 'CITEREFHawting2000'} }, { {'Canadian census designated place results', '1996 Canadian census designated place results', '1996CDNcdplr'}, {'CITEREF.*%d%d%d%d'} }, { {'Deutsche Autos', 'Oswald: Deutsche Autos'}, {'CITEREFKittler2001a', 'CITEREFKittler2001b', 'CITEREFKittler2005', 'CITEREFOswald2001a', 'CITEREFOswald2001b', 'CITEREFOswald2001c', 'CITEREFSchrader2002'} }, { {'Mercedes-Benz (Koch)'}, {'CITEREFKittler2002', 'CITEREFRohdeKoch2000'} }, { {'Biographical Dictionary of Women in Science', 'BDWS'}, {'CITEREFOgilvieHarvey2000'} }, { {'Barrington Atlas', 'Barrington', 'Cite Barrington'}, {'CITEREFTalbert,_Vol_12000', 'CITEREFTalbert,_Vol_22000', 'CITEREFTalbert2000'} }, { {'Canadian census unincorporated place results', '1951 Canadian census unincorporated place results', '2021CDNcuipr', '1956 Canadian census unincorporated place results', '1951CDNcuipr', '1956CDNcuipr', '1961 Canadian census unincorporated place results', '1966 Canadian census unincorporated place results', '1961CDNcuipr', '1966CDNcuipr', '1971 Canadian census unincorporated place results', '1971CDNcuipr', '1976 Canadian census unincorporated place results', '1976CDNcuipr', '1981 Canadian census unincorporated place results', '1981CDNcuipr', '1986 Canadian census unincorporated place results', '1986CDNcuipr', '1991 Canadian census unincorporated place results', '1991CDNcuipr', 'CDNcuipr'}, {'CITEREF.*%d%d%d%d'} }, { {'The Early Medieval Balkans'}, {'CITEREFFine1983', 'CITEREFFine1991'} }, { {'Daftary-The Ismailis'}, {'CITEREFDaftary1990', 'CITEREFDaftary2007'} }, { {'Baxter: British Locomotive Catalogue 1825–1923', 'Baxter-BritishLocoCat5A', 'Baxter-BritishLocoCat6', 'Baxter-BritishLocoCat3B', 'Baxter-BritishLocoCat3A', 'Baxter-BritishLocoCat4', 'Baxter-BritishLocoCat5B', 'Baxter-BritishLocoCat2B', 'Baxter-BritishLocoCat2A', 'Baxter-BritishLocoCat1', 'Baxter: British Locomotive Catalogue 1825-1923'}, {'CITEREFBaxter1977', 'CITEREFBaxter1978', 'CITEREFBaxter1979', 'CITEREFBaxter1982', 'CITEREFBaxter1982a', 'CITEREFBaxter1984', 'CITEREFBaxter1986', 'CITEREFBaxter1988', 'CITEREFBaxter2012'} }, { {'Standard Catalog of American Cars 1946–1975'}, {'CITEREFGunnell1982', 'CITEREFGunnell1987', 'CITEREFGunnell1992', 'CITEREFGunnell1997'} }, { {'Hofner: Mercedes-Benz Automobile'}, {'CITEREFHofnerSchrader2005'} }, { {'Eminent Scotsmen'}, {'CITEREFChambersThomson1857'} }, { {'Cite PHAK'}, {'CITEREF.*%d%d%d%d'} }, } } return registry 0bpjvmi89k3ydtxn93vogy1zczluuf1 10 50339 304462 2026-08-08T17:35:31Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304462 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Main other | <!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} |<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{1|}}} |pattern=^%s*[nN][eE][wW] |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH |ignore_errors=true}} | NOMATCH<!-- -->|<!-- -->|[[Category:S-bef: 'before' parameter begins with the word 'new']]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{1|}}} |pattern=[cC]reated |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH |ignore_errors=true}} | NOMATCH<!-- -->|<!-- -->|[[Category:S-bef: 'before' parameter includes the word 'created']]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{1|}}} |pattern=[vV]acant |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH |ignore_errors=true}} | NOMATCH<!-- -->|<!-- -->|[[Category:S-bef: 'before' parameter includes the word 'vacant']]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{1|}}} |pattern=[sS]uspended |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH |ignore_errors=true}} | NOMATCH<!-- -->|<!-- -->|[[Category:S-bef: 'before' parameter includes the word 'suspended']]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{1|}}} |pattern=[uU]nknown |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH<!-- -->|<!-- -->| [[Category:S-bef: 'before' parameter includes the word 'unknown']]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{1|}}} |pattern=^'*[Nn]ew constituency'*$ |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH<!-- -->|<!-- -->| [[Category:S-bef: 'before' parameter is 'New constituency']]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- --></includeonly><!-- --><noinclude>{{Documentation}} </noinclude> rfyjdm0x9t8d2pe28p636nyx1uc6iwo 10 50340 304463 2026-08-08T17:36:09Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{1|}}}|<br />{{Delink question hyphen-minus|{{{1}}}}}}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 9yvgjltqe4ow99syla3b1gl0vms4tzh 10 50341 304464 2026-08-08T17:37:05Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304464 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{Main other | <!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}} |<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{1|}}} |pattern=[vV]acant |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH<!-- -->|<!-- -->| [[Category:S-aft: 'after' parameter includes the word 'vacant']]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{1|}}} |pattern=[iI]ncumbent |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH<!-- -->|<!-- -->|[[Category:S-aft: 'after' parameter includes the word 'incumbent']]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{1|}}} |pattern=[aA]bolished |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH<!-- -->|<!-- -->| [[Category:S-aft: 'after' parameter includes the word 'abolished']]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{1|}}} |pattern=[sS]uspended |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH<!-- -->|<!-- -->| [[Category:S-aft: 'after' parameter includes the word 'suspended']]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{1|}}} |pattern=[dD]issolved|start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH<!-- -->|<!-- -->| [[Category:S-aft: 'after' parameter includes the word 'dissolved']]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{1|}}} |pattern=[uU]nknown |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH<!-- -->|<!-- -->| [[Category:S-aft: 'after' parameter includes the word 'unknown']]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{1|}}} |pattern=[eE]xtinct |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH<!-- -->|<!-- -->| [[Category:S-aft: 'after' parameter includes the word 'extinct']]<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- --></includeonly><!-- --><noinclude>{{Documentation}} </noinclude> kmt1ww6a5efqyr4swp1el762zudpb18 10 50342 304465 2026-08-08T17:37:37Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{1|}}}|<br />{{Delink question hyphen-minus|{{{1}}}}}}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> 9yvgjltqe4ow99syla3b1gl0vms4tzh 10 50343 304466 2026-08-08T17:39:20Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: /* {{pp-template}} */ .ivmbox { margin-bottom: 1em; border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fdf2d5); padding: 0.5em; display: flex; align-items: center; } @media screen { html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .ivmbox[style*="background"] { background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory) !important; color: inherit; } } @media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { html.skin-theme-cl... 304466 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .ivmbox { margin-bottom: 1em; border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fdf2d5); padding: 0.5em; display: flex; align-items: center; } @media screen { html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .ivmbox[style*="background"] { background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory) !important; color: inherit; } } @media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .ivmbox[style*="background"] { background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory) !important; color: inherit; } } .ivmbox-image { padding-left: 1px; padding-right: 0.5em; max-width: 100px; flex: 1 0 25px; } .ivmbox-text { padding: 0.5em 0; } .ivmbox-text > :first-child { margin-top: 0; } .ivmbox-text > :last-child { margin-bottom: 0; } .ivmbox-right { padding-left: 0.5em; padding-right: 1px; flex: none; margin-left: auto; } 8xqbnioxa3j9k48bju8w9gd51wadbnx 10 50344 304467 2026-08-08T17:40:28Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{safesubst:<noinclude/>ifsubst|1=<div class="ivmbox|2=<templatestyles src="Template:Ivory messagebox/styles.css" /><div class="ivmbox}} {{safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{plainlinks|}}}|plainlinks}}" {{safesubst:<noinclude/>ifsubst|1=style="margin-bottom: 1em; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: {{{bg|var(--background-color-warning-subtle, #fdf2d5)}}}; color:var(--color-base,#202122); padding: 0.5em; display: flex; align-items: center; "|2=style="{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{border|}}}|border-color: {{{border}}};}}{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{bg|}}}|background-color: {{{bg}}};color:var(--color-base,#202122);}}{{{extracss|}}}"}}> {{safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{image|{{{2|}}}}}}|<div class="ivmbox-image" {{safesubst:<noinclude/>ifsubst|1=style="padding-left:{{{p-l|1px}}}; padding-right:{{{p-r|0.5em}}};{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{imagesize|}}}|flex-basis: {{{imagesize}}}}}"|2=style="{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{p-l|}}}|padding-left:{{{p-l}}};}}{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{p-r|}}}|padding-right:{{{p-r|0.5em}}};}} {{safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{imagesize|}}}|flex-basis: {{{imagesize}}}}}"}}>{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|{{{2}}}}}}|size={{{imagesize|25px}}}|maxsize=100px|link={{{image link|}}}|alt={{{image alt|}}}|class={{{image class|}}}}}</div>}} <div class="ivmbox-text"> {{{text|{{{1}}}}}} </div> {{safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{right|}}}|<div class="ivmbox-right" {{safesubst:<noinclude/>ifsubst|1=style="padding-left:{{{p-r|0.5em}}}; padding-right:{{{p-l|1px}}}; flex: none; margin-left: auto"|2=style="{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{p-r|}}}|padding-left:{{{p-r}}};}}{{safesubst:<noinclude/>#if:{{{p-l|}}}|padding-right:{{{p-l|1px}}};}}"}}>{{{right|}}}</div>}} </<noinclude/>div><noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> q8ecbbg5audiesgzxtpciegktx54iwi 10 50345 304468 2026-08-08T17:41:34Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: /* {{pp-template}} */ .hmbox-outer { margin-left: 1em; } .hmbox-inner { display: inline-block; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border: 1px solid var( --border-color-base, #a2a9b1 ); background-color: var( --background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa ); margin-right: 0.5em; padding: 0.3em 0.5em; } 304468 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ .hmbox-outer { margin-left: 1em; } .hmbox-inner { display: inline-block; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border: 1px solid var( --border-color-base, #a2a9b1 ); background-color: var( --background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa ); margin-right: 0.5em; padding: 0.3em 0.5em; } 0vplsxd0hbhhmod4a0oc85jrk92y1v4 10 50346 304469 2026-08-08T17:41:52Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304469 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hmbox/styles.css" /><div role="note" class="hmbox-outer {{{class|}}}"><div class="hmbox-inner">[[File:{{{image|Blank.png}}}|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{imagesize|}}}|{{{imagesize}}}|20x20}}px|link=|alt=]] {{{message|}}}</div>{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{extra|}}}|&#8202;– <span style="font-size: 85%">{{{extra}}}</span>}}</div><noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- Place category links on the /doc sub-page; language links go to Wikidata, thank you! --> </noinclude> ibm4j0mffcs11avddn2qzoeldd27hon 828 50347 304470 2026-08-08T17:43:52Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: -- IP library -- This library contains classes for working with IP addresses and IP ranges. -- Load modules require('strict') local bit32 = require('bit32') local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil') local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType local checkTypeMulti = libraryUtil.checkTypeMulti local makeCheckSelfFunction = libraryUtil.makeCheckSelfFunction -- Constants local V4 = 'IPv4' local V6 = 'IPv6' ------------------------------------------------------------------------------... 304470 Scribunto text/plain -- IP library -- This library contains classes for working with IP addresses and IP ranges. -- Load modules require('strict') local bit32 = require('bit32') local libraryUtil = require('libraryUtil') local checkType = libraryUtil.checkType local checkTypeMulti = libraryUtil.checkTypeMulti local makeCheckSelfFunction = libraryUtil.makeCheckSelfFunction -- Constants local V4 = 'IPv4' local V6 = 'IPv6' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Helper functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeValidationFunction(className, isObjectFunc) -- Make a function for validating a specific object. return function (methodName, argIdx, arg) if not isObjectFunc(arg) then error(string.format( "bad argument #%d to '%s' (not a valid %s object)", argIdx, methodName, className ), 3) end end end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Collection class -- This is a table used to hold items. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local Collection = {} Collection.__index = Collection function Collection:add(item) if item ~= nil then self.n = self.n + 1 self[self.n] = item end end function Collection:join(sep) return table.concat(self, sep) end function Collection:remove(pos) if self.n > 0 and (pos == nil or (0 < pos and pos <= self.n)) then self.n = self.n - 1 return table.remove(self, pos) end end function Collection:sort(comp) table.sort(self, comp) end function Collection:deobjectify() -- Turns the collection into a plain array without any special properties -- or methods. self.n = nil setmetatable(self, nil) end function Collection.new() return setmetatable({n = 0}, Collection) end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- RawIP class -- Numeric representation of an IPv4 or IPv6 address. Used internally. -- A RawIP object is constructed by adding data to a Collection object and -- then giving it a new metatable. This is to avoid the memory overhead of -- copying the data to a new table. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local RawIP = {} RawIP.__index = RawIP -- Constructors function RawIP.newFromIPv4(ipStr) -- Return a RawIP object if ipStr is a valid IPv4 string. Otherwise, -- return nil. -- This representation is for compatibility with IPv6 addresses. local octets = Collection.new() local s = ipStr:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') .. '.' for item in s:gmatch('(.-)%.') do octets:add(item) end if octets.n == 4 then for i, s in ipairs(octets) do if s:match('^%d+$') then local num = tonumber(s) if 0 <= num and num <= 255 then if num > 0 and s:match('^0') then -- A redundant leading zero is for an IP in octal. return nil end octets[i] = num else return nil end else return nil end end local parts = Collection.new() for i = 1, 3, 2 do parts:add(octets[i] * 256 + octets[i+1]) end return setmetatable(parts, RawIP) end return nil end function RawIP.newFromIPv6(ipStr) -- Return a RawIP object if ipStr is a valid IPv6 string. Otherwise, -- return nil. ipStr = ipStr:match('^%s*(.-)%s*$') local _, n = ipStr:gsub(':', ':') if n < 7 then ipStr = ipStr:gsub('::', string.rep(':', 9 - n)) end local parts = Collection.new() for item in (ipStr .. ':'):gmatch('(.-):') do parts:add(item) end if parts.n == 8 then for i, s in ipairs(parts) do if s == '' then parts[i] = 0 else if s:match('^%x+$') then local num = tonumber(s, 16) if num and 0 <= num and num <= 65535 then parts[i] = num else return nil end else return nil end end end return setmetatable(parts, RawIP) end return nil end function RawIP.newFromIP(ipStr) -- Return a new RawIP object from either an IPv4 string or an IPv6 -- string. If ipStr is not a valid IPv4 or IPv6 string, then return -- nil. return RawIP.newFromIPv4(ipStr) or RawIP.newFromIPv6(ipStr) end -- Methods function RawIP:getVersion() -- Return a string with the version of the IP protocol we are using. return self.n == 2 and V4 or V6 end function RawIP:isIPv4() -- Return true if this is an IPv4 representation, and false otherwise. return self.n == 2 end function RawIP:isIPv6() -- Return true if this is an IPv6 representation, and false otherwise. return self.n == 8 end function RawIP:getBitLength() -- Return the bit length of the IP address. return self.n * 16 end function RawIP:getAdjacent(previous) -- Return a RawIP object for an adjacent IP address. If previous is true -- then the previous IP is returned; otherwise the next IP is returned. -- Will wraparound: -- next 255.255.255.255 → 0.0.0.0 -- ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff → :: -- previous 0.0.0.0 → 255.255.255.255 -- :: → ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff local result = Collection.new() result.n = self.n local carry = previous and 0xffff or 1 for i = self.n, 1, -1 do local sum = self[i] + carry if sum >= 0x10000 then carry = previous and 0x10000 or 1 sum = sum - 0x10000 else carry = previous and 0xffff or 0 end result[i] = sum end return setmetatable(result, RawIP) end function RawIP:getPrefix(bitLength) -- Return a RawIP object for the prefix of the current IP Address with a -- bit length of bitLength. local result = Collection.new() result.n = self.n for i = 1, self.n do if bitLength > 0 then if bitLength >= 16 then result[i] = self[i] bitLength = bitLength - 16 else result[i] = bit32.replace(self[i], 0, 0, 16 - bitLength) bitLength = 0 end else result[i] = 0 end end return setmetatable(result, RawIP) end function RawIP:getHighestHost(bitLength) -- Return a RawIP object for the highest IP with the prefix of length -- bitLength. In other words, the network (the most-significant bits) -- is the same as the current IP's, but the host bits (the -- least-significant bits) are all set to 1. local bits = self.n * 16 local width if bitLength <= 0 then width = bits elseif bitLength >= bits then width = 0 else width = bits - bitLength end local result = Collection.new() result.n = self.n for i = self.n, 1, -1 do if width > 0 then if width >= 16 then result[i] = 0xffff width = width - 16 else result[i] = bit32.replace(self[i], 0xffff, 0, width) width = 0 end else result[i] = self[i] end end return setmetatable(result, RawIP) end function RawIP:_makeIPv6String() -- Return an IPv6 string representation of the object. Behavior is -- undefined if the current object is IPv4. local z1, z2 -- indices of run of zeroes to be displayed as "::" local zstart, zcount for i = 1, 9 do -- Find left-most occurrence of longest run of two or more zeroes. if i < 9 and self[i] == 0 then if zstart then zcount = zcount + 1 else zstart = i zcount = 1 end else if zcount and zcount > 1 then if not z1 or zcount > z2 - z1 + 1 then z1 = zstart z2 = zstart + zcount - 1 end end zstart = nil zcount = nil end end local parts = Collection.new() for i = 1, 8 do if z1 and z1 <= i and i <= z2 then if i == z1 then if z1 == 1 or z2 == 8 then if z1 == 1 and z2 == 8 then return '::' end parts:add(':') else parts:add('') end end else parts:add(string.format('%x', self[i])) end end return parts:join(':') end function RawIP:_makeIPv4String() -- Return an IPv4 string representation of the object. Behavior is -- undefined if the current object is IPv6. local parts = Collection.new() for i = 1, 2 do local w = self[i] parts:add(math.floor(w / 256)) parts:add(w % 256) end return parts:join('.') end function RawIP:__tostring() -- Return a string equivalent to given IP address (IPv4 or IPv6). if self.n == 2 then return self:_makeIPv4String() else return self:_makeIPv6String() end end function RawIP:__lt(obj) if self.n == obj.n then for i = 1, self.n do if self[i] ~= obj[i] then return self[i] < obj[i] end end return false end return self.n < obj.n end function RawIP:__eq(obj) if self.n == obj.n then for i = 1, self.n do if self[i] ~= obj[i] then return false end end return true end return false end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Initialize private methods available to IPAddress and Subnet -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Both IPAddress and Subnet need access to each others' private constructor -- functions. IPAddress must be able to make Subnet objects from CIDR strings -- and from RawIP objects, and Subnet must be able to make IPAddress objects -- from IP strings and from RawIP objects. These constructors must all be -- private to ensure correct error levels and to stop other modules from having -- to worry about RawIP objects. Because they are private, they must be -- initialized here. local makeIPAddress, makeIPAddressFromRaw, makeSubnet, makeSubnetFromRaw -- Objects need to be able to validate other objects that they are passed -- as input, so initialize those functions here as well. local validateCollection, validateIPAddress, validateSubnet -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- IPAddress class -- Represents a single IPv4 or IPv6 address. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local IPAddress = {} do -- dataKey is a unique key to access objects' internal data. This is needed -- to access the RawIP objects contained in other IPAddress objects so that -- they can be compared with the current object's RawIP object. This data -- is not available to other classes or other modules. local dataKey = {} -- Private static methods local function isIPAddressObject(val) return type(val) == 'table' and val[dataKey] ~= nil end validateIPAddress = makeValidationFunction('IPAddress', isIPAddressObject) -- Metamethods that don't need upvalues local function ipEquals(ip1, ip2) return ip1[dataKey].rawIP == ip2[dataKey].rawIP end local function ipLessThan(ip1, ip2) return ip1[dataKey].rawIP < ip2[dataKey].rawIP end local function concatIP(ip, val) return tostring(ip) .. tostring(val) end local function ipToString(ip) return ip:getIP() end -- Constructors makeIPAddressFromRaw = function (rawIP) -- Constructs a new IPAddress object from a rawIP object. This function -- is for internal use; it is called by IPAddress.new and from other -- IPAddress methods, and should be available to the Subnet class, but -- should not be available to other modules. assert(type(rawIP) == 'table', 'rawIP was type ' .. type(rawIP) .. '; expected type table') -- Set up structure local obj = {} local data = {} data.rawIP = rawIP -- A function to check whether methods are called with a valid self -- parameter. local checkSelf = makeCheckSelfFunction( 'IP', 'ipAddress', obj, 'IPAddress object' ) -- Public methods function obj:getIP() checkSelf(self, 'getIP') return tostring(data.rawIP) end function obj:getVersion() checkSelf(self, 'getVersion') return data.rawIP:getVersion() end function obj:isIPv4() checkSelf(self, 'isIPv4') return data.rawIP:isIPv4() end function obj:isIPv6() checkSelf(self, 'isIPv6') return data.rawIP:isIPv6() end function obj:isInCollection(collection) checkSelf(self, 'isInCollection') validateCollection('isInCollection', 1, collection) return collection:containsIP(self) end function obj:isInSubnet(subnet) checkSelf(self, 'isInSubnet') local tp = type(subnet) if tp == 'string' then subnet = makeSubnet(subnet) elseif tp == 'table' then validateSubnet('isInSubnet', 1, subnet) else checkTypeMulti('isInSubnet', 1, subnet, {'string', 'table'}) end return subnet:containsIP(self) end function obj:getSubnet(bitLength) checkSelf(self, 'getSubnet') checkType('getSubnet', 1, bitLength, 'number') if bitLength < 0 or bitLength > data.rawIP:getBitLength() or bitLength ~= math.floor(bitLength) then error(string.format( "bad argument #1 to 'getSubnet' (must be an integer between 0 and %d)", data.rawIP:getBitLength() ), 2) end return makeSubnetFromRaw(data.rawIP, bitLength) end function obj:getNextIP() checkSelf(self, 'getNextIP') return makeIPAddressFromRaw(data.rawIP:getAdjacent()) end function obj:getPreviousIP() checkSelf(self, 'getPreviousIP') return makeIPAddressFromRaw(data.rawIP:getAdjacent(true)) end -- Metamethods return setmetatable(obj, { __eq = ipEquals, __lt = ipLessThan, __concat = concatIP, __tostring = ipToString, __index = function (self, key) -- If any code knows the unique data key, allow it to access -- the data table. if key == dataKey then return data end end, __metatable = false, -- don't allow access to the metatable }) end makeIPAddress = function (ip) local rawIP = RawIP.newFromIP(ip) if not rawIP then error(string.format("'%s' is an invalid IP address", ip), 3) end return makeIPAddressFromRaw(rawIP) end function IPAddress.new(ip) checkType('IPAddress.new', 1, ip, 'string') return makeIPAddress(ip) end end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Subnet class -- Represents a block of IPv4 or IPv6 addresses. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local Subnet = {} do -- uniqueKey is a unique, private key used to test whether a given object -- is a Subnet object. local uniqueKey = {} -- Metatable local mt = { __index = function (self, key) if key == uniqueKey then return true end end, __eq = function (self, obj) return self:getCIDR() == obj:getCIDR() end, __concat = function (self, obj) return tostring(self) .. tostring(obj) end, __tostring = function (self) return self:getCIDR() end, __metatable = false } -- Private static methods local function isSubnetObject(val) -- Return true if val is a Subnet object, and false otherwise. return type(val) == 'table' and val[uniqueKey] ~= nil end -- Function to validate subnet objects. -- Params: -- methodName (string) - the name of the method being validated -- argIdx (number) - the position of the argument in the argument list -- arg - the argument to be validated validateSubnet = makeValidationFunction('Subnet', isSubnetObject) -- Constructors makeSubnetFromRaw = function (rawIP, bitLength) -- Set up structure local obj = setmetatable({}, mt) local data = { rawIP = rawIP, bitLength = bitLength, } -- A function to check whether methods are called with a valid self -- parameter. local checkSelf = makeCheckSelfFunction( 'IP', 'subnet', obj, 'Subnet object' ) -- Public methods function obj:getPrefix() checkSelf(self, 'getPrefix') if not data.prefix then data.prefix = makeIPAddressFromRaw( data.rawIP:getPrefix(data.bitLength) ) end return data.prefix end function obj:getHighestIP() checkSelf(self, 'getHighestIP') if not data.highestIP then data.highestIP = makeIPAddressFromRaw( data.rawIP:getHighestHost(data.bitLength) ) end return data.highestIP end function obj:getBitLength() checkSelf(self, 'getBitLength') return data.bitLength end function obj:getCIDR() checkSelf(self, 'getCIDR') return string.format( '%s/%d', tostring(self:getPrefix()), self:getBitLength() ) end function obj:getVersion() checkSelf(self, 'getVersion') return data.rawIP:getVersion() end function obj:isIPv4() checkSelf(self, 'isIPv4') return data.rawIP:isIPv4() end function obj:isIPv6() checkSelf(self, 'isIPv6') return data.rawIP:isIPv6() end function obj:containsIP(ip) checkSelf(self, 'containsIP') local tp = type(ip) if tp == 'string' then ip = makeIPAddress(ip) elseif tp == 'table' then validateIPAddress('containsIP', 1, ip) else checkTypeMulti('containsIP', 1, ip, {'string', 'table'}) end if self:getVersion() == ip:getVersion() then return self:getPrefix() <= ip and ip <= self:getHighestIP() end return false end function obj:overlapsCollection(collection) checkSelf(self, 'overlapsCollection') validateCollection('overlapsCollection', 1, collection) return collection:overlapsSubnet(self) end function obj:overlapsSubnet(subnet) checkSelf(self, 'overlapsSubnet') local tp = type(subnet) if tp == 'string' then subnet = makeSubnet(subnet) elseif tp == 'table' then validateSubnet('overlapsSubnet', 1, subnet) else checkTypeMulti('overlapsSubnet', 1, subnet, {'string', 'table'}) end if self:getVersion() == subnet:getVersion() then return ( subnet:getHighestIP() >= self:getPrefix() and subnet:getPrefix() <= self:getHighestIP() ) end return false end function obj:walk() checkSelf(self, 'walk') local started local current = self:getPrefix() local highest = self:getHighestIP() return function () if not started then started = true return current end if current < highest then current = current:getNextIP() return current end end end return obj end makeSubnet = function (cidr) -- Return a Subnet object from a CIDR string. If the CIDR string is -- invalid, throw an error. local lhs, rhs = cidr:match('^%s*(.-)/(%d+)%s*$') if lhs then local bits = lhs:find(':', 1, true) and 128 or 32 local n = tonumber(rhs) if n and n <= bits and (n == 0 or not rhs:find('^0')) then -- The right-hand side is a number between 0 and 32 (for IPv4) -- or 0 and 128 (for IPv6) and doesn't have any leading zeroes. local base = RawIP.newFromIP(lhs) if base then -- The left-hand side is a valid IP address. local prefix = base:getPrefix(n) if base == prefix then -- The left-hand side is the lowest IP in the subnet. return makeSubnetFromRaw(prefix, n) end end end end error(string.format("'%s' is an invalid CIDR string", cidr), 3) end function Subnet.new(cidr) checkType('Subnet.new', 1, cidr, 'string') return makeSubnet(cidr) end end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Ranges class -- Holds a list of IPAdress pairs representing contiguous IP ranges. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local Ranges = Collection.new() Ranges.__index = Ranges function Ranges.new() return setmetatable({}, Ranges) end function Ranges:add(ip1, ip2) validateIPAddress('add', 1, ip1) if ip2 ~= nil then validateIPAddress('add', 2, ip2) if ip1 > ip2 then error('The first IP must be less than or equal to the second', 2) end end Collection.add(self, {ip1, ip2 or ip1}) end function Ranges:merge() self:sort( function (lhs, rhs) -- Sort by second value, then first. if lhs[2] == rhs[2] then return lhs[1] < rhs[1] end return lhs[2] < rhs[2] end ) local pos = self.n while pos > 1 do for i = pos - 1, 1, -1 do local ip1 = self[i][2] local ip2 = ip1:getNextIP() if ip2 < ip1 then ip2 = ip1 -- don't wrap around end if self[pos][1] > ip2 then break end ip1 = self[i][1] ip2 = self[pos][1] self[i] = {ip1 > ip2 and ip2 or ip1, self[pos][2]} self:remove(pos) pos = pos - 1 if pos <= 1 then break end end pos = pos - 1 end end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- IPCollection class -- Holds a list of IP addresses/subnets. Used internally. -- Each address/subnet has the same version (either IPv4 or IPv6). -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local IPCollection = {} IPCollection.__index = IPCollection function IPCollection.new(version) assert( version == V4 or version == V6, 'IPCollection.new called with an invalid version' ) local obj = { version = version, -- V4 or V6 addresses = Collection.new(), -- valid IP addresses subnets = Collection.new(), -- valid subnets omitted = Collection.new(), -- not-quite valid strings } return obj end function IPCollection:getVersion() -- Return a string with the IP version of addresses in this collection. return self.version end function IPCollection:_store(hit, stripColons) local maker, location if hit:find('/', 1, true) then maker = Subnet.new location = self.subnets else maker = IPAddress.new location = self.addresses end local success, obj = pcall(maker, hit) if success then location:add(obj) else if stripColons then local colons, hit = hit:match('^(:*)(.*)') if colons ~= '' then self:_store(hit) return end end self.omitted:add(hit) end end function IPCollection:_assertVersion(version, msg) if self.version ~= version then error(msg, 3) end end function IPCollection:addIP(ip) local tp = type(ip) if tp == 'string' then ip = makeIPAddress(ip) elseif tp == 'table' then validateIPAddress('addIP', 1, ip) else checkTypeMulti('addIP', 1, ip, {'string', 'table'}) end self:_assertVersion(ip:getVersion(), 'addIP called with incorrect IP version') self.addresses:add(ip) return self end function IPCollection:addSubnet(subnet) local tp = type(subnet) if tp == 'string' then subnet = makeSubnet(subnet) elseif tp == 'table' then validateSubnet('addSubnet', 1, subnet) else checkTypeMulti('addSubnet', 1, subnet, {'string', 'table'}) end self:_assertVersion(subnet:getVersion(), 'addSubnet called with incorrect subnet version') self.subnets:add(subnet) return self end function IPCollection:containsIP(ip) -- Return true, obj if ip is in this collection, -- where obj is the first IPAddress or Subnet with the ip. -- Otherwise, return false. local tp = type(ip) if tp == 'string' then ip = makeIPAddress(ip) elseif tp == 'table' then validateIPAddress('containsIP', 1, ip) else checkTypeMulti('containsIP', 1, ip, {'string', 'table'}) end if self:getVersion() == ip:getVersion() then for _, item in ipairs(self.addresses) do if item == ip then return true, item end end for _, item in ipairs(self.subnets) do if item:containsIP(ip) then return true, item end end end return false end function IPCollection:getRanges() -- Return a sorted table of IP pairs equivalent to the collection. -- Each IP pair is a table representing a contiguous range of -- IP addresses from pair[1] to pair[2] inclusive (IPAddress objects). local ranges = Ranges.new() for _, item in ipairs(self.addresses) do ranges:add(item) end for _, item in ipairs(self.subnets) do ranges:add(item:getPrefix(), item:getHighestIP()) end ranges:merge() ranges:deobjectify() return ranges end function IPCollection:overlapsSubnet(subnet) -- Return true, obj if subnet overlaps this collection, -- where obj is the first IPAddress or Subnet overlapping the subnet. -- Otherwise, return false. local tp = type(subnet) if tp == 'string' then subnet = makeSubnet(subnet) elseif tp == 'table' then validateSubnet('overlapsSubnet', 1, subnet) else checkTypeMulti('overlapsSubnet', 1, subnet, {'string', 'table'}) end if self:getVersion() == subnet:getVersion() then for _, item in ipairs(self.addresses) do if subnet:containsIP(item) then return true, item end end for _, item in ipairs(self.subnets) do if subnet:overlapsSubnet(item) then return true, item end end end return false end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- IPv4Collection class -- Holds a list of IPv4 addresses/subnets. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local IPv4Collection = setmetatable({}, IPCollection) IPv4Collection.__index = IPv4Collection function IPv4Collection.new() return setmetatable(IPCollection.new(V4), IPv4Collection) end function IPv4Collection:addFromString(text) -- Extract any IPv4 addresses or CIDR subnets from given text. checkType('addFromString', 1, text, 'string') text = text:gsub('[:!"#&\'()+,%-;<=>?[%]_{|}]', ' ') for hit in text:gmatch('%S+') do if hit:match('^%d+%.%d+[%.%d/]+$') then local _, n = hit:gsub('%.', '.') if n >= 3 then self:_store(hit) end end end return self end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- IPv6Collection class -- Holds a list of IPv6 addresses/subnets. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local IPv6Collection = setmetatable({}, IPCollection) IPv6Collection.__index = IPv6Collection do -- Private static methods local function isCollectionObject(val) -- Return true if val is probably derived from an IPCollection object, -- otherwise return false. if type(val) == 'table' then local mt = getmetatable(val) if mt == IPv4Collection or mt == IPv6Collection then return true end end return false end validateCollection = makeValidationFunction('IPCollection', isCollectionObject) function IPv6Collection.new() return setmetatable(IPCollection.new(V6), IPv6Collection) end function IPv6Collection:addFromString(text) -- Extract any IPv6 addresses or CIDR subnets from given text. -- Want to accept all valid IPv6 despite the fact that addresses used -- are unlikely to start with ':'. -- Also want to be able to parse arbitrary wikitext which might use -- colons for indenting. -- Therefore, if an address at the start of a line is valid, use it; -- otherwise strip any leading colons and try again. checkType('addFromString', 1, text, 'string') for line in string.gmatch(text .. '\n', '[\t ]*(.-)[\t\r ]*\n') do line = line:gsub('[!"#&\'()+,%-;<=>?[%]_{|}]', ' ') for position, hit in line:gmatch('()(%S+)') do local ip = hit:match('^([:%x]+)/?%d*$') if ip then local _, n = ip:gsub(':', ':') if n >= 2 then self:_store(hit, position == 1) end end end end return self end end return { IPAddress = IPAddress, Subnet = Subnet, IPv4Collection = IPv4Collection, IPv6Collection = IPv6Collection, } 4w39co69exnm7uhqtjiyj7mfhjsv3zc 828 50348 304471 2026-08-08T17:54:02Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: local p = {} local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs function p.outdent (frame) local args = getArgs(frame) local width = 0 local reversed = args['reverse'] or args['indent'] or args['r'] or args['in'] -- aliases for reverse if not args[1] then args[1] = '' end -- un-nil args[1] width = width + select(2, string.gsub(args[1],':','')) -- increase by 1 for every : width = width + select(2, string.gsub(args[1],'*',''... 304471 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs function p.outdent (frame) local args = getArgs(frame) local width = 0 local reversed = args['reverse'] or args['indent'] or args['r'] or args['in'] -- aliases for reverse if not args[1] then args[1] = '' end -- un-nil args[1] width = width + select(2, string.gsub(args[1],':','')) -- increase by 1 for every : width = width + select(2, string.gsub(args[1],'*','')) -- increase by 1 for every * width = width + select(2, string.gsub(args[1],'#','')) * 2 -- increase by 2 for every # if width == 0 then width = tonumber(args[1]) end -- set width to args[1] if needed if not width then width = 10 end -- default width if width < 0 then width = -width reversed = not reversed end if width > 40 then width = 40 end -- max width width = width * 1.6 -- set width to proper width local top = '<span style="display:block;width:' .. width .. 'em;height:0.5em;' .. (width == 0 and '' or 'border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;') .. 'border-' .. ((width == 0 or reversed) and 'left' or 'right') ..':1px solid #a2a9b1;"></span>' -- top half local bottom = '<span style="display:block;width:' .. width .. 'em;height:0.5em;border-' .. (reversed and 'right' or 'left') .. ':1px solid #a2a9b1;"></span>' -- bottom half local note = args[2] and '<span>([[Wikipedia:Indentation#Outdenting|outdent]])&#32;</span>' or '' -- note return '<div class="outdent-template" style="position:relative;left:1px;">' .. top .. bottom .. note .. '</div>'; end return p ppa0xo28z0hrlysoeg8mqir63wxnvv0 828 50349 304472 2026-08-08T17:58:52Z Isma4l 41797 Bog cusub: require('strict') local p = {} local data = {} local templateArgs = {} -- contains arguments passed to cite web local target = {} -- short cut to target table, e.g. fishbase, cof, etc local function error_msg(errorString) if p.errorString ~= "" then return '<span style="font-size:100%" class="error">' .. errorString .. '</span>' .. "[[Category:Pages with Cite taxon errors]]" end end local function firstToUpper(str) return (str:gsub("^%l", string.u... 304472 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local p = {} local data = {} local templateArgs = {} -- contains arguments passed to cite web local target = {} -- short cut to target table, e.g. fishbase, cof, etc local function error_msg(errorString) if p.errorString ~= "" then return '<span style="font-size:100%" class="error">' .. errorString .. '</span>' .. "[[Category:Pages with Cite taxon errors]]" end end local function firstToUpper(str) return (str:gsub("^%l", string.upper)) end -- define citation template and custom parameters for various sources --####################### Default functions ########################## data.default = {} -- currently being tested on Avibase, but Fossilworks, Tropicos, FNA and a few others are candidates data.default.id = function (id, source) local title = id local url = source.customArgs['baseURL'] .. (source.customArgs['searchStr'] or "") .. id return title, url end data.default.error = function() return "Minimal requirement is two of id, url and title parameters" end data.default.search = function (search, source) local title = "Search for " .. search local url = source.customArgs['baseURL'] .. source.customArgs['searchString'] .. search .. source.customArgs['searchSuffix'] return title, url end --[[ handling for ID only (unused, original concept) p.genericIdCitation = function(frame, title, url) if not templateArgs['id'] then return "no id parameter detected" end templateArgs['url']= target.CustomArgs['baseURL'] .. target.CustomArgs['searchStr'] .. templateArgs['id'] return p.citeWeb(frame, title, url) end]] --####################### FISH ##################################### --======================== Fishbase ================================= data.fishbase = { citationArgs = { ['editor1-last']="Froese", ['editor1-first']="Rainer", ['editor1-link']="Rainer Froese", ['editor2-last']="Pauly", ['editor2-first']="Daniel", ['editor2-link']="Daniel Pauly", --['last-author-amp'] ="yes", ['website'] = "[[FishBase]]", --['publisher'] = "" }, customArgs = { exclude= "order, family,genus, species, subspecies, 1, 2, 3, 4, month", baseURL = "https://www.fishbase.org/", defaultTitle = "Search FishBase" }, } data.fishbase.species = function(genus, species, subspecies) data.fishbase.version() local title = genus .. " " .. species local url = data.fishbase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=" .. genus .. "&speciesname=" .. species if subspecies then url = url .. "+" .. subspecies title = title .. " " .. subspecies end title = "''" .. title .. "''" return title, url end data.fishbase.genus = function(genus) data.fishbase.version() local title = "Species in genus ''" .. firstToUpper(genus) .. "''" local url = data.fishbase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=" .. genus return title, url end data.fishbase.order = function(order) data.fishbase.version() local title = "Order " .. firstToUpper(order) local url = data.fishbase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "summary/OrdersSummary.php?order=" .. order return title, url end data.fishbase.family = function(family) -- family names no longer redirecting -- must use code https://www.fishbase.org/summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=412 local families = { { "Acanthuridae", 412 }, { "Percidae", 306 } } local familyID = 0 for k,v in pairs(families) do if v[1] == family then familyID = v[2] end end data.fishbase.version() local title = "Family " .. firstToUpper(family) local url = data.fishbase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "summary/FamilySummary.php?family=" .. family --local url = data.fishbase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "summary/FamilySummary.php?ID=" .. familyID return title, url end data.fishbase.error = function() return "No recognised taxon options: order, family, genus, species, subspecies." end data.fishbase.version = function() local defaultDate = false if defaultDate then -- default month and year as original template (now not used) local month = templateArgs['month'] or "April" -- default month local year = templateArgs['year'] or "2006" -- default year --if isnumber(tostring(month))) templateArgs['version'] = month .. " " .. year .. " version" templateArgs['year'] =year -- old template gave redundant version and year else --But defaulting the date to April 2006 invites errors and isn't helpful local month = templateArgs['month'] -- no default month local year = templateArgs['year'] if month and year then if tonumber(month) then local months = { "January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December" } month = months[tonumber(month)] -- convert digital month to month name end templateArgs['version'] = month .. " " .. year .. " version" -- set version if month and year provided templateArgs['year'] = nil -- don't use year as well as version templateArgs['month'] = nil end end end --[[ ================================ Catalog of Fishes ================================================ Note: sequence of authors changed in Sept 2018, 4 Sept 2018: Eschmeyer, W. N. and R. Fricke, and R. van der Laan (eds). CATALOG OF FISHES: GENERA, SPECIES, REFERENCES. (http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp). Electronic version accessed dd mmm 2018. [This version was edited by Bill Eschmeyer.] 26 Sept 2018: Fricke, R., Eschmeyer, W. N. & R. van der Laan (eds) 2018. CATALOG OF FISHES: GENERA, SPECIES, REFERENCES. (http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatmain.asp). Electronic version accessed dd mmm 2018. --]] data.cof = { citationArgs = { --baseURL = "http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?", ['editor2-last']="Eschmeyer", ['editor2-first']="William N.", ['editor2-link']="William N. Eschmeyer", ['editor1-last']="Fricke", ['editor1-first']="Ron", ['editor3-last']="van der Laan", ['editor3-first']="Richard", ['name-list-style'] ="amp", ['website'] = "[[Catalog of Fishes]]", ['publisher'] = "[[California Academy of Sciences]]" }, customArgs = { exclude= "family,genus,species,genid,spid,id,list,1,2,3", baseURL = "http://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/catalog/fishcatget.asp?", defaultTitle = "CAS - Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes" } } data.cof.species = function(genus, species, subspecies) data.cof.checkDate() local taxon = genus .. " " .. species local url = data.cof.customArgs['baseURL'] .. 'tbl=species&genus=' .. genus .. '&species=' .. species local title = "Species related to " .. "''" .. firstToUpper(taxon) .. "''" -- .. "" species synonyms" return title, url end data.cof.genus = function(genus) data.cof.checkDate() local url = data.cof.customArgs['baseURL'] .. 'tbl=species&genus=' .. genus local title = "Species in the genus ''" .. firstToUpper(genus) .. "''" return title, url end -- note the family works with subfamilies using &family=SUBFAMILY data.cof.family = function(family) data.cof.checkDate() local list = templateArgs['list'] or "genus" local url = data.cof.customArgs['baseURL'] .. 'tbl=' .. list .. '&family=' .. family local title = "Species" if list == "genus" then title = "Genera" end title = title .. ' in the family ' .. firstToUpper(family) return title, url end data.cof.genid = function(genid) data.cof.checkDate() local searchStr = "genid" .. '=' .. genid local title = searchStr local url = data.cof.customArgs['baseURL'] .. searchStr return title, url end data.cof.spid = function(spid) data.cof.checkDate() local searchStr = "spid" .. '=' .. spid local title = searchStr local url = data.cof.customArgs['baseURL'] .. searchStr return title, url end data.cof.checkDate = function () local accessDate = templateArgs['access-date'] or templateArgs['accessdate'] local Date = require('Module:Date')._Date local date = Date(accessDate) if date and date < Date('5 September 2018') then -- switch author order for accessdates before 5 Sept 2018 data.cof.citationArgs['editor1-last']="Eschmeyer" data.cof.citationArgs['editor1-first']="William N." data.cof.citationArgs['editor1-link']="William N. Eschmeyer" data.cof.citationArgs['editor2-last']="Fricke" data.cof.citationArgs['editor2-first']="Ron" data.cof.citationArgs['editor2-link']=nil end end data.cof.error = function() return "Error. No recognised option set by template (need one of family, genus, species (also requires genus), spid, or genid" end --======================Fishes of the World 5=============================== data.fotw5 = { citeTemplate = "Cite book", citationArgs = { --['website'] = "[[]]", first1 = "Joseph S.", last1 = "Nelson", first2="Terry C.", last2="Grande", first3="Mark V. H.", last3="Wilson", --work = "Fishes of the World (work)", title = "Fishes of the World", edition="5th", year = 2016, publisher ="John Wiley and Sons", location="Hoboken", isbn = "978-1-118-34233-6", doi="10.1002/9781119174844" , }, customArgs = {exclude="gb-page,q,dq,1", baseURL = "https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119174844", -- online library defaultTitle = "Fishes of the World", altTitle = "[[Fishes of the World]]", -- wikilinked for when using chapter/section title altURL = "https://sites.google.com/site/fotw5th/", -- classification }, GoogleBooks = { baseURL = "https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=", id = "E-MLDAAAQBAJ", defaultPage = "&pg=PP1" } } data.fotw5.default2 = function(targs) local title = data.fotw5.citationArgs['work'] local url = data.fotw5.customArgs['baseURL'] local chapterParams = { title = title, ['chapter-url']= data.fotw5.customArgs['googleBooks'] } --return title, url, chapterParams end data.BentonVP4 = { citeTemplate = "Cite book", citationArgs = { first1 = "Michael J.", last1 = "Benton", title = "Vertebrate Palaeontology", edition="4th", year = 2014, publisher ="John Wiley & Sons", isbn = "978-1-118-40764-6", }, customArgs = {exclude="gb-page,q,dq,1", --baseURL = "", defaultTitle = "Vertebrate Palaeontology", altTitle = "[[Vertebrate Palaeontology]]" -- wikilinked for when using chapter/section title }, GoogleBooks = { baseURL = "https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=", id = "qak-BAAAQBAJ", defaultPage = "&pg=PP1", } } --====================TODO FishWisePro================================================== data.fishwisepro = { citationArgs = { ['website'] = "[[FishWisePro]]", }, customArgs = {exclude="family,genus,species,1", baseURL = "" } } -- #################### AMPHIBIA and REPTILES ############################### -- ================= Amphibian Species of the World (ASW6) --[[Recommended citation: Frost, Darrel R. 2019. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 (Date of access). Electronic Database accessible at http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA. URL for family page: http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Allophrynidae baseURL = http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/ suffix = Amphibia/Anura/Allophrynidae note: needs the whole hierarchy (except the superfamily which is optional) Template for main taxonomic listing: {{BioRef|ASW6 |title=Amphibia |year=2019 |url=http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html |access-date=27 September 2019}} SEARCH http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/amphib/basic_search?basic_query=Atelopus&stree=&stree_id= searchSuffix = amphib/basic_search?basic_query=Atelopus&stree=&stree_id= SEARCH http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/content/search?taxon=Allophryn*&subtree=&subtree_id=&english_name=&author=&year=&country= searchSuffix = /content/search?taxon=Allophryn*&subtree=&subtree_id=&english_name=&author=&year=&country= minimul = /content/search?taxon=Allophryn*&subtree ]] data.ASW6 ={ citationArgs = { website ="Amphibian Species of the World, an Online Reference.", version = "Version 6.0", publisher = "American Museum of Natural History, New York", ['last1']="Frost", ['first1']="Darrel R.", ['author1-link']="Darrel R. Frost", }, customArgs = { exclude = "taxon,species,genus,family, superfamily,1,2,3", baseURL = "http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/", defaultSuffix = "index.html", defaultTitle = "ASW Home" } } data.ASW6.species = function(genus, species, subspecies) -- search for genus+species () local title = "Search for taxon: " .. "''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''" --local search = ""?action=names&taxon="" -- old version (pre ASW6) --local search = "amphib/basic_search?basic_query=" -- basic search local search = "content/search?taxon=" -- guided search for taxon name local url = data.ASW6.customArgs['baseURL'] .. search -- .. genus .. '+AND+' .. species .. '&quot;' .. genus .. '+' .. species .. '&quot;' return title, url end data.ASW6.genus = function(genus) return data.ASW6.taxon(genus) -- use genus as alias of taxon end data.ASW6.taxon = function(taxon) local title = "Search for Taxon: " .. taxon local url= data.ASW6.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "content/search?taxon=" .. taxon return title, url end data.ASW6.family = function(family) local order = data.ASW6.checkOrder(family) local url= data.ASW6.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "Amphibia/" .. order .. "/" .. firstToUpper(family) local title = firstToUpper(family) return title, url end data.ASW6.checkOrder = function(family) local gymnophiona={ "Caeciliidae", "Chikilidae", "Dermophiidae", "Herpelidae", "Ichthyophiidae", "Grandisoniidae", "Indotyphlidae", "Rhinatrematidae", "Scolecomorphidae", "Siphonopidae", "Typhlonectidae" } local caudata = { "Ambystomatidae", "Amphiumidae", "Cryptobranchidae", "Hynobiidae", "Plethodontidae", "Proteidae", "Rhyacotritonidae", "Salamandridae", "Sirenidae" } for k,v in pairs(caudata) do if v == family then return "Caudata" end end for k,v in pairs(gymnophiona) do if v == family then return "Gymnophiona" end end return "Anura" end --============================= AmphibiaWeb =================================== --[[ Citation: AmphibiaWeb. 2019. <https://amphibiaweb.org> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA. Accessed 27 Sep 2019. Code: {{BioRef|amphibiaweb |title=Amphibia |year=2019 |url=https://amphibiaweb.org/taxonomy/AW_FamilyPhylogeny.html |access-date=27 September 2019}} --]] data.amphibiaweb = { citationArgs = { website = "AmphibiaWeb", publisher = "University of California, Berkeley", --['editor1-last']="", ['editor1-first']="", ['editor1-link']="", }, customArgs = { exclude = "taxon,species,genus,family,1,2,3", baseURL = "https://amphibiaweb.org/", defaultSuffix = "taxonomy/AW_FamilyPhylogeny.html", defaultTitle = "AmphibiaWeb Family Taxonomy" } } data.amphibiaweb.species = function (genus, species, subspecies) local title = "''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''" --https://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Altiphrynoides&where-species=malcolmi local url = data.amphibiaweb.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "cgi/amphib_query?rel-genus=equals&where-genus=" .. genus .. "&rel-species=equals&where-species=" .. species return title, url end data.amphibiaweb.genus = function (genus) local title = "''" .. genus .. "''" --https://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Altiphrynoides&where-species=malcolmi local url = data.amphibiaweb.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "cgi/amphib_query?rel-genus=equals&where-genus=" .. genus .. "&include_synonymies=Yes&show_photos=Yes" return title, url end data.amphibiaweb.family = function (family) -- if family use standardised url local url = data.amphibiaweb.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "lists/" .. firstToUpper(templateArgs['family']) .. ".shtml" local title = templateArgs['family'] return title, url end --=========================== The Reptile Database data.reptileDB = { -- http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Epacrophis&species=boulengeri -- recommended citation: Uetz, P., Freed, P. & Hošek, J. (eds.) (2019) The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org, accessed [insert date here] -- newer: Uetz, P., Freed, P, Aguilar, R., Reyes, F., Kudera, J. & Hošek, J. (eds.) (2024) The Reptile Database, http://www.reptile-database.org, accessed [insert date here citationArgs = { --website="reptile-database.org", website="[[Reptile Database|The Reptile Database]]", ['editor1-last']="Uetz", ['editor1-first']="P.", --['editor1-link']="Peter Uetz", ['editor2-last']="Freed", ['editor2-first']="P.", ['editor3-last']="Hošek", ['editor3-first']="J.", --year=2019, ['display-editors'] = 1 -- shows eds as Uetz et al as number of editors has increased and is date dependent }, customArgs = { exclude = "taxon,species,genus,family,1,2,3", defaultURL = "http://reptile-database.org/", baseURL = "http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/", defaultTitle = "The Reptile Database" } } data.reptileDB.species = function(genus, species) data.reptileDB.getDate() local title = "''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''" --http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Loxocemus&species=bicolor local url = data.reptileDB.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "species?genus=" .. genus .. "&species=" .. species return title, url end data.reptileDB.genus = function(genus) data.reptileDB.getDate() local title = "''" .. genus .. "''" --http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?genus=Malayopython&submit=Search local url = data.reptileDB.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "advanced_search?genus=" .. genus .. "&exact%5B0%5D=taxon&submit=search" return title, url end data.reptileDB.family = function(family) return data.reptileDB.taxon(family) end data.reptileDB.order = function(order) return data.reptileDB.taxon(order) end data.reptileDB.taxon = function(taxon) data.reptileDB.getDate() local title = taxon --http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/advanced_search?taxon=Viperidae&exact%5B0%5D=taxon&submit=Search local url = data.reptileDB.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "advanced_search?taxon=" .. taxon .. "&exact%5B0%5D=taxon&submit=search" return title, url end data.reptileDB.getDate = function() if templateArgs['date'] and templateArgs['year'] then templateArgs['access-date'] = templateArgs['date'] .. " " .. templateArgs['year'] templateArgs['date'] = nil templateArgs['year'] = nil end end data.reptileDB.default = function() local url = data.reptileDB.customArgs['defaultURL'] local title = data.reptileDB.customArgs['defaultTitle'] return title, url end --################################### BIRDS ######################################## --====================Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive (HBW Alive)============== data.HBWalive = { citationArgs = { website="[[Handbook of the Birds of the World|Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive]]", publisher="Lynx Edicions" }, customArgs = { exclude="order,family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "https://www.hbw.com/", defaultSuffix = "family/home", defaultTitle = "Family | HBW Alive" } } --############################## HBW ALIVE ######################################### -- family and species entries have mix of common name and taxon name so cannot be prempted; -- must use title + url (which uses default functions in this module) data.HBWalive.order = function(order) local title = "Order " .. firstToUpper(order) --https://www.hbw.com/order/struthioniformes local url = target.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "order/" .. order return title, url end --[[======================IOC World Bird List========================== Gill, F & D Donsker (Eds). 2019. IOC World Bird List (v9.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.9.2. Gill F, D Donsker & P Rasmussen (Eds). 2020. IOC World Bird List (v10.2). doi : 10.14344/IOC.ML.10.1. ]] data.IOC = { citationArgs = { website="[[IOC World Bird List]]", -- version="Version 9.2", -- shouldn't default; should be hardcode so it doesn't change ['editor1-last']="Gill", ['editor1-first']="Frank", ['editor1-link']="Frank Gill (ornithologist)", ['editor2-last']="Donsker", ['editor2-first']="David", ['editor3-last']="Rasmussen", ['editor3-first']="Pamela C.", ['editor3-link']="Pamela C. Rasmussen", -- only shown from version 10.1 onwards -- doi = "10.14344/IOC.ML.9.2", -- this changes by version number and is not a useful part of the citation -- publisher="International Ornithological Congress" -- relationship confusing, see https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/history/ }, customArgs = { exclude="order,family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "https://www.worldbirdnames.org/", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "IOC World Bird List: Welcome" }, } data.IOC.version = function() local version = templateArgs['version'] local old = false if version then version = string.gsub( version, "[Vv]ersion ", "") local versionNumber = tonumber(version) if versionNumber < 10.1 then old = true end else local Date = require('Module:Date')._Date if Date(templateArgs['access-date']) < Date('1 January 2020') then old = true end end if old then data.IOC.citationArgs['editor3-last'] = nil data.IOC.citationArgs['editor3-first'] = nil end end data.IOC.order = function(order) data.IOC.version() local IOCorders = {Struthioniformes='ratites',Rheiformes='ratites',Apterygiformes='ratites',Casuariiformes='ratites',Tinamiformes='ratites',Galliformes='megapodes',Anseriformes='waterfowl',Caprimulgiformes='nightjars',Apodiformes='swifts',Musophagiformes='turacos',Otidiformes='turacos',Cuculiformes='turacos',Mesitornithiformes='turacos',Pterocliformes='turacos',Columbiformes='pigeons',Gruiformes='flufftails',Podicipediformes='grebes',Phoenicopteriformes='grebes',Charadriiformes='sandpipers',Eurypygiformes='loons',Phaethontiformes='loons',Gaviiformes='loons',Sphenisciformes='loons',Procellariiformes='loons',Ciconiiformes='storks',Suliformes='storks',Pelecaniformes='pelicans',Opisthocomiformes='raptors',Accipitriformes='raptors',Strigiformes='owls',Coliiformes='mousebirds',Leptosomiformes='mousebirds',Trogoniformes='mousebirds',Bucerotiformes='mousebirds',Coraciiformes='rollers',Piciformes='woodpeckers',Cariamiformes='falcons',Falconiformes='falcons',Psittaciformes='parrots', Passeriformes='nz_wrens'} -- passeriformes link not very useful local title = "Order " .. firstToUpper(order) local url = data.IOC.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "/bow/" .. IOCorders[order] return title, url end data.IOC.family = function(family) data.IOC.version() local IOCfamilies = { Struthionidae = {"ratites", 4}, Alcippeidae = {"babblers", 24989 } } -- temporary partial list for testing local title = "Family " .. firstToUpper(family) --https://www.worldbirdnames.org/Family/Struthionidae local url = data.IOC.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "Family/" .. family -- old version (might be resurrected by IOC) -- https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/babblers/#1338626516R24989 if IOCfamilies[family] then -- test version local partial list url = data.IOC.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "new/bow/" .. IOCfamilies[family][1] .. "/#1338626516R" .. IOCfamilies[family][2] end return title, url end data.IOC.default = function( title, url) data.IOC.version() return title, url end data.BOW = { citationArgs = { website="Birds of the World Online", -- doi = "", -- ['last1']="Winkler", ['first1']="David W.", -- are these always the authors in version 1? no, perhaps for family page -- ['last2']="Billerman", ['first2']="Shawn M.", -- ['last3']="Lovette", ['first3']="Irby J.", -- ['editor1-last']="Billerman", ['editor1-first']="S. M.", --['editor1-link']="", -- ['editor2-last']="Keeney", ['editor2-first']="B. K.", -- ['editor3-last']="Rodewald", ['editor3-first']="P. G.", -- ['editor4-last']="Schulenberg", ['editor4-first']="T. S.", -- ['version'] = 1, ['year'] = 2020, -- may not want to default publisher="[[Cornell Lab of Ornithology]], Ithaca, NY." }, customArgs = { exclude="citation,make,order,family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "Explore Taxonomy" }, } -- function not needed of not adding anything else data.BOW.default2 = function( title, url) --data.BOW.citationArgs['version'] = "Version 1" --mw.addWarning("testing BOW.default function") return title, url end -- id works with the default function data.default.id (id, source) data.BOW.id2 = function( id) local url = data.IOC.customArgs['baseURL'] ..id local title = "BOW id=" .. id end --[[ make BOW to parse standard citation, {{BioRef|BOW|citation=CITATION}} vesrion 1 (family): Winkler, D. W., S. M. Billerman, and I.J. Lovette (2020). Bulbuls (Pycnonotidae), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, B. K. Keeney, P. G. Rodewald, and T. S. Schulenberg, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pycnon4.01 version 2 (species): Limparungpatthanakij , W. L., L. Fishpool, and J. Tobias (2020). Buff-vented Bulbul (Iole crypta), version 2.0. In Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman and B. K. Keeney, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.buvbul1.02 ]] data.BOW.citation = function( value) local citation = templateArgs['citation'] data.BOW.citationArgs['year'] = citation:match ('^%D+(%d%d%d%d)') data.BOW.citationArgs['doi'] = citation:match ('10%.2173/bow%..+') -- https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pycnon4.01 --data.BOW.citationArgs['version'] = citation:match ('version %d%.%d') -- version applies to page, not whole BOW local title = citation:match ('%d%d%d%d%)%.(.*, version %d%.%d)'); -- include version number in title local suffix = citation:match ('10%.2173/bow%.(.+%d?)%.') -- https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.pycnon4.01 local version = "/cur/" -- for the current version version = citation:match ('version (%d%.%d)') -- for the cited version local url = data.BOW.customArgs['baseURL'] .. suffix .. '/' .. version .. '/' title = title:gsub( '%((%D+) (%D+)%)' , "(''%1 %2'')") local authors = citation:match ('^(%D+) %(%d%d%d%d%)') if authors then -- split authors with modified code from make cite iucn local list = {} --mw.addWarning ("author string: " .. authors) authors = authors:gsub(", Jr.", "XYZJrX") -- protect author name from splitting on comma authors = authors:gsub(", and ", ", ") -- for 3 or more authors authors = authors:gsub(" and ", ", ") -- for 2 editors list = mw.text.split (authors, ','); -- split the string on the commas into entries in list if #list == 0 then --mw.addWarning ("Zero length author list. Please report example of BOW citation at Cite BOW template talk page."); data.BOW.citationArgs['author'] = authors -- no 'names' of the proper form; return the original as a single |author= parameter else for i, name in ipairs (list) do -- for each author in list --mw.addWarning ("list " .. i .. "=" .. list[i]) if i==1 then --note the first name has last name followed by initials after comma, so takes fill first two parts of the split data.BOW.citationArgs['last1'] = data.BOW.citationArgs['last1'] or name -- don't everwrite supplied name elseif i==2 then data.BOW.citationArgs['first1'] = data.BOW.citationArgs['first1'] or name elseif i > 2 then --mw.addWarning ("name " .. i .. "=" .. name) --data.BOW.citationArgs['last'..i-1] = name:match ('%s(%a-)$') --data.BOW.citationArgs['first'..i-1] = name:match ('(.+)%s%a-$') -- regex note: allow for space in names such as del Hoyo -- used supplied parameter if available (used when fixing diacrticis) or parse name or use unparsed name if that fails data.BOW.citationArgs['last'..i-1] = data.BOW.citationArgs['last'..i-1] or name:match ('%s([%a ]-)$') or name data.BOW.citationArgs['first'..i-1] = data.BOW.citationArgs['first'..i-1] or name:match ('(.-)%s[%a ]-$') --data.BOW.citationArgs['author'..i-1] = nil else -- something has gone wrong (use author) data.BOW.citationArgs['author'..i-1] = name end if i>1 and 1==2 then --mw.addWarning ("last" .. tostring(i-1) .. "=" .. data.BOW.citationArgs['last'..i-1]) --mw.addWarning ("first".. tostring(i-1) .. "=" .. data.BOW.citationArgs['first'..i-1]) end end for i, name in ipairs (list) do -- for each author in list if data.BOW.citationArgs['last'..i] then --mw.addWarning ("check " .. i .. "=" .. data.BOW.citationArgs['last'..i] ) data.BOW.citationArgs['last'..i] =string.gsub(data.BOW.citationArgs['last'..i], "XYZJrX", ", Jr.") -- restored protected string end end end end -- now parse editors local editors = citation:match ('In Birds of the World %((.-), Editors?%)' ) -- omit editors as cite web psoitioning is weird if editors then -- split editors with modified code from make cite iucn local list = {} --mw.addWarning ("editor string: " .. editors) editors = editors:gsub(", and ", ", ") -- for 3 or more authors editors = editors:gsub(" and ", ", ") -- for 2 editors list = mw.text.split (editors, ','); -- split the string on the commas into entries in list if #list == 0 then mw.addWarning ("problem with editor splitting") data.BOW.citationArgs['editor'] = editors -- no 'names' of the proper form; return the original as a single |author= parameter else for i, name in ipairs (list) do -- for each author in list if i>0 then --note the editor names are all same format (unlike authors) -- data.BOW.citationArgs['editor-last'..i] = name:match ('%s(%a-)$') -- data.BOW.citationArgs['editor-first'..i] = name:match ('(.+)%s%a-$') data.BOW.citationArgs['editor-last'..i] = name:match ('%s([%a ]-)$') -- [%a ] for "del Hoyo" or "de Juana" data.BOW.citationArgs['editor-first'..i] = name:match ('(.-)%s[%a ]-$') --data.BOW.citationArgs['editor'..i-1] = nil else -- something has gone wrong (use editor) -- data.BOW.citationArgs['editor'..i] = name end if i>0 and 1==2 then mw.addWarning ("editor-last" .. tostring(i) .. "=" .. data.BOW.citationArgs['editor-last'..i]) mw.addWarning ("editor-first".. tostring(i) .. "=" .. data.BOW.citationArgs['editor-first'..i]) end end end end --if not url then url = data.BOW.customArgs['baseURL'] end --if not title then title = "Title parameter required" end return title, url end --[[ Birdlife International datazone BirdLife International (2024). Species factsheet: Variable Antshrike Thamnophilus caerulescens. Downloaded from https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/variable-antshrike-thamnophilus-caerulescens on 22/10/2025 --]] data.birdlife = { citationArgs = { website="Birdlife International", --['editor1-last']="", ['editor1-first']="", --['editor1-link']="", }, customArgs = { exclude="id,1", baseURL = "https://datazone.birdlife.org/", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "Species factsheet" }, } -- basic handling for Taxonomy in Flux website data.tif = { citationArgs = { website="Taxonomy in Flux", ['editor1-last']="Boyd III", ['editor1-first']="John H.", --['editor1-link']="", }, customArgs = { exclude="order,family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "http://jboyd.net/Taxo/", defaultSuffix = "List.html", defaultTitle = "Taxonomy in Flux" }, } --[[ ------------- Avibase e.g. https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=9144EF4017F2D8B1 ]] data.avibase = { citationArgs = { website="Avibase", ['editor1-last']="Lepage", ['editor1-first']="Denis", --['editor1-link']="", }, customArgs = { exclude="order,family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/", searchStr = "species.jsp?avibaseid=", defaultTitle = "Avibase - The World Bird Database" } } --[[ use default function data.avibase.id = function (id) local title = "Avibase id: " .. id local url = data.avibase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.avibase.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end --]] -- ============================= IUCN ================================================= -- for species in taxon; for species assessments, use {{cite iucn}} -- https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?query=Murexia&searchType=species -- https://www.iucnredlist.org/search?query=aonyx&searchType=species data.iucn = { citationArgs = { website="[[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]", --publisher="[[IUCN]]" }, customArgs = { exclude="family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "https://www.iucnredlist.org", searchString = "/search?query=", searchSuffix = "&searchType=species", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle="IUCN Red List of Threatened Species" } } data.iucn.genus = function(genus) return data.iucn.taxon(genus, "TITLE_ITALICS") end data.iucn.family = function(family) return data.iucn.taxon(family) end data.iucn.order = function(order) return data.iucn.taxon(order) end data.iucn.taxon = function(taxon, titleItalics) local title = firstToUpper(taxon) if titleItalics then title = "''" .. title .. "''" end local url = data.iucn.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.iucn.customArgs['searchString'] .. taxon .. data.iucn.customArgs['searchSuffix'] return title, url end -- ============================= NatureServe/TNC ================================================= -- NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. NatureServe. -- https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.747305/Lucanus_capreolus -- https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.1253051/Monarda_fistulosa data.tnc = { citationArgs = { website="[[NatureServe|NatureServe Explorer]]", publisher="NatureServe", location = "Arlington, Virginia" }, customArgs = { exclude="family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "https://explorer.natureserve.org/", taxonString = "Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.", defaultTitle="NatureServe Network Biodiversity Location Data" } } data.tnc.species = function(genus,species) local title = "''" .. firstToUpper(genus) .. " " .. species .. "''" local url = data.tnc.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.tnc.customArgs['taxonString'] .. templateArgs['id'] .. "/" .. genus .. "_" .. species return title, url end data.tnc.id = function(id) local title = data.tnc.customArgs['defaultTitle'] local url = data.tnc.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.tnc.customArgs['taxonString'] .. templateArgs['id'] return title, url end -- ============================= ASM Mammal Diversity Database ======================== data.asm = { citationArgs = { website="ASM Mammal Diversity Database", publisher="[[American Society of Mammalogists]]" }, customArgs = { exclude="family,genus,species,taxon,id,1,2,3", baseURL = "https://www.mammaldiversity.org/", defaultTitle="ASM Mammal Diversity Database" } } data.asm.species2 = function(genus, species) -- use species function below -- old url = https://mammaldiversity.org/species-account.php?genus=ursus&species=arctos -- new url = https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#genus=Dipodomys&species=deserti&id=1001892 (only id required) local title = "''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''" local url = data.asm.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "explore.html#genus=" .. genus .. "&species=" .. species if templateArgs['id'] then url = url .. "&id=" .. templateArgs['id'] end return title, url end data.asm.id = function(id) --local url = data.asm.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "species-account/species-id=" .. templateArgs['id'] -- new format https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#species-id=1006310 --local url = data.asm.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "explore.html#species-id=" .. id -- templateArgs['id'] -- newer format https://www.mammaldiversity.org/explore.html#genus=Leopardus&species=colocola&id=1005993 (genus and species can be blank) -- newer (Mar 2024) https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006020 local title = "Species-id=" .. id local hashString = "genus=&species=&id=" .. id -- if id only, requires blank genus and species (superceded by /taxon/link) if templateArgs['genus'] and templateArgs['species'] then title = "''" .. templateArgs['genus'] .. " " .. templateArgs['species'] .. "'' (id=" .. id ..")" hashString = "genus=" .. templateArgs['genus'] .. "&species=" .. templateArgs['species'] .. "&id=" .. id end --local url = data.asm.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "explore.html#genus=&species=&id=" .. id -- templateArgs['id'] -- url = data.asm.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "explore.html#" .. hashString local url = data.asm.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "taxon/" .. id return title, url end data.asm.species = function(genus, species) if templateArgs['id'] then return data.asm.id(templateArgs['id']) -- use the ASM explore page if ID given (as permalink) end if genus and species then -- otherwisee use the treeview page with the species info local title = "''" .. firstToUpper(genus) .. " " .. species .. "''" local url = data.asm.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "tree.html#genus=" .. genus .. "&species=" .. species return title, url end end data.asm.genus = function(genus) return data.asm.taxon(genus, "genus", "TITLE_ITALICS") end data.asm.family = function(family) return data.asm.taxon(family, "family") end data.asm.order = function(order) return data.asm.taxon(order, "order") end data.asm.taxon = function(taxon, rank, titleItalics) --https://mammaldiversity.org/#ZmVsaWRhZSZnbG9iYWxfc2VhcmNoPXRydWUmbG9vc2U9dHJ1ZQ -- Base64.encode(felidae&global_search=true&loose=true) local title = firstToUpper(taxon) if titleItalics then title = "''" .. title .. "''" end local url = data.asm.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "tree.html" if rank then -- no rank if taxon called directly url = url .. "#" .. rank .. "=" .. taxon end return title, url end --############################## Base64 encode and decode (used for ASM##################### local b='ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/' -- encoding data.asm.Base64 = {} data.asm.Base64.encode = function(data) return ((data:gsub('.', function(x) local r,b='',x:byte() for i=8,1,-1 do r=r..(b%2^i-b%2^(i-1)>0 and '1' or '0') end return r; end)..'0000'):gsub('%d%d%d?%d?%d?%d?', function(x) if (#x < 6) then return '' end local c=0 for i=1,6 do c=c+(x:sub(i,i)=='1' and 2^(6-i) or 0) end return b:sub(c+1,c+1) end)..({ '', '==', '=' })[#data%3+1]) end -- decoding data.asm.Base64.decode=function(data) data = string.gsub(data, '[^'..b..'=]', '') return (data:gsub('.', function(x) if (x == '=') then return '' end local r,f='',(b:find(x)-1) for i=6,1,-1 do r=r..(f%2^i-f%2^(i-1)>0 and '1' or '0') end return r; end):gsub('%d%d%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?%d?', function(x) if (#x ~= 8) then return '' end local c=0 for i=1,8 do c=c+(x:sub(i,i)=='1' and 2^(8-i) or 0) end return string.char(c) end)) end --######################## Misc ################################## --[[ 3 approaches to handling DB: 1) use DB as website and use author for editors (if known) (a) use via to append WoRMS (b) use postscript to append WoRMs (c) use publisher for WoRMS 2) use WoRMS as website and designate DB as author (recommended by WoRMS) CURRENT (option) add editors [TODO see cite WoRMS for list] issue: what to do about editors changing (need to use access-date) ]] data.WoRMS = { citationArgs = { author = "WoRMS", website = "[[World Register of Marine Species]]", --['via'] = "[[World Register of Marine Species]]", --postscript = '&#32;from the [[World Register of Marine Species]].' }, customArgs = {exclude="id,db,1", baseURL = "http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?", searchStr = "p=taxdetails&id=", defaultTitle="World Register of Marine Species" } } data.WoRMS.id = function(id) --[[ Two styles 1. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=14712 > WoRMS (2018). Heterobranchia. Accessed at: http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=14712 on 2018-11-28 2. http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1057249 > MolluscaBase (2018). Ringipleura. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1057249 on 2018-11-28 ]] if not templateArgs['id'] then return "no id parameter detected" end local searchStr = "p=taxdetails&id=" .. templateArgs['id'] if templateArgs['db'] then data.WoRMS.db (templateArgs['db']) --[[else -- WoRMS is primary source (note cite WoRMs uses WoRMS as publisher and the db as the work) templateArgs['via'] = nil templateArgs['postscript'] = nil]] end --templateArgs['website'] = templateArgs['db'] -- alternative (and use |postscript) --templateArgs['publisher'] = templateArgs['via'] --page <title>WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Heterobranchia</title> local title = "WoRMS taxon details: AphiaID " .. id local url = data.WoRMS.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.WoRMS.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.WoRMS.default = function() if templateArgs['db'] then data.WoRMS.db (templateArgs['db']) end end data.WoRMS.db = function(db) -- if database hosted by WoRMS db = string.lower( db ) if db == "world list of octocorallia" or db == "octocorallia" then templateArgs['author'] = "World List of Octocorallia" templateArgs['editor-last1']="McFadden"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="C.S." -- , ; , R.; Samimi-Namin, K.; , G.; , L. templateArgs['editor-last2']="Cordeiro"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="R." templateArgs['editor-last3']="Samimi-Namin"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="K." templateArgs['editor-last4']="Williams"; templateArgs['editor-first4']="G." templateArgs['editor-last5']="van Ofwegen"; templateArgs['editor-first5']="L." -- year ? (2022). elseif db == "world of copepods database" or db == "copepoda" or db == "copepods" or db == "copepod" then templateArgs['author'] = "World of Copepods Database" templateArgs['editor-last1']="Walter"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="T.C." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Boxshall"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="G." -- year ? (2022). elseif db == "world amphipoda database" or db == "amphipoda" or db == "amphipod"then templateArgs['author'] = "World Amphipoda Database" templateArgs['editor-last1']="Horton"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="T." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Lowry"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="J." templateArgs['editor-last3']="De Broyer"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="C." templateArgs['display-editors']="etal"; -- full list is about 20 names elseif db == "world isopoda database" or db == "isopoda" or db == "isopod"then templateArgs['author'] = "World Marine, Freshwater and Terrestrial Isopod Crustaceans database" templateArgs['editor-last1']="Boyko"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="C.B." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Bruce"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="N.L." templateArgs['editor-last3']="Hadfield"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="K.A." templateArgs['editor-last4']="Merrin"; templateArgs['editor-first4']="K.L." templateArgs['editor-last5']="Ota."; templateArgs['editor-first5']="Y." templateArgs['editor-last6']="Poore"; templateArgs['editor-first6']="G.C.B." templateArgs['editor-last7']="Taiti"; templateArgs['editor-first7']="S." elseif db == "millibase" or db == "diplopoda" or db == "diplopod"then templateArgs['author'] = "MilliBase" templateArgs['editor-last1']="Sierwald"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="P." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Spelda"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="J." elseif db == "molluscabase" or db == "mollusca" or db == "mollusc" then templateArgs['author'] = "MolluscaBase" else templateArgs['author'] = templateArgs['db'] -- this is recommended by WoRMS end end --[[ Species files -- takes db parameter --https://db.speciesfile.org/otus/$ID/overview --https://plecoptera.speciesfile.org/otus/890815/overview ]] data.speciesfile = { citationArgs = { website = " Species File", --publisher = "", }, customArgs = {exclude="id,1,2,3,4,5,db", --baseURL = "https://" .. firstToUpper(templateArgs['db'] ) .. ".speciesfile.org/", --searchStr = "otus/", -- defaultSuffix = "/overview", --defaultTitle= " Species File" } } data.speciesfile.id = function(id) -- e.g. https://plecoptera.speciesfile.org/otus/890815/overview local db = data.speciesfile.db() -- customise for speciesfile local title = firstToUpper(db) .. " Species File id&#61;" .. id -- use entity &#61; for = to avoid missing pipe CS1 warning --local url = data.speciesfile.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.speciesfile.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id .. data.speciesfile.customArgs['defaultSuffix '] local url = "https://" ..db .. ".speciesfile.org/otus/" .. id .. "/overview" return title, url end data.speciesfile.default = function() local db = data.speciesfile.db () local title = firstToUpper(db) .. " Species File" local url = "https://" ..db .. ".speciesfile.org/" return title, url end data.speciesfile.db = function() local db = string.lower( templateArgs['db'] ) -- templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." if db == "zoraptera" then -- ed: Hopkins, H. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." elseif db == "dermaptera" then -- eds: Hopkins, H., Haas, F. & Deem, L.S. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Johnson"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="K.P." templateArgs['editor-last3']="Smith"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="V.S." elseif db == "plecoptera" then -- (eds) DeWalt RE, Hopkins H, Neu-Becker U, and Stueber G templateArgs['editor-last1']="DeWalt"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="R.E." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="H." templateArgs['editor-last3']="Neu-Becker"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="U." templateArgs['editor-last4']="Stueber"; templateArgs['editor-first4']="G." elseif db == "orthoptera" then --eds: Cigliano, M.M., H. Braun, D.C. Eades & D. Otte. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Cigliano"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="M.M." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Braun"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="H." templateArgs['editor-last3']="Eades"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="D.C." templateArgs['editor-last4']="Otte"; templateArgs['editor-first4']="D." elseif db == "grylloblattodea" then -- ed: Hopkins, H. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." elseif db == "mantophasmatodea" then -- ed: Hopkins, H. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." elseif db == "embioptera" then -- ed: Hopkins, H. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." elseif db == "phasmida" then -- eds: Brock PD, Büscher TH, Baker E. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Brock"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="P.D." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Büscher"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="T.H." templateArgs['editor-last3']="Baker"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="E." elseif db == "mantodea" then -- not updated yet elseif db == "cockroach" then -- ed: Beccaloni, G.W. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Beccaloni"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="G.W." elseif db == "isoptera" then -- ed: Hopkins, H. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." elseif db == "psocodea" then --eds: Hopkins, H., Johnson, K.P., & Smith, V.S. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Johnson"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="K.P." templateArgs['editor-last3']="Smith"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="V.S." elseif db == "aphid" then -- ed: Colin FAVRET templateArgs['editor-last1']="Favret"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="Colin" elseif db == "coleorrhyncha" then -- ed: Hopkins, H. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Hopkins"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="H." elseif db == "coreoidea" then -- not updated yet elseif db == "lygaeoidea" then -- eds: Dellapé, Pablo M. & Thomas J. Henry templateArgs['editor-last1']="Dellapé"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="Pablo M." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Henry"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="Thomas J." elseif db == "hoppers" then -- eds: Dmitriev, D.A., Anufriev, G.A., Bartlett, C.R., Blanco-Rodríguez, E., Borodin, Oleg I., Cao, Y.-H., Deitz, L.L., Dietrich, C.H., Dmitrieva, M.O., El-Sonbati, S.A., Evangelista de Souza, O., Gjonov, I.V., Gonçalves, A.C., Hendrix, S., McKamey, S., Kohler, M., Kunz, G., Malenovský, I., Morris, B.O., Novoselova, M., Pinedo-Escatel, J.A., Rakitov, R.A., Rothschild, M.J., Sanborn, A.F., Takiya, D.M., Wallace, M.S., Zahniser, J.N. templateArgs['editor-last1']="Dmitriev"; templateArgs['editor-first1']="D.A." templateArgs['editor-last2']="Anufriev"; templateArgs['editor-first2']="G.A." templateArgs['editor-last3']="Bartlett"; templateArgs['editor-first3']="C.R." templateArgs['display-editors']="etal"; -- full list is about 28 names else --return "Species File database not recognised" end if db == "hoppers" then data.speciesfile.citationArgs['website'] = "World Auchenorrhyncha Database" else data.speciesfile.citationArgs['website'] = firstToUpper(db) .. data.speciesfile.citationArgs['website'] end return db end --[[ WaspWeb and FigWeb WaspWeb: https://www.waspweb.org/Chalcidoidea/Neodiparidae/index.htm Web authors Simon van Noort (Iziko South African Museum) Citation: van Noort, S. 2025. WaspWeb: Hymenoptera of the World. URL: www.waspweb.org (accessed on <day/month/year>). FigWeb Web authors Simon van Noort (Iziko South African Museum) and Jean-Yves Rasplus (INRA, France) Citation: van Noort, S. & Rasplus, JY. 2025. Figweb: figs and fig wasps of the world. URL: www.figweb.org(Accessed on <day-month-year>). ]] data.waspweb = { citationArgs = { website = "WaspWeb: Hymenoptera of the World", ['last1'] = "van Noort", ['first1'] = "Simon", publisher = "[[Iziko South African Museum]]", }, customArgs = {exclude="id,1,2,3,4,5", baseURL = "https://www.waspweb.org/", suffixStr = "Classification/index.htm", defaultTitle="Classification of World Hymenoptera (Wasps, Bees, Ants)", -- } } data.waspweb.default = function(title, url) -- https://www.waspweb.org/Chalcidoidea/Neodiparidae/index.htm local title = data.waspweb.customArgs['defaultTitle'] local url = data.waspweb.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.waspweb.customArgs['suffixStr'] return title, url end data.figweb = { citationArgs = { website = "FigWeb", ['last1'] = "van Noort", ['first1'] = "Simon", ['last2'] = "Rasplus", ['first2'] = "Jean-Yves", publisher = "[[Iziko South African Museum]]", }, customArgs = {exclude="id,1,2,3,4,5", baseURL = "https://www.figweb.org/Fig_wasps/", suffixStr = "Classification/index.htm", defaultTitle="Classification of fig wasps" } } data.figweb.default = function(title, url) -- https://www.figweb.org/Fig_wasps/Agaonidae/Agaoninae/index.htm local title = data.figweb.customArgs['defaultTitle'] local url = data.figweb.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.figweb.customArgs['suffixStr'] return title, url end --[[ Lepindex ]] data.lepindex = { citationArgs = { website = "[[The Global Lepidoptera Names Index]]", ['editor-last1'] = "Beccaloni", ['editor-first1'] = "George", ['editor-last2'] = "Scoble", ['editor-first2'] = "Malcolm", ['editor-last3'] = "Kitching", ['editor-first3'] = "Ian", ['editor-last4'] = "Simonsen", ['editor-first4'] = "Thomas", ['editor-last5'] = "Robinson", ['editor-first5'] = "Gaden", ['editor-last6'] = "Pitkin", ['editor-first6'] = "Brian", ['editor-last7'] = "Hine", ['editor-first7'] = "Adrian", ['editor-last8'] = "Lyal", ['editor-first8'] = "Chris", publisher = "[[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]]", }, customArgs = {exclude="id,1,2,3,4,5", baseURL = "https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/", suffixStr = "detail/?taxonno=", defaultTitle="Lepindex" } } data.lepindex.id = function(id) -- https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/lepindex/detail/?taxonno=51506 local title = "Lepindex id=" .. id local url = data.lepindex.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.lepindex.customArgs['suffixStr'] .. id return title, url end --[[ Global Lepidoptra Index ]] data.gli = { --Beccaloni, G., Scoble, M., Kitching, I., Simonsen, T., Robinson, G., Pitkin, B., Hine, A., Lyal, C., Ollerenshaw, J., Wing, P., & Hobern, D. (2024). Global Lepidoptera Index (D. Hobern, Ed.; 1.1.24.171). citationArgs = { website = "Global Lepidoptera Index", ['last1'] = "Beccaloni", ['first1'] = "George", ['last2'] = "Scoble", ['first2'] = "Malcolm", ['last3'] = "Kitching", ['first3'] = "Ian", ['last4'] = "Simonsen", ['first4'] = "Thomas", ['last5'] = "Robinson", ['first5'] = "Gaden", ['last6'] = "Pitkin", ['first6'] = "Brian", ['last7'] = "Hine", ['first7'] = "Adrian", ['last8'] = "Lyal", ['first8'] = "Chris", ['last9'] = "Ollerenshaw", ['first9'] = "Justin", ['last10'] = "Wing", ['first10'] = "Peter", ['last11'] = "Hobern", ['first11'] = "Donald", ['editor-last'] = "Hobern", ['editor-first'] = "Donald", publisher = "[[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]]", via = "ChecklistBank", }, customArgs = {exclude="id,1,2,3,4,5", baseURL = "https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/55434/", suffixStr = "taxon/", defaultTitle="Global Lepidoptera Index", defaultURL = "https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/55434/about", } } data.gli.id = function(id) -- https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/55434/taxon/233256 -- https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/DATASET_ID/taxon/TAXON_ID -- the dataset ID will change with version so need version handling or just use URL local title = "GLI id=" .. id local url = data.gli.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.gli.customArgs['suffixStr'] .. id return title, url end data.gli.default2 = function() local title = "" local url = "" return title, url end --[[ CarabCat - Ground Beetles of the World https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=95601#null https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/1146/taxon/208583 ]] data.carabcat = { citationArgs = { website = "CarabCat", ['last'] = "Lorenz", ['first'] = "Wolfgang", publisher = "ChecklistBank", version = "03 (08/2021)", year = 2021 }, customArgs = {exclude="id,1,2,3,4,5", baseURL = "https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/1146/", searchStr = "taxon/", defaultTitle="CarabCat" } } data.carabcat.id = function(id) local title = "CarabCat on ChecklistBank id=" .. id local url = data.carabcat.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.carabcat.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end --[[ ITIS - Integrated Taxonomic Information System https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=95601#null ]] data.itis = { citationArgs = { website = "[[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]", --publisher = "", }, customArgs = {exclude="id,1,2,3,4,5", baseURL = "https://www.itis.gov/", searchStr = "servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=", defaultTitle="Integrated Taxonomic Information System" } } data.itis.id = function(id) local title = "ITIS id=" .. id local url = data.itis.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.itis.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end --[[ Catalogue of Life: Roskov Y., Ower G., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., van Nieukerken E.J., Penev L. (eds.) (2020). Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2020-12-01. Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-8858. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2020-12-01. Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-8858. ]] data.col = { db = "col", -- need rethink this citationArgs = { --author = "Catalogue of Life", --['editor-last1'] = "Roskov", ['editor-first1'] = "Y.", ['editor-last2'] = "Ower", ['editor-first2'] = "G.", ['editor-last3'] = "Orrell", ['editor-first3'] = "T.", ['editor-last4'] = "Nicolson", ['editor-first4'] = "D.", ['editor-last5'] = "Bailly", ['editor-first5'] = "N.", ['editor-last6'] = "Kirk", ['editor-first6'] = "P.M.", ['editor-last7'] = "Bourgoin", ['editor-first7'] = "T.", ['editor-last8'] = "DeWalt", ['editor-first8'] = "R.E.", ['editor-last9'] = "Decock", ['editor-first9'] = "W.", ['editor-last10'] = "van Nieukerken", ['editor-first10'] = "E.J.", ['editor-last11'] = "Penev", ['editor-first11'] = "L.", --website = "[[Catalogue of Life]]", --website = "[[Catalogue of Life|Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life]]", -- website = "[[Species 2000]] & [[ITIS]] [[Catalogue of Life]]", website = "[[Catalogue of Life]]", publisher = "[[Species 2000]]: Leiden, the Netherlands", --others = "Species 2000 & ITIS" }, customArgs = {exclude="id,db,1,2,3,4,5,legacy,option", baseURL = "https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/", searchStr = "browse?taxonKey=", defaultTitle="Catalogue of Life" } } data.col.id = function(id) --[[ Catalogue of Life browse option: https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/browse?taxonKey=4JQ8 use id for taxoKey taxon option https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6HR5M ]] local title = "Catalogue of Life taxonKey " .. id local url = data.col.customArgs['baseURL'] -- some new CoL are numbers e.g. 64553 in https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/64553 if not tonumber(id) and string.find( id, "^[0-9abcdef]+$" ) then -- if old-style id local year = "2019" -- last old-style version available if templateArgs['version'] and string.find( templateArgs['version'], "^%d%d%d%d$" ) then --if version specied year = templateArgs['version'] end if templateArgs['option'] == "browse" then url = "http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/" .. year .. "/browse/tree/id/" .. id else -- default to option=taxon url = "http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/" .. year .. "/details/species/id/" .. id end else -- else use current version if templateArgs['option'] == "browse" then url = url .. "browse?taxonKey=" .. id else -- default to option=taxon url = url .. "taxon/" .. id end end return title, url end --[[ current links https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/search?q=" Chinchilla+chinchilla&type=EXACT legacy links with redirect Species pages: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/12dca9c49741815f82400bb7bff50553 Species searches: http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/search/all/key/Dracula+antonii/ old-style links http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/7539827da517bd6273a4a3836578cb24 http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/search/scientific/genus/Chinchilla/species/chinchilla/match/1/ http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree/id/003e480e646d0e7647ab67efc1218197 year specific links 2019 http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/details/species/id/7539827da517bd6273a4a3836578cb24 http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/search/all/key/Chinchilla+chinchilla/fossil/1/match/1 http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/search/scientific/genus/Chinchilla/species/chinchilla/match/1/ ? http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2016/browse/tree?6d600f4985f19b1207d41d847424edd0 ? http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree/id/003e480e646d0e7647ab67efc1218197 browse http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/browse/tree/id/003e480e646d0e7647ab67efc1218197 ]] data.col.default = function(mode) -- this handles the old style template with positional parameters (mode unused?) local para1 = templateArgs[2] local para2 = templateArgs[3] local para3 = templateArgs[4] local para4 = templateArgs[5] if para1 then para1 = mw.text.trim(para1) end if para2 then para2 = mw.text.trim(para2) end if para3 then para3 = mw.text.trim(para3) end if para4 then para4 = mw.text.trim(para4) end local title, url if para1 then --local match = "7539827da517bd6273a4a3836578cb24" local match = "^[0-9abcdef]+$" if string.find( para1, match ) then url = "http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/" .. para1 -- ""Old style id" --url ="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/search?q=" .. para1 if para2 then title = para2 else title = "Oldstyle id: " .. para1 end else --https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/search?q=" Chinchilla+chinchilla&type=EXACT if para1 ~= "" then url = "https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/search?q=" .. para1 title = "''" .. para1 if para2 then url = url .. "+" .. para2 title = title .. " " .. para2 end url = url .. "&type=EXACT" title = title .. "''" end end if para3 then title = title .. " " .. para3 end -- add authority if para4 == "nv" then templateArgs['trans-title'] = "synonym" end -- if nv add [synonym]. Note that this parameter is not used to add COinS metadata else -- no parameter 1 end return title, url end --====================== Fossilworks ======================================= data.fossilworks = { citationArgs = { website="[[Fossilworks]]", agency="Gateway to the [[Paleobiology Database]]", --publisher="Paleobiology Database", --postscript = 'none', -- postscript = "&#32;from the [[Paleobiology Database]].", -- gives maintenance warning --via="''fossilworks.org''" -- an alternative format to using |website= }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,collection,1", baseURL = "http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/", searchStr ="bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=", defaultTitle = "Fossilworks: Gateway to the Paleobiology Database" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } data.fossilworks.id = function(id) --[[ http://fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=83087 if not templateArgs['id'] then return "no id parameter detected" end local searchStr = "bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=" .. templateArgs['id'] templateArgs['url']= target.CustomArgs['baseURL'] .. searchStr ]] local title = "PaleoDB taxon number: " .. id local url = data.fossilworks.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.fossilworks.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.fossilworks.collection = function(collection) -- http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=20072 local title = "PaleoDB collection number: " .. collection local url = data.fossilworks.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=" .. collection return title, url end data.fossilworks.error = function() return "Requires id and title parameters" end --====================== Paleobiology Database: paleobiodb.org ======================================= data.paleobiodb = { citationArgs = { website="[[Paleobiology Database]]" }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,collection,1", baseURL = "https://paleobiodb.org/classic/", searchStr ="basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=", defaultTitle = "Paleobiology Database" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } data.paleobiodb.id = function(id) --[[ https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=22786 if not templateArgs['id'] then return "no id parameter detected" end ]] local title = "PaleoDB taxon number: " .. id local url = data.paleobiodb.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.paleobiodb.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.paleobiodb.collection = function(collection) -- https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=24193 local title = "PaleoDB collection number: " .. collection local url = data.paleobiodb.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "basicCollectionSearch?collection_no=" .. collection return title, url end data.paleobiodb.error = function() return "Requires id and title parameters" end --======================================= PLANTS ========================= --[[ Plant authorities can end in a period. This is stripped by the citation templates. This function encloses titles ending in such authorities in double parentheses, i.e. ((title)) ]] local addAuthority = function(formattedTaxonName) if templateArgs['authority'] then local title = formattedTaxonName .. " " .. templateArgs['authority'] return string.gsub( title, "(.*%.)$", "((%1))") -- if authority ends in "." enclose ((title)) to prevent removal end return formattedTaxonName end --[[ Hassler, Michael (2004 - 2020): World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. Version x.xx; last update xx.xx.xxxx. - www.worldplants.de. Last accessed dd/mm/yyyy. https://www.worldplants.de/world-plants-complete-list/complete-plant-list#1599996425 Hassler, Michael (2004 - 2020): World Ferns. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Version x.xx; last update xx.xx.xxxx. - www.worldplants.de/ferns/. Last accessed dd/mm/yyyy. https://www.worldplants.de/world-ferns/ferns-and-lycophytes-list#1599997555 deeplinks: Genus: [https://www.worldplants.de?deeplink=Helosciadium-Koch ''Helosciadium''] Species: [https://www.worldplants.de?deeplink=Helosciadium-longipedunculatum ''Helosciadium longipedunculatum''] Genus: [https://www.worldplants.de?deeplink=Lycopodium-L. ''Lycopodium''] Species: [https://www.worldplants.de?deeplink=Lycopodium-clavatum ''Lycopodium clavatum''] --]] data.worldplants = { citationArgs = { last1 = "Hassler", first1 = "Michael", website="World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora.", --publisher="" }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,authority,family,genus,species,1", baseURL = "https://www.worldplants.de", searchStr ="/world-plants-complete-list/complete-plant-list#", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "World Plants" } } data.worldplants.genus = function(genus) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. "''") local genusString = genus if templateArgs['authority'] then genusString = genus .. "-" .. templateArgs['authority'] end local url = data.worldplants.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "?deeplink=" .. genusString return title, url end data.worldplants.species = function(genus, species) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''") local url = data.worldplants.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "?deeplink=" .. genus .. "-" .. species .. " " .. (templateArgs['authority'] or "") return title, url end --[[ experimental, don't leave live data.worldplants.taxon = function(taxon) local title = taxon .. " " .. (templateArgs['authority'] or "") local url = data.worldplants.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "?deeplink=" .. taxon return title, url end data.worldplants.family = function(family) local title = family .. " " .. (templateArgs['authority'] or "") local url = data.worldplants.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "?deeplink=" .. family return title, url end --]] data.worldferns = { citationArgs = { last1 = "Hassler", first1 = "Michael", website="World Ferns. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora.", --publisher="" }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,authority,family,genus,species,1", baseURL = "https://www.worldplants.de/", searchStr ="world-ferns/ferns-and-lycophytes-list?name=", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "World Ferns" } } data.worldferns.genus = function(genus) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. "''") local genusString = genus if templateArgs['authority'] then genusString = genus .. "-" .. templateArgs['authority'] end local url = data.worldferns.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.worldferns.customArgs['searchStr'] .. genusString return title, url end data.worldferns.species = function(genus, species) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''") local url = data.worldferns.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.worldferns.customArgs['searchStr'] .. genus .. "-" .. species .. " " .. (templateArgs['authority'] or "") return title, url end --[[Plants of the World online http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30003057-2 -- use id http://powo.science.kew.org/?q=Selaginellaceae -- use search http://powo.science.kew.org/?family=Selaginellaceae -- can also use family= [gets same result as q=] http://powo.science.kew.org/?genus=Selago -- or genus http://powo.science.kew.org/?genus=Selago&species=abietina -- or genus + species http://powo.science.kew.org/?genus=Selago&f=accepted_names -- filter for accepted names http://powo.science.kew.org/?genus=Selago&f=genus_f -- filter for genus (no species selected) http://powo.science.kew.org/?genus=Selago&f=genus_f%2Caccepted_names -- filter for genus and accepted names http://powo.science.kew.org/?page.size=480&f=family_f%2Caccepted_names -- list of accepted families -- all these searches get the search result (no apparent way to target the article when unique) ]] data.POWO = { citationArgs = { website="[[Plants of the World Online]]", publisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew", --postscript = 'none', }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,authority,family,genus,species,1", baseURL = "http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/", searchStr ="urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "Plants of the World Online" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } --[[ http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30003057-2 ]] data.POWO.id = function(id) local id = data.POWO.getValidID() if not id then return data.POWO.error() end local title = id -- as default value local url = data.POWO.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.POWO.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.POWO.family = function(family) local title = addAuthority(family) local id = templateArgs['id'] if not id then return data.POWO.error() end local url = data.POWO.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.POWO.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.POWO.genus = function(genus) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. "''") local id = data.POWO.getValidID() if not id then return data.POWO.error() end local url = data.POWO.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.POWO.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.POWO.species = function(genus,species) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''") local id = data.POWO.getValidID() if not id then return data.POWO.error() end local url = data.POWO.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.POWO.customArgs['searchStr'] ..id return title, url end data.POWO.getValidID = function() local id = templateArgs['id'] if id then return string.gsub( id, "urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:", "") -- don't want this twice end return nil end data.POWO.error = function() return '<span style="color:red">Requires id and one of title, family, genus or species parameters</span>' end --[[Gouda, E.J., Butcher, D. & Gouda, C.S. (cont.updated) Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads, Version 4. http://bromeliad.nl/encyclopedia/ Utrecht University Botanic Gardens ]] data.bromeliad = { citationArgs = { last1="Gouda", first1="E.J.", last2="Butcher", first2="D.", last3="Gouda", first3="C.S", website="[[Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads]]", version="Version 4", publisher="Utrecht University Botanic Gardens", --postscript = 'none', }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,authority,family,genus,species,list,1", baseURL = "https://bromeliad.nl/", searchStr ="encyclopedia/index.php?find=", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "Encyclopaedia of Bromeliads, Version 4" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } --[[ https://bromeliad.nl/encyclopedia/index.php?find=Hylaeaicum ]] data.bromeliad.search = function(search) local title = search -- as default value local url = data.bromeliad.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.bromeliad.customArgs['searchStr'] .. search return title, url end --[[ http://bromeliad.nl/species/Bromeliaceae ]] data.bromeliad.taxon = function(taxon) local title = addAuthority(taxon) -- as default value local url = data.bromeliad.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "species/" .. taxon return title, url end --[[ genus ]] data.bromeliad.genus = function(genus) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. "''") -- as default value local url = data.bromeliad.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "species/" .. genus if templateArgs['list'] == "species" then url = data.bromeliad.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "encyclopedia/brome.php?action=showSpeciesIndex&name=" .. genus .. "&flags=" end return title, url end --[[ ]] data.bromeliad.species = function(genus, species) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''") -- as default value local url = data.bromeliad.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "species/" .. genus .. "/" .. species return title, url end --[[ https://bromeliad.nl/encyclopedia/brome.php?action=showTaxon&id=10093 ]] data.bromeliad.id = function(id) local title = id -- as default value local url = data.bromeliad.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "encyclopedia/brome.php?action=showTaxon&id=" .. id return title, url end --[[GRIN Cite as: USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. 2021. Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN Taxonomy). National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. URL: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomyfamily?type=tribe&id=1571. Accessed 27 October 2021. Family record: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomyfamily?id=440 Genus list: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenuslist?id=440&type=family Subfamily record: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomyfamily?type=subfamily&id=1507 Genus list: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenuslist?id=3265&type=subfamily Tribe record: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomyfamily?type=tribe&id=1551 (Millettieae) Genus list: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenuslist?id=1551&type=tribe Subtribe record: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomyfamily?type=subtribe&id=1507 Genus list: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenuslist?id=1507&type=subtribe Genus record: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomygenus?id=191 (Genus Adenodolichos Harms) Species list: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomyspecieslist?id=191&type=genus Species record: https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=489203 ( Adenodolichos paniculatus) ]] data.GRIN = { citationArgs = { website="[[Germplasm Resources Information Network]] (GRIN)", publisher="[[Agricultural Research Service]] (ARS), [[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA)", --postscript = 'none', }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,authority,family,genus,species,1", baseURL = "https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal", searchStr ="/taxon/taxonomydetail?", -- for species record defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "GRIN-Global" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } data.GRIN.id = function(id) local title = data.GRIN.customArgs['defaultTitle'] .. ' ' .. id local url = data.GRIN.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.GRIN.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end --[[ USDA PLANTS default search page: https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/ taxon: https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/RUID (Rubus idaeus L., American red raspberry) ]] data.PLANTS = { citationArgs = { --last = "[[Natural Resources Conservation Service|NRCS]]", website="PLANTS Database", --publisher="[[United States Department of Agriculture]] (USDA)", publisher="[[Natural Resources Conservation Service|USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service]]", --postscript = 'none', }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,1", baseURL = "https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/", searchStr ="plant-profile/", -- for species profile defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "Plants Database" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } data.PLANTS.id = function(id) local title = data.PLANTS.customArgs['defaultTitle'] .. ' ' .. id local url = data.PLANTS.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.PLANTS.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end -- IPNI --→ "Meconopsis Vig." International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. --- https://www.ipni.org/n/30149252-2 --- as {{IPNI |id=30149252-2 |taxon=((Meconopsis |authority=Vig.))}} data.IPNI = { citationArgs = { website="[[International Plant Names Index]] (IPNI)", publisher="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew", --postscript = 'none', }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,authority,family,genus,species,1", baseURL = "https://www.ipni.org", searchStr ="/n/", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "IPNI" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } data.IPNI.id = function(id) local title = id local url = data.IPNI.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.IPNI.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.IPNI.species = function(genus, species) return data.IPNI.taxon(genus .. " " .. species, "TITLE_ITALICS") end data.IPNI.genus = function(genus) return data.IPNI.taxon(genus, "TITLE_ITALICS") end data.IPNI.taxon = function(taxon, italics) local title = taxon if italics then title = "''" .. title .. "''" end title = addAuthority(title) --[[ if templateArgs['authority'] then title = title .. " " .. templateArgs['authority'] title = string.gsub( title, "(.*%.)$", "((%1))") -- if authority ends in "." enclose ((title)) to prevent removal end ]] local url = data.IPNI.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.IPNI.customArgs['searchStr'] .. templateArgs['id'] return title, url end --[[World Flora Online http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000012284 -- id ]] data.WFO = { citationArgs = { website="[[World Flora Online]]", --publisher="Missouri Botanical Gardens", --postscript = 'none', }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,family,genus,species,authority,1", baseURL = "http://www.worldfloraonline.org", searchStr ="/taxon/wfo-", -- not strictly search string defaultSuffix = "", --defaultTitle = "World Flora Online" defaultTitle = "An Online Flora of All Known Plants" } } data.WFO.getValidID = function() local id = templateArgs['id'] if id then return string.gsub( id, "wfo%-", "") -- don't want this twice (must escape -) end mw.addWarning("Citations for WFO require a valid ID") return "" end data.WFO.id = function(id) --[[ http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000012284 ]] id = data.WFO.getValidID() local title = id local url = data.WFO.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.WFO.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.WFO.family = function(family) local title = addAuthority(family) local url = data.WFO.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.WFO.customArgs['searchStr'] .. data.WFO.getValidID() return title, url end data.WFO.genus = function(genus) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. "''") local url = data.WFO.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.WFO.customArgs['searchStr'] .. data.WFO.getValidID() return title, url end data.WFO.species = function(genus,species) local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''") local url = data.WFO.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.WFO.customArgs['searchStr'] ..data.WFO.getValidID() return title, url end data.WFO.error = function() return "Requires id and title parameters" end data.Tropicos = { citationArgs = { website="[[Tropicos]]", --publisher="Missouri Botanical Gardens", --postscript = 'none', }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,1", baseURL = "http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/", searchStr ="", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "Tropicos" } } data.Tropicos.id = function(id) --[[ hhttp://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/100444532 ]] local title = id local url = data.Tropicos.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.Tropicos.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.Tropicos.error = function() return "Requires id and title parameters" end data.FNA = { citationArgs = { website="[[Flora of North America]]", --publisher="http://www.efloras.org", --postscript = 'none', }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,1", baseURL = "http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx", searchStr ="?flora_id=1&taxon_id=", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "Flora of North America" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } data.FNA.id = function(id) --[[ http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=125683 ]] local title = id local url = data.FNA.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.FNA.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.FNA.error = function() return "Requires id and title parameters" end -- Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) data.APNI = { citationArgs = { website="[[Australian Plant Name Index]]", publisher="[[Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research]]", -- IBIS database --version = "Edition 8", }, customArgs = { exclude = "name, qid, authority, genus, species,authority, id,1", baseURL = "https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/", searchURL = "https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/search/names?product=APNI&tree.id=&name=", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "APNI" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } data.APNI.id = function(id) local title = addAuthority( templateArgs['taxon'] ) local url = data.APNI.customArgs['baseURL'] .. id return title, url end data.APNI.taxon = function(taxon) local title = addAuthority( taxon ) local url = data.APNI.customArgs['baseURL'] .. templateArgs['id'] return title, url end -- SEARCH --https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/search/names?product=APNI&tree.id=&name=ficus --https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/search/names?product=APNI&tree.id=&name=ficus&inc._scientific=&inc.scientific=on&inc._cultivar=&inc._other=&max=100&display=apni&search=true data.APNI.search = function(taxon) local title = addAuthority( taxon ) local url = data.APNI.customArgs['searchURL'] .. taxon:gsub(" ","+") return title, url end -- ATRP: Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants data.ATRP = { citationArgs = { website="[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]]", publisher="[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] (CSIRO)", version = "Edition 8", year = 2020, --postscript = 'none', last1= "Zich", first1="F. A.", last2= "Hyland", first2= "B. P. M.", ['author2-link']="Bernard Hyland", last3= "Whiffin", first3= "T.", last4= "Kerrigan", first4= "R.A.", --['display-authors']=3, }, customArgs = { exclude = "genus, species,authority, id,1", baseURL = "https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest", searchStr ="/text/entities/", defaultSuffix = ".htm", defaultTitle = "[[Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants]]" } --id = function(id) return p.genericIdCitation (frame, title, url) } data.ATRP.species = function(genus,species) --[[ https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/buckinghamia_celsissima.htm ]] local title = addAuthority("''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''") --"''" .. genus .. " " .. species .. "''" local url = data.ATRP.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.ATRP.customArgs['searchStr'] .. genus .. "_" .. species .. data.ATRP.customArgs['defaultSuffix'] return title, url end data.ATRP.error = function() return "Requires genus and species parameters" end --[[ ============================= Bryonames (Mosses etc) The Bryophyte Nomenclator ================================================= https://www.bryonames.org/nomenclator?group=Bryidae&group_id=35210272 (A Classification of the Bryidae) https://www.bryonames.org/nomenclator?group=Hedwigiales (A Classification of the Hedwigiale) https://www.bryonames.org/nomenclator?group=Rhacocarpus (A synopsis of Rhacocarpus) --]] data.bryonames = { citationArgs = { ['editor1-first']="John C.", ['editor1-last']="Brinda", ['editor2-first']="John J.", ['editor2-last']="Atwood", website="The Bryophyte Nomenclator" --publisher="[[xxx]]" }, customArgs = { exclude="family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "https://www.bryonames.org/", searchString = "nomenclator?group=", defaultTitle="Classification of the Bryophyta" } } data.bryonames.genus = function(genus) return data.bryonames.taxon(genus, "GENUS") end data.bryonames.family = function(family) return data.bryonames.taxon(family, "FAMILY") end data.bryonames.order = function(order) return data.bryonames.taxon(order, "ORDER") end data.bryonames.taxon = function(taxon, rank) taxon = firstToUpper(taxon) local title = "A Classification of the " .. taxon -- default title for suprafamilia taxa local url = data.bryonames.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.bryonames.customArgs['searchString'] .. taxon -- url if rank == "GENUS" then taxon = "''" .. taxon .. "''" end -- italicise genus if rank == "GENUS" or rank == "FAMILY" then title = "A synopsis of " .. taxon end -- title for genus and familiees return title, url end -- ============================= Mosses (Goffinet's site) ================================================= -- https://bryology.uconn.edu/classification/#Hypnanae -- https://bryology.uconn.edu/classification/#Bryales data.goffinet = { citationArgs = { first1="B.", last1="Goffinet", first2="W.R.", last2="Buck", website="Classification of extant moss genera" --publisher="[[xxx]]" }, customArgs = { exclude="family,genus,species,taxon,id,1", baseURL = "https://bryology.uconn.edu/classification/", searchString = "#", searchSuffix = "", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle="Classification of the Bryophyta" } } data.goffinet.genus = function(genus) return data.goffinet.taxon(genus, "GENUS") end data.goffinet.family = function(family) return data.goffinet.taxon(family, "FAMILY") end data.goffinet.order = function(order) return data.goffinet.taxon(order, "ORDER") end data.goffinet.taxon = function(taxon, rank) local title = firstToUpper(taxon) if rank == "GENUS" then title = "''" .. title .. "''" end if not (rank == "GENUS" or rank == "FAMILY") then -- upper case anchors for orders and above if taxon ~= "Bryanae" and taxon ~= "Hypnanae" and taxon ~= "Bryales" and taxon ~= "Bryidae" then -- check for exceptions (inconsistencies at website) taxon = taxon:upper() end end local url = data.goffinet.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.goffinet.customArgs['searchString'] .. taxon .. data.goffinet.customArgs['searchSuffix'] return title, url end --[[ AlgaeBase (old) taxonomy browser url (Volvox) = https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?id=6898 taxonomy browser url (Volvox) = https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?#6898 genus article url (Volvox) = https://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=43497 (different id) genus article url (Torodinium)= https://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=44698 Please cite this record as: M.D. Guiry in Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. 2020. AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. http://www.algaebase.org; searched on 10 May 2020. ]] data.AlgaeBase = { citationArgs = { website="[[AlgaeBase]]", ['editor1-last']="Guiry", ['editor1-first']="M.D.", ['editor2-last']="Guiry", ['editor2-first']="G.M.", publisher="National University of Ireland, Galway", }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,1,genus_id,species_id,spid,genid", baseURL = "https://www.algaebase.org/", --searchStr ="browse/taxonomy/?id=", (old) searchStr ="browse/taxonomy/?#", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "AlgaeBase" } } data.AlgaeBase.id = function(id) --[[ https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?id=6898 (id for taxonomy page) ]] local title = id local url = data.AlgaeBase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.AlgaeBase.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.AlgaeBase.genid = function(genid) --[[ https://www.algaebase.org/search/genus/detail/?genus_id=43497 (different id for genus page) ]] local title = genid local url = data.AlgaeBase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "search/genus/detail/?genus_id=" .. genid return title, url end data.AlgaeBase.spid = function(spid) --[[ https://www.algaebase.org/search/species/detail/?species_id=52713 (id for species page) ]] local title = spid local url = data.AlgaeBase.customArgs['baseURL'] .. "search/species/detail/?species_id=" .. spid return title, url end data.AlgaeBase.error = function() return "Requires id and title parameters" end --[[================= Bacteria (LPSN) ========= -- LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature ]] data.lpsn = { citationArgs = { website="LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature", --['editor1-last']="xx", ['editor1-first']="xx", --['editor2-last']="xx", ['editor2-first']="xx", publsiher="Leibniz Institute DSMZ", }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,1,rank", baseURL = "https://lpsn.dsmz.de/", searchStr ="", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "LPSN - List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature" } } data.lpsn.taxon = function(taxon) --[[ general form: https://lpsn.dsmz.de/RANK/TAXON_NAME e.g. https://lpsn.dsmz.de/phylum/cyanobacteriota (for phyla) https://lpsn.dsmz.de/class/cyanophyceae (for classes) use title and url parameters ]] local title = taxon local rank =templateArgs['rank'] local url if rank then url = data.lpsn.customArgs['baseURL'] .. rank .. '/' .. taxon end return title, url end --================= Viruses ========= data.ictv = { citationArgs = { website="ictv.global", --['editor1-last']="xx", ['editor1-first']="xx", --['editor2-last']="xx", ['editor2-first']="xx", author="International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)", }, customArgs = { exclude = "id,1", baseURL = "https://ictv.global/taxonomy/", searchStr ="taxondetails?taxnode_id=", defaultSuffix = "", defaultTitle = "Taxonomy Browser" } } data.ictv.id = function(id) --[[ https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202308917&taxon_name=Campanilevirus%20YC (for species Campanilevirus YC) https://ictv.global/taxonomy/taxondetails?taxnode_id=202308917 (also works with just the id) ]] local title = id local url = data.ictv.customArgs['baseURL'] .. data.ictv.customArgs['searchStr'] .. id return title, url end data.ictv.error = function() return "Requires id and title parameters" end --############################## General Functions ######################################## local function getArgs (frame, args) local parents = mw.getCurrentFrame():getParent() for k,v in pairs(parents.args) do --check content if v and v ~= "" then args[k]=v --parents.args[k] end end for k,v in pairs(frame.args) do --check content if v and v ~= "" then args[k]=v end end end local function initialise(frame, sourceDB) target=sourceDB templateArgs = sourceDB.citationArgs -- get custom arguments for target (fishbase, cof etc getArgs(frame, templateArgs) -- get template arguments from parent frame and frane local url = (target.customArgs['baseURL'] or "") .. (target.customArgs['defaultSuffix'] or "") local title = target.customArgs['defaultTitle'] or "" return title, url end -- moved up top for scope local function firstToUpper2(str) return (str:gsub("^%l", string.upper)) end -- clear template arguments that won't be recognised by {{cite web}} local function clearCustomArgs() local excludeTable = { 'genus', 'species', 'subspecies', 'family', 'order', 'taxon', 'id', 'search' , 'citation', 1, 2, 3, 4 } -- add defaults ? if target.customArgs['exclude'] then local customTable = mw.text.split (target.customArgs['exclude'] , "%s*,%s*"); for k,v in pairs(customTable) do table.insert (excludeTable, v ) end end for k,v in pairs(excludeTable) do if tonumber (v) then v = tonumber (v) --convert positional parameters (numbers as string) to a number end templateArgs[v]=nil --clear content end end -- function handling the cite web template p.citeWeb = function(frame, title, url) -- set url and title if not provided (template parameters override above) if not templateArgs['url'] and url then templateArgs['url']= url end if not templateArgs['title'] and title then templateArgs['title'] = title end clearCustomArgs()--blank template parameters not for cite web local citeTemplate = 'cite web' -- use Template:Cite web unless specified --if target.citeTemplate then citeTemplate = target.citeTemplate end return frame:expandTemplate{ title = citeTemplate, args = templateArgs } end -- p.CiteBook -- for reasons of consisitency within BioRef/FishRef the title parameter is the section-title of {{cite book}} p.citeBook = function(frame, title, url, chapterParams) -- very much a msw3 function --if (1==1) then return templateArgs['title'] end -- set url and title if not provided (template parameters override above) if not templateArgs['url'] and url then templateArgs['url']= url if target.GoogleBooks then templateArgs['url'] = target.GoogleBooks['baseURL'] .. target.GoogleBooks['id'] .. (target.GoogleBooks['defaultPage'] or "&pg=PP1") end end if not templateArgs['title'] and title then -- templateArgs['title'] = title end if templateArgs['title'] ~= title or templateArgs['taxon-title'] then -- do we have a section title provided templateArgs['section'] = templateArgs['title'] -- chapter/section title passed as title parameter templateArgs['title'] = title -- the work is the book title given in the source data if target.GoogleBooks then templateArgs['section-url'] = target.GoogleBooks['baseURL'] .. target.GoogleBooks['id'] local pageSuffix = target.GoogleBooks['defaultPage'] or "" if templateArgs['page'] or templateArgs['gb-page'] then pageSuffix = "&pg=PT" .. (templateArgs['gb-page'] or templateArgs['page'] ) end local searchStr = "" -- quoted search {{#if:{{{text|{{{dq|}}}}}}|&dq={{urlencode:{{{text|{{{dq|}}}}}}}}}} if templateArgs['q'] then searchStr = "&q=" .. mw.text.encode( templateArgs['q'] ) end -- search #if:{{{keywords|{{{q|}}}}}}|&q={{urlencode:{{{keywords|{{{q|}}}}}}}}}} if templateArgs['dq'] then searchStr = "&dq=" .. mw.text.encode( templateArgs['dq'] ) end templateArgs['section-url'] = templateArgs['section-url'] .. pageSuffix .. searchStr templateArgs['url'] = nil -- no need for second link to google books end -- if the chapter/section is linked, we can link the main book chapter differently if target.customArgs['altTitle'] then -- if we are using a chapter/section, we can wikilink the book title templateArgs['title'] = target.customArgs['altTitle'] -- alternative to allow wikilink elseif target.customArgs['altURL'] then templateArgs['url'] = target.customArgs['altURL'] end end -- end if using supplied title for chapter/section clearCustomArgs()--blank template parameters not for cite web local citeTemplate = 'cite book' -- use Template:Cite web unless specified --if target.citeTemplate then citeTemplate = target.citeTemplate end return frame:expandTemplate{ title = citeTemplate, args = templateArgs } end -- common function for genus and species local function getGenusSpecies() --TODO standardise genus species handling local genus, species, subspecies if (templateArgs['genus'] or templateArgs[2] ) then genus = templateArgs['genus'] or templateArgs[2] genus = firstToUpper(mw.text.trim(genus)) end if (templateArgs['species'] or templateArgs[3] ) then species = templateArgs['species'] or templateArgs[3] species = mw.text.trim(species) end if (templateArgs['subspecies'] or templateArgs[4] ) then subspecies = templateArgs['subspecies'] or templateArgs[4] subspecies = mw.text.trim(subspecies) end return genus, species, subspecies end --#################### MSW3 -- uses cite book p.MSW3 = function(frame) local msw = require('Module:FishRef/MSW') initialise(frame, msw.MSW3) return msw.MSW3.main(frame,templateArgs) end p.MSW3merged = function(frame) local data = require('Module:FishRef/MSW') return p._main(frame, data.MSW3) end p.MSW3_standalone = function(frame) local data = require('Module:FishRef/MSW') initialise(frame, data.MSW3) local url = target.CustomArgs['baseURL'] if templateArgs['title'] and templateArgs['id'] then templateArgs['chapter-url']= url .. target.CustomArgs['searchStr'] .. templateArgs['id'] templateArgs['chapter'] = templateArgs['title'] templateArgs['title'] = target.CustomArgs['bookTitle'] if templateArgs['page'] then templateArgs['url'] = target.CustomArgs['googleBooksURL'] .. templateArgs['page'] else --return "Page number for google books required" end elseif templateArgs['order'] then templateArgs['chapter'] = "Order " .. templateArgs['order'] local chapter = target.chapters[templateArgs['order']] for k,v in pairs(chapter) do -- add chapter specific parameters templateArgs[k] = v end templateArgs['chapter-url']= url .. target.CustomArgs['searchStr'] .. templateArgs['id'] templateArgs['url']= target.CustomArgs['googleBooksURL'] .. templateArgs['page'] if templateArgs['pages'] and templateArgs['page'] then templateArgs['page'] = nil end else -- default output templateArgs['url']= target.CustomArgs['googleBooksURL'] .. "1" -- default to book templateArgs['url']= url end -- using cite book clearCustomArgs()--blank template parameters not for cite web return frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'cite book', args = templateArgs } end --########################### Functions for access (using invoke) ############################################## --================ Fishbase, Catalog of Fishes (cof) ================ p.fishbase = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.fishbase) end p.cof = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.cof) end p.fotw5 = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.fotw5) end --=================== ASW6, AmphibiaWeb, ReptileDB p.reptileDB = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.reptileDB) end p.ASW6 = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.ASW6) end p.amphibiaweb = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.amphibiaweb) end --=========== Birds p.HBWa = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.HBWalive) end p.HBWalive = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.HBWalive) end p.IOC = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.IOC) end p.BOW = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.BOW) end --======= Mammals p.asm = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.asm) end --======= Plants p.WFO = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.WFO) end p.POWO = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.POWO) end -- MSW3 has custom handling (see above) --=========== Other p.fossilworks = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.fossilworks) end p.worms = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.WoRMS) end p.WoRMS = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.WoRMS) end p.col = function(frame) return p._main(frame, data.col) end --fallback = function() return "hello" end --######################################################### p.main = function(frame) local source = mw.text.trim(frame.args[1]) --TODO force to lower case and use lower case for all functions above if source == "MSW3" then return p.MSW3(frame) end if source == "ref" or source == "reference" then source = "Reference" end -- aliases if source == "Reference" then return p.Reference(frame) end if source == "HBWa" then source = "HBWalive" end -- aliases if source == "powo" then source = "POWO" end -- aliases if source == "wfo" then source = "WFO" end -- aliases if source == "IUCN" then source = "iucn" end -- aliases if source == "MDD" then source = "asm" end -- aliases if source == "mdd" then source = "asm" end -- aliases if source == "PBDB" then source = "paleobiodb" end -- aliases --return p[source]['test'] if source == "fishbase" -- unnecessary? or source == "cof" or source == "fotw5" or source == "Fotw5" or source == "reptileDB" or source == "amphibiaweb" or source == "BOW" or source == "ASW6" or source == "asm" or source == "HBWalive" or source == "HBWa" or source == "fossilworks" or source == "WoRMS" or source == "worms" or source == "POWO" or source == "powo" or source == "WFO" or source == "wfo" or source == "AlgaeBase" -- and so on then return p._main(frame,data[source]) else -- -- is there a point in the default if it needs the named object/table? return p._main(frame,data[source]) end end p._main = function(frame, source) --TODO in modular version source will be provided in frame arguments --local source = mw.getCurrentFrame():getParent().args[1] local chapterParams = {} -- used for cite book (only MSW3 at moment) if not source then return error_msg("Error: unrecognised taxonomy source. See [[Template:Cite taxon]] for supported sources.") end local title, url = initialise(frame, source) --taxon related parameters local genus, species, subspecies if source.db ~= "col" then -- col legacy uses positional parameters differently genus, species, subspecies = getGenusSpecies() end local family = templateArgs['family'] local order = templateArgs['order'] local taxon = templateArgs['taxon'] local id = templateArgs['id'] --id related parameters local spid = templateArgs['spid'] or templateArgs['species_id'] local genid = templateArgs['genid'] or templateArgs['genus_id'] local citation = templateArgs['citation'] local collection = templateArgs['collection'] or templateArgs['collection_no'] local search = templateArgs['search'] local mode, value -- the functions if genus and species and source.species then title, url = source.species(genus,species,subspecies) else -- functions with just their own name as parameter if taxon then mode = "taxon"; value = taxon elseif order then mode = "order"; value = order elseif family then mode = "family"; value = family elseif genus then mode = "genus"; value = genus elseif id then mode = "id"; value = id elseif spid then mode = "spid"; value = spid elseif genid then mode = "genid"; value = genid elseif search then mode = "search"; value = search elseif citation then mode = "citation"; value = citation elseif collection then mode = "collection"; value = collection else -- no suitable parameter (use default page) if source.default then title, url, chapterParams = source.default(title, url) end end end if mode then if source[mode] then title, url, chapterParams = source[mode](value) elseif data.default[mode] then title, url, chapterParams = data.default[mode](value, source) else if source.error then return source.error() end -- custom error message return error_msg("Error: parameter not supported for this source" .. " (" .. mode .. ")") end else -- if no mode then use the default title and url set by initialize() end if source.citeTemplate == "Cite book" then return p.citeBook(frame, title, url, chapterParams) end return p.citeWeb(frame, title, url) end -- End the function. p.Reference = function(frame) local refs = require('Module:FishRef/refs') getArgs(frame, templateArgs) if templateArgs[2] then local reference = mw.text.trim(templateArgs[2]) if reference ~= "" and refs[reference] then if templateArgs['pages'] then refs[reference] = refs[reference]:gsub("}}", "|pages="..templateArgs['pages'].."}}") refs[reference] = refs[reference]:gsub("|pages=[^|{}%[%]]*(|[^|{}}%[%]]*|pages=)", "%1") end if templateArgs['reftags'] == "yes" then refs[reference] = '<ref name=' .. templateArgs[2] ..'>' .. refs[reference] .. '</ref>' end if templateArgs['expand'] and templateArgs['expand']=='no' or templateArgs['raw'] then return refs[reference] else return frame:preprocess(refs[reference]) end else return 'Reference not found: "' .. templateArgs[2] .. '"' end end return "Reference parameter missing." end -- End the function. -- All modules end by returning the variable containing its functions to Wikipedia. return p rtgpkrhs5u1j47uh4zgtz9t9l5gfdqy 10 50350 304473 2026-08-08T18:00:39Z Isma4l 41797 /* */ 304473 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Cite taxon|main|{{{1|}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage, not here! --></noinclude> an5w4tyrjccnotwfvag9983oefge5g9